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79 


{ 


DICTIONARY 

or 


NATIONAL    BIOGRAPHY 


Robinson Sheares 


PUBLISHERS'   NOTE 

This  seventeenth  volume  of  a  Re-issue  of  the  Dictionary 
OF  National  Biography  comprises  the  forty-ninth,  fiftieth 
and  fifty-first  volumes  of  the  original  edition,  viz.,  Volume 
XLIX  (Robinson- Russell)  published  in  January  1897 ;  Volume 
L  (Russen-Scobell)  published  im  April  1897;  Volume  LI 
(Scoffin-Sheares)  published  in  July  1897.  Errors  have  as 
far  as  possible  been  corrected,  and  some  of  the  bibliographies 
have  been  revised,  but  otherwise  the  text  remains  unaltered. 

Three  supplementary  volumes,  published  in  the  autumn 
of  1901,  and  now  forming  the  XXIInd  and  last  volume  of  this 
Re-issue,  supply  (with  a  few  accidental  omissions)  memoirs 
of  persons  who  died  while  the  original  volumes  were  in 
course  of  quarterly  publication.  The  death  of  Queen  Victoria 
(22nd  January  1901)  forms  the  limit  of  the  undertaking. 

*«*  The  Index  and  Epitome  of  the  Dictionary,  which  is  pub- 
lished in  a  separate  volume,  gives,  with  full  cross-references,  an 
alphabetical  list  of  all  memoirs  in  both  the  Dictionary  (1885-1900)  and 
the  Supplement  to  the  Dictionary  (1901). 


DICTIONARY 


OF 


NATIONAL    BIOGRAPHY 


EDITED  BY 


SIDNEY     LEE 


VOL    XVII. 


Robinson S  h  e  ares 


t 


THE     MACMILLAN     COMPANY 

LONDON  :  SMITH.  ELDER,  &  CO. 

1909 


y 


*  9  » 


V. /7 


G.  A.  A.  . 
J.G.A..  . 
J.A-B..  . 
W.  A  J.  A. 
W.A  .  . 
R.B-t  . 
J.RK  . 
H.F.B. 

o.y.a.B. 
K.a. . . 

T.  B 

C.  B>  B.  • 

D.  J.  B.   . 
£.  dl.  B.  . 

o«  1j«  B>  •  < 

H.  E.  D.  B. 


LIST   OF   WEITEES 

IN  THE  SEVENTEENTH   VOLUME. 
*^*  The  nameB  of  deeeaaed  contribnton  are  marked  thus  f . 


6.  C.  B.  . 
J.O.  B.  . 
G.  8.  B.  . 
W.  B-T.  . 

E.  I.  C 

j.L.a  . 
w.  s.  c. . 

E-  C-«  .  . 
AM.  C-E 
J.  C.  .  .  - 
T.C.  .  .  - 


G.  A.  Aitkin. 
.  t  J.  G.  Algeb. 

Thb  Bey.  John  Anderson. 
W.  A.  J.  Abchbold. 
Sib  WAiiTEB  Abmstbono. 

BiCHABD  BaQWELL. 

.  t  J.  B.  Bailet. 

H.  F.  Baesb. 

G.  F.  BuflBBLL  Babkeb. 
.  f  Bfisa  Bateson. 
.     The  Bet.  BonaUd  Batne. 

Thoicas  Batne. 

C.  B.  Bbazlbt. 

D.  J.  Belobayb. 

.  t  E.  M.  Beloe,  F.S.A. 

The  Bey.  Canon  Leigh  Ben- 
nett. 
The  Bey.  H.  E.  D.  Blakiston, 
D.D.,  Pbbsident  of  Tbinitt 

CJOLLEOE,  OxrOBD. 
.   f  O.  C.  BOASE. 

The  Bey.  Pbov.  Bonnet,  F.B.S. 
g.  s.  bouloeb. 
BIajob  Bboadfoot. 

E.  Ibyinq  Cabltlb. 
William  Oabb. 

J.  L.  Caw. 

Bib  Williau  Selbt  Church, 

Babt.,  K.C.B.,  D.M. 
Sib  Ebnbst  Clabxb,  F.S.A. 
M1B8  A.  M.  Cooke. 
Thb  Bey.  Jambs  Coopeb,  D.D. 
f  Thompson  Coopeb,  F.S.A. 


W.  P.  C.  .  .  .     W.  P.  Coubtnbt. 

H.  C Sib  Henbt  Cbaik,  E.CB. 

J.  0 f  James  Cbanstoun,  LL.D. 

L.  C Lionel  Cost,  P.S.A.,  M.V.O. 

H.  D Henrt  Dayey. 

J.  C.  D.    ...     J.  C.  Dibdin. 

A.  D Austin  Dobson,  LL.D. 

CD Campbell  Dodobon. 

J.  A.  D.    ...  f  J.  A.  Doyle. 

E.  G.  D.  ...     E.  GoBDON  DuFP. 

B.  D BoBEBT  Dunlop. 

F.  B Fbangis  Espdtasbb. 

C.  L.  F.   .  .  .  t  C.  Litton  Falkineb. 

C.  H.  F.  .  .  .     Pbof.  C.  H.  Fibth,  LL.D. 
E.  F>T  ....     ThbBt.  Hon.  Sib  Edwabd  Fry, 

G.C.B.,  F.B.S. 

J.  G James  Gaibdneb,  C.B.,  LL.D. 

W.  T.  G.  .  .  .  t  Prof.   Sib  W.   T.   Gaibdneb, 

M.D.,  LL.D. 

W.  G f  William  Galloway. 

I  B.  G f  BicHABD  Gabnett,  LL.D.,  C.B. 

G.  G GoBDON  Goodwin. 

A.  G. The  Bey.  Alexander  Gobdon. 


B.  E.  G.  .  .  . 

B.  E.  Gbayes. 

J.  C.  H.   .  .  . 

J.  Cuthbebt  Haddbn. 

«•  A.  &.   .  .  . 

The  Hon.  Mb.  Justice  Hamil- 

ton. 

\jm    £L»    BL,       .      ,      m 

C.  Alezandeb  Habbis,  CM.G. 

A   .    J.    H.        .      .      . 

P.  J.  Habtoo. 

X.  F.  £[.  .  .  . 

T.  F.  Hbndbbson. 

W.  A.  S.  H.  . 

W.  A.  S.  Hewins. 

W.  H.  •  ■  .  • 

The     Bby.    Wiluam    Hunt, 

D.L1TT. 

265632 


vi  List  of 

W.  H.  H.   .  .     Thk  Rev.  W.  H.  Hutton,  B.D. 

A.  J Thb    Bby.    Oahom    Augustus 

Jbssopp,  D.D. 

C.  K f  Gha&lss  Kent. 

G.  L.  E.   ...     0.  L.  KiNosroBD. 

J.  E t  JosBPH  EiaoHT,  F.S.A. 

H.  E. OoLONBL  Sib  Hbmbt  Enollts, 

B.A.»  E.o.y.o. 

A  L Ahdbbw  Lano,  DXitt. 

J.  E.  L.    ...     Pbof.  Sib  Jobn  Enoz  Laugb- 

TON,  D.LlTT. 

T.  G.  L.  .  .  .  t  T.  G.  Law. 

F.  L f  Thb  Hon.  Fbanois  Lawuet. 

G.  S.  L.  .   .   .       G.  S.  liATABD. 

E.  L MiBB  Elizabbth  Lbb. 

S.  L SiDNET  Lee,  D.Litt.,  LLJ). 

B.  H.  L. .  .  .     B.  H.  Leoob. 

E.  M.  L. .  .  .     CoLoxTEL  E.  M.  Llotd,  B.E. 

J.  E.  L.   ...     John  Edwabd  Llotd. 

W.  B.  L. .  .  .     Thb  Bey.  W.  B.  Lowtheb. 

J.  H.  L.  .  .  .  t  The  Bey.  J.  H.  Luptom,  D.D. 

H.  T.  L. .  .  .     H.  Thomson  Lton. 

N.  MaoC.  .  .  t  NoBMAN  MacGoll. 

J.  B.  M.  .  .  .     J.  Bamsat  Maodonald,  M.P. 

M.H ^neas  Mackat,  E.g.,  LL.D. 

J.  A.  F.  M.   .   .  J.  A.  FuiiLEB  Mattland. 

E.  G.  M. .  .  .     E.  G.  Mabchant. 

D.  S.  M. .  .  .     Pbov.  Mabooliouth. 

F.  T.  M. .  .  .     Sib  Fbank  T.  Mabziau,  G.B. 

L.  M.  M.     .    .       ftliSS  MiDDLETON. 

A.  H.  M.    .  .     A.  H.  MiLLAB. 

G.  M f  GOBMO  MONKHOUBB. 

N.  M NOBHAN  MOOBB,  M.D. 

G.  Ll.  M.  .  .     Pbincipal      Im^td      Moboan, 

LL.D.,  F.B.S. 

S.  J.  N.    .    .    .        S.  J.  NlCHOLL. 

A.  N Albebt  Nicholson. 

G.  Lb  G.  N. .  G.  Le  Gbys  Noboatb. 

E.  N Miss  Eate  Noboate. 

D.  J.  O'D.  .  .  D.  J.  0*DoNooHUE. 

F.  M.  O'D.    .  F.  M.  O'DoNOOHUB,  F.S.A. 

T.  O tTHB  Bey.  Thomas  Olden,  D.D. 

J.  H.  0.  .  .  .  t  The  Bey.  Ganon  Oyebton. 


Writers. 


H.P 

Hbnbt  Paton. 

A.  F.  P.  .  . 

Pbof.  A.  F.  Pollard. 

B.  L.  P.  .  . 

.     B.  L.  Poole. 

S.  L-P.   .  . 

Stanlet  Lane-Poole. 

1 

B.  P 

Miss  Bebtha  Pobtbb. 

D»A.  P.    .  . 

D'Abot  Poweb,  F  Jt.G.S. 

G.  W.  P. .  . 

G.  W.  Pbothebo,  LL.D. 

B.  L.  B.  .  . 

Mbs.  Badvobd. 

F.  B 

.  t  Fbaseb  Bab. 

W.  B.  B. .  . 

.     W.  E.  Bhodes. 

J.  M.  B.  .  . 

.     J.  M.  Bioo. 

F.  S 

The  Bey.  Fbancib  Sandebs. 

T.  S-D  .  .  . 

.       T.  SCATTEBOOOD. 

T.  S . 

Tbomab  Sbooombb. 

W.  F.  S. .  . 

W.  p.  Sedgwick. 

W.  A.   D.   .     . 

W.  A.  Shaw. 

G.  B.  S.  .  . 

Snt  Geoboe  B.  SrrwBLL,  Babt. 

G.  F.  S.   .  . 

Miss  G.  FsiiL  Smith. 

B.  H.  S.  .  . 

B.  H.  SOUSLBT. 

G.  W.  S. .  . 

The  Bey.  G.  W.  Spbott,  D.D. 

L.  S 

.  t  Sib  Leslie  Stephen,  E.G.B. 

G.  S-H .  .  . 

Gbobge  Stbonach. 

0.  W.  S.  .  . 

C.  W.  Sutton. 

J.  T-T  .  .  . 

Pbof.  Jambs  Tait. 

H.  B.  T.  .  . 

H.  B.  Teddeb,  F.S.A. 

D.  Ll.  T.    . 

D.  Lleufeb  Thomas. 

S.  T 

Samuhl  Timmins,  ^.S.A. 

T.  F.  T.  .  . 

Pbof.  T.  F.  Tout. 

B.  ll.  V.  •  . 

GoL.  B.  H.  Vetch,  B.E.,  G.B. 

A.  W.  W.   . 

A.  W.  Wabd,  Litt.D.,  Masteb 

OF  Petebhouse,  Gambbidqs. 

M^»    W.        ... 

Paul  Watebhouse. 

M.  G.  W.    . 

.     The  Bey.  M.  G.  Watkins. 

W.  W.  W.  . 

Majob  W.  W.  Webb. 

G.  W-H.  .  . 

Ghables  Welch,  F.S.A. 

J.  M.  W.  •  . 

.  t  J.  M.  Wheeleb. 

s.  w 

Stephen  Wheeleb. 

W.  B.  W.   . 

Pbof.  W.  B.  WniLiAMS. 

S.  W-N.  .   . 

Mbs.  Sabah  Wilson. 

A.  N.  W. .  . 

Snt    A.    Natlob   Wotj.arton, 

k.g.i.e. 

B.  B.  W. .  . 

.     B.  B.  Woodward. 

w.  w. . .  . 

Wabwick  Wboth,  F.S.A. 

DICTIONARY 


OF 


NATIONAL     BIOGRAPHY 


Robinson 


Robinson 


B0BIN8OK,  ANASTASIA,  afterwards 
CorTTEBBOvPsTEBBOBOireH(<2. 1765),  Singer , 
irtt  ddest  daughter  of  Thomas  Bohinson, 
portrait-painter,  who  was  descended  from  a 
good  familr  in  Leicestershire.  According  to 
Lffd  Oxford  (JETor/.  MS.  7684,  f.  44),  her 
motfaer  was  a  member  of  the  Roman  catholic 
£uiul J  of  Lane  which  sheltered  Charles  II 
(Boitobel  Tracts,  ed.  J.  Hughes,  p.  891) ;  but, 
according  to  other  accounts,  Miss  Lane  was 
Thomas  Robinson's  second  wife  and  Ana- 
stasia  Robinson's  stepmother. 

Thomas  Robinson  went  to  Italj  to  study 
soon  after  his  marriage,  and  he  became  pron- 
dent  in  both  the  language  and  music  of  the 
eoontry.  Uis  eldest  daughter,  Anastasia,  who 
was  born  in  Italy,  developed  an  excellent  voice 
and  showed  a  love  for  music.  Her  father  taught 
her  Italian,  and  on  his  return  to  England  sent 
her  to  Dr.  Croft  for  lessons  in  singing.  When 
an  affectionof  the  eye  resulted  in  bIindness,Ro- 
bmson  was  compelled  to  utilise  his  daughter's 
talents,  and  she  forthwith  adopted  Binding  as 
a  profession.   Pursuing  her  studies  under  the 
Italian  singinff-master  Sandoni  and  an  opera- 
singer  called  Sie  Baroness,  Anastasia  Robin- 
son first  appeared  at  concerts  in  York  fiuild- 
inga  and  elsewhere  in  London,  accompanying 
hmelf  on  the  harpsichord.   Her  voice,  origi- 
nally a  soprano,  sank  to  a  contralto  after  an  Ul- 
neaa,and  its  charm,  together  with  the  singer's 
good  character  and  sweetness  of  disposition, 
made  her  a  favourite.  Her  father  took  a  house 
in  Golden  Square,  where  weekly  concerts  and 
assemblies  attracted  fashionable  society.        i 
Miss  Robinson  soon  transferred  her  atten- 
tions to  the  stage,  where  she  first  appeared, 
27  Jan,  1714,  m  the  opera  of  *Creso'  (cf. 
Steklb's  '  Lover/  no.  7 ;  Johkboh's  Idvesy  ed, 
Cnomngham,  ii.  185).     In  her  second  per- 
fbnnaace  she  took  the  partof  Ismina  in' Ar-  ' 
Touzvn. 


minio/and  thenceforth,  for  nearly  ten  years, 
she  reigned  as  prima  donna,  with  a  salary  of 
1,000/.,  besides  benefits  and  presents  worth 
nearly  as  much.  Bumey  thinks  that  Handel 
did  not  place  much  trust  in  her  voice,    fiut  in 
1717,  at  Miss  Robinson's  benefit,  Handel  in- 
troduced an  additional  scene  into*Amadigi' 
{Hist,  of  Music,  iv.  257, 376, 288).  Among  her 
admirers  was  General  Hamilton,  who  was  re- 
jected in  spate  ofher  father's  advice.  But,  after 
a  long  period  of  uncertain  attentions,  Miss 
Robinson  accepted  the  advances  of LordPeter- 
borough[8eeMoBDAi7irr,  CHABi.EB],then  about 
sixty  years  of  age.   Peterborough  was  finally 
conquered  by  seeing  the  lady  as  Griselda  in 
Buononcini's  opera  in  the  spring  of  1722* 
Soon  afterwards  they  were  secretly  married, 
though,  as  the  marriage  was  not  acknowledged 
for  thirteen  years,  many  doubted  whether  it 
had  been  celebrated.    We  are  told,  however, 
that  Lady  Oxford  was  present  at  the  ceremony, 
and  that  that  lady  and  her  daughter,  the 
Duchess  of  Portland,  besides  many  others, 
visited  Anastasia.  In  July  1722  Mrs.  Delany 
wrote  regretting  the  absence  of*  Mrs.  Robin- 
son '  from  a  water-party,  which '  otherwise  had 
been  perfect.'  In  September  1728  Arbuthnot 
dined  and  supped  with  Peterborough  and 
'the   Mrs.  Robinsons'  (Anastasia  and  her 
sisters).    After  Thomas  'Robinson's  death 
about  1722,  Peterborough  took  a  house  for 
the  ladies  near  his   own  villa  at  Parson's 
Green.    Hawkins  and  Bumey  differ  as  to 
whether  Peterborough  and  Miss  Robinson 
lived  under  the  same  roof  before  1784 ;  Bur- 
ney,  who  is  the  more  trustworthy,  says  she 
did  not.    At  Parson's  Green  Miss  Robinson 
held  a  sort  of  musical  academy,  where  Buo- 
noncini  and  others  otten  performed.  She  was 
grateful  to  Buononcini,  who  had  written 
songs  suited  to  her  voice,  and  she  obtained 


;il^bi;is6ij 


Robinson 


for  him  a  peuBion  of  600/.  from  the  Dnchess 
of  Marlborough,  besides  places  for  his  friend 
Maurice  Ghreene  [q.  v.] 

Lady  Peterborough,  to  call  her  by  the 
name  she  ultimately  bore,  continued  on  the 
stage  until  June  1724,  not  before  she  had 
been  supplanted  as  *  diva '  by  Guzzoni  and 
others.  Earl^in  this  year  hem?  insulted  by 
Senesino,  a  singer  with  whom  sue  acted|  she 
appealed  to  Lord  Peterborough,  who  at  once 
caned  the  Italian,  and  compelled  him,  as 
Lady  Mary  Wortley  Montagu  says,  'to 
confess  upon  his  knees  that  Anastasia  was  a 
nonpareiiof  virtue  and  beauty.'  Lord  Stan- 
hope, affcerwards  Earl  of  Chesterfield,  having 
joked  on  Senesino's  side,  was  challenged  by 
Peterborough,  and  the  town  was  in  great 
excitement  over  the  matter ;  but  the  duel 
was  prevented  by  the  authorities.  The  lady's 
reputation  was  thus  cleared,  and  at  the 
same  time  it  was  reported  that  Peterborough 
allowed  her  lOOZ.  a  month.  '  Oould  it  have 
been  believed,'  comments  Lady  M.  W.  Mon- 
tagu, *  that  Mrs.  Robinson  is  at  the  same  time 
a  prude  and  a  kept  mistress '  (Letters,  ed. 

Thomas,  i.  476-6).  An  *  Epistle  from  S o 

to  A ^aR ^n '  was  advertised  on  27  Feb. 

1724,  and  Aaron  Hill  wrote  an  *  Answer  to 
a  scurrilous,  obscene  Poem,  entitled  **  An 
Epistle  from  Mrs.  Robinson  to  Senesino." ' 

in  1781  Peterborough  alluded,  in  a  letter 
to  Pope,  to  the  reliffious  observances  of  *  the 
farmeress  at  Bevis,  Peterborough's  pleasant 
cottage  near  Southampton;  and  next  year 
he  was  nursed  through  a  serious  illness  by 
his  wife,  whom  he  at  last  permitted  to  wear 
a  weddin^ring.  In  1784  Pope  was  visiting 
at  Bevis  Mount,  and  sent  *  my  lord's  and 
Mrs.  Robinson's '  service  to  Gary  11.  As  early 
as  1731  Pope,  writing  to  Peterborough,  called 

Anastasia '  Lady  P .'  At  length,  in  1786, 

Peterborough  acknowledged  his  wife,  a  duty 
whichhad  Men  lu^edupon  him  by  Dr.  Alured 
Clarke  ^q.  v.]  His  friends  were  called  to- 
ffether  m  rooms  occupied  by  his  niece's  hus- 
band, Stephen  Poyntz  [q.  v.],  in  St.  James's 
Palace,  and  there,  without  forewarning  his 
wife,  he  described  the  virtues  of  a  lady  who 
had  been  his  companion  and  comforter  in  sick- 
ness and  health  for  many  vears,  and  to  whom 
he  was  indebted  for  all  the  happiness  of  his  life. 
But  he  owned  with  grief  that  through  vanity 
he  had  never  acknowledffed  her  as  his  wife. 
Lady  Peterborough  was  then  presented  to  her 
husband's  relatives,  and  was  carried  away  in 
a  fiunting  condition.  The  clergyman  who  had 
nerformea  the  original  ceremony  being  dead, 
l^eterborough  was  again  married  to  .^lasta- 
sia  at  Bristol,  in  oraer  to  secure  her  rights 
beyond  question  (Pope  to  Martha  Blount, 
26  Aug.  1736).     At    Bath  Peterborough 


made  known  that  Anastasia  was  his  wife  by 
calling  at  an  assembly  for  Lady  Peter- 
borough's carriage. 

Peterborough  was  now  suffering  from  the 
stone,  and,  though  he  realised  thkt  he  was 
dying,  he  set  out  with  his  wife  to  Portugal. 
After  hb  death  at  Lisbon  in  October  1736, 
his  body  was  brought  back  by  his  widow, 
who  afterwards  burned  the  manuscript  me- 
moirs which  he  had  left  behind  him.  Lady 
Peterborough  survived  her  husband  nearly 
twenty  yearSj  living  generally  at  Bevis 
Mount,  which  she  held  in  jointure  (HarL 
MS,  7664,  f.  44).  She  visited  few  persons, 
except  the  Duchess  of  Portland  at  Bul- 
strode.  She  died  in  April  1766,  and  was 
buried  at  Bath  Abbey  on  1  lAhj^Geneedogist^ 
new  ser.  vi.  98).  Bj  her  will,  made  4  Jan. 
1766,  she  left  legacies  to  her  sister,  Eliza* 
beth  Bowles,  her  niece,  Elizabeth  Leslie, 
her  nephew.  Dr.  Arbuthnot,  and  others 
(P.  C.  0. 174  Glazier). 

The  high  esteem  m  which  Lady  Peter- 
borough was  held  is  shown  by  the  lact  that 
Peterborough's  grandson  and  successor  in 
the  peerage  named  his  daughter  after  her ; 
and  the  Duchess  of  Portland  wrote  of  her  as 
'  a  very  dear  friend,'  and  said  that  she  was 
'  one  01  the  most  virtuous  and  best  of  women, 
but  never  very  handsome.'  Though  naturally 
cheerful,  she  was  of  a  shy  disposition ;  yet, 
owing  to  her  good  address,  she  always  ap- 
peared to  be  the  equal  of  persons  of  the 
nighest  rank.  Mrs.  Delany  said  she  was  of 
middling  height,  not  handsome,  but  of  a 
pleasing,  modest  countenance,  with  large 
blue  eyes. 

Faber  issued  a  mezzotint  engraving,  after 
a  painting  by  Bank,  in  1727,  in  which  Lad^* 
Peterborough  is  shown  playing  on  a  harpsi* 
chord.  This engravingis reproduced  in  Colo- 
nel Russell's 'Earl  of  Peterl>orough.'  An  en- 
flnuvin^  of  the  head,  by  C.  Grignion,  after 
Bank,  is  in  Sir  John  Ilawkins's  '  History  of 
Music' 

LadyPeterborough  had  two  younger  sis- 
ters. The  one,  Elizabeth,  was  designed  for 
a  miniature-painter,  but  turned  to  singing. 
Owing  to  her  Dashfiilness,  however,  she  never 
performed  in  public,  and  she  ultimately  mar- 
ried a  Colonel  Bowles.  The  other,  Mar- 
garet, '  a  very  pretty,  accomplished  woman,' 
according  to  Mrs.  Delany,  was  only  a  half- 
sister.  She  married,  in  February  1728  (Gay 
to  Swift,  16  Feb.),  Dr.  Arbuthnot's  brother, 
Qeor^,  of  whom  Pope  spoke  highly.  She 
died  m  September  1729,  leaving  one  son, 
John,  who  was  the  father  of  Bishop  Alex- 
ander Arbuthnot,  Sir  Charles  Arbuthnot, 
hart.,  General  Sir  Robert  Arbuthnot,  and 
General  Sir  Thomas  Arbuthnot,  hart. 


Robinson 


Robinson 


[The  personal  aeeonnt  of  Ladj  Peterboroiigli 

in  Barney's  History  of  Mosie  (It.  246-97)  is 

based  on  reoolleetiont  of  Mrs.  Delany ;  that  in 

Sir  John  Hawkiiu's  History  of  Mnsie  (1853,  iL 

&7(M)    on     information    from    the    Dowager 

Dochees  of  Portland.  Other  aonrces  of  informa- 

tioe  are  the  Lives  of  Lord  Peterborough  by 

Colaiiel  BosBell,   1887,  ii.  238-48,  811,  327-9, 

udMr.W.  Stabbing,  1890;  Pope's  Works,  ed. 

QwiA  nd  Coorthope,  yi.   361,  yii.  115,  475, 

486.  fin.  312-13,  iz.  41,  296,  318,  461,  x.  186- 

194;  Aitkan's  Life  of  Arbnthnot,  1892,  pp.  104, 

m  lis,  162-3.]  e.  A.  A. 

BOBEETSON,  ANTHONY  (1762-1827), 
uiitaiiaii,  was  bom  in  January  176!ll  at  Kirk- 
Iind,  near  Wig:ton  in  Comberland,  wheie  bis 
fither  posaeased  some  property.  He  was 
educated  at  an  academy  belonging  to  the 

r'cDJar  baptiflta  at  Bristol— Ko^rt  Hall 
fj^,  r.l  was  *a  fellow  student — and  subse- 
qiientfy  became  pastor  of  a  baptist  cburcb  at 
F aizford  in  Gloaoestershire.    Thence  be  re- 
n»fei  to  the  general  baptists'  church  in 
Worship  Street,  London,  but  gave  up  the 
cfaaige  about   1790  on  succeeding  to  his 
fMXhe^i  estate,  and  retired  to  the  country. 
In  1796  he  returned  to  London,  and  entered 
into  business  as  a  sugar-refiner,  acquiring  a 
eonaiderable  fortune.  He  made  the  acquaint 
taaee  of  Priestlej,  and,  through  Priestley's 
friend  Butt,  of  Hjenry  (>abb  I&binson  fq-v*! 
The  latter,  who  was  no  relative,  declarea 
Anthony's  powers  of  conversation  to  be 
greater  than  those  of  any  others  of  his  ao- 
quaintanoe.  Crabb  Robinson  introduced  him 
to  the  Lambs  and  William  Hazlitt.    He 
died  in  Hatton  G^arden  on  20  Jan.  1827,  aged 
86,  and  was  buried  in  the  Worship  Street 
baptist  churchyard.     His  widow  then  re- 
moved to  Enfield,  where  she  lived  opposite 
the  I'^gftlMi     His  son  Anthony,  who  disap- 
veared  in  1827,  was  a  reputed  victim  of 
Burke  and  Hare. 

Bofainaon  wrote:  1.  ^A  Short  History 
of  the  Psreecution  of  Christians  by  Jews, 
Heathens,  and  Christians,'  Carlisle,  1798, 
8?o.  3.  '  A  View  of  the  Causes  and  Conse- 
quenoes  of  English  Wars,'  London,  1708, 
8to,  dedicated  to  William  Morgan  (1760* 
1833)  [q.  T.];  in  this  work  Robinson  en- 
deavoured to  show  that  all  English  wars 
had  proved  injurious  to  the  people ;  he  vehe- 
mently attacked  Pitt  for  declarmg  war  with 
France,  for  ivhich  the  *  British  Critic '  de- 
aouieed  him  as  a  Jacobin.  S. '  An  Ezamina^ 
tion  of  a  Sennon  preached  at  Cambridge  by 
Bobert  Hall  on  Modem  Infidelity,'  London, 
1800,  8vo ;  a  vifforons  attack  on  Hall^  which 
the  *  British  Gntic '  termed  a  '  senseless  and 
Aawifiififi^  pamnhlet.'  Bobinson  was  also  a 
fnqoent  contributor  to  the  '  Analytical  Be^ 


view,'  'Monthly  Magazine/  and  'Monthly 
Bepositorv,'  to  the  last  of  which  he  sent  an 
account  of  Priestley  (zvii.  169  et  seq.),  which 
was  used  by  Rutt  m  his  '  Life  of  R'iestley.' 
A  contemporary,  Anthony  Robin8on,a  sur- 
geon of  Sunderland,  went  to  Jamaica  and 
made  manuscript  collections  on  the  flora  of 
the  island,  which  were  used  by  John  Lunan 
in  his  'Hortus  Jamaicensis,'  1814, 8vo,  2  vols. 

[Works  in  Brit.  Mns.  Libr. ;  Gent.  Mag.  1827, 
i.  187;  Biogr.  Diet,  of  Living  Authors,  1816; 
Batt's  Life  of  Priestley,  i.  33,  li.  633  ;  Monthly 
BeTiew,xi.  146,  xzviii.  231,  xzxii.  446 ;  British 
Critic,  xiii.  693,  xvi.  213  ;  Orabb  Bobinson's 
Diary,  passim;  Monthly  Repository,  1827,  p. 
293J  A.  F.  P. 

ROBINSON,  BENJAMIN  (1666-1724), 
presbyterian  minister,  bom  at  Derby  in  1666, 
was  a  pupil  of  Samuel  Ogden  (1626P-1697) 

El,  v.],  and  was  educat^  for  the  ministry 
y  Jonn  Woodhouse  [q.  v.]  at  Sheriffhales, 
Shropshire.  He  began  life  as  chaplain  and 
tutor  in  the  family  of  Sir  John  GeU  at  Hop- 
ton,  Derbyshire,  where  he  made  the  ac- 
quaintance of  Richard  Baxter.  He  was  sub- 
sequently chaplain  at  Normanton  to  Samuel 
Saunders,  upon  whose  death  he  married  and 
settled  as  presbyterian  minister  of  Findem, 
Derlnrshire,  being  ordained  on  10  Oct.  1688. 
In  1693  he  opened  a  school  at  Findem,  and 
for  so  doixig  was  cited  into  the  bishop'?  court. 
BJiowingWUUam  Lloyd  (1627-1717}  [q.v.], 
then  bishop  of  Coventry  and  Lichnela,  he 
went  to  remonstrate  with  him.  Lloyd  stayed 
the  prosecution,  and  discussed  nonconformity 
with  Robinson  till  two  o'clock  in  the  morn- 
ing; they  afterwards  corresponded.  John 
Howe  [q;yO  recommended  him  to  a  congrega- 
tion at  HuDgerford,  Berkshire,  to  which  he 
removed  from  Findem  in  1693.  Here  also,  in 
1696y  he  set  up  a  school  which  developed  into 
an  academy  for  training  ministers ;  students 
were  sent  to  him  by  the  presbyterian  fimd. 
Gilbert  Burnet  [q.  v.],  bishop  of  Salisbury, 
bein^  at  Hungeriord  on  a  visitation,  sent  for 
Robinson,  who  defended  his  course  and  gained 
Burnet's  friendship.  Subsequently  he  and 
Edmund  Calamy[q.  v.]  had  several  interviews 
with  Burnet  in  170^,  when  nonconformist 
matters  were  before  parliament. 

In  1700  he  succeeded  Woodhouse^  his 
former  tutor,  as  presbyterian  minister  at 
Little  St.  Helen's,  Bishops^ate  Street.  Here 
he  enjoyed  great  popularity  as  a  preacher, 
having  much  natural  eloquence,  and  a  gift 
of  rapid  composition  with  a  strong  pen.  In 
1706  he  succeeded  George  Hammond  as  one 
of  the  Salters'  Hall  lecturers,  and  made  this 
his  first  business  when  declining  heslth  com- 
pelled him  to  limit  his  work.  H&  was  assisted 

b2 


Robinson 


Robinson 


at  Little  St.  Helen's  by  Harman  Hood,  and, 
from  1721,  by  Edward  Godwin,  grandfather 
of  William  Godwin  the  elder  [q.  v.]  He 
was  an  original  trustee  (1716)  of  the  foun- 
dations of  Daniel  Williams  [q.  vj  At  the 
Salters'  Hall  conferences  of  1719  [see  Beas- 
BUBT,  Thomas],  Robinson  was  a  prominent 
advocate  of  subscription,  and  in  the  pamphlet 
war  which  succeeded  he  was  an  able  exponent 
of  the  scriptural  argument  for  the  doctrine 
of  the  Trinity.  He  died  on  80  April  1724, 
and  was  buried  in  Bunhill  Fields.  He  lefb  a 
widow,  Anne,  and  several  children.  His  por- 
trait is  at  Dr.  Williams's  Library,  Gonion 
Square,  London;  an  engraving  by  Hopwood 
Is  given  in  Wilson. 

He  published,  besides  single  sermons :  1.  'A 
Plea  for  .  .  .  Mr.  BuLter  ...  in  answer  to 
Mr.  Lobb,'  &c.,  1697,  8vo  (defends  Baxter's 
view  of  the  Atonement).  2.  'A  Review  of  the 
Case  of  Liturgies,'  &c.,  1710,  8vo.  3.  'A 
Letter  ...  in  defence  of  the  Review,'  Sec, 
1710,  8vo  (both  in  reply  to  Thomas  Bennet, 
D.D.  [q.  V.J)  4.  *  The  <^uestion  stated,  and 
the  Scripture  Evidence  of  the  Trinity  pro- 
posed,' l7l0,  4to,  being  the  second  part  of 
'  The  Doctrine  of  the  Ever  Blessed  Trinity 
stated  and  defended  ...  by  fonr  subscribing 
ministers.' 

[Funeral  dermon  by  John  Cumming  of  the 
Scots  Church,  London  Wall,  1724;  Wilson's 
Dissenting  Churches  of  London,  1808,  i.  373  sq. 
(chiefly  ^m  Camming);  Tonlmin's  Historical 
View,  1814,  pp.  261  sq. ;  Oalainy's  Own  Life, 
1830,  i.  466  sq.  ii.  413  sq.  483 ;  Jones's  Bunhill 
Memorials,  1849,  pp.  236  sq.;  Jeremy's  Presby- 
terian Fund,  1885,  pp.  13,  84,  109.]        A.  G. 

BOBINSON,  BRYAN  (ie80-.1764\phy. 
fiician  and  writer,  born  in  1680,  graduated 
M.B.  in  1700,  and  M.D.  in  1711,  at  Trmity 
College,Dublin.  He  was  anatomical  lecturer 
there  in  1716-17,  and  in  1745  was  appointed 
professor  of  physic.  On  6  May  1712  he  was 
elected  fellow  of  the  King  and  Queen's  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  in  Ireland,  having  been 
*  candidate '  on  24  Aug.  1711.  He  was  three 
times  president  of  the  college — ^in  1718, 1727, 
and  1739.  He  was  also  a  member  of  the 
Irish  Royal  College  of  Surgeons.  He  prac- 
tised in  Dublin,  and  probablv  attended 
Esther  Yanhomrigh  ('Vanessa'^,  who  be- 
lueathed  to  him  161,  sterling  ^  to  ouy  a  rii^  * 
Bwirr,  Works,  ed.  Scott,  2nd  edit.  xix. 
^80).    He  died  at  Dublin  on  26  Jan.  1764. 

Robinson  had  a  reputation  in  his  day,  both 
as  a  medical  and  mathematica]  writer.  His 
earliest  work  was  a  translation  of  P.  de  la. 
Hire's  '  New  Elements  of  Conick  Sections,' 
1704.  In  1726  he  published  an  accoimt  of 
the  inoculation  of  five  children  at  Dublin. 


'The  Case  of  Miss  Rolt  communicated  by  an 
Eye-witness'  was  added  in  an  edition  printed 
in  London  in  the  same  year.  This  was  fol- 
lowed in  1782-8  by  Robinson's  chief  work,  the 
'Treatise  on  the  Animal  Economv.'  It  was 
attacked  by  Dr.  T.  Morgan  in  his  *  Mechanical 
Practice,'  and  defended  by  the  author  in  a 
'Letter  to  Dr.  Cheyne.'  The  latter  is  an- 
nexed to  the  third  edition,  which  appeared  In 
two  volumes  in  1788,  and  contained  much 
additional  matter.  Robinson  was  an  ardent 
admirer  of  Newton,  and  tried  to  account  for 
animal  motions  by  his  principles,  and  to  apply 
them  to  the  rational  treatment  of  diseases. 
He  attributed  the  production  of  muscular 
power  to  the  vibration  of  an  ethereal  fluid 
pervading  the  animal  body,  a  doctrine  essen- 
tially in  accord  with  modem  views.  His 
chapter  on  respiration  shows  him  also  to  have 
had  a  glimmering  of  the  nature  of  oxv^en,  in 
anticipation  of  the  discoveries  of  Iriestley 
and  Ijavoisier  in  1775.  Sir  Charles  Chuneron 
characterises  the  whole  'Treatise  on  Animal 
Economy'  as  a  remarkable  work  for  its  day 
(cf. Halleb,  BidL  Chirurgica, ii.  148).  Robin- 
son's next  work  was  a  '  Dissertation  on  the 
Food  and  Discharges  of  Human  Bodies/ 
1747.  It  was  translated  into  fVench,  and 
inserted  in  'Le  Pharmaclen  Modeme,'  1750. 
It  was  followed  by  'Observations  on  the 
Virtues  and  Operations  of  Medicines '(1752), 
which  attracted  much  attention  (cf.  BiTBr- 
K0W8,  CommenUtries  on  the  Treatment  of 
InmnitUf  p.  640).  Robinson  also  edited  Dr. 
R.  Helsham's  'Course  of  Lectures  in  Natural 
Philosophy,'  1789  (2nd  edit.  1743;  reissued 
in  1767  and  1777). 

Robinson  also  wrote  a  'Dissertation  on  the 
^ther  of  Sir  Isaac  Newton '  (Dublin,  1743 ; 
London,  1747) ;  and  an  '  Essay  upon  Money 
and  Coins'  (1758),  posthumously  published 
by  his  sons,  Christopher  and  Robert.  Part  Li. 
is  dedicated  to  Henry  Bilson  Legge,  chancellor 
of  Uie  exchequer,  with  whom  the  author  was 
acquainted.  The  work  displays  knowled^ 
of  the  history  of  currency ;  its  main  object  is 
to  advocate  the  maintenance  of  the  existing 
standard  of  money.  Besides  numerous  tables, 
it  contains  Newton's  representation  to  the 
treasury  on  21  Sept.  1717  regarding  the  state 
of  the  gold  and  suver  coina^. 

Portraits  of  Robinson  are  m  the  possession 
of  the  Irish  College  of  Physicians,  and  at  the 
house  of  the  provost  of  Trinity  Collefie,  Dub- 
lin. Bromley  mentions  an  etching  oi  him,  at 
the  age  of  seventy,  by  B.  Wilson. 

[Todd's  Cat.  of  Dablin  Graduates ;  Register 
of  the  King  and  Qaeen's  Coll.  of  Physicians  in 
Ireland ;  Cameron's  Hist,  of  the  Royal  Coll.  of 
Surgeons  in  Ireland,  pp.  16-18,  98, 686 ;  Noble's 
Goatin.  of  Granger**  Siogr.  Hist  of  England,  iii. 


Robinson 


Robinson 


U%a;  London  Mag.  1764,  p.  92;  Catof  Bojal 
Med.  and  Chimrg.  Soe.  lAhtsrj,  vol.  ii.;  Brit. 
Miia.Cat.;  antliontieB  cited.]      G.  Lb  G.  N. 

BOBINSOIQ',  Sir  BRYAN  (1808-1887), 
colonial  iadge,  was  born  on  14  Jan.  1808  at 
BnUin,  being'  youngest  aon  of  Christopher 
Kobinaon,  rector  of  Ghranard,  co.  Longibrd; 
bis  mother  -wns  Elizabeth,  second  daughter 
of  Sir  Hercules  Langrishe  [q.  v.]    Hercules 
BoluKm  [q.  ▼.]  -wkb  an  elder  brother.  From 
Outlenock  school  he  went  in  1824  to  Trinity 
Ooliege,  Dublin,  bat  before  graduating,  in 
1638,  he  went  out  to  Newfoundland  in  the 
staff  of  Admiral  Cochrane.    In  1881  Robin- 
ion  was  called  to  the  bar  in  Nora  Scotia, 
and  began  to  practise  in  Newfoundland.  His 
fint  appearance  in  a  case  of  more  than  local 
importance  wa^  before  the  judicial  committee 
in  Keilley  v.  Carson,  whicn  raised  the  ques- 
tion of  tfis  power  of  a  house  of  assembly  to 
imprison  a  person  of  its  own  motion.  Robin- 
vm  oppoeed  the  claim  of  the  Newfoundland 
hoose  of  assembly,  and  the  judgment  in  his 
fsToor  fnaUr  settled  the  law  on  this  point. 
In  1884  Robinson  was  made  a  master  of 
cliancieiy  with  the  obligation  of  adyisinff  the 
members  of  the  council.    In  December  1842 
he  entered  the  colonial  parliament  as  member 
for  Foftone  Bay.      In  1843  he  became  a 
queen's  oounsel  of  the  local  bar,  and  later  a 
member  of  the  executiye  cotmcil.  In  1868  he 
was  made  a  puisne  judge.    He  was  a  warm 
supporter  of  every  project  for  the  good  of  the 
colony,  especially  mterestin^  himself  in  the 
opening  np  of  the  interior,  direct  steam  com- 
mnnication  with  England,  and  relief  works 
in  bad  seasons;    he  was  president  of  the 
Agricultural  Society.  He  was  also  an  actiye 
fupporter  of  the  church  of  England.   He  was 
knighted  in  December  1877  for  his  distin- 
pished  eerrices,  and  retired  irom  his  office 
m  Newfoundland  in  1878  owing  to  failing 
health.    He  settled  at  Ealing,  liiiddlesex, 
where  he  died  on  6  Dec.  1887. 

He  married,  in  1834,  Selina,  daughter  of 
Arthmr  Houldsworth  Brooking  of  Brixham, 
Deronahire,  who  died  before  him,  leaving 
aereral  children. 

There  is  a  vignette  of  Robinson  in  Fjrowse*s 
'History  of  ^lewfoundland.' 

[BiogTSph  and  Beriew,  Janoaiy  1892;  pri- 
Taie  informatioo.]  0.  A  H. 

BOBENSON,  Sm  CHRISTOPHER 
( 1766-1 833),  admiralty  lawyer,  bom  in  1 766, 
vas  son  of  Dr.  Christopher  Robinson,  rector 
of  Albory,  Oxfbrdshire,  and  Wytham,  Berk- 
shire, who  died  at  Albury  on  24  Jan.  1802. 
The  son  matriculated  from  Uniyersity  Col- 
hfe,  Oxford,  on  16  Dee.  1782,  but  migrated 
ia  1788  to  Magdalen  College,  where  he  was  a 


demy  from  1783  to  1799.  He  graduated  B.  A. 
14  June  1786,  M. A.  6  May  1789,  and  D.C.L. 
4  July  1796.    Intended  for  the  church,  Ro- 
binson preferred  the  profession  of  the  law. 
He  was  one  of  nine  children,  and  all  that  his 
father  could  spare  for  his  start  in  life  was  20/. 
in  cash  and  a  ^od  supply  of  books.    Fortu- 
nately he  obtamed  a  favourable  recommenda- 
tion to  Sir  William  Scott,  afberwards  Lord 
Stowell.   He  determined  upon  studying  ma- 
ritime law,  and  was  admitted  into  the  cdlege 
of  advocates  on  3  Noy.  1796.  He  gained  con- 
^icuous  success  in  this  branch  of  the  profes- 
sion, was  knighted  on  6  Feb.  1809,  and  was 
appointed,  on  1  March  1809,  to  sucoeed  Sir 
Jonn  Nicholl  [q.  v.]   as  kind's  adyocate. 
As  the  holder  of  this  office  and  the  leading 
counsel  in  the  admiralty  court,  Robinson 
was  engaged  in  nearly  all  the  cases  relating 
to  prizes  captured  on  the  seas.    In  1818  he 
was  returned  in  the  interest  of  the  tory 
ministry,    exerted    through  the   &mily  of 
£insman,  for  the  Cornish  borough  of  Cal- 
linffton,  and  on  the  dissolution  in  1820  he 
and  his  colleague  secured  at  the  poll  a  ma- 
jority of  the  votes  recorded  bv  the  returning 
officer,  but  a  petition  against  tlleir  return  was 
presented,  and  ultimately  the  candidates  sup- 
ported by  the  family  of  Baring  were  declared 
elected.    These  proceedings  resulted  in  hie 
beingsaddled  with  costs  amountingto  6,000/., 
and  though  the  premier  had  promised  to  re- 
imburse him  the  outlay,  the  money  was  not 
paid.  He  was  no  orator,  and  did  not  shine  in 
the  House  of  Commons. 

In  1821  Robinson  followed  Lord  Stowell 
in  the  positions  of  chancellor  of  the  diocese  of 
London  and  judge  of  the  consistory  court, 
and  on  22  Feb.  1828  he  succeeded  Lord 
Stowell  as  judge  of  the  hiffh  court  of  admi- 
ralty, haying  for  seyeraf  years  preyiously 
transcribed  and  read  in  court  the  decisions 
of  that  judge.  He  was  created  a  priyy  coun- 
cillor on  6  March  1828,  and  presided  in  the 
admiralty  court  until  a  few  days  before  his 
death.  He  died  at  Wimpole  Street,  Cayen- 
dish  Square,  London,  on  21  April  1833,  and 
was  buried  in  the  churchyard  of  St.  Benet's 
Doctors'  Commons.  He  married,  at  Liyer- 
W)ol,  on  11  April  1799,  Catharine,  eldest 
aaughter  of  the  Rey.  Ralph  Nicholson,  a  man 
of  considerable  property.  They  had  five  chil- 
dren— three  sons  and  two  daughters.  Lady 
Robinson  died  at  Wimpole  street  on  27  Aucr. 
1830,  aged  53. 

Robinson  was  the  author  of:  1.  'Report 
of  the  Judgment  of  the  High  Court  of  Ad- 
miralty on  the  Swedish  Conyoy,'  1799. 
2.  'Translation  of  Chapters  273  and  287  of 
the  Consolato  del  Mare,  relating  to  Prixe 
Law '  [anon.],  1800.    8.  '  Collectanea  Man- 


Robinson 


Robinson 


tima,  a  Collection  of  Public  IiiBtruinents  on 
Prize  Law/  1801.  4.  <  Reports  of  Caaes 
argued  and  detennined  in  the  Higb  Court  of 
Admiralty,  1790  to  1808/ 6  vols.  1799-1808; 
2nd  edit.  6  yoIb.  1801-8 ;  they  were  aleo  re- 
printed at  New  York  in  1800-10,  and  by 
George  Minot  at  Boston  in  1858  in  his  series 
of  English  admiralty  reports.  Robinson's  re- 
ports were  not  remunerative,  and  in  some 
years  caused  him  actual  loss. 

Robinson's  own  judgments  were  contained 
in  volumes  ii.  and  iiL  of  John  Hsggard's  'Ad- 
miralty Reports '  (1888  and  184(§,  and  were 
also  published  at  Boston  by  Oeoige  Minot 
in  l8o8.  A  digested  index  of  the  judgments 
of  Lord  Stowell,  as  given  in  tne  reports 
of  Robinson,  Edwarcb,  and  Dodson,  was 
issued  by  Joshua  Greene,  barrister-at-law,  of 
Antigua,  in  1818. 

Robinson's  second  son,  Wiluax  Robik- 
80K  (d.  1870),  matriculated  from  Balliol 
CoUege,  Oxfora,  on  26  Jan.  1819,  and  gra- 
duated BA..  on  22  March  1828,  M.A.  on 
2  July  1829,  and  D.O.L.  on  11  July  1829. 
He  was  admitted  into  the  college  of  advo- 
cates on  3  Nov.  1830,  and  reported  in  the 
admiralty  court.  His  published  volumes  of 
reports  commenced  *  with  the  judgments  of 
the  Right  Hon.  Stephen  Lusnin^n,'  and 
covered  the  years  from  1838  to  1860.  The 
first  volume  appeared  in  1844,  and  the  second 
in  1848.  The  third,  without  a  title-page,  and 
consisting  of  two  parts  only,  was  issued  in 
1862.  "fy  were  also  edited  by  George 
Minot  at  Boston  in  1863.  Robinson  died 
at  Stanhope  Villa,  Charl  wood  Road,  Putney, 
on  11  July  1870,  aged  68. 

[Gent.  Hag.  1799  i.  346,  1802  i.  184,  1809  i. 
278, 1880  i.  283,  1833  i.  465;  Foster's  Alumni 
Ozon. ;  Courtney's  Pari.  Rep.  Oomwall.p.  278 ; 
Nichols's  Lit.  Anecd.  iz.  633;  Law  Mag.  z. 
485-8,  reprinted  in  Annual  Biogr.  zviii.  325-31; 


Civilians,  p.  137;  Times,  12  July  1870,  p.  1.] 

W.  P.  C. 

BOBINSON,  CLEMENT  (JL  1566- 
1684),  song-writer  and  editor,  prepared  in 
1566  'A  boke  of  very  pleasaunte  sonettes 
and  storyes  in  myter,'  for  the  publication 
of  which  liichard  Jones  obtained  a  license 
in  the  same  year.  No  copy  of  this  work  is 
extant,  although  a  single  leaf  in  the  collection 
of  *  Bagford  Ballads'  m  the  British  Museum 
may  possibly  have  belonged  to  one.  The  book 
was  reprinted  in  1584  by  the  same  publisher, 
Richard  Jones,  under  the  new  title'Afiande- 
full  of  pleasant  delites,  containing  sundrie 
new  Sonets  aud  delectable  Histories  in  diueis 


kinds  of  Meeter.  Newly  diuised  to  the  newest 
tunes  that  are  now  in  use  to  be  sung;  euerie 
Sonet  orderly  pointed  to  his  proper  tune. 
With  new  additions  of  certain  Songs  to  yerie 
late  deuised  Notes,  not  commonly  knowen, 
nor  vsed  heretofore.  By  Clement  Robinson 
and  diners  others.'  A  unique  imperfect  copy 
of  this  edition,  formerly  in  the  Corser  colleo- 
tion,  is  now  in  the  British  Museum  lilnary. 
All  the  pieces  were  written  for  music ;  several 
of  them  had  been  entered  in  the  StAtioners' 
Beffister  for  separate  publication  between 
156(3  and  1682.  In  the  case  of  eight  the 
authors'  names  are  appended.  The  remaining 
twenty-five,  which  are  anonymous,  doubtless 
came  tor  the  most  part  from  Robinson's  own 
pnan.  Among  these  is  the  opening  song,  en- 
titled 'A  Nosegay,'  from  which  Ophelia  seems 
to  borrow  some  of  her  farewell  remarks  to 
Laertes  in  Shakespeare's  'Hamlet,'  iv.  6.. 
Another  song  in  the  collection,  *  A  Sorrow- 
full  Sonet,'  ascribed  to  George  Mannington. 
is  parodied  at  length  in  'Eastward  Ho 
ri003],  by  Chapman,  Jonson,  and  Marston. 
The  volume  also  contains  '  A  new  Courtly 
Sonet,  of  the  Lady  Greensleeues,  to  the  new 
tune  of  Greensleeues.' 

Robinson's  'HandefuU'  has  been  thrice 
reprinted,  viz.  in  Park's  'Heliconia,'  1816, 
vol.  ii.  (carelessly  edit^);  by  the  Spenser 
Society,  edited  by  James  Crossley  in  1871 
(Manchester,  8vo),and  by  Mr.  Edward  Arber 
m  1878,  in  his  '  English  Scholar's  Library.' 

A  unique  tract  in  the  Huth  Library  is  also 
assigned  to  Robinson.  The  title  runs:  *  The 
true  descripcion  of  the  marueilous  straunge 
Fishe  whiche  was  taken  on  Thursday  was 
sennight  the  xvj  day  of  June  this  present 
month  in  theyeareof  our  Lord  God  MDLXIX. 
Finis  quod  C.  R.  London,  bv  Thomas  Col- 
well.'  This  was  entered  on  the '  Stationers* 
Registers'  early  in  1569  as  'a  mounsterus 
fysshe  which  was  taken  at  Ip[s]wyche ' 
(Abbeb,  Transcripts,  i.  381). 

[Introdnctions  to  the  reprints  noticed  above 
of  Kobinson's  Handefull;  Haslitt's  Bibliographi- 
cal Handbook.]  £5.  L. 

R0BINS0N,DANIEL6E0RGE(1826- 
1877),   colonel   royal    engineers,  director- 

rneral  of  telegraphs  in  India,  was  bom 
March  1826,  and  entered  the  military 
college  of  the  East  India  Company  at  Ad- 
discombe  in  1841.  He  was  appointed  a 
second  lieutenant  in  the  Bengal  engineerB 
on  9  June  1848,  and,  after  going  through, 
the  usual  course  of  instruction  at  Chatham, 
embarked  for  India  in  1845.  He  anived  in 
time  to  join  Sir  Hugh  Gough's  army  and 
take  part  in  the  Sutlaj  campaign.  He  was 
engaged  in  the  battle  of  Sobraon,  and  re- 


Robinson 


Robinson 


eeired  the  war  medal.  He  was  promoted 
fint  lientenaiLt  on  16  June  1847.  In  1848 
and  1848  Kobinaon  served  in  the  Panjab 
campaign,  and  took  part  in  the  battles  of 
GfaiUiaawallah,  IS  Jan.  1849,  and  Giijeraty 
SI  Feb.  1849,  again  receiving  the  war  medal. 
In  1860  he  was  appointed  to  the  Indian 
saxvcf,  upon  widen  he  achieved  a  ^reat 
icpiaatioii  for  the  beautv  and  exactitude  of 
hii  ■ana.  Hia  mapa  of  the  Bawal  Pindi 
aadof  Uie  Gwalior  country  mav  be  apecially 
He  xeodved  the  thanks  of  the 


gDvecDment  for  hia  book,  and  the  aurve^or- 
general  of  India  obaerved : '  I  have  no  heaita- 
tion  in  saying  that  theae  mapa  will  stand  in 
the  first  rank  ai  topogra]^hi(al  achievements 
in  India,  and  I  can  conceive  nothing  superior 
to  them  executed  in  any  coun^.'  On 
21  Not.  1866  Robinson  was  promoted  cap- 
tain, and  on  81  Dec  18^  lieutenant- 
eolond. 

In  1865  Robinson  was  appointed  director^ 
genenl  of  Indian  telegraphs.    He  entered 

00  his  duties  at  a  critical  time  in  the  de- 
velopmeat  of  telegrapha.  During  the 
twelve  years  he  waa  at  the  head  of  the  de- 
partment^ the  telegrapha,  from  a  amall  be- 
gimiing,  spread  over  India,  and  were  con- 
nected by  overland  and  aubmarine  linea 
^ith  Ei4^aad.  His  zeal  and  activity, 
)onied  to  {preat  capacity  for  adminiatration 
and  o^ganiaation,  enabled  him  to  place  the 
liidiaB  telegraph  department  on  a  thoroughly 
dBdent  footing,  and  the  linea  erected  were 
exeeeted  in  the  moat  aoUd  manner.  He 
took  a  leading  part  in  the  deliberationa  of 
the  oomraisaion  at  Berne  in  1871,  and  of  the 
international  conferences  at  Rome  and  St. 
Petenlraig,  on  telegraphic  communication. 
He  waa  promoted  to  oe  brevet-colonel  on 
31  Bee.  1867,  and  regimental  colonel  on 

1  April  1874.  He  died  on  his  wav  home 
from  India  on  board  the  Peninsular  and 
Oriental  Company's  steamer  Travancore,  at 

OQ  27  Jufy  1877. 


[Koyal  Engioeers'  Records;  India  OfQceBe- 
Qa^ii;  Boyal  Ei^nMrs'  Jonmal,  vol.  vii.; 
Janraal  TM^graphique,  25  Aug.  1877  (biogra- 
phieal  noUoe).]  B.  H.  V. 

BOBINSON,  FREBERIOE  JOHN, 
Vmxnuwt  GoDBBiCH,  afterwarda  first  E^bl 
at  RnoN  (1782-1869),  aecond  son  of  Thomas 
Bflhinaon,  aecond  baron  Grantham  [q.  v.!  by 
Lady  Mary  Jemima,  younger  daughter  and  co- 
heiruea  of  Philip  Yorhe,  aecond  earl  of  Hard- 
wicke  [a.  T.],  was  bom  in  London  on  80  Oct. 
1782.  He  was  educated  at  Harrow,  where 
be  waa  the  schoolfellow  of  Lords  Althorp, 
Aberdeen,  Cottenham,  and  Palmerston.  From 
Harrow  he  proceeded  to  St.  John's  College^ 


Cambridge,  where  he  obtained  Sir  William 
Browne's  medal  for  the  best  Latin  ode  in 

1801,  and  graduated  M.A.  in  1802.  He  was 
admitted  a  member  of  Lincoln's  Inn  on  7  May 

1802,  but  left  the  society  on  6  Nov.  1800. 
and  was  never  called  to  the  bar.  From  180a 
to  1806  he  acted  as  private  secretary  to  his 
kinsman,  Philip,  third  earl  of  Hard  wicke,  then 
lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland.  At  the  general 
election  in  November  1806  he  was  returned 
to  the  House  of  Commons  for  the  borough 
of  Carlow  as  a  moderate  tory.  He  was 
elected  for  Ripon  at  the  general  election  in 
May  1807,  and  continued  to  represent  that 
borough  for  nearly  twenty  years.  In  the 
summer  of  this  year  he.aocompanied  the  Earl 
of  Pembroke  on  a  speciid  mission  to  Vienna 
as  secretary  to  the  embassy. 

Robinson  moved  the  address  at  the  open- 
ing of  thesession  on  19  Jan.  1809,  and  strongly 
advocated  the  vigorous  prosecution  of  the 
war  in  Spain  (Petri.  Debates,  l8t.-ser.  zii. 
80-6).  fie  was  shortly  afterwards  appointed 
undep-secretary  for  the  colonies  in  tne  Duke 
of  Portland's  administration,  but  retired  from 
office  with  Lord  Oastlereagh  in  September 
1809.  Though  he  refdsed  Perce val's  offer  of 
a  seat  at  the  treasury  board  in  the  following 
month,  he  was  apnomted  a  lord  of  the  admi* 
ralty  on  38  June  1810  (London  Gassette,  1810, 
i.  898).  He  was  aomitted  to  the  privy 
council  on  18  Aug.  1812,  and  became  viee- 
president  of  the  board  of  trade  and  foreign 
plantations  in  Lord  Liverpool's  administra- 
tion on  29  Sept.  following.  On  8  Got.  he 
exchanged  his  seat  at  the  admiralty  board 
for  one  at  the  treasury  (tb,  1812,  ii.  1679. 
1988,  1987).  In  spite  of  the  fact  that  all 
his  early  imjpressions  had  been  against  ca» 
tholic  emancipation,  he  supported  Qrattan's 
motion  for  a  committee  on  the  catholic  claims 
in  March  1818  (JParl,  Debates,  Ist  ser.  zxiv. 
962-6,  see  ti^.  2nd  ser.  xiL  417).  Having 
resigned  his  seat  at  the  treasury  board,  he 
was  appointed  joint  paymaster-general  of 
the  forces  on  9  Nov.  1818  {London  Oazette, 
ii.  2206^.  In  the  winter  of  this  vear  he  ao- 
comnanied  Lord  Castlereagh  on  his  mission 
to  tne  continent,  and  remained  with  him 
until  almost  the  close  of  the  negotiations 
which  ended  in  the  peace  of  Paris  {Memoirs 
and  Correspondence  of  Viscount  Castlereagh, 
1848,  i.  126-80).  On  17  Feb.  1816  Robm- 
son  drew  the  attention  of  the  house  to  the 
state  of  the  com  laws  {ParL  Debates,  1st  ser. 
xzix.  796,  798-808,  882,  888,  840),  and  on 
1  March  following  he  introduced  '  with  the 
greatest  reluctance'  a  bill  prohibiting  im- 
portation until  the  average  price  in  England 
should  be  eighty  shillings  per  quarter  icxt 
wheat,  and  proportionatdy  lor  other  grain 


Robinson 


8 


Robinson 


(4b  zxix.  1119,  see  8rd  ser.  Ixxzvi.  1086) ; 
this  was  passed  quickly  through  both  houses, 
and  received  the  royal  assent  on  23  March 
1816  (66  Geo.  Ill,  c.  26).  During  the  riots 
in  London  consequent  upon  the  introduction 
of  the  bill,  themob  attacKed  his  house  in  Old 
Burlington  Street,  and  destroyed  the  grreater 
part  of  his  furniture,  as  well  as  a  number  of 
valuable  pictures  (Annual  Begister^  1816, 
Ohron.  pp.  10-26;  see  also  William  Hone's 
Report  at  large  en  the  Conmei^e  Inquest  on 
Jane  Watson^  &c.,  1816).  He  opposed  Lord 
Althorp's  motion  for  the  appointment  of  a 
select  committee  on  the  public  offices  on  7  May 
1816  (Pari  Debates,  Ist  ser.  xxxiv.  834r-8), 
and  supported  the  introduction  of  the  Habeas 
Corpus  Suspension  Bill  on  26  Feb.  1817  (ib. 
xxxy.  722-^).  He  resided  the  post  of 
joint  paymaster-general  m  the  summer  of 
this  year,  and  was  appointed  president  of  the 
board  of  trade  on  24  Jan.  1818,  and  treasurer 
of  the  navy  on  6  Feb.  following  (London  Oor 
zetU,  1818,  i.  188,  261),  being  at  the  same 
time  admitted  to  the  cabinet.    In  1819  he 

3K)ke  in  favour  of  the  Foreign  Enlistment 
ill,  which  he  held  to  be  '  of  the  last  im- 
fortance  to  our  character'  (Pari.  Debates, 
St  ser.  xl.  1088-91),  and  supported  the  third 
reading  of  the  Seditious  Meetings  Prevention 
bUl  (£.  xli.  1061-4).  On  8  May  1820  he 
asserted  in  the  house  that  he  '  had  always 
given  it  as  his  opinion  that  the  restrictive 
system  of  commerce  in  this  country  was 
founded  in  error,  and  calculated  to  defeat 
the  object  for  which  it  was  adopted'  (ib,  2nd 
ser.  i.  182-6,  see  Ist  ser.  xxxiii.  696).  On 
the  SOth  of  the  same  month  he  unsuccess- 
fully opposed  the  appointment  of  a  select 
committee  on  the  agricultural  distress  (f(. 
2nd  ser.  i.  641-61),  but  on  the  following  day 
succeeded  in  limiting  the  investigation  of 
the  committee  to  *  the  mode  of  ascertaining, 
letuming,  and  calculating  the  average  prices 
of  com,'  &c.  (ib.  i.  714-16.  740).  On  1  April 
1822  he  brought  in  two  bills  for  regulating 
the  intercourse  between  the  West  Indies 
and  other  parts  of  the  world  (ib.  vi.  1414-26), 
and  in  the  same  month  he  spoke  against 
Lord  John  Russell's  motion  for  parliamentary 
reform  (ib.  vii.  104-6). 

Robinson  succeeded  Vansittart  as  chan- 
cellor of  the  exchequer  on  81  Jan.  1823  (Lonf 
dan  Gazette,  1823, 1. 193).  The  substitution 
at  the  same  time  of  Peel  for  Sidmouth  and  of 
Canning  for  Oastlereagh  caused  a  complete 
chan^  m  the  domestic  policy  of  the  admini- 
stration, while  the  appointment  of  Robinson  to 
theexchequer  and  of  Muskisson  to  the  board  of 
trade  led  the  way  to  a  revolution  in  finance. 
The  prime  mover  of  these  fiscal  reforms  was 
Hustisson,  but  Robinson  assisted  him  to 


the  best  of  his  ability.  He  brought  in  his 
first  budget  on  21  Feb.  1823.  He  devoted 
6,000,000/.  of  his  estimated  surplus  of 
7,000,000/.  to  the  reduction  of  the  debt,  and 
the  rest  of  it  to  the  remission  of  taxation. 
Among  his  proposals  which  were  duly  carried 
was  the  reduction  of  the  window  tax  by 
one  half  (Pari.  Debates.  2nd  ser.  viii.  194- 
213).  His  speech  on  tnis  occasion  is  said 
to  have  been  received  with  '  demonstrations 
of  applause  more  loud  and  more  general  than 
perhaps  ever  before  greeted  the  opening  of 
a  ministerial  statement  of  finance'  (Annual 
Begister,  1823,  p.  180).  On  20  June  1823 
he  obtained  a  grant  oi  40,000/.  towards  the 
erection  of  'tne  buildings  at  the  British 
Museum  for  the  reception  of  the  Royal 
Library '  (Par/.  Debates,  2nd  ser.  ix.  1112' 
1113).  He  introduced  his  second  budget 
on  23  Feb.  1824.  The  revenue  had  been 
unexpectedly  augmented  by  the  pavment  of 
a  portion  of  the  Austrian  loan.  Owing  to 
this  windfSall  he  was  enabled  to  propose  a 
grant  of  600,000/.  for  the  building  of  new 
churches,  of  300,000/.  for  the  restoration  of 
Windsor  Castle,  and  of  67,000/.  for  the  pur- 
chase of  the  An^erstein  coUection  of  pictures 
bj  way  '  of  laymg  the  foundation  of  a  na- 
tional gallery  of  works  of  art.'  He  also 
proposed  and  carried  the  redemption  of  the 
old  four  per  cent,  annuities,  then  amounting 
to  76,000,000/.,  the  abolition  of  the  bounties 
on  the  whale  and  herring  fisheries,  and  on 
the  exportation  of  linen,  together  with  an 
abatement  of  the  duties  on  rum,  coals,  foreign 
wool,  and  raw  silk  (Pari.  Debates,  2nd  ser. 
X.  804-37, 341-2, 346-6, 363^).  On  14  Feb. 
1826  he  supported  the  introduction  of  Goul* 
bum's  bill  to  amend  the  acts  relating  to 
unlawful  societies  in  Ireland,  and  denounced 
the  Catholic  Association  as  *  the  bane  and 
curse  of  the  country'  (ib.  xii.  412-21).  A 
fortnight  later  he  brought  in  his  third  budget. 
Having  congratulated  the  house  on  the  pro- 
sperity of  the  country,  and  invited  the  mem- 
bers *  to  contemplate  with  instructive  admira- 
tion the  harmony  of  its  proportions  and  the 
solidity  of  its  basis,'  he  proposed  and  carried 
reductions  of  the  duties  on  iron,  hemp,  coffee, 
sugar,  wine,  spirits,  and  cider  (ib.  xii.  719- 
744,  761  \  Towards  the  close  of  the  year  a 
grreat  commercial  crisis  occurred.  In  order 
to  check  the  excessive  circulation  of  paper 
money  in  the  future,  the  ministry  determined 
to  prevent  the  issue  of  notes  of  a  smaller 
value  than  6/.  The  debate  on  this  proposal 
was  opened,  on  10  Feb.  1826,  by  Robinson, 
whose  motion  was  carried,  after  two  nights' 
debate,  by  222  votes  to  39  (ib.  xiv.  168-93, 
194, 364).  In  consequenceof  Hudson  Gurney'a 
persistent  opposition,  Robinson  compromised 


Robinson 


Robinson 


die  matter  fay  allowing  the  Bank  of  England 
toeontaniie  the  iflane  of  fimall  notes  for  some 
montliB  longer.     This  concession  oonsider- 
■blj  dunaiged  Robinson's  reputation,  and 
GreriUe  ranarks :  *  Eyerybooy  knows  that 
Haektsaon  is  the  real  author  of  the  finance 
measare  of  goremment,  and  there  can  be  no 
gmia  anomaly  than  that  of  a  chancellor  of 
the  ocheqner  irho  is  obliged  to  propose  and 
Msai  meaaures  of  which  another  minister 
is  tic  real,  tliough  not  the  apparent,  author' 
(Gftfiile    Memoirs,    \st   ser.  i.  81).      In 
braiding  in  his  fourth  and  last  buc^t,  on 
13  luidi  1826,  Robinson  passed  under  reTiew 
the  principal  alterations  in  taxation  which 
bad  been  effected  since  the  war.    He  con- 
tinned  to  indulge  in  sanguine  views,  and 
idiued  to  credit  the  evidence  of  the  distress 
which  waa   everywhere  perceptible  (ParL 
DAUes,  2nd  aer.  xiv.  1805-34,  1840).    On 
4  May  1826  he  opposed  Hume's  motion  for 
an  addreaa  to  the  crown  asking  for  an  inquiry 
into  thecaoflea  ef  the  distress  throughout  the 
country  (A,  xt.  878-89).    The  motion  was 
defeated  by  a  majority  of  101  votes,  and  '  a 
more  caiioua  instance  can  scarcely  be  found 
than  in  the  addresses  of  Prosperity  Robinson 
■nd  Adversity  Hnme  of  the  opposite  con- 
dusioBS  whiim  may  be  drawn  Irom  a  view 
of  a  statistical  aubject  where  the  figures  were 
icdissatable  on  botii  sides,  as  far  as  they 
weot*  (MasmrBAir,  History  of  the  Thirty 
Ymr^  F^aee,  1877,  ii.  79). 

Li  December  Robinson  expressed  a  wish 
to  be  promoted  to  the  House  of  Lords,  and 
to  exchange  his  post  at  the  exchequer  for 
soBie  eaner  ofiice.  At  Liverpool's  request, 
however,he  consented  to  remam  in  the  House 
of  Oommons,  though  he  desired  that  Hhe 
xeteBtio&  of  his  present  office  should  be  eon* 
Sidefed  aa  only  temporary'  (Yokob,  J^fe  of 
Lard  Lkfo^ool,  1868,  iu.  4S8-43).  When 
Liverpool  fell  ill  in  Pebruary  1827,  a  plan 
was  disciiBsed  between  Canning  and  the 
Dolce  of  WeUington,  but  subsequently  aban- 
doned, of  raiaing  Bobinson  to  the  peerage, 
aadof  placing  him  at  the  head  of  the  treasury. 
On  Canning  becoming  prime  minister,  Bo- 
bioaon  was  created  Viscount  Groderioh  of 
Noeton  in  the  county  of  Lincoln  on  28  AprH. 
He  was  appointed  secretary  of  state  for  war 
lad  tiie  colonies  on  30  April^  and  a  com- 
mufiaoner  for  the  afiairs  of  India  on  17  May. 
At  ihe  same  time  he  undertook  the  duties 
of  leader  of  the  House  of  Lords,  where  he 
took  hia  seat  for  the  first  time  on  2  May 
(JvumaU  of  the  House  of  Lords,  lix.  266). 
He  waa,  however,  quite  unable  to  withstand 
the  fieroe  attacks  which  were  made  on  the 
iL^w  government  in  the  House  of  Lords  by 
aa  opposition  powerful  both  in  ability  and 


numbers.  On  1  June  the  Duke  of  Welling- 
ton's amendment  to  the  com  bill  was  carried 
against  the  government  by  a  majority  of  four 
votes  (Pari.  Debates,  2nd  ser.  xvii.  1098). 
Goderich  vainly  endeavoured  to  procure  its 
rejection  on  the  report,  but  the  government 
were  again  beaten  (ib,  xvii.  1221-9,  1288), 
and  the  bill  had  to  be  abandoned. 

On  Canning's  death,  in  August  1827,  Go- 
derich was  chosen  by  the  king  to  form  a 
cabinet.  The  changes  in  the  administration 
were  few.  Goderich,  who  became  first  lord 
of  the  treasury,  was  succeeded  at  the  colonial 
office  by  Huskisson;  Lansdowne  took  the 
home  department,  and  Grant  the  board  of 
trade.  The  Duke  of  Portland  succeeded 
Lord  Harrowby  as  president  of  the  council, 
Lord  Anglesey  became  master^general  of 
the  ordnance,  the  Duke  of  Wellington  com- 
mander-in-chief, while  Herries,  after  pro- 
tracted negotiations,  received  the  seals  of 
chancellor  of  the  exchequer  on  8  Sept.  Gode* 
rich's  unfitness  for  the  post  of  ^nme  mini- 
ster was  at  once  apparent,  and  his  weakness 
in  yielding  to  the  Jdng  with  regard  to  the 
appointment  of  Herries  disgusted  his  whig 
colleagues.  In  December  wderich  pressed 
on  the  king  the  admission  of  Lords  Holland 
and  Wellesley  to  the  cabinet,  and  declared 
that  without  such  an  addition  of  strength 
he  felt  unable  to  carry  on  the  government. 
He  also  expressed  a  wish  to  retire  for  private 
reasons,  but  afterwards  offered  to  remain, 
provided  a  satisfactory  arrangement  coula 
be  made  with  regard  to  Lords  Holland  and 
Wellesley  (AsHLBT,  Life  and  CorrespOTidenoe 
qf  Lord  Palmerston,  1879,  i.  119 ;  see  also 
Lord  Melbourne's  Papers,  1890,  p.  116).  Em- 
barrassed alike  by  his  inabilityto  keep  the 
peace  between  Herries  and  Huskisson  in 
their  quarrel  over  the  chairmanship  of  the 
finance  committee,  by  the  disunion  between 
his  whiff  and  conservative  colleagues,  and  hj 
the  battle  of  Navarino,  Goderich  tendered  his 
final  resignation  on  8  Jan.  1828.  Neverthe- 
less, he  appears  to  have  expected  an  offer  of 
office  from  the  Duke  of  Wellington,  who  sue* 
ceeded  him  a^  prime  minister  (BucKiKeHAM, 
Memoirs  of  the  Court  of  Chorge  IV,  1869,  ii. 
869).  On  17  April  1828  Goderich  spoke  in 
favour  of  the  second  reading  of  the  Corpora- 
tion and  Test  Acts  Repeal  Bui  {Pari,  Debates, 
2iid  ser.  xviii.  1606-^,  and  on  3  April  1829 
he  supported  the  second  reading  of  the  Roman 
CathoUc  Relief  BiU  (t».  xxi.  226-48;  Ellex- 
BOBoyen,  Political  ZNary,  1881,  ii.  4).  At  the 
opening  of  the  session  on  4  Feb.  1880  he  spoke 
in  favour  of  the  address,  and  announced  that 
if  ever  he  had  any  political  hostility  to  the 
Wellington  administration  he  had  'buried  it 
in  the  grave  of  the  catholic  question '  (ParL 


Robinson 


zo 


Robinson 


DihaieSf  2nd  ser.  zzii.  18-26).  On  6  May  he 
brought  before  the  house  the  subject  of  the 
national  debt '  in  a  good  and  useml  speech ' 
(ib,  xziv.  428-41 ;  Ellenbobough,  Political 
Diary,  ii.  240-1).  Later  in  the  session  he 
reviewed  the  state  of  the  finances,  and  urged 
both  a  reduction  of  expenditure  and  a  re- 
vision of  the  system  of  taxation  {FarL  De^ 
bates,  2nd  ser.  xxv.  1081-8). 

On  the  formation  of  Lord  Grey's  admini- 
stration, Goderich  was  api>ointed  secretarv  of 
state  for  war  and  the  colonies  (22  Nov.  1880). 
En  supporting  the  second  reading  of  the  se- 
cond Keform  Bill,  in  October  1831,  Goderich 
assured  the  house  that  he  '  had  not  adopted 
his  present  course  without  having  deeply 
considered  the  grounds  on  which  he  acted,' 
and  that  he  '  had  made  a  sacrifice  of  many 
preconceived  opinions,  of  many  predilections, 
and  of  manv  long-cherished  notions'  (Pari. 
Debates,  8ra.  ser.  vii.  1868-77).  His  scheme 
for  the  abolition  of  negro  slavery  did  not 
meet  with  the  approval  of  the  cabinet,  and, 
after  considerable  pressure  from  Lord  Grey, 
he  resigned  the  c^onial  office  in  favour  of 
Stanley,  and  accepted  the  post  of  lord  privy 
seal  {Gremlle  Memoirs^  ist  ser.  ii.  865- 
866,  867 ;  Jotamal  of  Thomas  Raikes,  1866, 
i.  176 ;  Oroher  Papers,  1884,  i.  208 ;  Memoirs 
of  Lord  Bromham,  1871,  iii.  879 ;  Times, 
31  Jan.  and  2  Feb.  1866).  He  was  sworn  into 
his  new  office  on  8  April  1838,  and  ten  days 
later  was  created  earl  of  Ripon.  On  25  June 
he  explained  Stanlev's  scheme  for  the  aboli- 
tion of  slavery  in  the  colonies.  Though  he 
broke  down  several  times,  he  managed  to  get 
through  his  speech,  and  to  carry  a  series  of 
resolutions  which  had  been  previously  ap- 
proved by  the  commons  {ParL  Debates,  3ra 
ser.  xviii.  1163-80, 1228). 

On  27  May  1834  Bipon  (tosBther  with 
Stanley,  Ghraham,  and  the  JDuke  of  Richmond) 
resigned  office  in  consequence  of  the  pro- 
posed appointment  of  the  Lrish  church  com- 
mission, believing  that  'the  effect  of  the 
commission  must  be  to  alter  the  footing  on 
which  the  established  church  stood '  (ib,  3rd 
ser.  xxiv.  10  n.,  260-6,  808).  The  Grey 
ministry  broke  up,  and  after  Melbourne  had 
fiUed  Grey's  place  (July-November),  Sir  Ro- 
bert Peel  became  prime  minister.  When 
the  new  parliament  met  on  24  Feb.  1885, 
Ripon,  although  he  supported  the  address,  dis- 
claimed 'an  unqualified  confidence 'in  Sir  Ro- 
bert PeeFs  admmiBtration.  When  Melbourne 
formed  his  second  administration  in  April 
1886,  Ripon  was  not  included.  Though  he 
opposed  Lord  Fitzwilliam's  resolution  con- 
demning the  com  law  of  1828,  he  declared 
that  *  there  were  very  few  persons  who  were 
leas  bigoted  to  the  present  system  of  com  laws 


than  he  was '  (ib,  xlvi.  582-92).  He  viewed 
the  penny-postage  scheme  as  a  rash  and  heed- 
less experiment,  and  considered  *  the  bill  ob- 
jectionable in  the  highest  degree '  (ib,  xlix. 
1222-7).  In  January,  and  again  in  May,  1840 
he  called  the  attention  of  the  house  to  *  the 
alarming  condition  in  which  the  finances  of 
the  countTT  stood '  (ib,  H.  497-505,  liv.  469- 
479).  On  24  Aug.  1841  he  carried  an  amend- 
ment to  the  address,  expressing  the  alarm  of 
parliament  at  the  continued  excess  of  expen- 
diture over  income,  and  declaring  a  want  of 
confidence  in  the  Melbourne  administration 
(ib.  lix.  85-54, 106).  On  3  Sept.  following  he 
was  appointed  president  of  the  board  of  trade 
in  Sir  Kobert  Peel's  second  administration 
(London  QazetU,  1841,  ii.  2221).  On  18  April 
1842  he  moved  the  second  rea^ng  of  the  Com 
Importation  Bill,  by  which  a  new  scale  of 
duties  was  fixed  (Pari.  Debates,  3rd  ser.  IxiL 
572-89, 627, 635),  and  on  5  July  following  he 
explained  the  provisions  of  the  Oustoms  Bill, 
the  first  principle  of  which  was  the  abolition 
of  prohibito^  duties  (ib.  Ixiv.  939-^,  976-7). 
On  17  May  1843  he  was  appointed  president 
of  the  board  of  control  for  the  affairs  of  India 
in  the  place  of  Lord  Fitzgerald  and  Vesey 
(London  Oatette,  1843,  i.  1to4),  and  was  suc- 
ceeded at  the  board  of  trade  by  Mr.  Gladstone. 
He  moved theseoondreadingofthebill  forthe 
abolition  of  the  com.  laws  on  25  May  1846, 
when  he  once  more  assured  the  house  that  he 
always  had  '  a  great  objection  to  the  princi- 
ple of  any  com  law  whatever,'  and  that  for 
many  years  he  had  endeavourod. '  to  get  rid 
as  speedily  as  circumstances  would  permit 
first  of  prohibition  and  then  of  protection' 

g*arL  Debates,  3rd  ser.  Ixxxvi.  1084-1100). 
pon  resigned  office  with  the  rest  of  his 
colleagues  on  the  overthrow  of  Sir  Robert 
Peel's  administration  in  June  1846.  He  spoke 
for  the  last  time  in  the  House  of  Lords  on 
14  Maj  1847  (ib.  xcii.  804-6).  He  died  at 
his  residence  on  Putney  Heath  on  28  Jan. 
1869,  aged  76,  and  was  buried  at  Nocton  in 
Lincolnshire.  He  was  a  trustee  of  the  Na- 
tional Gallery  on  2  July  1824,  and  a  governor 
of  the  Charterhouse  on  10  Sept.  1827.  He 
was  elected  president  of  the  Koyal  Society 
of  Literature  m  1884,  and  was  created  D.C.L. 
of  Oxford  University  on  12  June  1889.  He 
was  elected  a  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  on 
17  April  1828,  and  held  the  post  of  recorder 
of  Lincoln. 

Ripon  married,  on  1  Sept.  1814,LadySarah 
Albinia  Louisa,  only  daughter  of  Robert 
Hobart,  fourth  earl  of  Buckinghamshire; 
she  rebuilt  Nocton  church,  and  died  on 
9  AprU  1867,  aged  74.  By  her  Ripon  had 
two  sons  and  a  daughter.  The  elder  son  and 
the  daughter  died  young.     The  only  8ur« 


Robinson 


II 


Robinson 


yfiyiag  child,  George  Frederick  Samuel^  bom 

on  24  Octk    1627,  succeeded  his  father  as 

second  Earl  of  Ripon ;  became  third  Earl  de 

Grer  (cr.  1816)  and  fourth  Baron  Grantham 

on  the  death  of  his  unde  in  November  1859 ; 

was  created  marquis  of  Ripon  on  28  Jan. 

1871 ;  and  held  many  high  political  offices, 

inrittding  the  gOTemor-generalship  of  India. 

BipoQ  was  an  amiable,  upright,  irresolute 

Bu  of  respectable  abilities  and  businesslike 

hihilM,    Tne  sanguine  views  in  which  he 

iadalged  while  chancellor  of  the  exchequer 

led  (^bbeit  to  nickname  him  'Prosperity 

Eobinson,'  while  for  his  want  of  vigour  as 

secretary  for  the  colonies  he  received  from 

the  same  writer  the  name  of '  Goody  Gode- 

nch.'  Thou^  a  dijQfiise  speaker  and  shallow 

leMoner, '  the  art  which  he  certainly  possessed 

of  enliveninfr  even  dry  subjects  of  finance 

with  clasaiciil  allusions  and  pleasant  humour 

made  his  speeches  always  acceptable  to  a 

large  majority  of  his  hearers '(Lb  Mabohaitt, 

Utmoir  of  Lord  AHhorp,  1876,  p.  44).  In  the 

Boose  of  Commons  he  attained  a  certain  popu- 

Uzity,  bat  on  his  accession  to  the  House  of 

Lords  his  courage  and  his  powers  alike  deserted 

him.    His  w^ant  of  firmness  and  decision  of 

character  rendered  him  quite  unfit  to  be  the 

leader  of  a  party  in  either  house.    He  was 

^bsbly  the  weakest  prime  minister  who 

ever  huid  office  in  this  country,  and  was  the 

only  one  w^ho  never  faced  parliament  in  that 

cspscity. 

Ripon  is  said  to  have  written  the  greater 
part  of  'A  Sketch  of  the  Campaign  in  Portu- 
gal' (London,  1810,  8vo).  Several  of  his 
parliunentary  speeches  were  separately  pub- 
lished, as  well  as  an  'Address'  which  he  de- 
hvered  at  the  anniversary  meeting  of  the 
Rc^al  Societv  of  Literature  on  80  April  1886. 
His  portrait,  oy  Sir  Thomas  Lawrence,  passed 
to  his  son,  the  first  marquis.  It  was  en- 
gnved  by  C.  Turner  in  1824. 

[Beades  the  authorities  quoted  in  the  text, 

the  following  works,  among  others,  have  been 

eonsolted  :  Walpole's  Hist,  of  EngL ;  Torren8*8 

Meaioiis  of  Tiecount  Melbourne,  1878,  vol.  i. ; 

Hemoir  of  J.  C.  Herries  by  £.  Herries,  1880 ; 

I>;<ry  and  Oorresp.  of  Lord  Colchester,  1861, 

vole.  xi.  and  iii. ;  Walpole's  Life  of  Lord  John 

Knoell,  1889,  i.  134^,  137,  200, 204  ;  Sir  H.  L. 

Bohrar'sLife  of  Lord  Palmerston,  1871i  i.  193- 

214 ;  Sir  O.  C.  Lewis's  Essays  od  the  Admini- 

stntioBS  of  Oreat  Britain,  1864,  pp.  417-76; 

JBarie's  English   Fremien,  1871,  ii.  206^ ;  8. 

Buton's  Finanee  and  PoUtice,  1888, 1. 15,  17, 

27,  126 ;  Boweirs  History  of  Taxes  and  Taza- 

tioo  hi  England,  1884,  ii.  260-272,  279-80, 290, 

tot;   Oeo^ian    Era,  1832  i.  417-18;   Byall's 

Portnits  of  Eminent  Conservative  Statesmen, 

2Dd  ser.;   Jordan's  National  Portrait  Gallery, 

roL  iL ;  Times,  29  Jan.  and  1  Feb.  1859 ;  S(an- 


dard,  29  Jsn.  1859;  Allen's  Lincohishire,  1834 
ii.  262 ;  Brayley  and  Britton's  Surrey,  1850,  ill 
481 ;  O.  £.  0.'8  Complete  Peerage,  vi.  368-9; 
Doyle's  Official  Baronage,  1886,  lit.  137-8; 
ButWs  Harrow  School  LisU,  1849,  p.  54;  Gmd. 
Cantabr.  1856,  p.  235 ;  Foster's  Alumni  Oxon. 
1715-1886,  iii.  1212;  Lincohi's  Inn  Begisters; 
Notes  and  Queries,  8th  ser.  viii.  187,  294  ;  Offi- 
cial Bet.  Memb.  Pari.  ii.  239,  251, 267, 279, 294, 
309;  Haydn's  Book  of  Dignities  (1890);  Brit. 
Hus.  Cat.]  a.  F.  B.  B. 

ROBINSON,  Sib  FREDEBICK 
PHILIFSE  (1763-1862),  general,  fourth  son 
of  Colonel  Bererley  Robinson,  by  Susannah, 
daughter  of  Frederick  Philipee  of  New  York, 
was  Dom  near  New  York  in  September  1763. 
His  grand&ther,  John  Robinson,  nephew  of 
Bishop  John  Robinson  (1660-1723)  [q.  y.;^ 
went  to  America  as  secretary  to  the  goyem- 
ment  of  Virginia,  and  became  president  of 
the  council  in  that  colony. 

AVhen  the  war  of  independence  broke  out, 
Frederick's  &ther  raised  the  loyal  American 
regiment  on  behalf  of  the  crown,  and  Fre- 
derick was  appointed  ensign  in  it  in  Fe- 
bruaiT  1777.  In  September  1778  he  was 
transferred  to  the  17th  foot.  He  commanded  a 
company  at  the  battle  of  Horseneck  in  Much 
1779,  took  part  in  the  capture  of  Stony-point 
in  the  following  June,  and,  being  left  in  far- 
risen  there,  was  himself  wounded  and  ttucen 
prisoner  when  the  Americans  recoyered  it 
on  16  July.  He  was  promoted  lieutenant 
in  the  60th  foot  on  1  Sept.,  and  transferred 
to  the  38th  foot  on  4  Noy.  1780.  He  was 
released  from  his  imprisonment  and  joined 
the  latter  regiment  at  Brooklyn  at  the  end 
of  that  month,  and  took  part  m  the  capture 
of  New  London  in  September  1781.  When 
the  war  came  to  an  end  the  Robinsons  were 
amonff  the  loyalists  who  suffered  confisca- 
tion, but  they  receiyed  17,(XX)/.  in  compen- 
sation from  the  British  goyemment.  The 
88th  returned  to  England  in  1784.  On 
24  Noy.  17d3  it  embarked  for  the  West 
Indies,  as  part  of  Sir  Charles  Qrey^s  expe- 
dition. Robinson  was  present  at  the  cap- 
ture of  Martinique,  St.  Lucia,  and  Guade- 
loupe, but  was  then  inyalided  home.  On 
3  July  1794  he  became  captain,  and  on 
1  Sept.  he  obtained  a  majority  in  the  127th 
foot,  a  reffiment  which  was  reduced  not  long 
afterwards.  In  September  1796  he  passed 
to  the  d2nd  foot,  iji  May  1796  he  was  sent 
to  Bedford  as  insjpecting  field  officer  for  re- 
cruiting, and  in  february  1802  he  was  trans- 
ferred to  London  in  the  same  capacity.  The 
recruiting  problem  was  an  urgent  and  diffi- 
cult one  at  that  time.  Seyeral  of  his  pro- 
posals to  increase  the  su^ly  of  recruits  and 
to  lessen  desertion  are  giyen  in  the  '  lloyal 


Robinson 


12 


Robinson 


Mflitaiy  Calendar' (iii.  212).  He  took  an 
active  part  in  organising  the  volunteers,  and 
received  a  valuable  piece  of  plate  from  the 
Bank  of  England  corps  in  acKnowledgment 
of  his  services. 

He  was  made  brevet  lieutenant-colonel  on 
I  Jan.  1800,  and  colonel  on  26  July  1810. 
In  September  1812,  after  being  more  than 
five  years  on  half-pay,  he  waa  allowed  to  go 
to  Spain  as  one  of  the  officers  selected  to 
command  brigades,  mudi  to  Wellington's 
discontent  (see  his  Letter  of  22  Jan.  1813 
to  Colonel  Torrens).  He  was  given  a  bri* 
gade  of  the  fifth  division,  which  formed  nart 
of  GMbam's  corps  in  the  campaign  of  lolS. 
Napier  speaks  of  him  as  '  an  inexperienced 
man  but  of  a  daring  spirit,'  and  the  manner 
in  which  he  carried  the  village  of  (Samara 
Mayor  in  the  battle  of  Vittona,  and  held  it 
agamst  repeated  attacks,  obtained  high  praise 
both  from  Graham  and  from  Wellington. 
Under  a  very  heavy  fire  of  artillery  and 
musketry,  the  brigade  advanced  upon  the 
village  in  columns  of  battalions  without 
firing  a  shot. 

He  took  part  in  the  siege  of  San  Sebastian, 
and  was  present  at  the  first  assault  on 
21  July.  At  the  final  assault  on  81  Aug. 
the  storming  party  consisted  of  his  brigade, 
supplemented  by  volunteers,  sent  by  Wel- 
lington as  'men  who  could  show  other 
troops  how  to  mount  a  breach.'  Robinson 
was  severely  wounded  in  the  face ;  but  he 
was  nevertheless  actively  engaged  at  the 
passage  of  the  Bidassoa  on  7  Oct.  He  served 
under  Sir  John  Hope  in  the  action  of  9  Nov. 
on  the  lower  Nivelfe,  and  in  the  battle  of  the 
Nive  (10  Dec.),  where  he  was  again  severely 
wounded.  In  the  latter  the  prompt  arrival 
of  his  brigade  to  support  the  troops  on 
whom  the  French  attack  first  fell  saved  the 
British  left  from  defeat.  He  took  part  in 
the  blockade  of  Bayonne  and  in  the  repulse 
of  the  sortie  of  14  April  1814,  being  in  com- 
mand of  the  fifth  division  after  the  death  of 
General  Hay  in  that  engagement.  He  was 
promoted  major-general  on  4  June  1814, 
and  he  received  the  medal  with  two  clasps 
for  Vittoria,  San  Sebastian,  and  Nive. 

At  the  close  of  the  French  war,  he  was 
selected  to  command  one  of  the  brigades 
which  were  sent  from  Wellington's  army  to 
America  to  serve  in  the  war  with  the 
United  States.  His  brigade  (consisting  of 
four  infantry  regiments,  with  a  strengtli  of 
8,782  men)  embarked  in  June  and  arrived 
in  Canada  in  August  1814.  It  formed  part 
of  the  force  with  which  Sir  George  Pre- 
vo8t  [q.  v.l  in  the  following  month  made  his 
unsuccessful  attempt  on  Pfattsburg.  Kobin- 
Bon's  part  in  this  engagement  was  to  force 


the  passage  of  the  Saranac  and  escalade  the 
enemy's  works  upon  the  heights,  and  two 
brigades  were  placed  under  him.  He  had 
already  done  the  first  part  of  his  task  when 
his  advance  was  stopped  by  Prevost,  who, 
seeing  that  the  naval  attack  had  failed, 
thought  it  necessary  to  abandon  the  enter- 
prise altogether,  to  the  dissatisfiiction  of 
soldiers  and  sailors  alike. 

In  March  1816  Robinson  left  Canada  for  the 
West  Indies,  where  he  commanded  the  troops 
in  the  Windward  and  Leeward  Islands  till 
24  July  1821,  and  was  for  a  time  governor 
of  Tobago.  He  became  lieutenant-general 
on  27  May  1826,  and  colonel  of  the  69th 
regiment  on  1  Bee.  1827.  He  had  been  made 
K.C.B.  in  January  1816,  and  in  1838  he  re- 
ceived the  G.C.B.  He  was  transferred  from 
the  69th  to  the  39th  regiment  on  16  June 
1840,  and  became  general  on  23  Nov.  1841. 
He  died  at  Brighton  on  1  Jan.  1862,  being  at 
that  time  the  soldier  of  longest  service  in 
the  British  army.  He  was  twice  married : 
first,  to  Grace  a77O-1806),  daughter  of 
Thomas  Boles  oi  Charleville;  secondly,  in 
1811,  to  Ann  Femyhough  of  Stafford. 

[Gent.  Mag.  1852,  i.  188;  Royal  Militory 
Calendar;  Wellington  Despatches;  Annual 
Register,  1814;  Appleton's  American  Bio- 
graphy; Ryeraon's  American  Loyalists,  ii. 
199.]  £.  M.  L. 

BOBINSON.  GEORGE  (1787-1801), 
bookseller,  was  bom  at  Dalston  in  Cumber- 
land in  1737,  and  came  up  to  London  about 
1766.  He  was  for  some  time  in  the  house 
of  John  Eivington  a720-1792),  publisher 
fq.  v.]  of  St.  Paul's  Cnurchyard,  from  whom 
he  went  to  Mr.  Johnstone  on  Ludgate  HilL 
In  1763-4  he  commenced  business  at  Pater- 
noster Row,  in  partnership  with  John  Ro- 
berts, who  died  about  1776.  Robinson  pur- 
chased many  copyrights,  and  before  1780 
carried  on  a  very  large  wholesale  trade.  In 
1784  he  took  into  partnership  his  son  George 
{d.  1811)  and  his  brother  John  (1763-1813), 
who  were  his  successors.  They  were  fined, 
on  26  Nov.  1793,  for  selling  copies  of  Paine's 
*  Rights  of  Man.'  In  the  opinion  of  Alder- 
man Cadell,  *  of  George  Robinson's  integrity 
too  much  cannot  be  said.'  William  West 
q.  v.],  in  his  'Recollections,'  gives  some  anec- 
otes  of  Robinson — '  the  king  of  booksellers ' 
— ^and  of  his  hospitality  at  his  villa  at 
Streatham.  He  died  in  Paternoster  Row  on 
6  June  1801. 

[Gent.  Mag.  1801,  i.  678;  West's  Recollections 
of  an  Old  Bookseller,  p.  92;  Nichols's  Lit. 
Anecd.  iii.  445-9,  vi.  282.  ix.  542;  Nichols's 
lUustr.  viii.  469-70 ;  Timperley's  Encyclopssdia, 
1842,  pp.  781,  80»,  848.]  H.  B.  T. 


s 


Robinson 


13 


Robinson 


BOBINSON,  HASTINGS  (1792-1866), 
divine,  eldest  son  of  R.  G.  Robinaon  of  Lich- 
field, by  his  wife  Mary,  daughter  of  Robert 
Thorp  of  Buxton,  Derbyshire,  was  bom  at 
Lidifield  in  1792.  He' went  to  Rugby  in 
l^and  proceeded  to  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge,  where  he  graduated  B.  A.  in  1815, 
M.A  in  1818,  and  DJ),  in  1836.  He  was  a 
feUow  and  assistant-tutor  from  1816  to  1827, 
when  he  was  appointed  curate  to  Charles 
Sifliaon  [q.  t.]  He  stood  unsuccessfully  for 
the  legins  profeasoiBhip  of  Greek  at  0am- 
Im'dge,  and  was  Cambridge  examiner  at 
Bo^br,  where  he  foanded  a  theological  prize. 

Oa'26  Oct.  1827  he  was  appointed  hy  his 
eoUege  to  the  living  of  Great  Warley,  near 
Brentwood,  Essex.  He  was  collated  to  an 
hoaararT  canonry  in  Rochester  Cathedral 
11  March  1862. 

RobiBaon  was  an  earnest  evangelical 
diarehman  (cf.  his  Church  Reform  on  Chris- 
turn  Fmciples,  Jjondon,  1838).  In  1837  he 
draw  up  and  presented  two  memoriaLs  to  the 
Socistj  for  nomoting  Christian  Knowledge 
(London,  1837,  Sro),  protesting  against  cer- 
tain pablications  as  contrary  to  the  work  of 
the  Reformation.  He  died  at  Great  Warley 
on  18  May  1866,  and  was  boned  there.  He 
married,  in  1828,  Margaret  Ann,  daughter 
of  Jossph  Clay  of  Burton-on-Trent,  who  pre- 
deceased him. 

RobtniOB,  who  was  elected  F.S.A.  on 
70  Jdxy  1824,  achieved  some  excellent  lite- 
rary w<nk.  He  edited,  with  notes,  the  '  Eleo- 
tra  of  Eorxpides,  Cambridge,  1822,  8yo; 
'Acta  Apostolomm  variorum  notis  tttm  dic- 
timiem  tnm  materiam  illustrantibiis,'  Cam- 
bridge, 1824, 8vo<^d  edit.  1839) ;  and  Arch- 
bishop Usshar's  'Body  of  Divinity,'  London, 
1841, 8vo.  For  the  Parker  Society  he  pre- 
pared'The  Zurich  Letters,  being  the  Cor- 
Tespondence  of  English  Bishops  and  others 
wiui  the  Swiss  Rerormers  durmg  the  Reign 
of  Elisabeth,'  translated  and  edited,  2  vols., 
Oambridge,  1842  and  1845,  8vo,  as  well  as 
'  Origin^  Letters  relative  to  the  English  Re- 
formstioo,  also  £n>m  the  Archives  01  Zurich,' 
2  vols.,  Cambridge,  1846  and  1847. 

[Lnaid's  Gradnati  Cantabr. ;  Foster's  Index 
Eeelasiastieos,  p.  152 ;  Note  from  A.  A  Arnold, 
eaq.,  diaptar  dark,  Roehester;  Darling's  Cyclo- 
pedia, iL  2670;  Martin's  Hisadbook  to  Gontemp. 
Kogr.  PL  221 :  Rngby  School  Register,  i.  94 ; 
Chtlmaftnd  Chronicle,  25  May  1866;  Ipswich 
JToBmal,  26  May  1866;  Gent.  Mag.  July  1866, 
p.  114 ;  lists  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries ;  Alli- 
oooe's  DieC  ot  English  Literature;  Simms's  Bibl. 
SuffordiensLB.]  0.  F.  S. 

BOBINSON,  HENRY  (1568  P-1616), 
bishop  of  Carlisle,  a  native  of  Carlisle,  was 
bora  there  probably  in  1563  (mou.  inscript.  in 


The  Hist,  and  Antiqtdtiea  qf  Carlislejja,  180). 
He  became  a  tabarder  of  Queen's  Coll^;e, 
Oxford,  17  June  1572,  and  graduated  B.A. 
12  July  1672,  M.A.  20  June  1675,  B.D. 
10  July  1682,  and  D.D.  6  Julv  1690.  In 
1676  he  became  fellow  of  Queen  s,  and  prin- 
cipal of  St.  Edmund  Hall  on  9  May  1676 
(GxTTOH ;  'WooBfHist  and  Antiq,  of  Oafordf 
p.  664 ;  FosTBB,  Alumni  Oxen, ;  Clabe,  Ox- 
ford  Register),  In  1680  he  was  rector  of 
Fairstead  in  £^ex  (Fostbb,  Alumni  Oxon,) 
On  6  May  1681  he  was  elected  provost  of 
Queen's,  when  he  resinied  the  prmcipalship 
of  St.  Edmund  Hall.  He  was  a  self-denying 
and  constitutional  provost,  restoring  to  the 
college  certain  sources  of  revenue  which  pre- 
vious provosts  had  converted  to  their  own 
uses,  and  the  appointment  of  the  chaplains, 
which  previous  provosts  had  usurped.  With 
the  assistance  of  Sir  Francis  Walsmgham,  he 
in  1682  obtained  a  license  in  mortmain  and 
indemnity  for  the  college.  He  also  gave  to 
it  800/.  for  the  use  of  poor  young  men,  besides 
plate  and  books.  In  1686  he,  fuong  with  the 
fellows,  preferred  a  bill  in  parliament  for  con- 
firmation of  the  college  charter  (State Papers, 
Dom.,  Eliz.  clxzvi.  17, 28  Jan.  1686^.  Seven 
years  later,  in  1692,  on  the  occasion  of  the 
queen's  visit  to  Oxford,  he  was  one  of  those 
appointed  to  see  the  streets  well  ordered 
(Clabk,  Oxford  Registery  i.  280).  He  also 
served  as  chaplain  to  Grindal,  who  left  him 
the  advowson  of  a  prebend  in  Lichfield  or 
St.  Davids  (Strtpb,  Grindal,  p.  426 ;  Hist, 
and  Antiq,  of  Carlisle,  ubi  supra). 

Robinson  was  elected  bishop  01  Carlisle  on 
27  May  1698,  confirmed  22  July,  and  conse- 
crated the  next  day.  In  1699  he  was  appointed 
one  of  the  commissioners  for  ecclesiastical 
causes,  and  subseouently  numerous  references 
to  him  occur  in  tne  state  papers,  as  arresting 
or  conferring  with  cathoLcs  in  the  north  <» 
England  (see  State  Papers,  Eliz.  cclxziii.  66, 
26  Dec.  1699).  On  1  Nov.  1601  he  was 
entered  a  member  of  Gray's  Inn,  and  two 
years  later  took  part  in  the  Hampton  Court 
conference  (Fostbe,  Registers  of  Gray's  Inn; 
Bablow,  SiAmme  and  Substance  of  the  Con-' 
ferenee).  In  1607  he  appears  as  one  of  the 
border  commissioners  (State  Papers,  James  I, 
xxvi.  18, 20  Jan.  1607).  He  preached  a  ser- 
mon on  1  Cor.  X.  8  at  Greystoke  church 
18  Aug.  1609,  and  from  that  year  till  his 
death  held  the  rectoi^  of  that  parish  *  in  com- 
mendam '  (Transactions  of  Cumberland  and 
Westmoreland  Anti^,  Soe,  i.  838,  339).  In 
1613  he  filed  a  bill  m  the  exchequer  court 
against  George  Denton  of  Cardew  Hall  for 
refusing  all  suit  to  his  lordship's  courts  and 
mills.  By  obtaining  a  decree  in  his  own 
fSavour  he  secured  the  rights  of  the  see  against 


Robinson 


14 


Robinson 


that  mesne  manor  (HisL  and  Antiq,  of  Car^ 
Uale,  p.  216).  Robinson  died  of  the  plcmie  at 
Bose  Castle,  19  June  1616,  and  was  buried 
the  same  day  in  the  cathedral.  He  bequeathed 
plate  and  linen  to  Queen's  Colle^,  and  the 
college  held  a  special  funeral  service  for  him. 
A  brass  and  inscription  were  erected  by  his 
brother  in  Carlisle  Cathedral.  A  portrait  is 
in  Queen's  College  common  room. 

[Inforination  kindly  giren  by  the  Rev.  the 
Provost  of  Queen's  College,  Oxford;  Wood's 
Athene  Ozon.  ii.  867 ;  Hist,  and  Antiq.  of  Ox- 
ford, p.  16;  Granger's  Biogr.  Diet;  Strype's 
Whitgifb,ii.  116,  406;  Grindal,  p.  608;  Faller^s 
Church  Hist  ii.  294,  v.  266,  444;  Challoner's 
Memoirs  of  Missionary  Priests.]        W.  A  8. 

BOBmSON,  HENRY  (1606P-1664?), 
merchant  and  economic  and  controversial 
writer,  bom  about  1605,  was  the  eldest  son 
of  William  Robinson  of  London,  mercer, 
and  of  Eatherine,  daughter  of  Giffard  Wat- 
kins  of  Watford,  Northampton.  He  entered 
St.  John's  Colle^,  Oxford,  matriculating  on 
9  Not.  1621,  bemg  then  sixteen  years  01  age 
(Vmtation  </  Limdcm,  Harl.  Soc.  ii.  204; 
Clabx,  Oaf.  Begisten^  ii.  399;  Fosteb, 
Alumni  Oxen,)  He  does  not  seem  to  have 
taken  a  degree,  and  was  probably  taken  from 
Oxford  and  put  to  business  or  sent  abroad. 
In  1626  he  was  admitted  to  the  freedom  of 
the  Mercers'  Company  by  patrimony.  In 
his  twentv-eiffhth  year  he  was  residing  at 
Leffhom,  m  the  duchy  of  Tuscany  (Robin- 
soi?s  tract  labertaa,  infra,  p.  11).  In  various 
of  his  publications  he  styles  himself  'gentle- 
man,' but  it  is  certain  that  he.  continued  in 
business  as  a  merchant  in  London.  In 
1650  he  submitted  to  the  council  of  state 
certain  propositions  on  the  subject  of  the 
exchange  which  argued  business  ability  and 
knowledge  {St^ite  Papers,  Interregnum,  ix. 
64,  May  1650,  reproduced  almost  verbatim 
in  No.  11  infra).  In  the  following  Decem- 
ber, Charles,  lord  Stanhope,  issued  to  Robin- 
son a  letter  of  attorney,  constituting  him 
his  agent  for  drawing  up  a  petition  to  the 
council  of  state  concerning  his  right  to  the 
foreign  letter  office,  and  promising  to  Robin- 
son and  his  heirs  the  sole  use  thereof,  with 
half  the  clear  profits  (ib,  xi.  117,  22  Dec. 
1650).  Stanhope's  title  to  the  post  devolved 
from  a  patent  of  15  James  I.  On  this  instru- 
ment Kobinson  himself  subsequently  laid 
claim  to  the  post  office,  and  there  are  nume- 
rous references  to  the  claim  in  the  state  papers 
of  1652-4.  In  the  end  Robinson  consented 
to  relinquish  his  claim,  and  on  29  June 
1653  he  tendered  8,041/.  per  annum  to  the 
'Posts  Committee'  for  the  farm  of  the  post 
office  inland  and  foreign  (ib.  xxxvii.  162). 


Whether  he  obtained  thafarm  or  not  does  not 
appear,  but  subsequently,  at  the  Restoration, 
he  claimed  to  have  increased  the  value  of  the 
revenue  to  the  crown  from  the  post  office  from 
3,000/.  to  30,000/.  per  annum  (State  Papers^ 
Dom.  cxlii.  191).  In  1653  he  is  noticed  as 
of  the  excise  office  as  comptroller  for  the 
sale  of  the  king's  lands,  and  as  haTing  at- 
tended for  three  vears  as  a  member  of  the 
committee  for  taking  the  accounts  of  the 
Commonwealth  (xxxii.  50, 18  Jan.  1655,  and 
xxxiiL  61, 10  Feb.  1653)^  for  which  he  claimed 
200/.  a  vear.  He  survived  the  Restoration, 
and  in  1664-5  he  petitioned  for  a  patent  for 
quenching  fire  and  preserving  ships  in  war, 
but  was  apparently  dead  betore  1665,  when 
his  son  petitioned  Charles  for  admission  to 
the  public  service  (ib,  February  1664-5  and 
cxlii.  191). 

Robinson's  literary  activity  wns  remark- 
able, both  in  quality  and  extent.  He  waa 
perhaps  the  first  Englishman  to  enunciate 
with  clearness  the  principle  of  libertv  of  con- 
science; he  propounded  elaborate  schemes  of 
legal  reform,  and  his  writings  on  trade  are  even 
now  deserving  of  caraful  attention.  Pr^nne, 
whose  religious  and  political  views  Robmson 
attacked,  described  him  in  his '  Discovery  of 
New  Lights '  as  a  merohant  by  profession  who 
'  hath  maintained  a  private  printing  press,  and 
sent  for  printers  from  Amsterdam,  wherewith 
he  hath  printed  most  of  the  late  scandalous 
libellous  books  against  the  parliament,  and 
though  he  hath  been  formerlv  sent  for  by 
the  committeeof  examinations  n)r  this  offence, 
which  was  passed  bv  in  silence,  yet  he  hath 
since  presumed  and  proceeded  herein  in  a 
far  higher  strain  than  beforo '  (New  lAghtag 
pp.  9,  40). 

Robinson  is  doubtless  author  of  many  works 
besides  the  following,  of  which  the  authen- 
ticity is  certain:  1.  'England's  Safety  in 
Trade's  Encrease  most  humbly  presented  to 
the  High  Court  of  Parliament,' London,  1641 ; 
reprinted  in  W.  A.  Shaw's '  Select  Tracts  and 
Documents,'  1896.  2.  'Libertas,  or  Rdiefe 
to  the  English  Captiyes  in  Alffier,  briefly 
discoursing  how  such  as  are  in  Slavery  may 
be  soonest  set  at  Liberty,  others  preserved 
therein,  and  the  Great  Turke  reduc'd  to  serve 
and  keepe  the  Peace  Inviolate  to  a  greater 
Enlargement  of  Trade  and  Priviledge  than 
ever  the  En^ish  Nation  hitherto  enjoyed 
in  Turkey.  Presented  ...  to  Parliament 
by  Henry  Robinson,  gent.,'  London,  1642. 
3.  'liiberty  of  Conscience,  or  the  Sole  Means 
to  obtains  Peace  and  Truth,  not  onely  recon- 
ciling his  Majesty  with  his  Subjects,  but  all 
Christian  States  and  Princes  to  one  another, 
with  the  freeest  passage  for  the  Qospel,'  Lon- 
don, 1643  (Thomasson's  date  is  24  March 


Robinson 


>s 


Robinson 


1643-4;  c£  GABBnrEB,  Civil  War,  i.  290; 
and  art.  by  Mr.  O.  H.  Firth  in  the  English 
JSiwtorMai/iZffvtett?,  ix.  716).  4.  'An  Answer 
to  Ifr.  William  Piynne's  Twelve  Questions 
eoneeming  Chureh  Gk>Temment ;  at  the  end 
whereof  are  mentioned  sevenll  groese  Ab- 
surditieB  and  dangerous  Conseqaenoes  of 
higbeei  nature  which  do  necessarily  follow 
the  Tenets  of  Presbyteriall  or  any  other  be- 
nda»  i  perfect  Independent  GoTemment,  to- 
grthcr  with  certain  Queries,'  [16441  no  place, 
no  date.  5.  'John  the  Baptist,  forerunner 
of  Christ  Jeans,  or  a  necessity  for  Liberty  of 
Conscienee  as  the  only  means  under  Heaven 
to  strengthen  Children  weak  in  the  Faith,'  no 
plaee,  no  date  [P  September  1644].  6.  <  Ceiv 
taine  brief  Obeenrations  and  Anti-queries  on 
Master  I^in  hia  12  Questions  about  Church 
6o?enmient^  vrherein  is  modestly  shewed  how 
nnaaefnl  and  MtoIous  they  are.  .  .  .  By  a 
vsU-wisher  to  the  Truth  and  Master  Prm,' 
16i4.  7.  'An  Answer  to  Mr.  John  Dury  his 
LSbber  which  he  writ  from  The  Hague  to  Mr. 
Thomas  Gk>odwin,  Mr.  Philip  Nye,  and  Mr. 
Sun.  Hartliby  concerning  the  manner  of  the 
fiefannation  of  the  Church  and  answering 
ot&er  Matters  of  consequence;  and  King 
James  his  Judgment  concerning  the  Book  of 
Oommoii  Prayer,  written  by  a  Gentleman  of 
tried  Integrity,'  London,  1644  (Thomasson's 
date  17  Aug.)  8.  <  The  Falsehood  of  William 
Piynne'sTrath  tiiumphingin  the  Antiquity  of 
Popish  IVincee  and  Parliaments :  to  which  he 
attributes  a  sole  sovereign  legislative  coercive 
Power  in  matters  of  Beligion,  discovered  to 
be  fnU  of  Absurdities,  Contradictions,  Sacri- 
lege, and  to  make  more  in  favour  of  Rome 
and  Antidirist  than  all  the  Books  and  Pam- 
phlets which  were  published,  whether  by 
papall  or  episcopall  Prelates  or  Parasites 
since  the  Reformation  .  .  .,'  London,  1645. 
9.  '  Some  few  Considerations  propounded  as 
so  many  Scruples  by  Mr.  Henrv  Kobinson  in 
aLetterto  Mr.  John  Dury  upon  his  Epistolary 
Discourse,  witli  Mr.  Durys  answer  thereto 
...  by  a  well-wilier  to  the  Truth,'  1646 
(Thomasson's  date  18  July;  pp.  1-10  Henry 
Kobinson  to  John  Dury,  London,  1644,  Nov.  6 ; 
vp.  11-31  John  Dury  to  his  loving  friend  in 
Ckxist  Henry  Robinson).  10.  'A  Short  Dis- 
course between  Monarchical  and  Aristocrati- 
ral  Government,  or  a  sober  Persuasive  of  all 
tme-hearted  Englishmen  to  a  willing  con- 
janedon  with  the  Parliament  of  Engund  in 
setting  np  the  Gknremment  of  a  Conunon- 
weshL  3y  a  true  Englishman  and  a  well- 
wisher  to  the  good  of  his  Nation,'  London, 
1649.  11.  'Bnefe  Considerations  concern- 
ing the  Advancement  of  Trade  and  Naviffa- 
tion,'  1649  (Thomasson's  date  8  Jan.  1649- 
1^0).    12.   'The  Office  of  Addresses  and 


Encounters  where  all  People  of  each  rancke 
and  quality  may  receive  Direction  and  Ad- 
vice tor  the  most  cheap  and  speedy  way  of 
attaining  whatsoever  they  can  lawfully  de- 
sire ;  or  the  only  course  lor  poor  People  to 
ffet  speedy  Employment  and  to  keep  others 
from  approadung  Poverty  for  want  of  Em- 
ployment ;  to  the  multiplyiiiff  of  Trade,  &c. 
By  Henry  Robinson,'  1650  (Thomasson's  date 
29  Sept.; ;  a  proposition  for  establishing  in 
Threadneedle  Street  a  registry  office  or  ex- 
change mart  for  almost  every  business  purpose 
conceivable.  18.  'Certain Considerations  in 
order  to  a  more  speedy,  cheap,  and  equal  dis- 
tribution of  Justice  throughout  the  Nation, 
most  humbly  presented  to  the  high  Court  of 
Parliament  of  the  most  hopeful  Conmion- 
wealth  of  England.  By  Henry  Robinson,' 
London,  1651;  in  answer  to  this  William 
Walwin  wrote  'Juries  Justified,'  2  D>ec. 
1651.  14.  'Certaine  Proposals  in  order  to 
thePeople'sFreedome  and  Accommodation  in 
some  particulars  with  the  Advancement  of 
Trade  and  Navigation  of  this  Conmionwealtii 
in  general  humbly  tendred  to  the  view  of 
this  Parliament.  By  Henry  Robinson,'Lon- 
don,  1652.  15.  '  Certaine  Aoposals  in  order 
to  a  new  modelling  of  the  Lawes  and  Law 
Proceedings,  for  a  more  speedy,  cheap,  and 
equall  distribution  of  Justice  throughout  the 
Commonwealth  ...  as  also  certain  Con- 
siderations for  the  Advancement  of  Trade 
and  Navigation  humbly  propounded  to  .  .  . 
Parliament  by  Henry  Kobinson,'  London, 
1653. 

[Authorities  given  above ;  information  kindly 
supplied  by  0.  H.  Firth,  esq.]  W.  A  S. 

ROBINSON,  HENRY  CRABB  (1775- 
1867),  diarist,  youngest  son  of  a  tanner  who 
died  in  1781,  was  bom  at  Bury  St.  Ed- 
munds on  13  March  1775.  After  educa- 
tion at  small  nrivate  schools,  he  was  articled 
in  1790  to  Mr.  Francis,  an  attorney  at  Col- 
chester. He  heard  Erskine  conduct  a  case  at 
the  assizes,  and  fifty-four  years  afterwards 
he  had  a  perfect  recollection  of  the  charm  in 
the  voice  and  fascination  in  the  eye  of  the 
great  orator.  At  Colchester  he  heard  John 
Wesley  preach  one  of  his  last  sermons.  In 
1796  oe  entered  the  office  of  a  solicitor  in 
Chancery  Lane,  London;  but  in  1798  an 
undo  died,  leaving  Robinson  a  sum  yielding 
a  yearly  income  of  100/.  Proud  of  his  inde- 
pendence and  eager  for  travel,  he  went  abroad 
m  1800.  He  was  in  Frankfort  when  it  was 
occupied  by  the  French.  After  acquiring  a 
knowledge  of  German,  he  set  out  on  a  tour 
through  Germany  and  Bohemia,  diiefly  on 
foot,  and  in  1801  reached  Weimar,  where  he 
was  introduced  to  Goethe  and  Schiller.    He 


Robinson 


16 


Robinson 


settled  at  Jena,  where  lie  was  matriculated 
as  a  member  of  the  university  on  20  Oct. 
1802.  The  fees  did  not  exceed  half  a  g^uinea ; 
his  lodffings  cost  him  under  7/.  a  year.  He 
made  the  acauaintance  of  Madame  de  Stael, 
and  imparted  to  her  the  information  about 
G^erman  philosophy  which  appears  in  her 
work  on  Qermany.  He  left  Jena  in  the 
autumn  of  1805,  returning  home  by  way  of 
Hamburg,  and  crossing  the  sea  in  the  packet 
which  carried  the  news  of  the  battle  of 
Austerlitz. 

Haying  a  thorough  knowledge  of  German, 
he  first  tried  to  add  to  his  small  income  by 
translating  German  pamphlets.  After  vainly 
seeking  a  place  in  the  diplomatic  service,  and 
offering  his  services  to  Fox,  who  was  then 
foreign  secretary,  he  made  the  acquaintance 
of  John  Walter,  the  second  of  the  dynasty, 
from  whom  he  accepted  the  post  of  'Times ' 
correspondent  at  Altona.  His  letters  '.From 
the  Banks  of  the  Elbe,*  between  March  and 
August  1807,  gave  the  English  public  the 
fullest  information  then  obtainable  concern- 
ing affairs  on  the  continent.  He  was  com- 
pelled to  return  home,  when  Bonaparte  had 
made  Denmark  his  vassal,  and  then  he  be- 
came foreign  editor  of  the  'Times,'  being 
able,  from  personal  experience,  to  print  in 
that  newspaper  facts  which  helped  the  mi- 
nistry to  defend  their  policy  in  ordering  the 
bombardment  of  Copenhagen  and  the  cap- 
ture of  the  Danish  fleet. 

When  the  Spaniards  rose  against  the 
French  in  1808,  ilobinson  was  intrusted  by 
the  conductors  of  the '  Times '  with  the  duty 
of  special  correspondent  in  the  Peninsula, 
being  the  first  English  journalist  who  acted  in 
that  capacity.  He  landed  at  Ooruna,  whence 
he  forwarded  a  series  of  letters  headed  *  Shores 
of  the  Bay  of  Biscay'  and  * Oorufia,'  the  first 
letter  appearing  on  9  Aug.  1808,  the  last  on 
26  Jan.  1809.  During  his  stay  Lord  and  Lady 
Holland  arrived,  accompanied  by  Lord  John 
Russell,  a  lad  of  sixteen,  whom  Robinson 
styled  *  a  Lord  Something  Russell.'  Robin- 
son was  in  the  rear  of  the  army  under  Sir  John 
Moore  at  Coruna.  He  heard  the  cannonad- 
ing, saw  the  wounded  and  French  prisoners 
brought  to  Gorufia,  and  waited  till  the  enemy 
had  Deen  driven  back,  when  he  embarked  for 
England,  reaching  Falmouth  on  the  26th .  He 
reoccupied  his  post  in  the  *  Times '  office  till 
29  Sept.  1809.  In  November  he  began  to 
keep  his  terms  at  the  Middle  Temple.  He 
was  called  to  the  bar  on  8  May  1818,  and 
joined  the  Norfolk  circuit,  of  which  he  rose 
to  be  the  leader.  His  first  cause — a  success- 
ful defence  of  a  prisoner  tried  in  August  1818 
at  Norwich  for  murder — was  humorously 
apostrophised  by  Robinson's  friand,  CharleiB 


Lamb,  as '  Thou  great  first  cause,  least  un« 
derstood.'  Robinson  made  a  resolve,  which 
he  kept,  of  leaving  the  bar  as  soon  as  his 
net  yearly  income  should  amount  to  600/. 
In  1828  he  retired,  and  he  said  that  the  two 
wisest  acts  he  had  performed  were  joining 
the  bar  and  leaving  it. 

Robinson  had  acquired  the  friendship  of 
the  most  notable  men  in  this  country,  France, 
and  Grermany  durin£^  the  earlier  years  of  this 
century.  Lamb,  Coleridge, Wordsworth,  and 
Southey  are  a  few  out  of  his  many  intimate 
friends.  He  accompanied  Wordsworth  on 
tours  in  Scotland,  Wales,  and  Switierland, 
and  was  with  the  poet  in  Italy  from  March  to 
August  1837  ;  Wordsworth  dedicated  to  him 
the  '  Memorials '  of  this  tour,  published  in 
1842,  in  verses  be^^inning  '  Companion  I  by 
whose  buoyant  spirit  cheered.'  As  the  valued 
friend  of  great  men  his  name  will  survive. 
From  the  ample  store  of  his  personal  experi- 
ence he  contributed  liberally  to  Mrs.  Austin's 
'Characteristics  of  Gbethe,'  to  GUchrist's 
'  Memoirs  of  Blake,'  and  to  similar  works. 
Apart  from  his  posthumous '  Diary,'  he  wrote 
little  that  is  noteworthv ;  but  he  was  asso- 
ciated with  many  notable  institutions,  being* 
a  founder  of  the  AtheneBum  Club  and  of  Uni* 
versity  College,  London.  The  collection  of 
Flaxman's  drawings  and  casts  at  University 
College  was  enlarged  by  gifts  from  him,  and 
its  maintenance  was  insured  by  a  legacy. 
He  was  elected  F.S.A.  in  1829,  and  contri- 
buted in  1883  a  paper  on  *  The  Elrmology  of 
the  Mass'  ^connecting  it  with  the  English 
suffix '  mas '  m  Christmas,^neA<so/(]^,  xxxvi.) 
His  bodily  health  and  faculties  remained  un- 
impaired until  his  death,  at  the  age  of  ninety* 
one, at  his  house,  SO  Russell  Sauare,  on  6  Feb. 
1867.  He  was  buried  at  Higngate,  where  a 
long  inscription  marks  his  grave.  He  waa 
unmarried. 

As  a  conversationalist  he  made  his  mark, 
and  his  breakfasts  were  as  famous  as  those 
of  Rogers.  He  lefb  behind  him  a  *  Diary/ 
'Letters,'  and  voluminous  memoranda,  which 
give  a  truthful  and  unrivalled  picture  of  social 
and  literary  life  and  literary  men,  both  in  this 
country  and  on  the  continent,  during  the  first 
half  of  this  century.  The  ariginals,  mcludingf 
thirty-five  closely  written  volumes  of  'Diary/ 
thirty  volumes  of  *  Journals '  of  touxs,  thirty- 
two  volumes  of '  Letters '  ^with  index),  four 
volumes  of '  Reminiscences,'  and  one  of '  Aneo- 
dotes,'  are  preserved  at  Dr.  Williams's  Li- 
brary in  Gordon  Square.  Robinson  had  in- 
tended to  sift  these  himself.  A  careful  but 
too  fragmentary  selection  was  made  from 
them  by  Thomas  Sadler,  and  published  aa 
the  '  Diarv,  Reminiscences,  ana  Correspon- 
dence of  H.  Crabb  Robinson '  (London,  1869, 


Robinson 


17 


Robinson 


3  ToU.  8vo;  Sid  edit.  2  vols.  1S72);  prefixed 
b  a  portrait,  at  the  age  of  eighty-siz,  engraved 
from  a  photoj^ph  by  W.  doU^aiid  appended 
are  aome  vivid  recollections  of  Hobinson  hj 
Augustus  de  Morgan.  There  is  a  portrait 
panel,  bj  Edward  Armitage,  at  University 
Hail,  Gordon  Square,  where  there  is  also  a 
boat,  executed  by  Ewing  in  Rome  about  1831. 


[Diary,  Reminiseencea,  and  Correapondenca  of 
H»?7  Crabb  Bobinaon,  by  Dr.  Thomas  Sadler; 
lottos  of  Charles  Lamb,  ed.  Ainger.]    F.  R. 

ROBINSON,  HERCULES  (1789-1864), 
admiral,  bom  on  16  March  1789,  was  the 
eldest  SOD  of  Christopher  Robinson,  rector  of 
(}nnard,  co.  Lonffford,  by  ElizabelJi,  second 
daoghteir  of  Sir  Hercules  Langrishe,  bart., 
of  Knocktopher,  co.  Kilkenny.    Sir  Bryan 
Robinson  {j\,  v.]  was  his  brother.  He  entered 
thenavy  in  J  une  1800,  in  the  Penelope,  with 
Capcain  (afterwards  Sir  Henry)  Blackwood 
[q.  v.l    vnth    whom  he  was  also   in  the 
Eoryahta  at  Trafalgar,  and  in  the  Ajax,  till 
moved,  in  Januanr  1807,  to  the  Ocean  flag- 
ship of  Lord  CJolIingwood  in  the  Medite> 
imneaa.  Two  months  later  he  was  appointed 
to  the  Glory  as  acting-lieutenant,  in  which 
rank  be  was  confirm^  on  25  April  1807. 
In  December  he  was  moved  to  the  Warspite, 
again  with  Blackwood,  and  in  1S09  to  the 
Tim6ruxe  in  the  Baltic,  from  which,  on 
SO  Amp.,  he  was  promoted  to  the  command 
of  the  Kometheus  in  the  Baltic  during  1810, 
and  afterwards  in  the  Atlantic,  ranging  as 
fai  as  the  Canary  Islands,  and  even  the 
West  Indies.    The  Prometheus  was  an  ex- 
tremely dull  sailer,  incapable  of  improve- 
ment, 80  that  any  vessel  »ie  chased  left  her 
hopelessly  astern;  and  it  was  owing  only 
to  the  good  fortune  and  judgment  of  her 
commander  that  she  managed   to  pick  up 
some  prises.     On  7  June  1814  Robinson  was 
advanced  to  post  rank.    From  September 
1817  to  the  end  of  1820  he  commanded  the 
Favoorite  on  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  and 
St.  Helena  station,  and  afterwards  on  the 
east  coast  of  South  America.    In  1820  he 
was  at  Newfoundland,  and  was  appointed 
by  the  commander-in-chief  to  regulate  the 
fishesy  of  the  coast  of  Labrador,  which  he 
did  with  tact,  temper,  and  judgment.    He 
had  BO  further  service  afloat,  and  in  1846 
accept^  the  retirement,  becoming  in  due 
course  rearnadmiral  on  9  Oct.  1849,  vice- 
admiral  on  21  Oct.  1866,  and  admiral  on 
15  Jan.  1862.    In  1842  he  was  sheriff  of 
^Westmeath.    In  1866  he  made  a  yachting 
Toyage  to  the  Salvages,  a  group  of  barren 
rocks  midway  between   Madeira   and   the 
n*fi^jri^^  Oil  one  of  which  a  vast  treasure, 
the  ^oil  of  a  Spaniah  galleon,  was  said  to  be 

VOU  XVII. 


buried.  When  in  the  Fh)metheus  Hobinson 
had  been  sent  to  look  for  this  treasure,  but 
met  with  no  success.  A  further  search  was 
rather  the  excuse  than  the  reason  for  revisit- 
ing the  islets  in  the  yacht,  but  the  voyage 
gave  him  an  opportunity  of  writing  <  Sea- 
drift,'  a  small  volume  of  reminiscences  (8vo, 
I808,  with  portrait).  He  died  at  Southsea  on 
15  May  1864.  He  married,  in  1822,  Frances 
£lizabeth,only  child  of  Henry  Widman  Wood 
of  Rosmead,  Westmeath,  and  had  issue  six 
sons,  of  whom  Sir  Hercules  George  Robert 
Robinson  (1824-1897),  administrator  in 
South  Africa,  was  created  Lord  Rosmead  in 
1896  [see  Supplement]. 

[G'Byrne's  Naval  Biogr.  Diet. ;  Gent.  Mag. 
1864,  i.  814 ;  Fuster'a  Baronetage, 8.0.  Langrishe ; 
Navy  Lists.]  J,  £  L. 

ROBINSON,  HUGH  (1584  P-1666), 
archdeacon  of  Gloucester,  born  in  Anglesea 
about  1684,  was  a  son  of  Nicholas  Robinson 
{d,  1585)  [q.  v. J,  bishop  of  Bangor  (Wood, 
Atherus  Oxen.  ii.  798).  He  was  admitted  to 
Winchester  School  in  1596  (Kibbt,  Win- 
ehester  Scholars,  p.  157),  and  matriculated  at 
New  College,  Oxford,  on  16  Deo.  1603  (Olask, 
Oxford  RegUters).  In  1605  he  was  elected 
perpetual  fellow,  and  held  his  fellowship  till 
1614.  He  graciuated  B.A.  on  21  April  1607, 
M.A.  28  Jan.  1610-11,  B.D.  and  D.D.  on 
21  June  1627.  He  was  chief  master  of  Win* 
Chester  School  from  1618  to  1627  (Kibbt, 
ubi  supra,  p.  165),  and  became  successively 
rector  of  Llanbedr,  with  the  vicarage  of 
Caerhun  in  1618;  of  TrSvriw  (Carnarvon)  in 
1618;  of  Bighton,  Hampshiro,  in  1622;  of 
Shabbington,  Buckinghamshire;  canon  of 
Lincoln  on  24  Feb.  1624-5  (Le  Neve,  Jlutt); 
archdeacon  of  Gloucester  on  5  June  1634  (t&.) 
He  was  rector  of  Dursley  from  1625  to  1647. 
In  his  archdeaconry  he  seems  to  have  been 
moderate  in  his  proceedings  ( Cal,  State  Papers, 
Dom.  ccclxxviii.  No.  14). 

During  the  civil  war  he  lost  his  canonry 
and  archdeaconry,  was  seized  at  his  living  at 
Dursley  and  ill-treated;  but  he  took  the  cove- 
nant, wrote  in  defence  of  it,  and  accepted  the 
living  of  Hinton,  near  Winchester,  from  the 
parliament  ( W  alkeb.  Sufferings  of  the  Clergy, 

1.  33;  Addit  MS.  16671,  f.  6).  He  died  on 
80  March  1655,  and  was  buried  on  the  fol- 
lowing 18  April  in  the  chancel  of  St.  Giles- 
in-the-Fields,  London. 

He  wrote:  1.  An  8vo  volume,  published  in 
Oxford  in  1616,  containing  'Preces'  for  the 
use  of  Winchester  School,  in  Latin  and  Eng- 
lish, *  Grammaticalia  Quiedam,'  in  Latin  and 
English ;  and  '  Anti(jU8B  Historios  Synopsis,' 

2.  'Scholae  Wintoniensis  Phrases  Latin  ss,' 
London,  1654 ;  2nd  edit,  by  his  son  Nicholas 

0 


Robinson 


z8 


Robinson 


London,  1668;  'corrected  and  much  aug- 
mented with  Poeticals  added^  and  these  four 
Tracts:  (i.)  Of  Words  not  to  be  used  by  ele- 
gant Latinists;  (ii.)  The  difference  of  many 
Words  like  one  another  in  Sound  or  Signifi- 
cation ;  (iii.)  Some  Words  governing  a  Sub- 
junctive Mood  not  mentioned  in  LiUie's 
** Grammar;"  (iv.)  Concerning  Xprta  and 
rvu/ii;  for  entering  Children  upon  making  of 
themes;  dedicat^  to  Sir  Robert  Wallop, 
Sir  Nicholas  Love,  and  Sir  Thomas  Hussey ;' 
drdedit.  London,  1661,  Bvo ;  4th  edit.  London, 
1664, 12mo;  8th  edit.  1678,  8vo;  11th  edit. 
1686, 1 2mo.  3.  *  Annalium  mundi  universa- 
lium,  &c.,  tomus  unicus,'  London,  1677,  fol., 
revised  before  publication  by  Dr.  Thomas 
Pierce  [q.  v.],  dean  of  Salisbury. 

[Wood's  Athenae  Oxen.  iii.  396 ;  Robinson's 
Works.]  W.  A.  S. 

BOBINSON,  JOHN  (A  1598),  president 
of  St.  John's  College,  Oxford,  was  matricu- 
lated as  sizar  of  Pembroke  Hall,  Cambridge, 
May  1660,  from  Richmondshire.  He  grar 
duated  B.A.  in  January  1668-4,  was  elected 
fellow  of  his  hall,  1664,  and  proceeded  M.A. 
1667.  He  was  recommended  by  the  master 
of  Trinity,  Robert  Beaumont  (rf.  1667)  [q.  v.], 
to  Cecil,  with  Matthew  Hutton,  as  a  fit  per- 
son to  be  made  master  of  Pembroke  Hall, 
but  Hutton  was  chosen.  On  19  May  1668 
he  was  incorporated  at  Oxford.  He  was  no- 
minated by  Sir  Thomas  White,  the  founder, 
to  be  president  of  St.  John's  College,  Oxford, 
on  the  resignation  of  William  Stocke,  and 
was  electedl)y  the  fellows,  4  Sept.  1664.  He 
resigned  10  July  1672.  He  supplicated  for 
the  dmee  of  B.D.  22  Maich  1666-7,  and  was 
made  £.D.  at  Cambridge,  11  June  1688. 

Robinson  was  a  popmar  preacher,  and  held 
tpany  preferments.  He  was  rector  of  East 
Tresweil,  Nottinghamshire,  1666 ;  of  Fulbeck, 
Lincolnshire,  1660 ;  of  Thornton,  Yorkshire, 
1560 ;  of  Great  Easton,  Essex,  1666-76 ;  of 
Kingston  Bagpuxe,  Berkshire,  1668;  of  Brant 
Broughton,  Lmcolnshire,  1576 ;  of  Fishtoft, 
Lincolnshire,  1676 ;  of  Caistor,  Lincolnshire, 
1676;  of  Gransden,  Cambridgeshire,  1687, 
and  of  Somersham,  Huntingdonshire,  1688. 

On  3  Aug.  1672  he  was  installed  precentor 
of  Lincoln  Cathedral.  On  14  Julv  1673  he 
was  collat<ed  to  the  prebend  of  Welton 
Beckhall,  in  which  he  was  installed  7  Sept. 
He  resigned  this  prebend  on  being  collated 
to  the  prebend  of  Caistor  (installed  9  Oct. 
1674);  and  in  1681  he  became  prebendary  of 
Leicester  St.  Margaret  (collated  29  March, 
installed  9  July).  On  31  May  1584  he  was 
installed  archdeacon  of  Bedford,  and  in 
1680  he  held  the  archdeaconry  of  Lincoln. 
In  1684,  during  the  vacancy  of  the  see  of 


Lincoln,  he  was  appointed  commissary  to 
exercise  episcopal  jurisdiction  in  the  diocese, 
by  Whitgift,  archbishop  of  Canterbury.  In 
1694  he  received  a  canonry  of  Gloucester. 
He  died  in  March  1697-8,  and  was  buried  at 
Somersham,  Huntingdonshire.  John  Robin* 
son  [q.  v.],  pastor  of  the  pilgrim  fathers,  has 
been  very  doubtfully  daimed  as  his  eon. 

[St  John's  College  M8S. ;  Bawlinson  MSS. ; 
Cooper's  Alamni  Caotabrigiense8,ii.  286 ;  Wood's 
Athensa  Ozon.  and  Fasti ;  Begistmm  Aoadem, 
Oantabrig. ;  Foster^s  Alamni  Ozon. ;  Register  of 
University  of  Ozford,  ad.  Boase  (Oxford  His- 
torical Society) ;  Le  Neve's  Fasti ;  Wilson's  His- 
tory of  Merchant  Taylors'  School ;  Willis's  Oatha- 
drals.]  W.  H.  H. 

BOBINSON,  JOHN  (1576P-ie26),  pastor 
of  the  pilgrim  fiathers,  a  native  of  Lincoln- 
shire, according  to  Bishop  Hall  {Oommon 
Apologie,  1610,  p.  126),  was  bom  about  1576. 

His  early  career  is  involved  in  obscurity. 
Wide  acceptance  has  been  given  to  Hunters 
identification  of  the  pastor  with  John  Robin- 
son who  was  admitted  as  a  sisar  at  Corpus 
Ohristi  Coll^,  Cambridge,  on  9  April  1692 
(his  tutor  being  John  Jegon  [q.  v.]),  who  gra- 
duated B.A.  in  February  15^,  and  was  ad- 
mitted a  fellow  in  1698.  The  college  books 
describe  him  variously  as  'Lincolniensis'  and 
'  Notingamiensis,'  and  Hunter  conjectures 
that  he  was  born  at  Gainsborough,  Linooln- 
shire,  divided  from  Nottinffhamshire  by  the 
Trent;  a  conjecture  which  tne  parish  register 
in  its  damaged  state  leaves  undecided. 

Dr.  John  Brown,  in  his  *  Pilgrim  Fathers  * 
(1895),  conjectures  that  the  pastor  was  bom 
in  Lincoln,  and  was  the  son  of  John  Bobin- 
son,  D.D.  {d,  1698)  fq.  v.l,  precentor  of  Lin- 
coln from  1672,  ana  prebendary  from  1673. 
For  this  there  is  no  evidence ;  baptisms  in 
Lincoln  Cathedral  are  entered  in  the  register 
of  St.  Mary  Magdalene,  which  only  begins 
in  the  seventeenth  centurv. 

Some  details  in  the  early  career  of  a  third 
contemporary  John  Bobinson  suggest  a 
likelihood  of  his  identity  with  the  pastor^ 
but  at  a  critical  point  the  argument  creaks 
down.  Bobert  Booinson  (<2.  September  1617)^ 
rector  of  Saxlingham  Nethergate  and  Saxlingr. 
ham  Thorpe,  Norfolk,  had  a  son  John,  who  was 
baptised  at  Saxlingham  on  1  A.pril  1676.  This 
John  Robinson  is  probably  to  be  identified 
with  the  John  Bobmson,  admitted  as  a  sizar 
at  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  on  2  March 
1592-^,  who  graduated  M.A.  1600,  B.D. 
1607. 

The  Saxlingham  renters  further  show 
that  John  Bobinson,  clerk,  was  married  on 
24  l\i\j  1604  to  Anne  Whitfield.  The  Nor- 
wich diocesan  records  state  that  John  Robin- 
son, B.D.  (doubtless  the  Emmanuel  graduate). 


Kobiason 


19 


Robinson 


WIS  appointed  perpetual  carate  of  Great  Yar> 
moath  in  160&,  was  then  aged  34,  and  was  a 
native  of  Sazlingham.  A  serious  obstacle 
to  the  endmTouT  to  identify  this  Yarmouth 
enrate  with  the  pastor  of  the  pilgrim  fathers 
is  rsised  by  the  appearance  of  the  year  1609 
in  this  entry.  I^eale,  the  New  England  his- 
tGnUf  assertSy  in  his  '  History  of  the  Puri- 
taas^'that  the  pastor  of  the  pilgrim  fathers 
VM  *  beneficed  about  Yarmouth/  and  the  Yar- 
nooth  corporation  records  of  1608  mention 
'Kr.  Robinson  the  pastor '  (John  Bbownb, 
Omffreffotumaium  in  Norfolk  and  Suffolk), 
BttC  in  1608  the  pastor  left  England,  and  he 
ii  DOt  known  to  have  returned. 

It  is  very  probable  that  Hobinson  the  pastor 
stodied  at  Cambridge  during  the  last  decade 
of  the  aixteentb  century,  and  perliaps  he 
came  under  the  personal  influence  of  William 
Perldna  [q.  T.l     In  early  life  he  held  '  cure 
lad  ebaige '  01  souls  in  Norwich,  and  *  cer- 
tejn  eitixena  were  excommunicated  for  re- 
mtiag  Tnto  and  praying  with '  him  (AiNS- 
woEZHy  CcurUer-poyionf  1608  p.  246,  1642 
p.  145).      Hobinson  hunself  mentions  his 
resideace  at  Norwich  in  his  '  People's  Plea  * 
(1618),  dedicated  to  his '  Christian  friends 
in  Norwich  and  thereabouts.'    Hall  confi- 
deady  asserts  (  Common  Apologie,^.  145)  that 
Robinaoa's  separation  from  Uie  established 
church  was  due  to  his  failing  to  obtain  '  the 
nastershippe  of  the  hospitalf  at  Norwich,  or 
a  lease  from  that  citie'  (presumably  of  a  place 
of  worship).    Later  writers  sneak  of  him 
ashaTingkeld  a  Norfolk  benence — ^perhaps 
the  Yarmouth  curacy  already  noticed — and 
as  baring  been  suspended.      About   1607 
Bobinscm,  according  to  a  guess  of  Hunter, 
seems  to  have  join^  the  'gathered  church' 
meetinff  at  Scroobv  Manor,  Nottinghamshire, 
the  resulence  of  William  Brewster  [q.  v.],  of 
which  mcbard  Clifton  ^i\,  v.]  was  pastor. 
Clifton  himaelf  held  a  hving,  but  there  are 
other  instances  of  beneficed  deigy  who  at 
the  same  time  were  members  of  congrega- 
tional churches.    Robinson,  as  Hall  observes, 
had  been  influenced  by  John   Smyth,  to 
whom  the  8crooby  church  owed  its  origin ; 
but  he  did  not  follow  Smyth's  later  views. 
In  1006  Smyth  emigrated  to  Amsterdam, 
wbi^e  he  beeune  an  Arminian  and  a  baptist. 
In  Aogost  1606  Clifton  also  emigrated  to 
Amsterdam  with  some  of  the  Scrooby  con« 
gregation;  later  in  the  year  Robinson  fol- 
Siwed  with  others,  who  had  made  seyeral 
bieffectual  attempts  to  obtain  a  passage. 

At  Amsterdam  the  emigrants  joined  the 
f  eparatist  church  which  had  Francis  Johnson 
( 1561^1618)  [q.  y.]  as  its  pastor,  and  Ains- 
worth  as  its  teacher.  The  prospect  of  dis- 
on  church  government  which  broke 


out  in  this  church  in  the  followin{[  year  may 
have  determined  Robin8<m'8  oontmgent  not 
to  settle  at  Amsterdam.  Many  of  them  were 
weavers,  and  at  Ijeyden  there  was  employ- 
ment for  cloth-weavers.  On  12  Feb.  1609 
they  obtained  permission  from  the  authorities 
at  Leyden,  and  removed  thither  by  1  May. 
Robinson  was  publicly  ordained  as  their 
pastor;  Brewster  was  a  ruling  elder;  the 
community  numbered  about  one  hundred, 
and  increased  to  three  hundred ;  their  form 
of  church  government  was  congregational. 

At  Leyden,  which  had  not  the  trading 
advantages  of  a  port,  their  life  was  hard. 
They  maintained  an  excellent  character, 
the  authorities  contrasting  their  diligence, 
bonesty,  and  peaceableness  with  the  behaviour 
of  the  Walloons.  Bradford  says  that  more 
'  public  favour'  would  haye  been  shown  them 
but  for  fear  of  '  giving  offence  to  the  state 
of  England.'  There  is  no  truth  in  the  state- 
ment, gathered  by  Prince  from  old  people  at 
Leyden  in  1714,  that  one  of  the  city  churches 
was  granted  for  their  worship.  In  1610 
Henry  Jacob  (1563-1624)  [q.  v.]  went  from 
Middelburg  to  Leyden  to  consult  Robinson 
on  matters  of  church  government.  In  January 
1611  Robinson  and  three  others  bought,  for 
eight  thousand  guilders,  a  house  'by  the 
belfry ; '  the  conveyance  is  dated  5  May  161 1, 

gossession  was  obtained  on  1  May  1612  (there 
ad  evidently  been  difficidty  in  raising  the 
purchase  money),  and  the  building  was  con- 
verted into  a  dwelling  and  meetmg-house. 
In  the  rear  twenty-one  cottages  were  erected 
for  poorer  emigrants. 

Some  time  l^fore  1612  Robinson  had  cor- 
responded, about  terms  of  communion,  with 
William  Ames  (1676-1633)  [a.  v.],  then  at 
The  Hague.  These  'private  letters'  were 
commumcated  by  Ames  to  'The  Prophane 
Schisms  of  the  Brownists,'  1612,  pp.  4/  seq., 
a  composite  work,  fathered  by  Christopher 
Lawne  and  three  others ;  Ames  and  Robert 
Parker  (1664.^-1614)  [q.  v.]  also  contributed 
to  it.    (George  Homius  (HUt.  Eoclei,  1665, 

L232)  thinks  Ames  and  Parker  modified 
binson's  views ;  this  does  not  appear  to 
have  been  the  case.  There  may  be  some 
basis  of  fact  for  the  story  of  a  three  days' 
disputation  at  Leyden  in  1613  between 
Robinson  and  Episcopius ;  but  that  it  was 
undertaken  by  Robinson,  at  the  request  of 
Pol]^ander  (Jan  Eerckhoven)  and  the  city 
ministers  (Bradford),  or  held  in  the  uni- 
yersity  (  Winslow),  seems  improbable.  The 
university  records  are  silent  about  it,  and  at 
Leyden  the  party  of  Episcopius  was  in  the 
ascendant.  On  6  Sept.  1615  Robinson  was 
admitted  a  member  of  the  university,  by  per- 
mission of  the  magistrates,  as  a  student  of 

o3 


Robinson 


20 


Robinson 


theology;  his  age  is  pxen  as  89;  his  Gam- 
bridge  standingi  if  it  existed,  is  ignored. 
This  enrolment  entitled  him  to  obtain  half 
a  tan  of  beer  a  month,  and  ten  gallons  of 
wine  a  quarter,  free  of  duty.  He  attended 
lectures  by  Episcopius  and  rolyander. 

Robinson's  controversial  writing  besfan  in 
1600  or  1610,  with  an  *  Answer'  to  a  letter, 
addressed  to  himself  and  John  Smyth,  in 
<  Epistles,'  1608,  ii.  1  et  soq.  by  Joseph  Hall 
[q,  T.]  This  *  Answer'  is  only  known  as  re- 
printed, with  a  reply,  in  Hall's  '  Common 
Apologie  of  the  Cburch  of  England,'  1610. 
It  exhibits  considerable  power  of  lan^age, 
and  is  the  production  of  a  man  of  cultivated 
mind  as  well  as  of  strong  conviction.  He 
afterwards  defended  the  separatist  position 
against  Richard  Bernard  tq.  v.1,  William 
Ames,  and  John  Yates  of  Norwich.  In  the 
Amsterdam  disputes  he  sided  with  Ains- 
worth,  writing  against  the  doctrinesof  Smyth 
and  his  coadjutor,  Thomas  Helwys  fq.  v.], 
and  criticising  the  presb^terian  positions  of 
Johnson  His  'Apologia,'  advocating  the 
congregational  type  of  church  government, 
and  rejecting  the  nicknames  '  Brownist'  and 
'  Barrowist,'  is  a  very  able  and  comprehen- 
sive statement,  written  with  moderation. 

As  early  as  1617  a  project  of  emigration 
to  America  had  been  matured  by  the  leaders 
of  the  Leyden  community.  John  Carver,  a 
deacon,  and  Robert  Cushman,  *  our  right  hand 
with  the  adventurers,'  were  sent  to  London 
to  forward  the  scheme.  They  carried  a  docu- 
ment to  be  presented  to  the  privy  council, 
signed  by  Robinson  and  Brewster,  and  con- 
taining '  seven  articles,'  acknowledging  the 
long's  authoritv  in  all  causes,  and  that  of 
bishops  as  civilly  commissioned  by  him  (Co- 
hnial  Papers,  i.  48).  Cushman  negotiated 
a  loan  with  the  merchant  adventurers  of 
London  for  seven  years,  on  hard  terms,  the 
risk  being  great,  and  the  emigrants  dependent 
on  their  own  labour.  On  12  Nov.  1617  Sir 
Edwin  Sandys,  subsequently  treasurer  and 
governor  of  the  Virginia  Company,  addressed 
a  letter  to  Robinson  and  Brewster  (who  had 
been  a  tenant  of  the  Sandys  family),  ex- 
pressing satisfaction  with  the  *  seven  articles.' 
Robinson  and  Brewster  replied  on  16  Dec. 
Their  letter  explains  that  the  intending 
colonists  are  industrious,  frugal  people,  who 
may  be  trusted  to  stay  and  work.  A  similar 
letter  was  addressed  on  27  Jan.  1617-18  to 
Sir  John  Wolstenholme,  giving  full  par- 
ticulars of  their  ecclesiastical  views,  and  em- 
phasising their  agreement  with  the  French 
reformed  churches,  except  in  some  details. 
A  patent,  imder  the  Virginia  Company's  seal, 
was  obtained  in  September  1619 ;  it  proved 
useless,  as  John  Wincob,  in  whose  name  it 


was  made  out,  did  not  join  the  expedition. 
The  members  of  the  Leyden  community  were 
now  asked  to  volunteer  for  the  enterprise. 
It  was  agreed  that  if  a  majority  of  the  church 
volunteered,  Robinson  their  pastor  should 
accompany  them,  otherwise  Brewst-er  was  to 
be  in  charge  of  the  expedition.  To  Robin- 
son's disappointment  only  a  minority  volun- 
teered. The  Speedwell,  a  vessel  of  60  tons, 
was  bought  in  Holland ;  Carver  and  Cush- 
man went  to  London,  with  Thomas  Weston, 
an  English  merchant,  to  make  final  arrange- 
ments, and  hire  another  vessel  large  enough 
to  carry  the  freight.  All  being  ready,  a  day 
of  humiliation  and  prayer  was  held  at  Leyden 
on  21  July  1620,  Uobinson  preaching  from 
Ezra  viii.  21.  On  22  July  the  Speedwell 
sailed  from  Delft  Haven  to  Southampton, 
where  the  Mayflower  (180  tons)  from  London 
awaited  her.  While  at  Southampton  the 
pilgrims  received  a  letter  of  advice  from 
Robinson,  bidding  them  '  be  not  shaken  with 
unnecessary  novelties.'  To  Carver  he  wrote 
a  further  letter  (27  July),  engaging  to  em- 
brace *  the  first  opportunity  of  hastening  to 
them.'  The  two  vessels  left  Southampton 
on  6  Aug. ;  but  either  the  Speedwell  proved 
unseaworthy,  or,  as  the  emigrants  believed, 
Reynolds,  the  master,  and  some  of  his  convoy 
lost  courage.  They  put  in  to  Barmouth,  and 
again  to  Plymouth,  for  repairs;  at  length 
the  Speedwell  was  sold,  and  the  Mayflower 
alone,  of  which  Thomas  Jones  was  mast-er, 
the  expedition  being  reduced  to  101  pas- 
sengers, set  sail  from  Plvmouth  on  6  Sept. 
She  was  bound  for  the  Hudson  river,  but  at 
the  outset  of  the  voyage  was  weather-bound 
for  some  days  at  Hull ;  *  after  long  beating  at 
sea'  Cape  (Jod  came  in  view ;  further  storms 
frustrated  the  intention  of  proceeding  south- 
ward. Returning  to  Cape  Cod,  the  pilgrims 
landed  at  Plymouth  Rock  on  ]  1  Nov. 

Robinson's  pastoral  care  for  the  oolonista 
is  shown  in  his  letter  (80  June  1621)  'to 
the  church  of  God  at  Plymouth,  New  Eng- 
land.' The  remainder  of  the  Leyden  com- 
munity became  more  willing  to  join  their 
brethren  in  New  England.  Yet  Robinson 
writes  to  Brewster  (20  Dec.  1628)  that  his 
removal  was  '  desired  rather  than  hoped  for.' 
They  could  not  raise  money,  and  the  mer- 
chant adventurers  would  take  no  further 
risk.  Robinson  thought  influential  persons 
wished  to  prevent  his  going  out.  Meantime 
he  refused  to  sanction  the  administration  of 
the  sacraments  by  Brewster,  an  elder,  but 
not  an  ordained  pastor. 

Just  as  his  life  was  closing,  Robinson  pub- 
lished a  volume  of  sixty-two  essays  on  ethical 
an  d  spiritual  topics.  They  show  reading  and 
good  sense,  and  their  style  is  marked  by  ease 


Robinson 


31 


Robinson 


and  simplicity.  He  left  ready  for  publica- 
tion his  last  thoughts  on  the  question  of  sepa- 
ration, bat  bis  fnends  withheld  it  from  the 
press  for  nine  years,  on  the  ground  that 
*8omey  though  not  many'  of  the  Leyden 
church  '-vrere  contrary  minded  to  the  autnor^s 
judgment.'  It  was  at  length  printed  in  order 
to  jtistify  the  action  of  some  senaratists  who 
were  occasional  hearers  of  the  parochial 
dezgy.  The  position  taken  in  this  treatise 
is  veil  deserihied  by  John  Shaw  ^manuscript 
'Adyice  to  his  Son/ 1664, quoted  m  HvTmBB, 
1854,  p.  185),  who  says  that  beamed  and 
nous  Mr.  Robinson ...  so  far  came  back  that 
he  v^froved  of  communion  with  the  church 
of  England,  in  the  hearing  of  the  word  and 
prayer  (though  not  in  sacraments  anddis- 
ciplme),  and  so  occasioned  the  rise  of  such 
as  are  called  semists,  that  is  semiseparatists, 
or  independant^.'  He  had  always  been  in 
fsYOur  of  *  private  communion '  with  *  godly ' 
members  of  the  church  of  England,  herem 
di&ring  from  Ainsworth ;  and  according  to 
John  Paget  {d.  1640)  [q.  v.]  he  had  preached 
the  lawfulness  of  attending  Anglican  services 
aseaily  as  July  1617,  and  nad  tolerated  such 
attendance  on  Brewster^s  part  much  earlier 
(PkQ^r,  Arrow  against  the  Separation^  1618). 
Eobert  Baillie,  D.D.  [q.T.]'  ^  strong  opponent 
of  his  ecclesiastical  principles,  characterises 
him  as  '  tiie  most  learned,  polished,  and 
modest  spiiit  that  ever  that  sect  enjoyed.' 

Bobinaon  fell  ill  on  Saturday,  22  Feb. 
1635,  yet  preached  twice  the  next  day.  The 
plague  was  then  rife  at  Leyden,  but  he  did 
not  take  it.  He  suffered  no  pain,  but  was 
weakened  by  ague.  He  died  on  1  March 
1625  (Dutch  reckoning,  or  present  style ;  in 
the  old  English  reckoning  it  was  19  Feb. 
1624).  No  portrait  or  description  of  his 
person  ezista.  His  autograph  signature  is  on 
the  title-page  of  the  British  Museum  copy 
(C.  ^,  d.  25)  of  John  Doye's  '  Perswasion  to 
the  English  Becusants,'  1608.  On  4  March 
he  was  buried  under  the  pavement  in  the 
aisle  of  St.  Peter's,  Leyden,  in  a  common 
grave^  bought  for  seven  years,  at  a  cost  of 
nine  goilders.  There  is  no  truth  in  WinsloVs 
story  that  his  funeral  waa  attended  by  theuni- 
Tersity  and  the  city  ministers.  He  married 
Bridget  White  (his  second  wife,  if  he  were 
the  John  Eobinson  of  Emmanuel),  who  sur- 
vived him,  and,  with  his  children,  removed 
in  Maroh  162^-30  to  Pljrmouth,  New  Eng- 
land. In  October  1622  his  children,  accord- 
ing to  the  Leyden  census,  were  Isaac,  Mercy, 
Fear,  and  James.  It  is  doubtful  whether  he 
had  a  son  William ;  Abraham  Robinson,  who 
settled  in  New  England,  was  not  his  son, 
though  claimed  as  such.  His  descendants, 
u  traced  by  W.  Allen,  DJ).,  are  given  in 


Ash  ton's  'Life'  (compare  Savaob's  Qeneik- 
logical  Dictionary  of  the  First  Settlers  qf 
New  JEnglandf  1661,  iii.  549  seq.)  After  his 
death  some  members  of  his  church  returned 
to  Amsterdam,and  joined  John  Canne  [q.  v.], 
others  went  to  New  England  (thirty-nve  in 
1629,  sixty  more  in  16d0).  About  1650  his 
house  was  taken  down,  and  replaced  by  a 
row  of  small  buildings ;  on  one  of  these,  in 
1865,  a  marble  slab  was  placed,  with  the 
inscription, '  On  this  spot  hved,  taught,  and 
died  John  Robinson,  1611-1625.'  On  24  July 
1891  was  publicly  dedicated  a  bronze  in- 
scribed tablet,  provided  by  a  subscription 
(suggested  by  Dr.  W.  M.  Dexter,  d.  November 
1890),  executed  in  New  York,  and  placed  on 
the  outer  wall  of  St.  Peter's,  facing  the  site 
of  the  dwelling.  On  29  June  1896  the 
foundation-stone  of  a  '  John  Robinson  Me- 
morial Church '  was  laid  at  Gainsborough  by 
the  Hon.  T.  F.  Bayard,  ambassador  from 
the  United  States,  on  the  assumption  that 
Gainsborough  was  Robinson's  birthplace,  and 
that  he  was  a  member  of  the  'gathered' 
church  at  Scrooby  Manor,  which  is  in  proxi- 
mi^  to  Gainsborough. 

Nothing  thatRobmson  ever  wrote  reaches 
the  level  of  his  alleged  address  to  the  depart- 
ing pilgrims ;  expressing  confidence  that  'the 
Lord  has  more  truth  yet  to  break  forth  out 
of  his  holy  word ;'  bewailing  '  the  condition 
of  the  reformed  churches^  who  are  come  to 
a  period  in  religion,'  the  Lutherans  refusing 
to  advance  '  beyond  what  Luther  saw,  while 
the  Galvinists  stick  fast  where  they  were  left 
bv  that  great  man  of  God,  who  yet  saw  not 
all  things;'  and  exhorting  the  pilgrims  to 
'  study  union'  with '  the  godly  people  of  Eng- 
land,' '  rather  than,  in  the  least  measure,  to 
affect  a  division  or  separation  from  them.' 
Neither  Bradford  nor  Morton  hints  at  this 
address.  It  appears  first  in  the '  Briefe  Narra- 
tion '  appended  to  Edward  Winslow's  *  Hypo- 
crisie  V  nmasked,'  1646,  pp.  97  seq.  Winslow, 
who  is  not  a  first-rate  authority,  brings  it 
forward  as  a  piece  of  evidence  in  disproof 
of  the  intolerance  ascribed  to  the  separatists. 
He  had  been  for  three  years  (1617-20)  a 
member  of  Robinson's  church,  and  afiirms 
that  Robinson  '  used  these  expressions,  or  to 
the  same  purpose;'  he  gives  no  date,  but  it 
was  when  the  pilgrims  were  '  ere  long'  to 
depart ;  his  report  is  mainly  in  the  third  per- 
son. Cotton  Mather,  writmg  in  1702,  turns 
the  whole  into  the  first  person,  and  makes 
it  {Magnaliaj  i.  14)  the  parting  address 
to  the  pilgrims,  changing  ^ere  long'  into 
'quickly.'  Neal  {Hist,  of  New  Eftglandy 
if  20)  follows  Mather,  but  omits  the  closing 
exhortation,  with  its  permission  to  'take 
another  pastor,'  and  treats  the  address  as  the 


Robinson 


33 


Robinson 


peroration  of  the  sermon  preached  on  21  July 
1620.  This  last  point  ne  drops  (Hist  of 
Puritans,  1782),  but  it  is  taken  up  by  Brook 
and  others.  This  famous  address,  recollected 
after  twenty-six  years  or  more,  owes  some- 
thing to  the  reporter's  controversial  needs. 

Robinsonpublished :  1 .  '  An  Answer  to  a 
Censorious  Epistle '  [1610] ;  see  above.  2. '  A 
Ivstification  of  Separation  from  the  Church 
of  England/  &c.  [Leaden],  1610, 4to  [Am- 
sterdanol,  1639,  4to  (m  reply  to  *  The  Sepa- 
ratists ochisme,'  by  Bernard).  Bobinson's 
defence  of  this  tract,  against  the  criticisms 
of  Francis  Johnson,  is  printed  in  Ainsworth's 
*  Animadversion  to  Mr.  Richard  Clyfton,'  &c., 
Amsterdam,  1618,  pn.  Ill  seq.  8. '  Of  Reli- 
flious  Commvnion,  Private  &  Publique,'  &c. 
nLeyden],  1614,  4to  (against  Helwys  and 
Smyth).  The  British  Museum  copy  (4828  b) 
has  the  autograph  of  Bobinson's  orother^in- 
law,  Randall  Thickins,  and  a  few  manuscript 
notes.  4  '  A  Manvmission  to  a  Manvdvc- 
tion,'  &c.  [Leyden],  1615,  4to  (in  reply  to 
'A  Manvdvctionfor  Mr.  Robinson,' &c.,Dort, 
1614,  by  Ames).  5.  *  The  People's  Plea  for 
the  Exercise  of  Prophesie,'  &c.  [Leyden], 
1618, 16mo ;  2nd  edit.  1641,  8vo  (in  reply  to 
Tates).  6.  'Apologia  Ivsta  et  Necessaria 
. .  .  Quorundam  Christianorum . .  .  dictorum 
Brownistarum,  sive  Barrowistarum,'  &c. 
fLeyden],  1619,  16mo.  7.  '  An  Appeal  on 
Truths  Behalfe  (conceminge  some  diiierences 
in  the  Church  at  Amsterdam),'  &c.  [Leyden], 
1624,  8vo.    8.  '  A  Defence  of  the  Doctrine 

Firopovnded  by  the  Synode  of  Dort,'  &c. 
Leyden],  1624,  4to.  9.  <  A  Briefe  Cate- 
chisme  concerning  Church  Qovemment,'  &c., 
Levden,  1624  P  2nd  edit.  1642,  8vo ;  with 
title,  '  An  Appendix  to  Mr.  Perkins  his  Six 
Principles  of  Christian  Religion,'  &c.,  1656, 
8vo.  10.  '  Observations  Divme  and  Morall,' 
&c.  [Levdenl,  1625,  4to;  with  new  title- 
page,  '  New  Essayes,  or  Observations  Divine 
and  Morall,'  &c.  1628, 4to ;  2nd  edit. '  Essays, 
or  Observations  Divine  and  Morall,'  &c.  1638, 
12mo.  11. '  A  Ivst  and  Necessarie  Apologie 
for  certain  Christians  .  .  called  Brownists 
or  Barrowists,'  &c.  [Leyden],  1625, 4to  (see 
No.  6);  1644,  24mo,  with  'An  Appendix 
to  Mr.  Perkins,'  &c.  (See  No.  9).  Posthu- 
mous was :  12.  '  A  Treatise  of  the  Lawful- 
nes  of  Hearing  of  the  Ministers  in  the  Church 
of  England,'  &c.  [Amsterdam],  1684,  8vo; 
partly  reprinted,  with  extracts  from  Philip 
Nye  [q.  t.],  1688,  4to.  His  '  Works'  were 
eited  (1851,  8vo,  3  vols,  with  'Life')  by 
Robert  Ashton  (No.  4  is  not  included,  but 
is  reprinted  in  Mass.  Hist.  Soc.  Coll.  4th  ser. 
vol.  1.) ;  lengthy  extracts  from  most  of  them 
"will  be  found  in  Hanbuxy's  '  Historical  Me- 
moriaU/ 1889|  vol.  L 


[After  Robinson's  own  writings,  the  first 
authority  for  his  Leyden  life  is  William  Brad- 
ford, whose  History  of  Plymouth  Plantation  waa 
first  fully  printed  in  Ckillections  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts Historical  Society,  4th  ser.vol.iii.  1866 ; 
for  the  portion  to  1620,  with  Bradford's  Dianr 
of  Occurrences,  his  Letters,  Winalow's  Jouroal, 
aDd  other  documents,  see  Young's  Chronicles  of 
the  Pilgrim  Fathers,  2Dd  edit  1844.  Secondary 
sources  are  Morton^s  New  England's  Memoriall, 
1669,  Cotton  Mather's  Magnalia,  1702,  and 
Prince's  Chronological  Hist,  of  New  England, 
1736  (the  edition  used  above  is  1862);  cdl  cri« 
ticised  in  George  Sumner's  Memoirs  of  the  Pil* 
p;rims  at  Leyden,  Mass.  Hist  See.  Szd  ser.  vol. 
IX.  1846,  which  gives  results  of  researdi  at 
Leyden.  Hunter's  Collections  concerniDg  the 
Founders  of  New  Plymouth^  1849,  are  corrected 
on  some  points  in  Ashton's  Life  of  Bobinson, 
1861,  and  are  improved  in  Hunter's  Collections 
concerning  the  Church  at  Scrooby,  1864.  Most 
of  Hunter's  conjectures  are  adopted  in  Dexter's 
Congregationalism  of  Three  Hundred  Years, 
1880,  valuable  for  its  bibliography.  Baillie's 
Dissuasive  from  the  Errours  of  the  Time,  1646 ; 
Neal's  Hist,  of  New  England,  1720,  i.  72  seq. ; 
Neal's  Hist,  of  the  Puritans  (Toulmin),  1822, 
ii.  43, 110 ;  Brook's  Lives  of  the  Puritans,  1813, 
ii.  834  seq. ;  Marsden's  Hist,  of  the  Early  Puri- 
tans, 1860,  pp.  296  seq.;  Cooper's  Athenss 
Cantabr.  1861,  ii.  286;  Evans^  Early  English 
Baptists,  1862«  i.  202  seq. ;  Barclay's  Inner  Life 
of  Religious  Societies  of  the  Commonwealth, 
1876,  pp.  63  seq.;  Browne's  Hist,  of  Codrt.  in 
Norfolk  and  Suffolk,  1877,  p.  127  ;  Proceedings 
at  the  Unveiling  of  the  Tablet  in  Lejden,  1891 ; 
Brown's  Pilgrim  Fathers,  1896,  pp.  94  seq. ; 
extracts  &om  register  of  Emmanuel  Coll.  Cam- 
bridge, per  the  master ;  extracts  from  register 
and  order-book  of  Corpus  Christi  Coll.  Cam- 
bridge, per  the  master ;  extracts  from  the  Norwich 
diocesan  registers,  per  the  Bev.  Gt.  S.  Barrett, 
D.D. ;  extracts  from  the  narish  registers  of  Sax- 
lingham  Nethergate  and  Saxlingham  Tborpe, 

Ser  the  Rev.  R.  W.  Pitt;  information  from  the 
ean  of  Lincoln  and  from  the  master  of  Christ's 
Coll.  Cambridge.]  A.  G. 

^  ROBINSON,  JOHN  (1617-1681),  royal- 
ist, son  of  William  Robinson  of  GwersyUt, 
Denbighshire,  and  grandson  of  Nicholas  Ro- 
binson (d,  1586)  [q.v.l,  bishop  of  Bangor,  was 
bom  in  1617,  matriculated  at  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  26  Sept.  1684,  at  the  age  of  seventeen 

§F*08TEB,  Alumni  Osvn.\  and  became  a  stu- 
ent  of  6ra/s  Inn,  28  Dec.  1687  (Fobtsr, 
Gfrav*s  Inn  Register),  He  appears  to  have 
resided  for  some  time  in  Dublin  previous  to 
the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war  in  1642.  He 
exerted  himself  with  great  seal  on  behalf  of 
the  royal  cause  in  North  Wales  and  the  ad- 
joining counties.  Although  only  twenty-six 
years  of  age,  he  held  the  rank  of  lieutenant- 
colonel,  and  was  made  governor  of  Holt  Castle 
m  Denbighshire  in  November  1648.    In  the 


Robinson 


^3 


Robinson 


fbUowing'  year  he  commanded  a  company  at 
the  batw  of  Rowton  Heath  in  Cheshire ;  on 
1  Feb.  1646  he  was  selected  by  the  royalist 
commander,  Liord  Byron,  as  one  of  his  com- 
mifidoners  to  neffotiate  the  surrender  of  Ches- 
ter, and  acted  in  a  similar  capacity  when 
Gblonel  Richard  Bulkeley  surrendered  Beau- 
muis,  14  June  following. 

Qtt  the  triumph  of  the  parliamentary 
cussy  Robinson,  who  was  marked  out  for 
soedil  Tengeance,  fled  from  Qweraryllt  in 
ud  disguise  of  a  labourer,  first  to  tne  Isle 
of  Man,  uid  then  into  France.  His  estates 
wera  confiscated.  His  name  appears  in  the 
bill  for  the  sale  of  delinquents'  estates 
(26  Sept.  1660).  At  the  Restoration  in  1660 
be  lecoTered  his  estates  and  received  other 
maiks  of  roTal  &YOur.  He  was  nominated  a 
knight  of  the  Royal  Oak  for  Anglesea.  He 
vas  colonel  of  the  company  of  foot  militia  or 
tnined  bands  in  Denbighshire,  when  that  re- 
gioment  was  called  out  on  the  apprehension  of 
a  Tidskg  in  July  1666  (CaL  State  Papers). 
HaTiagsucceededSirHeneageFinch  as  mem- 
ber &r  Beaumaris  at  a  by-election  in  July 
1601,  he  retained  his  seat  until  the  dissolu- 
tion of  the  *  pensionary '  parliament  in  January 
1679;  he  ia  said  to  have  been  in  receipt  of  a 
pension  of  400/.  a  year  {*  A  Seasonable  Argu- 
ment for  a  New  Parliament/  1677,  reprinted 
iRCosBBrr'sPiurUamentarySteton/).  Itobin- 
Bon  sneeeeded  Sir  John  Owen  of  Clennennau 
in  the  post  of  vice-admiral  of  North  Wales 
in  16S6,  and  held  the  office  till  his  death  in 
March  1681.  He  was  buried  in  Gresford 
cfanrdL  He  left  two  sons,  John  and  William. 
His  ^Eandaon,  William  Robinson,  M.P.  for 
Denbigh  &om  1706  to  1708,  assumed  the  sur- 
name ai  Liytton  on  inheriting  from  his  cousin 
in  1710  the  estate  of  Knebworth  in  Hertford- 
shire, and  was  ancestor  of  Earl  Lytton. 

[Borke's  Landed  Gentry;  Wood's  Athense,  ed. 
mas;  PhiUipe's  Ciril  War  in  Wales  and  the 
lUrcfaflB;  Buliamentaiy  Returns;  Williams's 
IMiamentaiy  History  of  Wales.]   W.  R.  W. 

BOBIKBON,  JOHN  (1660-1723),  bishop 
of  London,  bom  at  Cleasby,near  Darlington, 
ITorkshire^  on  7  Nov.  1650,  was  second  sur- 
Tiring  son  of  John  Robinson  (d.  1651)  of 
aeasby,  l^  his  wife  Elizabeth  (d,  1688), 
daughter  oi  Christopher  Potter  of  the  same 
narish.  His  father  appears  to  have  been  in  a 
nnmhle  station  of  life ;  his  g^reat-grandfather 
is  described  as  'John  Eomnson  esquire  of 
Crostwick,  Bomaldkirk,  to.  York.'  His  elder 
brother,  Cliristopher  (1645-1603),  emigrated 
to  Vixginia  about  1670,  settled  on  the  Kapa- 
hannock  river,  became  secretary  to  the  colony 
and  one  of  the  trustees  of  the  William  and 
Hazy  Coll^fe ;  he  was  father  of  John  Robin- 
ton  (d.  1749),  president  of  Virginia,  and 


grandfather  of  Sir  Frederick  Philipse  Robin- 
son [q.  v.] 

The  future  bishop  was,  according  to 
Heame  {lieliqut€B,  ii.  134),  apprenticed  to  a 
trade,  but  his  master,  finding  nim  addicted 
to  book  learning,  sent  him  to  Oxford ;  he  ac- 
cordingly matriculated  from  Brasenose  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  as  a  pensioner  on  24  March 
1670,  graduated  B  A.  1673,  and  M.A.  1684, 
and  was  fellow  of  Oriel  College  from  1676 
(elected  18  Dec.)  to  1686.  The  college  in 
1677  gave  him  leaye  to  go  abroad,  which  was 
renewed  in  1678  and  1680.  He  was  made 
D.D.  by  Tenison  at  Lambeth,  22  Sept.  1696 
{Oent.  Mag.  1864,  i.  636),  and  at  Oxford 
by  diploma  7  Aug.  1710. 

Abo  at  1680,  possibly  through  the  influence 
of  Sir  James  Astrey,  whose  servitor  he  had 
been  at  3rasenose,  Kobinson  became  chap- 
lain to  the  English  embassy  at  the  court  of 
Sweden.  He  remained  abroad  till  1709,  and 
was  regarded  by  successive  governments  as 
an  industrious  and  capable  political  agent. 
During  the  absence  of  the  envoy,  Philip,  only 
son  of  Sir  Philip  Warwick  [q.  v.],  he  filled 
the  posts  first  of  resident  and  then  of  envoy 
extraordinary  at  the  Swedish  court  (cf. 
WooD,2>iy(?a7M2  Times^  ii.  462, 469).  In  Octo- 
ber 1686  he  resifi|ned  his  fellowship  at  Oriel 
and  gave  the  college  a  piece  of  plate,  in  the 
inscription  upon  which  he  is  aescribed  as 
'  RegiSB  majestatis  apud  regem  SuecisB  min- 
ister ordinarius.'  In  1692  he  confirmed 
Charles  XI  in  the  English  alliance  and  helped 
to  defeat  the  French  project  of  a  ninth  elec- 
torate. In  1697,  in  token  of  his  approbation, 
William  III  granted  him  the  oenefice  of 
Lastingham  in  Yorkshire,  which  he  held 
until  1709,  and  the  third  prebend  at  Canter- 
bury. As  with  English  cuplomatists  of  the 
period,  his  allowances  were  habitually  in  ' 
arrears,  and  his  complaints  to  the  treasury 
were  numerous.  In  January  1700  he  was  in- 
strumental in  obtaining  the  renewal  of  the 
treaty  of  the  Hague.  Shortly  afterwards  he 
accompanied  Charles  XII,  with  whom  he 
was  in  high  favour,  on  his  chivalrous  journey 
to  Narva ;  he  also  effected  the  junction  of 
the  fleets  of  England,  Holland,  and  Sweden 
in  the  Sound,  and  the  consequent  recognition 
of  free  navigation  in  the  North  Sea.  From 
1702  to  1707,  while  still  accredited  to  Sweden 
(where  in  1708  he  was  formally  nominated 
commissary  during  absence),  he  was  also  ac- 
credited to  Augustus  of  Poland,  and  spent  his 
time  in  Poland  or  Saxonv.  In  1707  he  resumed 
attendance  on  Charles  xn  at  Altranstadt.  By 
favour  of,  and  as  a  compliment  to,  the  Swedish 
monarch,  he  assumed  as  his  motto  the  'Runic' 
or  Norse,  *Madr  er  moldur  auki'  ('As  for 
man,  his  days  are  grass ').     He  commemo- 


Robinson 


24 


Robinson 


rated  his  connection  with  Sweden  more 
effectually  in  his  '  Account  of  Sueden :  to- 
gether with  an  extract  of  the  History  of  that 
kingdom.  By  a  person  of  note  who  resided 
many  years  there  (London,  1695,  a  shilling 
book  in  small  octavo;  French  translation, 
Amsterdam,  1712;  3rd  ed.  London,  1717, 
subsequently  bound  up  with  Molesworth's 
'Denmark,'  1738^.  The  little  work  was 
stored  with  useful  information  set  forth  in  a 
style  not  unlike  that  of  a  modem  consular 
report.  Marlborough  wrote  of  Robinson's  ex- 
cellent influence  at  the  Swedish  court  in 
1704,  and  in  1707  thought  of  employing  him 
to  appease  the  Swedish  kin^,  who  cherished 
grievances  against  the  allies.  Ultimately 
(April-May  1707)  Marlborough  decided  to 
conduct  the  negotiations  himself,  but  Robin- 
eon  acted  throughout  as  interpreter,  and  was 
utilised  to  administer  the  usual  bribes  to  the 
Swedish  ministers.  *  I  am  persuaded,'  wrote 
Marlborough  to  Sunderland,  *  that  these  gen- 
tlemen would  be  very  uneasy  should  it  pass 
through  any  other  hands.'  In  the  autumn  of 
1707  ne  was  sent  to  Hamburg  to  aid  the 
Imperial  Commission  appointed  to  settle  the 
dispute  between  Hamburg  and  the  Circle  of 
Lower  Saxony;  his  correspondence  (Jan. 
170&-Sept.  1709)  with  Lord  Raby  is  in  the 
British  Museum  (Addit  MS,  22198). 

In  July  1709  Robinson  refused  an  offer  of 
the  bishopric  of  Chichester.  A  few  months 
later  he  returned  to  England,  and  was,  on  21 
Nov.  1709,  granted  the  deanery  of  Windsor, 
together  with  the  deanery  of  Wolverhamp- 
ton and  the  registry  of  the  knights  of  the 
Garter  (HarL  MS,  2264,  f.  37).  He  was  not 
superseded  in  his  post  as  Swedish  minister 
until  tlie  following  summer,  when  hie  secre- 
tary, Robert  Jackson,  was  appointed.  On 
19  Nov.  1710  Robinson  was  consecrated 
bishop  of  Bristol.  The  queen,  as  a  special 
favour,  granted  him  lodgings  in  Somerset 
House  wnere,  on  Easter  day,  1711,  he  recon- 
secrated with  Anglican  rites,  the  Roman 
catholic  chapel,  which  had  long  been  an 
offence  to  the  liondon  populace.  This  cir- 
cumstance rendered  him  popular;  at  the 
same  tims  his  pleasing  address  and  wide 
fund  of  general  information  rendered  him  so 
ffreat  a  favourite  with  Harley  that,  if  the 
btter's  influence  had  remained  supreme, 
there  is  little  doubt  that  Robinson  woula 
have  succeeded  Tenison  as  primate.  In  the 
meantime  he  was  appointea  governor  of  the 
Charterhouse,  dean  of  the  (3napel  Royal,  a 
commissioner  for  the  building  of  fift^  new 
ohurohes  in  London,  and  later  for  finishing 
St.  Paul's  Cathedral ;  he  was  also  allowed 
to  hold  the  deanery  of  Windsor  in  commenr 
dam  with  his  bishopric.    On  29  Aug.  1711 


Swift  went  to  a  reception  at  York  Buildings, 
where  Harley,  with  great  emphasis,  proposed 
the  health  of  the  lord  privy  sesl.  j?rior 
thereupon  remarked  that  the  seal  was  so 
privy  tnat  no  one  knew  who  he  was.  On 
the  following  day  the  appointment  of  Robin- 
son was  announced. 

The  choice  was  popularly  regarded  as  a  con- 
cession to  the  moderate  party  in  the  church 
(BoTEB,  Queen  Anne^  17&,  p.  515 ;  preamble 
to  patent,  Brit.  Mus.  811 K  54).  But  it  was 
really  intended  to  preface  the  bishop's  nomi- 
nation as  the  first  Englidi  plenipotentiary  at 
the  peace  conference  to  be  held  in  uie  following 
year  at  Utrecht.  The  chief  di  iHculties  to  the 
peace  had  already  been  removed  by  the  secret 
operations  conducted  by  Harley  and  Mesnager 
tnrough  Prior  and  the  Abb6  Gaultier.  The 
ministers  now  wanted  a  dignified  exponent  of 
English  views  to  represent  them  at  the  con- 
gress, and  in  the  absence  of  any  tory  peer  of 
adequate  talent  and  energy,  after  the  unex- 
pected deaths  of  Newcastle  and  Jersey,  Harley 
fell  bade  on  the  bishop,  who  possessed  genuine 
qualifications.  The  worst  that  was  said  of 
tne  selection  was  that  the  appointment  of  an 
ecclesiastic  to  high  diplomatic  office  smacked 
of  medieval  practice.  Tickell  warmly  com- 
mended in  verse  the  queen's  choice  of  *  mitred 
Bristol.'  Strafford  accepted  the  office  of  se- 
cond plenipotentiary.  The  bishop  was  the 
first  to  arrive  at  Utrecht  on  16  Jan.  1712 
(fifteen  days  after  the  date  appointed  for  the 
commencement  of  the  negotiations),  and  he 
opened  the  conference  on  29  Jan.,  appearing 
in  a  black  velvet  gown,  with  gold  loops  and 
a  train  borne  by  two  sumptuously  duressed 
pages.  Despite  rumours  which  were  spread  in 
London  to  the  contrary,  the  two  English 
diplomatists  worked  well  together.  After 
the  fiasco  of  the  allies  before  Denain  in  Mav, 
there  devolved  upon  the  bishop  the  awk- 
ward task  of  explaining  why  Ormonde  had 
been  directed  to  co-operate  no  longer  with 
the  allied  forces.  From  this  time  the  Engp- 
lish  envoys  detached  themselves  with  cou- 
siderable  adroitness  from  the  impracticable 
demands  of  the  emperor.  A  suspension  of 
arms  was  proposed  by  Bobinson  on  27  June. 
During  the  absences  of  Strafford  at  The 
Hague  and  in  Paris,  the  Anglo-French 
understanding  was  furthered  by  meetings  at 
Robinson's  house  in  Utrecht,  and  on 
11  April  1718  he  was  the  first  to  sign  the 
definitive  treaty,  by  the  chief  terms  of 
which  England  secured  Newfoundland, 
Acadia,  Hudson's  Bay,  Gibraltar,  and 
Minorca,  together  with  a  guarantee  against 
the  union  or  the  French  and  Spanish  crowns, 
the  recognition  of  the  protestant  succession, 
and  the  Assiento  contract  (cf.  Leckt,  HiaU 


Robinson 


25 


Robinson 


Qf  Inland  dttring  the  Eighteenth  Century, 
Tol.  L  and  art.  Moobb,  Arthub). 

Shortlj  after  his  return  ^8  Aug.  1713) 

Kobinaon  'w^as  nominated  to  tne  see  of  Lon- 

don,  in    succession  to  Compton,  and   his 

election  was  confirmed  on  18  March  1714. 

He  gare  a  strong  support  to  the  schism  bill ; 

hat  upon  the  estrangement  of  Ilarley,  now 

earlofOxfordy  and  Bolingbroke,  he  adhered 

to  the  former,  and  eyinced  his  loyalty  to  the 

pn)testant  succession  by  voting  agamst  the 

coot  on  13  April  1714 ;  he  met  his  reward 

wiien,  in  September  1714,  he  was  put  upon 

the  pnTj  council  of  George  I.    Me  never- 

tbel^  opposed  some  phrases  in  the  king*s 

speedi  as  injurious  to  the  memory  of  Queen 

Amie,  at  whoee  deathbed  he  was  a  con- 

ipicaouB  figure  (^aaxsEJUhirD^Queene of  Eng- 

hmdy    In  December  1714  he  ofilered,  in  his 

capacity  as  dean  of  the  Chapel  Royal^  to  wait 

upon  the  princess  (afterwards  Queen  Garo- 

Inie),  in   order    to  satisfjr  any  doubts   or 

■cnipleB  she  might  entertain  in  regard  to  the 

Aa^ican  mode  in  religion  {Diary  of  Lady 

Cawper^'p.  ^l}y  the  princess  was  much  piqued 

by  this  ofiicioumess.    In  the  following  year, 

wiieo  StrafiTord  was  impeached  for  his  share 

in  the  trea^  of  Utrecht,  it  was  said  in  the 

hoase  l^t  it  appeared  as  if  Robinson  '  were 

to  have  benefit  of  clergy.'    The  bishop  am- 

bignoosly  explained  to  the  upper  house  that 

he  had  beoi  kept  greatly  in  the  dark  as  to 

the  precise  course  of  the  negotiations.    He 

had  the  fortitude  to  protest  against  the  abuse 

of  the  whig  majority  by  opjwsing  Harley's 

impeachment  and  the  septennial  act  of  1716. 

His  last  appearance  in  the  House  of  Lords 

was  as  a  supporter  of  the  justly  contemned 

'BiJl  for  the  sumiression  of  blasphemy  and 

proianeDess'  (2  May  1721). 

Bobinsont  who  is  commended  by  Charles 
Wheatley  for  haying  made '  a  j  ust  and  elegant 
tianalation  of  the  £n«^lish  Ltui]^  into  Ger- 
man,' assisted  Archbishop  Sharp  m  his  efforts 
to  restore  episcopacy  in  Prussia,  and,  on  ac- 
count of  his  strenuous  opposition  to  Whiston 
and  dacke,  Waterland  spoke  warmly  of  his 
'  truly  pimitiTe  zeal  against  the  adversaries 
of  oar  common  faith ;'  but,  though  good-hu- 
moured, charitable,  and  conscientious  in  the 
discharge  of  episcopal  duties,  Robinson  was 
not  conspicuously  successful  either  as  a  bishop 
or  theological  controTersialist.  In  1719  he 
issued  an  admonitory  letter  to  his  cler^  on 
the  iimovations  upon  the  doxology  mtro- 
dnced  by  Clarke  and  Whiston.  The  latter 
r^oined  in  a  scathing  'Letter  of  Thanks.' 
An  ally  of  Robinson's  made  an  unconvincing 
reply,  which  Whiston  in  another  letter  sub- 
jected to  fother  ridicule.  Other  whigs  and 
i'lJafimtcTg  commented  no  less  forcibly  upon 


the  bishop's  shortcomings.  Galamy  obser^'es 
that  his  displays  of '  ignorance  and  hebetude 
nnd  incompetency'  as  bishop  of  London  dis^ 
gusted  his  mends,  who '  wished  him  anywhere 
out  of  siriit' (Oalamt,  Oton  Life,  1829,  ii. 
270-1).  %ut  Robinson  was  eminently  liberal 
in  his  benefactions.  He  built  and  endowed 
airee  school  and  rebuilt  the  church  and  par- 
sonage at  his  native  place  of  deasby,  where 
he  more  than  once  visited  his  father's  cot- 
tage. To  Oriel  College  he  gave,  in  1719,  the 
sum  of  760/.  for  the  erection  of  a  block  of 
buildings  in  the  college  garden,  now  the 
back  quadrangle,  on  which  there  is  an  in- 
scription recording  the  gift  and  ascribing  it 
to  the  suggestion  of  the  bishop's  first  wife, 
Mary ;  at  the  same  time  he  devoted  2,600^. 
to  the  support  of  three  exhibitioners  at  Oriel ; 
he  presented  an  advowson  to  Balliol  Col- 
lege, of  which  society  he  was  visitor ;  he  also 
greatly  improved  the  property  of  the  see  at 
Fulham. 

Robinson  died  at  Hampstead  on  11  April 
1723  (Hist.  Hey,  Chron.  Diary,  p.  18),  and 
was  privately  buried  in  the  churchyard  at 
Fulham  on  19  April  (the  long  Latin  epitaph  is 
pointed  in  Ltsgnb's  Environs  and  in  Faulk- 
siSBi"^  Fulham ;  cf.  Le  Neve,  Fasti  Eccl  Angl. 
ii.  304-6^.  He  married,  first,  Maiy,  daugh- 
ter of  WiUiam  Langton,  a  nephew  of  Abra- 
ham Langton  of  The  How,  Lancashire ;  and, 
secondly,  Emma,  widow  of  Thomas,  son  of 
Sir  Francis  Comwailis  of  Abermarlais,  Wales, 
and  daughter  of  Sir  Job  Charlton,  hart. ;  she 
was  buried  at  Fulham  on  26  Jan.  1748.  The 
bishop,  who  left  no  children,  bequeathed  his 
manor  of  Hewick-upon  Bridge,  near  Ripon, 
to  a  son  of  his  brother  Christopher  in  Virginia. 

Besides  his  '  Account  of  Sweden,'  Robin- 
son only  published  two  sermons  and  a  few 
admonitions  and  charges  to  the  cler^  of 
his  diocese.  In  1741  Richard  Rawlmson 
'rescued  from  the  grocers  and  chandlers'  a 
parcel  of  Robinson's  letters  and  papers  relat- 
ing to  the  treaty,  which  had  been  in  the 
possession  of  the  bishopis  private  secretary, 
Anthony  Gibbon  (Letter  of  24  June,  Ballard 
MS.  ii.  69).  Portions  of  his  diplomatic  cor- 
respondence are  preserved  among  the  Straf- 
ford papers  at  the  British  Museum  (Addit. 
MSS.  22206>7).  In  person  the  bishop  was 
described  by  Mackay  as  *  a  little  brown  man 
of  grave  and  venerable  appearance,  in  deport- 
ment, and  everything  else,  a  Swede,  of  good 
sense,  and  very  careful  in  his  business.' 

An  anonymous  portrait,  painted  while  he 
was  in  Sweden,  is  preserved  at  Fulham 
Palace  (Ca^.  of  Nat  Portraits  at  South  Ken- 
sijigton,  1867,  No.  1 70).  It  has  been  engraved 
by  Vertue,  Picart,  Vandergucht,  and  others, 
and  for  the  '  Oxford  Almanac '  of  1742.     A 


Robinson 


26 


Robinson 


copy  of  the  Fulham  portrait  was  presented 
to  the  college  in  1852  by  Provost  Edward 
Hawkins  [q.  v.]  The  bishop's  widow  pre- 
sented to  Oriel  College  a  portrait  of  Queen 
Anne,  which  the  latter  had  expressly  ordered 
to  be  painted  by  Dahl  in  1713  for  presenta- 
tion to  Kobinson. 

[Foster's  Alumni  Oxon.  1500-1714 ;  Foster's 
PeecBge,  1882;  Burnet's  Own  Time,  1823,  ii. 
636,  680,  607,  608,  630;  Beyer's  Annals  of 
Queen  Anne,  1786,  pp.  243,  298,  476|  616,  623, 
632,  667,  664,669,  683,614,  618,  649,  668,  682, 
706,  713;  Tindal's  Contin.  of  Bapin,  1746,  ir. 
222,  247,  260,  276,  809-10,  407,  429,  680; 
Calendars  of  Treasury  Papers,  toIs.  iii.  and  iy. 
passim;  Nichols's  Lit.  Anecd.  i.  600,  iv.  281,  t. 
496,  viii.  4,  ix.  86 ;  Noble's  Contin.  of  Granger, 
ii.  79 ;  Lrsons's  Environs  of  London,  ii.  886-6 ; 
Elulkner^i  Hist.  Account  of  Fulham,  1813,  p.  1 17 ; 
Oent.Ma^.  1802,  i.  129-80 ;  NoUsand  Queries, 
2nd  ser.  u.  424,  4th  ser.  i.  436,  6th  ser.  iii.  187, 
▼.  249,  886,  476,  vi.  437,  646;  EembWs  State 
Papers  and  Correspondence,  1867,  pp*  90, 134, 
219,  480 ;  Zouch's  Works,  ii.  406 ;  Whiston's 
Memoir  of  Clarke,  p.  99  ;  Calamy's  Account,  ii. 
289, 270 ;  Hearne's  Collections,  ed.  Doble,iii.  37, 
71,  81,  218,  364,  and  Beliquise  Hearnians,!!. 
133-4;  Anderson's  Colonial  Church,  iii.  49; 
Lady  Cowp^^r's  Diary,  p.  41 ;  Addison's  Works 
(Bohn),v.246,890;  Stoughton's  English  Church 
under  Anne.  i.  76,  124 ;  Milman's  AnnaU  of  St. 
Paul's,  p.  466  ;  Abbey's  English  Bishops  in  the 
Eighteenth  Centuxy;  Macray's  Annals  of  the 
Bodleian  Library,  p.  176;  Went'worth  Papers, 
passim;  Hyde  Corresp.  ed.  Singer,  i.  179;  Marl- 
borough's Letters  and  Despatches,  ed.  Murray, 
Tols.  i.  iii.  and  ir.  passim ;  Coxe's  Memoirs  of 
Marlborough,  1848,  t>p.  37-68;  Swift's  Works, 
ed.  Sootty  passim ;  Macknight's  Life  of  Boling- 
broke,  jMssim;  Stanhope's  Hist,  of  England; 
Wyon's  JSngland  under  Queen  Anne ;  Journal  de 
P.  de  Courcillon,  Marquis  de  Dangeau,  t.  xiii. 
and  xiv. ;  Dumont's  Lettres  Historiques;  Casimir 
Freschot's  Hist,  du  Congr^  et  de  la  Paix  d'Utrecht, 
1716 ;  Legrelle's  Succession  d'Espagne, It.  passim, 
esp.  chap.  yiii. ;  Ottokar  Weber^s  Friede  yon 
Utrecht,  Gotha,  1891 ;  Geijer  und  Carlson's  Qe- 
Bchichte  Sohwedens,  iv.  168;  Luttrell's  Brief 
Belation,  ir.  126,  t.  282-8,  321,  vi.  paasim; 
Watt's  Bibl.  Brit.;  Brit.Mus.  Cat. ;  notes  kindly 
supplied  by  Charles  L.  Shadwell,  esq.,  fellow  of 
Onel,  Vniliam  Shand,  esq.,  of  Newcastle,  and 
the  Ber.  Edirard  fiussey  AdamsoUi  of  Gkites- 
head.]  T.  S. 

ROBINSON,  JOHN  (1716-1746),  por- 
trait-painter, was  bom  at  Bath  in  1716.  He 
studied  under  John  Vanderbank  [^.  v.^,  and 
attained  some  success  as  a  portrait-painter. 
Having  married  a  wife  with  a  fortune,  he, 
on  the  death  of  Charles  Jervas  [q.  t.],  pur^ 
chased  that  painter's  house  in  Cleveland 
Court.  He  thus  inherited  a  fashionable 
practice;  but  he  had  not  skill  enough  to 


keep  it  up.  He  dressed  many  of  his  sitters 
in  the  costume  of  portraits  by  Vandyck. 
Robinson  died  in  1746,  before  completing 
his  thirtieth  year.  A  portrait  of  Lady  Char- 
lotte Finch  by  Robinson  was  enmved  in 
mezzotint  by  John  Faber,  jun.,  and  the  title 
of  the  print  subsequently  altered  to  'The 
Amorous  fieauty.' 

[Redgrave's  Diet,  of  Artists ;  Walpole's  Anec- 
dotes of  Painting;  Chaloner  Smith's  British 
Mezzotinto  Portraits.]  L.  C. 

ROBINSON,  JOHN  (1682-1763),  orga- 
nist,  bom  in  1682,  was  in  1700  a  <^ild  of 
the  chapel  royal  under  Dr.  Blow.  In  1710 
he  was  appointed  orffanist  to  St.  Lawrence 
Jewry ;  in  1716  to  St.  Maffnus,  London  Bridge 
(Btthpus).  He  enjoyed  popularity  both  as 
a  performer  on  the  organ  and  as  professor  of 
the  harpsichord,  while  as  a  composer  there  is 
extant  by  him  the  doable  chant  in  £  flat  at 
the  end  of  vol.  i.  of  Boyce's' Cathedral  Music' 
On  20  Sept.  1727  Rooinson  succeeded  as  or- 
ganist of  Westminster  Abbey  Dr.  William 
Croft  [q.  T.],  whose  assistant  he  had  been  for 
many  vears.  Benjamin  Cooke  in  1746  be- 
came ttobinson's  assistant.  Robinson  died 
on  80  April  1762,  aged  80,  and  was  buried 
on  13  May  in  the  same  grave  with  Croft.  A 
portrait  by  T.' Johnson,  engraved  by  Vertue, 
shows  Robinson  seated  at  a  harpsichord. 

Robinson  married,  on  6  Sept.  1716,  Ann, 
daughter  of  Dr.  William  Turner  (1661-1740) 
fq.  v.]  She  was  a  vocalist,  and  appeared  as 
Mrs.  Turner  Robinson  in  1720  a«  Echo  in 
Scarlatti's  '  Nardssus.'  On  6  Jan.  1741  she 
died,  and  on  the  8th  was  buried  in  the  west 
doister  of  Westminster  Abbey.  Several 
daughters  died  young ;  one  became  a  singer, 
often  heard  in  Handel's  oratorios.  Robii^n 
married  a  second  wife,  who  survived  him,  and 
had  by  her  a  son,  John  Daniel. 

[Hawkins's  History  of  Music»  p.  827 ;  Bumpus's 
Oiganists;  Grove's  Diet.  iii.  139;  Notes  and 
Queries,  3rd  ser.  x.  181;  Boyce*s  Cathedral 
Harmony,  i.  2,  iii.  18 ;  Chambttrlayne's  Anglise 
Nodtia;  Ohester^s  Westminster  Abbey  Keg. 
pp.  48,  808,  813,  867,  400 ;  P.  0.  C.  Admini- 
stration Aeto,  June  1762.1  L  M.  M. 

BOBmSON*,  JOHN  (1727-1802),  poU- 
tician,  bom  on  15  July  1727,  and  baptised  at 
St.  Lawrence,  Appleby,  Westmoreland,  on 
14  Aug.  1727,  was  the  eldest  son  of  Charles 
Robinson,  a  thriving  Applebj  tradesman, 
who  died  on  19  June  1780,  m  his  fifly-eighth 
year  (Bellabis,  (Murch  Notes,  p.  23),  having* 
married,  at  Eirkby  There  on  19  May  1726, 
Hannah,  daughter  of  Richard  Deane  of  Ap- 
pleby. John  was  educated  until  the  age  of 
seventeen  at  Applebv  grammar  school,  and 
was  then  artideoT  to  his  aunt's  husband,  Ri- 


Robinson 


27 


Robinson 


diaid  Wordsworth,  of  Sockbridge  in  Barton, 
Westmoreland,  derk  of  the  peace  for  the 
eonntyy  and  grandfather  of  the  poet  Words- 
worth.  Wlien  he  was  admitted  as  attorney 
he  practiaed  in  his  native  town,  and  became 
town  deik  on  1  Oct.  1760;  he  was  mayor  in 
1760-1.  On  2  Feb.  1759  he  was  entered  as 
a  student  of  Gray's  Inn  (Fostbb,  Chraffs  Inn 
12(^.0.382). 

Is  1769  Robinaon  married  Mary  Crowe,  said 
to  bave  been  daughter  of  Nathaniel  Crowe,  a 
wealthy  merchant  and  planter  in  Barbados, 
obtaining -with  her  an  ample  fortune.  He 
abo  inherited  from  his  grandfather,  John  Bo- 
lanson,  alderman  of  Appleby  1703-46,  much 
property  in  the  county,  and  eighteen  bunfa^e 
tenures^  carrying  votes  for  the  borough,  m 
Appleby.  On  the  accession  of  Sir  James 
Lowther,  afterwards  Earl  of  Lonsdale,  to  the 
yast  estates  of  that  &mily,  the  abilities  of 
Eobinson,  *a  steady,  sober-minded,  indus- 
trious, clever  man  of  business,'  and  a  man 
*■  whose  will  was  in  constant  subjection  to 
hk  xmderstanding,'  soon  attracted  his  notice. 
He  became  his  principal  law  agent  and  land 
^ewiid,  w^as  created  a  magistrate  and  de- 
paty4ientenant  of  Westmoreland  in  1762, 
and  throoff h  the  influence  of  Lowther,  who 
is  said  to  have  qualified  him,  as  was  not  un- 
eommonly  done  at  that  date,  for  election,  was 
returned  as  member  for  the  county  on  6  Jan. 
1761,  and  continued  to  represent  it  until  the 
dissolution  in  September  1774. 

In  1766  Robinson  rebuilt  the  White 
House,  Appleby,  which  was  described  as  '  a 
laise  oblong-square,  whitewashed  mansion,' 
and  lived  there  in  much  splendour.  He  en- 
tertained in  it  Lord  North,  when  prime 
minister.  Lowthei's  politics  were  tory,  but 
be  diffiefed  from  North  on  the  American  war, 
and  xealously  co-operated  with  the  whigs. 
He  expected  his  nominees  to  follow  him  on 
all  questions,  but  Robinson,  who  had  been 
created  secretary  of  the  treasury  by  Lord 
North  on  6  Feb.  1770,  declined,  and  a  fierce 
quarrel  ensued.  Lowther  sent  a  challenge  to 
a  duel,  bttt  the  hostile  meeting  was  refused. 
Bcliiiison  at  once  resigned  the  post  of  law 
agent  to  tlie  Lowther  estates,  and  was  suc- 
ceeded in  it  by  his  first  cousin,  John  Words- 
worth, the  poet's  father. 

Bolnnson  held  thesecretamhipof  thetrea^ 
smy  until  1783.  Through  his  quarrel  with 
Lowther  it  was  necessary  for  nim  to  find 
another  seat,  and  he  found  refuge  in  the  safe 
government  borough  of  Harwich,  which  he  re- 
pft^ented  60m  October  1774  until  his  death. 
UL 1780  he  was  also  returned  for  Seaford  in 
Smsex,  but  preferred  his  old  constituency. 
While  in  ofl&  he  was  the  chief  ministerial 
agent  in  earryingonthebusinessofparliament, 


and  he  was  the  medium  of  communication 
between  the  ministry  and  its  supporters.  The 
whig  satires  of  the  c[ay,such  as  toe  '  RoUiad ' 
and  the  '  Pjrobationary  Odes,'  re^larly  in- 
veighed against  him,  and  Junius  did  not  spare 
him.  Those  whom  he  seduced  from  the  opposi- 
tion were  known  as  '  Robinson's  rats,'  and 
Sheridan,  when  attacking  bribery  and  its 
authors,  retorted,  in  reference  to  shouts  of 
'  name,  name,'  by  looking  fixedl^r  at  Robinson 
on  the  treasury  bench,  and  exdaiming, '  Tes,  1 
could  name  him  as  soon  as  I  could  say  Jack  Ro- 
binson.' He  brought,  on  8  July  177/  an  action 
against  Henry  Sampson  Woodiall,  printer  of 
the '  Public  Advertiser,'  for  Ubel,  in  accusing 
him  of  sharing  in  government  contracts,  and 
obtained  a  verdict  of  forty  shillings  and  costs 
{Annual  Beg.  xx.  101).  The  means  of  cor- 
ruption which  he  was  forced  to  employ  were 
distasteful  to  him,  and  his  own  hands  were 
clean.  He  declined  acting  with  North  on 
his  coalition  with  Fox.  On  his  retirement 
from  the  post  of  secretary  of  the  treasury,  he 
came  into  the  enjoyment  of  a  pension  of 
1,000/.  a  year  {Hansard,  xxii.  1846>68).  His 
correspondence  and  official  papers,  including 
many  communications  from  George  IH,  are 
in  the  possession  of  the  Marquis  of  Aberga- 
venny at  Eridge  Castle.  The  substance  of 
part  of  them  is  described  in  the  10th  Report 
of  the  Historical  Manuscripts  Commission 
(App.  pt.  vi.)  Excerpts  from  the  whole  col- 
lections are  beinr  edited  by  Mr.  B.  F.  Stevens 
for  the  Royal  mstorical  Society. 

After  their  quarrel  Robinson  offered  his 
estates  in  Westmoreland  and  the  burgage 
tenures  in  Appleby  to  Lowther,  and,  on  ms 
declining  to  purchase,  sold  nearly  the  whole 
property  for  29,000/.  to  Lord  Thanet,  who 
thus  acquired  an  equal  interest  in  the  repre- 
sentation. About  1778  he  purchased  Wyke 
Manor  at  Syon  Hill,  Isleworth,  between 
Brentford  and  Osterley  Park,  where  he 
'modernised  and  improved '  the  house.  He 
was  created  a  D.C.L.  of  Oxford  on  9  July  1773, 
when  Lord  North,  as  chancellor,  visited  the 
university;  he  declined  a  peerage  in  1784, 
but  in  December  1787  Pitt  appointed  him 
surveyor-general  of  woods  and  forests.  He 
planted  at  Windsor  millions  of  acorns  and 
twenty  thousand  oak  trees,  and  both  as  poli- 
tician and  agriculturist  was  a  great  favourite 
of  George  III.  In  1794  he  printed  a  letter  to 
Sir  John  Sinclair,  chairman  of  the  board  of 
agriculture,  on  the  enclosure  of  wastes,  which 
was  circulated  by  that  board  {Kenyon  M88, ; 
Hist  MS8.  Comm,  14th  Rep.  App.  pt.  iv. 

f.  541).  Robinson  had  a  paralytic  stroke  in 
782,  and  he  died  of  apoplexy,  the  fate  he 
always  dreaded,  at  Harwich,  on  23  Dec.  1802, 
and  was  buried  at  Isleworth  on  2  Jan.  1803, 


Robinson 


28 


Robinson 


His  wife  died  atWyke  House  on  8  June  1805, 
aged  71,  and  was  buried  at  Isle  worth  on 
5  June.  Their  only  child,  'pretty  Mary  Ro- 
binson/was  baptised  at  St.  Lawrence  Church, 
Appleby,  on  24  March  1769,  and  married, 
at  Isleworth  on  3  Oct.  1781,  the  Hon.  Henry 
Neville,  afterwards  second  Earl  of  Aberga- 
yenny.  She  died  of  consumption  at  HotweUs, 
Bristol,  on  26  Oct.  1796,  and  was  buried  in 
Isleworth  churchyard,  where  a  moniunent 
was  erected  to  her  memory.  Her  home  was 
at  Wyke  House,  and  all  ner  children  were 
bom  there. 

By  his  will  Robinson  left  legacies  to 
Captain  John  Wordsworth  and  Richard 
Wordsworth  of  Staple  Inn,  London.  The 
enormous  wealth  wmch  it  was  currently  re- 
ported that  Robinson  had  amassed  had  no 
existence  in  fact.  His  means  were  compara- 
tively small.  There  was  no  fixed  salary  in 
the  surveyorship,  and  Robinson  was  autho- 
rised by  Pitt  to  take  what  he  thought  fitting. 
After  his  death  his  accounts  were  called  for, 
and  it  was  some  time  before  they  were  passed, 
and  the  embargo  placed  by  the  crown  on  the 
transfer  of  his  Isleworth  property  to  Lord 
Jersey  removed.  Robinson  was  a  liberal  bene- 
factor to  Isleworth,  Appleby,  and  Harwich, 
leaving  books  to  the  grammar  schools  in  the 
last  two  towns,  and  building  at  Appleby  *  two 
handsome  crosses  or  obelisks  one  at  each  end ' 
of  the  high  street  (Lindsbt,  Harwich,  100). 

His  portrait  (he  is  described,  but  not  quite 
accurately,  as  *  a  little  thickset  handsome 
fellow ')  was  painted  by  G.  F.  Joseph,  and 
en^ved  by  W.  Bond.  From  it  there  was 
pamted  by  Jacob  Thompson  of  Hackthorpe 
a  picture  which  is  now  at  Lowther  Castle. 

[Atkinson's  Westmorland  Worthies,  ii.  151- 
160 ;  Westmorland  Gaiette,  26  Dec.  1885 ; 
Foster^s  Alumni  Ozon. ;  Gen.  Mag.  1802  ii. 
1172,  1805  ii.  680;  Burke's  Vicissitudes  of 
Families  (1883  edit.),  i.  287-300 ;  Aunjiw's 
Isleworth,  pp.  179,  212;  Notes  and  Qutvies, 
2nd  ser.  is.  412-13;  Someaccountof  the  Family 
of  Bobinson,  of  the  White  House,  Applnby 
(1874),  passim.]  W.  l\  C. 

ROBINSON-,  JOHN,  D.D.  (1774-1840), 
scholar,  bom  of  humble  parentage  at  Temple 
Sowerby,  Westmoreland,  on  4  Jan.  1774,  was 
educated  at  the  grammar  school,  Penrith,  and 
at  Christ's  C^olleffe,  Cambridge,  where  he  was 
admitted  a  sizar  1  Jan.  1807.  He  was  master  of 
the  grammar  school,  Ravenstonedale,  West- 
moreland, from  1 795  to  1818,  perpetual  curate 
of  Kavenstonedale  from  26  June  1813  to  1833, 
and  rector  from  31  July  1818  of  Clifton,  and 
from  12  Aug.  1833  of  Clibum,  both  in  West- 
moreland, until  his  death  on  4  Dec.  1840.  He 
was  author  of  several  scholastic  works,  and 
is  described  on  the  title-pages,  from  1807  as  of 


Christ's  (Allege,  Cambridge,  of  which,  how- 
ever, he  was  not  a  graduate,  and  from  1815 
as  D.D.  His  works,  all  of  which  were  pub- 
lished at  London,  are  as  follows:  1.  'An 
Easv  Grammar  of  History,  Ancient  and 
Modem,'  1806, 12mo ;  new  edition,  enlarged 
by  John  Tillotson,  with  the  title  'A  Gram- 
mar of  Historvy  Ancient  and  Modem,'  1856^ 
12mo.  2.  '  Modem  History,  for  the  use  of 
Schools,'  1807, 8vo.  3. ' Arcnseologia  Grseca,' 
1807,  8vo ;  2nd  edit.  1827.  4.  '  A  Theo- 
logical, Biblical,  Ecclesiastical  Dictionary,' 
18l5,  8vo ;  3rd  edit.  1836.  5.  '  Ancient 
History:  exhibiting  a  Summary  View  of  the 
Bise,  Progress,  Revolutions,  Decline,  and 
Fall  of  the  States  and  Nations  of  Antiquity,' 
1831,  8vo  (expanded  from  the  'Easy  Gram- 
mar'). 6.  *  Universal  Modern  History :  ex- 
hibiting the  Rise,  Progress,  and  Revolutions 
of  various  Nations  £rom  the  Age  of  Ma- 
homet to  the  Present  Time,'  1839,  8vo  (ex- 
panded from  the  'Modem  History  for  the 
use  of  Schools'). 

Robinson  also  compiled  a  'Guide  to  the 
Lakes  in  Cumberland,  Westmoreland,  and 
Lancashire,  illustrated  with  Twenty  Views 
of  Local  Scenery  and  a  Travelling  Map  of 
the  Adjacent  Country,'  1819,  8vo ;  and  con- 
tributed the  letterpress  to  an  unfinished 
series  of  '  Views  of  the  Lakes  in  the  North 
of  England,  from  Original  Paintings  by  the 
most  Eminent  Artists/  1833,  4to.  His 
'Ancient  History '  forms  the  basis  of  Francis 
Young['s  'Ancient  History:  a  Svnopsis  of 
the  Rise,  Progress,  Decline,  and  I?  all  of  the 
States  and  Nations  of  Antiquity,'  London, 
1873,  4  vols.  8vo. 

[Gent.  Mag.  1841,  i.  320 ;  Foster's  Index 
Eccles. ;  Whellan's  Cnmberland  and  Westmore- 
land, pp.  766,  790,  791  ;  Biographical  Diet,  of 
Living  Authors,  (1816);  Allibone's  Diet,  of 
Engl.  Lit.]  J.  M.  R. 

ROBINSON,  SiK  JOHN  BEVERLEY 
(1791-1863),  chief  justice  of  Upper  Canada, 
the  second  son  of  Christopher  Robinson  and 
his  wife  Esther,  daughter  of  the  Rev.  John 
Sayre  of  New  Brunswick,  was  bom  at  Ber- 
thier  in  the  province  of  Quebec  on  26  July 
1791.  His  lather — cousin  of  Sir  Frederick 
Philijjse  Robinson  [q.  v.] — served  during  the 
American  war  of  independence  as  a  loyalist 
in  the  queen's  rancers,  and  was  present  as  an 
ensign  m  ComwaUis's  army  at  tne  surrender 
of  Yorktown  in  1781.  He  then  settled  at 
Toronto,  where  he  practised  as  a  barrister.  At 
an  early  age  John  became  a  pupil  of  Dr. 
Strachan  (afterwards  bishop  of  Toronto),  was 
further  educated  at  Cornwall,  Upper  Canada, 
and  finally  entered  an  attomers  office.  In 
1812,  when  the  war  with  the  United  States 
broke  out,  Robinson  Tolonteered  for  the 


Robinson 


29 


Robinson 


militia,  and  received  a  commission  under  Sir 
Isaac  Brock;  he  was  present  at  the  capture 
of  Fort  Detroit  and  at  Queenston  and  several 
other  engagements. 

In  1814  Kobinson  served  for  one  session 
is  clerk  of  the  house  of  assembly  for  Upper 
Canada ;  at  the  end  of  the  year  he  qnabned 
for  the  bar,  and  was  at  once  called  upon  to 
act  for  a  short  time  as  attomey-^neral.    In 
181-5  he  became  solicitor-general,  and  in  Fe- 
broiTy  1818  attomey-geDeral,  having  rapidly 
ae^oired  one  of  the  best  practices  at  the 
bar,  and  exerting  remarkable  influence  with 
jmies.    He  entered  the  assembly,  but  soon 
migrated  to  the  legislative  council  on  nomina- 
tion, being  speaker  of  that  body  from  1828 
to  1840.   He  was  the  acknowle<L?ed  leader  of 
the  tory  party  both  in  and  out  oiparliament; 
and  one  of  the  clique  known  as  the  '  Family 
Comnact '  of  Ganaaa ;  as  such  he  was  violently 
attacked  by  William  Lyon  Mackenzie  [q.  v.  1 
On  15  July  1829  he  became  chief  justice  of 
ITpper  Canada,  remaining  in  the  council  till 
the  reonion  of  the  two  Ganadas  in  1840. 
That  union  he  stoutly  opposed,  but  on  its 
completion  he  took  an  active  part  in  adjusting 
the  financial  arrangements,  and  received  the 
thanks  of  the  Upper  Canada  assembly. 

From  this  time  Kobinson  became  more  and 
more  absorbed  in  the  heavy  work  of  the 
courts.  He  was  created  O.B.  in  November 
18-50,  and  a  baronet  in  1854.  He  was  created 
D.C.L.  of  Oxford  on  20  June  1865.  He  died 
at  Toronto  on  31  Jan.  1863. 

Robinson  is  a  prominent  figure  in  the 
history  of  Upper  Uanada ;  he  was  the  em- 
bodiment of  the  'high  church  and  state 
tory,'  and  was  always  suspicious  of  the  de- 
mocratic leaders.  In  his  earlier  days  he  was 
impulsive,  and  as  attorney-general  prose- 
cuted the  editor  of  the  '  Freeman '  for  a  libel 
on  himself.  He  was  a  pleasant  speaker,  with 
an  easy,  flowing,  and  equable  style.  His 
work  was  marked  by  indefatigable  industry 
and  research. 

Robinson  married,  in  London  in  1817, 
Emma,  daughter  of  Charles  "Walker  ofHarlea- 
den,  Middlesex,  by  whom  he  had  four  sons 
and  four  daug^hters.  He  was  succeeded  in 
the  baronetcrp' by  his  eldest  son,  James  Lukin, 
who  died  on  21  Aug.  1894.  His  second  son, 
John  Beverley,  bom  in  1820,  was  lieutenant- 
governor  of  Ontario  from  1880  to  1887.  • 

Robinson  left  several  small  works,  but 
none  of  more  importance  than  his  pamphlet 
on  *  Canada  and  the  Canada  Bill,^embodv- 
ing  his  aiguments  against  the  union  of  the 
provinces. 

[Koigan's  Sketches  of  Celebrated  Caoadians  ; 
Barker's  Canadiaa  Monthly  Magazine,  May  1846; 
l>)dge'fBiiODetage,  1863 ;  Burke'sPeerage,  1896; 


Foster*8  Alumni  Oxon.  and  Peerage,  1882;  With- 
row's  Hist,  of  Canada;  Morgan's  Bibliotheea 
Canadensis;  Ryerson's  American  Loyaliets,  ii. 
198-9.]  0.  A.  H. 

ROBINSON,  JOHN  HENRY  (179^ 
1871),  line  engraver,  was  bom  at  Bolton, 
Lancashire,  in  1796,  and  passed  his  boyhood 
in  Staffordshire.  A.t  the  age  of  eighteen  he 
became  a  pupil  of  James  Heath,  A.R.A., 
with  whom  he  remained  a  little  more  than 
two  years.  He  was  still  a  young  man  when, 
in  1823,  he  was  commissioned  to  engrave  for 
the  Artists'  Fund  *The  Wolf  and  the  Lamb/ 
the  copyright  of  which  had  been  given  to 
that  institution  by  the  painter,  William  Mq1-» 
ready,  R.A.,  who  was  one  of  its  founders. 
The  plate,  for  which  the  engraver  received 
eight  hundred  guineas,  proved  a  success ;  one 
thousand  impressions  were  sold,  and  the 
fund  was  benefited  to  the  extent  of  rather 
more  than  900/.  In  1824  Robinson  sent  to 
the  exhibition  of  the  Society  of  Briti^  Ar- 
tists six  engravings — *  The  Abbey  Gate, 
Chester,*  a  'Gipsy,'  and  four  portraits,  in- 
cluding that  of  Georgiana,  duchess  of  Bed- 
ford, alter  Sir  George  Hayter,  but  he  never 
exhibited  again  at  that  gallery.  In  the  next 
few  years  he  engraved  many  jpnvate  por- 
traits and  illustrations  for  books,  incluoing 

*  A  Spanish  Lady,'  after  Gilbert  Stuart 
Newton,  R.A.,  for  the  *  Literary  Souvenir ' 
of  1827 ;  '  The  Minstrel  of  Chamonix,'  after 
Henry  W.  Pickersgill,  R.A.,  for  the  *  Amu- 
let '  of  1880 ;  '  The  Flower  Girl,*  after  P.  A. 
Gaugain,  for  the  '  Forget  me  not '  of  1830 ; 
and  three  plates,  after  Stothard,  for  Rogers's 

*  Italy,'  1830.  He  was  one  of  the  nine  emi- 
nent engravers  who,  in  1836,  petitioned  the 
House  of  Commons  for  an  investigation  into 
the  state  of  the  art  of  engraving  in  this 
country,  and  who,  with  many  other  artists, 
in  1837,  addressed  a  petition  to  the  king 
pravingfor  the  admission  of  engravers  to  the 
nigliest  rank  in  the  Royal  Academy — an  act 
of  justice  which  was  not  conceded  until  some 
years  later.  In  1866,  however,  Robinson 
was  elected  an  'associate  engraver  of  the 
new  class,'  and  in  the  following  year  lost 
his  election  as  a  full  member  only  by  the 
casting  vote  of  the  president.  Sir  Charles 
EasthJie,  which  was  given  in  favour  of 
George  Thomas  Doo;  on  the  retirement  of 
the  latter  in  1867  he  was  elected  a  royal 
academician.  Among  his  more  importani 
works  were  *  The  Enoperor  Theodosius  refused 
admission  into  the  Church  by  St.  Ambrose ' 
and  a  portrait  of  the  Countess  of  Bedford, 
both  after  the  pictures  by  Vandyck  in  the 
National  Gallery ;  *  James  Stanley,  Earl  of 
Derby,  and  his  Family,'  also  after  Vandyck ; 

*  The  Spanish  Flower  Girl/  after  MuriUo ; 


Robinson 


30 


Robinson 


'Napoleon  and  Pope  Pius  VII/  after  Sir 
David  Wilkie ; '  Sir  Walter  Scott,'  after  Sir 
Thomas  Lawrence ;  '  The  Mother  and  Child/ 
after  Charles  Bobert  Leslie,  R.A. ;  '  Little 
Red  Riding  Hood '  (Lady  Rachel  Russell), 
'  The  Mantflla '  (Hon.  Mrs.  Lister,  afterwards 
Lady  Theresa  Lewis), '  Twelfth  Night'  (Mar- 
chioness of  Abercorn),  and  '  Getting  a  Shot,' 
all  after  Sir  Edwin  Landseer ;  *  Queen  Vic- 
toria,' after  John  Partridge;  'The  Sisters,' 
after  F.  P.  Stephanoff ;  <  Bon  Jour,  Messieurs,' 
after  Frank  Stone,  A.R  A. ;  and,  lastly,  his 
fine  plate  of  Anne,  countess  of  Bedford,  after 
the  celebrated  picture  by  Vandyck  at  Pet- 
worth,  upon  which  he  worked  from  time  to 
time  whenever  he  felt  disposed  to  use  his 
ffraver.  This  ch^  cPcsuwe  of  refined  and 
aelicate  execution  he  sent  to  the  Ro^al  Aca- 
demy exhibition  in  1861,  and  again  in  1864. 

Besides  Uie  portraits  already  mentioned, 
he  engraved  those  of  George  Bidder,  the 
calculating  boy,  after  Miss  Hayter;  Nicho- 
las I,  Emperor  of  Russia,  after  George  Dawe, 
R.A. ;  Napoleon  Bonaparte,  when  first  con- 
sul, after  Isabey ;  the  Duke  of  Sussex,  after 
Thomas  Phillips,  R. A. ;  Baron  Bunsen,  after 
George  Richxnond,  R.A. ;  Lablache,  after 
Thomas  Caxrick,  and  many  others.  He  re- 
ceived a  first-class  gold  medal  at  the  Paris 
International  Exhibition  of  1865. 

Robinson  diedl  at  New  Grove,  Petworth, 
Sussex,  where  he  had  lonff  resided,  on  21  Oct. 
1871,  aged  75.  Somewhat  late  in  life  he 
married  a  lady  of  property,  which  rendered 
him  independent  of  his  art,  and  enabled  him 
to  devote  to  his  plates  all  the  time  and 
labotur  which  he  thought  necessary  to  make 
them  masterpieces  of  engraving.  He  was 
a  justice  of  the  peace  for  the  county  of  Sussex 
and  an  honorary  member  of  the  Imperial 
Academy  of  the  Fine  Arts  at  St.  Petersburg. 

[Art  Journal,  1871,  p.  293;  Atheneam,  1871, 
ii.  666 ;  Illustrated  London  News,  8  Aug.  1867, 
with  portrait ;  Bryan's  Diet,  of  Painters  and  En- 
gxaveni,  ed.  Graves  and  Armstrong,  1886-9.  ii. 
392 ;  Redgrave's  Diet  of  Artists  of  the  English 
School,  1878 ;  Pye's  Patronage  of  British  Art, 
1845.]  R.  E.  Q. 

ROBINSON,  Mbs.  MARTHA  WAL- 
KER a822-1888),  writer  on  French  history 
under  ner  maiden  name  of  Frebb,  daughter 
of  John  Booth  Freer,  M.D.,  was  bom  at 
Leicester  in  1822.  Her  first  book,  *  Life  of 
Maivuerite  d'Angouldme,  Queen  of  Navarre, 
Ducheese  d'Alen^on,  and  De  Berry,  Sister 
of  Francis  I,'  appeared  in  1854,  in  two 
volumes.  In  1861  she  married  the  Rev. 
John  Robinson,  rector  of  Widmerpool,  near 
Nottingham,  but  all  her  works  bear  her 
maiden  name.  She  continued  publishing 
books  dealing  with  French  history  untu 


1866.  ShediedonU  July  1888.  Her  works 
are  mere  compilations,  although  she  claimed 
to  have  had  access  to  manuscripts  and  other 
unpublished  material.  Although  inferior  in 
style  and  arrangement  to  the  books  of  Julia 
Pardee  [q.  v.]  on  similar  subjects,  they  en* 
joyed  for  a  time  wide  popularity.  Two  of 
them, '  Marguerited' AngoiuSme  *  and '  Jeanne 
d'Albret'  (1855^,  reached  second  editionfl. 
Mrs.  Robinson  died  on  14  July  1888. 

Her  other  works  are:  1.  'Elizabeth  de 
Valois,  Queen  of  Spain  and  the  Court  of 
Philip  n,'  2  vols.  1857.  2. '  Henry  HI,  King 
of  Fiance  and  Poland :  his  Court  and  Times/ 
8  vols.  1858.  3.  « History  of  the  Reim  of 
Henry  IV,  King  of  France  and  Navarre,''^part 
i.  2  vols.  1860 ;  part.  ii.  2  vols.  1861 ;  part  ill. 
2  vols.  1863.  4.  <  The  Married  Life  of  Anne 
of  Austria  and  Don  Sebastian/  2  vols.  1864. 
5.  *  The  Regency  of  Anne  of  Austria/  2  vols. 
1866. 

[AUiboDe*s  Dictionary,  ii.  1839;  Athonnam, 
1888.]  E.  L. 

ROBINSON,MARY(1768-1800),known 
as  'Perdita/  actress,  author,  and  mistress 
of  Geoige,  prince  of  Wales  (afterwards 
George  IV),  of  Irish  descent,  was  born  on 
27  Nov.  1758  at  CoUege  Green.  Bristol. 
The  original  name  of  her  fathers  family, 
McDermott,  had  been  changed  by  one  of  her 
ancestors  into  Darbv.  Her  father,  the  cap- 
tain of  a  Bristol  whaler,  was  bom  in  Ajnerica. 
Throuffh  her  mother,  whose  name  was  Seys. 
she  clamied  descent  from  Locke.  She  showed 
precocious  ability  and  was  fond  of  elegiac 
poetry,  reciting  at  an  early  age  verses  from 
Pope  and  Mason.  Her  earliest  education  was 
received  at  the  school  in  Bristol  kept  by  the 
sisters  of  Hannah  More  [q.  v.]  A  scheme  of 
establishing  a  whale  fishery  on  the  coast  of 
Labrador  and  employing  Esquimaux  labour, 
which  her  father  originated,  and  in  which  he 
embarked  his  fortune,  led  to  his  temporary 
settlement  in  America.  His  desertion  of 
her  mother  brought  with  it  grave  financial 
difficulties.  Mary  was  next  placed  at  a  school 
in  Chelsea  under  a  Mrs.  Lorrington,  an  able 
erratic  but  drunken  woman,  from  whom 
she  claims  to  have  learnt  all  she  ever  knew, 
and  by  whom  she  was  encouraged  in  writing 
verses.  She  passed  thence  to  a  school  kept 
by  a  Mrs.  Leigh  in  Chelsea,  which  she  was 
compelled  to  leave  in  consequence  of  her 
father's  neglect.  After  receiving,  at  the  early 
age  of  thirteen,  a  proposal  of  marriage  from  a 
captain  in  the  royal  navy,  she  temporarily 
assisted  her  mother  in  keeping  a  girls  school 
at  Chelsea.  This  establisnment  was  broken 
up  bv  her  father,  and  she  was  sent  to  a 
'  nnisning  school '  at  Oxford  House,  Mary- 
lebone,  kept  by  a  Mrs.  Hervey.    Hussey,  the 


Robinson 


3x 


Robinson 


duieiiig-iiiaster  there,  was  ballet-master  at 
Gcnrent  Garden  Theatre.  Thioiurh  him  she 
was  introduced  to  Thomas  HullTq.  t.1  and 
Afterwards  to  Arthur  Murphy  [q.  t.J  and 
David  GUrrick. 

Struek  by  her  appearance,  Garrick  offered 
tohrin^  her  oat  as  Cordelia  to  his  own  Lear. 
He  paid  her  much  attention,  told  her  her 
Toioe  recalled  that  of  Mrs.  Gibber,  and  encou- 
raged hsr  to  attend  the  theatre  and  familiarise 
hoself  with  stage  life  and  proceedings.  But 
her  appearance  on  the  boards  was  lonff  de- 
ferred owing  to  her  marriage,  on  12  April 
1774  at  St.  Martin's  Church,  with  Thomas 
Robinson,  an  articled  clerk,  who  was  re- 
gvded  by  her  mother  as  a  man  of  means 
and  expectations.  At  his  request  her  nup- 
ttsk  were  kept  secret,  and  she  lived  for  a 
vlule  with  h^  mother  in  a  house  in  Ghreat 
Qoeen  Street,  on  the  site  now  occupied  by 
toe  Freemasons'  Tavern.  After  a  viut  to 
Wales  to  see  the  father  of  her  husband, 
whose  bbth  was  illegitimate,  she  returned  to 
LcndoB  Kod  lived  with  Robinson  at  No.  18 
Hattoa  Garden.  During  two  years  she  led 
a  fuihionable  life,  neglected  h^  her  husband, 
reeeifingooaipromismg  attentions  from  Lord 
Lvttdton  and  other  rakes,  and  at  the  end 
of  this  period  she  shared  the  imprisonment 
of  her  husband,  who  was  arrested  for  debt. 

During  a  confinement  in  the  king's  bench 
prison,  extending  over  almost  ten  months, 
she  oecopied  in  writing  verses  the  hours  that 
were  not  ^ent  in  menial  occupation  or  attend- 
ing to  her  child.  Her  poems,  while  in  manu- 
script, obtained  for  her  the  patronage  of  the 
Duchess  of  Devonshire ;  a  first  collection  was 
poblished  in  1776  (2  vols.)  After  her  release 
firom  prison,  she  took  refuge  in  Newman 
Street.  There  she  was  seen  by  Sheridan,  to 
whom  she  recited.  At  the  instance  of  Wil- 
liam Brereton  she  now  applied  once  more  to 
Garrieky  who,  though  he  had  retired  from 
the  stage,  still  took  an  active  interest  in  the 
afiairs  of  Dmry  Lane.  In  the  peen-room  of 
the  thiMtre  she  recited  the  prmcipal  scenes 
of  Joliet,  supported  by  Brereton  as  Homeo. 
Juliet  was  chosen  for  her  d6but  by  Ghirrick, 
who  superintended  the  rehearsals,  and  on 
some  occasions  went  through  the  various 
scenes  with  her.  A  remunerative  engage- 
meat  was  promised  her,  and  on  10  Dec. 
1776  she  appeared  with  marked  success 
as  Juliet,  (iarrick  occupied  a  seat  in  the 
oieheetn.  On  17  Feb.  1777  she  was  Statira 
in '  Alexander  the  Great,'  and  on  24  Feb.  was 
the  onginal  Amanda  in  the  'Trip  to  Scar- 
bofooen/  altered  by  Sheridan  mm  Van- 
brugh%^'  Belapse.'  In  this  she  had  to  face 
some  hostility  directed  against  the  piece  by 
a  paUic  to  which  it  had  been  announced  as 


a  novelty.  She  also  played  for  her  benefit 
Fannv  Sterling  in  the  'Clandestine  Mar- 
riage.' On  30  Sept.  1777  she  appeared  as 
Ophelia,  on  7  Oct.  as  Lady  Anne  in  '  Bichard 
the  Third,'  on  32  Dec.  as  the  Lady  in 
'  Oomus,'  on  10  Jan.  1778  as  Emily  in  the 
'Runaway,'  on  9  April  as  Araminta  in 
the  'Confederacy,'  on  28  April  as  Octavia 
in '  All  for  Love.'  For  her  benefit  she  played 
somewhat  rashlv  on  SO  April  Lady  Macwth 
in  place  of  Cordelia,  for  which  she  was  pre* 
viously  advertised.  On  this  occasion  her 
musical  farce  of  the '  Lucky  Escape,'  of  whidi 
the  songs  only  are  printed,wa8  produced.  Her 
name  does  not  appear  in  the  list  of  charac- 
ters. In  the  following  season  she  was  the 
first  Lady  Plume  in  the  'Camp '  on  16  Oct. 
1778,  and  on  8  Feb.  1779  Alinda  in  Jephson's 
'  Law  of  Lombardy.'  She  also  nlayed  Palmira 
in '  Mahomet,'  Miss  Richly  in  the '  Discovery,' 
Jacintha  in  the '  Suspicious  Husband,'  Fideua 
in  the '  Plain  Dealer,  and,  for  her  benefit,  Cor- 
delia. In  her  fourth  and  last  season  (1779^ 
1780)  she  was  Viola  in  the  '  Twelfth  Night,' 
Perdita  in  the  '  Winter's  Tale,'  Rosi£nd, 
Oriana  in  the  'Inconstant  Imogen,'  Mrs. 
Brady  in  the  '  Irish  Widow,'  and  on  24  May 
1780  was  the  original  Eliza  Campley,  a  girl 
who  masquerades  as  Sir  Harry  Revel  in  the 
'Miniature  Picture '  of  Lady  Craven  (ttAer* 
wards  the  margravine  of  Anspach).  At  tiie 
dose  of  the  season  she  quitted  the  stage ;  her 
last  appearance  at  Drury  Lane  seems  to  have 
been  on  31  May  1780. 

Her  beauty,  which  at  this  time  was  remark- 
able, and  her  figure,  seen  to  great  advantage 
in  the  masculine  dress  she  was  accustomed 
to  wear  on  the  stage,  had  brought  her  many 
proposals  from  men  of  rank  and  wealth.  On 
3  Dec.  1778,  when  Ghirrick's  adaptation  of  the 
'  Winter's  Tale,'  first  produced  on  20  Nov., 
was  acted  by  royal  command,  '  Gentleman 
Smith'  [see  Smith,  William,  d,  1819],  the 
Leontes,  prophesied  that  Mrs.  Robinson,  who 
was  looking  handsomer  than  ever  as '  Perdita,' 
would  captivate  the  Prince  of  Wales  (subse- 
ouently  George  IV).  The  prediction  was  ful- 
nlled.  She  received,  through  Lord  Maiden 
(afterwards  Earl  of  Essex),  a  letter  signed 
'  Florisel,'  which  was  the  beginning  of  a  corre- 
spondence. After  a  due  display  of  coyness  on 
tne  part  of  the  heroine,  who  invariably  signed 
herself  'Perdita,'  a  meeting  was  arranged 
at  Eew,  the  prince  being  accompanied  by 
the  Duke  of  York,  then  bishop  of  Osnaburgh. 
This  proved  to  be  the  first  of  many  Romeo 
and  Juliet-like  encounters.  Princes  do  not 
sigh  long,  and  after  a  bond  for  20,000/.,  to 
be  paid  when  the  prince  came  of  age,  had  been 
sesled  with  the  royal  arms,  signed,  and  given 
hex,  Mrs.  Robinson's  position  as  the  royal 


Robinson 


3« 


Robinson 


mistress  was    recognised.     After  no  long 

Feriod  the  prince,  who  had  transferred  his 
interest'  to  another  '  fieiir  one/  wrote  her  a 
cold  note  intimating  that  they  must  meet 
no  more.  One  further  meeting  was  brought 
about  by  her  pertinacity,  but  the  rupture  was 
finaL  The  royal  bond  was  unpaid,  and  Mrs. 
Robinson,  knowing  how  openly  she  had  been 
compromised,  dared  not  face  the  public  and 
resume  the  profession  she  had  dropped.  Ulti- 
mately, when  all  her  letters  had  been  left  un- 
answered and  she  was  heavily  burdened  with 
debt  and  unable  to  pay  for  her  establishment 
in  Cork  Street,  Fox  granted  her  in  1788  a 
pension  of  500/.  a  year,  half  of  which  after  her 
death  was  to  descend  to  her  daughter.  She 
then  went  to  Paris,  where  she  attracted  much 
attention,  and  declined  overtures  from  the 
Duke  of  Orleans ;  she  also  receiyed  a  purse 
netted  by  the  hands  of  Marie- Antoinette,  who 
(gratified,  no  doubt,  by  the  repulse  admini- 
stered to  Philippe  d'OrUans)  aiadreesed  it  to 
*  La  Belle  An^aise.'  In  Paris  she  is  said  to 
hare  opened  an  academy.  Returning  to  Eng- 
land, sue  settled  at  Brighton.  Report,  which 
is  sanctioned  by  Horace  Walpole,  coupled  her 
name  with  Charles  James  Fox.  She  formed  a 
close  intima<^,  extending  over  many  yeftrs, 
with  Colonel  (afterwards  Sir  Bana8tre)Tarle- 
ton,  an  officer  m  the  English  army  in  America. 
In  a  journey  undertaken  in  his  behalf,  when 
he  was  in  a  state  of  pecuniary  difficulty,  she 
contracted  an  illness  that  ended  in  a  species 
of  paralysis  of  her  lower  limbs. 

From  this  period  she  devoted  herself  to 
literature,  for  which  she  had  always  shown 
some  disposition.  She  had  already  published, 
besides  her  poems  (1776),  *  Captivity,'  a  poem, 
and  '  Celadon  and  Lydia,'  a  tale,  both  printed 
together  in  4to  in  1777.  Two  further  volumes 
of  poems  saw  the  light  in  1791, 8vo;  '  Ange- 
lina,' a  novel,  3  vols.  12mo,  in  1796.  <The 
False  Friend,'  a  domestic  story,  4  vols.  12mo, 
in  1799,  'Lyrical  Tales'  in  1800,  and  *  Effii- 
sions  of  Love,'  Svo,  n.d.,  purporting  to  be  her 
correspondence  with  the  I^ince  of  Wales. 
She  is  also  credited  with  'Yaucenza,  or  the 
Dangers  of  Credulitjr,'  a  novel,  1792 ;  *  Wal- 
sin^am,  or  the  Pupil  of  Nature,'  a  domestic 
story,  2nd  ed.  4  vols.  12mo,1806,  twice  trans- 
lated into  French;  and 'Sappho  and  Phaon,' 
a  series  of  sonnets,  1796,  16mo.  '  Hubert 
de  Sevrac,'  a  '  Monody  to  the  Memory  of  Sir 
Joshua  Reynolds,'  and  a  '  Monody  to  the  Me- 
mory of  the  late  Queen  of  France,' '  Sight,' 
'  The  Cavern  of  Woe,'  and  *  Solitude '  werepub- 
lished  together  in  4to.  To  these  may  be  added 
'  The  Natural  Daughter,'  '  Impartial  Reflec- 
tions on  the  Situation  of  the  Queen  of  France,' 
and  '  Thoughts  on  the  Condition  of  Women.' 
Halkett  and  Laing  attribute  to  her  a '  Letter 


to  the  Women  of  En{;land  on  the  Injustice 
of  Mental  Subordination,  with  Anecdotes  by 
Anne  Frances  Randall,'  London,  1799,  Svo. 
Under  the  pseudonym  of  Laura  Maria^  she 
published  'The  Mistletoe,'  a  Christmas  tale, 
m  verse,  1800.  She  is  said  to  have  taken 
part  under  various  signatures,  in  the  Delia 
Cruscan  literature  [see  Mbbbt,  Robebt], 
and  is,  bv  a  strange  error,  credited  in 
'  Literary  Memoirs  of  Living  Authors,'  1798 

ej  David  Rivers,  dissentmg  minister  of 
ighgatel,  with  being  the  Anna  Matilda 
of  the  *  World,'  who  was  of  course  Hannah 
Cowley  [a.  v.]  Manv  other  poems,  tracts, 
and  pamphlets  of  the  latter  part  of  tlie  eigh- 
teenth century  are  ascribed  to  her,  often  on 
very  doubtful  authority.  Her  latest  poetical 
contributions  were  contributed  to  the  'Morn- 
ing Post'  under  the  signature,  'Tabiths 
Bramble.'  Mrs.  Robinson's  poems  were  col- 
lected bj  her  daughter.  What  is  called  the 
best  edition,  containing  many  pieces  not 
previously  published,  appeared  in  1806, 3  vols. 
8vo.  Another  edition  appeared  in  1826. 
Her  memoirs,  principally  autobiographical 
but  in  part  due  to  her  daughter,  appeared, 
4  vols.  l2mo,  1801 ;  with  some  posthumous 
pieces  in  verse,  affain  in  2  vols.  1808 ;  and 
again,  with  introduction  and  notes  by  Mr. 
J.  Fitzgerald  Molloy,  in  1894. 

Mrs.  Robinson  was  also  active  as  a  play- 
wright. To  Drury  Lane  she  gave '  Nobody,' 
a  farce,  never  prmted,  but  acted,  29  Nov. 
1794,  by  Banister,  jun.,  Bensley,  Barrvmore, 
Mrs.  Jordan,  Miss  Pope,  Mrs.  Coodall,  and 
Miss  de  Camp.  It  was  a  satire  on  female 
gamblers.  It  was  played  three  or  four  times 
amid  a  scene  of  great  confusion,  ladies  of 
rank  hissing  or  sending  their  servants  to  hiss. 
A  principal  performer,  supposed  to  be  Miss 
Farren,  threw  up  her  part,  saving  that  the 
piece  was  intenoed  to  ridicule  her  particular 
mend.  Mrs.  Robinson  also  wrote  the  '  Sici- 
lian Lover,'  a  tragedy,  4to,  1796,  but  could 
not  get  it  acted. 

Ikury  Robinson  died,  crippled  and  im- 
poverished, at  Englefield  Cottage,  Surrey, 
on  26  Dec.  1800,  ^^ed  40  (according  to  the 
tombstone,  43).  She  was  buried  in  Old 
Windsor  churchyard.  Poetic  epitaphs  by 
J.  S.  Pratt  and  *  C.  H,'  are  over  her  grave. 
Her  daughter,  Maria  or  Mary  Elixabeth,  died 
in  1818;  the  latter  published  'The  Shrine  of 
Bertha,'  a  novel,  1794,  2  vols.  12mo,  and 
'  The  Wild  Wreath,'  1805,  8vo,  a  poetical 
misoeUany,  dedicated  to  the  Duchess  of  York. 

Mrs.  Robinson  was  a  woman  of  singular 
beauty,  but  vain,  ostentatious,  fond  oi  ex- 
hibiting herself,  and  wanting  in  refinement. 
Her  desertion  by  the  prince  and  her  subse- 
quent calamities  were  responsible  for  her 


Robinson 


33 


Robinson 


Botorietj,  And  the  referenees  to  her  ro^ral 
lover  io  her  Terse  contributed  greatly  to  its 
popttlsri^.  She  was  to  be  seen  daily  in  an 
ahMfd  ehaziot,  with  a  device  of  a  basket 
likelT  to  be  taken  for  a  ooronet,  driven  by 
the  UTOored  of  the  day,  with  her  hushand 
and  etadidatee  for  her  favour  as  outriders. 
*To-dqr  die  was  a  payaanne,  with  her  straw 
hat  tisd  at  the  back  of  her  head,  looking  as 
if  too  new  to  what  she  passed  to  know 
wkldie  looked  at.  Yesterday  she  perhaps 
kai  been  the  dreesed  belle  of  Hyde  Panc^ 
cnmnedy  powdered,  patched,  painted  to 
the  stBoot  power  of  rouge  and  white  lead. 
To-Boixow  ahe  would  be  the  cravatted 
Aaasoa  of  the  lidii^-honse ;  but  be  she  what 
she  mt|^t,  the  hats  of  the  fashionable  pro- 
sMoaden  swept  the  ^und  as  she  passed ' 
(HAWKnra,  Memain,  iL  24).  A  companion 
picture  shows  her  at  a  later  date  seatea,  help- 
ieaaly  paralysed,  in  one  of  the  waiting-rooms 
of  the  opera-house, '  a  woman  of  fasHonable 
appeannee^  still  beautiful,  but  not  in  the 
blooai  of  heanty*8  pride.  In  a  few  minutes 
her  liwfied  servanta  came  to  her,'  and  after 
oavmm  their  arms  with  long  white  sleeves, 
*  liiledher  np  and  conveyed  her  to  her  car- 
riage* (A.  p.  o4).  As  an  author  she  was  cre- 
dited in  her  own  day  with  feeling,  taste,  and 
and  was  ouled  the  English  Saopho. 
>  songs,  notably '  Bounding  Bute  w, 
diy  mo^n,' '  Lines  to  him  who  will 
oadssCaad  them,'  and  'The  Haunted  Beach,' 
oqoyed  moicfa  popularity  in  the  drawinj;^ 
mom;  hftt  thou^  her  verse  has  a  certam 
of  laeOity,  it  appears,  to  modem 


^ime,  afbcted,  and  inept.    Wolcot 
(Feter  nndar)  and  others  belauded  her  in 


J  oelebiatmg  her  graces,  which  were  real, 
and  her  talents,  which  were  imaginary. 

Many  portraits  of  Mary  Robinson  are  in 
eststenee.  Sir  Joshua  painted  her  twice,  one 
portrait  beinff  now  in  the  possession  of  Lord 
Orani^lle,  and  another  in  that  of  Lady  Wal- 
lace. He  'orobablj  used  her  as  model  in 
some  of  his  nney  pictures,  for  she  sat  to  hini 
very  aandnon^  throughout  the  year  *  (1782) 
(Lbsue  and  Tatlob,  L(fe  of  Meynold^y  ii. 
S13).  The  Garrick  Club  collection  has  a  per- 
mit after  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,  and  one  by 
r,  as  Rosalind.  A  nortrait,  engraved  by 
J.  R.  Smith,  was  paintea  by  Romney.  An- 
other is  in  Huiah'a  <  Life  of  George  IV.'  A 
f  sD-kagth  portrait  of  her  in  undress,  sitting 
by  a  bath,  was  painted  by  Stroehling.  Two 
portraits  were  painted  by  Cosway,  and  one 
ftvIMiiee.  AportvaitbyHoppnerwasNo.^Q 
ia  the  Oaelph  Exhibition.^  A  half-length 
by  Gainabofooch  was  exhibited  in  the  Na- 
tional Portrait  Exhibition  of  18C8.  Engraved 
pofftraitB  aie  in  the  various  editions  of  her 

vou 


life.  In  his  '  Book  for  a  Rainy  Day,'  J.  T. 
Smith  tells  how,  when  attending  on  the 
visitors  in  Sherwin's  chambers,  he  received 
a  kiss  from  her  as  the  reward  for  fetching  a 
drawing  of  her  which  Sherwin  had  made. 

[The  chief  if  not  a1  vaye  trustvorthy  authority 
for  the  life  of  Mn.  Robinson  is  her  posthumoas 
memoirs  published  by  herdaughter.  Lettersfrom 
Perdita  to  a  certain  Israelite  and  her  Answer 
to  them,  LondoD,  1781,  8vo,  is  a  coarse  satire 
accusiDg  her  and  her  husband  of  swindling. 
Even  coarser  is  Poetical  Epistles  from  Floriael 

to  Perdita  •< ,  and   Peidita's  Answer,  &c., 

liondon,  1781,  4to,  and  Mistress  of  Royidty,  or 
the  Loves  of  Florizel  and  Perdita,  n.  d.  (Brit. 
Mns.  Cat.  s.v.  'Perdita').  Other  books  consulted 
are  the  Life  of  Reynolds  b  j  Leslie  and  Taylor ;  Me- 
moirs of  her  by  Miss  Hawkins ;  G-enest's  Account 
of  the  Stage ;  MonthlyMirror ;  Walpole  Correspon- 
dence, ed.  Cunningham ;  Doran's  Annals  of  the 
Stage,  ed.  Lowe;  Allibone's  Diettonaiy ;  Bryan's 
Dictionary  of  Painters;  Georgian  &a;  Clark 
Russeirs  Representative  Actors ;  Bioffraphia 
Dramatica;  Thespian  Dictionary;  John  Taylor's 
Records  of  my  Life ;  Gent  Mag.  1804,  ii.  1009 ; 
Literary  Memoirs  of  Living  Authors,  1798; 
Notes  and  Queries,  4th  ser.  iii.  178,  348,  iv.  105, 
6th  ser.  ix.  59,  7th  ser.  vi.  147.]  J.  K. 

ROBINSON,  MARY  {n,  1802), 'Mary of 
Buttermere.'    [See  under  Hatfibld,  John.] 

ROBINSON,  MATTHEW  (1628-16d4), 
divine  and  physician,  baptised  at  Rokehy, 
Yorkshire,  on  14  Dec.  1628,  was  the  third 
son  of  Thomas  Kohinson,  barrister,  of  Gray's 
Inn,  and  Frances,  daughter  of  Leonard 
Smelt,  of  Kirby  Fletham,  Yorkshire.  When, 
in  1643,  his  father  was  killed  fighting  for  the 
parliament  in  the  civil  war,  Matthew  was 
recommended  as  page  to  Sir  Thomas  Fairfax. 
But  it  was  decided  that  he  should  continue 
his  education ;  and  in  Octoher  1644  he  ar- 
rived at  Edinhurgh.  In  the  spring  the  plague 
hroke  out,  and  he  left.  In  May  1645  he  made 
his  way  to  Camhridge,  which  he  reached,  after 
some  hairhreadth  escapes,  on  9  June.  A.  few 
days  after  he  hegan  his  studies  Camhridge  was 
threatened  hy  the  royalists.  He  and  a  com* 
panion,  while  trying  to  escape  to  Ely,  were 
Drought  hack  hy  '  tibe  rude  rabhle.'  Robin- 
son now  offered  his  services  to  the  governor 
of  the  town,  and  until  the  dispersu  of  the 
king*8  forces  undertook  military  duty  every 
night. 

On  4  Nov.  he  was  admitted  scholar  of  St. 
John's  College.  His  tutor,  Zachary  Cawdry 
[q.v.l  became  his  lifelong  friend.  Robinson 
excelled  in  metaphysics,  and  for  recreation 
translated,  but  cud  not  publish^he'  Book  of 
Canticles '  into  Latin  verse.  He  gradoated 
B.A.  in  1648  and  M. A.  in  1652.  In  1649  he 
was  elected  a  feUow  of  Christ's  College,  but 


Robinson 


34 


Robinson 


tibe  election  was  disallowed  by  'mandamus 
firatn  the  powBn  then  in  being.'  A  resolve  to 
go  to  Pftdua  was  defeated  by  want  of  money. 
On  18  April  1660)  however,  he  was  elected 
fellorwof  St.  John's.  He  now  resumed  his 
studies,  and  particularlj  that  of  physic,  which 
he  meant  to  make  his  profession.  He '  showed 
Ina  seniors  viyidissections  of  dogs  and  such- 
like creatures  in  their  chambers.'  Sir  Thomas 
Browne  ('Dr.  Brown  of  Norwich  *)  sent  him 
'epistolary  resolutions  of  many  questions.' 
But  after  studying  medicine '  not  two  full 
years,' he  was  persuaded  by  his  mother  to 
accept  presentation  to  the  family  living  of 
Bumeston,  YorKshire.  He  went  into  resi- 
dence in  August  1651.  Meanwhile  his  me- 
dical advice  was  in  great  request,  and  Sir 
Joseph  Cradock,  the  commissair  of  the  arch- 
deaconry of  Bichmond,  procurea  him  a  license 
to  practise  as  a  physician.  He  had  much 
success,  especially  in  the  treatment  of  oon- 
sumplaon. 

Both  Robinson  and  Cawdry  had  scruples 
about  the  act  of  uniformity,  which  thoir  bi- 
shop, Brian  Walton  rq»V'lof  Chester,  took 
reat  pains  to  satisfy  (Newcome,  Diary, 
Aug.  1662).  Robinson  had  much  respect 
for  nonconformists;  and  he  allowed  some 
of  them  to  preach  in  his  parish  (Newcohb, 
AutMogr.  pp.  218,  227,  295,  &c. ;  Calamt, 
Account ff.  158).  Plurality  and  non-residence 
he  *  utterly  detested,'  and  was  '  of  my  Lord 
Veralaai's  judgement '  as  to  the  desirability 
of  maay  ouier  church  reforms.  He  wrote 
his  'Oassander  Reformatus'  to  'satisfy  the 
bissenters  eveij  way,'  but  did  not  publish  it. 
In  September  1682  he  resigned  the  living  of 
Bumeston  in  favour  of  his  nephew,  and  re- 
moved to  Ripley,  where,  ibr  two  years,  he 
managed  Lady  Ingleby's  estates  ('  Diary  of 
George  Orey '  in  StrBTBEs's  Durham,  ii.  15). 
At  Bumeston  he  erected  and  endowed  two 
free  schools  and  a  hospital. 

In  1685  or  1686  he  began  his  *  Annota- 
tions on  the  New  Testament,'  which  he 
finished  in  December  1690.  The  occasion  of 
this  undertaking  was  his  disappointment 
'inth  Poole'^s '  Synopsis,'  in  the  preparation  of 
wldiA  he  had  asmsted.  The  '  AnnotaUons,' 
in  two  laive  finely  written  folios,  recently 
passed  to  the  Rev.  Dr.  Jackson  of  the  Wee- 
leyan  OoU^,  Richmond. 

Among  Robinson's  versatile  tastes  was  one 
for  horses.  He  bred  the  beet  horses  in  the 
north  of  England,  and,  while  staying  with 
\m  brother  Leonard  in  London,  was  sum- 
moned to  Whitehall  by  Oharles  II  for  oon- 
anltation  respecting  a  charger  which  Mon* 
month  afterwards  rode  at  Bothwell-Brigg. 
He  also  began  a  book  on  horsemanship  and 
Um  tnataieot  of  horses^  bat  thou^t  it '  not 


honourable  to  his  cloth  to  publish.'  Som» 
of  his  'secrets '  were  embodied  in  the  '  Gen- 
tleman's Jockey  and  Approved  Farrier' 
0676,  4th  edit.)  He  died  at  Ripley  on 
a7  Nov.  1694,  and  was  buried  in  Bumeston 
ehurdi  (WhIt^keb,  BidmumdMre,  iL  190). 
He  left  an  estate  of  700/.  per  annum,  his  skill 
in  afiairs  being  'next  to  miraculous.'  Her 
married,  on  12  Oct.  1657;  Jane,  daughter  of 
Marie  Pickering  of  Ackworth,  a  descendant 
of  ArchbishopTobie  Matthew  [q.  v.l  but  had 
no  children.  Their  porUnits,  formerly  at  Bui^ 
neston,  have  perished.  'Hioresby  xhentions 
that  'A  Treatise  of  Faith  by  a  Dying  Divine ' 
contains  an  account  of  Robinson's  diaracter. 
This,  with  a  manuscript  introduction  in  Ro- 
binson's writing,  recently  belonged  to  J.  IL 
Walbran,  esq.,  of  Fallcroft,  Ripon. 

[The  Life  of  Matthew  Robinson  was  printed 
in  1856  by  Professor  Mayor  in  pt.  ii.  of  Cam- 
bridge in  the  Seventeenth  Oentuzy,  from  a 
mannseript  in  St.  John's  CoUese  Library,  with 
numerous  notes,  appendix,  and  mdioes.  It  pur- 
ports to  be,  with  the  exception  of  the  last  foar 
pages,  an  autobiography.  It  was  completed 
by  Robinson's  nephew,  Geoiige  Qrey.  The 
latter's  son,  Zaobary,  supplied  chronological 
notes  and  corrections,  See  also  Baker's  Hist,  of 
St.  John's  College  (ad.  Mayor);  Thoresby'a 
Diary,  L  75,  281-2;  and  authorities  cited.] 

Q.  1a  G.  N. 

ROBINSON,  NICHOLAS  {d.  1586), 
bishop  of  Bangor,  bom  at  Conway  in  North 
Wales,  was  the  second  son  of  John  Robinson^ 
hy  his  wife  Ellin,  daughter  of  William 
Brickdale.  The  families  of  both  parents 
came  originally  from  LancashireandOneshire 
respectively,  but  appear  to  have  been  settled 
at  Conway  for  several  generations  (Dwjtn, 
Heraldie  VisitaHons,  ii.  llS-14;  Wood, 
Athena  Oxen,  ii.  797-8,  footnote;  Arch, 
Cambr,  5th  ser.  ziii.  87). 

Robinson  was  educated  at  Queens'  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  where  he  proceeded  B.A« 
in  1547-^,  and  within  a  twelvemonth  was 
made  a  fellow  of  his  coUeffe,  by  the  command, 
it  is  alleged,  of  the  royu  commissioners  for 
the  visitation  of  the  university.  In  1551  he 
commenced  M.A.,  was  bunar  of  his  own 
college  in  1551-8,  and  a  proctor  in  the  uni- 
versit^P'  for  1552,  dean  of  his  college  1577-8, 
and  vice-preudent  of  his  college  in  1661. 
Plays  written  by  him  were  acted  at  Queena' 
Colle^  in  1550,  1552,  and  1553,  the  last- 
mentioned  being  a  comedy  entitled '  Strylius.' 
In  1555  he  subscribed  tne  Roman  oathoUo 
articles.  He  was  ordained  at  Bangor  by  Dr. 
William  Glvnn,  &st  as  acolyte  and  sub- 
deacon  on  12  March  1556-7,  tlien  deacon  oa 
the  18th,  and  prieston  the  14Ui,  under  aspecial 
faeulty  from  Cacdinal  Pole,  dated  28  Feb. 


Robinson 


35 


Robinson 


tneeediiig.  Archbishop  Parker^sfUtement  in 
nis*  De  Antiquitate  Itetannica'  (see  Strtse, 
BsHker,  iii.  291),  that  BobinsoD  'suffered  ear* 
lamities  for  the  protestant  cause  in  the  reign 
ofQueenMarj,  is  hardly  probable. 

Ob  20  Dec.  1559  Parker  licensed  him  to 
preadi  throughout  his  province;  and  he  iras 
then,  or  about  that  time,  appointed  one  of 
his  dttpUins  (Stbtpb,  Pttrker,  ii.  457).    He 
wocaeaed  at  Cambridge  B.D.  in  1660  and 
UJ).  in  1666.   A  sermon  preached  by  him  at 
St.  Pool's  Gross  in  December  1561  was  de* 
scribed  by  Orindal  as  '  vei^  good '  (i6.) ;  the 
manuscript  is  numbered  104  among  Arch- 
bishop   Packer's     manuscripts    at    Corpus 
Chnsti  CoU^ey  Cambridge  (Stbtpb's  Far- 
kfr,  L  464-^ ;  and  Hawbib's  Sketches  of  the 
Mefwvtatidn,  pp.  161-2).     After  this  pre- 
fennent  eame  apace.    He  was  appointed  on 
13  Dec  1561  to  the  rectory  of  Shepperton  in 
Middlesex  (NEWooirBTyjR^per^orntm,i.726); 
on  16  June  1562  to  the  archdeaconry  of 
Merioneth  (Walus,  p.  142);  and  on  26  Aug. 
of  the  same  year  to  the  sinecure  rectory  of 
Xorthopin  Flintshire.    He  also  became  re(y 
tor  of  Witney  in  Oxfordshire  (see  Nasxith, 
QxLafC.C.C.  MS8.  p.  154).    In  ri^ht  of 
his  azehdeaeonry  he  sat  in  the  eonrocation  of 
1562-8,  when  he  subscribed  the  Thirty-nine 
AitlcleB  ^9tbttb,  Annal§,  i.  i.  490),  and 
TOled  against  the  proposal  which  was  made, 
bat  not  adopted,  to  make  essential  modifica- 
tion in  certain  rites  and  ceremonies  of  the 
dmrdi  (d.  pp.  602-8).    In  1564  he  idso  sub- 
scribed the  bishops'  propositions  concerning 
ecdtesiastieal  habits,  and  wrote  '  Tractatus  de 
Testinm  nsn  in  sacris.^ 

He  was  at  Cambridge  during  Queen  Eliza- 
beth's Tisit  in  August  1664,  and  prepared  an 
aeoonnt  of  it  in  Latin,  an  E^lish  version  of 
n^idt  is  probably  that  printed  in  Nichols's 
'Progtessee  of  Elizabeth'  (i.  167-71).  A 
emUar  account  was  written  by  him  of  the 
guef^n's  yiait  to  Oxford  in  1566  (ib,  I  229- 
347 ;  see  also  JSarl  MSL  7088,  f.  181).  He 
was  one  of  the  Lient  preachers  before  the 
^oeen  in  1565  (Stbtpb,  Parker,  iii.  185). 

Robinson  was  elected  bishop  of  Banfor,  in 
iiioceasioa  to  Rowland  Meyrick  [q.  t.j,  after 
much  deliberation  on  the  part  of^the  arch- 
InAa^f  under  a  license  attested  at  Cam- 
bridge on  80  July  1566.  He  also  held  m 
eemmendion  the  archdeaconry  of  Merioneth, 
and  the  rectories  of  Witney,  Northop,  and 
Shepperton.  The  archdeaconry  he  resigned 
in  1^3  in  &TOur  of  his  kinsman,  Humphrey 
Robinson,  bnt  he  took  instead  ^e  archdea- 
eoDiT  of  Anglesey,  which  he  held  xmtil  his 
death  (Wiiijs,  pp.  169, 142).  He  resigned 
Shepperton  about  November  1574. 

'm  the  next  few  years  Robinson  appears 


to  have  endeavoured  to  suppress  the  non^pro* 
testant  customs  in  his  diocese  (o£  Stbipb^ 
Grindal,^.  815).  On  7  Oct.  1567  Robinson 
wrote  to  Sir  William  Cecil,  giving  an  account 
of  the  counties  under  his  jurisdiction,  noticing 
the  prevalence  therein  of '  the  use  of  images,, 
altars,  pilgrimages,  and  vi^'  {CaL  State 
Papers,  ed.  Lemon,  p.  301).  On  the  same 
day  he  sent  to  Archbishop  Parker  a  oopy  of 
part  of  Eadmer's  history,  stating  also  his 
opinion  as  to  the  extent  and  authenticity  ot 
Welsh  manuscripts  (CCC.  Cambridge  M& 
No.  114,  f.  508 ;  see  Nasxiih's  Catalogue, 
p.  155 ;  also  Stbxpb'b  Parker,  i.  609).  Oif 
z3  April  1571  he  was  acting  as  one  of  the 
commissioners  for  ecclesiastical  causes  at 
Lambeth  (Sxbxpb,  Annals,  ii.  i.  141),  and  in 
the  convocation  held  that  year  he  subscribed 
the  English  translation  of  the  Thirty-nine 
Articles  and  the  book  of  Canons  (Stbtpe, 
Parker,  n,  54,  60).  About  1581  he  was  sus- 
pected of  papistry;  on  28  May  1582  he  wrote 
two  letters,  one  to  Walsingham  and  the  other 
to  the  Eari  of  Leicester, '  justifyins'  himseli 
against  the  reports  that  he  was  fallen  away 
in  religion,' and  stating  that  his  'proceedings 
against  the  papists  and  the  declaration  of 
the  archbishop  would  sufficiently  prove  his 
adherence  to  the  established  church'  {Cah 
State  Papers,  ii.  56). 

He  died  on  18  Feb.  1584>5,  and  was 
buried  on  the  17th  in  Bangor  Cathedral  on 
the  south  side  of  the  high  altar.  His  effiff^ 
and  arms  wete  delineated  in  brass,  but  the 
figure  had  been  removed  at  the  time  of  Browne 
Williams  surveyin  1720, when  only  a  fragment 
of  the  inscription  remained ;  tms  has  since 
disappeared.  His  will  was  proved  in  the  pre- 
rorative  court  of  Canterbury  on  20  Feb.  1584 
{Areh.  Cawhr,  6th  ser.  vi.  180). 

Robinson  took  considerable  interest  in 
Welsh  history,  and  is  said  to  have  made  'a 
large  collection  of  historical  things  relating 
to  the  chm^h  and  state  of  the  Britons  and 
Welsh, in  fol.  MS.'  (Wood,  loc.  cit.),  which 
was  formerly  preserved  m  the  Hengwrt  Li- 
brary. He  translated  into  Latin  a  life  of 
Grur^dd  ab  Cynan  [q .  v.]  from  an  old  Weldb 
text  at  Gwydyr,  ana  the  translation,  appa- 
rently in  Robinson's  own  handwriting,  is 
still  preserved  at  Peniaith.  Both  text  and 
translation  were  edited  by  the  Rev.  Robert 
Williams  for  the  '  Archttologia  Cambrensis ' 
for  1866  (8rd  ser.  xii.  80,  112 ;  see  espe- 
cially note  on  p.  181,  and  cf«  xv.  862).  Bishop 
Wimam  Morgan  (1540P>1604)  [q.  v.l,  in  the 
dedication  of  his  Welsh  vetsiom  of  the  bible 
(published  in  1588),  acknowledges  assistance 
m>m  a  bishop  of  Bangor,  presumably  Robin- 
son.  At  any  rate,  I&binsan  may  be  safely 
n^garded  as  one  of  tilM  elusf  pioneers  of  tbie 

]>2 


Robinson 


36 


Robinson 


Tsfbrmation  in  North  Wales,  and  he  appears 
to  hare  honestly  attempted  to  suppress  the 
irregularities  of  the  native  clergy,  though 
periia]^  he  was  himself  not  quite  free  firom 
the  tamt  of  nepotism. 

Robinson  married  Jane,  daughter  of  Randal 
Brereton,  by  Mary,  daughter  of  Sir  William 
Qriffith  of  Fenrhyn,  chamberlain  of  North 
Wales,  and  by  her  he  had  numerous  sons, 
including  Hugh  [q.  y.],  and  William,  his 
eldest,  wnose  son  was  John  Robinson  (1617- 
1681)  [q.  y.]  the  royalist. 

[The  chief  authorities  for  Nicholas  Robinson's 
life  are  Wood's  Athens  Ozon.  ii.  797-9;  Le 
Neva's  Fasti,  i.  105, 115-16;  Williams's  Eminent 
Welshmen,  pp.  459  et  seq. ;  Cooper's  Athene 
Oantabr.  i.  603-6;  Yorkes  Royal  Tribes  of 
Wales,  ed.  Williams,  pp.  23,  173;  Strype's 
various  works.]  D.  Lu  T. 

ROBINSON,  NICHOLAS,M.D.(1697P- 
1776),  physician,  a  native  of  Wales,  bom 
about  lo9/ ,  graduated  M.D<  at  Rheims  on 
15  Dec.  1718,  and,  like  Richard  Mead  [q.  v.], 
who  wa3  his  first  patron,  began  practice  with- 
lout  the  necessary  license  of  the  College  of 
Physicians,  residixig  in  Wood  Street  in  the 
^ity  of  London.  In  1721  he  published  '  A 
Compleat  Treatise  of  the  Gravel  and  Stone,' 
in  which  he  condemns  the  guarded  opinion 
/which  Charles  Bernard  [q.  v.]  had  given  on 
>tihe  subject  of  cutting  into  the  kidney  to  re* 
move  renal  calculus,  and  declares  himself 
«troiigly  in  favour  of  the  operation.  He  de- 
.  scribesa  tincturalithontriptica,  pulvislithon- 
tripticus,  and  elixir  lithontripticum  devised 
by  him  as  sovereign  remedies  for  the  stone 
•and  the  gravel.  In  1725  he  published '  A  New 
(Theory  of  Physick  and  Diseases  founded  on 
the  Newtonian  Philosophy.'  The  theory  is 
Indefinite,  and  seems  little  more  than  that 
ithere  is  no  infallible  authority  in  medicine. 
In  1727  he  published  <  A  New  Method  of 
treating  Consumptions/  and  on  27  Mardi 
nvas  admitted  a  licentiate  of  the  College  of 
Physicians.  He  moved  to  Warwick  Court 
in  Warwick  Lane,  and  in  1729  published 
'A  New  Systein  of  the  Spleen,  vapours, 
and  Hypochondriack  Melancboly,'  dedicated 
to  Sir  lians  Sloane  [q^v.]  He  mentions  in 
it,  from  the  renort  of  eye-witnesses,  the  last 
symptoms  of  Marlborough's  illness,  which 
are  generally  known  from  Johnson's  poetical 
allusion  to  them,  and  relates  as  example  of  the 
occasional  danger  of  the  disease  then  known 
AS  vapours  that  a  Mrs.  Davis  died  of  joy  be- 
cause her  son  returned  safely  from  India; 
while  a  Mrs,  Chiswell  died  of  sorrow  because 
her  son  went  to  Turkey.  In  1729 he  published 
«  'Discourse  on  the  Nature  and  Cause  of 
Sudden  Deaths/  in  which  he  maintains  that 


some  cases  of  apoplexy  ought  not  to  be  treated 
by  bleeding,  and  describes  from  his  own  ob* 
servation  the  cerebral  appearances  in  opium 
poisoning.  His  '  Treatise  of  the  Venereal 
Disease,'  which  appeared  in  1786,  and '  Essay 
on  Gout,'  publisheii  in  1755,  are  without  any 
original  observations.  He  used  to  give  leo* 
tures  on  medicine  at  his  house,  and  published 
a  syllabus.  He  also  wrote  *  The  Christian 
Philosopher '  in  1741,  and '  A  Treatise  on  the 
Virtues  of  a  Crust  of  Bread '  in  1766.  All 
his  writings  are  diifuse,  and  contain  scarcely 
an  observation  of  permanent  yalue.  He  died 
on  18  May  1775. 

fMunk*8  Coll.  of  Phys.  ii.  108 ;  Works.] 

N.  M. 

ROBINSON,  PETER  FREDERICK 
(1776-1858),  architect,  bom  in  1776,  became 
a  pupil  of  Henry  Holland  (1746  P-1806}  [q.  y.] 
From  1795  to  1798  he  was  articled  toWuliam 
Porden  [q.  y.],  and  he  resided  in  1801-2  at 
the  Pavilion  at  Brighton,  superintending  the 
works  in  Porden's  absence.  In  1805  he  de- 
signed HansTown  Assembly  Rooms,  Cadogan 
Place  $  in  1811-12  the  Egyptian  Hall,  Pic- 
cadilly, which  William  Bullock  of  Liverpool 
intenaed  for  his  London  museum  of  natural 
history.  The  details  of  the  elevation  were 
taken  from  V.  Denon'sworkon  the  Egyptian 
monuments,  and  especially  from  the  temple 
at  Denderah;  but  the  composition  of  the 
design  is  quite  at  variance  with  the  prin- 
ciples of  Egyptian  architecture.  About  this 
Seriod  he  employed  the  young  James  Duf- 
eld  Harding  [a.  v.]  for  perspective  draw- 
ing. Harding  also  contributed  illustrations 
to  '  Vitruvius  Britannicus '  and  other  works 
of  Robinson.  In  1818  he  designed  the  town- 
hall  and  market-place  at  Llanbedr,  Car- 
diganshire. In  1816  he  travelled  on  the 
continent,  and  visited  Rome.  In  1819  ha 
made  alterations  at  Bulstrode  for  the  Duke 
of  Somerset;  in  1821  he  restored  Mickle- 
ham  church,  Surrey;  in  1826-8  he  made 
alterations  at  York  Castle  gaol ;  in  1829-32 
he  built  the  Swiss  Cottage  at  the  Colosseum, 
Reffent's  Park ;  in  1836  he  sent  in  dest^s 
which  were  not  successful  in  the  competition 
for  the  new  Houses  of  Parliament.  He  also 
designed  or  altered  numerous  country  houses 
for  private  gentlemen. 

He  projected  the  continuation  of  Vitruvius 
Britannicus,'  commenced  by  Colin  Campbell 
{d,  1729)  [q.  v.],  and  continued  by  George  Ri- 
chardson (1736  P-1817  P)  [q.v.],and  published 
five  parts,  vis. :  *  Wobum  Abbey,'  1827 ; '  Hat- 
field House,'  1833 ; '  Hardwicke  Hall,'  1835 ; 
<  Castle  Ashby,'  1841 ;  and  <  Warwick  Castle/ 
1842.  He  also  published  'Rural  Archi- 
tecture: Designs  for  Ornamental  Cottages/ 


Robinson 


37 


Robinson 


1838;  'An  Attempt  to  ascertain  the  Are  of 
tbe  Cbnrch  of  Miekleham  in  Surrey/  1824 ; 
'Ornamental  Villas/  1825-7 ;  '  Village  Ap- 
chiteetnie,'  18S0 ;  '  Farm  Buadings/ 1830 ; 
'Gate  Cottages,  Lodges, and  Park  iSitranoes/ 
183S ;  *  Domestic  Ajchitectnre  in  the  Tudor 
Style/  18S7 ;  *  New  Series  of  Ornamental 
CottMcs  and  Villas/  1838.  Robinson  be- 
came FJS^.  in  1828,  and  was  (1835-9)  one 
of  the  first  Tice-preaidents  of  the  Institute  of 
Bntidi  Architects.  He  read  papers  to  the 
uucitute,  6  July  1835,  on  'The  newly  dis- 
eoTered  dypt  at  York  Minster,'  and,  5  Dec. 
1836,  OD  'Oblique  Arches.'  About  1840 
pemnisry  difficulties  led  him  to  reside  at 
AMiIqgBe,  frhere  He  died  on  24  June  1858. 

[Dict.of  Aichitectnre;  Stiilder,  xyi.  458 ;  Notes 
aad  Qieries,  5th  ser.  iii.  284 ;  Roget*s  History 
of  tbe  'Old  Water  Colour*  Society,  i.  51 0 ;  Trans. 
Int.  of  Brit^  ArchitecU,  1835-6.]  C.  D. 

BOBINSON,  RALPH  (Ji.  1551),  trans- 
Istor  of  More*8  *  Utopia,'  bom  of  poor 
pszcnts  in  Lincolnshire  in  1521,  was  edu* 
cated  at  Qrantham  and  Stamford  grammar 
schoob,  and  had  William  Cecil  (aiterwards 
LordBurgfaley)  as  companion  at  both  schools. 
In  1596  he  entered  Corpus  Christi  College, 
Oxford,  graduated  B.A.  in  1540,  and  was 
elected  fdlow  of  his  college  on  16  June  1542. 
In  March  1544  he  supplicated  for  the  degree 
of  AI  jIu  Coming  to  London,  he  obtained  the 
liverr  of  the  Goldsmiths'  Company,  and  a 
small  post  as  derk  in  the  service  of  his  early 
fiiend,  Cecil.  He  was  long  hampered  by  the 
poverty  of  his  parenta  and  brothers.  Among 
the  Lantdowne  MSS.  (ii.  57-9)  are  two  ap- 
peala  in  Latin  for  increase  of  income  addressed 
by  him  to  Cecil,  together  with  a  copy  of 
Latin  TerseSy  entitled  *  His  New  Year*s  Gift.' 
The  first  appeal  is  endorsed  May  1551 ;  upon 
tbe  eeeona,  which  was  written  after  July 
lo72y  appears  the  comment,  'Rodolphus 
Ilobynaonoa.  For  some  place  to  relieve  his 
poverty. 

In  1551  Robinson  completed  the  first 
renderiiu^  into  English  of  Sir  Thomas 
Mde'a  *  Utooia/  In  the  dedication  to  his 
former  adioolfellow,  Cecil,  he  expressed  re- 
gret for  Mere's  obstinate  adherence  to  dis- 
credited religions  opinions,  modestly  apolo- 
gised ibr  the  shortcomings  of  his  translation, 
and  reminded  his  patron  of  their  youthful 
intimaey.  The  book  was  published  by  Abra- 
ham Veal,  at  the  si^  of  the  Lamb  in  St. 
BsuTs  Chmchyard,  m  1551  (b.  L  8vo,  Brit. 
Mas.)  A  second  edition  appeared  in  1556, 
without  the  dedicatory  letter.  The  third 
option  is  dated  1597,  and  the  'newly  cor- 
rected '  fourth  (of  1624)  is  dedicated  bv  the 
paUisher,  Bernard  Alsop,  to  Cresacra  More 


[see  under  Mobb,  Sib  Thovas].    The  latest 
editions  are  dated  1869, 1887,  and  1893. 

Although  somewhat  redundant  in  style^ 
Robinson's  version  of  the  '  Utopia'  has  not 
been  displaced  in  popular  esteem  by  the  sub- 
sequent efibrts  of  Gilbert  Burnet  (1684)  and 
of  Arthur  Cayley  (1808). 

[See  art.  Moss,  Sir  Thovas;  Lupton's  pre- 
face to  his  edition  of  the  Utopia,  1896 ;  Wood's 
Fasti  Oxon.  ed.  Bliss.]  8.  L, 

ROBINSON,  RALPH  (1614-1655), 
puritan  divine,  bom  at  Heswall,  Cheshire, 
m  June  1614,  was  educated  at  St.  QLtharine 
Hall,  Cambridge,  where  he  graduated  B.A. 
1688,  MA.  1642.  On  the  strength  of  his 
preaching  he  was  invited  to  St.  Mary's  Wool- 
noth,  Lombard  Street,  and  there  received 
presbyterian  ordination  about  1642.  He  was 
scribe  to  the  first  assembly  of  provincial 
ministers  held  in  London  in  1647,  and  united 
with  them  in  the  protest  against  the  king's 
death  in  1649.  On  11  June  1651  he  was  ar- 
rested on  a  charfi;e  of  being  concerned  in  the 
conspiracy  of  Christopher  Love  [q.  v.]  He 
was  next  day  committed  to  the  Tower,  and 
appears  to  have  been  detained  there  at  any 
rate  until  October,  when  an  order  for  his  trial 
was  issued.  Perhaps  he  was  never  brought 
up,  but  if  so  it  was  to  be  pardoned.  He  aied 
on  15  June  1655,  and  was  buried  on  the  18th 
in  the  chancel  of  St.  Mary  Woolnoth.  His 
fune^l  sermon  was  preached  by  Simeon  Ashe 
[q.  vA  and  published,  with  memorial  verses,, 
a^  *  The  Good  Man's  Death  Lamented,'  Lon- 
don, 1655.  By  his  wife,  Mary,  Robinson  had 
a  daughter  Rebecca  (1647-1664). 

Besides  sermons,  Robinson  was  the  authoi 
of :  1. '  Christ  all  in  all,'  London,  1656 ;  2nd 
edit.  1660;  3rd  edit.  Woolwich,  1828;  4th 
edit.  London,  1868, 8vo.  2. '  navon-X/a.  Uni- 
versa  Arma '  ('  Hieron ;  or  the  Christian  com- 
pleatly  Armed '),  London,  1656. 

[Transcript  of  the  Registers  of  St.  Muy 
Woolnoth,  by  the  rector,  1886,  pp.  zir,  48,  228, 
233 ;  Cal.  of  State  Papers,  Dom.  1661,  pp.  247, 
249,  251,  262,  467,  4G6 ;  Brook's  Lives  of  the 
Puritans,  iii.  237 ;  information  from  tbe  registruj 
ofCambr.  Univ.]  C.  F.  S. 

ROBINSON,  RICHARD  (^.  157^1600), 
author  and  compiler,  was  a  freeman  of  the 
Leathersellers'  Company,  and  in  1576  waa 
residing  in  a  chamber  at  the  south  side  of  St. 
Paul's.  In  the  registers  of  St.  Peter's,  Com* 
hill  THarl.  Soc.),  there  are  several  entries  of 
the  oirths  and  deaths  of  the  children  of 
Richard  Robinson,  skinner.  In  1585  he  ia 
described  as  of  Fryers  {ib,  p.  Id5\  In  1595 
he  presented  to  Miaabeth  the  tnird  part  of 
his  *  Harmony  of  King  David's  EUrp.'  Id 
his  manuscript  'Enpolemia'  he  gives  aa 


Robinson 


3« 


Robinson 


nmuAug  account  of  the  queen's  reception  of 
the  gift.  His  hope  of  pecuniary  recognition 
was  disappointed,  and  he  was  obliged  to  sell 
his  books  and  the  lease  of  his  house  in  Harp 
Alley,  Shoe  Lane.  He  was  a  suitor  to  the 
aueen  for  one  of  the  twelve  alms-rooms  in 
Westminster.  The  poet  Thomas  Church* 
yard  [q.v.],  with  whom  he  co*operated  in 
the  translation  from  Meteren's  'Historiie 
Belgioe '  Q  602),  prefixed  a  poem  in  praise  of 
him  to  Hooinson's '  Auncient  Order  of  Prince 
Arthure.'  The  supposition  that  he  was  the 
father  of  Richara  Robinson,  an  actor  in 
Shakespeare's  plays,  is  not  supported  by  any 
evidence  (Oox.i.TEBy  Memoirs  oj  the  Principal 
Actors  in  the  Plays  of  Shakespeare), 

Robinson  was  the  author  of:  1.  'Certain 
Selected  Histories  for  Christian  Recreations, 
with  their  several!  Moralizations  brought 
into  English  Verse,*  1576, 8vo.  2.  *  A  Moral 
Methode  of  Civil  Policie '  (a  translation  of 
F.  Patrizi's  'Nine  Books  of  a  Common- 
wealth'), 1676,  4to.  8.  *  Robinson's  Ruby, 
an  Historical  Fiction,  translated  out  of 
Latin  Prose  into  English  Verse,  with  the 
Prayer  of  the  most  Christian  Poet  Ausonius,' 
1677.  4.  'A  Record  of  Anient  Historyes, 
entituled  in  Latin  Qesta  IComanorum  [by 
John  LelandP],  Translated,  Perused,  Cor- 
rected, and  Bettered,'  1677,  8vo.  5.  '  The 
Dyall  of  Dayl^  Contemplacon  for  Synners, 
Moral  and  Divine  Matter  in  English  Prose 
and  Verse,  first  published  in  print  *anno 
1499,  corrected  and  reformed  for  the  time ' 
(dedicated  to  Dean  Nowell),  1678.  6.  *Me- 
lancthon's  Prayers  Translated  .  •  into  Eng- 
lish' ^dedicated  to  Sir  Philip  Sidney),  1579. 
7  *Tne  Vineyard  of  Virtue,  partly  trans- 
lated, partly  collected  out  of  the  Bible  and . . . 
other  authors/ 1579, 1591.  8.  'Melanchthon 
his  Learned  Assertion  or  Apology  of  the 
Word  of  God  and  of  His  Chuich,'  1680. 

9.  'Hemming's  Exposition  upon  the  25th 
Psafan,     translated    into    English,'    1580. 

10.  '  A  Learned  and  True  Assertion  of  the 
OriginalLife,  Actes,  and  Death  of. . .  Arthure,' 
(a  translation  of  John  Leland's  work),  1582. 

11.  '  Part  of  the  Harmony  of  King  David's 
Harp,  conteining  the  first  21  Psalmes  .  .  , 
expounded  by  ^rigelius,  translated  b^  [Ro- 
binson],' 1582,  4to  12. '  Urbanus  Regius,  an 
Homely  or  Sermon  of  Gbod  and  Evil  Angels 
.  ^  •  translated  into  Exifflish,'  1588  (dedicated 
to  Gabriel  GK>odman,  dean  of  Westminster); 
later  editions  1590  and  1698.  18.  <  A  Rare, 
True,  and  Proper  Blazon  of  Coloures  in 
Armoryes  and  Ensigns  (Military) '  1588. 
14.  '  Gnie  Ancient  Oitler  Sodetie  and  Unitie 
Lauda|l)le  of  Prince  Arthure . . .  translated  by 
(Robinson),'  1588,  4to.  16.  '  1%e  Solace  of 
Sion  and  Joy  of  Jerusalem . . .  being  a  Qodly 


exposition  of  the  87th  Psalme  (by  Urbanus 
R4»^U8)  .  .  .  translated  into  English,'  1587; 
later  editions  1690,  1594.  16. '  A  Proceed- 
ing in  the  Harmony  of  King  David's  Harp, 
being  a  2nd  portion  of  18  PsaJuns  more,'  1590. 
17.  *  A  Second  Proceeding  in  the  Harmony 
of  King  David's  Harp,'  1592.  18.  '  A  Third 
Proceeding  .  .  .'  1595  (dedicated  to  Queen 
Elizabeth).  19. '  A  Fourth  Proceeding,'  1596. 
20.  '  A  Filth  Proceeding,'  1598. 

The  following  works  by  Robinson  in  manu* 
script  are  contained  in  Royal  MS.  No.  18 : 
1.  *Two  Several  Surveys  of  the  . . .  Soldiers 
Mustered  in  London,'  1688  and  1599.  2. '  An 
Account  of  the  Three  Expeditions  of  Sir 
Francis  Drake,'  Latin.  8. '  An  English  Quid 
for  a  Spanish  Quo  .  • .  being  an  Account  of 
the  11  Voyaj^  of  (Jeoree,  Earl  of  Cumber- 
land '  (also  in  Hist.  2d&S^  Comm,  5th  Rep. 
p.  304, 12th  Rep.  pt.  i.  p.  16).  4. '  Robinson^ 
Eupolemia,  Archippus,  and  Panoplia,'  being 
an  account  of  his  worl^  1576-1602. 

The  compiler  must  be  distinguished  from 
RiOHABB  Robinson  {fl,  1574),  poet^  who 
describes  himself  as  'of  Alton,'  which  has 
been  understood  as  Halton  in  Cheshire ;  it  is 
more  probably  Alton  in  Staffordshire.  Corser 
identified  him  with  the  student  at  Cambridge 
who  published  '  The  Poor  Knight  his  Palace 
of  PnvatePleasure,'  1579.  But  the  identifi- 
cation is  unlikely  because  the  only  Richard 
Robinson  known  at  Cambridge  in  1579  was 
beadel  of  the  university  {Cal,  State  Papers f 
Dom.  Elix.  cxxxii.  19  Oct.  1579).  Li  <The 
Rewarde  of  Wickednesse '  Robinson  speaks 
of  himself  as  servant  in  1574  in  the  house- 
hold of  the  Earl  of  Shrewsbury, '  the  simplest 
of  a  himdred  in  my  lord's  Itouee,'  and  as 
writing  the  poem  '  in  such  times  as  my  turn 
came  to  serve  in  watch  of  the  Scottish  Queen. 
I  then  every  night  collected  some  part  thereof.' 
Li  ^  A  Gk>lden  Mirrour '  Robinson  shows  an 
intimate  a^uaintance  with  the  nobility  and 
gentry  of  Oneshire.  It  is  presumable  from 
the  concluding  lines  of  this  latter  poem  that 
he  was  advanced  in  years  at  the  time  of  its 
composition,  and  it  may  have  been  published 
posthumously.  John  Proctor  the  publisher 
purchased  the  manuscript  of  it  in  1687,  with- 
out knowing  the  author,  but  supposing  him 
to  have  been  '  of  the  north  country.' 

To  RoImhsou  the  poet  are  ascribed :  1.  <  The 
ruefull  Tragedie  of  Hemidos  and  The!  ay,' 
1669  (Abbbb,  Stationers^  JRegieter,  i.  220) ; 
not  known  to  be  extanU  2. '  The  Rewarae 
of  Wickednesse,  discoursing  the  sundrie 
monstrous  Abuses  of  wicked  and  ongodlye 
Worldelinges  in  such  sort  set  out  as  the  same 
have  been  dyyerseW  practised  in  the  Persons 
of  Popes,  Harlots,  Proude  Princes,  Tyrantes, 
Romish  ByahoppeB/  &C.,  1673 ;  dedioated  to 


Robinson 


39 


Robinson 


Gilbert  Tslbo^  second  mil  of  the  Earl  of 
Sfasemboiv,  and  dated '  from  my  chamber  m 
Sheffield  cSiatle;  19  Aug.  1574  (flic).  It  La- 
tredueee  Skelton,  Wager,  Heywood,  Googe, 
Studlejy  and  otlien.  and  near  the  end  con- 
taim  a  fiuioiie  attack  on  Bonner  as  the  devil's 
agent  om  earth.  Fk^sumably  he  had  suffered 
at  Bomer^a  hands.  8.  ^  A  Qolden  Minour 
eonteiningB  eertaine  pithie  and  figoiatiTe 
Visas  promcstlcating  Good  Fortune  to 
JSaf^MDd  ana  aU  true  English  Subjects  •  •  • 
vtoeto  be  adjoyned  eertaine  ijretie  PoemS| 
wiittea  on  the  Kames  of  sundrie  both  noble 
and  woirahipfall^'  London,  1689  (renrinted  for 
the  Chfttham  Socfetj,  with  introauction  by 
Goner»  in  1861.) 

[Aflthoatiee  giTon  above ;  Coner^s  intTodao- 
tion  to  the  reprint  of  A  Golden  Minour  (Chet- 
ham  See.) ;  HasiiU's  Handbook,  pp.  70,  615, 
aod  CoO.  1st  eer.  p.  362 ;  CoUitt's  Bibl.  Cat.  ii. 
27U2 ;  Oat.  Hath  Xibr.]  W.  A  & 

ROBINSON,  BICHAKD,  first  Bason 
BoxBST  in  the  peerage  of  Ireland  (1709- 
1794),  aiehbishop  of  Armu^h,  b<ffn  in  1709, 
vas  the  sixth  son  of  Willjam  Robinson 
(1670-1720)  of  BokebVy  Yorkshire,  and 
Merkm  Abbey,  Surrey,  by  Anne,  daughter 
and  hnreas  of  Robert  Walters  of  Cundall  in 
the  North  Riding.  Sir  Thomas  Robinson 
(lTOOP-1777)  [q.  v.],  first  baronet^  was  his 
eldest  brother  ;  his  third  brother,  William 
(dL  1785),  succeeded  in  1777  to  Sir  Thomas's 
faaronetey.  The  youngest  brother  was  Sep- 
timus (see  below).  The  Robinsons  of  Rokeby 
-were  descended  from  the  Robertsons,  barons 
^of  Stroan  or  Strowan,  Perthshire.  William 
Robinson  settled  at  Kendal  in  the  reign  of 
Henzy  Vlll,  and  his  eldest  son,  Ralph,  be- 
came owner  of  Rokeby  in  the  North  Riding  of 
York&hire  by  his  marriage  with  the  eldest 
daughter  and  cohmress  of  James  Philips  of 
Brignal,  near  Rokeby. 

ludiard  Robinson  was  educated  at  West- 
minster, where  he  was  contemporary  with 
Lord  Mansfield,  Gecnge  Stone  [q.  v.]  (whom 
he  aaoceeded  as  primate  of  Ireland),  and 
HiomasNefwton,  bishop  of  Bristol.  Hematri- 
calatad  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  on  13  June 
1726,  and  giaduated  BA.  in  1730  and  M. A. 
in  17SS,  In  1748  he  proceeded  BJ).  and 
D J),  by  accumulation.  (Cleaving  Oxford  he 
ha^tmuk  chaplain  to  Blackbume,  archbishop 
€f  York,  who,  in  1738,  presented  him  to  the 
rectory  of  Etton  in  tibe  East  Riding.  On 
4  Mav  of  the  same  year  he  became  prebendary 
of  York  (La  Nevb,  JFiuti  Eccles.  Anglic,  iii. 
192  >,  witii  which  he  held  the  vicarage  of 
AldboroivlL  In  1742  he  was  also  presented 
by  Lord  Rockingham  to  the  reetory  of  Httt- 
ton,  Yozkihire. 

In  1751  Robinson  attended  the  Duke  of 


Dorset^  lord  lieutenant,  to  Ireland  as  his 
chaplain.  He  obtained  the  see  of  Killala 
through  the  influence  of  Lords  Holdemess 
and  Sandwidi,  his  relatives,  and  was  conse- 
crated on  19  Jan.  1752.  He  was  translated 
to  Leighlin  and  Ferns  on  19  April  1759, 
and  promoted  to  Kildare  on  13  Apiil  1761. 
Two  days  later  he  was  admitted  dean  of 
Cbrist  Church,  Dublin.  After  the  areh- 
biahopric  of  Armagh  had  been  declined  l^ 
Newton,  bishop  of  Bristol,  and  Edmund 
Keene  of  Chester,  it  was  offered  to  Robinson 
by  the  influence  of  the  Duke  of  Northumber- 
land (then  lord  lieutenant)  contrary  to  the 
wishes  of  the  premier,  Georg^e  Grenville,  who 
brought  forward  three  nommees  of  his  own 
{WALTOJJ^Memoir8<;fQeorffeIII).  Robin- 
son became  primate  of  Ireland  on  19  Jan. 
1765. 

Robinson  did  much  both  fas  the  Irish 
church  and  for  the  see  of  Armagh.  To  his 
influence  were  largely  due  the  aets  for  the 
erection  of  chapelB  or  ease  in  laroe  parishes, 
and  their  formation  into  perpetuus  cures;  the 
encouragement  of  the  residues  of  the  clergy 
in  their  benefices;  and  the  prohilntion  of 
burials  in  churches  as  injurious  to  health 
(11  &  12  G^eorge  III,  ch.  xvi.,  xvii.,  and  xxii.) 
He  repaired  and  beautified  Armagh  Cathe- 
dral, presented  it  with  a  new  OEgui,  and 
built  houses  for  the  yicars  choraL  The  city 
of  Armagh  itself  he  is  said  to  have  changed 
from  a  collection  of  mud  cabins  to  a  hand- 
some town.  In  1771  he  built  and  endowed 
at  his  own  cost  a  public  library,  and  two 
years  later  laid  the  foundations  of  a  new 
classical  schooL  Barracks,  a  coun^  ff^^lf 
and  a  public  infirmary  were  erected  under 
his  auspices,  while  in  1793  he  founded  tzbe 
Armeu^h  Ofaseryatory,  which  was  endowed 
with  lands  specially  purchased,  and  the  rec- 
torial tithes  of  Carlii^ord  [cfi  art  Rosmsoir, 
Thomas  Roif^isrl.  The  historian  of  Armaoh 
estimates  the  archoishop's  expenditure  inpm- 
lie  works  at  35,000/.,  independent  of  legacies. 
He  also  built  a  new  marble  archiepiscopal 
palace,  to  which  he  added  a  chapel.  In 
1783  he  erected  on  Xnox^s  Hill,  to  the  south 
of  Armagh,  a  marble  .obelisk,  114  foet  high, 
to  commemorate  his  friendship  wkh  the 
Duke  of  Northumberland.  At  the  same 
time  he  built  for  himself  a  mansion  at 
Marlay  in  Louth,  which  he  called  llokeby 
Hall;  his  family  inhabited  it  tUl  it  was 
abandoned  after  the  rebellion  of  '98.  John 
Wesley,  who  visited  Armagh  in  1787,  entered 
in  his  *  Journal '  some  seyere  reflectioiis  on 
the  archlushop's  persistent  indulgence  in  his 
taste  for  building  in  his  old  age,  citing  the 
familiar  Horatian  linee,  'Tu  secanda 
mora,'  &c.  (Journal,  xzi.  60). 


Robinson 


40 


Robinson 


Robinson's  sermons  are  said  to  have  been 
*  excellent  in  style  and  doctrine/  though  his 
voice  was  low  (cf.  Boswell,  Johnsmif  ed. 
Croker,p.  220).  Cumberland,  who  knew  him 
well,  said  Robinson  was  'pubUckly  ambitious 
of  great  deeds  and  privately  capable  of  good 
ones/  and  that  he  *  supported  the  first  station 
in  the  Irish  hierarchy  with  all  the  magnifi- 
cence of  a  prince  palatine.'  His  private  for- 
tune was  not  large,  but  his  business  capacity 
was  excellent.  Churchill  condemned  Robin- 
son's manners  in  his  ^  Letter  to  Hogarth : ' 

In  lawn  sleeves  whisper  to  a  sleepiog  crowd. 
As  dull  as  B— — ^n,  and  half  as  proud. 

Horace  Walpole  thought  Hhe  primate  a 
proud,  but  superficial  man/  without  talents 
tor  political  intrigue. 

Robinson  was  named  vice-chancellor  of 
Dublin  University  by  the  Duke  of  Cumber- 
land, and  enthroned  by  the  Dukes  of  Bed- 
ford and  Qloucester.  He  left  a  be<^uest  of 
6,000/.  for  the  establishment  of  a  university 
in  Ulster,  but  the  condition  that  it  should 
be  carried  out  within  five  years  of  his  death 
was  not  fulfilled. 

On  26  Feb.  1777  he  was  created  Baron 
Rokeby  of  Armagh  in  the  peerage  of  Ire- 
land, with  remainder  to  his  cousin,  Matthew 
Robinson-Morris,  second  baron  Rokeby  [q.v.], 
of  West  Lay  ton,  Yorkshire.  On  the  creation 
of  the  order  of  St.  Patrick,  he  became  its 
first  prelate.  In  1785  he  succeeded  to  the 
English  baronetcy  on  the  death  of  his  bro- 
ther William.  In  1787  he  was  appointed 
one  of  the  lords  justices  for  Ireland.  His 
later  years  were  spent  chiefly  at  Bath  and 
London,  where  he  kept  a  hospitable  table.  He 
died  at  Clifton  on  10  Oct.  1704,  aged  86,  and 
waa  buried  in  a  vault  under  Armagh  Cathe- 
dral. He  was  the  last  male  survivor  in  direct 
line  of  the  family  of  Robinson  of  Rokeby.  Bj 
his  will  he  left  12,000/.  to  charitable  insti- 
tutions. The  Canterbury  Gate,  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  is  one  monument  of  his 
munificence.  A  bust  of  him  is  in  the  col- 
lege library,  and  a  portrait  of  him  by  Sir 
J<Mhua  Reynolds,  as  bishop  of  Kildare,  is  in 
the  hall.    A  duplicate  is  in  the  archiepisco- 

el  palace,  Armagh.  It  was  engraved  by 
ouston.  A  bust,  said  to  be  *  altogether  un- 
worthy of  him,'  was  placed  in  the  north  aisle 
of  Armagh  Cathedral  by  Archdeacon  Robin- 
son, who  inherited  his  Irish  estate.  A  later 
SDrtrait  of  the  primate,  engraved  by  J.  R. 
mith,  was  painted  by  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds. 
In  the'AntnologiaHibemica'  (vol.  i.)  there 
is  an  engraving  of  a  medal  struck  by  Mossop 
<^  Dublin.  The  obverse  bears  Rokeby's  head, 
and  the  reverse  shows  the  south  front  of 
Armagh  Observatory. 


Rokeby's  youngest  brother,  SiB  SBpmnjs 
RoBiysow  (1710-1766),  bom  on  80  Jan. 
1710,  was  educated  at  Westminster,  whence 
he  was  elected  to  Cambridge  in  1726.  He^ 
however,  preferred  Oxford,  and  matriculated 
at  Christ  Church  on  14  May  17dO.  In  his 
twenty-first  year  he  entered  the  French 
army,  and  served  under  Galleronde  in  Flan- 
ders. He  afterwards  joined  the  English 
army,  and  served  under  Wade  in  the  '45^ 
and  subsequently  in  two  campaigns  in  Flan- 
ders under  Wade  and  Ligonier.  He  left  the 
army  in  1754  with  the  rank  of  lieutenant- 
colonel  of  the  guards.  From  1751  to  1760 
he  was  governor  of  the  Dukes  of  Gloucester 
and  Cumberland,  brothers  of  George  HI. 
On  the  accession  of  the  latter  he  was  knighted 
and  named  gentleman  usher  of  the  olack 
rod.  He  died  at  Brough,  Westmoreland,  oa 
6  Sept.  1765,  and  was  buried  in  the  family 
vault  at  Rokeby.  On  the  north  side  of  tbe 
altar  in  the  church  is  a  monument,  with  a 
medallion  of  his  profile  by  Nollekens,  bear- 
ing a  Latin  inscription  from  the  pen  of  his 
brother,  the  archbishop. 

[Lodge's  Peerage  of  Ireland,  ed.  Archdall, 
vol.  Tii. ;  Biogr.  Peerage  of  Ireland,  1817; 
Welch's  Alumni  Westmon.;  Foster^s  Alamni 
OxoD. ;  Whitaker's  Bicbmondshire,  i.  154->d, 
184 ;  Cotton's  Fasti,  Ecdos.  Hibem.  ii.  47,  235, 
341,  iii.  26,  iv.  76 ;  Stuart's  Hist.  Hemoirs  of 
Annagh,  pp.  446-67 ;  Mant's  Hist,  of  the  Irish 
Church,  ii.  606,  611,  631-3,  661,  727-32;  Gent. 
3lag.  1765  p.  443,  1786  ii.  751,  772,  1794  ii. 
965;  Walpole's  Memoirs  of  Geoige  III,  ed. 
Barker,  ii.  30-1 ;  R.  Cumberland's  Memoirs, 
1806,  Soppl.  pp.  37-9 ;  Bishop  Newton's  Life  by 
himself,  1782,  pp.  16,  85-6,  87;  Webb's 
Compend.  Irish  Biogr.;  Evans's  Cat.  Engr. 
Portraits.]  G.  Lk  G.  N. 

ROBINSON,  ROBERT  (1735-1790), 
baptist  minister  and  hymn-writer,  yoongest 
child  of  Michael  Robinson  (d,  1747  P),  was 
bom  at  Swaffham,  Norfolk,  on  27  Sept. 
1735  (his  own  repeated  statement ;  the  date, 
8  Oct.,  given  by  Rees  and  Flower,  is  a  re- 
daction to  new  style).  His  father,  bom  in 
Scotland,  was  an  exciseman  of  indifferent 
character.  His  mother  was  Mary  (d, 
September  1790,  aged  93),  daughter  c£ 
Robert  Wilkin  (d.  1746)  of  MUdenhaU, 
Suffolk,  who  would  not  countenance  the 
marriage.  He  was  educated  at  the  grammar 
school  of  Swaffham ;  afterwards  at  that  of 
Seaming,  under  Joseph  Brett,  the  tutor  of 
John  Norris  (1734-1777)  [q.  v.l  and  Lord- 
chancellor  Thurlow.  Straitened  means  in- 
terfered with  his  projected  education  for  the 
Anglican  ministry ;  on  7  March  1749  he  was 
apprenticed  to  Joseph  Anderson,  a  hair- 
dresser in  Crutched  Friars,  London,    The 


Robinson 


41 


Robinson 


OTRaehing  of  Wbitefield  drew  him  to  the 
CalTiBiBtic  methoduts ;  he  dates  his  dedica- 
tion to  a  religious  life  from  24  May  1762, 
his  complete  conversion  from  10  Dec.  1766. 
Shoitlj  oefore  lie  came  of  a^  Anderson  re- 
Booaeed  his  indentures,  giving  him  a  high 
chsiactar,  but  adding  that  he  was '  more  em* 
ployed  in  reading  than  working,  in  follow<- 
mg  pnseherB  than  in  attending  customers.' 
BoiiBson  began  preaching  at  Mildenhall 
(1758),  and  "was  soon  invited  to  asmst  W. 
Csdworth    at     the    Norwich    Tabernacle. 
Siortly  afterwards  he  seceded,  with  thirteen 
others,  to  fain  an  independent  church  in  St. 
PaoFs  narish«  Norwich.    Early  in  1769  he 
reeeiTed    adult    baptism   from   Dunkhom, 
bapdst  minister  at  Great  EUingham,  Norfolk. 
On  8  July  1769  he  preached  for  the  first 
tine  it  otone  Yard  Baptist  Chapel,  Gam- 
hridge ;  after  being  on  trial  for  nearly  two 
yean,  he  made  open  communion  a  condition 
oCbii  acceptance  (28  May  1761)  of  a  call,  and 
wtsQidained  pastor  (11  June).  The  con^e- 
gaboB  was  small,  the  meeting-house,  origi- 
nally absm,  "was  ruinous,  and  Kobinson's  sti- 
pcaid  for  the  first  half-year  was  8/.  12«.  6d, 
His  preaching  became  popular;  a  newmeet- 
ing-faoQse  was  opened  on  12  Aujf.  1764,  and 
Rofainaon*s  evening  sermons,  delivered  with- 
out notes,  drew  crowded  audiences.  He  had 
trouble  with  lively  gownsmen  (who  on  one 
oocaaioB  broke  up  the  service);  this  he  effeo' 
tirely  met  bv  his  caustic  discourse  (10  Jan. 
1 773)  *  on  a  \)ecomiiig  behaviour  in  religious 


He  lived  first  at  Fulboum,  some  four 
Bules  from  Cambridge,  then  in  a  cottage 
at  Hauxton,  about  the  same  distance  off, 
removing  in  June  1778  to  Chesterton,  above 
a  mile  firom  his  meeting-house.  Here  he 
fanned  a  piece  of  land,  bought  (1776)  and 
T^milt  a  nouse,  and  did  business  as  a  com 
merdiant  and  coal  merchant.  In  1782  he 
boaght  two  other  fsrms,  comprising  171 
acres.  His  mercantile  engagements  drew 
the  eenanre  of  'godly  boobies,'  but,  while 
ceeoriiig  his  independence,  he  neglected 
neither  his  vocation  nor  his  studies.  On 
Sondes  he  preached  twice  or  thrice  at 
Cambridge ;  on  weekdays  he  evangelised 
nei^booring  villages,  having  a  list  of  fifteen 
stationa  whae  he  preached,  usually  in  the 
ereaing,  sometimes  at  five  o*clock  in  the 
monmig.  His  volume  of  village  sermons 
eihilnts  bis  powers  of  plain  speech,  homely 
and  local  iOnstrationi  wit  and  pathos.  The 
semoDi^  however,  were  not  actually  delivered 
as  printed,  far  he  invariably  preached  extem- 
pore. 

la  poUtks  a  strong  liberal,  and  an  early 
a^Toeate  far  the  emancipation  of  the  slavoi 


Robinson  showed  his  theological  liberalism 
bv  the  part  he  took,  in  177§,  in  promoting 
the  relaxation  of  the  statutory  siibscription 
exacted  from  tolerated  dissenters.  At  Cam- 
bridge he  was  in  contact  with  a  class  of  men, 
sevml  of  whom  were  on  the  point  of  se- 
cession from  the  church  as  unitarians.  In 
opposition  to  their  doctrinal  conclusions  he 
published,  in  1776,  his  'Flea  for  the  Divinity 
of  our  Lord,'  which  at  once  attracted  notice 
by  resting  the  case  on  the  broad  and  obvious 
tenour  of  scripture.  He  was  offered  induce- 
ments to  conform.  'Bo  the  dissenters  know 
the  worth  of  the  manP'  asked  Samuel  Ogden 
(;i716-1778)  [q.  v.] ;  to  which  Robinson  re- 
joined, 'The  man  knows  the  worth  of  the  dis- 
senters.' He  had  sent  copies  to  Theophilus 
Lindsey  [q.  v.]  and  John  Jebb,  M.D.  [q.  v.], 
with  both  of  wnom  he  was  on  friendly  terms. 
Francis  Blackbume  (1705-1787)  [q.  v.],  who 
thought  it  unanswerable,  twitted  the  unita- 
rian £indsey  with  the  silence  of  hisparty .  Not 
till  1785  did  Lindsey  publish  his  (anonymous) 
'  Examination '  in  reply.  Bv  this  time  Robin- 
son had  begun  to  recede  from  the  position 
taken  in  his' Plea,'  which  was  infact  Sabellian, 
'  that  the  living  and  true  God  united  himself 
to  the  man  Jesus '  (PleOf  p.  68).  His  change  of 
view  was  due  to  his  researches  for  a  history 
of  the  baptist  body,  and  to  the  writings  of 
Priestley,  to  which  he  subsequently  referred 
as  having  arrested  his  progress  'from  en- 
thusiasm to  deism.'  In  a  letter  (7  May  1788) 
to  John  Marsom  (1746-1833)  he  scouts  the 
doctrines  of  the  Trinity  and  of  the  personality 
of  the  Spirit.  But  in  his  own  pulpit  he  did 
not  introduce  controversial  topics. 

In  1780  Robinson  visited  Edinburgh,  where 
the  diploma  of  D.D.  was  offered  to  him,  but 
declined.  His  history  of  the  baptists  was 
projected  at  a  meeting  (6  Nov.  1781)  of  his 
tiondon  friends,  headed  by  Andrew  Qifford 
[q.  v.]  Robinson  was  to  come  up  to  London 
once  a  month  to  collect  material,  Gifford  of- 
fering him  facilities  at  the  British  Museum, 
and  expenses  were  to  be  met  by  his  preaching 
and  lecturing  in  London.  The  pUm  did  not 
work,  and  Robinson's  services  in  London, 
popular  at  first,  soon  offended  his  orthodox 
friends.  After  1783  he  took  his  own  course. 
Through  Christopher  Anstey  fq.  v.1  he  had 
enjoyed,  firom  1776,  the  use  01  a  library  at 
Briiikley,  two  miles  from  Cambridge.  Of  this 
he  had  availed  himself  in  compiling  the  notes 
to  his  translation  of  Claude's  *  Essay,'  a  pub- 
lication undertaken  as  a  relief  under  disable- 
ment from  a  sprained  ankle  in  May  1776.  He 
now  obtained  theprivileg^eof  borrowingbooks 
from  Cambridge  University  Library,  in  1785 
he  transferred  his  farming  and  mercantile 
•engagementB  to  Curtis,  his  son-in-law^  and 


Robinson 


4a 


RpbinsoiL 


devoted  all  his  lebure  to  literary  work.  With 
his  spirit  of  independence  went  a  considerable 
thirst  for  popularity,  and  he  was  mortified, 
iind  to  some  extent  soured,  by  the  loss  of  con- 
fidence which  followed  the  later  development 
of  his  opinions.  Nor  was  he  firee  from  pecu- 
niary anxiety. 

By  the  middle  of  1789  his  health  had  begun 
to  fail,  and  his  powers  gradually  declined. 
On  2  June  1790  he  left  Chesterton  to  preach 
<shanty  sermons  at  Birmingham.  He  preached 
twice  on  6  June,  but  on  9  June  was  found 
dead  in  his  bed  at  the  house  of  William 
Bussell  (174(K-1818)  [q.  v.]  at  Showell  Green, 
near  Birmingham.  He  was  buried  in  the  Old 
Meeting  graveyard  at  Birmingham.  A  tablet 
was  placed  in  the  Old  Meeting  by  his  Gam- 
.bridgB  flock  (inscription  bv  Robert  Hall;  re- 
moved in  1886  to  Uie  Old  Meeting  Church, 
BristolBoad).  Funeral  sermons  were  preached 
At  Birmingham  by  Priestley,  at  Cambridge  by 
Abraham  Itees,  D.D.  [q.  v.],  and  at  Taunton 
•by  Joshua  Toulmin,  D.D.  [q*  v.]  He  married 
at  Norwich,  in  1769,  Ellen  Payne  (d.  23  May 
180d,aged  75),  and  had  twelve  children.  The 
death  of  his  daughter  Julia  (d,  9  Oct.  1787, 
aged  17)  was  a  severe  blow  to  him. 

In  person  Robinson  was  rather  und» 
middle  height ;  his  voice  was  musical,  and 
his  manner  self-possessed.  His  native  parts 
and  his  powers  of  acquirement  were  alike 
remarkame.  His  plans  of  study  were  mc^ 
thodical  and  thorough;  to  gain  access  to 
original  sources  he  taught  hinuelf  four  or  five 
languages.  His  want  of  theological  training 
led  him  into  mistakes,  but '  his  massive  com- 
mon sense  was  so  quickened  by  lively  fiincy 
as  to  become  genius '  (W.  RoBiireoir). 

His  *  History  of  Baptism,'  partly  printed 
.  before  his  4eath,  was  edited  in  1790, 4to,  by 
George  Dyer  [q.  v.],  who  edited  also  his  un- 
finished 'Ecclesiastical  Researches/  Cam- 
bridge, 1792, 4to,  being  studies  in  the  churcb 
history  of  various  countries,  with  special  re- 
.  ference  to  the  rise  of  heretical  and  indepen- 
dent tjrpes  of  Christian  opinion.  Both  works 
are  strongly  written,  full  of  minute  learning, 
.disouraive  m  character,  racy  with  a  rustic 
mirth,  and  disfijfuied  by  unsparing  attacks 
upon  the  champions  of  orthodoxy  in  all  ages. 
Kobinson  has  much  of  the  animus  with  little 
of  the  delicacy  of  Jorttn.  His  '  idol '  was 
Andrew  Dudith  (15da-1689X  an  Hun^an 
reformer,  of  sarcastic  spirit  and  great  liberty 
of  utterance. 

His  other  publications,  besides  single  ser- 
flDons  and  small  pamphlets  (1772-1788),  are: 
1.  <  Arcana,  or  the  First  Principles  of  the 
late  Petitioners  .  »  .  for  Relief  in  matter  of 
Subscription,'  &c,  1774,  8vo.  2. '  A  Dis- 
ousaion  of  the  Question  ''Is  it  lawful «  •  « 


for  a  Man  to  marry  the  Sister  of  his  deceased 
WifeP'"  &c.,  1775, 8vo  (maintains  the  affir- 
mative). 3.  ^  A  Plea  for  the  Divinity  of  oiur 
Lord  Jesus  Christ,'  &c.,  1776, 8vo ;  often  re* 
printed.  4.  '  The  History  and  the  Mystery 
of  Good  Friday,'  &c.,  1777, 8vo.  6. '  A  Plan 
of  Lectures  on  the  iSrinciples  of  NonHX>nfor<' 
mity,'  &c.;  8th  edit.,  Harlow,  1778,  8va. 
6.  *  The  General  Doctrine  of  Toleratioa  i^* 
plied  to  .  .  .  Free  Communion,'  &c,  1781 , 
8yo.  7.  <  A  Political  Catechism,'  &c.,  1762, 
8vo;  often  reprinted.  8. '  Sixteen  DLsoourses 
.  .  .  preachea  at  the  Villages  about  Cani- 
bridge,'  &c,  1786,  8vo ;  ofteii  reprinted ;  en- 
larged to  '  Seventeen  Discourses  1805,  8yo. 
9.  *  A  Discourse  on  Sacramental  Tests,'  &c., 
Cambridge,  1788,  8vo.  10.  <  AnEasay  on  the 
Slave  Trade,'  1789,  8yo. 

Posthumous  were:  11. 'Posthumous  Works, 
1792,  8vo.  12.  *  Two  Original  Letters/ 
1802,  8vo.  13.  *  Sermons  .  .  .  with  three 
Original  Discourses,'^.,  1804,  8yo.  14. '  A 
brief  Dissertation  .  .  .  of  Public  Preaching/ 
&c.,  Harlow,  1811,  8vo.  His  *  Misceilaneous 
Works,'  Harlow,  1807,  8vo^  4  vols.,  were 
edited  by  Benjamin  Flower  [q.v.]  He  trans- 
lated from  the  French  the  'Sermons'  of 
Jacques  Saurin  (1677-1730),  1770,  8vo 
(two  sermons),  and  1784,  8yo,  5  vols. ;  and 
the  '  Essay  on  the  Composition  of  a  Sennon,' 
by  Jean  Claude  (1619-1687),  Cambridge, 
1778-9,  8vo,  2  vols.,  with  memoir,  disserta- 
tion, and  voluminous  notes,  containing  more 
matter  than  the  original  *  Essay ;  ^  reissued^ 
vrithout  the  notes,  1796,  8vo,  by  Charles 
Simeon  [a.  y.] ;  also  some  other  pieces  from 
the  French.  He  contributed  to  the  '  Theo- 
logical Magazine '  and  other  periodicals.  He 
supplied  Samuel  Palmer  (1741-1813)  [q.  v.] 
vritn  addenda  and  corrections  for  the  '  Koit^ 
conformist's  Memorial,'  1776-8,  and  furnished 
materials  for  the  life  of  Thomas  Baker 
(1666-1740  fa.  v.]  in  Kippis's  '  Biographia 
Britannica,'  1778.  In  the  '  Monthly  Eepo^ 
sitoTT,'  1810,  pp.  621  sq.,  is  an  account  of 
Cambridgeshire  dissent,  arawn  up  by  Robin- 
son and  continued  by  Josiah  Thompson  [q.  v.] 

Early  in  life  Robinson  vnx>te  eleven  hymns, 
of  no  merit,  issued  by  AVhitefield  on  1  Feb, 
1767  as  'Hymns  for  the  Fast-Day,'  from 
'  an  unknown  hand,'  and  '  lor  the  use  of  the 
Tabernacle  congregation.^  In  1768  Jamea 
Wheatley,  of  theTi^orwich  Tabernacle,  printed 
Robinson's  h^n  <  Come  Thou  Fount  of eveiy 
blessing,'  which  was  claimed  by  Daniel  Sedg- 
vrick  [q.  y.l  in  1868  on  *  worthless  evidence' 
(JuuAir)  for  Selina  Hastings,  countess  of 
Huntingdon  rq..v«]  In  1774  mbinson's  hymn 
*  Mighty  Goa,  while  angels  bless  Thee,'  wa^ 
issuM  in  copperplate  as  *  A  Christmas  Hymn, 
set  to  Music  by  Dr.  Randall.'    These  twe 


Robinson 


43 


Robinson 


hpoB  {1758  ftnd  1774),  of  gieat  beauty  and 
power,  tTB  otill  extensivelj  used.  In  1768 
ttobinsoD  pdnted  an  edition  (revised  partly 
br  hiffiwlf )  of  the  metrical  version  of  the 
htlrn  bj  William  Barton  [q.T.l  for  the 
ue <tf Gamfaridgeahixe  baptists;  this  seems 
the  litest  edition  of  Barton. 

[Facsnl  aermona   by  PziestUy,   Bma,   and 

ToaJDui,  1790;  Memoirs  by  Dyer,  1796  (tran»- 

ked  ato  Gtrmao,  with  titie  '  vw  Prediger  wie 

man  soUte,'  Leipsig,  1800);  Brief  Memoirs 

hj  Jlower,    1804,  prefixed    to  Miscellaneoas 

V.-b.  IW! ;  Memoir  by  W.  Bobinaon  (no  re- 

him)  prefixed  to  Select  Works,  1861 ;  Protes- 

tut  DisKoters'  Magazine,  1797  p.  70, 1799  pp. 

134  iq.;  ErangeUeal  Magazine,  December  1808; 

Xoethir  Bepoeitory,  1806  p.  608, 1808  p.  848, 

1810  pp.629  sq.,  1S12  p.  678, 1818  pp.  261,  704, 

1817  pp.  9  n.,  645,  1818  pp.  860  sq. ;  Belsham's 

lUtninofLiiidmy,  1812,  pp.  179  sq.;  Baptist 

Hagujae,  1831  pp.  821  sq.,  1882  pp.  886  sq. ; 

Rttt'i  Mfloioirs  of   Primtley,  1882,  iL  67  sq.; 

CbiitiaD  Seformer,  1844,  pp.  815  sq. ;  IMQllar's 

OvfijBiM,  1866,  pp.  214  sq.;  Browne's  HisL 

Coegz:  JTorfolk  and  Suffolk,  1877,  pp.  189,  563  ; 

Be&le'«  Xemorials  of  the  Old  Meeting,  Birming- 

baa,  1883;  Jnlxan'a  Diet,  of  Hymnology,  1892, 

ff  2»i.  480, 1579.]  A.  O. 

ROBINSON,  KOBEBT,  D.D.  (1727  P- 
I'tyi},  soosntric  diTine,  was  bom  about 
1727.  He  was  educated  for  the  dissenting 
Bmstzy  at  Plaisterers'  Hall,  London,  under 
Z^pbiush  Marryat  (d.  1754),  and  John 
^alker.  Asa  etudent  he  abandoned  Cal- 
Tmisffl,  bat  remained  otherwise  orthodox. 
Hu  first  settlement  was  at  Conffleton. 
Cheshire,  in  1748.  Hf^  remoTed  to  the  Old 
Cbpel,  Dukinfield,  Cheshire,  where  his 
oinistiT  beoan  on  12  Nov.  1752,  and  ended 
69  *i6  30T.  1755.  Hb  q^ipears  to  have  been 
^M  to  outbreaks  of  temjper ;  his  ministry 
It  Dotinfield  terminated  m  consequence  of 
kif  bsTingset  the  constable  to  whip  a  begginjg^ 
^oa^.  At  the  end  of  1755  he  became  mini- 
E^st  Dob  Lane  chapel,  near  Manchester. 
TiroKraxms  which  in  1757-8  he  preached 
[tad  afterwards  printed)  on  the  artificial 
ti«  in  the  price  of  com  gained  him  the  ill- 
fill  of  interested  speculators.  His  arianis- 
iog  flock  found  £ault  with  his  theology,  as 
veil  M  with  his  political  economy.  His 
c^>ogiegation  fell  away;  he  lived  m  Man- 
d^er,  and  did  editonal  work  for  B.  Whit- 
VQfiii,  a  local  bookseller.  Whitworth  pro- 
jtttea  an  edition  of  the  Bible,  to  be  sold  in 
parts,  and  thought  Bobinson's  name  on  the 
t*Je-pa^  \rould  look  better  with  a  degree^ 


^  for  Robert  Bobinson  (1785-1790)  [q.  v.] 
«  Cambridge.  OaI4Bea  1774  hexeceired 


from  the  Dob  Lane  people  what  he  calls  & 
*  causeless  dismissaVsigned  by '  18  subscribers 
and  18  ciphers.'  He  wrote  back  that  he  had 
been  in  possession  twenty  years,  and  intended 
to  remam '  to  August  1st,  1782,  And  as  much 
longer  as  I  then  see  cause.'  Fruitless  efforts 
were  made,  first  to  eject,  and  then  to  buy 
him  out.  He  held  the  trust-deeds,  locked 
the  doors  of  the  chapel  and  graveyard  (hence 
interments  were  made  in  priyate  grounds), 
and  for  three  years  seems  to  have  preached 
but   once,  a  lastF^ay  sermon  agamst  the 

folitics  of  dissent.  Kesigning  some  time  in 
777,  he  applied  in  vain  for  episcopal  ordi- 
nation. Be  bought  the  estate  of  Bairack 
HiU  House  at  Bredbur^,  near  Stockport, 
and  spent  his  time  there  in  literary  leisure. 
He  died  at  his  son's  house  in  Manchester 
on  7  Dec.  1701,  and,  by  his  own  directions, 
was  buried,  on  15  Dec.  at  7  ▲.!!.,  in  a  square 
brick  building  erected  on  his  property.  A 
movable  glass  pane  was  inserted  in  nis  eo£Bin, 
and  the  mausoleum  had  a  door  for  purposes 
of  inspection  by  a  watchman,  who  was  to 
see  if  he  breathed  on  the  glass.  His  widow 
died  at  Barrack  Hill  House  on  21  May  1797, 
aged  76. 

ISe  published^  among  other  discourses,  *  The 
Doctrine  of  Absolute  Submission  •  •  «  the 
Natural  Ri^ht  claimed  by  some  Dissenters  t4 
dismiss  their  Ministers  at  pleasure  exposed,' 
&c.  1775,  8vo  (dealing  with  his  Dob  Lan« 
troubles),  and  in  the  same  year  he  advertised 
as  ready  for  the  press  '  A  Discourse  in  Vin- 
dication of  the  true  and  proper  Divinity  oi 
our  Lord,'  &c.,  with  appendices.  In  the 
'Gentleman's  Magazine^  (1789,  iL  843)  is  a 
Latin  poem, '  The  Kev.  Dr.  Bobinson's  Ad- 
vice to  a  Student  on  Admission  into  the 
University ; '  in  the  same  magasine  (1790,  L 
12, 165,  and  1791,  ii.  451)  are  translations  by 
him  from  Latin  poetry. 

[Gent.  Mag.  1791  ii.  755,  1166,  1232,  1797 
i.  447 ;  MontUy  Repository,  1823,  p.  683  (pa^ 
by  William  Hampton,  incorrect) ;  Cat.  Edin- 
burgh Graduates,  1858,  p.  244;  Urwick's  Non- 
conformity in  Cheshire,  1864,  pp.  329  sq.  (faUowa 
Hampton);  Manchester  City  Notes  and  Queries, 
19  and  26  Jan.,  9  and  16  Feb.  1884;  Head's 
Congleton,  1887,  p.  254 ;  Nightiogale'a  Lanca* 
shire  Nonconformity,  1893,  v.  44  sq.;  Gordon'a 
Historical  Account  of  Dukinfield  Chapel,  1896. 
pp.  50  sq. ;  Dukinfield  Chapel  treasurer's  ao 
counts  (manuscript).]  A.  G. 

BOBINSON,  Sib  ROBERT  SPENCER 
(1809-1889),  admiral,  bom  on  6  Jan.  1809, 
was  the  third  sonof  Sir  John  Robjnson,  bart., 
archdeacon  of  Armagh,  by  Mary  Anne^  second 
daughter  of  James  Spenoer  of  RAthansan,  Kil- 
dare,attd  grandson  of  William  Freind  (1715- 
1766)[q.v.],deaAofCant0ibary.  Hefntered 


Robinson 


44 


Robinson 


the  navy  in  1821 ;  in  1826  was  a  midshipman 
of  the  Sybille  in  the  Mediterranean,  with 
Sir  Samuel  John  Brooke  Pechell  [q.  v.],  and 
passed  his  examination  in  1828.  lie  was  pro- 
moted commander  on  28  June  1838,  in  July 
1839  he  was  appointed  to  the  Phoenix  steamer, 
and  in  March  1840  to  the  Hydn,  in  the  Me- 
diterranean, where  he  took  part  in  the  opera- 
tions on  the  coast  of  Syria  [see  Stopford, 
Sib  Robebt],  and  was  advanced  to  post 
rank  on  5  Nov.  1840.  For  the  next  nine 
years  he  remained  on  half-pay.  From  1860 
to  18d2  he  commanded  the  Arrogant  in  the 
Channel  fleet,  and  in  June  18&  he  com- 
missioned the  Colossus,  which  formed  part 
of  the  fleet  in  the  Baltic  and  off  Cronstadt 
in  1856.  In  January  1856  he  was  moved 
into  the  Ho^al  Qeorge,  which  was  paid  off 
in  the  following  August.  In  1868-9  he  com- 
manded the  Exmouth  at  Devonport,  and  on 
9  June  1860  was  promoted  to  he  rear-ad- 
miral. He  was  then  appointed  one  of  a 
commission  to  inquire  into  the  management 
of  the  dockyards,  and  in  the  following  year 
became  controller  of  the  navy,  which  office 
he  held  for  ten  years.  During  the  last  two 
— December  18o8  to  February  1871  —he  was 
also  a  lord  of  the  admiralty  under  Hugh 
Childers.  He  became  vice-admiral  on  2  April 
1866,  was  made  a  civil  K.C.B.  on  7  Dec. 
1868,  and  an  admiral  on  14  June  1871. 
During  his  later  years  he  was  well  known 
as  a  writer  to  the  '  Times '  on  subjects  con- 
nected with  the  navv,  and  as  author  of  some 
pamphlets,  among  which  mav  be  named '  Re- 
sults of  Admiralty  Organisation  as  esta- 
blished by  Sir  James  Graham  and  Mr.  Chil- 
ders '  (1871),  and  <  Remarks  on  H.M.S.  De- 
vastation '  (1878).  He  died  in  London  on 
27  Julv  1889.  He  married,  in  1841,  Clemen- 
tina, daughter  of  Admiral  Sir  John  Louis, 
hart. 

[CByme's  Nar.  Biogr.  Diet. ;  Times.  SI  July 
1889;  Foster's  Baronetiige;  Navy  Lists.] 

J.  K.  Xi. 

R0BIN80N,  SAMUEL  (1794-1884), 
Persian  scholar,  was  bom  at  Manchester  on 
'28  March  1794,  educated  at  Manchester  New 
College  (then  situated  at  York),  and  entered 
business  as  a  cotton  manufacturer,  first  at 
Manchester,  and,  after  his  marriage  to  Miss 
Kennedy,  at  Dukinfield ;  he  retinal  in  1860. 
His  fatbier,  a  well-known  cotton '  dealer/  was 
a  man  of  cultivated  tastes,  and  from  an  early 
age  the  son  showed  a  strong  interest  in  poetry, 
especially  German  and  Persian.  In  1819,  in- 
spired by  the  writings  of  Sir  William  Jones 
(1746-1794)  [q.  vj,  he  read  a  critical  sketch 
of  the '  Life  ana  Writings  of  Ferdusi,'  or  Fijv 
dausii  before  the  Literuy  and  Fhiloeophical 


Society  of  Manchester,  which  was  included 
in  the  ' Transactions,'  andprinted  separately 
for  the  author  in  1828.    For  fifty  years  he 
published  nothing  more  onPersian  literature, 
but  he  had  not  alMindoned  the  study  (Preface 
U)  Persian  Fdetryfor  English  Beaders,  1888, 
n.  v).   When  he  was  nearly  eiffhty  years  old 
he  printed  selections  ^from  nve  or  six  of 
the  most  celebrated  Persian  poets,  with  short 
accounts  of  the  authors  and  of  the  subjects 
and  character  of  their  works.'  They  appeared 
in  five  little  duodecimo  paper-coverea  books, 
uniform  but  independent,  anonymous  save 
for  the  initials  S.  K.  subscribed  to  the  pre- 
faces, and  published  both  in  Manchester  and 
London,  in  the  following  order :  1 . '  Analysis 
and  Specimens  of  the  Joseph  and  Zulaikha, 
a  historical-romantic  Poem,  by  the  Persian 
Poet  Jam!,' 1873.  2.  <  Memoir  of  the  Life  and 
Writing  of  the  Persian  Poet  Nizami,  and 
Analysis  of  the  Second  Part  of  his  Alexander 
Book,'  1878.    3.  <  A  Century  of  Ghazels,  or 
a  Hundred  Odes,  selected  and  translated 
from  the  Diwan  of  Hafiz,'  1875.  4.  <  Flowers 
culled  from  the  Gulistan  .  •  .  and  from  the 
Bostan  ...  of  Sadi,'  with  an  'Appendix, 
bein^  an  Extract  from  the  Mesnavi  ot  Jelal- 
ud-din  Rumi,'  1876.    5.  A  reprmt  of  the 
early  'Sketch  of  the  Life  and  Writings  of 
Ferdusi,'  1876.   The  greater  part  of  the  Sa'di 
selection  had  previously  appeared  in  a  volume 
(by    other   writere)  of   translations   from 
Persian  authors,  entitled  *  Flowers  culled 
from  Persian  Gardens '  (Manchester,  12mo, 
1870).   The  vol  ume  on  N  ixami  was  avowedly 
a  translation  from  the  German  of  W.  Bacher, 
and  the '  Joseph  and  Zulaikha '  owed  much 
to  Rosenzweig^s  text  and  version.    Indeed, 
Robinson,  who  was  unduly  modest  about  his 
knowledge  of  Persian,  and  expressly  dis- 
claimed the  title  of  '  scholar'  (Preface  to 
Persian  Poetry,  p.  vii),  relied  considerably 
on  other  versions  to  correct  and  improve  his 
own,  though  always  collating  with  the  Per- 
sian originals  before  him.    ^e  result  was  a 
series  of  extremely  conscientious  prose  ver- 
sions, showing  much  poetic  feeling  and  in- 
sight into  oriental  modes  of  thought  and 
expression — ^the  work  of  a  true  student  in 
love  with  his  subject.  The  five  little  volumes 
becoming  scarce,  they  were  reprinted  in  a 
single  volume,  for  private  ciremation,  with 
some  slight  additions  and  revision,  at  the 
instance  and  with  the  literair  aid  of  Mr. 
W.  A.  Clouston,  under  th^  title  of '  Persian 
Poetry  for  English  Readers,'  1883,  which 
may  jnstlv  claim  to  be  the  best  popular  work 
on  the  subject. 

Besides  his  Persian  selections,  Robinson 
published  translations  of  Schiller's  ^  Wilhelm 
TeU '  (1825,  reissued  1834),  SchiUer's '  Minor 


Robinson 


45 


Robinson 


fbnu'  (1667),  'Speeimenfl  of  the  German 
Lnic  FoeU'  (1878),  and  ^Tranalations  from 
nrkns  German  Authon '  (1879).  Apart 
fron  ipedal  ftudies,  be  took  a  keen  interest 
ia  ill  mtelleetiial  and  eoeial  moTemente, 
espedaDj  in  his  own  locality,  and  amon«r 
Ui  owB  workpeople,  whoee  educational  ana 
■mtizyirel£ue£e  had  greatly  at  heart.  He 
vu  (w  of  the  founders  of  the  British  School 
nd  t^  Dddnfield  Tillage  library,  where,  in 
i^ctetf  bis  sbhonenoe  of  publicity,  he  often 
leerud,  especially  on  educational  subjects, 
11^  k  was  among  the  original  organisers 
d  tbe  Manchester  Statistical  Society.  A 
'FrioMllT  Letter  on  the  recent  Strikes  from 

I  Uindaetorer  to  his  own  Woriroeople,' 
l9»l,  was  one  of  a  series  in  which  he  gave 
Dood  adriee  to  his  empIoTees.  From  1 867 
t)  1871  lis  WIS  president  of  Manchester  New 
Colkfe.  He  died  at  Blackbrook  Cottage, 
MHiulow,  where  he  had  lived  many  years, 
oo  9  Dw.  1884,  in  his  ninety-first  year,  be- 
mtfaiog  his  librmy  to  the  Owens  College. 
He  Binvd,  about  1825,  Maty,  daughter  of 
Job  Keonedy  of  Knocknalung,  Kirkcud- 
brigiitdiire;  she  died  at  Pallansa,  on  Lago 
It^lS^  <n  26  Aug.  186dy  leaving  no  issue. 

[leademy,  27  Dec.  1884;  Bnrke's  Landed 
GtatiT,  1894,  p.  1103;  Maoehoster  Guardian, 

II  Dec.  1884 ;  preftuees  to  his  works;  Brit.  Mus. 
Cit.;  nformattoD  from  the  principal  and  the 
lilaris  of  Owens  College.]  S.  L.-P. 

BOBINSON,  Sib  TANCRED  (d.  1748), 
^jnoan  and  naturalist,  was  bom  in  York* 
«^,  spoaiently  between  1655  and  1660. 
He  WIS  the  second  son  of  Thomas  Bobinson 
'^  I676X  *  Turkey  merchant,  and  his  wife 
Qabeth  (d.  1664),  daughter  of  Charles 
''*»aatfi  of  Aidea,  but  he  often  spelt  his  own 
■aeTaokzed.  He  was  educated  at  St.  John's 
loIl«|e,Gambridfte,  graduating  M.B.  in  1679. 
Betaa  trsTellea  for  some  years  abroad,  and, 
^Haas  Sloane,  attended  the  lectures  of 
Ttansfort  and  Duvemey  at  Paris.  The  first 
•/tJK  serenteen  letters  by  him  to  John  Ray 
friaied  in  the  'Philosophical  Letters'  (1718) 
■  dited  jhna  Paris  in  1683.  In  September 
^tke  nme  year  he  wrote  from  Montpellier, 
v^herisitedMagnol;  and,  after  staying 
tt  Bobgna,  wheie  he  met  Midpighi,  and  in 
»>neaBd  Nsples,  he  proceeded,  m  1684,  to 
^^^ttta  and  lieyden.  On  his  way  home  he 
VttnUied  of  objeeto  he  had  collected.  In 
^^^  1684  he  was  in  London,  and  inyited 
^j  to  lodge  in  his  *quiett  chamber  near  the 
leir^;'  Kay  at  a  later  period  speaks  of  him 
u'tnjeonmi  alpha.'  From  Montpellier  he 
^l^^tten  to  Martin  Lister  the  letter  on  the 
^deSaiat-Esprit  on  the  Rhine,  which  was 
Fated  as  one  of  nis  first  contributions  to  the 


*  Philosophical  Transactions  of  the  Royal  So- 
ciety'  in  Jun6  1684,  and  in  the  same  year  he 
was  elected  afellow  of  the  society.  He  became 
M.D.  of  Cambridge  in  1685,  and  fellow  of  the 
Royal  College  of  Physicians  in  1687,  serying 
as  censor  in  1693  and  1717.  He  was  ap- 
pointed physician  in  ordinary  to  George  1, 
and  was  kniffhted  by  him.  Robinson  died  at 
an  adyancea  age  on  29  March  1748.  He 
married  Alethea,  daughter  of  George  Morley, 
and  left  a  son  William. 

Thouffh  his  letters  and  papers  deal  with 
natural  nistory  generally,  be  paid  particular 
attention  to  plants,  and  was  styled  by  Pluke- 
net  in  1696  (^Almagestumf  p.  1 1 V  yir  de  re  her- 
baria optime  meritus.'  There  is  eyidence  that 
he  assisted  both  James  Petiyer  and  Samuel 
Dale  in  the  latinity  of  their  scientific  works, 
while  Ray  repeatemy  acknowledges  his  assist- 
ance, especially  in  his  '  Historla  Plantarum ' 
(1686)and<Synop8isStirpium'(1690).  Robin- 
son  was  mainly  instrumental  in  securing  the 
publication  of  Ray's  '  Wisdom  of  Gk)d  in 
Creation,'  and  suggested  the  'Synopsis  Ani- 
malium'  and  the  'SyUoge  Stirpium  Euro- 
pssarum.'  His  own  contributions  to  the 
'Philosophical  Transactions' include:  1. 'An 
Account  of  the  four  first  yolumes  of  the 
''Hortus  Malabaricus,"'  in  Nos.  145*214. 
2.  'Description,  with  a  Figure,  of  the  Bridge 
of  St.  Esprit,'  yol.  xiy.  No.  160,  p.  584 
(1684).  3.  'The  Natural  Sublimation  of 
Sulphur  from  the  Pyrites  and  Limestone, 
at  ^tna,  Vesuyius,  and  Solfatara,'  yol.  xy. 
No.  169,  p.  924  (1685).  4. '  Obsenrations  on 
BoilingFountains  and  Subterraneous  Steams,' 
yoLxy.  Nos.l69and  172,  pp.  922, 1088(1685). 
5.  '  Lake  Ayemus,'  tb.  No.  172.  6.  '  The 
Scotch  Barnacle  and  French  Macieuse,'  tb, 
p.  1086.  7.  <  Tubera  Term  or  Truffles,'  yol. 
xyii.  No.  204,  p.  935  (1693).  8.  '  Account  of 
Henry  Jenkins,  who  liyed  169  years,'  yol.  xix. 
No.  221,  p.  267  (1696).  9.  '  Obseryations 
made  in  1683  and  1684  about  Rome  and 
Naples,'  yoL  xxix.  No.  349,  p.  473.  10. '  On 
the  r^orthem  Auroras,  as  obseryed  oyer  Vesu- 
yius and  the  Strombolo  Islands,'  ib,  p.  483. 

Robinson  has  been  credited  witn  'Two 
Essays  by  L.P.,  M.A.,  from  Oxford,  concern- 
ing some  errors  about  the  Creation,  General 
Flood,  and  Peopling  of  the  World,  and  .  .  . 
the  rise  of  Fables  •  •  . '  London,  8yo,  1695. 
But  in  a  printed  letter,  in  answer  to  remarks 
by  John  Harris  (1667P-1719)  [q.  v.],  ad- 
dressed  by  Robinson  to  William  Wotton, 
B.D.,  a  college  friend^  Robinson  solemnly 
denied  the  authorship  of  the  '  Two  Essays,' 
at  the  same  time. owning  to  haying  assisted 
the  author,  and  to  haying  written  the  intro- 
duction to  Sir  John  Narborough's  '  Account 
of  seyerallate  Voyages'  (London|8yo^l694), 


Robinson 


4* 


Robihson 


«nd  the  epfistle  dedicatory  to  the  English 
translation  of  Father  Louis  Le  Comte's  'Me- 
moin  and  Observations  made  in  .  .  .  Ohina' 
(London,  8yo,  1697).  Harris  printed  a  re^ 
joinder  to  Robinson. 

[Foster's  Yorkshire  Pedigrees ;  Pnlteney*s 
Sketches  of  tiie  Progress  of  Botany  (1790),  Us 
1 18-20 ;  Lifb  of  Bay  in  Select  Remains  (1 760) ; 
Philosophical  Letters  (1718);  Mank's  Coll.  of 
Phys.  (1878),  vol.  i.]  G.  S.  B. 

ROBrNTSON, THOMAS  (A  1520-1661), 
dean  of  Durham.    [See  Robebtson.] 

ROBINSON,  THOMAS  (Ji.  1688-.1608), 
lutenist  and  composer^  bom  in  England, 
seems  at  an  early  age  to  have  practised  his 
profession  at  the  court  of  Denmark.  He  *  was 
thought,  in  Denmark  at  Elsinore/  he  says, 
*the  fittest  to  instruct  *  the  Princess  Anne, 
the  king  of  Denmark*8  daughter,  afterwards 
queen  <h  England  (Dedication  to  James  I  of 
Sbkoole  &/  Mtuteke),  Although  the  frequent 
visits  of  English  musicians  to  the  court  of 
Christian  TV  were  recorded  at  the  time,  and 
the  reeords  have  been  published  by  Dr. 
Hammerich,  no  notice  of  Robinson's  sojourn 
in  Denmark  has  been  discovered. 

In  1608  Robinson  published  '  The  Schoole 
of  Mnsicke,  wherein  is  taught  the  perfect 
method  of  true  fingering  of  the  Lute,  Pan- 
dora, Orphsrion,  and  Viol  de  Oamba  *  printed 
by  lliomas  Este,  London).  The  preiace  has 
an  alluBion  to  a  former  work  by  Robinson, 
which  is  not  known  to  be  extant.  Robinson 
Ascribes  the  lute  as  the '  beet-beloved  instru- 
ment,' and  readers  are  encouraged  to  teadi 
themselves  to  plav  at  sight  any  lesson  '  if  it 
be  not  too  trickined.'  The  instructions  are 
written  in  the  form  of  a  dialoptie.  Hawkins 
observed  that  this  book,  in  which  the  method 
ef  Adrian  le  Ro^  was  generally  followed, 
'tended  to  explain  a  practice  which  the 
masters  of  the  lute  have  ever  shown  an  un- 
willinffuees  to  divulge'  {History ,  2nd  ed. 
p.  667).  Rules  fbr  singing  are  not  forgotten, 
and  lessons  for  viol  aa  gamba  as  well  as 
lute  are  set  down  in  tablature.  Some  of 
the  music  was  old,  but  other  specimens, 
including^  almains,  galliards,  gigues,  toys, 
and  Robmson's  Riddle,  were  '  new  out  of 
the  fat.' 

Another  Thoxab  RoBivsoif  (Ji.  1622), 
pamphleteer,  seems  to  have  been  a  native  of 
kings  Lynn,  and  to  have  beoa  sent  to  Cam- 
bridge at  the  expense  of  Thomas  Gurlin,  a 
well-to-do  eitixen  of  Lvnn ;  but  aa  academic 
career  proved  distastenil,  and  he  took  to  the 
sea.  Landing  at  lisbon  on  one  of  his  voy- 
ages, he  fell  in  with  Father  Seth  oiiMW  Joseph 
duster,  who  was  in  diarge  of  the  English 
mumei^tiiare.  The  nannery  was  descended 


firom  the  Bii^tine  convent,  whith  was  lo- 
cated at  the  time  of  the  English  Reformation 
at  Sion  House,  Isleworth.  All  the  inmates 
at  Lisbon  were  Englishwomen.  Aooordinff 
to  his  own  account,  Robinson  was  persuaded 
by  Father  Seth  to  enter  the  convent  in  the 
capacity  of  secretary  and  mass  priest.  He 
spent  two  years  there.  Returning  to  London, 
he  recorded  the  immoral  practices  which  he 
affirms  he  had  witnessed  in '  The  Anatomy  of 
the  English  Nunnery  at  Lisbon  in  Portugall 
described  and  laid  open  by  one  that  was  some 
time  a  yonger  brother  of  the  covent,'  London 
(by  George  Purdowe),  1622.  The  dedication 
was  addressed  to  Thomas  Gurlin,  then  mayor 
of  King's  Lynn.  A  new  edition,  dated  1623, 
has  an  engraved  title-page ;  one  of  the  com- 
partments supplies  in  miniature  a  full-length 
portrait  of  Robinson.  The  writer  exhibits 
a  strouff  protestant  bias,  and  his  evidence 
cannot  oe  accepted  quite  literally.  But  his 
pamphlet  was  well  received  by  English  pro- 
testants.  Robinson's  version  of  some  of  hia 
worst  charges  against  the  nuns  was  intro- 
duced in  1625  by  the  dramatist  Thomas 
Middleton  into  his  'Ghime  at  Chess'  (MiB- 
P£Bioir,  Works,  ed.  Bullen,  vii.  101,  IdO). 

[Authorities  cited.]  I«.  M.  M. 

ROBINSON,  THOMAS  ((?.  1719),  writer 
on  natural  history,  was  appointed  to  the 
rectory  of  Ousby ,  Oumberlana,  in  1672.  After 
service  on  Sundays  he  presided  at  a  kind  of 
club  at  the  village  alehouse,  where  each 
member  spent  a  sum    not  exceeding  one 
penny ;  he  was  also  a  warm  enooura^r  of 
village  sports,  especially  footbalL    His  lei- 
sure he  devoted  to  collecting  facta  about  the 
mininjgf,  minerals,  and  natural  history  of  the 
counties  of  Cumberland  and  Westmoreland, 
which  he  put  before  the  world  in  a  quaint 
'  Anatomy  of  the  Earth,'  London,  1694,  4to. 
This  was  followed  bv  *  An  Essay  towards  & 
Natural  History  of  Westmoreland  and  Cum- 
berland, to  which  is  annexed  a  Vindication  of 
the  Philosophical  and  Theological  Paraphrase 
of  the  Mosaicfc  System  of  the  Creation,  2  pts. 
London,  1709,  8vo ;  and  '  New  Observations 
on  the  Natunl  History  of  this  World,  of 
Matter,  and  this  World  of  Lifb. . .    To  which 
is  added  SomeThouffhts  oonceming  Paradise, 
the  Conflagration  of  the  World,  and  a  trea- 
tise of  Meteorolocv,'  London,  1698,  8vo  (the 
same,  with  a  different  title-page,  Lonaon,. 
1699,  8vo).    Robinson  died  rector  of  Ousby 
in  1719.    H^  was  married,  and  had  eight 
children. 

[Hutchinson's  Hist,  of  Cumberland,  i.  224^5  ; 
Nicolson  and  Born*8  Hist,  of  Westmoreland  and 
Cumberland ;  Jefftoon's  Hist,  of  Leath  Ward, 
p.  257;  Brit.  Mus.  Cat.]  A.  N. 


Robinson 


47 


Robinson 


BOBnreoiir,  thomas  (a.  1747),  legai 

sntkoTy  son  of  liathew  Robinson  of  Edgley, 

"  "  17S0  of 


admitted  on  14  April 
linoolB's  Imiy  but  was  never  called  to  the 
bar.    He  died  on  28  Dee.  1747. 

Robineoii  -was  author  of  'The  Common 
Lair  of  Kent,  or  the  Cnetoms  of  Gavelkind ; 
witk  am  eppendix  concerning  Borough  £ng^ 
liah,'  LoDaoa,  1741,  dvo—^^  work  "which  con- 
eentratsi  mneh  antionaiian  learning  in  very 
naall  eompaas,  ana  may  almost  rank  as 
aathoritatiTe.  A  third  edition,  by  John 
WHsoB  of  Ifincoln's  Lm,  appeared  at  Lon- 
don in  1822,  Svo;  and  a  new  edition,  by 
J.  D.  Horwood,  solicitor,  at  Ashford  in  1868, 
8vo. 

{Tinooln's  Inn  Beg. ;  Oent  Maff.  1747,  p.  592 ; 
LoodoQ  Mag.  1747,  p.  616;  Athenaeam,  1859, 
1 710.]  J.  M.  R. 

BOBINBOK,  THOMAS,  first  Basok 
Qs4STHAM  (1695-1770),  diplomatist,  bom  in 
16B6,  WIS  fourth  son  of  Sir  William  Robin- 
son, bart.,  of  Newby,  Torkshire,  and  Mary, 
eldeit  daogiiter  of  George  Aislabie  of  Stud- 
ley  Rtffni  in  the  same  county.  The  family 
was  deseeaded  fitym  William  Robinson  (1 532- 
l(n6),  aa  '  eminent  Hamburg  merchant,' 
who  waa  mayor  of  York  and  its  representa- 
trve  in  pffrtiamftnt  in  the  reign  of  ELisabeth. 
The  mayoi's  grandson,  of  the  same  name,  was 
knighted  in  1633,  became  high  sheriff  of 
ToAsiiiie  in  1638,  and  died  in  1668.  The 
btter^s  son  by  hie  second  wife,  Metcalfe  Ro- 
bmasn  (d.  lo89),  was  created  a  baronet  on 
30  JuAf  1660.  Sir  Metcalfe's  nephew,  Wil- 
Ikm  Kotenscn  (1666-1786),  succeeded  to 
his  estates,  fie  sat  for  Northallerton  in  the 
Convention  parliament,  and  ftom  1697  to 
1722  leproeonted  York.  In  1689  he  was  high 
alierilf  of  Yorkshire,  and  in  1700  lord  mayor 
ef  York.  The  baronetcy,  which  had  lapsed 
at  bae  miclei's  death,  was  revived  in  him. 
He  died  at  Newbjr,  Yorkshire,  on  22  Dec. 
1736,  and  was  buned  at  Topcliffe.  He  had 
five  0008  and  a  daughter.  The  second  son. 
Sir  Taacred  (d,  1764^,  third  baronet,  became 
learediniral  of  the  white,  and  was  lord 
SHnror  of  York  in  1718  and  1788. 

ThoaMH^  the  youngest  son,  was  educated 
at  Weatrnmater,  and  was  admitted  on  12  Jan. 
1711-ld  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  where 
he  wae  elected  scholar  in  April  1/14,  and 
iUBflrfciliywottlOJulyl719.  Entering  the 
diplooMitie  service,  he  became  in  1723  secre- 
tuy  to  the  Eiwlish  embassy  at  Paris.  During 
the  sbaenco  ofthe  ambassador.  Horace  Wal- 
pofe  the  elder,  in  1724  and  1727,  he  acted  as 
dbaig^  dU&ires^  and  acguired  the  confidence 
both  of  hiB  chirf  and  of  !Fleury,  the  French 
{OOJM,  Memain  <^  Sir  JR,  WtUpok^ 


ii.  644).  Robinson  was  always  attached  to 
the  Walpoles,  and  on  9  March  1742,  after  Sir 
Robert's  fall,  he  sent  Horace  '  the  warmest 
professions  of  friendship,  service,  and  devo- 
tion/ adding  that  his  letters  to  him  were  to  be 
looked  upon  as  letters  to  Sir  Robert  (ib,  in. 
696-7). 

In  1728-9  Robinson  was  one  of  the  three 
English  representatives  at  the  congress  of 
Soissons.  On  IT  June  1780  he  arrived  at 
Vienna  in  order  to  act  for  the  ambassador. 
Lord  Waldegrave,  while  on  leave.  But 
Waldegrave  did  not  return,  and  Robinson 
remained  as  English  ambassador  at  Vienna 
for  eighteen  years.  The  object  of  English 
policy  at  the  tmie  was  to  re-establish  friendly 
relations  with  the  emperor  without  disturbing 
the  existing  arrangements  with  France  ^d 
the  Dutch.  Robinson's  task  was  complicated 
by  his  having  to  take  into  account  the  inte- 
rests of  George  IT  as  elector  of  Hanover.  On 
8  Feb.  1781  ne  was  privately  instructed  to 
sign  the  treaty  of  Vienna,  and  to  leave  the 
German  points  for  future  consideration.  The 
'thrice  salutary '  trea^  was  accordinglv  com- 
pleted on  16  March  1781  (ib.  iii.  97 ;  cf  Cak- 
LTLE,  Frederick^  iii.  88-7, 168 ;  Marehmont 
Papers,  x.  62).  The  imperialists  complained 
that  he  had '  sucked  them  to  the  very  blood.' 
His  exertions  threw  him  into  a  fever  TCoxe, 
Walpohj  iii.  99, 100).  On  10  April  Harrm^on 
forwarded  to  him  1,000/.  from  George  H^  ac- 
companied with  emphatically  expressed  ap- 
proval of  his  conduct.  He  was  to  have  his 
choice  of  staying  at  Vienna  with  increased 
emoluments,  or  of  takinc^  any  other  post  that 
should  be  more  agreeable  to  him  {ib,  iii.  101). 
Robinson  petitioned  for  recall.  Neverthe- 
less he  was  kept  at  Vienna.  *  for  the  most 
part  without  instructions'  (to  H.  Pelham, 
29  July  and  80  Sept.  1738).  In  the  matter 
of  the  projected  match  between  Don  Carlos 
and  the  second  daughter  of  the  Emperor 
Charles  VI,  Robinson,  acting  on  George  IPs 
private  instructions,  resisted  the  union.  Ac- 
cording to  Sir  Robert  Walpole,  he  was  the 
great  obstacle  to  the  match,  and  '  deserved 
hanging  for  his  conduct  in  that  affair '  (LoBi> 
Hbbvxt,  MemoirSf  ii.  104-6). 

The  accessions  of  Maria  Theresa  and  Fre> 
derick  the  Great  in  1740  completed  the  change 
in  the  European  system  which  the  conclusion 
of  the  family  compact  had  begun.  Robinson 
had  now  to  remind  Maria  Theresa  of  the  ser- 
vices received  by  her  father  from  England 
in  the  Spanish  succession  war,  with  a  view 
to  an  alliance  against  France,  while  he 
had  also  the  unpleasant  task  of  urging  upon 
her  the  necessity  of  making  concessions  to 
Prussia  (cf.  Coxb,  Souse  of  Austriaf  ii.  288- 
240).    Under  stress  of  the  recently  formed 


Robinson 


48 


Robinson 


coalition  of  France  and  Bavaria  with  P^russia, 
Hobinson  at  length  induced  Maria  Theresa 
to  consent  to  an  accommodation  with  Frede- 
rick, who  had  invaded  Silesia.  On  7  Aug. 
1741  he  had  an  interview  with  Frederick  at 
Strehlen.  Frederick,  according  to  Garljle, 
complained  that  Robinson '  negotiated  in  ft 
woray,  high  droning  way,  as  if  he  were 
speaking  in  parliament.'  Frederick  demanded 
tne  cession  of  Breslau  and  Lower  Silesia, 
and  the  negotiation  was  consequently  futile. 
Hobinson  left  Strehlen  on  the  9th.  Carlyle, 
who  founds  his  account  of  the  negotiation  on 
Kobinson's  despatch  to  Harrin^n  of  9  Aug., 
dubs  the  document  the  '  Robinsoniad '  (see 
Frederick  the  Great,  v.  42-8). 

On  29  Aug.  Robinson  reappeared  at  Breslau 
with  new  concessions  wrung  from  the  re- 
luctant Maria  Theresa ;  but  Frederick  refused 
to  negotiate.  When,  a  week  later,  Lower 
Silesia  was  offered,  Frederick  found  the  new 
propositions  of  <  Tinfatigable  Robinson'  as 
chimerical  as  the  old  (Gabltle,  v.  70).  Sub- 
sequently Robinson  urgently  appealed  to 
Maria  TheresSi  whom,  accordmg  to  Sir  Luke 
Schaub,  he  sometimes  moved  to  tears,  to  give 
Frederick  better  terms.  Although  he  pro- 
mised her  subsidies,  he  informed  her  on 
2  Au^.  1745, '  in  a  copious,  sonorous  speech,' 
that  m  view  of  the  ineffective  assistance  she 
had  rendered  to  England  against  France,  the 
former  power  must  makepeace  with  Prussia 
(j3>,  vi.  112-14;  cf.  Marchnumt  Papers,  i. 
217).  On  18  July  1748  Robinson  received  a 
peremptory  despatch  from  Newcastle,  now 
secretarv  of  state,  demanding  the  concur- 
rence 01  Maria  Theresa  in  a  general  pacifica- 
tion. In  case  of  refusal  or  delay,  Robinson 
was  to  leave  Vienna  within  forty-eight  hours. 
Robinson  believed  Maria  Theresa  ready  to 
negotiate  in  due  course,  but  she  made  no 
sign  within  the  stipulated  period,  and  on 
28  July  Robinson  left  Vienna  for  Hanover. 
He  was  now  appointed  joint  plenipotentiary 
of  England  with  Sandwich  in  the  peace  nego- 
tiations of  Aiz-la-Chapelle  (CoxE,  PeUuitn 
AdminUtration,  1. 451-2).  He  left  Hanover 
for  the  scene  of  negotiations  on  13  Aug., 
being  secretly  entrusted  by  both  the  king  and 
Newcastle  with  the  principal  direction  of 
affairs  (t».  i.  465,466,  ii.7,8).  Sandwich 
had  tried  to  conclude  the  negotiations  before 
Robinson's  arrival  (Newcasue  to  H.  Felham, 
25 Aug.;  Cox£,it.lO);  butthetwoplenipo* 
tentiaries  subsequently  worked  in  harmony 
(Be^ord  Corresp,  u  502).  Kaunitz,  the  Aus- 
trian representative,  at  first '  went  with  them 
in  nothing;  'but  the  treaty  of  Aiz-la-ChapeUe 
was  final^  signed  on  18  Oct.  1748. 

Soon  after  Robinson's  return  to  England 
he  was  made  one  of  the  lords  commissioners 


of  trade — ^'a  scurvy  reward  after  making' 
the  neace/  wrote  W^pole  to  Mann  on  26  Dec. 
1748.  Robinson,  who  had  held  a  seat  in  par- 
liament for  Thirsk  firom  1727  to  1734,  was 
on  80  Dec.  1748  elected  for  Ghristchurch. 
He  continued  to  represent  that  borough  till 
1761.  In  1749  he  was  appointed  master  of 
the  great  wardrobe,  and  was  next  vear  sworn 
of  the  privy  council.  On  the  death  of  Henry 
Pelham  in  1754,  Newcastle,  at  the  king's 
suggestion,  appointed  Robinson,  who  was  a 
favourite  at  court,  secretary  of  state  for  the 
southern  department,  with  the  leadership  of 
the  House  of  Ck>mmons  (cf.  Bubb  DopiNa* 
TON,  Diary,  2  Sept.  1765).  He  accepted  the 
seals  with  great  reluctance,  and  stipulated 
for  a  brief  tenure  of  them  (Chesterfield 
Corresp,  ed.  Mahon,  iv.  119).  Newcastle 
tried  to  persuade  Pitt,  then  a  member  of  the 
ministry  as  paymaster-general,  that  the  ap* 
pointment  was  favoun^le  to  his  interests, 
for  Robinson  had  no  parliamentary  talents 
which  could  give  rise  to  jealousy  (Chatham 
Corresp,  i.  96).  Pitt's  own  view  of  Robin* 
son's  qualifications  was  expressed  in  his  re* 
mark  to  Fox,  *  The  duke  might  as  well  have 
sent  us  his  jackboot  to  lead  us'  (Stanhopb, 
Hist  of  England,  1846,  iv.  60,  from  Lorb 
Obfobd's  Memoirs,  ii.  101).  To  Temple, 
howeveii  he  described  Robinsoa  as  '  a  very 
worthygentleman'(6rr«nvi7&  Papers,  i.  120)* 
Robinson's  colleagues  combined  against  him, 
and  rendered  his  position  impossible;  Pitt 
openly  attacked  him,  and  the  war  secre- 
tary (Henry  Fox)  ironically  defended  him. 
On  1  Dec.  Walpole  wrote  that  <  Pitt  and 
Fox  have  already  mumbled  Sir  T.  Robinson, 
cruelly.'  Murray,  the  attorney-general,  was 
Robinson's  only  faithful  ally  in  the  House 
of*Ck>mmons.  The  government  majority- 
was,  says  Waldegrave,  largely  composed  of 
*  laughers.'  Whue  in  office  Robinson,  ao* 
cordmg  to  Bancroft,  told  the  American  agents 
'  they  must  fight  for  their  own  altars  and 
^residet' (Hist  United States,iuAl7).  From 
April  to  September  1755  he  acted  as  a  lord 
justice  during  George  Il's  absence  from  Eng- 
land. In  November  1755  Robinson  ^  cheer- 
fully ^ave  up  the  seals'  to  Fox,  and  was 
reappointed  master  of  the  wardrobe.  That 
office  he  reformed  and  retained  during  the 
rest  of  the  reign.  He  also  received  a  pension 
on  the  Irish  estiUblishment.  The  king  would 
have  preferred  to  retain  Robinson  as  secretary 
of  state ;  for  besides  sympathising  with  the 
king's  German  interests,  his  experience  gave 
him  a  wide  knowledge  of  foreign  affairs,  and 
he  was  a  capable  man  of  business.  Robinson, 
however,  well  knew  his  own  deficiencies; 
and  when  in  the  spring  of  1757  George  II, 
through  Waldegrave,  again  offered  him  tho 


Robinson 


49 


Robinson 


■eeretaiyalup  of  state,  lie  '  with  a  most  sub- 
BuauTe  preamble  sent  an  absolute  refusal' 
(BoDiarcioVy  Diary^  23  March  1767). 

Oil  the  aooeasion  of  Oeone  lEE,  Walpole 

relates  that '  What  is  Sir  Thomas  Kobinson 

to  have?'  T^aa  a  question  in  every  mouth. 

On  7  Afnl  1761  he  received  a  peeraffe,  with 

the  title  of  Baron  Grantham.    In  1764  he 

fiagDed  ft  potest  in  the  House  of  Lords  against 

the  reMintion  that  privilege  of  parliament 

does  lot  cover  the  publication  of  seditious 

h\tdt{AMm.  JBe^.  1764,  p.  178).  In  July  1765 

he  wss  named  joint  postmaster-genera!,  and 

held  the  office  till  December  1766. 

(haatham  died  at  Whitehall  on  dO  Sept. 
1770,  and  was  buried  at  Chiswick  on  6  Oct. 
Wftlpole  declares  that  at  his  death  he  was  a 
'miserable  object^'  owing  to  scurvy.    He 
WIS  a  fairly  able  diplomatist,  painstaking, 
and  not  without  persuasive  power.    Horace 
Walpole  the  younger,  who  always  refers  to 
him  as  '  Vienna  liobinson,'  exaggerated  his 
Gennan  proclivities  (see  CoxB,  ^  R.  Wal" 
fk,  uL  114).     The  best  estimate  of  him  is 
probably  that  given  by  Lord  Waldegrave, 
who  saya  that  Robinson  was  a  good  secretary 
of  state,  as  iar  as  business  capacity  went,  but 
was  quite  ignorant  of  the  ways  of  the  House 
of  Omunons.     When  he  played  the  orator 
(which  was  too  often)  even  his  friends  could 
hardly  keep  their  countenances.   It  is  signi- 
ficant that  no  speech  by  Robinson  appears 
in  the  '  Plariiamentary  History.'     O&rlyle 
(oand  hia  despatches  rather  heavy, '  but  mil 
of  inextinguishable  leal  withal.'  Hisdescrip- 
tionaof  the  imperial  ministers,  and  especially 
his  appreciation  of  Prince  Eugene,  show 
insight  into  character. 

Robinson  married,  on  13  July  1787,  Frances, 
third  daoghter  by  his  first  wife  of  Thomas 
Worsleyy  esq.  of  Hoviagham,  Yorkshire.  She 
died  in  1750,  leaving  issue  two  sons  and 
KL  daughters,  and  was  buried  at  Chiswick 
on  6  Kov.  of  liiat  year.  The  elder  son, 
Thomas,  second  baron  Qmntham,  is  sepor 
lately  noticed. 

[The  Robinson  Papem,  or  Qrantbam  MSS. 
<Add.  MSS.  23780-877,  and  22639)  were  largely 
'^VtatiA  \fy  Cotace  in  the  varioos  works  quoted 
Abora,  aad  hj  Carlyla  in  his  History  of  Frade- 
vkk  the  Great.  See  also  Coze's  Ufe  of  Horatio, 
laid  Walpole^  i.  198,  199,  208-10,  276  et  seq. 
310,  BU,  it.  254;  Wolpole's  Letters,  ii.  140, 
218, 232,  284,  376,  408,  484,  iii.  78,  80,  362,  iv. 
3^,  T.  280,  and  Hemoirs  of  Oeorse  II,  i.  388, 
Ii.  44-4,  93-4;  Lord  Wa1degniT?8  Memoirs, 
pp.  19,  31-2,  45,  52,  81,  108 ;  Bedford  Corresp. 
L  4.50-1,  476-9,  480-1,  502;  Bnbb  I>odiDgton8 
Diary,  passim ;  Bet.  Merab.  Fkrl. ;  Thackeray^s 
Life  of  Cfaathara,  i.  208-9,  225;  Gent.  Mag. 
1770,  p.  487 ;  Lord  Stanhope's  Hist,  of  England, 
1316,  ebsp.  zxzii. ;  Collins's  Feeiage,  5th  edit. 

TOlk  xriu 


vol.  Yiii. ;  G.  E.  C/s  Peerage ;  Foster's  Yorkshire 
Pedigrees,  toI.  i. ;  admission  book  of  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge ;  authorities  cited.] 

G.  Le  G.  N. 

ROBINSON,  Sir  THOMAS  (1700  ."- 
1777),  'long  Sir  Thomas,' governor  ot  Barba- 
dos and  amateur  architect,  bom  about  1700, 
was  eldest  son  and  heir  of  William  Robinson 
(bapt.  Rokeby,  Yorkshire,  23  Sept.  1675,  d. 
24  Feb.  1720^,  who  married,  in  1690,  Anne, 
daughter  ana  heiress  of  Robert  Walters  of 
Cundall  in  Yorkshire;  she  died  on  26  July 
1730,  aged  53,  and  was  buried  in  the  centre 
of  the  south  aisle  of  Merton  church,  Surrey, 
where  a  marble  monument  was  placed  to  her 
memory.  Sir  Thomas,  her  son,  also  erected 
in  the  old  Roman  highway,  near  Rokebv,  an 
obelisk  in  her  honour.  Another  son,  Richard 
Robinson,  first  baron  Rokeby  [q.  t,]^  was 
primate  of  Ireland. 

After  finishing  his  education,  Thomas 
travelled  over  a  great  part  of  Europe,  giving 
special  attention  to  the  ancient  architecture 
of  Greece  and  Italy  and  the  school  of  Pal- 
ladio.  He  thus  cultivated  a  taste  which 
dominated  the  rest  of  his  life.  On  return- 
ing to  fkigland  he  purchased  a  commission 
in  the  armv,  but  soon  resigned  it  in  favour 
of  his  brother  Septimus,  and  at  the  general 
election  in  1727  was  returned  to  parlia- 
ment, through  the  influence  of  the  £smily  of 
Howard,  for  the  borough  of  Morneth  in 
Northumberland.  On  2o  Oct.  1728  he  mar- 
ried, at  Belf rev's,  York,  Elisabeth,  the  eldest 
daughter  of  Charles  Howard,  third  earl  of 
Carlisle,  and  widow  of  Nicholas,  lord  Lech- 
mere.  While  in  parliament  he  xnade  several 
lon^  speeches,  including  one  vervfine  speech 
which,  according  to  Horace  Walpole,  he  was 
supposed  to  have  found  among  the  papers 
of  nis  wife's  first  husband.  About  this 
time  he  designed  for  his  wife's  brother  the 
west  wing  of  Castle  Howard,  which,  though 
pronotmced  to  be  not  devoid  of  merit,  is  out 
of  harmony  with  the  other  parts.  Later 
in  life  he  and  Welbore  Ellis  persuaded 
Sir  William  Stanhope  to  '  imnrove '  Pope's 
guxlen,  and  in  the  process  tne  place  was 
spoilt. 

Robinson  was  created  a  baronet  on  10  Maich 
1730-1,  with  remainder  to  his  brothers  and 
to  Matthew  Robinson  of  Edgley  in  York- 
shire, and  from  November  1735  to  February 
1742  he  was  a  commissioner  of  excise.  His 
expenditure  was  very  extiavagant  both  in 
London  and  on  his  own  estate.  He  rebuilt 
the  mansion  at  Rokeby,  enclosed  the  park 
with  a  stone  wall  (1725-30)^  and  planted 
many  forest  trees  (1780).  These  acts  were 
recorded  in  1737,  in  two  I^tin  inscriptions 
on  two  marble,  tablesi  fixed  in  the  two  stone 


Robinson' 


so 


Robinson 


S'en  at  lihe  entrance  to  the  park  frovi  Greta 
ridge.  He  practically  made  the  Rokeby 
of  which  Sir  Walter  Scott  wrote  and  which 
the  tourist  risits  (cf.  Whitakbb,  Hist  of 
Itidkmandshire,  1 184).  He  built  the  great 
bridge  which  spans  the  Tees  at  Kokeby. 
Ameng  other  works  which  he  designed  are 
parts  of  Ember  Oourt,  Sorreyi  then  the  resi- 
denee  of  the  Onslows,  and  the  Qothic  gate- 
way at  Bishop  Auckland  in  Dttrham.  In 
London  he  '  gave  balls  to  all  the  men  and 
women  in  power  and  in  fashion,  and  mined 
himself/  Horace  Walpole  giTea  an  account 
of  his  ball  *  to  a  little  girl  of  the  Duke  of 
Kiohmond'  in  October  1741.  There  were 
two  hundred  guests  invited,  'from  Miss 
in  bib  and  apron  to  my  lord  chancellor 
[Hardwickel  in  bib  and  mace '(Miss  Bbkbt, 
J&utnals,  iL  26-7).  A  second  ball  was  given 
by  him  on  2  Dec.  1741,  when  six  hundred 
persons  were  invited  and  two  hundred  at- 
tended (WlLFOLE,  Chrresp.  i.  96). 

The  state  of  Robinson's  finances  brought 
about  hisexpatriation.  Lord  Lincoln  coveted 
his  house  at  Whitehall,  and,  to  obtain  it, 
secured  for  him  in  January  1742  the  post  of 
governor  of  Barbados.  Arriving  in  Barbados 
on  6  Aug.  1742,  he  was  at  once  in  trouble 
with  his  assemblv,  who  raised  difficulties 
about  voting  his  salary.  His  love  of  building 
led  to  further  dispute,  for,  without  consult- 
ing the  house,  he  ordered  expensive  ohanffes 
in  his  nesidence  at  Pilgrim,  and  be  un&r- 
took  the  construction  of  an  armoury  and 
arsenal,  which  were  acknowledged  to  have 
been  much  wanted.  In  the  rssuit  ha  had  to 
nay  most  of  the  charges  out  of  his  own  pocket. 
Another  quarrel,  in  which  he  had  more  right 
Ob  his  side,  was  as  to  the  command  of  the 
forces  in  the  island.  Eventually  a  petition 
was  sent  home  which  resulted  m  his  recall 
on  14  April  1747.  His  first  wife  had  died  at 
Bath  on  10  April  1739,  and  was  buried  in  liie 
&mily  vault  imder  the  new  church  of  R»kebv« 
He  married  at  Barbados  a  second  wire, 
whose  maiden  name  was  Booth ;  she  was  the 
widow  of  Samuel  Salmon,  a  rich  ironmonger. 
She  is  oM  to  have  paid  10,00(ML  for  the  honour 
of  being  a  ladv,  but  she  declined  to  follow 
Bobinson  to  ^gland.  On  his  return  to  his 
own  oountrr  the  old  habits  seised  him.  He 
again  gave  balls  and  breakfasts,  and  among 
the  break&sts  was  one  to  the  Princess  of 
Wales  («&.  ii.  395).  In  a  note  to  Mason's 
'Epistle  to  Shebbeare'  he  is  dubbed  <the 
Petaronius  of  the  p«sent  age.' 

Robinson  ao<][Uired  a  considerable  number 
d  shacres  in  Ranelagh  Gardens,  and  became 
file  director  of  the  entertainments,  when  his 
IteoWlsdge  of  the  fisshioiiable  world  proved 
tt  «u^.     H«  built  for  himaelf  a  house 


called  Pftwpeot  Place,  adjoining  the  gardens 
(Bbivbb,  Old  Chelsea,  p.  297),  and  gave  mag- 
nificent fesete  {hktfi  mabt  €k)KB,  Joumalj 
ii.  816,  878,  iii.  488).  At  the  coronation  of 
G^rge  m,  on  22  Sept.  1761,  the  last  occa- 
sion on  which  the  dukes  of  Normandy  and 
A^uitaine  were  represented  by  d^uty  as 
doing  homage  to  the  king  of  England,  Ro- 
binson acted  as  the  first  of  these  dukes, 
walking  '  in  proper  mantle'  next  the  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury  (Grent,  Me^»  1761,  p. 
419).  Churchill,  in  his  ^m  of  *  The  Ghost,' 
erroneously  assigns  to  him  the  part  of  Aqui- 
taine.  Mrs.  Bray  speaks  of  his  fondness  for 
'books,  the  fine  arts,  music,  and  refined 
society,'  and  mentions  that  he  had  long 
suffered  from  weakness  in  the  e3res.  At 
last  he  became  blind,  and  her  father  used 
often  to  read  to  him  (Autobiography,  pp. 
46-8). 

Robinson  was  forced  in  1769  to  dispose 
of  Rokeby,  which  had  been  in  the  posses- 
sion of  his  familv  since  1610,  to  John  Sawrey 
Morritt,  the  father  of  J.  B.  S.  Morritt  [q.  v.] 
He  died  at  his  house  at  Chelsea  on  8  March 
1777,  aged  76,  without  leaving  legitimate 
issue,  and  was  buried  in  the  south-east  comer 
of  the  chancel  of  Merton  chuidi,  a  monu- 
ment being  placed  there  to  his  memory 
(Makkiko  and  Bbat,  Surrey,  i.  260-1).  A 
second  monument  was  erected  for  him  in 
Westminster  Abbey,  and  by  his  will  a  monu- 
ment was  also  placed  there  to  the  memory 
of  'the  accomplished  woman.  sgr^eMe  com- 
panion, and  sincere  friend,  ms  fizat  wife 
(Stavlbt,  WeetnUneter  Abbey,  6th  edit.  pp. 
288-4;  FATTUUTBRy  Chelsea,  ii.  815).  He  was 
succeeded  in  the  baronetcy  by  hie  next  sur^ 
viving  brother,  William. 

RoDinsonwas  tall  and  thnn,  while  his  con- 
temporary of  the  same  name  was  short  and 
fat.  '  I  can't  imagine,'  said  the  witty  Lady 
Townshend,  ^  wh^  one  is  preferred  to  the 
other.  The  one  is  as  broad  as  the  other  is 
long.'  The  nose  and  chin  on  the  head  of  the 
cudgel  of  Joseph  Andrews, '  which  was  copied 
£K>m  the  face  <Sf  acertain  lonff  English  baronet 
of  infinite  wit,  humour,  and  gravitv/  is  sup- 
posed to  be  a  satiric  touch  by  Fieldung  at  his 
expense,  and  he  is  identified  with  the  fi^^ure 
standing  in  a  side  box  in  Hogarth's  picture 
of  the '  fieffgar*s  Opera.'  His  appearance  was 
'often  rendered  stul  more  remarkable  by  his 
hunting  dress,  a  postilion's  cap,  a  light  green 
jacket,  and  buclLBkin  breeches.'  In  one  of 
the  sudden  whims  which  seised  him  he  set 
off  in  this  attire  to  visit  a  married  sister  who 
was  settled  in  Paris.  He  arrived  when  the 
company  was  at  dinner,  and  a  French  abb6, 
who  was  one  of  the  guests,  at  last  gasped 
oat,  '  Excuse  me,  sir.t   Are  you  tlie  &mou8 


Robinson 


Si 


Robinson 


RobinaoD  Cniaoe  so  remftrkable  in  history? ' 
(cf.  PiCHOT,  Talleyrand  SauvenirB,  pp.  146- 
149). 

RobiBson  was  a  'specious,  empty  man/ 

-with  a  talent  for  jQattery,  remarkable  even 

in  tbat  age  for  lus  '  profusion  of  words  and 

bows  and  compliments.'   He  and  Lord  Ches^ 

terfield  maintained  a  correspondence  for  fifty 

jeuB»  and  ^r  Tliomas  kept  all  the  letters 

whieh  be  reoeiTed  and  copies  of  the  answers 

wbidi  be  sent.   At  his  death  he  left  them '  to 

ao  asothecarv  -wlio  had  married  his  natural 

dangnter,  witn  injunctions  to  publish  all,'but 

BobiaiOB's  brother  RichaH  stopped  the  pnb- 

licatioii.     Chesterfield,  in  his  last  iUness, 

remaiked  to  Robinson — ^such  is  probably  the 

coTTeetTersion  of  the  story — ^'Ah  I  Sir  Thomas. 

It  viQ  be  sooner  over  with  me  than  it  would 

be  with  yoa,  for  I  am  dying  by  inches; '  and 

the  samepe^  referred  to  him  in  the  epigram — 

Uafika  my  snbjeet  will  I  frame  my  song, 
It  dbaU  b«  witty  and  it  shan't  be  long. 

Sr  John  Hawkins  records  {I4fe  qfJahnsonf 
p.  191)  that  when  Chesterfield  desired  to 
appease  Dr.  Johnson,  he  employed  Robinson 
is  his  mediator.  Sir  Thomas,  with  much 
flatterVyTowed  that  if  bis  circumstances  per- 
nitted  it,  he  himself  would  settle  600/.  a 
year  on  Johnson.  '  Who,  then,  are  you  ? '  was 
the  inqoizy ,  and  the  answer  was '  Sir  Thomas 
RohinsoB,  a  Yorkshire  baronet.'  '  Sir,'  re- 
plied Johnson,  *  if  the  first  peer  of  the  realm 
were  to  make  me  such  an  oner^  would  show 
him  the  way  down  stairs.'  JSosweU,  on  a 
later  occasion,  found  Robinson  sitting  wit^ 
Johnson  {Lif^y  ed.  HUl,  i.  434),  and  Dr.  Max- 
n^ll  records  that  Johnson  once  reproved  Sir 
Thomas  with  the  remark, '  You  talk  the  lan- 
guage of  a  savage.' 

[Vostsr's  Yorkshire  Families  (Howard  pedi- 
gi«e);  FUntagenet-Harrisoii's  Yorkshire,  pp. 
414-16;  Wotton'sBaioDetage,  iv.  22^8;  Areh- 
dall's  Irish  Peerage,  vii.  171-2;  Walpole  and 
Ifasn  (ed.  Mitfoni),  i.  278^9,  440;  Walpole's 
Notes  to  Chesterfield's  MesMHrs  (Fhilobiblon 
Soe.  zL  70-2);  Walpole*s  Letters,  i  96, 122,  ii. 
284.  895»  iii.  4,  v.  403,  vi.  427,  viii.  71 ;  Wal- 
poliaaa,  iL  180-1  ;  Xadv  Hervey's  Letters, 
1821.  pp.  164-5 ;  Nichols's  Hogarth  Aneod.  1785, 
p.  22;  Charchill's  Poems,  1804  ed.  ii,  183-4; 
$ntutUy  Review,  5  Nov.  1887,  pp.  624-5  ; 
Dietionarv  of  Architecture ;  Schomburgk's  His- 
toiy  of  ^rbadoe,  pp.  326-7 ;  Poyer  s  History 
•f  Barbados.]  W.  P.  C. 

SOBQDfflOir,  THOMAS^  second  Babok 
GBasTHAX  (1738^1786),  bom  at  Vienna  on 
80  Nov.  1738,  was  the  elder  sonofThomas,  first 
buan  Graiitham  fb,  ▼.]»  by  bis  nife  Frances, 
ikiid  dsogiiter  or  Tbomas  Worsley  of  Hor^ 


ingham  in  the  Notth  Biding  of  Yorkshire, 
lie  was  educated  at  Westminster  School  and 
ChHst's  College,  Cambridge,  where  he  m- 
doated  M.A.  in  1757.  At  the  genersl  elec- 
tion in  March  1761  he  was  return^  to  the 
House  of  Commons  for  Christchurdh  in 
Hampshire,  and  continued  to  represent  that 
borough  Ibr  nine  years.  He  was  appointed 
secretarf  of  the  firitish  embassy  to  the  in-> 
tended  congress  at  Augsburg  in  April  1761^ 
and  on  11  Oct.  1766  he  became  one  of  the 
commissioners  of  trade  and  plantations.  On 
13  Feb.  1770  he  was  promoted  to  the  post  of 
vice-chamberlain  of  the  household,  and  wae 
sworn  a  member  of  the  privy  council  on  the 
26th  of  the  same  month.  He  succeeded  his 
fiiither  as  second  Baron  Grantham  on  80  Sept. 
1770,  and  took  hie  seat  in  the  House  of  Lords 
at  the  opening  of  parliament  on  13  Nov.  fol-* 
lo  Wiiig(«/buma^  of  the  House  of  Lords,  zxziiL 
4).  He  kissed  hands  on  his  appointment  as 
ambassador  at  Madrid  on  25  Jan.  1771,  and 
held  that  post  until  the  outbreak  of  hostili- 
ties in  1779.  According  to  Horace  Wslpole, 
Grantham  was  '  under  a  doud '  in  1775.  'A 
person  unknown  had  gone  on  a  holiday  to 
the  East  Lidia  House  and  secTBtair's  office, 
and,  being  admitted,  had  examined  all  the 
papers,  retired,  and  could  not  be  discovered. 
Lord  Grantham  was  suspected,  and  none  of 
the  grandees  would  converse  with  him' 
(Journal  of  the  Reiffn  of  King  Qeorge  III, 
1869,  i.  486-7).  Deceived  by  Rorida  Blanca, 
Grantham  confided  in  the  neutrality  of  the 
Spanish  court  to  the  last,  and  wrote  home 
in  January  1779, '  I  reaUy  believe  this  court 
is  sincere  in  wishing  to  bring  about  a  pacifi- 
cation *  (BAircBOFT,  History  of  the  United 
States,  1876,  vi.  180).  He  seconded  the  ad- 
dress at  the  opening  of  the  session  on  26  Nov. 
1779,  and  declared  that '  Spain  had  acted  a 
most  ungenerous  and  tmprovoked  part' 
againstGreat  Britain  (Par/.  JSt^.  xx.  1025-7). 
He  was  appointed  first  commissioner  of  the 
board  of  trade  and  foreign  plantations  on 
9  Dec.  1780,  a  poet  which  he  held  until  the 
abolition  of  the  board  in  June  1782.  Ghrant- 
ham  joined  Lord  Shelbume's  administration 
as  secretarr  of  state  for  the  foreign  depart- 
ment in  July  1782,  and  he  assisted  Shelbume 
in  the  conduct  of  the  negotiations  with 
France,  Spain,  and  America.  He  defended 
the  prelimmary  articles  of  peace  in  the  House 
of  Lords  on  l7  Feb.  1783,  and  pleaded  that 
the  peace  was  *  as  good  a  one  as,  considering 
our  situation,  we  could  possiblyhave  had ' 
{Pari  Hist,  xxiii.  402-4).  He  resigned 
office  on  the  formation  of  the  coalition  go- 
vernment in  April  1783.  Gbuntham,  who 
had  declined,  upon  the  declaration  of  war 
with  Spain,  any  longer  to  accept  his  salary 

ii2 


Robinson 


5» 


Robinson 


fts  ambassador,  was  granted  a  pension  of 
2,000/.  a  year  on  retiring  from  tne  foreign 
office  (Walpole,  Jmimal  qf  the  Beign  of  Kttw 
George III^  ii.  695 ;  Pari  Hist  xxiii.  649).  It 
appears  that  lie  already  enjoyed  another  pen- 
aion  of  3,000/.  a  year,which  had  been  granted 
to  his  father  for  two  lives,  and  secured  on  the 
Irish  establishment.  He  was  appointed  a 
member  of  the  committee  of  the  privy 
council  for  the  consideration  of  all  matters 
relating  to  trade  and  foreign  plantations  on 
5  Marcn  1784.  He  died  at  urantham  House, 
Putney  Heath,  Surrey,  on  20  July  1786, 
Asd  was  buried  on  the  27th  at  Chiswick  in 
Middlesex.  He  married,  on  17  Aug.  1780, 
ijiady  Mary  Jemima  Grey  Yorke,  younger 

.daughter  and  coheiress  of  Philip,  second  earl 

.of  Hardwicke;  she  died  at  Whitehall  on 
7  Jam  18a0,  aged  72.  By  her  he  left  two 
«ons:  Thomas  Philip,  who  succeeded  his 
father  in  the  barony  of  Grantham  and  his 
■latemal  aunt  in  the  earldom  of  De  Grey 
[see  Gret,  Thomas  Philip  be,  Eabl  db 
Grbt];  and  Frederick  John  (afterwards  first 
Earl  of  Ripon)  [q.  v.] 

Grantham  was  *  a  very  agreeable,  pleasing 
man'  (Walpole,  Letters,  viii.  258),  and 
<  possessed  solid  though  not  eminent  parts, 
together  with  a  knowledge  of  foreign  affairs 

.  And  of  Europe  *  (Wraxall,  Hist,  and  Pos^ 
.i^mfnous  Memoirs,  1884,  iL  357).  A  folio 
tvolume  of  about  one  hundred  pages,  contain- 
ing notes  by  Grantham  while  m  office  (1766- 
1769),Is  proserved  at  Wrest  F^k(HistMS8. 
Comm,  1st  Hep.  App.  p.  8).    Portions  of  his 

''•eorreepondence  have  been  preserved  in  the 
manuscript  collections  of  the  Duke  of  Man- 

-  Chester  (t^.  p.  13),  the  Countess  Cowj^r  (ib> 


u.  App.  p.  9),  the  Earl  of  Cathcart  Ub,  ii.  App. 
p.  2o)^  the  Earl  of  Bradford  (tb.  ii.  App.  p.  30), 

:  sir  &nry  Gunning  (ib,  iii.  App.  p.  zoO),  and 
the  Marquis  of  Lansdowne  {ib.  lii.  App.  p.  146, 
'¥.  App.  pp.  241,  253,  254,  vi.  App.  p.  238). 

^Dther  portions  will  be  found  among  the 
•JSgerton  and  the  Additional  MSS.  in  the 
British  Museum  (see  Indices  for  1846-7, 
1854-75,  1882-7,  and  1888-93).  A  mejEzo- 
tint  engpraving  of  Grantham  by  William 
Dickinson  after  Romney  was  published  in 
1783. 

[Walpoles  Letters,  1857-9,  iii.  476»  xii.  236, 
406, 465>6,  viii.  249,  415,  419.  is.  62 ;  Walpole's 
Hemoirs  of  the  Keign  of  George  III,  1894,  i. 
48-3,  iv.  176 ;  Political  Momomnda  of  Francis, 
fifth  Cuke  of  Leeds  (Camden  See.  pibl.),  1884, 
w.  19,  73, 76,  77,  78, 79,  80,  82 ;  Lord  Edniond 
Fitsmaurice's  Life  of  William,  Earl  of  Shelburne, 
1875--6,  iii.  222>389;  Diaries  and  Correspon- 
dence of  James  Haxris,  first  Earl  of  Halmes- 
buiy,  1844,  i.  634^,  626-7,  628-39,  641-2,  ii. 
1,  7-26,  28  -38,  41 ;  Jesse's  George  Selvyn  and 


his  Contemporaries,  1843-4,  iii.  16»17,  33-6; 
Whitaker's  History  of  Richmondshire,  1823.  ii. 
122-8;  Lysons*s  Environs  of  London,  1792- 

1811,  ii.  217-18  ;  Collins's  Peerage  of  England, 

1812,  vii.  292;  Burke's  Peerage,  &c.,  1894,  pp. 
674,  1189;  G.  £.  C.'s  Complete  Peerage,  iv. 
80;  Orad.  Cantabr.  1823,  p.  401;  Alumni 
Westmon.  1862,  p.  646 ;  Gent.  Ma^.  1786ii.  622. 
1830  i.  90 ;  Official  Return  of  Members  of  Par- 
liament, ii.  130,  142;  Foster's  Yorkshire  Pedi- 
grees.] G.  F.  R.  B. 

ROBINSON,  THOMAS  (1749-1813), 
divine,  was  bom  at  Wakefield,  Yorkshire,  on 
10  Sept.  1 749,  in  the  house  adjoining  that  in 
which  Archbishop  Potter  was  bom.  His 
father,  James  Rooinson,  was  a  hosier  there. 
He  was  sent  at  an  early  age  to  the  grammar 
school  of  his  native  town,  whence  he  entered 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  as  a  sixar  in  1768. 
In  April  1771  he  was  elected  a  scholar  of  his 
college,  in  1772  he  graduated  as  seventh 
wranffler  (M.A.  1775),  in  October  of  the  same 
year  ne  was  made  a  fellow  of  his  college, 
and  in  1773  he  gained  one  of  the  members* 

Erizes  for  a  Latin  essay.    In  or  about  1772 
e  was  ordained  to  the  joint  curacies  of 
Witcham  and  Wichford  in  the  Isle  of  Ely, 
but  from  1773  to  1778  he  was  afternoon  lec- 
turer at  All  Saints',  Leicester,  and  chaplain, 
to  the  infirmary.    In  1778  he  was  appomted 
to  a  lectureship  newly  founded  in  St.  Mary's 
Church,  Leicester.  Later  on  in  the  same  year 
he  was  made  vicar  of  St.  Mary's.    The  state 
of  Leicester  at  the  time,  and  the  improvement 
wrought  in  it  by  Robinson,  are  forcibly  de- 
scribed by  Robert  Hall  in  a  eulogium  delivered 
before  the  AuxiL'ary  Bible  Society  at  Lei- 
cester, shortly  ailer  Robinson's  death,  and 
subsequently  printed.  At  St.  Mazr's  in  1784 
Robinson  commenced  the  series  of  discourses 
on  sacred  biography  by  which  he  is  best  known . 
The  earliest  appeared  in  the 'Theological  Mis- 
cellany 'of  1784,  and  the  wholeseries  was  even- 
tually printed  under  the  title  of  *  Scripture 
Characters'  (1793,  4  vols.  12mo;  10th  edit. 
1816;  abridgment,  1816).  He  wrote  also 'The 
Christian  System  Unfolded,  or  Essays  on  the 
Doctrines  and  Duties  of  Christianity '  (1805, 
3  vols.  8vo),  and  some  shorter  pieces.    A 
collective  edition  of  his  '  Works '  was  pub- 
lished in  8  vols.  London,  1814.    Robinson 
died  at  Leicester  on  24  March  1813,  and  was 
buried  on  the  29th  in  the  chancel  of  St. 
Maiy'si  his  funeral  sermon  being  preached 
by  Edward  Thomas  Yau^an  [q.  v.],  who 
published   a  memoir  of  Robinson,  with  a 
selection  of  his  letters,  in  1816.    He  was 
twice  married.    By  his  first  wife,  who  died 
in  1791,  he  had  a  son  Thomas  (17;90'ld73) 
[q.  v.],  master  of  the  Temple.    His  second 
wife,  whom  he  married  in  1797|  was  the  widow 


Robinson 


S3 


Robinson 


of  Dr.  Oeimrd,  fonnerly  waiden  of  Wadham 
College^  Oxford. 

[7Biigiiaii'8  Aooonnt ;  Memoir  prefixed  to  the 
CmvolDBM  of  Scripture  Cbaraetere,  1815;  Pea- 
cock's Wakefield  Grammar  School,  1892,  p.  100 ; 
UpUm'M  Waknflald  Worthies,  1864,  pp.  197- 
206 ;  Sot«  and  Qoeriea,  8th  ser.  zii.  42.1 

J.H.L. 

BOBINSOlir,  THOMAS  Q790-1878), 
master  of  the  Temple,  bom  in  1790,  waa  the 
jmagml  aon  of  Thomaa  Bobinaon  (1749- 
1(^23)  [q.  rJ]  He  waa  educated  at  Rugby 
md  xVniitj  College,  Ounbridge,  whence  he 
matrieolated  ms  a  scholar  in  1809.  In  1810 
he  gained  the  first  Bell  scholarship,  and  gra- 
duated B.A.  in  1813  as  thirteenth  wrangler 
and  second  dasaical  medallist.  He  pro- 
ceeded M.A.  in  1816,  was  admitted  ad 
evtdem  at  Oxford  in  1839,  and  graduated 
DJ).  in  1844.  He  was  ordained  deacon  in 
1615  and  priest  in  1816,  going  out  at  once 
8»a  lussumaiy  to  India.  He  was  appointed 
rhaptaJB  on  the  Bombay  establishment,  and 
was  stationed  first  at  Seroor  and  then  at 
Poooah,  where  he  was  engaged  in  translating 
the  Old  Testament  into  Persian.  The  first 
part,  entitled  '  The  History  of  Joseph  from 
the  Pentateuch,'  anpeared  m  1825,  and  two 
others, '  Isaiah  to  Malachi'  and  '  Chronicles 
to  Cantieke,'  in  1837  and  1838.  He  at- 
tracted the  favourable  notice  of  Thomas  Fan- 
tfhaw  Middleton  [q.  t.I,  bishop  of  Calcutta, 
to  whom  in  1819  he  dedicated  his '  Discourses 
on  the  Eridencea  of  Christianity,'  publiahed 
at  Calcutta.  In  1826  he  waa  appointed 
chaplain  to  Middleton's  successor,  Be^nald 
Ileber  [q.  y.1,  whose  constant  companion  he 
was  donng  the  bishop's  episcopal  visitations. 
He  waa  pieaent  at  Trichinopoly  on  2  April 
1826,  when  Heberwas  drowned,  and  preacned 
and  paUiahed  a  funeral  sermon.  He  also 
wrote  an  elaborate  account  of  'The  Last 
Bays  of  Iffiahop  Heber,'  Madras,  1829,  8vo. 
Beldre  the  end  of  1826  he  was  made  arch- 
deacon Off  Madras. 

In  1837  Robinson  was  appointed  lord  al- 
moner's parofesaor  of  Arabic  m  the  university 
of  Gammidge.  He  delivered  his  inaugural 
lecture  on  22  May  1838,  and  published  it 
the  same  y^sr,  under  the  title  of  '  On  the 
Study  of  Oriental  Literature.'  In  1846  he 
was  elected  master  of  the  Temple,  and  in 
ISoS  waa  presented  to  the  rectory  of  Ther- 
field,  Hunpahire.  In  the  following  ^ear  he 
was  made  canon  of  Rochester,  resigning  his 
profeesonhip  at  Cambridge.  He  gave  up  his 
rectory  in  i  860,  and  the  mastersnip  of  the 
Temple  in  1SC9,  being  succeeded  by  Charles 
John  Vaughan,  dean  of  Ldandafi'.  He  died 
at  the  Preeincto,  Bocheater,  on  18  May 

laxa 


Besides  the  works  already  mentioned  and 
many  single  sermons,  Robinson  published : 
1.  <  The  Character  of  St.  Paul  the  Model  of 
the  Christian  Ministry,'  Cambridge,  1840, 
8vo.  2.  <  The  Twin  FUlacies  of  Rome,  Su- 
premacy and  Infallibility,'  London,  1851, 
8vo. 

PiVorlos  in  Brit.  Mns. Library ;  Foster^s  Alumni 
Oxen. ;  Grad.  Cantabr. ;  Cambridge  Cal. ;  Crock- 
ford's  Clerical  Directory,  1873;  Times,  14  May 
1873;  Men  of  the  KeiKn;  Darling's  Cycl.;  Le 
Bas's  Life  of  Bishop  Middleton,  1831,  ii.  427; 
Norton's  Life  of  Heber,  1870,  pp.  120,  126, 131 ; 
Life  of  Heber  by  his  Widow;  Heber  s  Journals, 
passim.]  A.  F.  P. 

ROBINSON,  THOMAS  ROMNEY 
(1792-1882),  astronomer  and  mathematical 

giysiciat,  bom  in  the  parish  of  St.  Anne's, 
ublin,  on  23  April  1792,  waa  eldest  son  of 
Thomas  Robinson  (if.l810),  a  portrait-painter,, 
by  his  wife  Ruth  Buck  (d.  1826}.  The  father,, 
who  lefl>  Windermere  to  settle  m  the  north  oT 
Ireland,named  his  son  after  his  maater,  Qeorge  • 
Romney .  The  boy  displayed  exceptional  pre«^ 
cocity,  composing  short  pieces  of  poetry  at  the^ 
ajge  of  five.    At  the  age  of  fourteen  he  pub- 
lished a  small  octavo  volume  of  his '  Juvenile 
Poems'  (1806).  The  volume  includes  a  ^orl 
account  of  the  author,  a  portrait,  and  a  list  of ' 
nearly  fifteen  himdred  subscribers.  Another  - 
poem,  an  elegy  on  Roumey,  written  at  the  age 
of  ten,  was  printed  in  W.  Hayle/s  life  of  the 
artist  (1809),  with  a  portrait  of  the  youthful 
bard.    While  his  family  was  living  at  Dro-- 
more,  Dr.  Percy,  the  bishop,  showed  much 
interest  in  him.     At  Lisbum,  whither  his 
father  subsequently  removed,  he  was  taught 
classics  by  Dr.  Cupples.    At  the  end  of  180L 
his  father  removed  to  Belfast,  and  Robinaon^ 
was  placed  under  Dr.  Bruce,  at  whose  academy  - 
of  some  two  hundred  boys  he  carried  off  all 
the  prizes.    Here  he  first  developed  a  predi- 
lection for  experimental  natural  philoaophy^ 
and  interestea  himself  in  shipbuilding.    In 
January  1806  he  became  a  pensioner  of  Trinity- 
College,  Dublin.    He  obtained  a  scholarship/ 
in  1808,  graduated  B.A.  in  1810,  and  was* 
elected  to  a  fellowship  in  1814.    He  was: 
elected  a  member  of  the  Royal  Irish  Academy 
on  14  Feb.  1816.  For  some  years  he  lectured 
at  Trinitv  College  as  deputy  professor  of 
natural  philosophy,  and  in  1820  provided 
his  students  with  a  useful  text-boox  in  hia 
'System  of  Mechanica.'    In  1821  he  relin* 
quished  his  fellowship  on  obtaining  the  coU 
lege  living  of  EnniskHlen.    In  1823  he  waa 
appointed  astronomer  in  charge  of  Armagli 
Observatory,  and  next  year  ne  exchanged 
the  benefice  of  EnniakiUen  for  the  rectory 
of  Carrickmacross,  which  lay  nearer  Armagh. 


Robinson 


54 


Robinson 


Both  these  posts  he  retained  till  his  death ; 
hut  he  always  resided  at  Armagh.  In  1872 
he  was  nominated  prebendary  of  St.  Patrick's^ 
Dublin. 

The  work  which  gives  Robinson  his  title 
to  fame  was  done  at  Armagh  Observatory, 
founded  by  Richard  Robinson,  first  bmn 
RokeW  [q.  vj,  in  1798.  Little  work  had 
been  done  there  before  his  appointment  in 
1823,  but  between  1827  and  1835  additional 
instruments  were  supplied  by  Lord  John 
George  Beresford,  and  the  new  astronomer's 
energy  bore  early  fruit  in  the  puUication  of 
'Armagh  Observations,  1828-80' (voL  i.  pts. 
i.,  ii.,  iii.,  1829-32).  In  1869  he  published  his 
great  book,  'Places  of  6,845  Stars  [principally 
Bradley's  stars]  observed  at  Armagh  from 
1828  to  1854.'  For  a  great  part  of  tUs  period 
there  are  few  other  contemporary  oleervar 
tions.  Robinson's  results  have  been  used  by 
the  Prussian  astronomer  Argelander  in  de- 
termining proper  motions,  and  also  for  the 
*  Nautical  Almanac'  Robinson  himself  made 
many  of  the  observations,  besides  writing  an 
introduction  on  the  instruments  used.  It  was 
chieflvfor  this  work  that  he  obtained  a  roval 
medal  from  the  Royal  Society  in  December 
1862  (JZoya/  Sooid^s  Prooeedingt,  1862-8, 
pp.  296-7).  The  observatory  instruments 
havinff  been  again  improved,  one  thousand 
of  Lalande's  stars  were  observed  between 
1868  and  1876,  and  the  results  published  in 
'  Transactions  of  the  Royal  Dublin  Society,' 
1879.  The  observations  made  from  1869 
to  1888,  nearly  all  under  Robinson's  direc* 
don,  were  published  bv  his  successor,  J.  L.  £. 
Dreyer,  in  the '  Second  Armagh  Catalogue  of 
:8,800  Stan,'  1886.  Robinson  also  made  a 
determination  of  the  constant  of  nutation 
which  deserves  mention,  but  has  not  come 
anto  general  use.  In  1880  he  was  one  of  forty 
jnembers  of  the  nautical  almanac  committee 
/Sophia  Elizabbtu  De  Moboak,  Memoir  of 
De  Mot^auy  p.  883). 

Rolnnson  is  also  well  known  as  theinven« 
tor  of  the  cup-anemometer,  of  which  he  de- 
vised the  essential  parts  in  1843.  He  oom- 
Sleted  it  in  1846,  and  in  the  same  ^ear 
escribed  it  before  the  British  Association. 
At  various  subsequent  times  he  made  exp^ 
riments  and  wrote  papers  on  the  theory  of 
the  instrument.  'Wniie  at  Armagh  he  made 
many  researches  in  physics.  He  published  a 
great  many  papers  on  astronomy,  as  well  as 
others  dealing  with  such  diverse  subjects  as 
electricity  and  magnetism,  heat,  the  cup* 
anemometer,  sun-dials,  turbines,  air-pumps, 
Msometersy  fog-signab,  and  captive  balloons. 
They  are  to  be  found  in  the  'Royal  Irish 
Academy  Transactions,'  1818-50;  'Royal 
IriAh  Academy  Proceedings,'  1886^77 ;  '  Me- 


moirs of  the  Royal  Astronomical  Society,' 
1831-62 ;  *  Monthly  Notices  of  tbe  Royal 
Astronomical  Society,'  1873^2;  'British 
Association  Report,*^  1834^69;  <  Philoso- 
phical Magazine/  1836-67 ;  <  Royal  Society 
Phiiosoj^ical Transactions,' 1862-81;  'Royal 
Society  Proceedings,' 1868, 1869;  and 'Jour- 
nal of  Microscopic  Science,'  1856. 

Robinson  was  intimately  associated  with 
William  Pkirsons,  third  earl  of  Rosse  [q.  v.]. 
in  the  experiments  culminating  in  the  ereo^ 
tion  of  Rosse's  great  reflector  at  Paraone* 
towuy  and  lived  on  terms  of  intimacy  with 
Sir  William  Fairbaim,  Whewell,  Sir  Samuel 
Ferguson,  and  other  men  of  learning.  He 
was  elected  F.R.A.S.  on  14  May  1830,  and 
F.R.S.  on  6  June  1866.  He  waa  nresident 
of  the  Royal  Irish  Academy,  185I-6»  and 
president  of  the  British  Association  at  Bir- 
mingham in  1849.  The  degrees  of  D.D., 
LL.D.  (Dublin  and  Cambridge),  D.C.L.  (Ox- 
ford),  honorary  and  corresponding  member* 
ship  of  various  foreign  societies,  were  also 
conferred  on  him. 

He  died  suddenly  on  28  Feb.  1882  at  the 
observatory,  Armagh.  Robinson  married, 
first,  in  Dublin,  in  1821,  Eliza  Isabelle  Itam- 
baut  (d.  1839),  daughter  of  John  Rambaut 
and  Mary  Hautenville,  both  of  Huguenot 
families.  By  her  he  had  three  children ;  one, 
Mary  Susanna,  married  in  1857  Sir  George 
Qabriel  Stokes,  first  baronet  (1819-1903). 
In  1843  he  married  a  second  wife,  Lucy  Jane 
Edgeworth,  youngest  daughter  of  Ridiard 
Lovell  Edgeworth,  and  half-sister  to  Maria 
Edgeworth  (see  Ferguson,  op.  cit.  infra). 
A  portrait,  painted  by  Miss  Maude  Hum- 
phx«y  from  a  photograph,  is  at  th^  Boval 
Irish  Academy.  Sir  &eorge  and  Lady  Stokes 
(his  daug[hter)  possessed  two  portraits  of 
him  by  his  father,  and  a  good  medallion  by 
Mr.  Bruoe  Joy. 

It  is  seldom  that  '  the  early  promise  of 
boyhood  has  been  succeeded  by  a  more  bril* 
liajit  manhood'  than  in  Robinson's  career. 
'  Eminent  in  every  department  of  science, 
there  was  no  realm  of  mvinity,  history,  lit&* 
rature,  or  poetry  that  Robinson  had  not  made 
his  own.'  Gifted  with  brilliant  conversa* 
tional  powers  and  eloquence,  and  with  a  mar^ 
vellous  memory,  he  was  of  powerful  physique, 
and  showed  exceptional  coolness  in  the  pre* 
senoe  of  danger. 

Besides  the  works  noticed,  and  some  set^« 
mons  and  speeches,  Robinson  published  : 
1.  'Report  made  at  the  Annual  Visitation 
of  Arma^rh  Observatory,'  1842.  2.  <  British 
Association  Catalogue  of  Stars '  (completed 
by  Robinson,  OhaUis,  and  Stratford),  1845. 
3.  '  Letter  on  the  Lighthouses  of  IxwUnd,' 
186a 


Robinson 


55 


Robinson 


\Baj.  Imh  Acad.  Froc.  (Min*  of  Broe.,  seooxid 
ser.  Tol.  iiiOf  ISBZ,  p.  198 ;  MooUily  Noticas of 
Roy.  Astraiu  Soc  1882*3,  p.  181  (br  Sir  Robert 
Bdl);  EoejcL  Brit,  (by  J.  L.  £.  Drejer)  ;  Sir 
finoBfll  Fergiison  in  uia  Ireland  of  his  Day,  by 
iady  Ifergaaan,  1896  (gives  a  vivid  idea  of 
BoUd90b*s  personality);  Gent.  Mag.  1801  iL 
1124,  1802  1.  61,  262,  1803  i.  464,  1806  i.  63, 
3o9, 663 ;  information  kindly  supplied  by  Lady 
Stoksi  and  J.  L.  £.  Breyer ;  see  also  O'Donoghners 
Irish  Poets.]  W.  F.  8. 

fiOBINSON,  WILLIAM  (1720P-1776), 
•idliiteely  ^dest  son  of  William  Kobinson  of 
Sl  GOm's,  Durhun,  was  bom  about  1720  at 
KepjeTfBBmt  DuibAin,  came  to  London,  and 
was  OB  SX)  June  1746  appointed  clerk  of  the 
works  to  Greenwich  Hospital^  where  he 
saperintended  in  1763  the  building  of  the 
innrmarj,  defiigned  by  James  Stuart  (1713- 
1788)  fq.v.]  Between  1760  and  1776  he 
1  Wftlpole  in  executing  the  latter's 
pbns  for  Strawberry  Hill.  Simultaneously 
lie  wM  derk  of  the  works  at  St.  Jamea^g, 
Wliitehall,  and  Westminster,  and  surveyor 
lo  Hki  London  board  of  customs,  for  whom 
he  deagned,  between  1770  and  1776,  the 
ezdse^Soe  in  Old  Broad  Street.  In  1776 
he  was  aeeretary  to  the  board  of  works,  an 
office  which  he  retained  until  his  death.  He 
made  a  design  for  rebuilding  the  Savoy,  but 
this  was  superseded,  on  his  death,  by  Sir  Wil- 
liam Gfaaaib^rs's  plan  for  Somerset  House. 
He  died  of  gont  at  his  residence  in  Scotland 
Yard  <m  10  Oct.  1776,  and  was  buried  in  the 
chapel  at  Ghreenwich  Hospital.  His  brother 
Thomas  (1727-1810)  was  master  gardener  to 
George  III  at  Kensington,  whue  another 
brother  Bobert  was  sn  architect  in  Edinburgh. 

A  oontemporary  William  Robinson  \d, 
1768),  szefaitect  and  surveyor  of  Haekney, 
was  author  of  two  small  technical  treatises : 
*  Proportional  Ardluteeture,  or  the  Five 
Orders  regulated  by  Equal  Parts,  after  so 
concise  a  method  that  renders  it  useful  to  all 
Artists,  and  Easy  to  every  Capacity'  (with 
plates.  London,  1733^  8vo ;  2nd  edit.  1736) ; 
and  *  The  Ghentleman  and  Builder's  Director' 
(London  [1775],  8vo),  including  directions 
for  fireproof  buildings  and  non-smoking 
chimneys.  The  writer  is  probably  to  be 
identified  with  the  W.  Robmson,  surveyor 
to  the  trustees  of  the  G^resham  estate  oom- 
ndttee  (appointed  in  AugUst  1767  to  super- 
intend the  expenditure  of  IQfiOOl,  voted  by 
the  House  o(  Oonunons  for  repairing  the 
Royal  Eishsnge).  His  death  was  reported 
to  the  oommittee  on  13  Jan.  176S. 

[Kotes  and  Queries,  2nd  ser.  vi.  826,  iz.  272 ; 
Fapvorth's  Diet  of  Architecture;  CJhambers's 
Civil  Aiehiteetore,  ed.  Ghi^ilt,  vol.  xlv. ;  Faulknei^s 
KflMingtoD,  1620,  p.  214 ;  Brit.  Hns.  Gat.] 


ROBINSON,  WILLIAM  (17^6P-ia03), 
friend  of  Thomas  Gray,  was  the  fifth  son  of 
Matthew  Robinson  (1694-1778)  of  West 
Layton,  Yorkshire,  by  Elizabeth  {d,  1746), 
daughter  of  Robert  Drake  of  Cambridgeshire, 
and  heiress  of  the  family  of  Morris.  Sarah, 
wife  of  George  Lewis  Soott,  and  Mrs.  Eliza- 
beth Montagu  [q.  ▼  J  were  his  sisters.  He 
was  bom  in  Cambrid^shire  about  1726,  and 

Jroceeded  from  Westminster  School  to  St. 
ohn's  (^lle^,  Cambridge,  where  he  gra- 
duated B. A.  m  1750,  and  M. A.  in  1754.  Oki 
16  March  1752  he  was  elected  to  a  fellow- 
ship of  his  college,  and  held  it  until  his 
marriage.  He  had  a  g^eat  love  of  literature, 
probably  implanted  in  him  by  his  relative, 
Conyers  Middleton,  and  was  an  excellent 
scholar.  He  married  in  July  1760,  when 
curate  of  Kensington,  Mary,  only  surviving 
daughter  of  Adam  Richardson,  a  lady,  wrote 
Gray,  '  of  his  own  age  and  not  handsome, 
with  10,000/.  in  her  pocket.'  Gray, on  further 
acquaintance,  called  her  'a  very  |food- 
humoured,  cheerful  woman.'  Immediately 
after  the  marriage  they  settled,  with  an  in- 
valid brother  of  the  bride,  in  Italy,  and  stayed 
there  over  two  years,  during  which  time 
Robinson  became  a  good  judge  of  pictures. 
On  returning  to  England  they  dwelt  at 
Benton  Court,  near  Canterbury,  and  from 
23  Nov.  1764  to  1785  Robinson  held  the 
rectorv  of  the  parish.  His  father  had  pur- 
chased for  him  the  next  presentation  to  the 
richer  rectory  of  Burghneld  in  Berkshire, 
which  he  retained  from  1768  to  1798.  He 
died  there  on  8  Dec.  1803,  leaving  a  son  and 
two  dauffhters,  with  ample  fortunes,  having 
inherited  largely  from  his  elder  brother, 
Matthew  Robinson-Morris,  lord  Rokeby 
[q.  v.],  who  died  on  80  Nov.  1800.  Mary, 
the  younger  daughter,  became  the  second 
wife  of  Sir  Sami^l  Ecerton  Brydgee,  who 
wrote  a  cenotaph  for  the  church  of  Monk's 
Hortoa  in  memory  of  his  father-in-law 
{AnH-CriiiCy  pp.  199-200). 

Grtij  spent  tne  months  of  May  and  June 
1766  with  the  *  Reverend  Billv'  at  Denton. 
At  a  second  visit,  in  June  1768,  Gray  was 
'very  deep  in  the  study  of  natural  history ' 
(Letters  of  Elizabeth  Carter  to  Mr8,MmlaffUj 
i.  384).  A  letter  to  Robinson  is  included  in 
the  works  of  Gray,  but  he  did  not  think 
Mason  equal  to  the  task  of  writing  Gray's 
life,  and  he  would  not  communicate  any 
information.  Long  letters  from  Mrs.  Mon- 
tagu to  MJrs*  Robinson  are  in  the  'Gen- 
sura  Literaria '  (i.  .90-4,  iii.  136-49),  and 
the  correspondence  of  Mrs.  Montagu  with 
her  forms  the  chief  part  of  Dr.  Doran's 
'Lady  of  the  Last  Century.'  From  a  pas- 
sage in  that  work  (p.  241)  it  appears  that 


Robinson 


56 


Robinson-Morris 


Robinson  published  in  1778  a  political  pam- 
phlet. 

[Gent  Mag.  1803,  ii.  1 192-8 ;  Brydges's  Auto- 
biography, i.  11,  112.  ii.  9-11 ;  Hasted'g  Kent, 
Hi.  818, 761 ;  Gra/s  Works  (ed.  Mitford),  toI.  i. 
pp.  lxzziii~iv ;  Corresp.  of  Gray  and  Ha«on  («d« 
Mitford),  pp.  193, 42  A,  and  Addit.  Notes,  pp.  606- 
508;  Gray's  Works  (ed.  Gosse),  i.  185,  lii.  67, 
68, 161-2,  289-48,  266.]  W.  P.  C. 

E0BIN80N,  WILLIAM  (1799-1839), 
portrait^painter,  was  a  native  of  Leeds, 
where  he  was  bom  in  1799.  He  was  at  first 
apprenticed  to  a  clock-dial  enameller,  but 
came  to  London  in  1820,  and  was  entered  as 
a  student  at  the  Royal  Academy.  Robinson 
was  also  admitted  to  work  in  the  studio  of 
Sir  Thomas  Lawrence.  About  1823  he  re- 
turned to  Leeds,  and  obtained  a  very  con- 
siderable practice  there  and  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood. He  was  commissioned  to  pamt 
some  large  full-lenfth  portraits  for  the  United 
Service  Club  in  London,  including  one  of 
the  Duke  of  'Wellington.  He  likewise  drew 
small  portraits,  the  heads  being  carefully 
finie^ed,  and  the  remainder  lightly  touched 
after  the  manner  of  Henry  rTdridge  [q.  v.] 
He  died  at  Leeds,  August  1839,  in  his  fortieth 
year. 

[Redgrave's  Diet,  of  Artists ;  Graves's  Diet 
of  Artists,  1760-1893  ;  Catalo^es  of  the  Royal 
Academy,  Amateur  Art  Exhibition  (1896),  and 
other  exhibitions.]  L.  C« 

ROBINSON.  WILLIAM  (1777-1848), 
topographer  ana  legal  writer,  bom  in  177/, 
practised  for  many  years  as  a  solicitor  in 
bartlett's  Buildings,  Ilolbom,  London,  but 
was  called  to  the  bar  by  the  Middle  Temple 
on  25  May  1827.  He  was  elected  fellow  of 
the  Society  of  Antiquaries  on  25  March 
]  819,  and  received  the  degree  of  LL.D.  from 
the  university  of  Aberdeen  on  8  May  1822. 
He  died  at  Tottenham,  Middlesex,  on  1  June 
1848.  By  his  marriage,  on  28  Jan.  1803,  to 
Mary,  second  daughter  of  William  Ridge  of 
Chichester,  he  had  a  large  family.  One  of 
his  daughters  became  the  second  wife  of  Sir 
Frederic  Madden  [q.  v.] 

Robinson  was  interested  in  the  local  his- 
tory of  Tottenham,  the  parish  in  which  he 
owned  property,  and  its  vicinity,  and  he  com- 
piled several  excellent  volumes  on  the  sub- 
ject. Their  titles  are :  1. '  History  and  An- 
tiquities of . . .  Tottenham,'  8vo,  Tottenham, 
1818;  2nd  edit.  2  vols.  8vo,  London,  1840. 
2.  'History  and  Antiquities  of  .  .  •  Ed- 
monton,' 8vo,  London,  1819 ;  another  edit. 
1839.  8.  '  History  and  Antiquities  of  Stoke 
Newington,' 8vo,  London,  1820;  2nd  edit. 
1842.  4.  'History  and  Ajitiquities  of  in- 
field/ 9  Tols.  8vo,  London,  1823.    6.  ' 


tory  and  Antiquities  of  • . .  Hackney,'  2  vols. 
8Vo,  London,  1842-3.  The  value  of  thesa 
volumes  is  diminished  by  the  want  of  proper 
indexes. 

Robinson's  legal  writings  include :  1. '  Th& 
Magistrates'  P<Kiket  Book,'  12mo,  London, 
1825 ;  4th  edit,  by  J.  F.  Archbold,  1842. 
2.  'Lex  Farochialis,  or  a  Compendium  of 
the  Laws  relating  to  the  Poor,^  8vo,  Lon- 
don, 1827.  3.  'Formularies,  or  the  Magi- 
strate's Assistant,'  2  vols.  8vo,  London,  1827. 
4.  '  Analysis  of  and  Digested  Index  to  thd 
Cziminal  Statutes,'  ISSao,  London,  1829. 
6.  '  Introduction  of  a  Justice  of  the  Pe^ce 
to  the  Court  of  Quarter  Sessions,'  12mo, 
London,  1836.  6.  'Breviary  of  the  Poor 
Laws,'  12mo,  London,  1837. 

A  portrait  of  Robinson,  drawn  by  F. 
Simonau,  was  engraved  by  J.  Mills  in  1822. 

[Gent  Mag.  1808  i.  191,  1819  ii.  482,  1820  i. 
44,  1828  i.  277, 1848  ii.  211 ;  Robinson's  Hist, 
of  Tottenham,  2nd  edit,  ii  66  ;  Cat.  of  Lincoln's 
Inn  Library ;  Sweet's  Cat.  of  Law  books,  1846.1 

G.G. 

ROBINSON-MORRIS,  MATTHEW, 
second  Babon  Rok£bt  in  the  peerage  of  Ire- 
land (1713-1800),  baptised  at  Yorkon  12  April 
1713,  was  the  eldest  son  of  Matthew  Robin- 
son (1694r-1778)  of  Edgely  and  West  Lay- 
ton,  Yorkshire,  who  inherited  property  in  thd 
neighbourhood  of  Rokeby  from  his  great- 
unde  Matthew  Robinson  [q.  v.l,  rector  of 
Bumeston.  His  mother,  Eliiabetn,  daughter 
of  Robert  Drake  of  Cambridge,  inherited 
estates  at  Horton,  near  Hythe  in  Kent,  frook 
her  brother,  Morris  Drake  Morris  [q.  vj,  who 
assumed  the  surname  of  Morris.  One  of 
Matthew's  sisters  was  Mrs.  Elisabeth  Mont- 
agu [q.  v.]  Of  his  six  brothers,  Thomas,  the 
second,  and  William,  the  fifth,  are  separately 
noticed.  The  third,  Morris  (d,  1777),  a  solf- 
citor  in  chancery  in  Ireland,  was  father  oF 
Henry,  third  baron  Rokeby  fsee  below]. 
John,  the  fourth,  was  a  fellow  of  Trinity  Hall, 
Cambridge.  The  youngest,  Charles  (1788— 
1807),  was  made  recorder  of  Canterburv  ixa 
1763,  and  was  M.P.  for  the  city  from  1780 
to  1790  (Hasted,  Conterbury^  i.  58,  ii.  242  n.  ^ 
Gent.  Mag,  1807,  i.  386). 

Matthew  Robinson  the  younger  graduated 
LL.B.  from  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge,  in  1784^ 
and  became  a  fellow  (Lvabd,  Grad,  Cant.y 
He  was  elected  M.P.  for  Canterbury  on  1  July 
1747,  and  re-elected  in  1754.  Between  these 
dates  he  assumed  the  additional  name  of 
Morris  on  inheriting,  through  his  mother^ 
the  Morris  property  at  Monk  s  Horton,  ne&tr 
Hythe,  where  ne  subsequently  spent  mucU 
of  his  time  in  retirement.  He  withdrew  from 
parliament  on  account  of  his  health,  but; 
throughout  his  life  took  a  strong  interest  in 


Robinson-Morris        57 


Robison 


politieBy  and  exefcised  influence  in  Kent. 
Misprincipies  were  those  oi '  an  old  and  true 
whig/  As  such  he  puhliahed  between  1774 
and  1777  four  able  pamphlets  against  the 
Ameriean  poliey  of  Lord  North,  and  in  1797 
an  'Address  to  the  County  of  Kent/  adro- 
eating  the  diBnaissal  of  Pitt.  On  the  deatJi 
of  lua  cousin  Riehard  Robinson,  first  baron 
Bokeb]^  Tq.  ▼Jt  in  1794,  he  succeed  to  the 
Iziak  title.  Me  died  at  his  seat  of  Mount- 
nonu  on  90  Not.  1800,  and  was  buried  at 
Jf oiik*s  Horton  on  8  Dec. 

Rohehj'a  relative,  Sir  Egerton  BrydgeSy 
calli  him  a  scholar  and  a  travelled  gentle- 
man.  In  person  he  was  tall  and  ungraceful. 
He  is  said  to  have  been  '  the  c(nly  peer,  and 
peihaps  the  <Hily  g^tleman,  of  Great  Britain 
and  Ireland '  of  his  day  who  wore  a  beard  {PuIh 
He  Ckara/eters)m  He  had  many  peculiarities. 
He  Ured  chiefly  on  beef-tea,  and  was  an  en- 
thuaiastie  wat^nlrinker.  He  abhorred  fires, 
andhad  a  hath  so  constructed  as  to  be  warmed 
only  hj  the  ra^s  of  the  sun,  and  passed  much 
of  hit  time  in  it.  He  refused  medical  advice, 
and  is  said  to  have  threatened  to  disinherit 
his  a»bew  if  he  called  in  a  doctor  during 
one  Of  his  fits.  He  understood  grazing  both 
in  theovT  and  practice,  and  hadmost  of  his 
land  laid  down  in  grass  with  a  view  to  keep- 
ing live  stock  on  it.  He  was  an  excellent 
landlord, '  generous  but  whimsical.'  He  took 
long  walks,  *  such  as  would  tire  a  quadru- 
ped.' A  poETtrait  and  also  a  miniature  of 
Kokeby  were  engraved  by  Heath. 

Matthew's  nephew,  Mobris  HoBiirsoir- 
MoBBU  id.  1829),  son  of  his  brother  Morris, 
sneeeeded  to  the  Irish  peerage  asthird  baron 
Rokeby.  He  published  in  1811,  under  the 
psendmym  of  'A  Briton '  ^Cushiko,  IniUah 
and  p9eMdonyms\  an  ammated  'Essay  on 
Bank  Tokens,  Bullion,' &c.,  attacking  the  pre- 
dominant financial  policy.  To  him  also,  in 
view  of  the  poetical  tastes  attributed  to  him,  is 
pTobablT  to  be  assigned  the  tra^y  of '  The 
Fall  of  Mortimer '  (1806),  which  is  said  in  the 
'  Biagraphia  Bramatica '  to  be  the  posthumous 
work  of  his  uncle,  the  second  lord  Rokeby. 
Morris  died  nnmairied  on  19  April  1829,  and 
was  succeeded  hv  his  brother  Matthew  Ro- 
binson, fimrth  lord  (176^1831),  who  was 
ad^iced  fay  his  aunt,  Mrs.  Montagu,  and  took 
her  name  [see  under  MoNTAev,  Eijzabbth]. 

Montsga's  third  son,  Heitbt  RoBiirsoN- 
MoffTAGV,  sixth  Babon  RoKEBT(1798-188d), 
was  bom  in  London  on  2  Feb.  1798,  and 
entered  the  axmy  in  1814.  He  served  with 
the  Sid  lifeguards  at  Quatre  Bras  and 
Waterloo,  attained  the  rank  of  colonel  in 
ISM,  miyorf^eneral  in  1854,lietttenant-gene- 
nl  and  coloaeL  of  the  77th  foot  in  1861,  and 
ieaead  in  1869,  bt^Ttng  succeeded  to  the 


peerage  on  7  April  1847.    In  1876  he  was 
named  honorary  colonel  of  the  Scots  fusilier 

Siards,  and  retired  from  the  service  in  1877. 
e  commanded  a  division  in  the  Crimea,  was 
created  K.C.B.  in  1856  and  G.G.B.  in  1875,. 
as  well  as  a  commander  of  the  legion  of 
honour  of  France  and  knightof  the  Medjidieh. 
He  died  on  25  Mav  1883,  and,  his  only  son 
having  predeceased  him,  the  title  became  ex* 
tinct.  He  married,  on  18  Dec.  1826,  Magdalen 
(d.  1868),  eldest  daughter  of  Lieutenant- 
colonel  Thomas  Huxley,  and  widow  of  Frede- 
rick Croft,  and  left  four  daughters. 

[Biogr.  Peerage  of  Ireland  (1817);  Gent.  Mag. 
1800  ii.  1219-20,  1847  i.  110;  Harted's  Kent, 
2nd  ed.  viii.  84,  56-8;  Brief  Character  of  Mat- 
thewy  Lord  Bokeby,  by  Sir  S.  E^enon  Brydges, 
privately  pinted(18l7);  Public  Characters,  8rd 
ed.  vol.  i  (art.  signed  8.  [Alex.  Stephens?) 
describing  a  visit  to  Monk's  Horton  in  1796); 
Rich's  Bibliotheca  Americana  Nova,  i.  203,  237, 
259;  Allibone'sDict.  Engl  Lit.  ii.  1139 ;  Evans's 
C!at.  Ensr.  Portraits.  See  also  Biogr.  BramHtica 
(1812),!.  604,ii.216-17;  Bnrke'8Peerage(1894); 
Times,  26  May,  21  Jnne  1888;  lU.  Lond.  News, 
2  Jnne  1883,  with  portrait  of  the  sixth  Lord 
Rokeby.]  G.  Ln  G-.  N. 

KOBISON,  JOHN  (173&-180o),  soientifie 
writer  (described  by  Sir  James  Mackintosh 
as  'one  of  the  greatest  mathematical  phi- 
losophers of  his  age*),  son  of  John  Robison, 
merchant  in  Qlas^w,  was  bom  at  Boghall, 
Baldemock,  Stirlmffshire,  in  1739.  He  was 
educated  at  the  Glasgow  grammar  school 
and  at  the  university,  where  he  graduated  in 
arts  in  1756.  In  1768  he  went  to  London, 
with  a  recommendation  to  Dr.  Blair,  pre* 
bendary  of  Westminster,  and  in  1769  became 
tutor  to  the  son  of  Admiral  Knowles,  who, 
as  midshipman,  was  about  to  accompany 
General  Wolfe  to  Quebec.  In  Canada  Kobi- 
son  saw  much  active  service,  and  was  em- 
ploved  in  nuking  surveys  of  the  St.  Lawrence 
and  adjacent  country.  He  was  with  Wolfe 
the  night  before  his  death,  when  he  visited 
the  posts  on  the  river.  Returning  to  Eng- 
lana  in  1762,  Robison  was  appointed  by  the 
board  of  longitude  to  proceea  to  Jamaica  on 
a  trial  voyage,  to  take  charge  of  the  chrono- 
meter conipleted  by  John  Harrison  the  horo- 
logist  a698-1776)  [q.  v.]  On  his  return  he 
proceeded  to  Glasgow,  where  he  confirmed 
an  earlv  acquaintance  as  a  student  with 
James  Watt,  the  engineer,  then  mathema- 
tical-instrument maker  to  the  university. 
Watt  afterwards  wrote  that  his  attention 
was  first  directed  by  Robison  to  the  subject 
of  steam-engines  while  both  were  students 
at  Glasgow.  Robison  threw  out  an  idea  of 
applying  the  power  of  the  steam-engine  to 
the  moving  of  wheel  carriages  and  to  other 


Robisori 


53 


Robisan 


punKwes,  but  tlie  scheme  was  not  matured, 
a&a  was  soon  abandoned  on  his  goin^  abroad 
(RoBlBOHf  Meehankal  Philosaphy,  ii.)  But 
Watt  kept  Robison  infonned  of  all  his  later 
tuTentionSy  and  Robison's  evidence  proTed 
4^erwards  of  great  service  in  defending W  att'a 

eitent  against  infringement  before  a  court  of 
w  in  1796.  Bobison  described  that  trial  as 
being  'not  more  the  cause  of  Watt  vernu 
Homblower  than  of  science  against  igno- 
rance.' 

Meanwhile,  on  the  recommendation  of  Dr. 
Black,  Robison  was  elected  in  1766  to  succeed 
him  as  lecturer  on  chemistry  in  Glasgow 
University.  In  1769  Robison  anticipated 
Mayer  in  the  important  electrical  discovery 
that  the  law  of  force  is  very  nearly  or  ex- 
actly in  inverse  square  ( Whbwsll,  Jn- 
duciwe  SoienosSf  iii.  80).  In  1770,  on  Ad- 
miral Knowles  being  appointed  president  of 
the  Russian  board  of  admiralty,  Robison 
went  with  him  to  St.  Petersburg  as  private 
secretary.  In  1772  he  accepted  the  mathe- 
matical chair  attached  to  tne  imnerial  sea- 
cadet  corps  of  nobles  at  St.  Petersburg,  with 
the  rank  of  colonel ;  he  acted  also  for  some 
time  as  inspector-general  of  the  corps.  In 
1778  he  became  professor  of  natural  philo- 
sophy in  Edinburgh  University.  '  The  sciences 
of  mechanics,'  wrote  Professor  Playfair,  his 
auccessor,  'hydrodvnamicS)  astronomy,  and 
optics,  together  with  electricity  and  mag- 
netism, were  the  subjects  which  his  lectures 
embraced.  These  were  given  with  great 
fluency  and  precision  of  lanffuaffe.'  In  1783, 
when  the  Ro^al  Society  01  Edinburgh  was 
founded  and  incorporated  by  royal  charter, 
he  was  elected  the  general  secretary,  and 
lie  dischaxved  the  duties  till  within  a  few 
years  of  his  death.  He  also  contributed  to 
its '  Transactions.* 

In  1787,  when  the  northern  lighthouse 
board  resolved  to  substitute  reflectors  for  the 
open  coal  fires  then  in  use,  the  plans  of  the 
apparatus  were  submitted  to  Robison  {Blaeh' 
wood^s  Mag,  xxxiv.  866).  In  1798  he  re- 
ceived the  degree  of  LL.D.  from  the  uni- 
versity of  New  Jersey,  and  in  1799  the 
university  of  Glasgow  conferred  on  him  a 
similar  honour.  In  1799  he  prepared  for  the 
press  and  published  the  lectures  of  Dr.  Black, 
the  great  chemical  discoverer.  Robison  also 
contributed  articles  on  seamanship,  the  tele- 
scope, optics,  waterworks,  resistance  of  fluids, 
electricity,  ma^etism,  music,  and  other  sub- 
jects to  the  third  edition  of  the  '  Encyclo- 
pedia Britannica.'  He  died  on  80  Jan.  1806, 
After  two  days'  iUness.  He  was  survived  by 
his  wife,  Rachel  Wright  (1769-1852  P),  whom 
tie  had  married  in  1777,  and  by  four  children : 
John  (see  below) ;  Euphemiai  who  married 


Lord  Einnedder,  Sir  Walter  Scott's  friMid, 
and  died  in  September  1819;  Hugh  (<2. 1849) 
captain  in  the  nisam's  service ;  and  Charies 
{d,  1846^.  There  are  two  portraits  of  Robi- 
son by  Sir  Henry  Raebum — one  the  property 
of  the  Royal  Society  of  Edinbui^h,  tne  other 
in  the  university  of  Bdinbttrgh.  An  engraving 
of  one  of  these  appears  in  maUeB's  '  Lives  <^ 
Boulton  and  Watt.' 

On  Robison's  death  Watt  wrote  of  him : 
'  He  was  a  man  of  the  clearest  head  and  the 
most  science  of  anybody  I  have  ever  known.* 
In  addition  to  great  scientific  abilities,  Robi- 
son possessed  no  little  skill  and  taste  in 
music.  He  was  a  performer  on  several  in* 
struments.  But  his  musical  lucubrations  in 
the  *  Encyclopiedia  Britannica 'proved  as  use- 
less to  the  musician  as  they  were  valuable  to 
the  natural  philosopher  (s9.  xxvii.  472).  He 
was  also  an  excellent  draughtsman  and  a  &cile 
versifier.  Hallam,  in  his  Hijiterary  History  of 
Europe,*  says  that '  Robison  was  one  of  those 
who  fed  the  wa^r  in  turning  the  blind  venera- 
tion of  Bacon  into  a  rational  worship'  (iii. 
!  227).  Lord  Oockbum  givea  an  amusing  de- 
scription of  Robison's  personal  appearance 
I  in  his  ^  MemcMnals.'  Altnough  he  was  a  free- 
!  mason,  Robison  published  in  1797  a  curious 
work — 'a  lasting  monument  of  fatuous  cre<- 
dulity  * — to  prove  that  the  fraternity  of 'lUu- 
minati '  was  concerned  in  a  plot  to  overthrow 
reliffion  and  ^vemment  throughout  the 
world.  The  title  ran:  <Proo&  of  a  Con- 
spiracy against  all  the  Religions  and  Gknrem- 
ments  of  Europe,  carried  on  in  the  secret 
Meetings  of  lireemasonsi  lUuminati,  and 
Reading  Societies,'  1797,  Edinbuivh,  Svo 
(2nd  edit,  with  postscript,  Edinburgh,  1707 ; 
8rd  edit.  Dublin,  1798;  4th  edit.  London, 
1798,  and  New  Yorir,  1798). 
Robison's   scientifio   publications   were: 

1.  '  Outlines  of  a  Course  of  Lectures  on  Me- 
chanical Philosophy,'  1797,  Edinburgh,  8vo. 

2.  '  Elements  of  Medianical  Philosophy .  .  . 
vol.  i.'  (all  published),  1804,  Edinbuigh,  8to, 

3.  'A  System  of  Mechanical  Philosophy,  with 
Notes  by  David  Brewster,  LL.D.,'  4  vola. 
1822,  Edinburgh,  8vo.  These  y^umes  com- 
prised reprints  of  his  '  Encyclopedia  Bri- 
tannica' and  papers  read  before  the  Royal 
Society.  Robison's  article  on  the  steam- 
engine  in  vol.  ii.  was  revised  and  augmented 
by  Watt. 

Sib  Johv  Robisok  (1778-1843),  son  of 
Professor  Robison,  was  bom  in  Edinburgh 
on  11  June  1778.  He  was  educated  at  tne 
high  school  of  Edinbunrh  and  the  uniyersity 
there.  On  leaving  ooUege  he  went  to  Mr. 
Houston  of  Johnston,  near  Pttidey,  who  was 
erecting  cotton-spinning  milla  with  Ark- 
wright^  machinery;    Sbortly  affcervrards  h» 


Robison 


59 


Robothom 


zenoved  to  Msnchester,  whenoe  he  paid  a 

visit  to  his  iathei^a  M  &iend|  James.  Watt, 

ai  S<^  near  Birmingham,  and  made  the 

MquaiataDoe  of  young  Watt,  who  became 

hi  lifeioi^  friend    In  1802  he  obtained  a 

meiciiirile  attoation  in  Madras,  and  aube»- 

qicntlf  entei«d  the  tervioe  of  the  nixam  of 

Hydenbad  aa  contractor  for  the  eatabliah- 

aeat  tad  maintenance  of  the  artillery  aervioe, 

indw&ig  the  famishing  of  guns  and  am- 

BOBQan.   He  waa  also  appointed  command- 

jajpofficer  of  the  corps.    For  the  nixam  ha 

Ji^  oat  giounda  on  the  English  model. 

H&noff  acquired  a  conaide^ble  fortune,  he 

left  India  in  1815,  and  settled  in  the  west 

of  Scotland,  &t  the  Qrove,  near  Hamilton. 

After  ume  Teaia  be  removed  to  Edinburgh. 

Od  '22  Jsn.  1816  he  was  elected  a  fellow  of 

the  BoTsl  Society  of  Edinbunrh ;  in  1823 

naetirj  of  ^e  physical  class  of  the  society ; 

md  in  182S,  in  succession  to  Sir  Dayid  Brew- 

iter,  general  aecretary  to  the  society.    The 

Isfit  offee^  which  his  father  had  previously 

hdd^be  filled  till  1840  with  great  ahiUty.  On 

RsigBingthe  post  the  society  voted  the  sum 

of  SXU.  to  Roblaon  *  in  acknowledgment  of 

iu<  long  servioea.'    In  1831  he  contributed 

to  the 'Transactions '  of  the  socie^  a '  Notice 

Rguding  a  Timekeeper  in  the  Hall  of  the 

Boral  Society  of  Edmburgh,'  the  pendulum 

of  vliich  had  heen  constructed  by  Robison 

of  Btfble,  aa  bein«[  less  subject  to  variations 

ia  tempentuxe   than  metal.     This  clock, 

the  ▼cork  of  Whitelaw,  still  keeps  accurate 

tiiDe  in  the  lecture-hall  of  the  society.  Bobi- 

na  &lso contributed  the  article  on '  Turning' 

to  the  '  Encyclopaedia  Britanniea,'  and  pub- 

Jfihed  a  description  in  English  and  French 

twJudi  he  wrote  and  spoke  fluently)  of  a 

Itfgte  pomping  8team*«ngine,  and  an  account 

of  the  failure  of  a  suspension  bridge  at  Paris. 

In  1621  he  was  one  of  the  fbunoers  of  the 

&ottiah  Society  of  Arts,  of  which  he  was 

sfCTEUry  from  1822  to  1824,  twice  vice-pre- 

adat,  and  finally  president,  1841-2,  the  first 

Joir  of  its  incorporation.    Upwards  of  sixty 

•Ttieles  firam  his  pen  were  communicated  to 

tbii  lociety.    He  received  its  Keith  prize  for 

his  impiovementa  in  the  art  of  cutting  accu- 

XiU  metal  screws,  a  silver  medal  for  nis  de> 

•Qxpcion  and  drawing  of  a  cheap  and  easily 

■Md  camera  lncida,uid  a  medal  for  a  notice 

^  operimenta  on  the  Forth  and  Clyde  Canal 

OB  the  reaistanoe  to  vessels  moving  with  dif- 

^mt  velocities.     Kobison  was  for  many 

jm  a  member  of  the  Highland  Society,  and 

minnan  of  its  coounittee  on  agricultural 

ia^enents  and  machinery.     He  acted  as 

ml  aeeratsrj  to  the  British  AjBsociation  for 

the  Advanoement  of  Science  in  1884,  when 

M.Anigo  was  hia  gnesL     Ha  was  also  a 


commissioner  of  police.  In  1837  he  received 
the  Quelphio  order  from  William  IV,  and 
was  knignted  by  Queen  Victoria  in  1838. 
His  inventions  were  numerous  and  ingenious. 
He  made  a  particular  study  of  the  applica- 
tion of  hot  air  to  wanning  houses,  and  of 
f^  to  the  purposes  of  illumination  and  heat- 
ing. In  his  own  kitchen  the  chief  combus- 
tible was  gas.  'From  boring  a  cannon,' wrote 
Professor  Forbes,.  *  to  drilling  a  needle's  eye, 
nothing  was  strange  to  him.  Masonrj^cax-* 
pentiy,  and  manufactures  in  metals  were 
almost  equally  familiar  to  him.  His  house 
in  Randolph  Crescent  was  built  entirely  ixom 
his  own  plans,  and  nothing,  from  the  cellar 
to  the  roof,  in  construction  or  in  furniture, 
but  bore  testimony  to  his  minute  and  elabo- 
rate invention.'  He  evinced  great  energy  in 
making  known  merit  among  talented  arti- 
ficers. His  house  was  always  open  to.  dis- 
tinguished forei^ers.  He  died  on  7  JSdazch 
1&&.  He  married  first,  in  1816,  Jean  Gra- 
hame  (d.  1824)  of  Whitehill,  near  Glasgow; 
and,  secondly.  Miss  Benson  {d,  1837)^  He 
left  two  daughters  by  his  fixst  wife..  The 
elder  daughter,  Euphemia  Erskine,  bom  in 
1818,  married  in  1839  Archibald  Gerard  of 
Bochsoles,  Airdrie,  and  died  at  Salzburg  in 
1870,  leaving  three  sons  and  four  daughters^ 
two  of  whom  (Emily,  wife  of  General  de 
Laszowska,  and  Dorothea,  wife  of  Mi^or  do 
Lonfi^^de)  won  repute  as  the  novelista  K 
and  D,  Gerard.  The  former  died  11  Jan.  1905, 

[For  the  elder  Robison  see  Ogilvie's  Imp.  Diet* 
of  Biogc,;  ChalmeD's  Biogr.  Diet.;  AlliboaVi 
Diet. ;  Chambers's  aad  Thomsoa's  Eminent  Soots- 
men;  Andezsoa's  Scottish  Nation;  Brevstei's 
PreSiu^  to  Bobison's  System;  John  Piayfair^s 
obit,  notice  in  Trans.  Boyal  Soc.  of  Edinbuigh, 
vol  vii.  (reprinted  in  Playfeir's  Works,  toI.  iv.); 
Dr.  Thomas  Toung's  Works,  vol.  ii.;  PhU.  Mag. 
1802;  Cockbarn's  Memorials,  chap.  i. ;  SiAiles's 
Lives  of  Boalton  and  Watt.  For  the  younger 
Robison  see  Edinburgh  Couiant,  9  March  1843; 
Ann.  Register,  1848;  Trans,  of  the  Royal  Soc. 
of  Edinbnigh,  xv.  680-1 ;  Obit,  notice  by  Prof. 
Forbes  in  Proe.  of  uune  society,  ii.  68-78 ;  Trans, 
of  Royal  Scottish  8oe.  of  Arts,  1848,  pp.  48-4; 
information  supplied  by  Miss  Gathrie  Wright, 
Edinburgh.]  G.  S-h, 

BOBOTHOM, JOHN  (n.  1664), divine, 
possibly  descended  from  the  Kobothoms  of  St. 
Albans,  Hertfordshire  (see  Ubwick,  Noncor^f. 
in  HertfordMrty  pp.  149,  180;  HarL  8oc. 
xvii.  208,  zxii.87).  may  have  been  of  Trinity 
College,  Oxford.  In  1647  he  applied  for  ordh- 
nation  to  the  ministers  of  the  fourth  presby- 
terian  classis  in  London.  There  were  several 
exceptions  agmnst  him,  and  the  manistero, 
not  having  leisure  to  examine  them,  turned 
him  over  to  the  next  classis  meeting  fo« 


Rob  Roy 


60 


Robson 


ordination.  He  must  almost  immediately 
have  proceeded  to  Sussex  in  some  minis- 
terial capacity  (see  dedication  to  No.  2, 
infra),  in  1d48  he  was  minister  of  Rum- 
bold's  Wyke,  Sussex,  and  received  an  order 
from  the  committee  for  componndinff  for  20/. 
a  year  out  of  the  composition  of  Jonn  Ash- 
bumham  of  Ashbumham  {Calendar  of  the 
Committee/or  Compounding ,  p.  1868, 20  May 
1648).  He  continued  in  Sussex  till  1651. 
In  1654  he  was  preacher  of  the  gospel  in 
Dover.  He  subsequently  became  minister  of 
CJpminster  in  Essex,  but  was  dispossessed  in 
I06O  (David,  Noneoirforndty  in  Emcx,  p.  502; 
Calamt,  Aeeountf  p.  318,  and  Continuation^ 
p.  490). 

He  published:  1.  'The  Preciousnesse  of 
Christ  unto  Believers,'  London,  1647 
(7  Sept.)  and  1669;  the  first  edition  is 
dedicated  to  Colonel  Stapely  and  William 
Cawlev,  deputy -lieutenant  of  Sussex, 
*  benefactores  mei.'  2. '  Little  Benjamin,  or 
Truth  discovering  Error :  being  a  Clear  and 
Full  Answer  unto  the  Letter  subscribed  by 
forty-seven  Ministers  of  the  Province  of 
London,  and  presented  to  his  Excellency, 
Jan.  18j  1648,^London,  1648,  4to.  8.  'An 
Exposition  on  the  whole  Book  of  Solomon's 
Song,  commonly  called  the  Canticles,'  Lon- 
don, 18  Aug.  1651 ;  dedicated  to  Colonel 
Downes,  M.F.,  deputy-lieutenant  of  Sussex. 
4.  '  The  Mjrstery  of  the  Two  Witnesses  un- 
vailed . . .  together  with  the  Seaventh  Trum- 
pet and  the  Kingdom  of  Christ  explained,' 
London,  3  May  1654 ;  dedicated  to  Cromwell. 

Kobothom  saw  through  the  press  Walter 
Cradock's  'Qospel  Holinesse,'  Jjondon,  1651 ; 
and  he  is  doubtfully  credited  with  'Janua 
linguarum  reserata  sive  omnium  scientiarum 
et  linguarum  seminarium.  The  Gate  of 
Languages  unlocked  . .  .  formerly  translated 
by  Tho.  Horn,  and  afterwards  much  corrected 
and  amended  by  John  Robotham,  now  care- 
fully reviewed,  &c.,  6th  ed.  1643  (see  Wood, 
Athena  Oxon,  iii.  366),  and  '  Disquisitio  in 
Hypothesim  Baxterianam  deFoedere  Gratis 
ab  mitio  et  deinceps  semper  et  ubiaue  omni- 
bus induto,'  London,  1694, 1689  (Wait). 

[Authorities  in  text ;  Brit.  Mas.  Cat.;  Watt's 
Bibl.  Brit.;  MS.  minutes  of  Fourth  London 
Classis,  in  writer's  possession ;  Notes  and  Queries, 
8th  8er.zii.42;  private  information.]  W.  A.  S. 

ROB  ROY.    [See  MacGbbqob.] 

BOBSART,  AMY  (<f.  1660).  [See  under 

DUDLET,  ROBEBT,  EaBL  OP  LsiCBSTEB.] 

ROBSON,  CHARLES  (1698-1636),  first 
chaplain  at  Aleppo,  of  CumbBrland  parentage, 
was  the  son  of  Thomas  Robson,  master  of 
the  Free  School  of  Carlisle  (Wood,  Athenm 


Oxon,  iii.  427).  Bom  in  1696,  havinff  en- 
tered Queen's  CoUe^,  Oxford,  as  batler  at 
Easter  1613,  he  matriculated  thence  on  6  May 
1616,  aged  17.  He  graduated  B.A.  ^  Oct. 
1616,  M.A.  21  June  1619,  and  B.D.  10  July 
1629  (Clabk,  Oxf.  J?^.;  Fobtbb,  Alumn$ 
Oxon.)  He  was  elected  fellow  of  Queen's, 
26  Oct.  1620  {College  Regiet.),  but  his  habits 
were  lax,  and  in  February  1623  the  college 
gladly  gave  him  three  years'  leaye  of  absence 
that  he  might  become  chaplain  at  Aleppo, 
He  went  out  thither  in  1624  upon  the  advice 
of  one  Fetiplace,  a  member  of  the  Levant 
Company,  who  with  some  difficulty  secured 
his  formal  appointment  as  preacher  to  the 
colony  of  English  merchants  at  a  salary  of 
60/.  per  annum.  His  leave  was  extended  for 
another  three  years  in  October  1627,  and 
Robson  returned  in  1630,  Edward  Pocock 
being  appointed  to  succeed  him  in  March. 
In  the  loUowin^  year  Robson  was  deprived 
of  his  fellowship  at  Queen's  on  account  of 
his  dissolute  haunting  of  taverns  and  '  in- 
honesta  loca,'  and  his  neglect  of  study  and 
divine  worship.  He  was  appointed  by  the 
university  of  Oxford  in  1632  to  the  vicarage 
of  Holme-Cultram,  Cumberland,  where  he 
died  in  1638. 

Robson  wrote:  'Newes  from  Aleppo,  a 
Letter  written  to  T.  Vricarsl,  B.D.,  Vicar  of 
Cokfield  in  Southsex  (Cuckneld,  Sussex) .  •  . 
containing  many  remarkeable  Occurrences' 
observed  by  Robson  in  his  journey,  London, 
1628, 4to.  Vicars  was  Robson*s  brother^fellow 
at  Queen's.  Upon  his  return  to  Oxford 
Robson  presented  some  Oriental  manuscripts 
to  the  Bodleian. 

Wood  is  probably  wrong  when  he  identi- 
fies the  chaplain  of  Aleppo  with  Charles 
Robson,  prebendary  of  Stratford  in  Salisbury- 
Cathedral  in  1634.  The  latter  was  apparently 
of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  and  in* 
cumbent  successively  of  Weare,  Somerset 
(1617),  Buckland  l4wton,  Dorset  (1624>, 
and  Ba^endon,  Gloucestershire  (1644).  He 
was  livmg  at  Salisbury  in  1662,  when  his 
resistance  to  the  order  for  the  suppression  of 
the  prayer-book  caused  him  to  be  stigmatised 
by  the  puritans  as  a  '  canonical  creature,'  in* 
famous  '  for  his  scale  to  corrupt.'  He  may- 
have  died  in  1660,  when  the  Stratford  stall 
was  filled  by  another  (cf.  Gbet,  Examination 
of  Neal,  iv.  App.  p.  24 ;  State  Papers,  Dom. 
Charles  I,  ccccvi.  97;  Hist,  MSS.  Comm. 
13th  Rep.  app.  i.  669). 

[J,  B.  Pearson's  Chaplains  to  the  Lerant 
Company,  Cambridge,  1883,  pp.  19,  26-7,  64  ; 
Micolson  and  Burn's  Westmoreland  And  Oumbei^ 
land,  ii.  180 ;  Wood's  Fisti  (Bliss),  i.  452  ;  notes 
supplied  by  W.  A.  Shaw,  esq.,  and  (from  the 
college  archives)  by  the  f^vost  of  Queen's.] 


Robson 


6i 


Rjobson 


BOBSON,  GEOBGE  FENNELL  (1788- 
1833),  wmtereoloarpainter,  one  of  the  twenty- 
three  ehildren  of  John  Robrnm  (1789-1824) 
by  lua  leeond  'wife,  Oharlottey  eldest  daugh* 
ter  of  Qeorae  FenneU,  R.N.,  was  bom  at 
Bazbam  in  1788.  Hia  fiither,  a  wine  mer* 
chant,  was  of  an  old  family  of  Etterby,  near 
OsrVidtt,aini  his  mother  was  descended  from 
Iridi  pnteatanta  who  fled  from  Kilkenny  at 
the  tiatef  the 'Iiieh  massacre 'in  1641.  Hia 
&ther  sBeonratfed  his  inclination  for  art, 
whk^  was  earfy  ahown  by  his  copying  the 
cits  in  Bewick^s  *  QoadrupNods,'  and  he  re- 
oeiTed  hia  first  instruction  in  drawing  from 
s  Mr.  Harle  of  Durham.  In  1806  he  went  to 
hmdaa  with  5iL  in  his  pocket,  and  succeeded 
00  well  that  he  returned  the  money  to  his 
&ther  in  Ums  than  a  year. 

He  began  to  exhibit  at  the  Hoyal  Academy 
ia  ld07,  and  published  in  1808  a  print  of 
Dniham,  the  profits  of  which  enabled  him 
to  visit  Scotland,  where  he  wandered  over 
tW  okonntains,  dressed  as  a  shepherd,  with 
Scou*»  '  Lay  of  the  Last  Minstrel  *  in  his 
pocket.  In  1810  he  began  to  exhibit  land- 
acapea  in  the  Bond  Street  gallery  of  the 
Asiociated  Painters,  of  which  short-lived 
society  he  was  a  member.  The  fruits  of  his 
Tonxney  north,  which  inspired  him  with  the 
oeanty  of  mountain  scenery,  were  first  shown 
at  tlue  exhibition  of  1811,  to  which,  and  to 
that  of  the  following  year,  he  sent  drawiiufs 
of  the  Trossachs  and  Loch  Katrine,    in 

1813  he  began  to  exhibit  with  the  Society  of 
Painters  in  Oil  and  Watercolours,  and  in 

1814  published  '  Scenery  of  the  Grampians,' 
which  contained  forty  outlines  of  mountain 
landscape,  etched  on  soft  ground  by  Henry 
3£orton  after  his  drawings.  The  volume 
was  published  by  himself  at  13  Caroline 
^i^treet,  Bedford  Square,  and  was  dedicated 
to  the  Duke  of  Atholl  (acoloured  reprint  was 
paUished  in  1819).  From  1813  to  1820  he 
eontributed,  on  the  average,  twenty  drawings 
annually  to  the  Oil  and  Watercolour  Society's 
exhibition,  mostly  of  the  Perthshire  high- 
lands, hut  comprising  scenes  from  Durham, 
t  he  I«le  of  Wight,and  Wales.  At  the  anniver- 
sary meetinff  on  30  Nov.  1819  he  was  elected 
preasident  of  the  society  for  the  ensuiiu^  year. 

When  the  society  (now  the  Royal  Society 
of  Painters  in  Watercolours)  in  1821  again 
excluded  oil-paintings,  he  was  one  of  the 
members  by  whose  extraordinarv  efforts  the 
exhibitions  were  maintained,  and  contributed 
twenty-six  drawings  to  the  exhibition  of  that 
Tear.  His  devotion  to  the  society  did  not  cease 
till  his  death.  Between  1821  and  1833  he  ex- 
hibited 484  worhs,  or  mora  than  thirty-seven 
on  the  avenge  sonually.  His  drawings,  be- 
sides those  ^  the  Scottish  highlands  and  of 


English  cities,  included  views  of  the  English 
lakes  and  Lake  Killamey,  Hastings,  the  Isle  of 
Wight,  and  other  pkoes,  princip^ly  in  Berk- 
shire and  Somerset.  Of  the  'Picturesque 
Views  of  the  Oities  of  England,'  published  by 
John  Britlon  [q.  v.]  in  1828,  thirty-two  are  by 
Robson.  In  this  year  he  bought  a  drawing, 
by  Joshua  Cristall  [q^v.],  from  '  A  Midsum- 
mer Night's  Dream,  cut  oat  the  groups,  laid 
them  down  on  separate  sheets  of  paper,  and 
got  other  artists,  including  Qeorge  Barret  the 
younger  [^q.  v.],  to  paint  backgrounds  to  them. 
Me  exhibited  two  of  these  '  compositions '  as 
the  joint  work  of  Cristall  and  Barret,  which 
naturally  offended  Cristall  and  caused  a  tem- 
porary estrangement  between  him  and  Rob- 
son. Froml829tol833heworkedwithHills, 
the  animal  painter,  occasionally  giving  a  re- 
ference from  Shakespeare  in  the  catabgue* 
but  he  had  no  dramatic  power.  His  special 
gift  lay  in  the  poetical  treatment  of  moun- 
tain (especially  Scottish)  scenery  under  broad 
effects  oflight  and  shade.  Into  tfaiese  he  infused 
a  romantic  spirit  akin  to  that  of  Sir  Walter 
Scott.  Amonghismost  successful  drawings 
were  *  Solitude,  on  the  Banks  of  Loch  Avon ' 
(1823),  and  a  *  Twilight  View  of  the  Thames 
from  WestminsterBridge' (1832).  The  chief 
defect  of  his  work  is  monotony  of  texture. 
A  drawing  by  him  of  '  Durham,  Evening/ 
sold  at  the  Allnutt  sale  in  1886  for  288/.  10s. 

Robson  was  an  honorary  member  of  the 
Sketching  Society,  but  a  weakness  of  si^ht 
prevented  him  from  drawing  at  their  evening 
meetings.  A  meeting  of  the  society  to  say 
farewell  to  Charles  Robert  Leslie  [q.  v.]  on  his 
departure  for  America  was  held  at  his  house, 
17  Golden  Square,  on  Thursday,  22  Aug.  1838. 
On  the  following  Wednesday  he  embarked  on 
the  S.S.  James  Watt,  to  visit  his  friends  in  the 
north,  and  was  at  Stockton-on-Tees  on  the 
31st,  suffering  from  inflammation,  caused,  it 
is  supposed,  by  the  food  on  board.  He  died 
at  his  home  in  London,  on  8  Sept.,  and  was 
buried  in  the  churchyard  of  ot.  Mary-Ie- 
Bow  in  his  native  city  of  Durham. 

A  portrait  of  Robson,  after  a  drawing  by 
J.  T.  Smith,  will  be  found  in  Arnold^ 
'Magasine  of  the  Fine  Arts'  (iii.  194). 
There  are  several  of  his  drawings  at  the 
South  Kensington  Museum. 

[Roget's  *  Old '  Watercolour  Society,  which  con- 
tains list  of  eagravings  after  Robson's  dmwing ; 
Memoirs  of  Uwins ;  Mag.  of  Fino  Aits,  iii.  104, 
306;  Bryan's  Diet.  (Graves  and  Annstcong); 
Graves's  (Algernon)  Diet;  Bedgmve's  Diet.; 
Redgrave's  Cat.  of  Wateroolour  Paintings  in  the 
NaUonal  GaUeiy.]  C.  M. 

ROBSON,  JAMES  (1733r.l806),  book- 
seller,  the  son  of  a  yeonum,  was  born  at 
Sebeegham,  Cumberland,  in  1788.    He  came 


Robsoii 


6» 


Robson 


to  London  at  the  age  of  sixteony  and  entered 
%e  shop  of  hia  relatiTe,  J.  Brindley,  of  New 
fiond  Street,  knoiwn  aa  the  publisher  of  a 
serieB  of  editions  of  lAie  Latin  dafieiee.  Bob- 
0on  aneoeeded  Brindley  in  1759,  and  carried 
on  the  hnainees  for  nearly  forty  Taara  with 
oredit  and  saooees.  Between  1765  and  1791 
he  iflsned  many  catalogues,  some  of  auction 
sales,  includinflr  the  liDraries  of  Dr.  Mead, 
Martin  Folkes,  Edward  Spelmaa,  Prebendary 
Bhmd,  Joseph  Smith,  consul  at  Venice,  and 
othera.  He  collected  thepapers  contributed  by 
Geoive  Ed^t^rdsfq.T.],  the  naturalist,  to  the 
'  Philosophical  Transactions,'  and  published 
them  with  the  Linnean  'Index'  ana  a  life  of 
the  author  in  1776.  In  1788  he  acoompanied 
Jamas  Edwards  [q.  t.}  end  Peter  Molini  to 
Veiuoein  order  to  examine  the  Pinelli  library, 
which  Bobson  end  Edwards  purchased  for 
iteut  7,000/.,  and  sold  bv  auction  in  1789  and 
1790  for  9,866/.  Alter  the  death  of  his  eldest 
mm  Bobsongradiiallywithdrew  from  business. 
About  1797  he  was  appointed  high  bailiff  of 
Westminster.  He  rebuilt,  snd  was  the  sole 
nroprietor  of,  Trinity  Ohapel  in  Conduit 
Street,  a  chapel  of  ease  to  St.  Martin's,  first 
erected  by  Archbishop  Tenison. 

Robeon  was  an  enthusiastic  angler,  and 
was  nearly  the  last  sorvivor  of  the  monthly 
dining  club  at  the  Shakspeare  taTom,  among 
whose  membera  were  Oadell,  Dodsley,  Long* 
man,  Lockyer  Davis,  Tom  Paine,  Thomas 
Evans,  and  other  well-known  booksellers. 
It  was  under  their  auspices  that  Tliomas 
Davies  brought  out  his  ^Dramatic  Miscel- 
lanies' and  '  Life  of  Ganrick,'  and  amone 
them  was  first  started  the  proposal  which 
led  to  Johnson's  *  Lives  of  the  Poets.'  Bob- 
son  died  at  his  house  in  Conduit  Street  on 
35  Aug.  1806,  aged  78  years.  His  wife  was 
a  Miss  Perrot,  by  whom  he  had  James  (1766- 
1785)  and  (George  (who  took  orders,  and 
became  in  1808  a  prebendary  of  St.  Asaph), 
odier  sons,  sad  five  daughtere. 

fO^ut.  Mag.  1806,  ii.  78S,  871 ;  Nichols's  Lit. 
Aneed.  iii.  634,  681-8,  v.  822.8,  vi.  434-43; 
Nichols's  Illustrations,  iv.  881,  vi.  678 ;  Clarke's 
Bflpartorium  KUaographicam,  1819,  p.  499; 
TiBiperlej'a  Encyobpedia,  1842,  p.  826.] 

H.  R.  T. 

BOBSON,  STEPHEN  (1741-1779), 
botanisty  second  son  of  Thomas  Robson,  linen 
manufacturer,  of  Darlington,  Durham,  sad 
Marj^  Hedley,  his  third  wMe,  was  bom  at 
DsrliBffton  on  24  June  1741.  He  succeeded 
to  his  father's  business  on  the  death  of  the 
latter  in  1771,  together  with  the  freehold  of 
the  house  and  shop  in  Northgate,  Darlington, 
wiwve  he  also  cairied  on  a  grocery.  Tlrau^h 
entirely  self-taught,  he  became  a  good  Latin, 
(jhnek,  and  Fnttich  saholar,  and  was  espe- 


cially interested  in  botany,  astronomy,  a&d 
heraldry.  Among  his  intimate  firiends  waa 
Robert  flarruKm  (1716-1802)  [q.  v.],  of  Daiw 
ham,  the  orientalieit,  and  he  corresponded 
with  William  Curtis  (1746-1799)  (q.  v.], 
the  botanist.  He  printed  privatelr '  Ftantn 
rariores  agro  Dunelmensi  indigen»  '^(Dawsoit 
TmBNBB  and  L.  W.  DltLWTir,  Th^  Botmisfa 
Quide,  1805,  i.  247),  which  is  now  very  searoe, 
and  he  wrote  some  poems,  all  of  which  he 
burnt.  His  chief  book  was 'The  British  Flora 
...  to  which  are  mrefixed  the  Principles  of 
Botany'  (York,  1777, 8vo,  with  three  indexes 
and  five  plates  illustratinp^  structure).  This 
work,  which  is  in  English  and  evinces  a 
thorough  knowledse*  of  botanical  literature^ 
coming  as  it  does  between  the  two  editions 
of  the  'Flora  Anglica'  of  William  Hudson 

il780P-1798)  [q.  v.],  and  arranged  upon  the 
jinnsMin  system,  is  of  great  merit  and  con- 
siderable historical  interest.  The  orinnsl 
manuscript,  together  with  the  author's  *Hor- 
tus  Siccus,'  in  three  folio  volumes,  is  still 
jveserved  by  his  descendants.  He  died  at 
Islington  on  16  May  1779  of  pulmonary- 
consumption,  induced  oy  his  sedentary  life. 
Robson  married,  on  10  May  1771,  Ann, 
daughter  of  William  Awmack,  who  survived 
him,  dyinflp  on  20  July  1792 ;  by  her  he  had 
one  son,  Thomas,  and  two  daughters,  Hann&h 
and  Mary. 

Edwabd  RoBSOir  (1763-1818'),  eldest  son 
of  Stephen  Robson's  elder  brotner  Thomas, 
and  his  wife  Margaret  Pease,  was  bom  al; 
Darlington  on  17  Oct.  1768.    He  is  described 
as  '  an  accomplished  botanist  and  draughts- 
man '  (Htlton  LoiresTAJTB,  History  of  Uar^ 
Imffton,  p.  369) ;  he  was  a  correspondent  of 
William  Withering  and  of  Sir  James  Edward 
Smith;  contribute  various  descriptions  to 
the  latter's  'English  Botany,'  the  lists  ol 
plants  in  Brewst^s '  Stockton '  and  Hutchin- 
son's '  Durham,'  the  description  and  figure  ot 
an  earth'^tar  (  Geetster)  in  the  '  Gentleman's 
Maguine '  fbr  February  1792,  and  the  descrip- 
tion of  MAe$  tpicatmm  in  the  'Transactions 
of  the  Linnean  Society'  (iii.  240).    He  was 
elected  one  of  the  first  associates  of  that; 
society  in  1789.    He  died  at  Tottenham, 
Middlesex,  on  21  May  1813,  and  was  buried 
at  Bunhill  Fields.    He  married,  on  4  July 
1788,  Elisabeth  Dearmsn  {d,  8  Jan.  1852),  by 
whom  he  had  two  sons  and  a  daughter. 

[Information  furnished  by  the  great-grand- 
danghters  ofStephen  RobeoD ;  Backhouae^s  Fami  ly 
Memoirs,  privately  printed ;  Smith's  Annals  of 
Smith  of  Otutly,  privately  printed ;  Green's 
Cyclostyle  Pedigrees,  1891 ;  Longstsiib's  History 
of  Darlington ;  Britten  and  Boulger^s  Biogra* 
phieal  Index  of  British  Botanists.]      G.  8.  B. 


Robsoi) 


6s 


Robson 


BOBSON,     THOMAS     FJREDERIOK  | 
(182^  Y-i8b4i},  actor,  whose  leal  name  was 
TsoMAf  BoBaour  Bnowsniis^  was  bom  at 
Margate,  aooordiag  to  his  own  assertion,  on  22 
Febwl822.  Appreatieedinld3atoaMr.Sma* 
lie,  a  eopperplalia  engraTor  in  Bedfordburj, 
Cofeal  Qaxaen,  he  amosed  hie  fellow-work- 
■fliiby  kaitatioiie  and  histrionicdisplaja,  and, 
finding  las  oceupation  distastefttl  and,  as  he 
oomplsiaed,  hurtful  to  his  sight,  he  turned 
his  tttirntifff*  to  the  amateur  stage.    After 
the  i^ura  of  hia  master,  who  removed  to 
SeatlandyHEOwnhill  carried  on  business  as  a 
msster  engraTetr  in  Brydces  Street,  Govent 
Gsideo.  At  the  end  of  twelve  months  he  gave 
npboainees  and  accepted  a  theatrical  engage- 
ineaL    When,  and  where  he  made  his  first 
effort  aa  an  am&teur  cannot  be  traced.    His 
first  recorded  appearance  as  such  wasinaonee 
weU'known  little  theatre  in  Catherine  Street^ 
Stnnd,  where  he  placed  Simon  Mealbag  in 
%  plaj  called  ^  Grace  Huntley.'    Other  parts 
wen  taken,  and  he  obtained  reputation  with 
the  United  pubHc  that  follows  such  enter- 
taimnaits  by  hia  singing  of  the  w^l-known  ! 
song  'Lord  LiOveL'    ms  first  pofessional 
mgagement  "was  as  '  second  utilitv  man '  in  ] 
a  small  theatre  on  the  first  floor  of  a  private  ! 
house  in  Whitstable.    After  acting  in  the  ' 
eountrj  at  Uxbridge,  Northampton,  ^Totting- 
ham,  Whitehaven,  Chester,  and  elsewhere,  i 
he  came  to  Xiondon,  and  played  a  three 
months'  miproeperous    engagement  at  the 
Standard.    This  was  followed  by  an  engage- 
ment onder  Kouse  at  the  Chrecian  Saloon, 
where  his  reputation  was  to  some  extent 
made.    Thcsre  he  stayed  five  years.    He  is 
said  l^  Mr.  HoUinj^ead  (My  Lifetime,  i. 
27}  to  have  made  his  first  appearance  there 
as  John  Lump  in  the '  Wags  of  Windsor.* 
This  was  probahlT  about  1845— certainly  not 
in  1839,  aa  Mr.  Hollingrfiead  states.    At  the 
Grecian,  beaides  appearing  in  accepted  ch&- 
raeteia  in  comedy,  such  as  Mawworm,  Zekiel 
Homeipnny  Justice  Shallow,  and  Fnnk  Oat- 
land,  he  waa  fixat  heard  in  many  comic  pacts, 
aad  sang  aongs,  by  which  his  fame  was  sub- 
aeooent^  eetablislied  at  the  west  end.    In 
18o0  he  waa  engaged  for  theQueen's  theatre, 
Dublin,   to    Pwy  leading  comic   business. 
Hese  or  at  toe  Theatre  Koyal  he  remained 
three  yeaiB.    On  8  Nov.  1851,  at  the  Theatre 
Boyal  in  Dublin,  he  was  Bottom  in  a  revival 
of  tiba'MidanmmerNighfs  Dream.'  Engaged 
by  W.  Fanen  to  repuce,  at  the  Olympic  in 
London,  Heniy  Gompton  (1605-1877)  [q.  v.], 
he  appeared  for  the  fitst  tune  at  that  house  on 
28  l&eh  1858  as  Tom  Twig  in  the  farce  of 
<  Catdimg  an  Heixess.'    In  Frank  Talfourd's 
tcavestT  of '  Macbeth/  produced  on  25  April, 
hedkpuQred  for  ibe  finit  tine  his  marvellous 


gifts  in  burlesque.  These  he  revealed  to  even 
greater  advantage  in  the '  Shy  look '  of  the  same 
author  in  the  following  July.  During*  the 
same  season  he  showed  his  power  in  serious 
parts,  as  the  original  Desmarets  in  Tom  Tay- 
lor's 'Hot  and  Passion.'  He  played  also 
in  the  '  Camp '  of  Planch^  at  the  Olympic,  and 
carried  away  the  town  by  his  performance  of 
Jem  Bags  in  Henry  May  hew  s  'Wandering 
Minstrel,'  in  whidi  character  he  sang '  ViUi- 
kins  and  lus  Dinah,'  by  £.  L.  Blanchud. 

At  the  close  of  1858  the  Olympic,  which 
had  passed  under  the  management  of  Alfred 
Wigan,  was  at  the  height  of  its  popularity, 
Robson  was  regularly  engaged  there,  and  was 
recognised  as  the  greatest  comic  actor  of 
his  day.  In  June  1854  in  'Hush  Money,'  a 
revived  fiirce  by  Dance,  he  played  Jaspar 
Touchwood;  and  in  Palgrave  Simpson's 
'  Heads  or  Tails'  he  was  the  first  Quaile.  On 
17  Oct.  he  was  the  first  Job  Wort  in  Tom 
Taylor's  'Blighted  Being,'  and  at  Christmas 
obtained  one  of  his  most  conspicuous  successes 
in  Planoh6's  '  Yellow  Dwarf'  In  Janiilary 
1855  he  was  Sowerby  in '  Tit  for  Tat,'  an  adap- 
tation by  F.  Talfburd  of '  Les  maris  me  font 
rire.'  Among  other  performances  may  be 
mentioned  the  '  Discreet  Princess,'  April 
1856,  in  which  Bobson's  IVince  Bichcraft  was 
painful  in  intensity,  and  Gustavus  Adolphus 
Fitzmortimer,  in '  A  Fascinating  IndivLaual,' 
11  June.  In  Brough's '  Medea,'  14  July,  Bob* 
son's  Medea  was  one  of  his  finest  burlesque 
creations*  His  Jones,  in  Tslfourd's  '  Jones 
the  Avenger'  ('Le  Massacre  d'un  Innooent'), 
was  seen  on  24  Nov.  Zephyr,  in '  Young  and 
Handsonxe/  followed  in  Januaiv  1857.  His 
Dadcfy  Hardacre,  in  an  adaptation  so  named 
of  'La  FiUe  de  TAvare,'  26  March  1857,  was 
one  of  his  earliest  essays  in  domestic  drama. 
On  2  July  he  was  Massaniello  in  Brongh's 
burlesque  of  that  name. 

In  August  1857,  in  partnership  with  Em- 
den,  he  undertoc^  the  management  of  the 
Olympic,  speaking,  on  the  opening  night, 
an  address  written  by  Bobert  Brough,  and 
appearing  both  as  Aaron  Qumock  in  Wilkie 
Collins's  '  Lighthouse,'  and  as  Massaniello. 
On  the  first  production  of  the  '  Lighthouse  ^ 
by  amateurs,  at  Tavistock  House,  Bobson's 
part  had  been  played  by  Charles  Dickens. 
'The  Subterfuppe,'  an  adaptation  of  'Livre 
troisidme  ohapitre  premier,'  was  also  given. 
After  playing  a  country  engagement  he  re- 
appeared  at  tiie  Olympic  in  Uie  'Lighthouse,' 
and  vras  seen  in  Brough's  '  Doge  of  Duralto, 
or  the  Enchanted  Isle?  In  June  1858  he  waa 
the  first  Peter  Potts  in  Tom  Taylor's '  Ooing 
to  the  Bad,'  and  on  13  Oct.  the  first  Haoa 
Grimm  in  Wilkie  Collins's  '  Bed  Vial.'  On 
2  Oct.  he  created  one  of  hisfpseatest  ehaeactens 


Robson 


«4 


Robson 


as  Sampson  Burr  in  the '  Porter's  Knot.'  This 
piece  by  Oxenford  was  founded  to  some  extent 
on '  Les  Crochets  du  pdre  Martin'  of  Cannon 
and  Grang6.  At  Christmas  he  played  Maseppa 
in  an  extra vaganxaso  named.  Fawkins,  in  Ox- 
enford's  <  Refined  for  the  Defence '  (L'ayocat 
d'nn  Grec),  was  seen  on  35  May  1869,  and 
Beuben  Ooldsched  in  Tom  Taylor's 'Pttyable 
on  Demand'  on  11  July.  Zacnary  Clench  in 
Oxenford's '  Uncle  Zachary '  (L*Oncle  Bap- 
tiste)  was  given  on  8  March  1860,  and  Hugh 
de  Brass  in  Morton's'  Regular  Fix 'on  11  Oct. 
On  21  Feb.  1861  there  was  produced  H.  T. 
Orayen's  *  Chimney  Comer/  m  which  Rob- 
son's  Peter  Probity  was  another  triumnh  in 
domestic  drama.  Dogbriar  in  Watts  Phillijis*s 
'Camilla's  Husband  was  given  on  14  ^ov. 
1862.  This  was  the  last  play  in  which  Rob- 
son appeared. 

In  addition  to  the  parts  named  the  follow- 
ing deserve  mention:  Boots  in  'Boots  at  the 
Swan/  Poor  Pillicoddy,  Mr.  Griflgs  in  Mor- 
ton's 'Ticklish  Times/  Alfred  the  Great  in 
Robert  Brough's  burlesque  so  named,  B.  B. 
in  a  farce  so  called,  Timour  the  Tartar  in  a 
burlesque  by  Oxenford  and  Shirley  Brooks, 
Wormwood  in  the  '  Lottery  Ticket,'  and 
Christopher  Croke  in '  Sporting  Events.'  At 
the  close  of  1862  Robscm's  health  failed,  in 
part  owing  to  irregular  living.  Although 
ceasing  to  act,  he  remained  a  lessee  of  the 
Olympic  until  his  death,  which  took  place 
unexpectedly  on  12  Aug.  1864.  He  was 
mamed,  and  two  sons  beoime  actors. 

During  his  short  career  Robson  held  a 
position  almost  if  not  auite  unique.  With 
flo  much  passion  and  intensity  did  he 
charge  burlesque  that  the  conviction  was 
widespread  that  he  would  prove  a  tragedian 
of  hignest  mark.  A  report  prevails  that  he 
once,  in  the  country,  played  Shylock  in  the 
'  Merchant  of  Venice '  without  success,  but 
this  wants  confirmation.  A  statement  made 
in  print  that  he  played  it  in  London  is  inao- 
xsurate.  It  is  none  the  less  true  that  he  con- 
yeyed  in  burlesque  the  best  idea  of  the  elec- 
trical flashes  of  Keaii  in  traoedy,  and  that 
there  were  moments  in  his  Macbeth  and  his 
"Shylock  when  the  absolute  sense  of  terror 
— the  feeling  of  blood-curdling — seemed  at 
hand,  if  not  present.  He  may  almost  have 
been  said  to  have  brought  pathos  and  drollery 
into  associaticm  closer  than  had  ever  been 
witnessed  on  the  stage.  Nor  in  parts  such 
as  Peter  Probity,  Sampson  Burr,  and  the  like 
belonging  to  domestic  drama,  has  he  known 
en  equal.  In  farce,  too,  lie  was  unsurpass- 
able. It  is  impossible  to  imagine  anything 
more  risible  than  was,  for  instance,  his  Slush 
in  Oxenford's  'A  Legal  Impediment.'  In 
this  he  played  a  lawyer's  bemused  outdoor 


clerk,  who,  visiting  a  gelitleman,  is  mistaken 
for  an  unknown  son-in-law-elect  exited  to 
srrive  in  disguise;  and  the  manner  in  which 
he  'introdu<^  into  the  drawing-room  of  his 
astonished  host  all  the  amenities,refinement8, 
and  social  customs  of  the  private  parlonr  of 
the  Swan  with  Two  Necks '  will  not  be  for- 
jpotten  b^thosefortunate  enough  to  have  seen 
It.    In  his  later  days,  however,  in  fkrce  and 
burlesque,  he  took,  under  various  influences, 
serious  liberties  with  his  audience  and  his 
fellow-actors.  So  great  a  favourite  was  he  with 
the  public  that  proceedings  were  condoned 
whicn  in  the  case  of  any  other  actor  would 
have  incurred  severe  and  well-merited  con- 
demnation.   Robson  was  small  in  flg^re,  al- 
most to  insignificance,  and  was,  it  is  said,  of 
a  singularly  retiring  disposition.    In  yol.  y. 
of  the  '  Extravaganzas  or  J.  R.  Planch6 '  are 
two  lithograph^  portraits  of  Robson,  one 
after  a  photograph  by  W.  Keith,  and  the 
other  after  a  grotesque  statuette  of  Robson 
as  the  Yellow  Dwarf.    The  cover  of  Sala's 
scarce  memoir  (1864)  had  a  design  of  Rob- 
son as  Jem  Bsfls  in  the '  Wandering  Minstrel' 
of  Henry  Mayhew. 

[Personal  recollections ;  Robson,  a  Sketch  by 
G.  A.  Sala,  1864,  reprinted  from  the  Atlantic 
Monthly,  with  an  unsigned  preface  by  the  pub- 
lisher, John  Camden  Hotten ;  Sunday  Times, 
21  Aug.  1864  and  various  years;  Era  Newspaper 
and  Almanac,  various  years ;  Theatrical  Times, 
iii.  366;  Hollingshesd's  My  Lifetime;  Scott  and 
Hovard's  £.  L.  Blanehard ;  History  of  the  Theatre 
Royal,  Dublin,  1870;  Morley's  Journal  of  a  Lon- 
don Playgoer;  Clark  Russell's  Representative 
Actors ;  Daily  News,  26  Dec  1892.]        J.  K. 

ROBSON,     WILLIAM     (1785-1863), 
author  and  translator,  was  bom  in  1785.  In 
early  life  he  was  a  schoolmaster,  but,  when 
he  was  over  fifty  years  of  age,  he  devoted 
himself  to  literature.     His  earliest  work, 
'The  Walk,  or  the  Pleasures  of  Literary 
Associations,'  London,  12mo,  appeared   in 
1887,  and  was  followed  in  1846  by « The  Old 
Playgoer/  London,  12mo.  This  volume  con- 
sists of  a  series  of  letters  describings  the  Bri- 
tish stage  at  the  be^nningof  the  nineteenth 
century.  His  criticisms  are  scholarly  and  his 
recollections  are  always  interesting.      His 
later  works  are  of  little  value.      Besides 
writing  original  books,  Bobson  also  trans- 
lated, without  much  skill,  many   French 
works,  including  Michaud*s  '  History  of  the 
Crusades,'  1852,  8vo ;  Dumas's  <  Three  Mus- 
keteers,' 1853, 8vo ;  and  Balzac's  <  Balthazar,' 
1859,  8vo.    In  later  life  Robson   fell  into 
poverty.    Boutledge  the  publisher  raiaedy  by 
public  subscription,  a  fund  to  purchase  an 
annuity  for  him,  but  before  Robson  could  reap 
the  benefit  he  died  on  17  Nov.  186a. 


Roby 


6s 


Roby 


He  wtt  the  Author  of :  1.  'John  Bailtoiii 
«  Beid  tod  Think/  London,  1854,  16mo. 
1 '  Tbe  life  of  Caidinal  Richelieu/  London, 
1654,8ra  & 'The  Great  Sieges  of  History/ 
LqbHIS^Syo. 

[Tb  Render,  1863,  ii.  688.]  E.  I.  0. 

B0B7,  JOHN  (1793-1850),  author  of 
*Tbe  IVaditions  of  Lancashire/  son  of  Nehe* 
niih  Boby  and  Maiy  Aspull,  his  wife,  was 
bom  It  Wigaikf  Lanouhire,  on  5  Jan.  1703. 
Bi  kAa  was  for  many  years  master  of  the 
pamir  sehool  at  Haigh,  near  Wigan,  and 
ais  eldest  brother,  twentT-seyen  years  his 
'i  WIS  William  Roby  [q.  y.]    John  was 


edaatd  chiefly  at  home,  and  in  a  desultory 
vty.  His  natural  tastes  were  for  music, 
piiiuiiig;  poetiy,  and  the  drama.  While  yet 
i  child  he  played  the  organ  at  the  Countess 
(tfHontiii^bn's  chapel  at  Wigan,  and  afber- 
virii  for  fifteen  yean  acted  as  organist  at 
theindnendenteliapelatllochdale.  Jordan, 
who  wits  other  literary  men  found  in  him  a 
paenug  benefiM^tor,  states  that  he  had  the 
best  ev  for  music  that  he  ever  met. 

Is  1^19  he  joined  at  Rochdale  as  managing 
puterthe  ^*«^"g  firm  of  Fenton,  Eccles, 
vBsliiie,  ft  Roby.  For  this  position  he 
bd,  asKNig  other  qualifications,  that  of  a 
iwtfbUy  clear  head  for  arithmetical  cal* 
eohtMHiB.  He  retired  in  1847,  through  fail- 
Of  Uth,  and  removed  to  Malvern.  Roby 
vii  dnmned  in  the  wreck  of  the  Orion,  near 
Pvtpitriok,  Wigtonehire,  on  18  June  1850, 
v^  oa  hiB  way  from  Liverpool  to  GlasgDW, 
od  wu  buried  at  Providence  Chapel,  High 
Sueet,  Boehdale.  He  married,  in  1816,  the 
.^sgMt  daughter  of  James  Bealey  of  Ber- 
(Kheu,  aesr  Blackburn,  by  whom  he  had 
BseehiUien.  She  died  on  S  Jan.  1848, and 
ia  the  foDowing  year  he  married  Eliiabeth 
^jjud  Dent,  wmo  survived.  There  is  a  por- 
tnitof  Roby  in  the  Rochdale  Free  Library; 
■■flte  is  engraved  in  the  third  edition  of 
tb 'TnditioBS,' and  a  third  in  the « Remains.' 

So^i  first  acknowledged  publication  was 
'Sr  Bertnm,  a  Poem  in  Six  Cantos,'  Black- 
>B^^1815,  but  two  anonymous  parodies  on 
S«t,  *Jdkeby,  a  Burlesque  on  "  Rokeby,"' 
maud 'The Lay  of  the  Poor  Fiddler,  a 
FMj  ou  "  The  Lay  of  the  Last  Minstrel," ' 
^H  ire  sscribed  to  him  (Abees  ami  Q»erte«, 
«*•».  TL  267).  The  work  by  which  he  is 
.^  bovB, '  Traditions  of  Lancashire/  was 
snedat  London  in  1829, 2  vols.  A  second 
•MfoOowedin  1881,2  vols.  Later  editions 
«««ianed  ml840, 1848, 1687,  and  mbse- 
{^y.  The  eady  editions  were  beautifully 
jyated  by  E.  Finden,  after  drawings  by 
«JppPichCTingJ[q.v.]  CrofionCrokercon- 
^'*»ed  OM  of  the  pieces,  the '  Bargaist  or 

HL  xm. 


Boggart.'  The  tales  are  rather  inflated  and 
overwrought,  but  are  valuable  for  the  local 
traditions  which  they  embodv,  though  some 
of  the  narratives  are  mainly  drawn  m>m  the 
author's  fancy.  Sir  W.  ocott  had  a  good 
opinion  of  them.  Roby  also  wrote :  1.  'Lo- 
renxo,  or  a  Tale  of  Redemption,'  Rochdale, 
1820 ;  of  this  volume  of  heavy  verse  tiiree  edi- 
tions came  out  in  the  same  year.  2.  *  The 
Duke  of  Mantua,  a  Tragedy,'  1828.  8.  <  Seven 
Weeks  in  Belgium,  Switserland,  Piedmont, 
Lombard^,'  &c,  1888, 2  vols.  4.  'Legendary 
and  Poetical  Remains,'  including  some  of  hia 
contributions  to  *  Blackwood '  and  '  Frasor, 
posthumously  published  in  1854,  with  a  me*- 
moir  by  his  widow. 

[Memoir  in  Legendary  and  Poetical  Remains ; 
Robertson's  Old  and  r(ew  Rochdale,  p,  21S; 
Jerdan's  Antobio^.  1858, ii.  24;  FiehwicVs  Lan- 
cashire labrary,  1875,  p.  271 ;  AUibone's  Diet, 
of  Authors ;  Lancashire  Funeral  Certificates 
(Chetham  Soc.),  p.  96,  being  oorreetion  of  an 
error  in  the  legend  of  Father  Arrowsmith; 
letters  of  Mrs.  Trestrail  (Roby*s  widow)  in 
Athensenm,  14  Oct.  1882,  and  Manchester  City 
News,  1  April  1898.]  C.  W.  S* 

BOBT,  WILLIAM  (1766-1880),  con- 
gregational divine,  bom  at  Haiffh,  near 
Wigan,  on  28  Maroh  1766,  was  eldest  bro- 
ther of  John  Roby  fa*  v.]  His  parents  be- 
longed to  the  established  churcn.  He  was 
educated  at  the  Wigan  granunar  school,  of 
which  his  father  was  master;  he  himself  be- 
came classical  master  at  the  grammar  school 
of  Bretherton,  Lancashire.  He  owed  his 
change  of  religious  conviction  to  the  preach- 
ing of  Jdin  Johnson  (d,  1804)  [q.  v.]  Having 
begun  to  preach  in  viUages  round  Bretherton, 
Roby  resigned  his  mastership  to  enter  as  a 
student  in  Lady  Huntingdon^  college  at  Tre- 
vecca,  Brecknockshire.  There  he  only  re- 
mained six  weeks.  Alter  preaching  at  Wor- 
cester, Reading,  and  Ashby-de-lsrZouch,  ho 
became  John«>n*s  assistant  at  St.  Paul'a 
Chapel,  Wigan,  and  on  Johnson's  removal 
(1789)  he  b^me  sole  pastpr,  being  ordained 
in  London  on  20  Sept.  1789.  In  1795  ho, 
undertook  the  charge  of  the  congregational 
church  in  Cannon  Street,  Manchester,  ^e 
began  with  an  attendance  of  one  hundred  and 
fifty,  but  raised  a  large  congregation,  and  made 
his  influence  felt  throughout  the  county.  *  To 
no  man,'says  Halle^,  'more  than  to  Mr.  Roby 
was  nonconformity  mdebted  for  its  revival  and 
rapid  growth  in  Lancashire.'  In  Nightin- 
gsle's  volumes  his  name  constantlv  appears  as 
a  planter  of  new  churches.  On  27  June  1797 
he  went  to  Scotland  to  conduct  a  mission  in 
conjunction  with  James  Alexander  Haldane 
[q.  v.]  On  8  Dec.  1807  a  new  chapel  was 
opened  for  him  in  Qrosvenor  Street,  Man- 


Rochard 


6d 


Roche 


ehesteTi  where  he  laboured  till  his  death. 
He  trained  some  fifteen  students  for  the 
ministry  at  the  cost  of  his  friend  Robert 
Spear ;  this  effort  led  the  way  to  the  pre* 
sent  Lancashire  Independent  College  [see 
RaffIiES,  ThoxasI.  Koby  was  a  man  of 
simple  and  informalmannersy  of  great  earnest- 
ness, but  without  polemical  tone ;  his  preach- 
ing was  valued  by  evangelical  churchmen,  as 
well  as  by  dissenters.  He  died  on  11  Jan. 
1890,  and  was  buried  in  his  chapel-yard. 
His  widow,  Sarah  Roby,  died  in  1836.  The 
Robv  schools  at  Manchester  were  erected  in 
1844  as  a  memorial  of  him.  He  published  a 
number  of  sermons  (^m  1798)  and  pamph- 
lets, including:  1.  *The  Tendency  of  Sooi- 
nianism,'  Wifan,  1791,  8vo.  2.  'A  Defence 
of  Oalvinism,^&c.,  1810, 12mo.  3. '  Lectures 
on  .  .  .  Revealed  Reli^on/  &c.,  1818,  8vo. 

4.  'Anti-Swedenborgianism,'&c.,  Manchester, 
1819,  8vo  (letters  to  John  Clowes  [q.  v.]) 

5.  '  Protestantism,' &c..  Manchester,  1821-2, 
8vo,  two  parts.  6.  *  Missionary  Portraits/ 
Manchester,  1826^  12mo.  7.  A  selection  of 
hymns  (2nd  edit.,  Wigan,  1799, 12mo). 

[Funeral  Sermons  by  Kly  and  Clunie,  1830; 
Memoir  and  Funeral  Sermon  byMcCall,  1838; 
Halle/s  Lancashire,  1869.  ii.  450  eq. ;  Nightin- 
gale's Nonconformity  in  Lancashire,  1802  iy. 
76  sq.,  1898  v.  121  sq.  ISSsq.]  A.  Q. 

BOCHARD,  SIMON  JACQUES  (1788- 
1872),  miniature  •  painter,  son  of  Hend 
Hochard,  b^  his  wife,  Marie  Madeleine  Talon, 
was  bom  m  Paris  on  28  Dec.  1788.  He 
showed  precocious  talent,  and,  when  his 
mother  was  left  a  widow  with  twelve 
children,  became  her  chief  support  by  draw- 
ing portraits  in  crayons  at  five  francs  each. 
Kocnard  studied  under  Aubry  and  at  the 
£cole  des  Beaux- Arts,  having  received  his 
first  lessons  in  miniature  -  painting  from 
Mademoiselle  Bounien.  At  the  age  of 
twenty  he  ]^ainted  a  portrait  of  the  Empress 
Josepnine  tor  the  emperor.  Being  included 
in  the  military  levv  ordered  by  Napoleon  on 
his  return  from  Elba,  he  accompanied  his  re- 
f  giment  to  Belgium,  but  on  crossing  the  fron- 
tier escaped  to  Brussels.  There  he  was  intro- 
duced at  court,  and,  after  painting  portraits 
of  Baron  Falk  and  others,  was  commissioned 
by  the  Spanish  minister,  a  few  days  before  the 
battle  01  Waterloo,  to  execute  a  miniature 
of  the  Duke  of  Wellington  for  the  king  of 
Spain.  Being  unable  to  obtain  a  regular 
sitting,  he  ma^le  a  watercolour  sketch  of  the 
duke  while  he  was  engaged  with  his  aides- 
de-camp,  aud  this  was  the  prototype  of  the 
many  miniatures  of  Wellington  that  he  after- 
wards painted.  Rochard  was  also  largely 
employed  by  the  English  officers  and  other 
members  ox  the  cosmopolitan  society  then 


gathered  at  Brussels,  and  in  November  1815 
was  summoned  to  Bpa  to  paint  a  portrait  of 
the  Prince  of  Orange  for  hu  bride.  Boon  after 
he  came  to  London,  and  at  once  commenced 
a  highly  lucrative  practice  among  the  aristo- 
cracy.   Princess  Cliarlotte,  the  Duchees  of 
York,  the  Duke  of  Cambridge,  and  the  Duke 
of  Devonshire  sat  to  him ;  and  for  many  years 
he  was  a  favourite  court  painter.    He  ex- 
hibited largely  at  the  Royal  Academy  from 
1816  to  1846.    In  1884  he  twice  painted  the 
Queen  of  Portugal,  and  in  1889,  when  the 
czar  of  Russia  visited  England,  he  painted  six 
miniatures  of  the  czarevttch  for  snuff-boxes 
to  be  presented  to  the  English  noblemen 
attached  to  the  czar's  person.  Though  French 
by  birth  and  training,  Rochard  was  t£oroughly 
Gnglish  in  his  art,  being  mainly  influenced  by 
the  works  of  Reynold  and  Lawrence ;   in 
breadth  of  treatment  and  beauty  of  colour 
his  miniatures  are  equal  to  those  of  the 
best  of  his  contemporaries,  though  his  repu- 
tation has  declined.    Li  1846  he  retired  to 
Brussels,  and  in  1847  printed  a  catalogue  of 
the  collection  of  pictures  by  the  old  masters 
which  he  had  formed  in  England.    In  1852 
he  exhibited  three  miniatures  at  the  Paris 
salon.    He  died  at  Brussels  on  10  June  1872, 
his  end  being  hastened  by  the  failure  of  a 
business  house  to  which  he  had  entrusted  tha 
bulk  of  his  savings.    By  his  first  marriage, 
which  was  not  a  happy  one,  Rochard  had  one 
daughter,  who  married  an  English  officer ;  at 
the  age  of  eighty  he  took  a  second  wife, 
Henriette  Pilton,  by  whom  he  had  one  son. 
Fkan^is  Th^odobb  Rochabb  {d,  1858), 
youn^r  brother  of  Simon  Jacques,  after 
workmg  for  a  time  in  Paris,  followed  his 
brother  to  London,  where    he    became   a 
fashionable  portrait-painter,  practising  both, 
in  miniature  aild  watercolours.  In  the  latter 
medium  he  also  painted  many  fancy  figures 
and  subjects  from  the  poets,  and  in  1885  waa 
elected  a  member  of  the  New  Watercolour 
Society.  Rochard  exhibited  resularly  at  the 
Royal  Academir  from  1820  to  1855,  and  also 
with  the  Society  of  British  Artists.  He  died 
at  Netting  Hill,  London,  in  1858-   A  few  of 
his  works  have  been  engraved  as  book  illus* 
trations. 

[(razette  des  Beaux- Arts,  December  1891  and. 
January  1892;  Ked  grave's  Diet,  of  Artiste  ;  Ot- 
tley's  Diet,  of  Artists ;  Graves's  Diet,  of  Artists, 
17^60-1898  ;  Cbavig:nerie'8  Diet,  des  Artistes  d« 
V£ooleFran^t8e;  Yearns  Art,  1886;  Royal  Acar- 
demy  Catalogues.]  F.  M.  O'B. 

BOOHi;  8»  BOYLE  (1748-1807),  Irist 
politician,  the  scion  of  an  ancient  and  re- 
spectable family,  said  to  be  a  junior  brand 
of  the  ancient  baronial  house  of  Roche 
viscount  Fermoy  [see  under  RooHi:,  I>avii>] 


Roche 


63 


Roche 


was  bom  in  1743.  Enterinff  the  military  pro- 
feaeioa  at   an  earljr  age,  he  served  in  the 
American  war,  distinkaishing  himself  at  the 
capture  of  the  Moro  lort  at  Havannah.     Re- 
tizisg  from  the  army,  he  obtained  an  office  in 
the  Irish  revenue  department  about  1775,  and 
subeequently  entered  the  Irish  parliament  as 
member  for  Tralee,  in  the  place  of  James  Agar, 
created  Lord  Clifden.    He  represented  6ow- 
ran  from  1777  to  178S,  Portarlin^on  from 
1783  to  1790,  Tralee  (a  second  time)  from 
I7d0  to  1797,  and  Old  Leig him  from  1798  to 
the  onion  with  England.  From  the  beginning 
of  his  parliamentary  career  he  ranged  nimsefi 
on  the  aide  of  govemment,  and  for  his  seryioes 
msgranted  a  penaion,  appointed  chamberlain 
to  the  Ticer^ral  court,  and  on  30.  Nov.  1782 
was  created  a  coronet.  For  hia  office  of  cham- 
berlain he  ^was,  Bays  ^ills  (Irish  Nation^ 
iiL  ^00),  who  collected  much  curious  in- 
fonaation  about  him,  'eminently  qualified 
bj  bis  handsome  figure,  graceful  address, 
and  ready  wit,  qualities  which  were  set  ofi 
by  a  Brank,  open,  and  manly  disposition  . .  . 
bat  it  is  not  ^renerally  known  that  it  was 
ujaal  ior  members  of  the  cabinet  to  write 
apeedies  for  him,  which  he  committed  to 
memocT,  and,  while  mastering  the  substancet, 
genezauy  contrived  to  travesty  into  language 
and  ornament  with  peculiar  graces  of  his 
own.*    He  gained  his  lasting  reputation  as 
an  invetente  perpetrator  of  *  bulls.* 

Ihe  chief  eervice  he  rendered  government 
was  in  connection  with  the  volunteer  con- 
vention of  X783.    The  question  of  admitting 
the  Boman  catholics  to  the  firanchise  was  at 
the  time  being  agitated,  and  found  many 
warm  supporters  in  the  convention.  The  pro- 
posal waa  extremely  obnoxious  to  the  Irish 
government^  and  on  the  second  day  of  the 
meeting  (11  Nov.^  Mr.  Ogle,  secretary  of  state, 
uuKwnced  that  the  Boman  catholics,  in  the 
person  of  Lord  Kenmare,  had  relinquished 
the  idea  of  making  any  claim  further  than 
the  reiiflnooB  liberty  they  then  enjoyed,  and 
gave  as  his  authority  for  this  extraordinary 
statement  Sir  Boyle  Boche,  by  whom  it  was 
eonfirmed.     Ten  days  later  Lord  Kenmare, 
who  happened  not  to  be  in  Dublin  at  the  time, 
wrote,  denying  that  he  had  given  the  least 
aotboritj  to  any  person  to  make  any  such 
rtat.«Btmt  in  his  name;  but  the  disavowal 
came  too  late,  for  in  the  meanwhile  the  anti- 
eatholie  part;^  in  the  convention  had  found 
time  to  otgawae  themselves,  and  when  the  in- 
tended Befbrm  Bill  took  shape,  it  was  known 
that  the  admiaaion  of  the  Boman  catholics  to 
the  franchise  was  not  to  form  part  of  the 
idieme.    On  14  Feb.  1784  Six  Boyle  Boche 
explained  in  a  public  letter  that,  hearing  that 
Pnderick  August  us  Hervey  [q.  v.],  bishop  of 


Perrj,  and  his  associates  were  bent  on  ex- 
tending the  legislative  privilege,  '  I  thought 
a  crisis  was  arrived  in  which  Ix)rd  Kenmare 
and  the  heads  of  that  body  should  step  forth 
to  disavow  those  wild  projects,  and  to  profess 
their  attachment  to  the  lawful  powers.  Un- 
fbrtunatelv  his  lordship  was  at  a  ffieat  dis- 
tance, and  most  of  my  other  nobte  friends 
were  out  of  the  way.  I  therefore  resolved 
on  a  bold  stroke,  and  authorised  only  by  a 
knowledge  of  the  sentiments  of  the  persons 
in  question,'  he  took  action.  He  naiv^y 
added  that  while  he  regretted  that  his  mes- 
sage had  been  disowned  by  Lord  Kenmare, 
that  was  of  less  consequence,  since  his  ma- 
noeuvre had  suQceeded  to  admiration.  Speak- 
ing against  Flood's  Beform  Bill,  he  quoted 
Junius  as  'a  certain  anonymous  author  called 
Junius,'  and  declared  that  it  was  wrong  to  do 
away  with  boroughs.  'For,  sir,'  said  he,  'it 
boroughs  had  been  abolished,  we  never  should 
haveheardof  the  great  Lord  Chatham'  (Pari, 
jRegister,  iii.54).  He  spoke  strongly  in  opposi- 
tion to  the  catholic  petition  m  February 
1792,  and  amused  the  house  by  bis  witty  if 
somewhat  scurrilous  comments  on  the  signa- 
tures to  it  (lb,  xii.  18&-6).  He  fought  hard 
for  the  union.  '  Gentlemen,'  he  said,  '  may 
tither,  and  tither,  and  tither,  and  may  thin& 
it  a  bad  measure ;  but  their  heads  at  present 
are  hot,  and  will  so  remain  till  they  grow 
cool  again,  and  so  they  can't  decide  right 
now,  but  when  the  day  of  judgment  comes 
then  honourable  gentlemen  wiU  be  satisfied 
with  this  most  excellent  union '  (Barbikotoit, 
Personal  Sketches,  i.  117).  For  himself,  he 
declared  that  his  love  for  England  and  Ire- 
land was  so  great,  '  he  would  have  the  two 
sisters  embrace  lilce  one  brother'  (cf.  Pari, 
Register,  xi.  294^.  Many  other  good  stories 
are  related  of  hmi ;  but  it  may  be  doubted 
whether  he  was  really  the  author  of  all  the 
extraordinary '  bulls'  attributed  to  him.  The 
above,  however,  rest  on  good  authority.  Sir 
Boyle  Boche  died  at  his  house  in  Eccle 
Street,  Dublin,  on  5  June  1807.  He  married 
Mary,elde8t  daughter  of  Admiral  Sir  Thomas 
Frankland  of  Great  Thirkleby  Hall,  York- 
shire, by  whom  he  had  no  iasue,  and  with 
whom  he  lived  a  life  of  uninterrupted  hap- 
piness. In  his  public  caj^ity,  as  master  of 
the  ceremooies  at  the  Irish  viceregal  court, 
he  was  beloved  and  admired  for  his  polite- 
ness and  urbanity,  and  in  private  life  there 
waa  no  more  honourable  gentleman. 

[<3«nt.  Blag.  1807,  i.  696;  Hist,  of  the  IVo- 
dsediBga  of  the  Volaateer  Delegatas,  pp,  42 
•eq. ;  Grattan'a  Life  of  Henry  Qrattan,  iii.  116 
seq.;  Plowden's  Hist.  Review,  ii..834;  Wills  s 
Irish  I^&tion,  iii.  200 ;  H'Doqgairs  Sketches  of 
Irish  Political  Character,  Londoo,  1799,  pp.  174- 

p2 


Roche 


68 


Roche 


176;  Irish  Pftrliainentary  BegiBUr,  passim ;  Fer- 
raris Hist,  of  Limerick,  pp.  138,  352 ;  Barring- 
ton's  Personal  Sketches,  i.  115-18;  Barbehailrs 
Members  of  Pari,  for  Kilkenny ;  Cal.  Charle- 
mont  MSd.  ii.  265 ;  Notes  and  Qaeries,  4th  ser. 
iz.  X.  passim,  zi.  208  ;  Fitspatrick'H  Secret  S<>r- 
Tice,  283  s«q. ;  Fronde's  English  in  Ir^nd,  ad. 
1881,  ii.  882,  418,  484,  iii.  60 ;  Leck^s  Hist,  of 
inland,  Ti.  867  ;  Addit.  KSS.  (B.  M.)  83090  ff. 
253,  259,  264.  83107  C  161,  246.]         B.  D. 

BOCBDB,  DAVID,  Viscouin?  Febvoy 
(1573P-1636),  bom  about  1578,  waa  the 
son  and  heir  of  Maurice,  Tiscount  Fermoy, 
described  by  Carew  (MacCaktht,  L\fe  of 
Florence  MaeCarthy,  p.  367)  as  'a  brain 
sick  foole,*  but  by  the  'Four  Masters' 
(8.a.  1600)  as  'a  mild  and  comely  man, 
learned  in  the  Latin,  Irish,  and  English 
languages.'  David  succeeded  to  the  title  on 
his  father's  death  in  June  1600.  His  mother 
was  Eleanor,  d&ughter  of  Maurice  Fitzjohn 
Fitzgerald,  brother  of  James,  fourteenth  earl 
of  Desmond,  and  sister  of  James  Fitzmaurice 
Fitzgerald  [q*v>1t  '  the  arch  traitor.'  During 
the  rebellion  of  Hugh  O'Neill,  second  earl  of 
Tyrone  [q.  v.],  Ro(£e  signalised  himself  by 
his  loyalty,  and  in  consequence  his  property 
of  Castletown  Koche  suffered  greatly  from 
the  rebels.  When  the  mayor  of  Cork  mused 
to  proclaim  James  I,  Roche,  though  a  zealous 
Boman  catholi^  took  that  duty  on  himself. 
His  services  QiA  not  pass  unrewarded. 
On  20  Dec.  1605  he  petitioned  the  privy 
council,  in  consequence  of  his  losses  during 
the  rebellion,  to  accept  a  surrender  of  his 
lands,  and  to  make  him  a  regrant  of  the 
same  at  the  former  rents  and  services  (Cal, 
State  FaperSy  Ireland,  James  I,  i.  876).  Sub- 
sequently he  went  to  England,  and  return- 
ing to  Ireland  in  the  summer  of  1608,  the 
lord  deputy  was  authorised  '  for  his  encou- 
xmgement  and  comfort '  to  assign  him  *  a  band 
ofl50  foot  soldiers  under  his  command,' '  and 
because  he  is  one  who  has  reason  to  doubt 
that  for  doing  the  king  service  he  has  raised 
to  himself  many  adversaries,  to  g^ve  him 
efiectuid  aid  and  encouragement  on  all  occar 
sions'  (t5.  ii.  558).  He  was  accepted  as  one 
of  Florence  MacCarthy's  sureties,  and  sat 
in  the  parliament  which  assembled  at  Dublin 
in  May  1618.  He  supported  the  action  of 
the  recusant  lords,  and  signed  the  petition 
protesting  against  the  new  ooroughs  recentlv 
created,  the  course  pursued  by  the  sheriffs 
at  the  elections,  ana  the  place  of  holding 
parliament  {ib.  iv.  343).  His  behaviour  on 
this  occasion  was  condoned,  and  on  8  July 
1614  Chichester  was  authorised  to  grant  him 
lands  to  the  annual  value  of  60/.  (jb,  iv.  487). 
He  died  in  the  odour  of  loyalty  at  Cftstle- 
town  Kodie  on  22  March  1686,  and  was 


buried  on  12  April  at  the  Abbey,  Bridgetown. 
Boche  married  Joan,  daughter  of  James 
FitzRichard  Barry,  viscount  Buttevant,  and 
was  succeeded  by  his  son 

MiLXTBIOE      BoCHE,     ViSCOITRT     FrS^OT 

(1595P-1660.P),  at  that  time  about  fortv 

Sears  of  age.    Already  during  his  father'i^ 
fetime  Maurice  had  incurred  the  suspicion 
of  g|ovemment  as  '  a  popular  man  among  th^ 

Sapists  of  Munster,  and  one  of  whom  some 
oubts  were  conceived  of  his  aptness  to  b» 
incited  into  any  tumultuous  action'  {ib.  v. 
634),  and  had  in  consequence  been  for  some 
time  in  1624  incarcerated  in  Dublin  Castle. 
He  took  his  seat  bv  proxy  in  the  House  of 
Lords  on  26  Oct.  1640,  but  was  an  active 
insurgent  in  the  rebellion,  for  which  he  wa» 
outlawed  on.  23  Oct.  1643.    He  was  excepted 
from  purdon  by  act  of  parliament  on  12  Aug. 
1652,  and  his  vast  estates  in  co.  Cork  seques- 
trated.   Eventually  he  succeeded  in  obtain- 
ing  an   order  from  the  commissioners  at 
Loughrea  for  2,600  acres  of  miserable  land 
in  the  Owles  in  Connaught,  formerly  be- 
longing to  the  O'Malleys,  but  of  these  he- 
seems  never  to  have  got  possession.  He  died 
about  1660.    A  certain  ^Lord  Roche,'  whcr 
had  a  pension  from  government  of  lOOf* 
a  vear  in  1687,  and  who  is  said  to  have  been 
killed  fighting  for  James  II,  at  the  battle  or 
Aughrim,  on  12  July  1691,  was  probably^ 
a  younger  brother  or  a  nephew.    Maurice 
Roche  married,  about  1625,  Catherine  [or^ 
Ellen],  daughter  of  John  Power;  she,  after 
gallantly  defending  Castletown  Itoche  in 
1649  against  the  forces  of  the  narliament^ 
was  condemned,  on  the  evidence  of  a  strumpet; 

ipRENDEBGAST,  CromweUion  Setilementf  p» 
84),  for  shooting  a  man  unknown  with  a 
nistol,  and  subsequently  hanged.     She  lef^ 
tour  daughters  utterly  unprovided  for.    Th» 
manor  of  Castletown  Itoche  and  lands  at^ 
tached  j»assed  into  the  possession  of  Roger- 
Boyle,  nrst  earl  Orrery  [q.  v.]  The  title  ib  pre- 
sumed to  have  become  extinct  in  1733,thougla 
it  is  said  (BABHUreTOir,  Penanal  Sketehe9^  L 
115)  that  Sir  Boyle  Roche  fq*  v.]  possessed  & 
claim  to  it,  which,  however,  ne  never  pursaed. 
[Complete  Peerage  of  England,  &c.  by  Qt.  K.  C. 
(Fermoy) ;  Batke's  Extinct  Peerage ;  Oal.  Stato 
Papers,  Ireland,  James  I ;  Prendergsist's  Orom- 
weliian  Settlement,  pp.  188-4 ,  and  atithoritie» 
quoted.]  B.  D. 

ROCHE,  EUGENIUS  (1786-1829), 
journalist,  was  bom  on  23  Ireb.  1786  \rx 
raris.  His  father,  a  distant  relative  of  EUl— 
mund  Burke  Boche,  first  baron  Fermoj,  was 
professor  of  modem  languages  in  Li  £oole 
MUitaire, Paris,  and  survived  his  son.  EiU^e-> 
nius  was  educated  by  his  father  in  Paris,  and 
at  the  age  of  eighteen  came  to  London,  "vrhera 


Roche 


69 


Roche 


he  coanmeed  writinff  for  the  press.   In  1607 

he  Bfarted  a  periodiciu  called  '  Literary  He- 

creataoDSy'  which  was  not  financially  bucces»- 

idL    Bui  in  it  Byron,  Allan  Cunningham^ 

and  otlwr  poeta  of  note  made  their  fint  ap- 

peaisnoe  in  print.    In  ISOBEoche  hemn,  the 

pnMicatiMi  of  ^The  Dramatic  Afgemxkt,'  a 

^aaiteiiy  joaxnaly  whoae  object  waa  to  print 

m  each  namber  three  of  the  rejected  plajrs 

of  ths  penod.    In  it  will  be  found  two  of 

BocM  own  ocntributions  to  the  drama, 

'WiBiain  Tell'  and  <The  Invasion.'    The 

finaer  was  being  rehearsed  when  Drury  Lane 

neatie  was  destroyed  by  fire  on  24  Feb. 

1809.    The  *  Dramatic  Appellant '  was  not 

a  eooapicuoiia  sucoeas,  and  in  1809  Bpche 

became  parliamentary  reporter  of  the  *  Day/ 

an  advanced  liberal  newspaper,  of  which  he 

was  appointed  editor  about  1810.    Its  name 

was  anerwazds  changed  to  the '  New  Times ' 

tad  then  to  the  '  Morning  Journal.'    While 

e£tiagit  lie  waa  imprisoned  for  a  year  for  an 

attack  on  the  gOTemment  in  reference  to  the 

case  of  Sir  franeis  Burdett  [a.  v.]    On  his 

rateaae  he  became  editor  of  tne  '  National 

Segisfier/  a  weekly  paper.    In  August  1818 

be  aeeenited  an  engagement  on  the  *  Morning 

Poety'  becoming  one  of  its  editors  shortly 

aftervraida.    fie  waa  also  associated  with  the 

*  Coorier/  for  a  time  an  influential  organ  of 

liberal  ooinioiL.     He  was  recognised  as  one 

of  the  afeaeat  journalists  of  his  o^.    He  died 

OB  9  Nov;  1829  in  Hart  Street,  Bloomsbury. 

A  laige  snm  waa  subscribed  for  his  second 

wi^  and  &mily,  and  his  poems  were  collected 

and  pnUiahed,  with  a  memoir  and  portrait, 

&r  their  benefit,  with  a  very  distinguished 

,  nnder  the  title  of '  London 


subscribers,  nnder 
in  •  Thonaand  Years,'  in  1880. 

ra«Bi.  Ka^.  1829,  ii.  640;  Memoir  prefixed 
to  Oifuidoa  in  a  Tbouand  Years ;  Byron's  Life 
smI  CoETTi^ondence^  ed.  Moore;  Fox-Bourne's 
Hiatary  of  £ngliah  Journalism;  Giant's  News> 

D.  J.  0*D. 


BOCHE,  JAMES  (1770-1853),  styled  by 
Father  Front  'the  Koscoe  of  Cork,'  was 
the  eon  of  Stephen  Roche,  and  a  descen- 
dant of  John  lloche  of  Castle  Boche,  a 
delegate  at  the  federation  of  Kilkenny  in 
1641.  His  mother,  Sarah,  was  daughter  of 
John  C/Brien  of  Moyranine  and  Clounties, 
Tiii^»^ir  Bom  at  Cork,  80  Dec.  1770, 
he  was  sent  at  fifteen  yeara  of  age  to  the 
eoQ^  of  Saintea,  near  AngouliSme,  where 
he  spent  two  years.  After  a  short  Tisit 
home  he  returned  to  France  and  became 
partner  with  his  brother  George,  a  wine 
merehant  at  Bordeaux*  There  he  made 
the  ^^mffntMvt/^  of  Vergniaud  and  Guillo- 
^slIBb  ahared  in  the  enthusiasm  for  the 
levolntioiiy  and  paid  frequent  yisitsto  Pari^, 


associating  with  the  leading  Girondins. 
While  in  fans  in  1798  he  was  arrested  under 
the  decree  lor  the  detention  of  British  sub- 
jects, and  spent  six  months  in  prison.  He 
believed  himself  to  have  been  in  imminent 
danger  of  inclusion  in  the  monster  Luxem- 
bburg  batch  of  victims,  and  attributed  his 
escape  to  Brune,  afterwards  one  of  Napo* 
leon  8  marshals.  On  his  release  he  returned 
to  the  south  of  France,  endeavouring  to 
recover  his  confiscated  property.  In  1797 
he  quitted  France,  livinff  alternately  at  Lon- 
don and  Cork.  In  1800,  with  his  brother 
Stephen,  he  established  a  bank  at  Cork, 
which  fiourished  until  the  monetary  crisis 
oi  1819,  when  it  suspended  payment.  Iloche's 
valuable  library  was  sold  in  London,  the 
creditors  having  invited  him  to  select  and 
retain  the  books  that  he  most  prized.  He 
spent  the  next  seven  years  in  London  as  com- 
mercial and  parliamentary  agent  for  the 
counties  of  Cork,  Youghal,  and  Limerick. 
BetiriDg  from  business  with  a  competency, 
he  resided  from  1829  to  1832  in  Pans.  The 
remainder  of  his  life  was  passed  at  Cork  as 
local  director  of  the  National  Bank  of  Ire- 
land, a  poet  which  allowed  him  leisure  for 
the  indulgence  of  his  literary  tastes.  He 
was  well  read  in  the  ancient  and  the  prin- 
cipal modem  lanffuaj^,  and  his  historical 
knowledge  enabled  him  to  assist  inquirers  on 
obflcure  and  debatable  points^  and  to  detect 
and  expose  errors.  He  contributed  largely, 
mostly  under  his  initials,  to  the '  Gentleman's 
Magazine,' '  Notes  and  Queries,'  the  'Dublin 
Beview,'  and  the '  Cork  Magazine.'  In  1851, 
under  the  title  of '  Critical  and  Miscellaneous 
Essays,  by  an  Octogenarian,'  he  reprinted 
for  private  circulation  about  forty  of  these 
arti^es.  He  also  took  an  active  part  in  lite- 
rary, philanthropic,  and  mercantile  move- 
ments in  Cork.  He  died  there,  1  Anril  1853, 
leaving  two  daughters  by  his  wife  Anne, 
daughter  of  John  Moylan  of  Cork. 

[Gent.  Miig.  June  and  July  1858 ;  Atheneum, 
6  April  1858;  Notes  and  Queries,  16  April 
1858;  Dublin  Review,  September  1851  and 
April  1890.]  J.  a.  A. 

BOCHE,  MICHAEL  db  la  (^.  1710^ 
1781),  French  protestaut  refugee  and  author, 
was  threatened  while  young  with  perso'* 
cution  in  France — probably  on  the  revoca- 
tion of  the  edict  of  Kantes.  He  was  in 
'  continual  fear/  for  a  whole  year,  of  being 
imprisoned,  and  forced  ^  to  abjure  the  Pro- 
testant religion.'  He  escaped  to  England 
with  great  difficulty.  Unlike  the  great  ma- 
jority of  his  fellow  refugees,  he  became  almost 
immediately  a  member  of  the  church  of 
England, 


Roche 


10 


Roche 


DelaBoche  bad  been  a  student  of  literature 
from  youth,  and  when  he  settled  in  London 
obtained  employment  from  the  booksellers^ 
mainly  devoting  himself  to  literary  criticism. 
Imitating  some  similar  ventures  that  bad 
been  made  in  Holland,  be  commenced  in 
1710  to  issue  in  folio  a  periodical  which  he 
entitled  'Memoirs  of  Literature.'  After- 
wards, '  for  the  convenience*  of  readers,'  be 
continued  it  in  quarto,  but  it  was  brought 
to  an  end  in  September  1714,  when,  he  says, 
'  Mr.  Roberts^  his  printer,'  advised  him  •  to 
leave  off  wntingr  these  papers  two  months 
earlier  than  he  designed.'  The '  Memoirs '  were 
beffun  again  in  January  1717,  and  continued 
tiU  at  least  April  1717.  De  la  Roche,  accord- 
ing to  his  own  account,  was  a  friend  of  Bayle, 
aim  doubtless  paid  frequent  visits  to  Holland. 
Early  in  171/  he  arranged  to  edit  a  new 
periodical,  '  Bibliothdque  Angloise,  ou  His- 
toire  litt^raire  de  la  Grande  Bretagne,'  which 
was  written  in  French  and  published  at 
Amsterdam.  De  la  Roche  apologised  for  the 
ineleffancies  cf  his  French' style.  He  was 
still  living  for  the  most  part  in  London.  The 
fifth  volume  of  the  '  Biblioth^ue  Angloise,' 
dated  1719,  was  the  last  edited  by  De  la 
Roche.  The  publisher  transferred  the  editor- 
ship in  that  year  to  De  la  Ohapelle,  giving  as 
i,  pretext  that  De  la  Roche's  foreign  readers 
accused  him  of  anti-Calvinism,  hostility  to 
the  Reformation,  and  a  too  ^at  partiality 
to  Anglicanism  (see  Averttssement,  dated 
January  1720,  to  vol.  i.  of  MSnunrM  Litt^ 
retires).  Shortly  afterwards  De  la  Roche 
began  to  edit  yet  another  periodical,  the 
'  M^moiree  Littlraires,'  which  was  published 
at  The  Haflrue  at  intervals  till  1724.  In  1726 
he  started  'New  Memoirs  of  Literature,' 
which  ran  till  December  1727,  and  finally, 
in  1730, '  ALiterary  Journal,  or  a  continua- 
tion of  the  Memoirs  of  Literature/  which 
came  to  an  end  in  1731. 

These  various  publications  appeared  at 
monthly  or  Quarterly  intervals,  xhe  prices 
for  those  puolished  in  England  varied  from 
\b.  to  6c?.  for  each  part,  but  they  apparently 
brought  little  profit  to  the  editor.  They 
were  the  prototypes  of  literacy  magazines  and 
reviews. 

SSee  Avertissemcnt  tx>  M^moires  Litt^iairesy 
[  vol.  iiL  of  a  Literary  Journal,  dated  1781  j 
AgneVs  Protestant  Exiles  from  France,  ii.  150- 
154,  and  ill.  166;  Smiles's  Rngnenote ;  Kichols's 
Lit.  Aneod.  lii.  507,  iv.  04,  tx.  385.]  F.  T.  M. 

ROCHE,  PHILIP  (rf.  1798),  Irish  rebel, 
A  Roman  catholic  pnest  attached  to  the 
parish  of  Poulpearsay,  co.  Wexford,  and 
rormerly  of  Qorey,  appears  to  have  joined 
the  rebels  encamped  at  the  jfoot  of  Corngma 
Hill,  under  the  command  of  Father  Joka 


Murphy  (1768  P-1798)  [^.  v.],  shortiy  belbre 
the  battle  of  Tifbbemeermg,  on  4  June  1798 
(TAYZAB,^t9^.ofeA«JZ^/lt<m,p.73;  Bthke, 
Memoirs,  i.  86).    It  was  mamly  in  conse- 
quence of  information  furnished  to  himtliAt 
tne  rebels  were  enabled  to  anticipate  s(nd  so 
to   frustrate  the  attack  cf  Major-general 
Loft  as  and  Colonel  Walpole.    His  prieetly 
character  and  personal  bravery  at  Tabbeiv 
neering  won  him  mitt  reputation  with  'the 
insurgents,  and  when  Beauchamp  Bagenal 
Harvey  [q.  v.]  was  three  or  four  days  later 
deposed  from  his  command,  in  consequence 
of  his  repugnance  at  such  atrocities  as  the 
massacre  at  Scnllabogfue,  Roch6  was  elected 
commander  of    the    rebels    encamped    at 
Slyeeve-Keelter,  near  New  Ross.      After 
several  tmsuccessfiil  attempts  to  intercept 
the  navigation  of  the  river,  Roche  moved 
his  camp  to  Lacken  Hill,  where  he  remained 
for  some  days  unmolested  and  almost  in- 
active ;  but  it  was  noted  to  his  credit  that 
during  that  time  no  such  atrocities  as  were 
only  too  common  among  the  rebels  at  Vine- 
ffar  Hill  were  permitted  by  him  (Gobbon, 
ItehelHon,  App.  p.  85).    On  19  June  he  was 
surprised,  and  compelled  to  retreat  from 
Lacken  Hill  to  Three  Rocks,  near  Wex- 
ford (cf.  OLo"iTBY,  Narrative^  pp.  54-60);    On 
the  following  day  he  intercepted  a  detach- 
ment under  Sir  John  Moore,  who  was  moving' 
up  to  join  in  the  attack  on  Vinegar  Hill,  at* 
a  place  called  Goffsbridge,  or  Foulkes  Mill» 
near  the  church  of  Horetown.    He  is  said  to 
have  displayed  great  military  skill  in  the 
disposition  of  his  forces,  but  after  a  fierce 
engagement,  which  lasted  four  hotirs,  was 
compelled  to  fall  back  on  Three  Rocks,  eject- 
ing the  retreat  in  good  order  (Btbhb,  Me» 
frwirSj  i.  l©7-8).    After  the  battle  of  Vine»ir 
Hill  and  the  surrender  of  Wexford,  Rocne^ 
seeing  that  further  resistance  was  hopeless, 
determined  to  capitulate,  and  with  this  ob- 
ject went  alone  and  unarmed  to  Wexford. 
On  entering  the  town  he  was  seized,  dragged 
from  his  horse,  and  so  kidked  and  bufreted 
that  he  is  said  to  have  been  scarcely  rteOg- 
nisable  (jb,  L  204-5 ;  Hat,  Iruurreetiony  p. 
245).     He  was  tried  by  court-martial,  and 
hanged  off  Wexford  bridge  on  25  June  1798^ 
along  with  Matthew  Keugh[q^.y.]  and  seven 
others,  and  his  body  thrown  into  the  river 
(Ti.XLOK,J5rw<.p.l81).  According  to  Gordon, 
who  knew  him  personally,  he  was  '  a  man  of 
large  stature  and  boisterous  manners,  not  ill 
adapted  to  direct  by  influence  the  disorderly 
bands  among  whom  he  acted*     .but  for  a 
charffe  of  cruelty  agunst  him  I  can  find  no 
foundation.    On  the  contrary,  I  have  heard, 
from  indubitable  authority,  many  instances 
of  hia  active  Enmanity .  •  .his  beharrionr  in 


Roche 


7i 


Rochead 


the  Mbelliaa  has  oonTinoed  me  that  he  poe* 
eened  a  J&amane  end  generous  heart,  with 
an  inionmmoii  share  ai  pereonal  courage' 
(iiflM&M,TO.148,399).  He  displayed  can- 
sidsrabie  mifitaTy  ability,  and  was  probahLy 
ike  most  formidable  of  all  the  rebel  leadecs, 

[JoMS  QotdoD'a  HM.  of  the  Bebellion  ill  Ii^ 
boiin.  1S7,  148,  166^,  I7d,  188,  219,  899; 
Miki  Syzne'a  Kemoin,  i.  86,  1«7,  204-^ ;  Ed. 
Hs/i  Iflsamelaon  of  Wex£>rd»pp«  186;  201, 206, 
24A,  391 ;  MnflipraTe's  BebeUioiis  in  IroJand,  i. 
4Si,  ttS,  636,  ii.  43 ;  CIoDeVs  Personal  Narra- 
ar\  {^  M-6,  81 ;  TayWs  Hist,  of  the  Be- 
bdiuB  in  Wexford,  pp.  73,  131 ;  Narrative  of 
the  Snffenngs  and  Escape  of  Charles  Jackson, 
pp.  89,  70 ;  Plowden's  jEist.  Beview,  ii.  735, 
7«2,  767;  Jjecky'B  Hist,  of  England,  yiii.  136, 
158, 164 ;  Fronde's  English  in  Ireland.] 

B.  D. 

BOCHE,Mss.KEaiNA  MAHIA(1764P- 
l&4!5)ynoTeliat,  bom  about  1764  in  the  south 
of  Irdaod,  nvas  daughter  of  parents  named 
BsItQB.  In  17d3  appeared  her  first  novel, 
'  Tim  Yiear  of  Lansdowne,*  by  Regina  Maria 
lialtooy  sad  it  was  at  once  follow^  by '  The 
Maid  of  the  Hamlet/  in  2  vols.  She  soon 
afterwards  married  a  gentleman  named 
Boche.  In  1798  she  sprang  into  fitime  on 
the  paUi^Udon  of  her  '  Children  of  the 
Abbey'  (4  Tola.),  a  story  abounding  in  senti- 
mentality  y  and  almost  rivalling  in  popularity 
Mn.  Baddifie's  '  M;^steries  of  Udolpho,' 
vhieh  was  pablished  m  1797.  Many  editions 
of  it  were  called  for,  and  until  her  death 
ihe  iadostriously  worked  at  a  similar  style 
of  ficdoB.  She  died,  aged  SI,  at  her  reai- 
denee  on  the  Mall,  Waterford,  17  May  1845. 

Her  works  are:  1.  'The  Vicar  of  Lans- 
downe,'  2nd  ed.,  2  yols.,  London,  1793L 
1  '  The  Maid  of  the  Hamlet,'  12mo,  8  vols., 
1793.  3.  '  The  ChUdien  of  the  Abbey,'  4 
TsSa.  1796  (numerous  other  editions). 
4.  *  Clermont/  12mo,  4  vols.  Iiondon,  1798» 
5w  'Ike  Noctttmal  Visit/  4  vols.  12mo,  1600 
( a  Ficneh  TSEFsion  appeared  in  1801  in  5  yoIs.) 
a  'Tha  Discarded  Son,  or  the  Haunt  of  the 
Banditti/  6  yoIs.  13mo,  1807.  7.  'The 
TTcisses  of  Osma  and  Almeria,  or  the  Convent 
of  Si.  Bdefionso,'  3  vols.  12mo,  London,  1810. 

try  of  St.  Colomba,'  5  vols. 


Una,  1812.  9.  *  Trecothiek  Bower/  8  vols, 
liaso,  18ia  10.  'London  Tales'  (anony- 
mcmiy),  2  toIs.,  1814.  11.  '  The  Munster 
CottsgeBoy/  4  yola.  1819.  12.  'The  Bridal 
of  DaaamorB'  and  'Lost  and  Won/  two 
tales  3  vvAm,  12mo,  London,  1828.  18.  '  The 
Castk  Ohapel,'  3  vols.  12mo,  London,  1825. 
(a  Fmeh  yersion  appeared  the  same  year) 

14.  'CoBtrasty'    8   vola,   London,   1828. 

15.  'TheNun^s  Picture/  3  yols.  12m(vl834. 
H  *Tim  IVadition  of  ib^  Castle,  or  Scenes 


in  the  Emerald  Isle/  4  yols.  12mo,  London* 
1824 

[Gent.  Mag.  1846,  ii.  86  (reprmting^  the 
Literaiy  Qasette) ;  Notes  and  Qneries,  63i  ser. 
iz.  609,  z.  36,  U9;  AUibone's  Diet,  of  Bag], 
lit.  vol.  iii. ;  Brit.  Mus.  Cat. ;  Diet,  of  Xavijig 
Authors,  1816.]  D.  J.  O'D.   . 

ROCHE,  BOBERT(1676-162€0,  poetaster, 
bom  about  1576,  a  natiye  of  Somerset  oi 
lowly  origin,  was  admitted  of  Magdalen  HaB, 
Oxford,  in  November  1594,  being  then  aged 
18^  and  graduated  B.A.  9  June  1599.  He 
was  presented  to  the  yicarage  of  Hilton  in 
Dorset  in  1617,  and  held  the  benefice  until 
his  death  on  12  May  1629.  A  Latin  inscrip- 
tion in  the  aisle  of  Hilton  church  marks  the 
common  grave  of  Boche  and  a  successor 
in  the  yicariate,  John  Antram  ,*  an  English 
quatrain  is  appended.    Boche's  son  Bobert 

fraduated  B.A.  from  Magdalen  HTall,  28  Jan. 
630,  and  became  vicar  of  East  CameL 
Boche  was  author  of  '  Eustathia,  or  the 
Constancie  of  Susanna,  containing  the 
Preservation  of  the  Godly,  Subversion  of  the 
Wicked,  Plrecepts  for  the  Aged,  Instructions 
for  Youth,  Pleasure  with  Profitte  . . .  l)omt- 
nus  mea  rupee.  Printed  at  Oxford  by 
Joseph  Barnes,  and  are  to  be  sold  in  Paules 
Churchyard  at  the  Sign  of  the  Bible/  1599, 
b.L  8vo.  It  contains  seventy-four  pages  of 
didactic  doggerel,  of  which  a  long  spoBimen 
is  given  in  Dr.  Bliss's  edition  of  Wood's 
'AtkensB/  on  the  ground  of  its  extreme 
rarity.  The  only  copy  known  is  in  the 
Bodleian ;  it  once  beloziged  to  Bobert  Burton. 

[Univ.  Beg.  Oxft  Hist.  Soc.  ii.  206,  iii.  216 ; 
Foster's  Alnmni  Ozon. ;  Wood's  Athense,  ed. 
Bliss,!.  682;  Bibl.  Bodleiana,  1848;  Haslitt's 
Handbook,  p.  616;  Hutcbins's  Dorset,  iv.  367^ 
869 ;  Hunter's  Chorus  Vatum  (Add.  MS.  24491» 
f.  194) ;  Madan's  Early  Oxford  Press,  p.  47.] 

T.a 

ROCHEAD,  JOHN  THOMAS  (1814- 
1878),  architect,  son  of  John  Bochead,  char- 
tered accountant,  was  bom  in  Edinburgh  oa 
28  March  1814.  He  was  educated  in  George 
Heriot's  hospit-al,  and  at  the  age  of  sixteen 
entered  the  office  of  David  Bryoe,  anshitect* 
Afb^  seven  years'  apprenticeship  there  he 
became  principal  draughtsman  in  Harst  ^ 
Moffatt's  office,  Doncaster,  where  he  re- 
mained for  two  years.  In  1840,  among  150 
competitors,  he  gained  the  first  premium 
for  a  proposed  Braian  catholic  cathedral  in 
Belfast.  In  1841  he  started  as  an  architect 
in  Glasgow,  where  he  resided  till  1870.  He 
soon  became  recognised  as  an  architect  <^ 
ffreat  ability  and  originality.  He  was  a  skil- 
ful draughtsman,  and  his  designs,  to  theifl 
laost  minute  detailsi  were  done  by  his  owa 


Roches 


7a 


Rochester 


hand.  After  the  '  duraption'  he  designed 
many  free  churches  in  Scotland.  His  know- 
ledge of  Gothic  avt  is  well  dimlayed  in  the 
Tm  church  and  St.  John's  fVee  Church, 
hoth  in  Olasgowy  the  parish  churches  of 
Rcmfrewand  Ahenoyle,  and  St.  Mary's  Free 
Churchy  Edinhur^h.  His  able  treatment  of 
Italian  and  classic  architecture  was  shown 
in  the  Bank  of  Scotland,  John  Street  United 
Flresbyterian  Church,  the  Unitarian  Chapel^ 
and  his  design  for  building  the  Univer- 
sity — all  in  Glasgow.  In  1857  he  won  a 
SOOL  prijee  in  the  competition  for  designs  for 
the  war  office  in  London,  and  in  two  keen 
competitions  his  designs  for  the  Wallace 
monument,  Stirling,  were  successful  Roc- 
head  was  the  architect  of  Queen  Margaret 
College,  Glasgow^  and  he  designed  man^ 
private  mansions  m  Scotland,  including  Mi- 
nard  Castle,  Knock  Castle,  West  Shandon, 
Bhiir  Yaddoch,  and  Sillerbut  Hall.  In  1S70, 
owinff  to  impaired  health,  he  retired  to  Edin- 
burgh, where  he  died  suddenly  on  7  April 
1878.  He  was  survived  by  his  widow  (Cathe- 
rine Calder,  whom  he  married  in  1843),  a 
son,  and  four  daughters. 

[Scotsman,  1 0  April  187S,  and  Builder,  20  April 
1878;  Diet,  of  Architecture,  rii.  64;  informa- 
tion supplied  by  the  family.]  G.  S-h. 

BOGHES»  PETER  dbs  {d.  1238),  bishop 
of  Winchester.    [See  Pbtbb.] 

BOCHESTEB,  Eabls  of.  [See  Wn> 
XOT,  Hbitbt,  first  earl,  1612  P>16lS8 ;  Wil- 
XOT,  JoHH,.  second  earl,  1647-1880 ;  Htdb, 
Laubekcb,  first  earl  of  the  Hyde  family, 
1641-1711.] 

ROCHESTER,  Couittess  of  (d.  1725). 
[See  Htdb,  Jakb.j 

ROCHESTER,  Vibooukt.  [See  Cabb, 
BoBEBT,  d,  1645,  afterwards  Eabl  of  So- 


ROCHESTER,  Sib  ROBERT  (1494  P- 
1557),  comptroller  of  the  household  to  Queen 
Mary,  bom  about  1494,  was  eldest  of  the 
three  sons  of  John  Rochester,  by  his  wife 
Grissell,  daughter  and  coheir  of  Walter 
Writtle  of  fiobbingworth,  Essex.  His  grand- 
ftkther,  Robert  Rodiester,  was  yeoman  of  the 
pantry  to  Henry  YIII,  and  bailiff  of  the  ma- 
nor of  Syleham,  Suffolk,  and  outlived  his  son 
John,  who  died  on  10  Jan.  1507-8.  (Morant 
erroneously  states  that  Robert  died  in  1606; 
cf .  Letters  and  JPapen  of  Henry  VIII,  voL 
i.  passim.)  Probably  through  his  grand* 
father,  Rochester  became  known  at  court, 
and  was  attached  to  the  Princess  Mary's 
household.  In  1547  he  was  managing  her 
inanoesy  and  before   1561  was  appointed 


comptroller  of  her  household.  On  22  March 
of  that  year  he  was  examined  by  the  council 
as  to  the  number  of  Mary's  chaplains.  On 
14  Auff.  he  was  again  summoned  before  the 
council,  and  ordend,  in  spite  of  his  protests, 
not  merely  to  carry  the  council's  directions  to 
the  princess,  but  personally  to  take  measures 
that  no  one  should  say  or  hear  mass  in  her 
household.  Rochester  returned  to  Copped 
Hall,  but  could  not  bring  himself  to  carry 
out  these  commands,  and  on  the  2drd  again 
appeared  before  the  council.  He  bluntly  re- 
fused to  carry  any  more  such  messages  to 
his  mistress,  professing  his  readiness  to  go 
to  nrison  instead.  Finally  Rich,  Win^eld, 
and  Petre  had  to  undertake  the  mission. 
Rochester  was  sent  to  the  Fleet  on  24  Aug., 
and  to  the  Tower  a  week  later.  On  18  March 
1552  he  was  allowed  'for  his  weakness  of 
body'  to  retire  to  his  country  hpuse,  and  on 
14  April,  on  Mary's  request,  was  permitted 
to  resume  his  functions  as  comptroller. 

Rochester's  fidelity  was  rewarded  on  Maiys 
accession.  He  was  made  comptroller  of  the 
royal  household,  created  a  knight  of  the  Bath 
at  the  queen's  coronation,  and  sworn  of  the 
privy  counciL  Chi  26  Sept.  1663  he  was 
returned  to  parliament  as  knight  of  the  shire 
for  Essex,  being  re-elected  for  the  same  con- 
stituencv  on  13  March  1553-4, 28  Oct.  1554, 
and  24  Sept.  1555.  He  became  one  of  Mary's 
most  intimate  and  trusted  counsellors.  On 
28  Jan.  1654  he  was  sent  to  Wyatt  to  inquire 
into  his  intentions.  In  the  same  vear  he  was 
made  chancellor  of  the  duchy  of  Lancaster, 
placed  on  a  commission  to  examine  Sir 
Thomas  Gresham's  accounts,  and  suggested 
as  one  of  the  six  advisers  to  whom  the  active 
work  of  the  privy  council  was  to  be  entrusted, 
while  the  other  members  were  to  be  employed 
in  the  provinces.  This  scheme  came  to 
nothing,  but  Rochester  remained  one  of  the 
inner  nng  of  councillors  who  rarely  missed 
a  meeting,  and  had  most  weight  in  the 
council's  decisions.  He  was  one  of  the  com- 
missioners who  drew  up  the  treaty  of  marriage 
between  Mary  and  Philip,  and  in  1655  was 

f  laced  on  commissions  appointed  to  try  Bishop 
Looper,  and  to  consider  the  restoration  of 
the  monasteries  and  the  church  property 
vested  in  the  crown.  In  the  same  year  he 
was  one  of  Gkirdiner's  executors,  and  was 
present  at  the  martyrdom  of  Jonn  Rogers 
(1509P-1555)  [q.  v.]  He  was  nevertheless  a 
staunch  friend  of  the  Princess  Elizabeth  and 
Edward  Courtenay,  earl  of  Devonshire  [q.  v.l, 
whose  union  he  is  said  to  have  advocated, 
and  it  was  in  some  degree  due  to  his  in<* 
fluence  with  Mary  that  the  princess's  life 
was  spared. 
In  1566  Rochester  was  one  of  the  select 


Rochester 


73 


Rochester 


appointed  hj  Philip  to  look  after 
bis  aibin  doling  his  absence ;  he  was  also 
plaeed  on  a  commisuon  to  inqoiie  into  the 
piflts  against  the  queen.  In  September  there 
waa  eome  popular  discontent  because  the 
loan  was  oroered  to  be  paid  through  his 
baada, '  the  people  beinsr  of  the  opinion  that 
thia  vaa  done  in  order  that  the  crown  might 
lem  aennnloosly  avail  itself  of  the  money 
tbromh  the  hands  of  so  very  confidential  a 
naiwMJMw  uid  creature  of  her  majesty,  than 
thRMgh  tboae  of  the  treasurer'  (Cai,  State 
iVpera,  Venetian,  tL  688).  On  28  April 
1557  Boeheater  was  elected  K.G.,  but  was 
Berer  faimally  installed  at  Windsor.  On 
4  May  he  was  placed  on  a  commission  to 
take  the  aimender  of  indentures,  patents, 
ke^  aadgraat  renewal  of  them  for  adequate 
finea.  iEb  didd^  unmarried,  on  28  Nov.  fol- 
lowiagv  and  waa  buried  at  the  Oharterhouse 
at  Shaen  on  4  Dec  He  was  succeeded  as 
chaaedlor  of  the  du^gr  of  Lancaster  bj  his 
nephew.  Sir  Edward  Waldegrave  [q.  t J,  son 
of  Edward  Waldegrave  (d.  1643])  and  Ro- 
chester's abter  I^ra.  The  substance  of 
Bodwster^a  will  is  printed  in  Gollins's '  Peer* 
8ge,^Tr.424r-6u 

[CtL  at  State  Papen,  Dom.,  Venetian,  and 
Fofcign  Sear. ;  Acts  of  the  PriTy  Ckrancil,  ed. 
SuAt ;  Ofllcial  Befcom  of  MemberB  of  Pari.  i. 
381,  )M»  S89, 893 ;  Ducatns  Laneastrin,  Reeord 
id.iil76;  VialUtions  of  Essex,  1668  and  1613 
(EuL  See.) :  Morant's  Eiaex,  ii.  127,  891 ;  lit. 
Bcaainaof  £dwaxd  VI(BoxbiagheGlnb) ;  Traos. 
Sojal  Hist.  See.  iii  810,  811 ;  Ashmde's  Older 
of  the  Garter,  p.  716;  Metcalfe's  Book  of 
Kiugjbts;  Stiypes  £eeL  Mem.  passim;  Pose's 
Actas  and  Honnmeots;  Bnmets  Hist,  of  Re- 
&nBatio«i»  ed.  Pooodc ;  Dixon's  Hist  of  Church 
of  England;  Cbestei^s  John  Bogers,  pp.  173, 
104.  308;  Strickland's  Lives  of  the  Queens  of 
ia^Mod ;  '^tier's  Bngland  under  Edward  VI 
sad  Marr;  Proude's  and  Lingard's  Histories  of 

A.  P.  P. 


BOOHESIEB,  SOLOMON  ns  {d.  1294), 
|adffe^  waa  a  natiye  of  Rochester,  whence  he 
tow  hia  name.  His  brother  Gilbert  held  tiie 
liriag  of  Tong  in  Kent.  Solomon  took 
ordersy  and  was  apparently  employed  by 
Henry  III  in  a  le^  capacity*  La  1274  he 
was  sppointed  justice  in  eyre  for  Middlesex, 
ud  m  the  following  year  for  Woroester- 
•bire.  From  thia  time  forward  he  was  con- 
itantly  em^oyed  in  this  capacity,  and 
smov  the  counties  included  in  his  circnits 
venEssez, Suffolk, Norfolk, Berkshire,  Ox- 
fiffdaiufa,  and  CamwaU.  Hewasfinequently 
placed  en  eonunisaions  of  oyer  and  terminer, 
sad  for  other  business,  suck  as  taking  quo 
wturmUo  pleas,  and  inquiring  into  the  con- 
oeaiaseitafgoodafMfettedbythe  Jews.  In 


1276  he  was  present  at  council  when  the 
king  gave  ludgment  against  GKlbert  de  Clare, 
earl  of  Gloucester,  and  he  was  also  sum- 
moned to  councils  held  in  Noyember  1288 
and  October  1288.  In  the  following  year 
he  was,  like  all  the  other  judges  except  two, 
dismissed  for  maladministration  of  justice 
and  corruption.  He  was  probably  one  of 
the  worst  offenders,  as  he  was  fined  four 
thousand  marks,  a  sum  much  larger  than 
that  extorted  from  seyeral  of  the  other 
judges  (OxEKEBEs,  p.  276).  On  4  Jan.  1290 
nis  name  appears  on  a  commission  of  oyer 
and  terminer,  but  he  does  not  appear  to  have 
had  any  further  employment.  In  the  parlia- 
ment of  1290,  as  a  consequence  of  Koches- 
ter*s&ll,  numerous  complamts  were  preferred 
against  his  conduct  as  a  judge,  one  of  them 
beingfrom  the  abl)eyofAbingaon,&om  which 
he  had  extorted  a  considerate  sum  of  money 
to  give  to  his  brother  Gilbert. 

Rochester  now  aimed  at  ecclesiastical 
preferment.  He  already  held  the  prebend 
of  Chamberlain  Wood  in  St.  Paul's  Cathe- 
dral, and  on  the  death  of  Thomas  Inglethoru, 
bishop  of  Rochester,  in  May  1291,  ne  maae 
fruitless  efforts  to  induce  the  monks  to 
elect  him  to  that  see.  Their  refusal  deeply 
offended  him,  and  in  a  suit  between  the 
monks  and  the  bishop  of  Rochester  in  1294 
Solomon  persuaded  the  judp^  in  eyre  at 
Canterbury  to  giye  a  decision  adverse  to 
the  monks.  According  to  Matthew  of  West- 
minster, the  monks  were  aven^[ed  by  the 
sudden  death  of  their  chief  enenues,  and  the 
judges  in  terror  sought  their  pardon,  alleg- 
ing that  they  had  been  '  wickedly  deceived 
by  the  wisdom  of  Solomon.*  Solomon  him- 
self was  one  of  the  victims;  on  14  Aug. 
1294  one  Guvnand  or  Wynand,  parson  of 
Snodland  in  Kent,  entered  Solomon's  house, 
ate  with  him,  and  put  poison  into  his  food 
and  drink,  so  that  he  died  fifteen  days  after- 
wards (Fiacit.  Abbreviation  p.  290).  Accord- 
ing to  Matthew  of  Westminster,  Guynand 
omv  made  Solomon  druiJc.  He  was  charged 
witn  the  murder,  but  pleaded  his  orders,  and 
was  successfully  claimed  as  a  clerk  by  the 
bishop  of  Rochester.  Finallj^  he  purged  him- 
self at  Greenwich,  and  was  liberated.  Solo- 
mon de  Rochester  had  a  house  at  Snodland, 
and  another  in  Rochester,  which  in  1284  he 
was  licensed  to  extend  to  the  city  walls  and 
even  to  build  on  them. 

[Matthew  of  Westminster,  iiL  82-8,  Beg. 
Epistol.  Johannis  Peckham,  iii.  1009,  1041, 
CartnL  de  Bameseia,  ii«  292,  Bartholomew  OoU 
ton's  Hist.  Anglicans,  pp.  166,  173,  Aoaales  de 
Dunstaplia,  de  Oseneia,  de  Wigonua,  and  John 
de  Ozenedes  (all  in  Bolls  Ser.) ;  Plaotta  de  Quo 
Wancanto,  passim,  Cal,  Bot,  Pat.  p.  62  6,  Placi- 


Rochford 


74 


Rochfort 


tonun  Abbrefv.  p.  290  (Reoord  ed.) ;  Pari.  Writs 
aod  Rolls  of  FarL  passim;  Gal.  of  Patent  Rolls* 
Edw.  I,  ed.  1898-5,  toIs.  i.  and  u. ;  Dugdale's 
Qrig.  Jnrid.  and  Chronioa  Series;  La  Neve's 
Fasti,  ed.  Haidj,  ii.  875 ;  ArchsBoL  Cantiana,  v. 
26 ;  Foss's  Lives  of  the  Judges.]  A.  F.  P. 

ROGHFOED,  Eabls  of.  [See  Zutlb- 
BiEiHy  WnjjAX  Hbhbt,  first  earl,  1645- 

1709 ;  ZVTLBBTEIKyWlLLIAXHBNBT,  fourth 

earl,  1717-1781.] 

ROOHFOKD,  Viscotnrp.  [See  BoLBrBr> 
GEOBes,  d.  1686.] 

ROCHFORD,  Sir  JOHN  db  (Jl.  1890- 
1410),  mediaeval  writer,  was  apparently  son  of 
Saer  de  Rochford  of  Holland  in  Lincolnshire, 
and,  actsordingto  Pits,  after  receiving  a  good 
education  in  England,  stadied  in  France  and 
Italy.  In  1881  he  served  on  a  commission 
to  inquire  into  certain  disturbances  at 
Boston  (^CaL  Patent  Rolls ^  Richard  II, 
ed.  1896,  p.  421).  Before  1886  he  was 
knighted,  and  in  that  year  was  placed  on 
commissions  in  the  same  coimty  to  raise 
sums  lent  to  the  king,  and  to  supervise 
the  purchase  of  arms  and  horses.  In  the 
following  vear  he  was  sworn  to  support  the 
lords  appellants.  On  26  Sept.  1406  he  was 
summoned  to  meet  Henry  I V  at  Coventry, 
and  accompany  him  on  his  expedition  to 
Wales.  But  his  interests  lay  chiefly  in 
literaiT  work.  In  1406  lie  completedf  his 
*  Notabilia  extracta  per  Johannem  de  Roche- 
fort,  militem,  de  viginti  uno  libris  Flavii 
Joseph!  antiquitatis  Judaice ; '  it  is  extant 
in  AJl  Souls'  College  MS.  xxxvii.  ff.  206  et 
seqq.  He  also  compiled  a  'Tabula  super 
Flores  Storiarum  facta  per  Johannem 
Rochefort,  militem,  distincta  per  folia,'  con- 
tained in  All  Souls'  College  MS.  xxxvii.  ff. 
167  et  seqq.  It  was  also-  extant,  with  an 
'Extractum  Chronicarum  Cestrensis  Ec- 
clesi®  per  Johannem  Rocheford,  a  Christo 
nato  ad  annum  1410/  in  Cotton  MS.  Vitel- 
lius  D.  xii.  1,  which  is  now  lost.  The 
'  Tabula '  is  merely  an  index  of  the  *  Flores 
•Historiarum '  of  Matthew  of  Westminster 
[q.  v.],  the  authorship  of  which  has  been 
erroneously  ascribed  to  Rochford.  Pits  also 
attributes  to  Rochford  '  Ex  RaniQphi  Chro- 
nico  librum  unum,'  and  says  that  ne  trans- 
lated many  works,  but  he  does  not  specify 
them. 

[Rymer's  Fcsdera,  original  edition,  vii.  644» 
647,  viii.  413 ;  Rolls  of  Pari.  iii.  401  a ;  Hard/s 
Deser.  Oat.  of  Materials,  iii.  316;  Matthew  of 
Westminster's  Flores  Hist.  (ed.  Loard,  in  the 
Rolls  Ser.),  Pref.  pp.  zziz,  xxx,  zlii;  Bale's 
Seript.  vii.  4 ;  Pits,  ed.  1619,  p.  581 ;  Fabrictns's 
Bibl.  Med.  ^vi  Latinitatis,  iv.  863;  Oudin's 
Oomment.  de  Script,  iii.  2227;  Thomas  James's 
Beloga  Oxonio-Oantabr.  1600,  p.  45;  Vossius's 


Hist.  Lat.  ed.  1651,  pp.  545-6;  Taoncv^a  BibL 
Brik-Hib. ;  Ooxe's  Cwt.  MSS.  in  ColL  Aolisqua 
Qjcon. ;  Chevaliei^s  Repertoire.]  A.  F.  P. 

ROOHFQBT,  ROBERT  a662-1727), 
Lnsh  jud^,  bom  on  9  Dec.  1652,  was  second 
son  of  Laeutenant-colonel  Prhnairon  Rodi* 
fort,  who  was  shot  on  14  May  1662,  after 
trial  by  court-martial  at  Cork  Hoose,  Dub- 
lin, for  having  killed  Major  Turner.  By 
his  wife,  Thomazine  Pigott,  the  colonel  left 
two  sons,  the  yonnger  of  whom,  Robert, '  he 
begot  the  very  night  he  received  his  sentence 
of  death,'  9  March  1661-2.  The  Rochfort 
family  was  settled  in  co.  Kildare  as  early  aa 
1248,  and  to  it  belonged  Sir  Maarice  Roeh-> 
fort,  lord-deputy  in  1802,  and  Maurice  Roch<* 
fort,  bishop  of  Limerick,  and  lord-deputy  in 
1861-8. 

Robert  was  '  bred  to  the  law,'  his  mother 
having  received  a  gratuity  and  pension.  He 
became  recorder  of  Londonderry  on  18  July 
1660,  and  acted  as  counsel  to  the  cbmmia* 
sioners  of  the  revenue  in  May  1686  (^Claren- 
don to  Rochester,  Cim'Mpmdmoe,  i.  896). 
His  name  appears  in  the  first  division  of  the 
list  in  James  H's  act  of  attainder  in  1689, 
and  his  estate  in  co.  Westmeadi  was  aequefr- 
tered.  In  1690,  however,  either  on  .26  May 
(IjTTTTBEll,  IL  47),  before  the  arrival  of 
WiUlam  III,  or  on  1  Aujgr.  rLoDOB ;  Stobt's 
Continuation,  p.  86),  on  his  aeparture  for  the 
siege  of  Limerick,  Rochfort  was  made  com- 
missioner of  the  great  seal  with  Richard  Pyne 
and  Sir  Richard  Ryves ;  and  they  held  the 
post  till  the  appointment  of  Sir  Charles 
Porter  to  the  chancellorship  on  8  Dec.  On 
6  June  1696  he  was  made  attorney-general 
of  Ireland,  vice  Sir  John  Temple,  and,  having 
been  elected  member  for  co.  Westmeath  on 
27  Aug.,  was  chosen  speaker  of  the  Irish 
House  of  Commons  on  the  29th  (Bubnet  ; 
TiNDALL,  iii.  287).  He  took  a  prominent 
part  in  the  attack  on  the  chancellor,  Sir 
Charles  Porter  [q.  v.]  He  was  continued 
as  attomey-genend  on  the  accession  of  Anne, 
but  refused  re-election  as  speaker  in  Septen» 
ber  1708  (Luttbbll^  v.  844).  On  80  Jui^ 
1707  he  succeeded  Richard  Freeman  as  chiet 
baron  of  the  exchequer,  which  poet  he  held 
tin  removed  hj  the  whigs  in  Oijtober  1714, 
after  the  accession  of  George  I,  when  he  re- 
sumed practice  at  the  bar.  During  this 
period  he  had  acquired  considerable  property 
m  Westmeath  (see  Lodgb,  p.  21  n.),  and  on 
21  May  1704  had  been  daiigerously  wounded 
in  St.  Andrew's  Church,  Dublin,  by  a  *  dis- 

Sisted  suitor,'  one  l^Vands  Cresswick,  of 
annams  Court,  Gloucestershire.  In  Octo- 
ber 1722  Swift  writes  that  'old  Rochfort 
has  got  a  dead  palsy;'  he  died  at  his  fine 
house  of  Garolitowni  on  Lough  finaal,  «kear 


RocHfort 


75 


Rock 


ICoIiiiigBr,  Wwlmeath,  on  10  Oct.  1727,  and 
WM  bvied  there,  H«  left  1001.  to  the  school, 
ind  endowed  a  ehnrch  he  had  boilt  at  Gauls* 
town  with  the  tithes  of  Killnegenahan.  A 
portnit  of  hiu  is  pieserred'  at  Middleton 
nAf  GO.  Westmeath. 

Kochfort  married  Hannah  (d.  3  July  1732), 
daughter  of  William  fiandcock  of  Twyfora, 
Westaeaih,  aaoeator  of  the  earls  of  CJastle- 
mibie.  Bj  her  he  left  two  sons,  Qeorge  and 
Joha.  Their  names  occur  frequently  in 
Sw^s  eorzespondenoei  and  after  visits  to 
Ganlstown  in  1731  and  1722,  Swift  wrote 
two  poems  on  their  home  there ;  one  he  en« 
titled 'Oountij  Life'  (Swift,  Works,  2nd 
edit.  (Seott)  xi7«  163  aqq.)  It  was  doubtless 
to  Joba  Rodifort'a  wife  that  Swift  addressed 
Ids  letter  of  'Advice  to  a  very  Young  Lady 
oaiwrMairiaM*  (ib.  iz.  202  sqq.) 

George  Bochfbrt  (d.  1730);  long  M.P.  for 
Westmeath,  married  Lady  Betty,  daughter 
of  Heniy  Moore,  third  earl  of  Drogheda ;  his 
•on  Robert  (1708-1774)  represented  West- 
raeftth  till  1787,  when  he  was  created  an 
Iiish  peer,  with  the  title  of  Baron  Bellfield, 
isd  sabeequently  Viscoant  Bellfield  (1751) 
ud  Etfl  of  Belvedere  (1757).  The  title 
bectme  extinct  on  the  death  of  the  first  earl's 
KHk  Geom  (178&-1814),  who  sold  Gaulstown 
to&  Jc^  Browne,  first  lord  Kilmaine,  and 
left  dl  his  unentailed  estates  to  his  widow, 
Juke,  daughter  of  the  Rev.  James  Mackay ; 
Alt  bequeathed  them  to  George  Augustus 
fioefafQrt>Boyd,  her  son  hy  her  second 
bubiod,  Abraham  Boyd,  and  thev  now  be- 
loag  to  hb  descendant,  G^rge  Arthur  Boyd- 
Bodif<Ht  of  Middleton  Park,  co.  Westmeath. 
Utt  entailed  estate  of  Belvedere  passed  to 
Ujiase,  only  daughter  of  the  fint  earl  of 
Belvedere,  who  mamed  Brinsley  Butler,  se- 
nnd  eari  of  Laneaborough ;  it  subsequently 
pMaed  to  (%arlea  Brinsley  Marlay,,  esq. 

From  Bohert  Bbchfort's  younger  son  John, 
U.ibrBallyshaimon  in  1716,  whp  married 
Deborth,  daughter  of  Thomas  Staunton,  re- 
corder of  Oalwirr,  descend  the  Rodiforts  of 
Ckttrenane,  co.  Garlow,  among  whom  Anne 
Bochfort  (6.  at  Duhlm  in  1761,  d.  at  Tor- 
qosyia  18d2),  wife  of  Sir  Matthew  Blakiston, 
Kond  htxonet,  la  a  well-authenticated  in- 
ttttiee  of  eentenarianism. 

[Lwic^stBsh  Peerage,  ed.  Archdalljii.  18-30; 
ovift't  Woib^  paashn ;  Kiag^s  9UU  of  the  Pro- 
^^;  Svyth't  Law  OfBoers  in  Ireland;  in- 
'natimtnuL  Lady  Daav^a  [nie  Rochfoit).] 

H.  £.  D.  B. 

BOOHFQRT,  8IMON  (d.  1224),  bishop 
•f  Heath,  was  the  firit  Bnglishman  who  held 
^  Me,  to  which  he  wae  consecrated  in  1194 
^Conoir,  1:^1  £)e/:0#.iri^m.iu.  111).  He 
im  eae  of  the  judges  appointed  by  Lino- 


cent  III  in  the  famous  suit  for  possession  of 
the  body  of  Hugh  de  Lacy,  fifth  baron  Lacy 
and  first  lord  of  Meath  [q.  v.],  between  the 
monks  of  Bective  in  Meath  and  the  canons 
of  St.  Thomas's,  Dublin.  He  j?ave  sentdnoe 
in  favour  of  the  latter  in  1205  {JRe^:  St, 
Thomas^  Dublin,  pp.  848-50,  Bolls  Ser.) 
Bishop  Simon  founded  a  house 'of- regular 
canons  at  l^ewtown,  near  Trim,  in  1206, 
and  ultimately  erected  the  church  into  tkMi 
cathedral  of  St.  Peter  and  St.  Paul,  forsak- 
ing the  old  cathedral  of  Olonard  {AwndU  o^ 
Clcnard  ap.  CooAir,  Diocese  of  Msath^  i. 
20,  71).  At  Newtown  he  held  a  synod  in 
1216,  of  which  an  account  is  extant  (Wil- 
XI5B,  Concilia  Magna  Brit,  i.  547,  ed.  17d7). 
He  alloted  vicair's  portions  to  the  chur(jhes 
in  his  diocese,  in  which  his  work  was  valu** 
able  (Wars,  Works  on  Ireland^  i.  141,  ed. 
1739).  He  died  in  1224  ( Chartuiaries,  ^e:, 
of  St  Mary's  Abbey,  Dublin,  ii.  288,  Rolls 
Ser.),  and  was  lyiried  in  the  ehuidi  at  New- 
town. 

[Authorities  cited  in  the  text.]  A.  M.  0-s. 

ROOK,  DANIEL,  D.D.  (1799-1871), 
ecclesiologist,  bom  at  Liverpool  on  81  Aug. 
1799,  was  entered  as  a  founaation  scholar- at 
St.  Edmund's  Oollege,  near  Ware,  Hertford- 
shire! in  1813.  In  December  of  the  same 
year  he  was  one  of  six  students  who  went 
from  England  to  Rome  on  the  reopening  of 
the  Enffush  Oollege  in  that  city.  He  was 
ordained  subdeacon  on  21  Dec.  1822,  deacon 
on  20  May  1823,  and  priest  on  13  March 

1824.  He  returned  to  England  in  April 

1825,  and  it  is  thought  that  his  degree  of 
D.D.  was  obtained  before  leaving  Rome.  He 
was  engaged  on  the  '  London  mission  '  from 
1825  to  1827,  when  he  became  a  domestic 
chaplain  to  the  Earl  of  SbrewBhury.  About 
1838-45  he  was  a  psominent  member  of  a 
club  of  priests  calling  themselves  the 
'  Adelphi,  formed  for  promoting  the  resto- 
ration of  the  Roman  catholic  hierarchy  in 
this  country.  In  1840  he  was  appointed 
priest  of  the  Roman  catholic  congregation 
of  Buckland,  near  Faringdon,  Berkshire,  and 
in  1852  was  elected  one  of  the  first  canons 
of  Southwark  Oathedral.  TWo  vears  later 
he  resigned  his  country  charge  and  took  tip 
his  residence  in  London.  In  1862  he  served 
as  a  member  of  the  committee  appointed  to 
carry  out  the  objecta  of  the  special  exhibi- 
tion at  the  South  Kensington  Museum  of 
works  chiefly  of  the  mediffival  period.  He 
died  at  his  residence,  Kensington,  on  28  Nov. 
1871,  and  was  buried  ut  Kensal  Qieen  6eme^ 
teiy. 

He  wrote:  1.  'Hierurgia,  or  the  Holv 
Sacrifice  of   the  Mass   expounded/  1883, 


Rockingham 


76 


Rockstro 


2  Tob. ;  2nd  edit.  1851 ;  3rd  edit.,  reirised 
by  W.  H.  J.  Weale,  18dS ;  illuBtrated  from 
paintings,  sculptoreB,  and  inscriptions  be- 
longing to  the  earliest  ages  of  the  church. 
2.  <l)id  the  Early  Ohiiroh  in  Ireland  ao- 
Imowledge  the  Pope's  SuprenuunrP  An- 
ewered  in  a  Letter  to  Lord  John  Manners/ 
1844.  8.  '  The  Church  of  our  Fathers,  as 
seen  in  St.  Osmund's  Bite  for  the  Cathedral 
of  Salisbury;  with  Dissertations  on  the 
Belief  and  Bitual  in  England  before  the 
Coming  of  the  Normans/  1849-54,  3  vols, 
in  four  parts ;  a  new  edition,  by  the  Bene- 
dictines of  Downside,  is  in  preparation  (1896). 

4.  <  The  Mystic  Crown  of  Mary  the  Holy 
Maiden,  Mother  of  God,'  &c.y  in  verse,  1857. 

5.  *  Textile  Fabrics,  a  Descriptive  Catalogue 
of  the  Collection  of  Church  Vestments, 
Dresses,  Silk  StufiEs,  Needlework,  and  Tapes- 
tries, forming  that  Section  of  the  (South 
Kensington)  Museum,'  1870.  The  introduc- 
tion to  this  volume  was  reiyued  as  No.  1  of 
the  '  South  Kensington  Handbooks,'  1876. 
Aock  contributed  to  Manning's  *  Essays  in 
Religion/  &c.,  1865,  a  paper  <0n  the  In- 
iluence  of  the  Church  on  Art  in  the  Dark 
Ages/  also  three  papers  to  the  <Arch«so- 
logical  Journal '  (vols.  xxv.  zxvi.  xxviL),  and 
many  communications  to '  Notes  and  Queries.' 
He  also  wrote  an  article  on  the  '  Fallacious 
Evidence  of  the  Senses '  in  the  '  Dublin  Re- 
view '  for  October  1837. 

[English  Cyclopedia,  SuppL  to  Biography, 
1872,  col.  1047;  Omphie,  80  Dee.  1871  (por- 
trait); Brady's  Episcopal  Sooeessioii  in  England, 
iii.  850 ;  priTata  information.]  G.  W.  S. 

EOCKINQHAM,  second  Mabquis  of. 
[See  Watson- Wbntwobth,  Cuablbs,  17S0- 
1782.] 

ROCKINGHAM,  first  Babok.  [See 
Watsov,  Sib  Lbwib,  1684-1663.] 

BOOKKAY,  EDMUND  {d.  1697\  pun- 
tan  divine,  matriculated  as  a  sizar  of  Queens' 
College^  Cambridge,  in  November  1668,  gra- 
duated B.A.  in  1660-1,  M.A.  in  1664,  B.D. 
in  1670,  and  became  fellow  of  his  college  and 
bursar  shortly  after  1660,  and  proctor  of  the 
university  in  1668.  Rockray  was  a  zealous 
puritan.  In  1670  he  openly  avowed  his 
sympathy  with  Thomas  Uartwright  (1686- 
1603)  [q.  v.]  (JState  Paper9j  Dom.  £liz.  IxxiL 
11 ;  Stbxpe,  Annals,  i.  iL  376,  XL  IL  416-16). 
For  attacking  the  new  statutes  imposed  by 
the  government  on  the  university  he  was  sum- 
moned before  Whitgift,  then  vice-chancellor 
of  the  university,  declined  to  recant,  and  was 
ordered  to  keep  his  rooms  (Heywood  and 
"WBieHT,  Cambridge  Transactions  during  the 
Puritan  Period^  L  69;  Nbal^  Puritans,  i. 


806 ;  Baker  MSS.  iii.  882-4).  In  May  1672 
he  signed  the  new  statutes  of  the  university 
{ib,  L  62 ;  Lamb,  Cambridge  Documents),  but 
about  the  same  time  he  was  ejected  lirom  his 
fellowship  by  order  of  the  pnvy  council  for 
scruples  as  to  the  vestments,  but  was  read- 
mitted bv  Burghley's  influence.  He  still 
continued  obstinate  as  to  the  ecclesiastical 
and  academic  vestments  (Sxbipb,  Asmais, 
IL  iL  68),  but  he  retainecl  his  fellowship 
until  January  1678-8,  In  1677  he  had  been 
made  canon  of  Rochester,  but,  owing  to  his 
persistence  in  nonconformist  practices,  was 
suspended  from  the  ministerial  functions 
from  1684  till  1688.  In  1687  he  vacated  his 
canonry,  and,  after  continuing  under  ecde- 
siasticfu  censure  for  many  yearsy  died  in 
1697. 

[Authorities  as  in  text;  NeaTs  Foritaos; 
Cooper^s  Athenas  Oantabr.;  'seoond  part  of  a 
register/  manuscript  at  Dr.  Williams's  Libmiy, 
pp.  286. 586 ;  Urwickt  Nonconformity  in  Hvnt- 
ingdonshire,  p.  803 ;  information  kindly  sent  by 
F.  G-.  Plaistowe,  librarian  of  Queens'  CoU.  Gam- 
bridge.]  W.  A.  8. 

ROCKSTRO,  WILLIAM  SMITH  a823- 
18d6),  musical  composer  and  theoristy  was 
bom  on  6  Jan.  1823  at  North  Gheam,  Surrey, 
and  baptised  at  Morden  church  in  the  name 
of  Rackstraw.  Rockstro  was  an  older  form 
of  thesumame^hich  the  composer  resumed 
in  early  life.  His  first  professional  teacher 
was  John  Purkis,  the  blind  organist,  and  his 
firet  recorded  composition  brought  forward 
publicly  was  a  song, '  Soon  shall  shilling  fear 
assail  thee,'  which  Staudigl  sang  at  F.  Cra- 
mer's farewell  concert  on  27  June  1844. 
About  the  same  time  he  officiated  as  organist 
in  a  dis8entin|[  chapel  in  London,  and  re- 
ceived instruction  from  Stemdale  Bennett. 
Apparentlv  on  Bennett's  recomm^idation, 
he  studied  at  the  Leipng  Conservatorium 
from  20  May  1846  until  24  June  1846.  He 
was  one  of  seven  specially  selected  pianoforte 
pupils  of  Mendelssohn,  with  whom  he  also 
studied  coinposition,  and  whose  intimacy  he 
enjoyed.  His  studies  with  Hauptmann  laid 
the  foundation  of  his  great  theoretical  know- 
ledffe,  and  from  Plaidy  he  received  the  finest 
traditions  of  pianoforte  technique. 

On  his  return  to  England  he  lived  for  some 
time  with  his  mother  in  London,  and  was 
successful  as  a  pianist  and  teacher.  In  con- 
nection with  a  series  of '  W  ednesday  concerts ' 
he  came  into  contact  with  Braham  and  other 
famous  singers,  from  whom  he  aoqmired  the 
best  vocal  traditions  of  that  day.  He  wrote 
at  the  period  a  number  of  beautiful  songs, 
some  of  which,  such  as  '  Queen  and  Hun- 
tress '  and  '  A  jewel  for  m  v  lad^s  ear,'  be- 
came in  a  sort  dassicaL    He  edited  for  the 


Rockstro 


77 


Rodd 


finn  of  Boosej  &  Co.  a  series  of  operas  in 
Toctl  9Con,  under  tlie  title  of  'The  Standard 
Lnie  Drama,'  which  were  the  earliest  to  be 
poblnhed  at  moderate  price,  and  which  con- 
ttioedtheTaluable  innovation  of  noting  pro- 
minent  orchestFal  effects  abore  the  pianoforte 
urt.  For  many  years  Rockstro  was  chiefly 
EDowB  to  the  musical  world  as  the  composer 
of  pianoforte  fantasias,  transcriptions,  and 
dnwiD^room  pieces,  which  he  continued  to 
prodooe  after  tie  left  London  for  Torquay, 
a  cbm  made  on  account  of  his  own  and 
his  mother^s  health.  He  also  enjoyed  a  hiirh 

waooforte,  and  firom  1867  was  organist  and 
hoBomy  precentor  at  All  Saints  Church, 
Babbaeombe.  On  the  death  of  his  mother  in 
1876,  he  openly  joined  the  church  of  Rome. 

On  musical  aich»ology  Rockstro  ulti- 
matelj  eonoentrated  most  of  his  attention , 
tad  in  tliat  branch  of  the  art  he  soon  had  no 
mil  aaoBg  his  contemporaries.  His  '  Fes- 
tiTal  Mter  adapted  to  the  Ghregorian  Tones,' 
with  T.  F.  Rayenshaw  (1863),  and  '  Accom- 
paajing Harmonies  to  the  Ferial  Psalter' 
(IM),  did  much  to  promote  the  intelligent 
atad?  of  ancient  church  music.  Two  ex- 
laipfea  mar  be  giyen  of  his  insight  into 
the  oiethods  and  style  of  the  great  Italian 
eonti^aiiitists,  and  more  especially  of  Pales- 
tnaa.  A  composition  which  he  sent  in 
uMBjBoosly  to  a  competition  held  by  the 
Midnf^l  Sdoety  about  1883  was  so  closely 
noddled  upon  Flalestrina's  work  that  the 
prendingjudfle  rejected  it  on  the  ground 
that  it  most  hare  been  literally  copied.  It 
is  the  beautiful  madriffal  'O  too  cruel  fair.' 
peihapB  the  best  example  of  Rockstro's  wora 
u  a  eofmpoaer.  On  another  occasion,  in 
icmnga  sacred  work  by  Palestrina,  an  hiatus 
rfeonSderable  length  was  discovered  in  one 
of  the  only  set  ik  parts  then  known  to  exist 
m  Sngltiid.  Tfa»  mis^g  portion  was  con- 
JNtatally  restored  by  Rockstro,  and  on  the 
diKovBiy  of  a  complete  copy  the  restoration 
vu  foand  to  represent  the  original  exactly. 

Bat  Rockstro  8  deep  and  practical  know- 
kdgeof  the  ancient  methods  of  composition, 
of  nodal  oounteipoint,  and  of  the  artistic 
conditions  of  du  tunes,  was  only  imperfectly 
tvned  to  aeoonnt — ^in  some  usenil  little 
naaoals  on  harmony  (1881)  and  counter- 
Pjnit  (1882) — until  the  publication  of  Sir 
^^oijgB  Grorre's  '  Dictionaiy  of  Music  and 
Motieians,'  to  which  he  contributed  many 
ntidM  on  saljects  conneeted  with  eode- 
aaAieal  music  and  the  archaoloffical  side  of 
nanc  In  1886  Roekitvo  vnblished  a  valu- 
tUe'Geneial  History  of  Music,'  and  mno- 
^ved  with  little  sneoess  an  oratorio,  'The 
Good  Shepherd,'  at  the  Qloucester  Festivali 


under  his  own  direction.  His  literary  work 
increased  as  years  went  on,  and  he  finally 
settled  in  London  in  1891,  where,  in  spiUt 
of  failing  health,  he  achieved  not  only  much 
work  as  a  teacher,  but  delivered  lectures 
at  the  Roval  Academy  of  Music  and  the 
Royal  College,  and  was  appointed  at  the 
latter  institution  teacher  of  a  class  for  coun- 
terpoint and  plain-song.  He  died  in  London 
on  2  July  1895. 

Besides  the  writings  already  enumerated, 
and  a  few  short  stories  published  in  1866-8^ 
Rockstro's  chief  works  were:  1.  'A  History 
of  Music  for  Young  Students '  (1879). 
2.  'The  Life  of  George  Frederick  Handel' 
(1883).  3.  *  Mendelssohn'  (Qieat  Musicians 
Series,  1884).     4.  '  Jenny  Lind  the  Artist ' 

Sin  collaboration  with  Canon  Scott  Holland^ 
891;  abridged  edition,  1893).  6.  'Jenny 
Lind,  her  Vocal  Art  and  Culture '  (partly 
reprinted  from  the  biography,  1894). 

[Parish  Registers,  Morden,  Surrey;  Register 
of  the  Leipzig  Gonservatorium,  oommimicated 
by  Herr  G.  Schreek ;  Musical  Herald,  August 
1896;  privata  information;  personid  know- 
ledge.] J.  A.  F.  M. 

RODD,  EDWARD  HEARLE  (1810- 
1880),  omitholoffist,  bom  at  the  vicarage  of 
St.  Just-in-Rosefand,  Cornwall,  on  17  l£urch 
1810,  was  third  son  of  Edward  Rodd,  D.D. 
Q768-1842^,  b^  his  wife  Hariet,  daughter  of 
Charles  Rashleigh,  esq.,  of  Duporth,  Cmnwall. 
He  was  educated  at  Otterv  St.  Mary  school^ 
and  trained  for  the  law,  being  admitted  to 
mactise  as  a  solicitor  in  Trinity  term  1832. 
Early  in  the  following  vear  he  settled  at  Pen- 
sance,  where  he  entered  into  partnership  with 
G^rge  Dennis  John.  On  Jonn's  death  Rodd 
was  joined  bv  one  Drake,  and  after  the  latter*s 
death  the  firm  became  Rodd  &  Cornish. 
Rodd  retired  about  1878.  He  had  also  held 
many  official  posts  in  the  town.  He  was 
town  clerk  from  1847,  clerk  to  the  local  board 
from  1849,  derk  to  the  board  of  guardians 
from  the  passing  of  the  Poor  Law  Act,  and 
superintendent  registrar,  besides  being  head 
distributor  of  stamps  in  Cornwall  from  1844 
to  1867.  He  died  unmarried  at  Penxance  on 
25  Jan.  1880,  and  was  buried  in  the  cemetery 
there. 

Rodd  was  an  ardent  ornithologist,  and 
especially  interested  in  the  question  of  mi- 
gration. He  studied  minutely  the  avifauna 
of  his  county,  and  it  was  ^itirely  due  to  his 
exertion  that  many  a  rare  bird  was  rescued 
from  oblivion,  while  several  species  were 
added  by  him  to  the  list  of  British  birds. 

Besides  upwards  of  twenty  papers  on  omt- 
thologicsl  matters  contributed  to  the  'Zoo- 
logist,'iJiie  'Ibis,'  and  the  'Journal  of  the 
Royal  Institution  of  Cornwall'  from  1848 


Rodd 


78 


Rodd 


onwajdsi  Itodd  was  author  of:  1.  *  A  List  of 
British  Birds  as  a  Guide  to  the  Omitholo^ 
of  Cornwall/  Svo,  London,  1864 ;  2nd  edit. 
1869.  2.  <  The  Birds  of  Cornwall  and  the 
Scilly  Islands .  .  .  Edited  by  J.  E.  Harting/ 
8vO|  London,  1880.  His  collection  passed 
to  his  nephew,  F.  B.  Rodd,  esq.,  at  Tre- 
bartha  Hall,  Liaunceston. 

[Meoioir  by  J.  £.  Harting,  prefixed  to  Birds 
of  Cornwall ;  Boase  and  Courtney's  Bibl.  Cornnb. 
ii.  680,  and  SuppL  p.  1327 ;  information  kindly 
supplied  by  his  nephew,  F.  B.  Rodd,  esq.,  of 
Trebartha  Hall,  Laanceston ,  Brit.  Mus.  Cat. ; 
Boyal  80c.  CaL]  B.  B.  W. 

*  EODD,THOMAS,the  elder  (1763-1822), 
bookseller,  bom  in  Bow  Street,  Covent 
Garden,  London,  17  Feb.  1763,  was  the  son 
of  Charles  Rodd  of  Liverpool  and  Alicante  in 
Spain.  He  was  educated  at  the  Charter- 
house and  afterwards  in  France.  For  three 
years  he  was  in  his  fatjbier's  counting-office 
.at  Alicante,  where  he  acquired  a  taste^  for 
Spanish  literature.  Li  1794  he  received 
from  the  Society  of  Arts  their  first  premium 
of  20/.  for  oaier-plantine  {TranMotiona,  idi. 
136^2).  He  sold  a  small  property  at  Walt- 
ham  St.  Lawrence,  Berkshire,  and  started 
a  manufactory  of  imitation  precious  stones 
at  Sheffiehl  in  18(^-5,  and  about  1809 
opened  a  bookseller's  shop  in  Great  Newport 
Street,  London.  The  excise  officials  inter- 
fered with  the  working  of  his  glass  furnaces. 
He  subsequently  gave  up  the  mfuaufactozy  and 
^confined  himself  to  booKsellin^  and  amateur 
autiiorship.  He  was  a  facile  writer  of  sermons. 
Charles  Iknight  acknowledged  obligation  to 
his  wide  acquaintance  with  early  English 
literature  {Tictoriai  Shaketpeare,  1867,  iv. 
812),  and  J.  P.  Collier  refers  to  him  '  as  cele- 
brated for  his  knowledge  of  books  as  for  his 
fairness  in  dealing  with  them '  {BibL  Aeoountf 
1866,  YoL  i,  pref.  p.  x).  He  retired  from- busi- 
ness in  1821. 

He  died  at  ClothaU  End,  near  Baldock,  on 
27  Nov.  1822,  aged  59,  He  was  twice  mar- 
ried, first  to  Elizabeth  Inskip,  by  whom  he 
had  two  sons,  Thomas  (1796-1849),  who 
.aueceeded  in  the  business ;  and  Horatio  (see 
below).  By  a  second  wife,  who  survived 
him,  he  had  three  children.  A  portrait  from 
a  pencil  sketch  by  A.  Wivell  is  remroduoed 
by  Nichols  {lUtutratioiu  of  I*t,  Mist,  viii. 
-678). 

He  wrote:  L  'The  Theriad,  an  heroic 
comic  Poem,'  London,  1790,  sm.  8vo.  2. '  The 
Battle  of  Copenhagen,  a  Poem,'  1798, 6m.8vo. 
8.  'Zuma,  a  Tragedy  translated  from  the 
French  of  Le  F^vre,'  1800, 8vo.  4. '  Ancient 
ballads  from  the  Civil  Wars  of  Granada  and 
the  twelve  Peers  of  France,'  1801,  8vo  (also 
with  new  title,  1803).  5.  'Elegy  on  Francis, 


Duke  of  Bedford,'  1802,  4to.  6.  <The  Civil 
Wars  of  Granada,  by  G.  Perez  de  Hitft,'  1803, 
8vo  (only  the  first  volume  published). 
7. '  Elegiac  Stanzas  on  C.  J.Fox,^1806,  4to. 
8.  *  Translation  of  W.  Bowles's  *'  Treatise  on 
Merino  Sheep," '  1811,  4to.  9.  '  Sonnets, 
Odes,  Songs,  and  Ballads,'  1814,  8vo. 
10.  '  Ode  on  the  Bones  of  T.  Paine,'  1819, 
8vo.  11.  'Original  Letters  from  Lord 
Charlemont,  &c,'  1820,  4to.  12.  <  Defence 
of  the  Veracity  of  Moses  by  Philobiblos,' 
1820,  8vo.  13.  <  Sermon  on  the  Holy 
Trinity,'  1822,  4to. 

Thomas  Bopd,  the  younger  (1796-1849), 
eldest  son  of  the  above^  was  bom  on  9  Oct. 
1796,  at  Waltham  St.  Lawrence,  Berkshire. 
At  an  early  age  he  received  an  injury  to  his 
knee  in  his  father's  manufactory^  and  after- 
wards helped  in  the  bookselling  business  in 
Great  Newport  Street,  London,  which  he 
took  over  in  182L  In  1832  he  circulated  a 
'Statement'  with  reference  to  a  brawl  in 
Piccadilly  in  which  he  was  involved.  He 
wrote  'Traditionary  Anecdotes  of  Shake- 
speare '  (1833,  8vo),  and  printed  in  1845  a 
'Narrative  of  the  Proceedings  instittuted  in 
the  Court  of  Common  Pleas  against  Mr.  T. 
Rodd  for  the  purpose  of  wresting  from  him  a 
certain  manuscript  roll  under  pretence  of  its 
beinff  a  document  of  the  court.  His  memory 
and  Knowledge  of  books  were  remarkable, 
and  hiS'  catalogues,  especially  those  of 
Americana^  are  still  sougnt  after.  He  was 
much  esteemed  by  Grenville.  Douce  left 
him  a  legacy  in  toKen  of  regard,  and  Camp- 
bell specially  complimented  him  in  the 
'  Lives  of  the  Chancellors.'  He  was  married, 
but  left  no  children,  and  died  at  Great 
Newport  Street  on  23  April,  in  his  fifty- 
third  year. 

HoBATio  BoDD  (Ji,  1859),  second  son  of 
Thomas  Bodd,  the  elder,  after  helping  his 
father,  went  into  the  bookselling  business 
with  his  brother,  but  on  a  dissolution  of 

Sartnership  was  for  ma^  years  a  picture- 
ealer  ana  nrintseller  in  London.  He  after- 
wards Uvea  in  Philadelphia.  He  wrote: 
1.  '  Opinions  of  Learned  Men  on  the  Bible,' 
London,  1839,  sm*  8vo.  2. '  Bemarks  on  the 
Chandos  Portrait  of  Shakespeare,'  1849,  8vo. 
3.  'Catalogue  of  rare  Books  and  Prints  illua- 
trative  of  Shakespeare,'  1850, 8vo.  4 '  Cata- 
logue of  all  the  Pictures  of  J.  M.  W  Turner/ 
1^7,  8vo.  6. '  Letters  between  P.  Cunningu 
ham  and  H.  Bodd  on  the  Chandos  Portrait,' 
1858, 8vo,  and  various  catalogues  of  portraite 
(1824, 1827, 1831). 

[Oent.  Mag.  1849  i.  658-^  (memoir  by  Horatio 
Bodd) ;  Nichols's  lUvstratiom  of  Lit  Hist.  viii. 
846,  678-80 ;  Alltbone's  Dictionary,  ii.  1846-6.1 

H.R.T. 


Roddam 


» 


Roden 


BOPDAM,  BOBERT  (1719-1808),  ad- 
mizajlf  bom  Ia  1719,  was  second  son  of  Edward 
Boddam  of  Roddam,  near  Alnwick,  where 
the  fimify  waa  long  settled.  Bobert  entered 
the  navy  in  1735  on  board  the  Lowestoft, 
stfring  on  the  West  India  station  for  five 
years.  He  was  afterwards  for  short  periods 
m  Uke  Buflselly  Cumberland,  and  Boyne,  was 
at  the  attack  on  Carta^na  in  March- April 
1741,  sad  the  occupation  of  Guatanamo  or 
Cumberland  harbour.  On  3  Nor.  1741  he 
vas  momoted  lieutenant  of  the  Superbe, 
with  Captain  William  Harvey,  who,  on  the 
ship's  retom  to  England  in  Aug.  1742,  was, 
mamly  on  Boddun^  evidence,  cashiered  for 
cruelty  and  neglect  of  duty.  Boddam  was 
then  appointed  to  the  Monmouth,  with  Cap- 
tain Cfharlea  Wyndham,  and  for  the  next 
four  years  was  engaged  in  active  cruising  on 
the  eoaat  of  France,  and  as  far  south  as  the 
Canazy  Islands.  On  7  June  1746  he  was 
promoted  to  command  the  Viper  sloop,  then 
building  at  Poole.  She  was  launched  on 
11  Jane,  and  on  26  July  she  joined  the  fleet 
at  Spithead.  Boddam*s  enexgy  and  seaman- 
ship attracted  the  notice  of  Anson,  then  in 
ooaiBiand  of  the  Channel  fleet,  with  whom, 
and  afterwards  with  Sir  Peter  Warren  [q.  v.], 
he  continofid  till  9  July  1747.  He  was  then 
advamosd  to  post  raiut  in  consequence  of 
Wanen*s  hi^pi  commendation  of  the  gal- 
lantry and  slall  with  which  he  had  gone  into 
Cedeuo  Bay,  near  Cape  Ortegal,  stormed  a 
battery,  destroyed  the  guns,  burnt  twenty- 
eight  merchant  ships,  and  brought  away  five 
toff^her  with  a  Spaiush  privateer. 

He  waa  then  appointed  to  the  Ghrey  hound, 

emplojed  in  the  iXorth  Sea  till  the  peace,  and 

aftennirda  at  New  York  tiU  1751.    In  1763 

be  conmandad  the  Bristol  guardship  at  Plv- 

mooA,  and  in  1756  was  appointea  to  the 

Gieemwieh  of  60  guns  for  service  in  the 

Weet  Indies,  where,  off  Cape  Cabron,  on 

16  March  1767,  the  ship  was  captured  h^  a 

squadron  of  eifht  French  ships,  includmg 

two  shipe  of  the  line  and  a  laige  frigate. 

Roddam  was  sent  to  Cape  Fran^ais,  but  in 

July  was  sent  to  Jamaica  on  parole.    On 

being  tried  by  court-martial  for  the  loss  of 

hia  ship  he  was  honourably  acquitted,  and 

rctomed  to  England  in  a  packet.    When  at 

list  exchanged,  he  was  appointed  to  the  60- 

guB  riiip  C^lehestsr,  attached  to  the  fleet 

with  Ebwke  en  the  coast  of  France.    He 

joined  her  on  7  Dec.  1760.    In  1760  he  went 

to  St.  Helena  in  charge  of  oonvov,  and  on 

his  retam  the  Colchester  was  paid  off.    In 

l>eceBBber  1770  he  waa  appointed  to  the 

LeDnoQc,  which,  after  the  dispute  with  Spain 

iboat  the  Falkland  ^f^^^-n^  was  happily  ar- 

nagsd,  lie  commanded,  as  a  goaroship  at 


Portsmouth,  till  the  end  of  1773.  In  1776> 
on  the  death  of  his  elder  brother  Edward,  he 
succeeded  to  the  Boddam  estates.  In  1777 
he  commanded  the  Comwsll  at  Portsmouth. 
On  23  Jan.  1778  he  became  rear-admiral  of 
the  white,  afterwards  commander-in-chief  at 
the  Nore  till  the  end  of  the  war,  and  on 
19  March  1779  vice-admiral  of  the  hlue. 
During  the  Spanish  armament  in  1790  his 
flag  flew  at  Spithead  on  board  the  Boyal 
William.  He  had  no  further  employment. 
He  became  admiral  of  the  blue  on  1  Feb. 
1798.  He  died  at  Morpeth  on  31  March  1808, 
being  then  senior  admiral  of  the  red.  He 
was  three  times  married,  but  left  no  issue, 
and  the  estates  went  by  his  will  to  William 
Spencer  Stanhope,  great-grandson  of  his  first 
cousin  Mar^,  wife  of  Edmrard  CoUingwood. 
His  portrait  was  engraved  in  1789  hy  H. 
Hudson  after  L.  F.  Abbot  (Bboklst). 

[Naval  GhroDide,  is.  263,  six.  470 ;  Cbar- 
nock*s  Bio|r.  Nav.  vi.  6a ;  Ofi&cial  lettan.  &&, 
in  the  Pablie  Record  Ofllce.  Tha  psiuted  minutss 
of  the  coart«mftrtial  are  searee.  GeoU  Mjig. 
1808,  i.  371;  European  Mag.  1808,  i.  314; 
Burke's  Commoners,  i.  675.]  J.  K.  L. 

BODEN,  Eabls  of.  [See  JooxtTir,  Bo- 
BBBT,  first  eari,  1781-1797;  Jogbltn, 
BoBBBT,  third  earl,  178^-1870.] 

BODEN,  WILLIAM  THOMAS  (1817- 
1892),  portrait-painter,  was  bom  in  Bradford 
Street}  Birmingham,  in  1817,  and  appren- 
ticed to  Mr.  Tye,  an  engraver,  who  married 
an  elder  sister.  Subsequently,  on  Tje's  re- 
commendation, he  removed  to  London  to 
become  apprentice  to  George  Thomas  DoOy 
B.A.  He  continued  to  practise  engraving 
for  about  ten  years — his  most  important  w;orE 
being  after  Bubens's  portrait  of  himself — and 
then  wholly  abandoned  it  for  portrait-paint- 
ing. '  He  soon  returned  to  Birminffham, 
which  he  thenceforth  rarely  left.  As  he 
succeeded  in  producing  very  good  likenoBes, 
Bodeii  obtained  plenty  of  employment  thefp. 
In  the  Birmingham  council  house,  among 
other  portraits  ^7  Boden,  there  is  one  of 
W.  £.  Oladstone ;  in  the  Art  QaUery  por- 
traits of  Cardinal  John  Henry  Newman 
[q.  v.],  Samuel  Lines  [q.  v.],  the  painter  sad 
engraver,  Peter  HoUins  [see  under  Hoxlikb, 
WiLuaH],  the  sculptori  and  John  Henry 
Ghamberlaini  the  architect;  and  at  Aston 
HaU  portraits  of  Dr.  Lloyd  and  Sir  John 
Batdiff.  Other  portraits  sre  in  the  General 
Hospital^  and  for  Sakley  College  he  painted 
a  portrait  of  George  William,  fourth  lord 
Lyttelton  [q.  v.]  He  also  painted  two  por- 
traits of  Lord  Palmerston  mm  life.  Boden's 
work  was  chiefly  confined  to  his  native  town 
and  its  neighbourhood.    He  died  on  Christ- 


Roderic 


80 


Rodger 


mas  day  1892yat  the  house  of  his  sister,  Mrs. 
Tje,  in  Handsworth ,  after  a  long  illness.  He 
married  twice,  and  left  children  W  hoth 
wiyes.  He  rarely  exhibited  at  the  London 
exhibitions. 

[Birmineham  Post,  12  Dee.  1892;  Grayes's 
Diet,  of  Artists,  1760-1893 ;  information  from 
Whitworth  Wsllis,  esq.,  F.S.A.]  L.  C. 

EODERIO  THB  Gbeat  (<f.  877),  Welsh 
Isin^^.    [See  Rhodri  Mawr.] 

RODERIC  O'CONNOR  (1116-11©8), 
king  of  Ireland.    [See  O'Conkob.] 

RODERICK,RIOHARD  (rf.  1756),  critic 
and  versifier,  a  native  of  Cambridgeshire,  was 
admitted  pensioner  of  Queens*  College,  Cam- 
bridge, on  20  Dec.  1728,  and  graduated  B.  A. 
in  1732.  He  subsequently  became  a  fellow 
commoner  of  the  college,  and  a  grace  was 
granted  by  the  president  and  fellows  for  him 
to  proceed  to  the  degree  of  M.  A.  on  6  June 
1736.  On  19  Jan.  1742-3  he  was  admitted 
to  a  fellowship  at  Magdalene  College,  Cam- 
bridge, probably  through  the  influence  of 
Edward  Abbot,  the  master  (1740-6),  who 
was  his  cousin.  Roderick  was  elected  F.R.S. 
on  21  June  1750,  and  F.S.A.  on  6  Feb.  1752. 
He  died  on  20  July  1756. 

Roderick  was  the  intimate  Mend  and 
coadjutor  of  Thomas  Edwards  [q.  ▼.]  in  the 
laytter*s  '  Canons  of  Criticism.'  The  '  Shep- 
herd's Farewell  to  his  Love,'  from  Metas- 
tasio,  and  the  riddles  that  follow,  which  are 
inserted  in  Dodsley's  'Collection  of  Poetry' 
(ed.  1766,  ii.  809-21),  are  hj  Roderick,  and 
his  translation  of  K'o.  18  in  the  Odes  of 
Horace,  book  iv.,  is  inserted  in  Duncombe's 
versions  of  Horace  (ii.  248-9).  Edwards  de- 
dicated No.  zxzix.  of  his  sonnets  to  Roderick. 

[Nichols's  IllMtr.  of  Lit.  Hist.  i.  17-18,  24; 
Nichols's  Lit.  Anecd.  ii.  200  ;  Gent.  Mag.  1766 
p.  412, 1780  p.  123,  informatioii  from  Queens' 
and  Magdalene  Colleges.]  W.  P.  0. 

RODES,  FRANCIS  (1580  P-1588),  judge, 
bora  about  1530,  was  son  of  John  Rodes  of 
Staveley  Woodthorpe,  Derbyshire,  by  his  first 
wife,  Attelina,  daughter  of  Thomas  Hewett 
of  Wales  in  the  West  Riding  of  Yorkshire. 
The  family  traced  its  descent  from  Gerard 
de  Rodes,  a  prominent  baron  in  the  v^igi^ 
of  Henry  II.  Francis  was  educated  at  St. 
John's  (College,  Cambridge,  bat  did  not  gra- 
duate. In  1649  he  was  entered  at  Onjfa 
Inn,  and  in  1552  was  called  to  the  bar.  He 
was  Lent  reader  at  his  inn  in  1566,  and 
double  reader  in  1576,  and  seems  to  have 
derived  a  considerable  fortune  from  his  prac- 
tice. In  1578  he  was  raised  to  the  degree 
of  the  coif,  and  on  21  Aug.  1582  he  was 
made  queen's  serjeant.  On  29  June  1585  he 
was  raised  to  the  bench  as  juttioe  of  the 


common  pleas,  and  in  October  1586  he  took 

fart  in  the  trial  of  Mary  Queen  of  Soots  at 
'otheringay.  He  died  towards  the  end  of 
1588  at  Staveley  Woodthorpe.  His  will, 
dated  7  June  1687,  was  proved  on  28  April 
1591;  among  numerous  other  benefactions 
he  made  bequests  to  St.  John's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, and  the  newly  founded  grammar 
school  at  Staveley  Netherthorpe.  His  *  Re- 
ports' were  among  the  manuscript  coUectiona 
of  Sir  John  Majiiard  (1602-1690)  [q.  t.], 
and  are  now  in  Lincoln's  Inn  library  (Hxnr- 
TJSRfCat  of  LinooMs  Inn  MS8.)iLia  prin- 
cipal seat  was  at  Barlborough,  Derbysliire, 
where  he  built  the  hall  which  is  still  stand* 
ing ;  he  also  purchased  extensive  estates 
— %iUingsley,  Durfield,  Great  and  Little 
Houghton,  all  in  Yorkshire. 

Rodes  married,  first,  Elizabeth,  daughter 
of  Brian  Sandford  of  Thorpe  Salvine,  York- 
shire ;  and,  secondly,  Mary,  eldest  daughter 
of  Francis  Charlton  of  Appley  in  Shiopwire. 
Her  sister  Elizabeth  married  John  Manners, 
fourth  earl  of  Rutland,  who  appointed  Rodes 
one  of  his  executors.  Rodes  was  succeeded 
in  the  Barlborough  estates  by  his  eldest  soa 
by  his  first  wife.  Sir  John  Rodes  n.562- 
lo39),  whose  son  Francis  (d.  1646)  was 
created  a  baronet  on  14  Aug.  1641.  The 
title  became  extinct  on  the  death  of  Sir  John 
Rodes,  fourth  baronet,  in  1748.  Darfield 
and  Great  Houghton  passed  to  the  Judge's 
eldest  son  by  his  second  wife,  Sir  Grodney 
Rodes  {d,  1634),  whose  son,  Sir  Edwarcl 
Rodes  (1599-1666),  served  as  sheriff  of  York- 
shire and  colonel  of  horse  under  Cromwell ; 
he  was  also  a  member  of  Cromwell's  privy 
council,  sheriff  of  Perthshire,  and  represented^ 
Perth  in  the  parliaments  of  1656-8  and  1659- 
1660.  Sir  Edward's  sister  Elisabeth  was 
third  wife  of  Thomas  Wentworth,  eari  oi 
Strafford.  Her  portrait,  by  an  unknown 
hand,  belongs  to  the  Earl  of  Crewe,  who 
also  possesses  a  portrait  of  her  father,  Six 
Qodhej  Rodes. 

[Cooper's  AthefueCantabr.  i.  36 ;  Foss's  Judges 
of  England ;  Dngdale's  Orig.  Jorid.  and  Chron. 
Ser. ;  CoUins's  Peerage,  i.  478 ;  AVotton's  Baro- 
netage, ed.  Kimber  and  Johnson,  ii.  266 ;  Barke's 
Extinct  Baronets  and  Landed  Gentiy,  ed.  1871 ; 
Lysons's  Derbyshire ;  Hunter's  South  Yorkshire, 
ii.  129,  180;  Strype's  Annals,  iii.  864;  Foster*^ 
Giay's  Inn  Register,  pp.  z,  20,  and  Members  of 
Pari,  of  Scotland  ;  Familitt  Minorom  Gentium 
(Harl.  Soc.),  pp.  88-9,  683-7 }  Genealogist,  new 
ser.  X.  246-8.]  A.  F.  P. 

RODGER,  ALEXANDER  (1784-1846), 
minor  poet,  son  of  a  farmer,  was  bom  at 
Mid-Calder,  Midlothian,  on  16  July  1784. 
Owing  to  hit  mother's  weak  health  he  was 
boarded  ont  till  he  was  seven  years  of  age. 


Rodger  8i 

when  his  fkther,  who  had  become  an  inn- 
keeper in  Mid-Galder,  took  him  home  and 
pat  him  to  aehooL     Preaently  the  family 
reoMyved  to  Edinboighy  where  Kodser  for  a 
jearwasMijirontieed  toaoilyenmitn.  Busi- 
nem  difieultiee  then  ocmstrained  the  father 
to  go  to  Himlnizg,  and  Rodger  settled  with 
Tmtma  of  his  mother  in  the  east  end  of 
Glasgow.    Here  he  began  handloom  wear* 
ing  in  1 797.    In  1803  he  joined  the  Glasgow 
l>;giiUii«i  Tolunteers,  with  which  regiment, 
ai^  SDOCher  formed  from  it,  he  was  asso- 
eaated  fer  nine  years.    After  his  mamage 
in  1806  he  lived  in  Bridgeton,  then  a  suburb 
of  Glaigowy  wbera  he  prosecuted  his  trade, 
tad  aJso  composed  and  taught  music.    For- 
saking his  loom  in  1819,  he  joined  the  staff 
ofaGlainow  weekly  news^per,  *  The  Spirit 
of  thsl&<m.'    The  seditious  temper  of  the 
pablicatian  soon  iny^^yed  it  in  ruin,  and  the 
editor  was  tnmsported  for  life.  Returning  to 
his  trsde,  Rodger  was  shortly  afterwards  im- 
pxisQoed  as  a  auspected  person ;  during  his 
confiiMaent  he  continued  to  compose  and 
sing  leyolotionary  lyrics. 

Li  1821  Rodger  became  inspector  of  the 
cloths  used  fat  printing  and  dyeinj^  in  Bar* 
lowfield  nnnt-works,  Glasffow.  This  post  he 
retuned  inreJeyen  years.  During  this  period 
he  canapleted  some  of  his  best  literary  work, 
and   manifested    a    useful    public    spirit, 
secuiiag  in  one  instance  the  permanence  of 
an  important  rudit  of  way  on  the  Clyde 
near  GJasgow.    designing  his  inspectorship 
in  1832,  he  was  for  a  few  months  manager 
of  a  fineod's  pawnbroldng  business.    Then 
lor  aboat  a  year  he  was  reader  and  local  re« 
porter    for  the  'Glasgow  Chronicle,'  after 
vhieh  he  had  a  short  engagement    on    a 
vcekly  radical  paper.    FinaUy  he  obtained 
t  stnation- on    tke  'Reformer's  Gazette' 
vhich  he  held  tiU  his  death.    In  1836,  at  a 
public  dinner  in  his  honour,  under  the  pre- 
cideney  of  Frotesor  Wilson,  admirers  of 
widdy  different  political  yiews  presented 
him  with  a  ailyer  box  filled  with  soyeieigns. 
He  died  <m  36  Sept.  1846,  and  was  buried 
m  Glai^w  secropons.    A  handsome  menu* 
meat  at  his  graye  has  an  appropriate  inscrip- 
oonby  WillMun  Keonedy  (1799-1871)  [q.y.1 
In  1806  Rodger  married  Agnes  Turner,  and 
sereial  meoibers  of  their  large  family  emi- 
grated to  America. 

Hkeoonectioii  with  the  highland  yolun- 
teen  gaye  Rodger  opportunities  of  obserying 
C^tie  diaraetery  and  prompted  witty  yerses 
rt  the  expense  of  comrades.  One  of  his 
eadiest  sesioos  poems  is  deyoted  to  Boliyar 
ca  the  Geeasion  of  the  slaye  emancipation  in 
1816.  CoUeetiaBS  of  Rodger's  lyrics  ap- 
petRd  in  1821  ('Scotch  I'oetry:  Songs, 
T<iL  xyn. 


Rodney 


Odes,  Anthems,  and  Epigrams,'  London, 
8yo),  in  1827  ('  Peter  Comclips,  with  other 
Poems  and  Songs,'  Glasgow,  12mo),  and 
1888  ('Poems  and  Songs,  Humorous  and 
Satirical,'  Glasgow,^  IsSio),  and  a  small 
yolume  of  his  political  effusions  was  pub- 
lished later,  under  the  title  of  Stray  Leayes 
from  the  Portfolios  of  Alisimder  the  Seer, 
Andrew  Whaup,  and  Humphrey  Henkeckle ' 
(Glasgow,  1842,8yo).  Somewhat  uaijolished, 
Rodger's  yerses,  humorous  or  sentimental, 
are  always  easy  and  yifiorous.  He  is  at  his 
best  in  the  humorous  aescriptiye  lyric,  and 
in  his  'Robin  Tamson's  Smiddy^  he  has 
made  a  permanent  contribution  to  Scottish 
song.  One  of  his  pieces, '  Behaye  yourself 
before  Folk,'  was  quoted  with  approyal  in 
one  of  the  uncollected '  Noctes  Ambrosianis.' 
Rodger  assisted  the  publisher,  Dayid  Robert- 
son kL  y.],  in  editing  some  of  the  early  series 
of  'Whistle  Binkie'  (1889-46),  a  Gla^w 
anthology  of  contemporary  Scottish  lyrics. 

[Whistle  Btnkio,  yol.  i.  ed.  1878;  Rogers's 
Modem  Scottish  Minstrel ;  MsekAy's  Throegfi 
the  Long  Day ;  Heddenrick's  Backward  Olanoes.] 

T.B. 

RODINGTON,  JOHN  (d.  1348),  Fran- 
ciscan, was  probably  a  natiye  of  Rudding- 
ton,  Nottinghamshire.  He  was  educated  at 
Oxford,  where  he  graduated  D.D.,  and  at 
Paris  (BuDiNszxr,  Die  Univernt&t  Paris 
und  die  Fremden  an  derselben  im  Mittelalter, 
1876,  p.  92).  Entering  the  Franciscan  order, 
he  was  attached  to  the  conyent  of  Stamford, 
and  subseq^uently  became  nineteenth  pro- 
yincial  minister  of  the  order  in  England.  He 
died  in  1848,  probably  of  the  plague,  at  Bed- 
ford, where  he  was  buried.  He  was  author 
of:  1.  'Joannes  Rodinchon  in  librum  i. 
Sententiarum;'  the  manuscript  is  not  known 
to  be  extant,  but  it  was  printed  by  Joannes 
Picardus  in  his  'Thesaurus  Theologorum,'^ 
160S.  2.  '  Johannis  de  Rodynton  Determi- 
nationes  Theologies,'  extant  at  Munich  in 
Bibl.  Regis,  Cod.  Lat.  22023,  which  also^ 
contains  S. '  Quiestiones  super  (^uartum  li- 
brum Sententiarum.'  4.  'Qujestiones  super 
Quodlibeta,'  extant  in  Bruges  MS.  No.  6(&. 

[MoQumenta  Franciscana,  i.  638,  554,  660;: 
Wadding,  p.  163,  and  Sbaralea, j>.  468;  Pits,p^ 
462;  Bale,  yi.  27;  Fabricius^s  Bibl.  Med.  JRvi 
Latinitatis,  iy.  864;  Tanner's  Bibl.  Brit.-Hib.; 
Little's  Qrey  Friars  in  Oxford,  pp.  171, 174.1 

A.  F.  P. 

RODNEY,  GEORGE  BRYDGES,  first 
Babok  Rodnst  (171^1792),  admiral,  second 
son  of  Henry  Rodney,  was  baptised  in  the 
church  of  St.  Giles-in-the  Fields,  London,  on 
13  Feb.  1718-19.  His  grandfather.  Anthony 
Rpdney,  son  of  George,  youngest  brother  of 


Rodfaey 


8a 


Rodney 


Sir  Edward  Rodney  of  Stoke  Rodney  in  So- 
menet,  after  servmg  through  the  wan  of 
William  III  aa  captain  in  Oolonel  Leigh's 
recriment  of  dragoons,  was  in  17021ietttenant- 
colond  of  Holt's  regiment  of  marines,  and 
was  Ulled  in  a  duel  at  Barcelona  in  1706. 
Anthony's  brother  Qeorge  served  during  the 
reign  of  William  III  as  a  captain  of  marines, 
and  died  in  1700.  Henry  Rodney  (1681- 
1737),  son  of  Anthony,  served  with  his  father 
as  a  comet  in  Leigh's  draffoons,  and  after- 
wards as  a  captain  m  Holt^  marines.  The 
regiment  was  disbanded  in  1718^  and  Henry 
settled  down  at  Walton-on-Thames  and  mar- 
ried Mary,  elder  daughter  and  ccdiairess  of  Sir 
Henry  iJewton  ri651- 1716)  [a. v.]  (Mttndt  j 
iniormationkindlysupplied  by  Colonel  Edye). 
The  stoxy  that  he  was  captam  of  the  king  s 
^aoht  is  unsupported  by  evidence,  and  is  in 
Itself  improbable.  That  the  king  was  god- 
father to  young  Rodney  is  possible,  but  George 
was  already  a  &mily  name;  Brydges,  lus 
second  christian  name,  commemorated  the 
relationship  of  his  family  with  that  of  James 
Brydges  (arterwards  duke  of  Chandos)  [q.  v.]» 
to  whom  the  Stoke  Rodney  estates  naa  de- 
scended by  the  marriage  of  Sir  Edward 
Rodney's  aaughter  and  heiress. 

George  Brydges  Rodney  is  said  (Ooluns, 
Peerage^  ed.  brydges,  vii.  561)  to  have  been 
brought  up  as  a  chUd  by  George  Brydffes 
of  Ayingtbn  and  Eeynsham.  He  was  also 
for  a  short  time  at  Harrow,  and  entered 
the  navy  in  July  1782  as  a  volunteer  per 
order,  or  kind's  letter-boy,  on  board  the 
Sunderland  ox  60  ffuns,  with  Cantain  Ro- 
bert Man.  In  May  1788  he  joined  the  Dread- 
nought with  Captain  Alexander  Geddes,  who, 
in  December  Iv  84,  was  superseded  by  Cap- 
tain Henry  Medley  [q.  v.]  In  July  1789  he 
joined  the  Somerset  of  80  ffuns,  flagship  of 
Rear-admiral  Nicholas  Haddock  [q.v.],  by 
whom,  on  29  Oct.,  he  was  promoted  to  be 
lieutenant  of  the  Dolphin  mfate,  with  his 
uncle,  Lord  Aubrey  J3eaucle&  [q*v>]  In 
1741  he  was  lieutenant  of  the  Essex,  one  of 
the  fleet  in  the  Channel,  under  Sir  John 
Norris  (1660-1749)  [q.  v.],  and  in  1742  went 
out  to  the  Mediterranean  with  Admiral 
Mathews,  by  whom,  on  9  Nov.,  he  was  pro- 
moted to  be  captain  of  the  Plymouth  of  CK) 
ffuns,  then  under  orders  for  England.  On 
nis  arrival  his  commission  as  captain  was 
confirmed  without  his  passing  through  the 
intermediate  grade  of  commander. 

In  SeptemMr  1748  Rodney  was  appointed 
to  the  Sheemees,  a  24-ffun  frigate,  from 
which,  in  October  1744,  he  was  moved  to 
the  Ludlow  Castle,  employed  during  the 
following  year  in  the  North  Sea  under  the 
otden  0?  Admiral  Edward  Vernon  [q*  v.] 


In  Deoombsr  1745  he  was  appointed  to  the 
new  60-gun  ship  Eagle.  During  1746  he 
was  for  we  most  part  employed  m  cnusing 
off  the  south  coast  of  Ir^and  for  the  pro- 
tection of  trade ;  in  1747  he  was  with  Com- 
modore Fox  in  a  successful  and  lucrative 
cruise  to  the  westward,  and  had  a  brilliant 
share  in  the  defeat  of  the  French  fleet  under 
L'Etendudre  on  14  Oct.  [see  Hawkb,  Ed- 
WABD,  Lord].  He  afterwards  complained 
that  at  a  critical  period  in  the  action  he  had 
not  been  properly  supported  b^  Fox,  who, 
on  his  representations,  was  tned  for  mis- 
conduct and  dismissed  from  Ids  command* 
After  the  peace  in  1748  Rodney  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  40-gun .  ship  Rainbow  as 
governor  of  Newfoundland,  and  with  secret 
orders  to  support  the  colonists  against  the 
encroachments  of  the  French  in  Nova  Scotia. 
The  Rainbow  was  paid  off  in  the  autumn  of 
1762,  and  during  the  followiiu^  years  Rodney 
successively  commanded  the  I^t,  Fougueux, 
Prince  George,  and  Mbnarque,  as  guardships 
at  Portsmouth.  In  December  17o6  he  was 
in  London  on  leave,  and  although  he  was 
ordered  to  return  to  sit  on  the  court-martial 
on  Admiral  John  Byng  [q.  v.],  his  attendance 
was  excused  on  the  score  of '  a  violent  biUous 
colic'  With  equal  good  fortune  he  was 
moved  to  the  Dublin  in  Fdmiary  1757,  a 
very  few  weeks  before  Byng  was  shot.  In 
the  autumn  of  1767  the  l^ublin  was  one  of 
the  fleet  with  Hawke  in  the  abortive  expe- 
dition to  the  Basque  Roads,  and  in  1768  was 
with  Boscawen  on  the  coast  of  Nortii  Ame- 
rica, but,  being  very  sickly,  she  was  left  at 
HaHfax  when  the  fleet  sailed  fur  tihe  redao 
tion  of  Louisbourff. 

On  19  May  1759  Rodney  was  promoted  to 
the  rank  of  rear*admiral,  and  at  once  ap- 
pointed, with  lus  flag  in  the  Achilles,  to  the 
command  of  a  squadron  including  several 
bomb-ketches,  with  which,  on  4,  5,  and 
6  July,  he  bombarded  Havre,  destroyinff  the 
stores  and  flat-bottomed  boats  prepared  for 
the  contemplated  invasion  of  England.  He 
continued  off  Havre  during  the  rest  of  the 
year,  and  again  during  1760,'  and  in  1701 
went  out  to  the  West  indies  as  commandeir- 
in-chief  on  the  Leeward  Islands  station,wlien. 
in  concert  with  a  large  land  force,  he  reduoed 
Martinique  in  February  1762,  and  took  pos- 
session of  St.  Lucia,  Grenada,  and  St.  V  in- 
cent.  On  21  Oct.  1762  he  was  advanced  to 
the  rank  of  vioe-admirai  In  August  1763 
he  returned  to  Enffland,  and  on  21  Jan. 

1764  was  created  a  oatonet.    In  November 

1765  he  was  appointed  ^[ovemor  of  Green* 
wieh  Hospital,  and  during  the  Ave  years 
that  he  held  this  appointment  is  said  to  haxe 
suggested  and  insisted  on  several  measures 


Rodney 


^$ 


Rodney 


coadaei^  to  th»  fioaifort  ftxkd  weU-beiog  of 
the  peoskmeta. 

Suiee  1761  he  had  had  a  seat  in  the  House 
of  Ooamona  as  a  nominee  of  the  sovem* 
meat  or  the  Duke  of  Newcastle  for  Saltash, 
nkehaaptoiit  or  Peoryn.  At  the  election 
of  1768  ne  was  thrown  on  his  own  resources, 
iad  imeenting  his  election  for  Northampton 
14  said  to  have  expended  30,0002.  He  was 
not  A  irealthy  man,  and  this,  added  to  social 
eitiBTigince,  completed  his  pecuniary  ruin. 
Karij  in  1771,  dierefore,  on  the  prospect  of 
t  wir  with  Spain,  ha  rery  readily  accepted 
the  coounand  at  Jamaica,  hoping  that  he 
aigfat  also  retain  his  appointment  at  Green^* 
vieh,  as  had,  indeed,  heen  usual.  Lord 
Siadwich,  howerer,  refused  to  allow  this,  and 
M  the  difference  with  Spain  was  peaceably 
inaaged,  Rodney  retiurned  to  England  in  the 
ionuDer  of  1774  no  richer  than  when  he 
went  OQt,  and  milch  disffusted  with  the 
■iiuatry  whieh  had  refused  to  appoint  him 
gorernor  of  Jamaica.  He  had  been  nomi* 
natednaiHuhairal  of  Great  Britain  in  Aug^t 
ir71,  hat  for  some  reason  the  emoluments 
of  the  office  had  not  been  paid  to  him.  He 
Bov  foaad  himself  so  pressed  by  his  liabilities 
m  Eogjbad  that  he  retired  to  France  in 
the  beginning  of  1776,  and  for  the  next 
&«t  jean  or  more  lived  in  Paris ;  but,  £ar 
froa  eewiomifring,  he  increased  his  indebted- 
Bos,  tsd,  when  the  war  with  England  was 
on  the  point  of  breaking  out,  he  was  unable 
to  leafe  France.  There  was  more  due  to 
^  as  leamadmiral  of  Great  Britain  than 
would  have  cleared  him  twice  over ;  but,  in 
hii  thnaos,  the  navy  board  refused  to  pay 
it,  aod  he  was  only  relieved  fiom  his  em* 
bunaoDeBt  by  the  friendly  interposition  of 
tk  Martchal  de  Biron,  who  advanced  him 
ne  tiKNuand  looia,  and  thus  enabled  him  to 
Rtam  to  England  in  May  1778  (Mondt,  i. 
IdO).  The  often  repeated  but  incredible  and 
^Apported  story  that  Biron  was  commis* 
M»d  b  J  the  French  kinff  to  offer  him  a  high 
^(ttnand  in  the  French  fleet  is  contradicted 
by  fiodney's  letter  to  his  wife  of  6  May  (ib,) 

Bodn^  Ktumed  full  of  bitterness  against 
^wich,  who,  as  first  lord  of  the  admi- 
nlty,  abodd,  he  thought,  have  ordered  the 
v^  boaid  to  satisfy  his  just  claims.  Sand- 
«  an  equal  resentment  against 


wid 

^<^.  The  latter  ^  been  promotedto  the 
nak  of  admiral  on  29  Jan.  1778,  but  it  was 
^  till  towards  the  close  of  1779,  when  no 
^^  officer  of  standing  and  repute  wouhi  ac* 
ttpt  a  eoounand  under  his  government,  that 
^^>^wh  offered  Bodney  the  command  of 
^fiect  OB  the  Leeward  Islands  station; 
^  Bothiflj  believed  that  even  then  it  was 
«t  tU  direet  desire  of  the  king.    It  appears 


certain  that  at  the  time  and  afterwards  he 
considered  himself  in  a  peculiar  degree  the 
servant  of  the  king.  On  his  wuy  to  the 
West  Indies  he  was  to  relieve  Gibraltar, 
then  closely  blockaded  by  the  Spaniards, 
and  for  this  purpose  took  command  of  a  fleet 
of  twenty-<me  sail  of  the  line,  which,  with 
frigates  and  some  three  hundred  storeships 
and  transports,  sailed  from  Plymouth  Sound 
on  29  Dec.  On  Id  Jan.  1760,  to  the  south- 
ward of  Cape  St.  Vincent,  he  caught  the 
Spanish  squadron  under  Don  Juan  de  Lan* 
^ara,  makm^  its  way  towards  Cadiz  with  a  . 
fresh  westerly  gale.  It  was  of  very  inferior  . 
force,  consisting  of  only  eleven  ships  of  the  '* 
line,  two  of  which  were  nearly  out  of  sight  ^ 
ahead.  Rodney  at  ouoe  grasped  the  situa- 
tion and  ordered  a  general  chase,  the  ships 
to  get  between  the  enemy  and  the  land  and 
to  engage  as  they  came  up  with  them. 
Nig^t  closed  in  as  the  action  bc^n,  and 
through  it  a  fearful  storm  was  raging,  but 
neither  darkness  nor  storm  stayed  the  bril« 
liant  rush  of  tlie  English  fleet,  and  the  com- 
pleteness of  the  result  was  commensurate 
with  the  vigour  of  the  attack.  Of  the  nine 
Spanish  ships  engaged,  two  only  escaped: 
one  was  blown  up,  six  (including  Langara's 
flagship)  were  captured,  and  Gibraltar  was 
relieved  without  tne  possibility  of  hindrance. 
The  disproportion  between  the  forces  was  so 
^reat  as  to  deprive  the  action  of  much  of  its 
interest,  but  tne  peculiar  circumstances  of  it 
-^the  darkness,  the  storm,  and  the  rocks  to 
leeward — enhanced  the  merit  of  Rodney's 
prompt  decision.  At  home  the  victorious 
admiral  was  the  hero  of  tiie  hour,  and  Sand«- 
wich,  with  sublime  impudence,  wrote  to  him, 
'  The  worst  of  my  enemies  now  allow  that 
I  have  pitched  upon  a  man  who  knows  hie 
duty,  and  is  a  brave,  honest,  and  able  officer.^ 
He  was  nominated  an  extra  knight  of  the 
Bath ;  the  city  of  London  presented  him  with' 
the  freedom  of  the  city  in  a  gold  casket. 

From  Gibraltar  the  bulk  of  the  fleet  re- 
turned to  England.  Rodney,  with  four  sail 
of  the  line,  went  on  to  the  West  Indies, 
and  reached  St.  Lucia  on  22  March,  five  days 
before  the  Comte  de  Guichen  took  command 
of  the  French  fleet  at  Martinique.  On 
18  April  Guichen  put  to  sea,  and  Rodney, 
having  early  intelligence  of  his  movements,.  ■■ 
at  once  followed.  The  French  fleet  was  still '^ 
under  the  lee  of  Martinique  when  Rodney 
sighted  it  on  the  evening  of  the  16th.  By-, 
the  morning  of  the  17th  the  two  fleets  were 
abreast  of,  and  parallel  to,  each  other,  though 
heading  in  opposite  directions,  the  French 
towfurcb  the  south,  the  English,  some  ten  or 
twelve  miles  to  windward,  towards  the 
north.    Now,  early  in  the  century,  it  had 

e2 


Rodney 


84 


Rodney 


been  laid  down  by  the  admiralty  as  a  ]^si- 
tive  order  that  when  the  fleet  was  to  wind- 
ward of  the  enemy  ranged  in  line  of  battle, 
the  Tan  was  to  engage  the  van,  and  so  on 
the  whole  length  of  the  line.  For  a  violap- 
tion  of  thisorder  Mathewshad  been  cashiered ; 
for  not  giving  eflect  to  it  Byng  had  been  shot ; 
by  attempting  it  in  1761  Graves  was  de* 
feated  and  the  American  colonies  were  lost. 
Kodney  was  keenly  alive  to  the  absardity  of 
it|  and  risked  depa^rture  from  it.  Two  davs 
before  he  had  acquainted  each  captain  in  the 
fleet  that  it  was  his  intention  to  bring  the 
whole  force  of  his  fleet  on  a  part — ^perhaps 
two-thirds— of  the  enemy's  (Sir  Gilbert  Blane 
in  Athenaunif  1609,  a  monthly  magazine, 
T.  802) ;  so  that  when,  early  in  the  morning 
of  the  17th,  he  made  the  signal  that  he  in- 
tended to  attack  the  enemy's  rear,  he  took 
for  granted  that  his  meaning  was  patent  to 
every  one.  Unfortonatelv  several  signals 
and  manoeuvres  intervened,  and  both  fleets 
were  on  the  same  tack,  heading  to  the  north, 
when,  a  few  minutes  before  noon,  the  order 
to  engage  was  finally  given.  By  that  time 
the  rear-admiral  and  captains  in  the  van 
had  quite  forgotten  both  the  earlier  signal 
and  the  communication  made  two  days 
before,  which  they  probably  never  under- 
stood. The  result  was  a  grievous  disap- 
pointment. Bodney  felt  that  he  had  Guichen 
m  his  grasp.  The  French  fleet  was  in  very 
open  order;  their  line  extended  to  some- 
thing like  twelve  miles ;  and  he  had  thus 
the  diance  of  falling,  with  his  whole  force, 
on  half  of  that  of  the  enemy.  But  Captain 
Bobert  Carkett  fo* 'V^O*  ^^^  commanded  the 
leading  ship,  and  Kear-admiral  Hyde  Parker 
<^1714-1782)  [q.  v.],  who  commanded  the 
van,  could  not  understand  anything  beyond 
the  fatal  '  instruction,'  and  stretched  anead 
to  seek  the  enemy's  van.  Others  followed 
their  example ;  and  others,  again,  between 
the  contradictory  signals  of  Rodney  and 
Parker,  were  completely  puzzled,  and  did 
nothinflf.  There  followed  a  partial  engage- 
ment, m  which  several  of  the  ships  on  either 
side  were  much  shattered,  in  wnich  manv 
men  were  killed  or  wounded,  but  in  which 
no  advantage  was  obtained  by  either  part^. 
In  his  letter  to  the  admiralty  Bodney  laid 
the  blame  for  the  failure  on  several  of  the 
captains,  and  espectaUy  on  Carkett.  But 
the  responsibility  was  largely  his  in  not 
making  it  clear  to  at  least  tlie  junior  flag^ 
officers  that  he  proposed  attemptinff  some- 
thing distinctly  contrary  to  the  a£niralty 
fighting  instructions.  Guichen,  on  his  part, 
was  quick  to  realise  that,  with  an  enemy 
who  refused  to  be  bound  by  office  formule, 
the  lee  gage  might  be  a  position  of  un* 


wonted  danger;  and  accordin^ljr,  a  month 
later,  when  the  fleets  were  agam  in  presence 
of  each  other,  to  windward  of  Martinique^ 
he  obstinately  retained  the  weather-gage 
which  fortune  gave  him ;  and  thus,  though 
on  two  separate  occasions,  16  and  19  Mav^ 
Bodney,  aided  by  a  shift  of  wind,  was  abW 
to  lay  up  to  his  rear  and  bring  on  a  passing 
skirmish,  no  battle  took  place.  And  so  the 
campaign  ended.  A  couple  of  months  later 
Guidien  returned  to  Europe,  while  Bodney,. 
doubtful  if  he  had  not  gone  to  the  coast  of 
North  America,  went  himself  to  join  Vice* 
admiral  Arbuthnot  at  New  York.  There 
Arbuthnot  received  him  with  insolence  and 
insubordination.  Bodney  behaved  with  mode* 
ration,  but  as  Arbuthnot  refused  to  be  con* 
ciliated,  he  referred  the  matter  to  the  ad- 
miralty [see  Abbuthkot,  Mabbiot];  and, 
having  satisfied  himself  that  he  was  no 
longer  needed  in  North  American  waters,  he 
returned  to  the  West  Indies,  where  he  ap* 
rived  in  the  beginning  of  December. 

By  the  end  01  the  month  he  wasjoined  by- 
Sir  Samuel  (afterwards  Viscount)  Bu>od[q.  v.} 
with  a  lan;e  reinforcement,  and  a  few  weeks- 
later,  on  27  Jan.  1781,  he  received  news  of 
the  war  with  Holland,  and  a  recommenda- 
tion to  attack  St.  Eustatius.    This  coincided 
with  Bodney's  own  wishes.  The  contraband 
and  partial  trade  of  St.  Eustatius  had  been 
an  annoyance  and  grievance  to  him  during- 
the  whole  of  the  past  year,  and  he  eagerly 
grasped  the  opportunity  of  vengeance.    He 
seized  theielana  and  its  accumulation  of  mer* 
chandise,  to  the  value  of  from  two  to  three 
millions  sterling.     This  enormous  mass  of 
wealth  seems  to  have  intoxicated  him.    A. 
large  proportion  of  it  belonged  to  English, 
merchants,  and  against  these  Bodney  was 
especially  furious;  they  were  traitors  who 
had  been  gathering  riches  bv  supplying  the 
enemies  01  their  country  with  contraband  of 
war.    *  My  happiness,'  he  wrote  to  Gbrmain, 
*  is  having  been  the  instrument  of  my  coun* 
try  in  brmffing  this  nest  of  villains  to  con- 
dign punishment.    They  deserve  scourgringr^ 
and  they  shall  be  scourged.'   Unfortunately, 
he  did  not  consider  that,  as  the  offenders 
claimed  to  be  Englishmen,  the  scourging- 
must  be  by  legal  process.    He  confiscatecl 
the  whole  of  the  property,  sold  some  of  it; 
by  auction,  and  sent  a  large  part  of  the  re-> 
mainder  for  Enffland.    But  as  the  convoy- 
approached  the  snores  of  Europe  it  fell  int  o- 
the    hands  of  a   French  squadron   under 
Lamotte  Picquet,  who  captured  a  great  part; 
of  it  [see  Hothav,  Wiluav,  Lobd]  :  and 
St.  Eustatius  itself,  with  the  rest  of  the 
booty,  including  the  money  realised  by  the 
sales,  was   afterwards   recaptured   by   !>• 


Rodney 


8s 


Rodney 


ikmSM.  Bodoey's  dream  of  wealth  thus 
Tiniikid,md  all  thatrenuuned  was  a  number 
<d  foitioiiB  and  costly  lawsuitSy  which  swal- 
lowed up  the  greater  part  of  his  lawful  ^fains. 

Meiawhile  he  had  sent  Hood  with  a 
itrangforse  to  blockade  Fort  Royal  off  Mar- 
daiqne.  It  was  rumoured  that  a  powerful 
Piench  fleet  was  expected,  and  Kodney's 
post  vBs  clearly  off  Martinique.  But  he 
oodd  sot  tear  himself  away  firom  the  fasci- 
nadou  of  8l  Eustatius,  and  he  refused  to 
Mere  the  rumour*  The  result  was  that 
ihB  Fieach  fleet,  when  it  arrived,  forced  its 
mj  into  Mirtinique,  and  that  Hood^haring 
Ml  uuUe  to  preyent  it,  reioined  Bodney 
u  Aatigaa.  Bodney's  iU-health  was  doubt- 
Jen  lamy  responsible  for  his  blunder.  He 
mioliused  to  resign  the  command  to  Hood, 
ttd  oal  Aug.  he  sailed  for  England.  On 
6  5oT.  he  was  appointed  Tice-admiral  of 
OiettBiitaiiL 

A.  few  months'  rest  at  home  restored  his 
2ieakli,aiid  on  16  Jan.  1782  he  sailed  from 
Tcrimr  with  his  flag  in  the  90-gun  ship 
FomiidiUe.  On  19  Feb.  he  rejoined  Hood 
«t  Baitadofl.  The  position  of  affairs  was 
cotkaL  The  French  had  just  captured  St. 
Kitta,  and  were  meditating  an  attack  in 
fnee  oa  Jamaica.  Some  fourteen  Spanish 
«kipB  olthe  line  and  dght  thousand  soldiers 
▼m  mumbled  at  Gape  Fran^ais,  where 
<V7  TOB  to  be  joined  by  the  Oomte  de 
Gam  from  Martinique,  with  thirty-fiy e  sail 
9f  Ue  linsi  five  thousand  troops,  and  a  laige 
twny  of  storeships.  But  timelv  reinforoe- 
neau  had  brought  Bodney's  force  up  to 
(luitj-six  sul  of  the  line,  with  which  he 
^  op  a  positum  at  St.  Lucia,  waiting  for 
pe  Gnase  to  move.  On  the  morning  of 
h  April  be  had  the  news  that  the  French 
teiras  putting  to  sea.  In  two  hours  he 
VII  in  pmsuit,  and  the  next  morning  sighted 
the  enemy  under  the  lee  of  Dominica,  where 
the  tnde  wind  was  cut  off  by  the  lugh  land 
od  Uew  in  fitful  eddies,  alternating  with 
ttinu  and  aea  breeies.  A  partial  action  fol- 
l^}^  without  any  result,  and  De  Grasse, 
^winff  off,  attempted  to  get  to  windwiurd 
tluQBgC  the  Saintes  Passage.  Various  acci- 
^^ita  piorented  his  domg  so,  and,  on  the 
^oning  of  the  12th,  Sir  Charles  Douglas 
^•▼.j  the  captain  of  the  fleet,  awakened 
^^j  with  Ihe  glad  news  that '  Ood  had 
^rea  him  the  enemy  on  the  lee  bow.' 
, J^BQiieae  was  tempted  stfll  further  to 
*^<vvd  to  oover  a  disabled  ^p,  and  then, 
*^  that  he  could  no  longer  avoid  an 
vtion,  he  fonned  his  line  of  battle  and  stood 
^^*vda  the  south,  while  the  English,  on  the 
^W>t>te  tack,  adyaneed  to  meet  fim.  About 
eight  o'doek  the  battle  began,  the  two  lines 


passing  each  other  at  very  close  quarters. 
But  as  the  French  line  got  more  to  the 
southward,  and  under  the  lee  of  Dominica, 
it  was  broken  by  the  yaiyins  winds,  and  at 
least  two  large  gaps  were  made,  through  one 
of  which  the  Formidable  passed,  and  almost 
at  the  same  moment  the  Bedford,  the  lead- 
ing ship  of  the  rear  division,  passed  through 
the  other  [see  Af  fleck,  Sib  EDicnn)].  The 
ships  astern  followed ;  the  French  line  wtia 
pulverised,  and  endeavoured  to  run  to  lee- 
ward to  reform.  But  for  this  they  had  no 
time;  a  rout  ensued, and  their  rearmost  ships, 
attacked  in  detail,  were  overpowered  and 
taken.  Just  as  the  sim  set,  De  Grasse's  flag- 
ship, theVille  de  Paris,  suirendered  to  the  Bar- 
fleur,  and  Bodney  made  the  signal  to  bring  to. 
Hood  was  astounded.  Dou^Uis  be^ed 
Bodney  to  continue  the  chase.  He  refiiised, 
on  the  ground  that  the  ships,  getting  in 
among  the  enemy  in  the  dark,  would  run 
great  danger,  while  some  of  the  French  ships, 
remaining  behind,  might  do  great  damage 
among  the  islands  to  windwara ;  all  whicm, 
as  Captain  Mahan  has  said,  is  '  creditable 
to  his  imagination,'  for  the  French  were 
thoroughly  beaten  and  could  not  have  had 
any  idea  of  aggression  (Injtuenoe  qf  Seu" 
Fotoer  vpon  SUtory^  p.  497).  Hood's  opinion 
was  that  at  least  twenty  ships  might  have 
been  captured,  and  wrote,  <Surdy  there 
never  was  an  instance  before  of  a  great  fleet 
being  so  completely  beaten  and  routed,  and 
not  pursued.^  The  neglect,  he  thought,  was 
'glaring  and  shameiul,'  and  he  did  not 
scruple  to  attribute  it  to  the  admiral's  child- 
like vanity  in  the  possession  of  the  Ville  de 
Paris,  which  he  could  not  bring  himself  to 
part  from  (LetterB  qf  Sir  Samuel  JSbodf  Navy 
Becords  Society,  pp.  129,  ISO,  lSG-7).  It 
is  impossible  to  say  that  Bodney  was  not 
influenced  by  some  such  motive.  Hood  fully 
believed  it,  and  his  criticisms,  though  very 
bitter,  are  generally  just.  But  it  is  pro- 
bable that  a  large  part  of  the  neglect  should 
be  ascribed  to  the  physical  weakness  and 
mental  lassitude  of  a  man  prematurely  old, 
racked  by  gout  and  gravel,  and  worn  out  with 
a  long  dav^s  battle,  following  the  three  days* 
chase.  That,  having  won  a  glorious  and  re- 
markable victory,  he  fiuled  to  make  the  most 
of  it  must  be  admitted.  Still,  the  victory 
restored  the  English  prestige,  which  had 
been  sorely  shaken  by  the  defeat  of  Graves 
and  the  surrender  of  Comwallis;  and  it 
enabled  the  government  to  negotiate  on  much 
more  favourable  terms.  That  the  victory  was 
Bodney's  there  can  be  no  reasonable  doubt. 
The  attempt  which  was  made  to  assign 
the  credit  of  it  to  John  Clerk  (172&-1812) 
[q.  v.]  of  Eldin,  or  to  Sir  Charles  Douglas^ 


Rodney 


86 


Rodney 


18  supported  }>j  no  satisfactory  evidence,  and 
on  many  points  is  distinctly  contradicted. 
It  is  of  course  quite  probaUle  that  Douglas 
called  his  attention  to  the  gap  in  the  French 
line ;  but  Rodney's  whole  career  shows  him 
as  a  man  quick  to  see  an  opportunity,  prompt 
to  seize  it,  and  tenacious  to  an  extreme 
degree  of  his  dignity  and  authority ;  while, 
according  to  Hood,  Douglas-^though  un- 
^estionably  an  able  and  brave  officer — ^had 
neither  fortitude  nor  resolution  sufficient  to 
open  his  lips  in  remonstrance  against  any 
order  which  Rodney  might  give  (i6.  p.  106 ; 
Mthtot,  ii.  803)i. 

When  the  ships  were  refitted,  Rodney 
proceeded  with  the  fleet  to  Jamaica,  and  was 
still  there,  on  10  July,  when  he  was  sum- 
marily  superseded  by  Admiral  Hugh  Pigot 
[q.  V.},  who  had  sailed  from  England  before 
tne  news  of  the  victorv  had  arrived.  That 
the  whig  government  should  supersede  Rod- 
ney— ^whose  conduct  at  St.  Eustatius'  Burke 
had  denounced — was  natural ;  but  the  news 
of  the  victory  showed  them  that  thev  had 
made  a  mistaKe,  and  they  did  everythmg  in 
their  power  to  remedy  it.  On  22  May  the 
thanks  of  both  houses- of  parliament  were 
voted  to  him  ;  on  19  June  he<  was  created  a 
peer  by  the  title  of  Baron  Rodney  of  Stoke- 
Rodney;  and  on  27  June  the  House  of 
Commons  voted  him  a  pension  of  2,000/., 
which  in  1708  was  settled  on  the  title  for 
ever.  The  committee  of  inquiry  into  the  St. 
Eustatius  prise  affiiirs  was  discharged,  and, 
when  he  arrived  in  England  in  September, 
he  was  received  with  unmeasured  applause* 

Rodney  had  no  further  service,  and  during 
his  last  years  he  lived  retired  from  public 
life.  He  was  sorely  straitened  for  monev ;  he 
was  worried  b^  lawsuits  arising  out  of  the  St. 
Eustatius  spod ;  and  his  health  was  feeble. 
He  sufferea  much  from  gout,  which,  it  was 
said,  occasionally  affected  his  intellect, 
though  it  did  not  prevent  his  writing  very 
clear  notes  in  the  margin  of  his  copy  of 
Clerk's  'Essay.'  He  died  suddenly  on 
28  May  1792,  in  his  house  in  Hanover  Square. 
Rodney  was  twice  martrifed.  First,  in  1763, 
to  Jane  (<2.1767),  daughter  of  Charles  Comp- 
ton,  brother  of  the  sixth  earl  of  Northampton. 
By  her  he  had  two  sons:  George,  who  suc- 
ceeded as  second  baron ;  and  j  ames,  who 
wa6  lost  in  command  of  the  Ferret  sloop  of 
war  in  1776.  He  married  secondly,  in  1764, 
Henrietta,  daughter  of  JohnClies  of  Lisbon, 
by  whom  he  had  issue  three  daughters  and 
two  sons,  the  elder  of  whom,  John,  is  noticed 
below :  the  younger,  Edward,  bom  in  1788, 
died,  a  captain  in  the  navy,  in  1828.  Lady 
Rodney  survived  her  husband  many  years, 
and  died  in  1829  at  the  age  of  ninety. 


Accoidin^  to  Wrazall,  who  claimed '  great 
personal  intimacv  with  him,'  Rodner's  ^per- 
son was  more  elegant  than  seemed  to  be- 
come his  rough  profession;  there  was  even 
something  that  approached  to  delicacy  and 
effeminacy  in  his  ngure.'  In  society  he  kid 
himself  open  to  the  reproach  of  *  being  gh' 
rieuxtt  bavardf  making  himself  frequenUy  the 
theme  of  his  own  discourse.  He  talked  much 
-and  freely  upon  every  subject,  concealed 
nothing  in  the  course  of  conversation,  regard- 
less who  were  present,  and  dealt  his  censures 
as  well  as  his  praises  with  imprudent  libera- 
lity. Throughout  his  whole  life  two  passions 
-—the  love  of  women  and  of  play— -carried 
him  into '  many  excesses.  It  was  believed 
that  he  had  been  distinguished  in  his  youth 
by  the  personal  attachment  of  the  Princess 
Amelia,  daughter  of  Qeorge  II '  (JSHstorieal 
Metiwirs,  ed.  Wheatley,  i.  228-4). 

A  portrait  of  Rodney,  by  Reynolds,  is  in 
St.  James's  Palace ;  a  copy  of  it,  presented  by 
George  IV,  is  in  the  painted  hall  at  Green- 
wich, and  was  engraved  by  W.  Dickinson. 
Another  small  oval  portrait  by  Revnolds  was 
engraved  by  P.  Tomkins  and  J.  Watson  in 
17o2.  Another  portrait,  by  Gainsborough, 
has  been  engraved  by  Dupont.  Aportrait  oy 
H.  Baron  was  engraved  by  0.  ISLnight  and 
Green.  A  miniature  by  W.  Grimaldi  has 
also  been  engraved  (see  Bbomlbt). 

Rodney's  elder  son  by  his  second  wife,  Johk 
RoDKBY  (1765-1847),  bom  on  27  Feb.  1766, 
affords  a  striking  example  of  t^e  abuse  of  fa^ 
vouritism.    On  18  May  1778,  at  the  request 
of  Admiral  John  Byron  \q.  v.],  he  was  ad- 
mitted as  a  scholar  in  the  Royal  Academy  at 
Portsmouth  (Byron  to  the  secretary  of  the 
admiralty,  20  April  1778,  in  Admirars  Des- 
patches f  iforth  America,  7 ;  secretary  of  the 
admiralty  to  Hood,  24  April  1778,  in  Seen- 
ta7y'sZetter8,177S;Oomfni99umand  Warrant 
Book)*    On  28  Oct.  1779  he  was  ordered  to  be 
discharged  from  the  Academy,  at  SirQeoige 
Rodney's  request,  but  not  to  any  ship,  *  as  he 
has  not  gone  th«ou^h  the  plan  of  learning,  or 
been  the  usual  time  in  the  Academy'  (Minute 
on  SirG.Rodney's letter  of  26  Oct.  xaAdmiraVs 
DespatchM,  Leeward  IHandSf  7).     He  was 
then  entered  on  board  the  Sandwich,  carry- 
ing his  father's  flag,  and  in  her  was  present 
at  the  defeat  of  Langara,  off  Cbpe  St.  \ancent, 
at  the  relief  of  Gibraltar,  and  in  the  action 
of  17  April  1780.     On  27  May  his  iBther, 
writing  to  the  boy's  mother,  wrote  with  a 
customary  exaggeration  :  *  John  is  perfectly 
well,  and  has  had  an  opportunity  of  seeing 
more  service  in  the  short  time  he  has  been 
from  England  than  has  fallen  to  the  lot  of 
the  oldest  captain  in  the  navv.      .   .  He  is 
now  gone  tm  a  cruise  in  one  oi  my  frigates' 


Rodney 


87 


Rodwell 


MwsvT,14fe€fItodney/i.29e).  OnSOJolj 
lie  wioCe  again :  '  John  is  r&ry  well,  and  haa 
lieeB  kept  oooatantlj  at  aea  to  soake  him 
zaaater  of  his  profesaion.  He  is  now  second 
lieatenant  of  the  Sandwich,  having  risen  to 
ithriolaibon;  but  sidll  I  sendhim in  frigates; 
he  haa  aeea  enough  of  great  battles.    AU  he 


iugn  0 
osnip, 


mananip,  which  he  must  learn. 
'When  he  is  a  eeaman  he  shall  be  a  captain, 
bat  B9t  till  then'  (ib.  i.  857).  By  14  Oct. 
1760^  being  then  only  fifteen,  he  was  able 
to  latia^  his  £Either*s  reauiiements,  and  was 
pramotod  to  be  conunanderof  thePocahontas, 
and  the  same  day  to  be  captain  of  the  Fowey. 
In  eompliment  to  his  £Either  these  very  irregu- 
lar promotions  mrere  confirmed  to  their  original 
date, on  22  May  1782  (Commusioncmd  Jrar- 
ramt  Bw^y,  During  1781  he  was  captain  of 
the  Boieaa  frigate,  and  in  April  1782  was 
moved  to  the  Anson,  in  which  ne  returned  to 
EngUnd  at  the  peace.  In  March  1796  he  was 
a^ipointed  to  the  Vengeance,  but  in  August, 
before  she  was  ready  for  sea,  he  accidentally 
broite  his  leg.  It  nad  to  be  amputated,  ana 
he  was  sapmeded.  In  June  1796  he  was 
appointed  one  of  the  commissioners  of  vic- 
tualling, and  in  February  1799,  on  being 
passed  over  in  the  flag  promotion,  his  name 
waa  removed  from  the  fist  of  captains.  He 
ccntiniwd  a  commissioner  of  victualling  till 
August  1803,  when  he  was  appointed  chief 
aeoetazy  to  the  government  of  Ceylon,  in 
which  office  he  remained  till  1832  (Order  in 
Council,  3  Dec.)  He  was  then,  on  &  memorial 
to  the  long  in  council,  replaced  on  the  navy 
list  as  aredred  captain,  and  so  continued  till 
his  daa^  on  9  April  1847. 

[Mandj'sIiifoaiidCorrespondenoei  in  which  last 
the  laognage  has  been  altered  to  suit  the  taste  of 
the  editor ;  Hajmay's  Bodney  (English  Men  of 
Action) ;  Bodney  and  the  'S^vy  of  the  Eighteenth 
Centauj,  in  Sdinborgh  He  v.,  Januacy  1892  ;  Offi- 
cial lettezs  and  other  docxunents  in  the  Public 
Beeaid  Office ;  f^aval  Chronicle,  i.  354,  xxzi.  360, 
S43 ;  C9iamock'8  Biogr.  Nav.  v.  204  ;  Beatson's 
Kara]  and  Military  Memoirs;  United  Service 
Javroal,  1830,  vol.  li. ;  White's  Naval  Besearches ; 
Vattheiia's  Twenty-one  Plans  of  Engagements  in 
the  West  Indies ;  Clerk's  Essay  on  Naval  Tactics 
(Szd  edit.) ;  Eldns's  Battles  of  the  British  Navy ; 
ffir  Howud  Dooglas's  Statement  of  some  Im- 
pcttast  Faets,  &c.  (1829),  and  Naval  Erolntions 
US23);  Sir  John  Barrow's  BodneVs  Battle  of 
12  April,  in  Qnaiterly  Beview,  zlii. ;  Foeter^s 
Peoage;  Chevalier^s  Hist,  de  la  Murine  Fran- 
^aise  pendant  la  Gnerre  de  I'lnd^pendance  Am4- 
zieaine ;  Troode's  Batailles  narales  de  la  France.] 

BODWELL,  GEORGE  HERBERT 
BUONAPARTE  (1800-1852),  author,  musi- 
cal diieotor  and  composar,  the  brother  (not 
them)  of  Jamee  Thomas  Gooderham  Rod- 


weU,  playwright  and  lessee  of  the  Adelphi 
Theatre  (d.  1826),  was  bom  in  London, 
16  Nov.  1800.  A  pupil  of  Vincent  Novello 
[q.  v.]  and  Sir  Henry  Rowley  Bishop  [q.  v.], 
Rodwell  was  in  18&  professor  of  harmony 
and  composition  at  the  Rojral  Academy  of 
Music.  Upon  the  death  of  his  brother  James 
in  1826,  Rodwell  snooeeded  to  ^proprietor- 
ship of  the  Adelphi  Theatre.  He  mainly 
occupied  himself  with  directing  the  music  at 
the  tneatre,  and  in  composition  for  the  stage. 
His  opera, '  The  Flying  Dutchman,'  was  pro- 
duced at  the  Adelphi  in  1826,  and  'The 
Oomish  Miners '  at  the  English  Opera  House 
in  1827.  His  marriage  with  Emma,  the 
daughter  of  John  Listen  [^.  v.],  the  come- 
dian, improved  his  theatrical  connection, 
though,  according  to  the '  Gentleman^s  Maga- 
aiua,  the  union  proved  'very  unfortunate.' 
In  1886  he  was  appointed  director  of  music 
at  Covent  Gkurden  Theatre,  where  a  ftrce  by 
him, '  Teddy  the  Tiler,'  from  the  French,  had 
been  performed  in  1880.  The  Oovent  Garden 
management  sought  popularity  by  antici* 
pating  the  repertory  of  Drury  Lane;  and 
Itodwell,  though  fiaendly  with  Bunn,  tho 
Drury  Lane  manager,  was  somewhat  unscru- 
pulous in  this  reg^urd.  When  Auber's  opera, 
'  The  Bronze  Horse,'  was  announced  at  Drury 
Lane,  he  brought  out  at  Oovent  Garden  «n 
opera  on  the  same  theme,  with  music  by  him* 
self.  In  some  cases  Rodwell  wrote  the  worda 
as  well  as  the  music.  His  principal  librettist 
was  Fitsball ;  but  Buckstone,  James  Kenney, 
and  Richard  Brinsley  Peake  also  supplied 
him  with  romances,  buriettas,  operettas,  and 
incidental  songs  for  musical  settmg.  He  was 
fortunate  to  find  exponents  of  his  clever  and 
tuneful  ballads  in  artists  like  Mrs.  Keeley. 
Mrs.  Waylett,  and  Mary  Anne  Paton  [q.  v.J 
But  his  eiforts  to  establish  a  national  opera 
in  England  had  no  lasting  result.  Fot 
many  years  Rodwell  resided  at  Brompton. 
He  died,  aged  62,  at  Upper  Ebury  Street, 
Pimlico,  on  22  Jan.  1862,  and  was  buried  at 
Brompton  cemetery. 

Rodwell  wrote  some  forty  or  fifty  musica} 
pieces  for  the  stage,  besides  songs,  works  on 
musical  theory,  romances,  farces,  and  novels. 
Among  his  publications  were :  1. '  Scmgs  of 
the  Burds,'  1827.  2.  <  First  Rudiments  of 
Harmony,'  1881.  8.  '  Letter  to  the  Musicians 
of  Great  Britain,'  1888.  4.  'Memoirs  of  an 
UmbreBa,'  a  novel,  1846. 

[Gent.  Mag.  1852,  i.  309;  Grove's  Dictionary, 
iii.  143;  Baptie's  Band  book;  Musical  Times, 
1862,  p.  837;  Theatrical  Observer,  1825-60,  pas- 
sim ;  Registers  of  Wills,  P.  C.  0.,  St.  Alban's,  4 ; 
FitzbaU's  Life,  passim  ;  Bunn's  The  Stage,  ii.  9 ; 
Home's  edition  of  Croker's  Walk  . . .  toFalhara, 
pp.  40, 76;  Bodirell's  Works.]        L.  M.  M» 


Roe 


88 


EOE,  GEORGE  HAMILTON  (1795- 
1878),  physician,  born  on  18  May  1796  at 
New  Ko68,  CO.  Wexford,  was  the  eldest  son 
of  Peter  Roe,  a  banker,  and  a  cousin  of  Geor^ 
Roe,  a  distiller  in  Dublin.  He  began  his 
medical  studies  somewhat  late  in  life,  after  his 
marriage  in  1817,  and  was  admitted  to  the 
degree  of  M.D.  in  Edinburgh  on  1  Aug.  1821, 
his  inaugural  thesis  being  '  De  respiratione.' 
He  then  proceeded  to  Paris,  returning  later 
to  London,  where  he  was  admitted  a  licen- 
tiate of  the  Royal  College  of  Physicians  on 
26  June  1828.  He  was  still  pursuing  his 
studies  at  Trinity  College,  Dublm,  where  he 
graduated  as  B.A.,  MA.,  M.B.,  and  M.D., 
the  last  degree  being  oonfeiied  upon  him  in 
1827.  He  was  incorporated  upon  this  degree 
at  Chdord  in  1828,  being  at  that  time  a 
member  of  Maffdalen  Hall,  afterwards  Hert- 
ford College.  He  was  admitted  a  candidate 
of  the  Royal  College  of  Physicians  of  Lon- 
don on  13  April  1836,  and  a  fellow  on 
26  June  1836. 

He  was  appointed  a  physician  to  the 
Westminster  Hospital  in  1826,  and,  after 
serving  for  some  tmie  as  a  lecturer  on  medi- 
cine, he  resigned  in  1864.  He  was  also  a 
physician  to  the  Hospital  for  Consumption 
and  Diseases  of  the  Chest,  Brompton,  to 
which  he  attached  himself  upon  its  founda- 
tion in  1841.  He  was  elected  a  fellow  of 
the  Royal  Medical  and  Chirurgical  Society 
in  1836,  and  served  upon  its  council  during 
1841-2.  He  was  Harveian  orator  at  the 
Royal  College  of  Physicians  in  1866,  and 
consiliarius  m  1864,  1866,  and  1866.  He 
died  on  13  April  1873,  and  was  buried  in 
the  Brompton  cemetery.  His  son,  William 
Gason  Roe,  was  a  medical  practitioner  at 
Westminster. 

Dr.  Roe  was  an  intelliffent,  well-informed, 
and  practical  physician.  His  decided  manner 
won  for  him  the  confidence  of  his  patients, 
but  his  private  practice  was  smaU.  He  early 
gained  the  disapprobation  of  the  members 
of  his  own  profession  by  the  promiscuous 
manner  in  which  he  gave  advice  gratuitously 
to  those  who  could  well  afford  to  pay  for 
it.  He  belonged  to  the  Christian  apostolic 
church. 

He  was  the  author  of '  A  Treatise  on  the 
Hooping  Couffh  and  its  complications,  with 
Hints  on  the  Management  of  Children,'  8vo, 
London,  1836.    The  publication  of  this  book 

Save  rise  to  a  fierce  controversy  between 
imself  and  Dr.  Augustus  Bozzi  Granville 
[q.  v.],  whochargedhmiwithgross  plagiarism. 

[Obituary  notices  by  Dr.  C.  J.  B.  Williams  in 
the  FroMedings  of  the  Royal  Medico-Chirozg. 
8oe.  viL  282 ;  Autobiographical  Beoolleetions  of 
the  Medical  Profession,  by  J.  F,  Clarbs,  London, 


Roe 

1874,  i>p.  606-9 ;  Hunk's  Coll.  of  Phys. ;  Foster's 
Alumni  Ozon. ;  information  kindly  given  to  the 
writer  by  Mrs.  George  Oovell,  Dr.  £)e's  daugh- 
ter-in-law.] D'A.  P. 

ROE,  JOHN  SEPTIMUS  (1797-1878), 
explorer,  seventh  son  of  the  Rev.  James  Hoe, 
and  his  wife,  Sophia  Brookes,  was  bom  at 
Newbury,  Berkshire,  8  May  1797.    He  was 
educatea  in  the  royal  mathematical  school 
at  Christ's  Hospitid,  and  entered  the  navy 
as  midshipman  on  11  June  1818,  being  *  ap- 
prenticed to  Sir  Christopher  Cole,  captain  of 
H.M.S.  Rippon.'     Unaer  Captain  Phillip 
Parker  King  he  served  in  the  expedition  to 
survey  the  north-west  coast  of  Australia  in 
1818,  and  again  in  King's  fourth  expedition 
in  1821.    He  was  promoted  lieutenant  on 
21  April  1822.    He  went  through  the  Bur- 
mese war  of  1826-7,  for  which  ne  received 
the  medal  in  1851,  and  was  engaged  at  the 
siege  of  Ava.    In  December  182b  Roe  was 
appointed  surveyor-general  of  Western  Aus- 
tralia.   Accompanied  by  his  wife,  he  sailed 
in  the  Parmelia  with  Captain  (afterwards 
Admiral  Sir)  James  Stirling,  and  was  one  of 
the  first  tolaiid,on  1  June  1829,  in  the  colony 
of  Western  Australia.    He  held  his  appoint- 
ment for  forty-two  years,  and  fulfilled  its 
duties  with  eminent  success,  surveying  and 
exploring  the  coasts  and  unknown  tracts  in 
the  interior,  until  he  made  the  long  and  event- 
ful journey  from  the  Swan  river  to  the  south 
coast  at  dape  Pasley  in  1848-9.    During  the 
journey  he  received  injuries  that  incapaci- 
tated him  from  further  active  work  in  the 
field.    Accounts  of  this  expedition,  appa- 
rently the  only  productions  from  his  pen, 
appeared  in  the  '  J  oumal  of  the  Royal  Geo- 
graphical Society'  for  1862,  and  in  Hooker's 
'Journal  of  Botany,'  vols.  vi.  and  vii. 

It  was  on  Roe's  advice  that  the  sites  for 
the  capital,  Perth  and  its  port,  Fremantle, 
were  selected.  He  also  founded  the  public 
museum  at  Perth  and  a  mechanics'  institute, 
of  which  he  was  for  many  years  the  presi- 
dent. He  became  a  member  of  the  execu- 
tive and  legislative  council  of  the  colony, 
was  an  associate  of  the  Royal  Geographical 
Society  and  a  fellow  of  theliinnean  Society 
(1  April  1828).  He  died  at  Perth,  Western 
Australia,  on  28  May  1878.  He  married  in 
England,  on  8  Jan.  1828,  Matilda  Bennett, 
who  died  on  22  July  1870. 

[Proceedings  of  the  Boyal  Geographical  So- 
ciety, new  ser.  i.  277;  Mennell's  Diet.  Austra- 
lasian Biogr.;  Britten  and  Boulger^s  British 
Botanists ;  Tablettea  Biographiqnes ;  Boyal  So- 
ciety's Catalogue ;  information  kindly  supplied 
by  Robert  Little,  receiver,  Christ's  Hospital, 
and  by  B.  H.  Woodward,  eorator  of  the  Perth 
Masemn.]  B.  B.  W. 


Roe 


89 


Roe 


ROi;  RIGEL^RD  (d,  1868),  stenographer 
tnd  miscelianeous  writer,  doubtless  gradu- 
ated B.A.  in  the  university  of  DuDlin  in 
1789.  In  the  early  part  of  his  career  he 
may  ha^e  been  a  mathematical  and  classical 
teacher.  Afterwards  he  was  in  holy  orders. 
He  was  residing  in  Dublin  in  1821,  and  in 
18S&  He  was  a  popular  bass-singer,  and  gave 
in  London  some  ^lee  and  ballad  entertain- 
meaU    He  died  in  London  in  March  1858. 

His  principal  works  are:  1.  'A  New 
SyBtem  of  Snorthand,  in  which  legibility 
and  brenitv  are  secured  upon  the  most  natu- 
ral prindplea,  'with  respect  to  both  the  sig- 
nification and  formation  of  the  characters : 
especially  by  the  singular  property  of  their 
sloping  all  one  way  according  to  the  habitual 
motion  of  the  hand  in  common  writing/ 
London,  1802,  Sto  ;  1808, 4to.  2.  <  Hadiogra- 
phy,  or  a  System  of  Easy  Writing,  comprised 
in  a  set  of  the  most  simple  and  expeditious 
characterBy'  London,  1821,  8vo.  These  works 
mark  anew  departure  in  the  development  of 
etenognphy.  Koe  was  in  fact  the  originator 
of  that  cursive  or  script  style  of  shorthand 
which,  though  it  has  never  found  favour  in 
this  country,  has  acquired  wide  popularity 
in  Qermany,  where  it  has  been  successfully 
developed  by  Gabelsberger,  Stolze,  Arends, 
and  otners. 

Boe  was  also  the  author  of :  8.  '  Elements 
of  English  Metre,'  London,  1801,  4to. 
4.  'l^mciples  of  Rhythm  both  in  Speech 
and  Music/  Dublin,  1828,  4to,  dedicated  to 
the  president  and  members  of  the  Hoyal 
Irish  Academy.  5.  *  Introduction  to  Book- 
keepiiur/  London,  1826,  12mo.  6.  *The 
Engli^  Spelling  Book,'  Dublin,  1829, 12mo ; 
a  woric  m  great  value  to  the  advocates  of 
spelling  reform.  7.  'Analytical  Arrange- 
ment Si  the  Apocalypse/  Dublin,  1884,  4to. 
8.  'Analjrtical  Arrangement  of  the  Holy 
Scriptures/  2  vols.  London,  1851,  8vo ;  on 
the  title-page  he  gives  his  name  as  Richard 
BaillieRoe. 

The  shorthand  writer  is  sometimee  con- 
fused with  Richard  Roe,  a  surveyor,  skilled 
in  mathematics,  who  died  at  Derby  in  July 
1814,  aged  66  (Gmt.  Mag.  1814,  ii.  194; 
BU)yr,  Diet,  qf  Uvmg  Authon,  1816,  pp.  299, 
446). 

[Allibone's  Diet,  of  Authors ;  Fanlmann's 
BisUiBseha  Oxammatik  der  Stanographie,  p. 
167;  Gibson's  Bibliography  of  Short&nd,  p. 
194 ;  Gibson's  Memoir  of  Simon  Bozdley,  1890, 
pp.  11-lS ;  LeTy^s  Hist,  of  Shortband,  p.  137 ; 
iWis'sHistorieal  Account  of  Shorthand,  p.  182 ; 
fsJynfth^iY*  u  103-7,  130;  Zeibig'a  Geschichte 
te  Gescfawindschreibkunst,  pp.  89, 212 ;  Brown's 
IXa.  ot  EogliA  Hnsicians;  Athensenm,  1858, 
^  J«0.  J  T.  0. 


BOE,  Sib  THOMAS  (1681 P-1644),  am- 
bassador,  son  of  Robert  Kowe,  was  bom  at 
Low  Leyton,  near  Wanstead  in  Essex,  in 
1680  or  1681.  His  grandfather,  Sir  Thomas 
Rowe  or  Roe,  merchant  tailor,  was  alderman, 
sheriff  (1660),  and  lord  mayor  of  London 
(1668) ;  Mary,  daughter  of  Sir  John  Gresham, 
was  sir  Thomas's  wife  [see  under  GbeshilK, 
Snt  RiOHASD;  and  JSemembraneia,  p.  832]. 
Robert,  the  father  of  the  ambassador,  died 
while  his  son  was  a  child  rWooD,  AtheruB,  ed. 
Bliss,  iii.  111).  His  mother,  Elinor, daugh- 
ter of  Robert  Jenny  of  Worstead,  Norfolk 
(Philpot  pedigree  in  College  of  Arms),  sub* 
sequently  married '  one  l&rkeley  of  Rend- 
comb  in  Gloucestershire,  of  the  famQy  of  the 
Lord  Berkeley.' 

Thomas  matriculated  as  a  commoner  of 
Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  on  6  July  1693, 
at  tne  affe  of  twelve.  He  had  clearly  power- 
ful family  influence,  whether  from  the  Berke- 
leys,  the  family  of  his  stepfather,  or  from 
his  father's  wealthy  relations.  Aiter  spend- 
ing some  time  '  in  one  of  the  inns  of  court 
or  in  France  or  both '  (Wood),  he  was  ap- 
pointed esquire  of  the  body  to  Queen  Eliza^ 
oeth  in  the  last  years  of  her  reign,  and 
after  her  death  was  knighted  by  James  I  on 
23  March  1604-6.  He  was  popular  at  court, 
especially  with  Henry,  prince  of  Wales,  and 
his  sbter  Elizabeth,  afterwards  queen  of  Bo- 
hemia; and  the  former  gave  him  his  first 
opportunity  of  distant  travel  by  sending 
him  *  upon  a  discovery  to  the  West  Indies.' 
Roe  Muipped  a  ship  and  pinnace,  and  sailed 
from  Plymouth  on  24  Feb.  1609-10.  Striking 
the  mouth  of  the  Amazon,  then  unknown  to 
English  explorers,  he  sailed  two  hundred 
miles  up  the  river,  and  rowed  in  boats  one 
hundred  miles  further,  making  manv  excur- 
sions into  the  country  from  the  banxs ;  then 
returning  to  the  mouth,  he  explored  the  coast 
and  entered  various  rivers  in  canoes,  passing 
overHhirty-two  falles  in  the  river  of  Wia 
Poko'  or  Oyapok.  Having  examined  the 
coast  from  the  Amazon  to  the  Orinoco  for 
thirteen  months,  without  discovering  the  sold 
in  which  the  West  Indies  were  bdieved  to 
abound,  he  returned  home  by  way  of  Trini- 
dad, and  reached  the  Isle  of  Wight  in  July 
1611.  Twice  sAfain  was  he  sent  to  the  same 
coast,  Ho  make  farther  discoveries,  and 
maintained  twenty  men  in  the  River  of  Amo- 
zones,  for  the  good  of  his  countrev,  who  are 
yet  [1614]  remaining  there,  and  supplied' 
(Stow,  AnnaleSf  contmued  by  Howes,  1631, 
p.  1022).  At  the  close  of  1613  he  was  at 
Flushing  'going  for  Captaine  Floods  com- 
panye,'  who  was  just  dead  (Collxkb, Ze^^era 
emd  Memorials  of  State  of  the  Sydney  Family ^ 
ii«  829).     WhUe   in  the   Netherlands  he 


Roe 


90 


Roe 


entered  in  Julj^  1613  into  some  theological 
disputations  with  Dr.  T.  Wright  at  Spa,  and 
these  were  published  by  the  latter  in  1614 
at  Mechlin,  under  the  title  of '  Quatuor  Gol- 
loauia/ 

In  1614,  after  being  elected  M.P.  for  Tarn- 
worth,  Roe  was  commanded  by  James  I  to 
proceed,  at  the  request  and  at  the  expense 
of  the  East  India  Company,  as  lord  ambas- 
sador to  the  court  of  Jeliangir,  the  Mogul 
emperor  of  Hindustan  (Os/.  State  P€q>erSf 
DouL  24  No7.  1614).  His  instructions  were 
to  arrange  a  commercial  treaty  and  obtain 
concessiouB  for  'factories'  for  the  English 
merchants  in  continuation  of  the  privileges 
obtained  by  Captain  WiUiam  Hawkins  fq.  v.] 
in  1609-12  (PuBOHAS,  1625,  i.  544;  Stow, 
Aimaletf).  The  expedition  consisted  of  four 
ships  under  the  command  of  Captain  William 
Keeling  [q.  v.]  Roe  embarked  in  March 
1614-15,  uid,  sailing  round  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope,  landed  at  Sftrat  on  26  Sept. 
Thence  he  travelled  by  way  of  Burhftnp^ 
and  M&ndu  to  Ajmir,  where  the  Emperor 
Jehftnffir  resided.  He  had  his  first  audi- 
ence of  the  emperor  on  10  Jan.  1615-16.  He 
remained  in  close  attendance  at  the  court, 
following  Jeh&ngir  in  his  progress  to  Ujain 
and  Ahmad&b&d,  untQ  January  1617-18, 
when  he  took  his  leave,  havmg  accom- 
plished the  objects  of  his  mission  as  &r  as 
seemed  possible.  He  obtained  the  redress  of 
previous  wrongs,  and  an  imperial  engagement 
for  future  immunities,  which  placedthe  esta- 
blishment at  Surat  in  an  efficient  position 
for  trade,  and  laid  the  foundations  of  the 
future  matness  of  Bomber,  and,  indeed,  of 
British  India  in  general.  The  patience  and 
self-restraint  exercised  by  Roe  under  excep- 
'  tional  provocation  are  admirably  displayed  m 
the  pages  of  hia  entertaining '  Journal,'  which 
gives  an  inimitable  picture  of  the  Indiflji  court. 

On  his  way  home  Roe  went  to  Persia,  to 
settle  matters  in  respect  of  the  trade  in 
silks  (OaL  State  Papers,  Dom.  7  Jan.  1619), 
and  was  reported  onll  Sept.  1619  as '  returned 
[to  London}  rich  from  India,'  though  it  a[>- 
pears  the  wealth  consisted  chiefly  in  presents 
for  Kinff  James,  and  that  the  ambassador 
had '  little  for  hunself .'    : 

Roe  was  elected,  in  January  1620-1,  one 
of  the  burffesses  for  Cirencester,  doubtless 
by  the  Bedceley  interest.  But  his  parlia- 
mentary career  was  quickly  interrupted  by 
a  new  foreiffn  mission.  He  was  sent  in  Sep- 
tember 1621  as  ambassador  to  the  Ottoman 
Porte.  In  passing  through  the  Mediter- 
ranean he  received  ample  evidence  of  the 
depredations  of  the  Barbary  pirates,  and  re- 
solved to  make  it  his  business  to  try  to  sup- 
press them.     He  atrived  at  Constantinople 


on  28  Dec.  1621,  displacing  Sir  John  Evre. 
iloe's  audience  of  Sultan  Osman  II  took  place 
about  the  end  of  February  1621-2,  and  was 
of  course  purely  formal.  'I  spake  to  a 
dumb  image,'  he  reports  {Neffotiatiane,  p.  37). 
He  was  under  no  illusions  as  to  the  strengUi 
or  the  dignity  of  the  Turkish  empire.  He 
described  it  as  'irrecoverably  sick'  (ib,  p. 
126),  and  compared  it  (idmost  in  the  words 
of  the  Emperor  Nicholas  230  years  later)  to 
'an  old  body,  crazed  through  many  vices, 
which  remain,  when  the  youth  and  strength 
is  decayed '  (j&.  p.  22).  He  remained  at  the 
Porte  till  the  summer  of  1628,  his  term  of 
appointment  having  been  specially  extended 
at  the  urgent  prayer  of  the  vfnell-satisfied 
Levant  merchants  to  Buckingham,  in  spite 
of  Roe's  repeated  requests  for  recaJUl  (fiaL 
State  Papers,  Dom.  8  March  1625). 

At  Constantinople  Roe  succeeded  in  en- 
larging the  privileges  of  Eujglish  merchants, 
and  the  secretary  of  state.  Sir  Gktorge  Calvert 

S.  v.],  wrote  that  hehad '  restored  the  honour 
our  king  and  nation '  {Neffotiations,  p.  60). 
He  also  mediated  a  treaty  of  peace  between 
Turkey  and  Poland  (ib.  ^v.  129, 133),  aad 
liberf^ted  many  Polish  exiles  at  Constant!* 
nople  (Col,  State  Papers,  Donu  20  May  1623), 
services  for  which  he  received  the  thanks  of 
King  Sigismund  in  September  1622  (T.  Smith, 
Account  of  the  Greek  Church,  1680,  p.  252  ; 
Wood,  Lc.)    The  suppression  of  the  Alge- 
rine  piracy  in  the  Mediterranean  proved  be- 
yona  the  power  of  mere  diplomacy ;  but  Roe's 
negotiations  put  England's  relations  with 
Algiers  on  a  better  footing,  and  he  arranged 
for  the  freeing  of  English  captives,  nartly  at 
his  own  cost  {Negotiations,  pn.  14, 117, 140). 
By  his  efforts  a  treaty  vnth  Algiers  was 
patched  un  in  November  1624  (ib.  p.  146)  ; 
and  though  it  was  not  wholly  approved  in 
England,  it  led  to  the  liberation  of  seven  to 
eight  hundred  English  captive  mariners  (  Cai. 
State  Papers,  Bom.  1623).     Roe,  however, 
met  with  doubtful  success  in  his  zealous 
efforts  to  attach  Bethlen  Gabor,  the  prince 
of  Transylvania,  to  the  protestant  aluanoey 
and  to  use  him  as  an  instrument  for  the  sup* 
port  of  Count  Mansfeld  and  the  restoration 
of  the  palatinate.   Gabor's  attitude  perplexed 
the  ambassador,  and  James  I's  hesitation  and 
lack  of  money  for  subsidies  impeded  the  ne- 
gotiation.   But  eventually  Roe  procured  the 
promise  of  a  monthly  subsidy  from  England, 
and  the  Porte's  support  for  the  prince.    The 
Porte  consented    to  the   reversion  of  the 
principality  of  Transylvania  to  Gabor's  wife, 
a  princess  of  Brandenburg,  who  was  duly 
invested  with  the  banner  and  sceptre  by  a 
Turkish  ambassador  (ib,  p.  558 ;  von  Ham- 
MEB,  Qeech,  d,  osm.  Iteiches,  iii.  73-5).    Gabor 


Roe 


9» 


Roe 


motatdinglj  allied  himself  to  Mans&ld  and 
Uie  proteetant  union  in  October  1626  (iVe- 
poMfiMfUy  p.  671) ;  but  a  yictoij  over  the 
in^rialista  waa  neutralified  b  j  a  truce  and 
MamdMd'fl  subsequent  death  (tb,  pp.  679- 
593\  Suspicion  was  aroused  bjthe  conduct 
of  Bethlen,  -who  complained  that  the  pro- 
ndsedsiibsidy  of  ten  thousand  dollars  a  month 
from  England  had  not  been  paid  (tb.  p.  696), 
Senrtbeleas  Roe  succeeded  in  keeping  Qabor 
men  at  less  on  the  side  of  the  German  pro- 
.  twtsnts,  and  also  managed  in  their  interest 
lo  ^uash  the  proposal  for  a  treaty  between 
Spam  and  the  f^xrte  (tb,  p.  452).  At  the 
same  lime  he  was  a  warm  fr  tend  of  the  Greek 
dumh  in  Turkej,  and  on  intimate  terms 
with  its  celebrated  patriarch,  Cyril  Lucaris. 
Ojia  preocnted  through  Roe  to  James  I  the 
odebnted'  Godex  Alexandrinus'  of  the  whole 
Bible,  which  the  patriarch  brought  from  his 
fonner  see  of  Alexandria ;  it  was  transferred 
with  the  rest  of  the  royal  library  to  the 
British  Musenm  in  1757  (cf.  NegotiatianBj  p. 
618)u  Roe  was  himself  a  collector  of  Greek 
manuscripts.  Twenty^nine  Greek  and  other 
msBQMriptSy  including  an  original  copy  of 
the  STuodal  epistles  of  the  council  of  Basle, 
he  brought  home,  he  presented  in 
1938  to  the  Bodleian  Library  (Macbat, 
AimBUvfthe  Bodleian^  2nd  ed.,  pp.  70,  72). 
A  coikction  made  by  him  of  242  coins  was 
giTen  by  his  widow,  at  his  desire,  to  the  Bod- 
fetsB  after  his  deatii.  He  also  searched  for 
Giaek  'marbles'  in  behalf  of  the  Duke  of 
Buckingham  and  the  second  Earl  of  Arundel. 
'  Naked  I  came  in,  and  naked  I  goe  out,' 
he  wrote  on  6  Amil  1628,  on  finally  leaving 
his  embassy  at  Gonstantinaple  (td.  p.  810). 
June  found  him  at  Smyrna^  whence  hie  sailed 
to  Leghorn,  and  on  the  way  fought  an  enga^ 
ment  with  Maltese  galleys,  during  which 
he  was  struck  down  by  a  spar  wOch  had 
Coftonately  checked  a  ball  (td.  pp.  826-7). 
TaTellinff  across  the  continent,  ±£30  visited 
Mncess  Elisabeth,  the  electress-palatine  and 
queen  ci  Bohemia,  at  Rhenen,  and,  in  com- 
uiance  with  her  wish,  adopted  the  two 
danghten  of  Baron  Rupa,  an  impoyerished 
adherent  of  the  elector  (Gbeeit,  PriTicestea 
o/Enffktnd,  rl  471).  Reaching  the  Hague 
in  December  1628,  he  presented  to  the 
Prince  of  Orange  a  memorial  in  which  he 
mied  that  Bethlen  Gabor  should  affain  be 
fubsidised,  and  that  Gustarus  Aaolphus 
should  march  into  Silesia,  where  Bethlen 
would  join  him  {Camden  Society  Mieoellany, 
ToL  Tii. ;  Letters  of  Sir  T,  Bocy  ed.  S.  R.  Gardi- 
ner, pp.  2-4).  He  left  the  Hague  at  the  end 
of  Febmaiy  for  England,  and  in  May  1629 
be  submitted  another  memorial  to  the  same 
cfieet  to  Charles  I,  and  in  the  result  was 


despatched  in  June  on  a  nussion  to  mediate 
a  peace  between  the  kings  of  Sweden  and 
Poland  (Instructions,  printed  ib.  pp.  10-21). 
He  visited theSwedish camp  near  Maxienburg, 
and  then  the  Polish  camp,  brought  about  a 
meeting  of  commissioners  in  September  1629, 
and  succeeded  in  arranging  a  truce  for  six 
years  {tb,  p.  89).  He  was  m  close  personal 
relations  with  Gustavus  Adolphus,  whose 
generous  character  strongly  impressed  him, 
while  the  Swedish  king  admitted  that  he 
owed  ohiefi^  to  Roe  the  suggestion,  which  he 
pu{  into  e£fect  in  June  1680,  of  carrying  the 
war  into  Germany  and  placing  himself  at  the 
head  of  the  protestant  alliance.  He  caUed 
Roe  his  'strenuum  consultorem,'  and  sent 
him  a  present  of  2,000/.  on  his  victory  at 
Leipzig  (Howell,  Familiar  I^tter8,ed,  1764, 
p.  228;.  After  arranging  the  truce  be- 
tween Poland  and  Sweden,  Roe  drew  up  a 
treaty  at  Danzig  settling  the  claims  of  that 
city  with  which  he  had  been  instructed  to 
deal,  and,  breaking  his  homeward  journey  at 
Copenha^;en,  he  concluded  a  treatv with  Den- 
mark which  in  other  hands  had  been  Ian* 
guishing  for  years. 

In  the  sununer  of  1680  Roe  returned  to 
Euf^land  from  this  successful  mission.  The 
king  had  a  gold  medal  struck  in  his  honour, 
bearing  the  shields  of  Sweden  and  Poland 
and  the  date  1680,  and  on  the  reverse  the 
crown  of  England  supported  by  two  angels, 
and  beneath  a  monogram  of  Koe's  initials 
(CaL  State  Papers,  Dom.  1680-1,  p.  466). 
This  medal  Dame  Eleanor  Roe  presented  to 
the  Bodleian  Library  in  1668  (I0.OBAT,  An- 
nals, 2nd  edit.  p.  184>.  But  beyond  this 
barren  honour  tne  ambassador  received  no 
rewards.  For  six  years  he  lived  in  retire- 
ment, suffering  from  limited  means;  his  wife's 
purchased  pension  was  in  arrears;  even  pay- 
ment was  lon^  withheld  from  him  on  ac- 
count of  the  diamonds  which  he  bought  for 
the  king  at  Constantinople,  and  the  pleasures 
of  a  country  life  ill  requited  him  for  the  lack 
of  state  employment.  He '  bought  a  cell ' 
for  his  old  age  at  Stanford,  and  afterwards 
moved  to  Bmwick  and  then  to  Oranfrad  (Oai, 
State  Papers,  Dom.  1629*81,  pp.  844,  ke,) 
At  last,  in  January  1686-7,  he  was  appointed 
chancellor  of  the  order  of  the  Garter,  to 
which  a  year  later  a  pension  of  1,200/.  a  year 
was  added  (f^.  1687-6,  p.  214\  Meanwhile 
he  was  in  constant  correspondence  with  the 
queen  of  Bohemia,  who  addressed  him  as 
'Honest  Tom,'  and  who  depended  on  his  in- 
fluence to  counteract  the  indiscretions  of  her 
London  agent,  Sir  Francis  Nethersole  [q.  v.] 
(Grbbn,  Princesses,  vi.  556-66). 

In  1638  he  was  once  more  sent  abroad  as 
ambassador  extraordinary  to  attend  the  con- 


Roe 


ja 


Roe 


gress  of  the  imperial,  French,  and  Swedish 
plenipotentiaries  for  the  settlement  of  the 
terms  of  a  general  peace,which  sat  successively 
at  Hamburg,  Ratisbon,  and  Vienna  (Neffotior 
tumsy  p.  IS ;  Letters  and  Memorials  of  Sidney 
Family y  ii.  pref.,  664,570;  Cal,  State  Papers, 
Dom.  1638-43, passim;  Brit.Mus,Addit.M8. 
21993,  f.  294).  The  plenipotentiaries  did  their 
utmost  to  exclude  him,  but  Roe  contrived  to 
join  the  conferences  and  to  make  his  influence 
felt  towards  the  restoration  of  the  palatinate. 
Roe's  ability  profoundly  impressed  the  em- 
peror, who  is  reported  to  have  exclaimecl, '  I 
have  met  with  many  gallant  persons  of  many 
nations,  but  I  scarce  ever  met  with  an  ambas^ 
sador  till  now '  (Wood,  Athen€B,  loc.  dt. ;  Bb 
WiCQUEFOBX,  VAmbassadeur,  1682,  p.  105^. 
These  negotiations  and  a  further  treaty  witn 
Denmark  ooeupied  most  of  his  energies  till 
September  1642  {CaL  State  Papers,  Dom. 
1639,  pp.  143,  206;  Brit  Mus.  Addit.  MS. 
^8937,  f.  26),  but  he  was  at  intervals  in 
London,  where  he  busied  himself  with  par- 
liamentary work.  He  was  sworn  a  mem- 
ber of  the  privy  council  in  June  1640  {Oal. 
State  Papers,  Dom.  1640,  p.  447),  and  was 
returned  on  17  Oct.  1640  as  one  of  the 
burgesses  for  the  university  of  Oxford.  His 
wide  experience,  sober  learning,  and  dig- 
nified eloquence  had  their  weight  in  the 
House  of  Commons.  Some  of  his  speeches, 
chiefly  on  commercial  and  currency  questions 
<e.g.  on  brass  money,  1640,  on  Lora-keeper 
Finch,  1640,  on  the  decay  of  coin  and  trade, 
1641),  were  printed,  and  on  13  Nov.  1640  he 
presented  to  the  house  a  report  on  the  nego- 
tiations connected  with  the  Scottish  treaty 
at  Ripon  (Nalson,  Collect,  ii.  624).  In  the 
following  summer  he  asked  and  obtained 
the  leave  of  the  house  to  retain  his  seat 
during  his  absence  at  the  diet  of  Ratisbon 
(id,  p.  804).  In  July  1642,  when  ambassa- 
doz^-extraordinarv  at  Vienna,  he  wrote  a  letter 
to  Edmund  WaUer,  which  was  read  to  the 
House  of  Commons,  repudiating  the  rumour 
that  he  had  offered  an  offensive  and  defensive 
alliance  to  the  king  of  Hungary  without  his 
own  sovereign's  permission  ^Letter  to  Waller, 
Brit.  Mus.,  1642).  On  2  July  1643  Roe  ob- 
tained permission  of  the  commons  to  retire  to 
Bath  in  the  hope  of  improving  his  health.  He 
died  on  6  Nov.  1644--in  the  words  of  Dr. 
Oerard  Langbaine's  proposed  epitaph, '  prsd- 
reptus  opportune,  nefunestam  regni  catastro- 
phen  spectaret ' — and  was  buried  two  days 
later  in  the  chancel  of  Woodford  church, 
£s6ex  (Wood,  AtJunai) ;  the  manor  of  Wood- 
ford had  been  conveyed  to  him  in  1640 
(J.  Eezhtedt,  Hist  ofLeyton,  p.  367). 

Roe's  solid]  udgment,  penetration,  and  sa- 
gacity are  sufficiently  proved  by  his  published 


journal  and  despatches;  in  knowledge  of 
foreign  afiairs  ana  in  a  practical  acquaintance 
with  the  details  of  British  commerce  he  pro- 
bably had  no  living  equal ;  he  was  not  afraid 
of  responsibility ;  whue  of  the  charm  of  his 
manner  and  conversation  it  is  enough  to 
quote  the  emperor's  remark^  that '  if  Roe  had 
been  one  of  the  fSur  sex,  and  a  beauty,  he 
was  sure  the  engaging  conversation  of  the 
English  ambassador  would  have  proved 
too  hard  for  his  virtue'  (Coltjns,  Letters 
and  Memorials  qf  State  of  the  Sydney  Family , 
ii.  641  ft. ;  Cal,  State  Papers,  i)om.  1641-8, 

S,  131).  In  his  personal  character  he  was 
evout  and  regular ;  he  always  gave  a  tenth 
of  his  income  to  the  poor ;  he  was  an  earnest 
supporter  of  the  protestant  principle,  and 
devoted  to  his  kmg,  thougn  lightly  re- 
warded. 'Those  who  knew  nim  well  hare 
said  that  there  was  nothing  wanting  in  him 
towards  the  accomplishment  of  a  scholar, 
ffentleman,  or  courtier ;  that  also  as  he  was 
learned,  so  was  he  a  great  encourager  and 
promoter  of  learning  and  learned  men.  His 
spirit  was  generous  and  public,  and  his  heart 
faithful  to  his  prince '  (Wood,  Atherusj  iii. 
113).  He  married,  before  1614,  Eleanor, 
daughter  of  Sir  Thomas  Cave  of  Stanford, 
Northamptonshire  (Philpot  pedigree,  Col- 
lege of  Arms),  and  niece  of  Lord  Grandison 
(Cal,  StaU  Papers,  Dom.  1636,  p.  476).  She 
accompanied  her  husband  in  1621  on  his 
embassy  to  the  Ottoman  Porte,  and  showed 

Ct  courage  during  the  engagement  with, 
bese  galleys  on  the  way  home. 

Roe's  diplomatic  memoirs  and  volumi- 
nous and  interesting  correspondence  have 
only  been  in  part  publishea  or  preserved. 
Part  of  the  '  Journal '  of  his  mission  to  the 
mogul,  to  February  1616-17,  with  inter- 
spersed letters,  exists  in  two  manuscripts  in 
the  British  Museum,  Addit.  6116  and  19277, 
and  was  first  published  during  his  lifetime  in. 
1626  by  Purchas  in  'His  Pilgrimes,'  pt.  i. 
pp.  635-78,  together  with  some  of  his  corre- 
spondence with  George  Abbot  [q.  v.],  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury,  and  others.  The 
journal  was  re]jrinted  by  Harris  in  1705  in 
liis  '  Navis;antium  BibUotheca,'  i.  156-67, 
and  more  lully  by  Churchill  in  1732  in  his 
'Collection  of  Voyages,'  L  688-728,  where 
it  is  stated  that  the  original  manuscript  has 
been  used.  It  was  also  translated  into  rrenck 
in  the '  Relations  de  divers  Voyages  Curieux,' 
1663,  into  German  in  Schwabe's  '  AUgemeina 
Historic  der  Reisen,'  1747,  and  into  iJutch  in 
the  '  Joumael  van  de  Reysen,*  1666. 

Proposals  were  published  in  1730  for  edit- 
ing Roe's  European  correspondence,  and  his 
'Negotiations  in  his  embassy  to  the  Ottoman 
Porte/  1621-8,  were  eventually  printed  in 


Roe 


93 


Roebuck 


gie&tdeUil  by  Samuel  RichardBon  (1740),  but 
with  sctizcely  any  attempt  at  annotatioB  or 
eating,  beyond  a  Tery  full  analytical  table  of 
contents  and  decipherments  of  some  of  the 
ciphem  This  larse  volume  (of  Ixiy  +  628 
folio  pages)  was  published  mainly  at  the  cost 
of  the  'Society  for  the  Encouragement  of 
LeanuDB^'  and  Thomas  Carte  [q.  v.],  who 
otiginaSed  this  society,  appears  to  have 
amand  the  papers  pubUshea  in  this  volume 
rBrit  Mas.  Addit.  MSS.  6190  f.  21,  6185  ff. 
iO&,  HI ;  Harl.  1901).  This  was  prospec- 
rireiy  the  first  of  several  volumes,  and  the 
intention  was  to  have  published  the  rest 
of  Boe's  correspondence  up  to  his  death,  but 
the  scheme  was  abandoned.  Roe  also  printed, 
besides  several  of  his  parliamentary  speeches 
in  pamphlet  form:  1.  '  A  True  and  Faiths 
fol  Bemtion  ...  of  what  hath  lately  hap- 
penedin  Constantinople,  concerning  the  death 
of  Sultan  Onnan  and  the  setting  up  of  Mus- 
tapha  his  nncle,'  London,  1622,  4to.  2.  <  A 
Dtseome  upon  the  reasons  of  the  resolution 
talnn  in  the  Valteline  against  the  tyranny 
of  the  Orisons  and  heretics,'  translated  from 
Fra  ^olo  Sarpiy  London,  4to,  1628  (reissued 
in  1650  as  '  llie  Cruel  Subtiltv  of  Ambi- 
tion').  A  poem  by  Hoe  on  the  death  of 
Lord  Harington  appeared  in  'The  Churches 
Lamentation  for  the  Losse  of  the  GN>dly,' 
1614  {Noies  and  Queries,  4th  ser.  v.  9). 

A  few  of  Roe's  despatdies,  preserved  in  the 
state  wsr  office,  were  edited  in  1847  by 
Dr.  S.  K.  Gardiner  for  the  'Camden  Society 
MiseeHanv/ vol.  vii.,  'Letters  relating  to  the 
Mission  of  Sir  T.  Roe  to  Ghistavus  Adolphns,' 
sad  George  lord  Carew's  letters  to  Roe 
between  lSl6  and  1617  were  edited  by  Sir 
John  i^t^^^^rt  for  the  Camden  Society  in 
1860L  lliere  are  numerous  letters  and  des- 
patches of  Roe's,  still  unpublished,  in  the 
puUie  record  office;  but  few  of  those  pub* 
bshed  in  the  volume  of  '  Negotiations ' 
seem  to  he  preserved  there  (Notes  and 
Quenee^  2nd  ser.  viii.  351-2).  In  the  British 
Ifasenm,  besides  his  Indian  journal  and 
letters,  there  are  letters  among  tne  Harleian, 
Egectoot  and  Sloane  manuscripts.  Roe  is 
further  stated  by  Wood  to  have  left  in 
manuscript '  A  Compendious  Relation  of  the 
Proesedings  and  Acts  of  the  Imperial  Dyet 
held  at  Ratisbon  in  1640and  1641,  abstracted 
out  of  the  Diary  of  the  Colleges^'  which  was 
in  the  possession  of  T.  8mitl^  D  J).,  of  Mag- 
dalen College,  Ozfordi  and  a  'Journal  of 
ssffersl  proceedings  of  the  Knights  of  the 
Gaiter/ neqoMitly  cited  by  Ashmole  in  his 
' Institation '  (Cat.  MSS.  AngluB  et  Hib.  i. 
3301  His  portrait^  by  Michael  ^an  Miere* 
veldt  of  Delft,  is  engraved  by  Vertue  as  a 
to  the '  Negotiations.' 


[Authorities  cited  above ;  Laud's  Works,  pii»- 
sim  ;  information  from  Mossbb.  T.  M.  J,  Watkin^ 
PorteuUis,  S.  B.  Gardiner,  J.  Cartmnght*  F.  H. 
Bickley,  and  Lionel  Cost.  F.  S.  A]     &  L..P. 

ROEBUCK,  JOHN,  M,D.  (1718-1794), 
inventor,  bom  in  1718  at  Sheffield,  was  the 
son  of  John  Roebuck,  a  prosperous  mannfae- 
tnrer  of  Sheffield  goods,  who  wished  him  to 
enffage  in  and  inherit  the  business.  John  had 
a  higher  ambition,  and,  after  receiving  his 
early  education  at  the  Sheffield  grammar 
school,  was  removed  to  Dr.  Doddridge's  aca- 
demy at  Northampton.  He  became  a  good 
classical  scholar,  retaining  throughout  hfe  a 
taste  for  the  classics;  and  he  formed  at 
Northampton  a  lasting  intimacy  with  his 
fellow-pupil,  Mark  Akenside.  Thence  he 
prooeeded  to  Edinburgh  University  to  study 
medicine.  There  the  teaching  of  Cnllen 
and  Black  specially  attracted  him  to  che- 
mistry. He  became  intimate  with  Hume, 
Eobertson,  and  their  circle,  forming  an  attach- 
ment to  Scotland  which  influenced  his  sub- 
sequent career.  He  completed  his  medical 
education  at  Leyden,  where  he  took  his  degree 
of  M.D.  on  5  Mfl«^  1742.  A  promising  open- 
ing having  presented  itself  at  Birmingham,  he 
settled  there  as  a  physician.  He  had  soon  a 
considerable  practice,  but  his  old  love  of 
chemistry  revived,  and  he  spent  all  his  spare 
time  in  chemical  experiments,  particularly 
with  a  view  to  the  application  of  chemistry  to 
some  of  the  many  industries  of  Birmingham. 
Among  his  inventions  was  an  improvMl  me* 
thod  of  refining  gold  and  silver  ana  of  collect- 
ing the  smaller  particlesofthem^  formerly  lost 
in  the  processes  of  the  local  manufacturers. 
Stimulated  by  his  successes,  he  established 
in  Steelhouse  Lane  a  large  laboratory,  and 
in  connection  with  it  a  refinery  of  the  precious 
metals.  He  associated  with  himself  in  the 
management  of  the  laboratory  an  able  busi- 
ness coadjutor  in  the  person  of  Samuel  Gar- 
bett,  a  Birmingham  merchant.  Roebuck  be- 
came, in  fact,  what  is  now  called  a  consulting 
chemist  (Pbobseb,  p.  16),  to  whom  the  local 
manufacturer  applied  for  advice,  and  thus  a 
considerable  impetus  was  given  to  the  indus* 
tries  of  Birmingham.  The  most  important  of 
his  several  improvements  in  processes  for  the 
production  of  chemicals  at  this  period  was  one 
of  very  great  utility  in  the  manufacture  of  sul- 
phuric acid.  In  the  fifteenth  century  the  Ger- 
man monk  Basil  Valentine  had  first  produced 
oil  of  vitriol  by  subjecting  sulphate  of  iron 
to  distillation,  and  the  proeess  had  been  but 
little  improved  previous  to  1740,  when  Joshua 
Ward  facilitated  the  manufacture  by  burning 
nitre  and  sulphur  over  water,  and  condensing 
theresultinff  vapour  in  g[lass  globes,  the  larvest 
that  could  be  blown  with  safety*    For  giasa 


Roebuck 


94 


Roebuck 


fflobes  Roebuck  now  subetltuted  leaden  cli&m- 
bers.  The  change  effected  a  revolution  in  the 
manufacture  of  sulphuric  acid,  which  was 
thus  reduced  to  a  fourth  of  its  former  cost, 
and  was  soon  applied  to  the  bleacUng  of 
linen,  displacing  the  sour  milk  formem'  used 
for  that  purpose.  The  first  of  the  leaden 
chanberB  wBserectedbyRoebuckand  Qarbett 
in  1746,  and  the  nnxlem  process  of  manufao* 
tnre  is  still  substantially  that  of  Roebuck 
(Pabxbb,  i.  474-6;  c£  Bloxam,  Chomistry, 
1896,  p.  220). 

Encouraged  by  the  success  of  the  new  pro- 
cess, Roebuck  and  Garbett  established  in  1y49 
a  manu&ctory  of  sulphuric  acid  at  Preston- 
pans,  eiffht  miles  east  of  Edinburgh.  This 
proved  ror  a  time  very  profitable,  but  the  firm 
neglected  at  the  outset  to  procure  a  patent 
for  their  invention  either  in  England  or  in 
Scotland,  and  endeavoured  to  reap  exclusive 
TOofit  from  it  by  keeping  the  process  a  secret. 
llie  nature  of  the  process  became,  however, 
known  in  England  through  an  absconding 
workman,  and  in  1766  it  was  used  by  rivals 
in  England,  and  later  by  others  in  Scotland. 
In  1771  Roebuck  took  out  a  patent  for  Scot- 
land (cf.  specification  printed  in  the  Bir" 
minffham  Weekly  Post,  19  May  1894),  and 
with  Garbett  sought  to  restrain  the  use  of  the 
invention  in  SooUand  by  others  than  them- 
selves. The  court  of  session  decided  against 
this  claim,  on  the  ground  that  the  process  was 
freely  used  in  England,  and  therefore  could 
be  fireely  used  in  Scotland.  A  petition  against 
this  decision  was  in  1774  dismissed  bv  the 
House  of  Lords  (JoumalSy  zxxiv.  76, 217). 

It  is  uncertain  whether  Roebuck  was  still 
in  Birmingham  whan  he  turned  his  attention 
to  the  manufacture  of  iron.  With  the  death 
of  Dud  Dudley  [q.  v.]  the  secret  of  smelting 
iron  by  pit-coalinstead  of  by  charcoal,  a  mu(m 
more  expenaiveprocess,  had  expired  or  be- 
come latent^  The  smelting  of  iron  ore  by 
coke  made  from  pit-coal  was  probably  redis- 
covered by  Abranam  Darby  [q.  v.]  at  Cole- 
brookdale  about  1784,  but  Koeouck  was  un- 
doubtedly among  the  first  to  reintroduce  the 
industry  into  Britain,  and,  further,  to  con- 
vert by  the  same  agency  east  iron  into  mal- 
leable iron.  If  thd  iron  manufacture  was 
comparatively  unproductive  in  England,  it 
was  virtually  non-existent  in  Scotland,  al- 
though a  country  abounding  in  ironstone  and 
coal.  After  adding  a  manufacture  of  pottery 
to  that  of  sulphuric  aeid  at  Frestonpans,  Roo- 
buck  appears  to  have  thought  of  trying  in  the 
sane  district  the  manufiicture  of  iron  on  a 
small  scale  ( jABBnrE,  p.  71).  In  the  result 
th«re  was  formed  for  the  purpose  of  manufac- 
turing iron  on  a  large  scale  in  Scotland  a 
company  consisting  of  Roebuck  and  his  three 


brothers,  Garbett,  and  Messrs.  Oadell  & 
Sons  of  Oockensie  (Pabxes,  i.  478).  The 
latter  firm  had  alreieuly  made  some  unsuc- 
cessful efforts  to  manufacture  iron.  Every 
arrangement  of  importance  in  the  establish«- 
ment  of  the  company's  works  was  due  to 
Roebuck's  insight  ana  energy.  He  selected 
for  their  site  a  spot  on  the  uinks  of  the  river 
Carron  in  Stblin^hire,  three  miles  above  its 
infiux  into  the  Firth  of  Forth.  The  Garron 
furnished  water-power,  the  Forth  a  water- 
way for  transport,  and  all  around  were, 
plentiful  suppbes  of  coal,  ironstone,  and 
limestone.  Tne  first  furnace  was  blown  at 
Carron  on  1  Jan.  1760.  and  during  the  same 
year  the  Garron  worxs  turned  out  fifteen 
hundred  tons  of  manufactured  iron,  then 
the  whole  annual  produce  of  Scotland 
(Skilbs,  InduBtriai  Biography,  p.  186). 
liarge  quantities  of  charcoal  were  used  at 
first  (SoBivBiTER,  p.  84) ;  but  Roebuck's  in- 
^nuity  brought  the  much  cheaper  pit-coal 
mto  play,  both  for  smelting  and  refining. 
In  1762  he  took  out  a  patent  for  the  con- 
version of  any  kind  of  cast  iron  into  malle- 
able iron  by  the  '  action  of  a  hollow  pit-coal 
fixe'  {Specifications  of  Patents,  1762,  No. 
780).  The  use  of  pit-coal  on  a  large  scale 
required,  however,  a  much  more  powerful 
blast  than  was  needed  for  charcoaL  Roe- 
buck consulted  Smeaton  [see  Skbatoit,  John], 
in  whose  published '  Reports '  (1812,  voL  i.)  are 
to  be  found  accounts  of  several  of  his  in- 
genious contrivances  in  aid  of  the  operations 
at  Garron.  The  chief  of  these  was  his  pro- 
duction of  the  powerful  blast  needed  for  the 
effective  reduction  of  iron  by  pit-coal.  The 
first  blowing  cylinders  of  any  magnitude  con- 
structed for  this  purpose  were  erected  at  Gar- 
ron by  Smeaton  about  1760  (d.  Sobivefbr, 
p.  88,  and  Smilbs,  Life  of  Smeaton,  p.  61). 
J^ides  turning  out  quantities  of  articles  ot 
manufactured  iron  for  domestic  use,  the  Gar- 
ron works  became  fiimousfor  their  production 
of  ordnance,  supplied  not  only  to  our  own 
army,  but  to  the  armies  of  continental  coun* 
tries.  It  was  from  being  made  at  Garron  that 
carronades  derived  their  name.  The  first  of 
them  was  cast  at  Garron  in  1779  (Skilbb, 
InduitneU Biography,  p.  187  n.)  The  Garron 
ironworks  were  long  the  laivest  of  their  kind 
in  the  United  Kingdom,  and  are  still  produo* 
tive  and  prosperous. 

When  the  Garron  works  were  firmly  eeta* 
bUshed  in  a  career  of  prosperity.  Roebuck, 
unfortunately  for  himself,  engaged  in  a  new 
enterprise  which  proved  his  ruin.  Mainly 
to  procure  an  improved  supply  of  coal  for 
the  Garron  works,  ne  took  a  lease  from  tbe 
Duke  of  Hamilton  of  large  coalmines  and 
saltworks  at  Borrowstounness  (Bo*  ness)  in 


Roebuck 


9S 


Roebuck 


linficligowsluie,  wbich  woe  yieldmi^  little 
or  no  piofitt  and  about  1764  he  removea  with 
his  fkmilj  to  Kennefl  House,  a  ducal  maiuion 
which  overlooked  the  Firth  of  Forth  and 
went  with  the  leaae.  Roebuck  set  to  work 
to  iink  for  ooal,  and  opened  up  new  eeam« ; 
but  hit  progrooawaa  checked  l^  water  flood- 
ing his  pita,  a  diaaater  which  the  Neweomen 
engine  employed  by  him  wa$  powerless  to 
avert.  It  waa  this  difficulty  which  led  to 
one  of  the  moat  intereetinff  episodes  of  his 
caner,  hia  intimacy  with  and  encouragement 
of  Watt»  then  oocopied  in  the  invention  of 
his  steam-o^pne  [see  Watt,  Jaxbb].  Roe* 
buck  waa  intimate  with  Robert  Black,  then 
pruftanar  of  chemistiy  at  Edinburgh,  who 
was  a  patron  of  Watt.  Hearingfrom  Black 
of  Watt  and  hia  steam-engine.  Roebuck  en- 
tered into  oorreepondenoe  with  him,  in  the 
hope  that  the  new  engine  might  do  for  the 
water  in  hia  coalpits  what  Newcomen's  had 
faiOad  in  doing.  Eventually  Roebuck  came 
tobetieve  in  the  promise  of  Watt's  invention, 
rebukimg  him  for  his  despondency,  and  wel- 
eam^ghim  to  Kinneil  House,  where  Watt 
TOit  together  a  working  model  of  his  ongip^* 
Koebock  took  upon  himself  a  debt  of  1,200/. 
which  Watt  owed  to  Black  (Smilbs,  Indut-' 
trial  Biograpkietj  p.  139),  and  helped  him 
to  proeoxe  his  first  patent  of  1769.  Watt  ad- 
mitted that  he  must  have  sunk  under  his 
disapDOtBtments  if  he  'had  not  been  sup- 
MTftea  by  the  friendship  of  Dr.  Roebuck.' 
Aoebnck  became  a  partner  with  Watt  in  his 
mat  mvention  to  uie  extent  of  two  thirds. 
But  the  engine  had  not  yet  been  so  perfected 
as  to  keep  down  the  water  in  Roebuck's  mines. 
Through  the  expense  and  Ices  thus  incurred 
Roebuck  became  involved  in  serious  pecu- 
niary embarrasaments.  To  his  loss  by  his 
miwe  waa  added  that  from  an  unsuccessful 
attempt  to  manufacture  soda  from  salt.  After 
siaUng  in  the  coal  and  salt  works  at  Bor- 
fowBtoonness  his  own  fortune,  that  brought 
him  by  his  wife,  the  profits  of  his  other  en- 
terpriaea,  and  laige  sums  borrowed  from 
frieoda,  he  bad  to  withdraw  his  capital  from 
the  Canon  ironworks,  from  the  refining  works 
at  Binninglumi,  and  the  vitriol  works  at  Pres- 
toBpaoB  to  satisfv  the  claims  of  his  creditors. 
Among  Roebuck  s  debts  waa  one  of  1 ,200^  to 
Boalt<»i,  afterwards  Watt's  well-known  part- 
ner. Rather  than  claim  against  the  estate 
Boohon  offered  to  cancel  the  debt  in  return 
for  the  transfer  to  him  of  Roebuck's  two-thirds 
ihareinWatt'seteani-eiigine,ofwhlch  so  little 
waa  then  thought  that  Roebuck's  creditors 
dad  not  value  it  as  oontributing  a  fsirthing 
te  his  assets  (Sxilbb,  JUyh  of  Watt,  p.  177). 
Boebnek's  cieditoia  retained  him  in  the 
management  €a  the  Bonp^wstounness  coal  and 


salt  works,  and  made  him  an  annual  allow- 
ance sufficient  for  the  maintenance  of  him- 
self and  his  family.  To  his  other  occupations 
he  added  at  Kenneil  House  that  of  farmine 
on  rather  a  large  scale,  and  though,  as  usual, 
he  made  experiments,  he  waa  a  successful 
agriculturist  (Wiobt,  Embandry  qf  Soot- 
kind,  iii.  608,  iv.  665).  He  died  on  17  July 
1794,  retaining  to  the  last  his  fiftculties  ani^ 
his  native  good  humour.  He  married,  about 
1746,  Ann  Ward  of  Sheffield,  but  left  her  un- 
provided for.  His  third  son,  Ebenezer,  was 
lather  of  John  Arthur  Roebuck  [q.  v.]  An- 
other grandson,  Thomas,  isseparatdy  noticed. 

Roebuck  was  a  member  of  the  Royal  So- 
cieties of  London  and  Edinburgh,  and  conr 
tributed  to  the '  Philosophical  Iiwsactions ' 
(vols.  65  and  66).  Of  two  pamphlets  of 
which  he  is  said  to  have  been  the  author, 
one  is  in  the  library  of  the  British  Museum, 
<  An  Enquiry  whether  the  guilt  of  the  present 
Civil  War  in  America  ought  to  be  imputed  to 
Ghreat  Britain  or  America  P  A  new  edition,' 
London,  1776, 8vo.  Roebuck's  verdict  was  in 
favour  of  Qreat  Britain. 

Roebuck  was  both  warm-hearted  and 
warm-temnered,^  an  agreeable  companion, 
much  Hkea  by  his  many  friends,  and  exem- 
plary in  all  the  relations  of  private  life.  When 
ne  received  the  freedom  of  the  city  of  Edin- 
burgh during  the  provostship  of  James  Drum- 
mond,  he  was  assured  that  the  honour  con- 
ferred on  him  was '  given  for  eminent  services 
done  to  his  counlsry.'  Certainly  the  esta- 
blishment of  the  Carron  ironworks  and  the 
improvements  which  he  introduced  into  the 
iron  manufacture  were  of  signal  benefit  to 
Scotland.  Not  only  did  it  originate  in  Scot^ 
land  a  new  industry  which  has  since  become 
of  great  magnitude,  but  it  p^ave  an  impetus 
then  much  needed  to  Scottish  industrial  en- 
terprise. Even  the  works  at  Bonowstoun- 
ness,  though  ruinous  to  himself,  contributed 
to  the  same  end,  so  that  the  mineral  re- 
sources of  the  district  were  developed  with 
a  spirit  unknown  before.  Roebuck's  personal 
failure  there  is  to  be  ascribed  mainly  to  the 
ultra-sanguine  vi^s  which  resulted  from 
his  success  elsewhere. 

[Memoir  of  Boebuek  in  vol.  iv.  of  Transactions 
of  the  Royal  Soc.  of  Edinburgh,  commnnicated 
by  ^h^fessor  Jaidine  of  Glasgow ;  R.  B.  Prosser's 
BiriDiDghamlnventomand  Siventions ;  Parkea's 
Chsmical  Essays,  2Dd  edit. ;  Scrivener's  Hist,  of 
the  Iron  Trade;  Percy's  Metallurgy,  ii.  889; 
Smilot's  Lives  of  Boalton  and  Watt ;  Hunter's 
HaIlam8hire,ed.Gkitty,  p.810 ;  Webster^s  Patent 
Cases;  authorities  cited.]  F.  £. 

ROEBUCK,  JOHN  ARTHUR  (1801- 
1879),  politician,  bona  at  Madras  in  1801,  was 
fifth  son  of  Ebenesar  Roebuck,  a  civil  servant 


Roebuck 


96 


Roebuck 


In  India,  -who  was  third  son  of  Dr.  John  Roe- 
buck [q.  v.]  His  mother  was  a  daughter  of 
KichardTickell,thebrother-in-lawaad  friend 
of  Sheridan.  Losing  his  &ther  in  childhood, 
he  was  brought  to  England  in  1807,  whence 
his  mother  took  him  to  Canada  after  her 
marriage  to  a  second  husband.  He  was  edu- 
cated in  Canada.  Returning  to  England  in 
1824,  he  wasentered  at  the  Inner  Texnple,and 
called  to  the  bar  on  28  Jan.  1881.  He  went 
the  northern  circuit.  In  1848  he  was  ap- 
pointed queen's  counsel,  and  was  elected  a 
bencher  of  hia  inn.  In  1886  he  became  agent 
in  England  for  the  House  of  Assembly  of 
Lower  Canada  during  the  dispute  between 
the  executive  government  and  the  House  of 
Assembly,  and  on  6  Feb.  1888  he  was  heard 
at  the  bar  of  the  House  of  Lords  in  opposi- 
tion to  Lord  John  Russell's  Canada  JBill. 
His  practice  as  a  barrister  was  not  large. 
The  only  trial  in  which  he  made  a  decided 
mark  was  that  in  which  he  successfully  de- 
fended Job  Bradshaw,  the  proprietor  and 
editor  of  a  Nottingham  newspaper,  for  a 
libel  upon  Feargus  O'Connor  [q.  v.] 

A  disciple  of  Bentham  and  a  friend  of 
JohnStuart  Mill,  Roebuckprofessed  advanced 
political  opinions,  which  he  resolved  to  up- 
nold  in  the  House  of  Commons.  On  14  Dec. 
1832  he  was  returned  by  Bath  to  the  first 
reformed  parliament.  The  constituencv  had 
previously  invited  Sir  William  Napier  [q.  v.] 
to  contest  the  seat.    Napier  refused,  but  ex- 

Caed  warm  approval  of  the  selection  of 
buck,  with  whom  he  thenceforth  cor- 
responded frequently  on  public  questions 
(Bbttcb,  lAfe  of  Napier^  i.  418,  ii.  40,  61, 
70).  Roebuck  delivered  his  maiden  speech 
on  5  Feb.  1888,  during  the  debate  on  the 
address,  declaring  himself  '  an  independent 
member  of  that  nouse.'  That  position  he 
always  occupied,  attacking  all  who  differed 
frx>m  him  with  such  vehemence  as  to  earn 
the  nickname  of  'Tear  'em.'  With  the 
whigs  he  was  always  out  of  sympathy,  and 
never  lost  an  opportunity  of  exhibiting  his 
contempt  for  them.  In  domestic  questions 
his  attitude  was  usually  that  of  a  thorough- 
going radicaL  He  joined  O'Connell  in  oppoe- 
ing  coercion  in  Ireland,  and  advocated  the 
ballot  and  the  abolition  of  sinecures.  In 
1885,  when  he  was  re-«lected  for  Bath,  he 
proposed  to  withdraw  the  veto  from  the 
House  of  Lords,  substituting  a  suspensive 
power,  and  providing  that  a  bill  which  had 
been  rejected  by  the  lords  should  become 
law,  with  the  royal  assent,  after  having  been 
passed  a  second  time  by  the  commons.  In 
the  same  year  he  collected  in  a  volume  a 
series  of  '  Famphlets  for  the  People,'  in  sup- 
port of  his  political  views,  which  he  had 


issued  week  by  week,  ^rst  at  the  price  of 
three-halfoence  each,  and  afterwards  of  two- 
pence. Their  aim  resembled  that  of  Cob- 
Wa  'Twopenny  Trash'  (1816).  The  act 
which,  by  the  imposition  of  a  fouipenny 
stamp  on  each  copy,  had  caused  the  sus- 
pension of  Cobbetrs  periodical  was  circum- 
vented by  Roebuck's  scheme  of  publishing 
weekly  pamphlets,  each  complete  in  itself. 
His  chief  fellow-workers  were  Joseph  Hume, 
GeorgeGrote,  Henry  Warburton,  and  Francis 
Place,  all,  save  the  last,  being  members  of  par- 
liament. In  one  of  his  pamphlets  Roebuck 
denounced  newspapers  and  everybody  con- 
nected with  them,  with  the  result  that  John 
Black  [q.  v.],  editor  of  the '  Morning  Chroni- 
cle,' sent  him  a  challen^.  A  duel  was  fought 
on  19  Nov.  1886,  butneither  party  was  injurod. 
The  Reform  Club  was  founded  in  1886 
for  promoting  social  intercourse  between  the 
whjgs  and  the  radicals,  and  Roebuck  became 
a  member  and  continued  one  till  1864 ;  but 
his  original  aversion  for  the  whigs  was  not 
modified  by  personal  association.  His  final 
opinion  of  them  was  declared  in  hb  '  His- 
tory of  the  Whig  Ministry  of  1880  to  the 
Passinpr  of  the  Reform  Bill '  (1862).  <  The 
whips,  he  wrote,  'have  ever  been  an  ex- 
clusive and  aristocratic  faction,  though  at 
times  employing  democratic  principles  and 
phraaes  as  weapons  of  offence  against  their 
opponents.  .  .  .  When  out  of  ofiice  they  are 
demago^es ;  in  power  they  become  exclu- 
sive oligarchs'  (li.  405-6^.  He  failed  ta 
be  re-elected  for  Bath  in  1887,  but  he  re- 
gained the  seat  in  1841.  On  18  May  184S 
a  motion  of  his  in  favour  of  secular  educa- 
tion was  reiected  by  166  to  60,  and  on 
28  June,  in  the  debate  on  the  Irish  Colleges 
Bill,  he  taunted  the  Irish  supporters  of  the 
bill  with  such  bitterness  that  Mr.  Somers, 
M.P.  for  Sligo,  threatened  him  with  a  chal- 
lenge, a  threat  that  Roebuck  brought  to  the 
attention  of  the  speaker.  In  April  1844 
Roebuck,  with  some  inconsistencv,  defended 
Sir  James  Graham,  Sir  Robert  FeeVs  home 
secretarv,  f^m  various  charges,  and  was  de- 
nounced bv  George  Sydnev  Smythe,  seventh 
viscount  Strangford  fq.  v.],  as  tiie  '  Diogenes 
of  Bath,'  whose  actions  were  always  con-> 
tradictory.  Roebuck*s  retort  provoked  a 
challenge  from  Smythe.  He  was  rejected 
for  the  second  time  by  Bath  in  1847,  when  his 
admirers  there  consoled  him  with  an  address 
of  confidence  and  a  pSt  of  600/J  He  spent 
some  of  his  leisure  m  writing  ^  A  Plan  for 
Governing  our  English  Colonies,^  which  was 

Sublished  in  1849.  He  was  ifetumed  for 
heffield  unopposed  in  May  of  tl^e  same  year, 
and  with  that  constituent^  he  was  closely 
identified  until  death,  ' 


Roebuck 


97 


Roebuck 


In  questions  of  foreign  policy  Roebuck 
alwftjs  championed  spirited  action  on  Eng- 
land's part^     On  24  June  1850  he  moved 
a  stnoglj  worded  Tote  of  confidence  in 
Fklmerston^s  recent  foreign  policr.    In  1854 
lie  defended  the  Crimean  war ;  but  the  in- 
«iBeieQCj^  which  soon  became  apparent  in 
euiying  it  on  excited  his  disguBt.  His  most 
notewofthj  appearance  in  parliament  was 
on  26  Jan.  18o5y  when  he  moved  for  a  com- 
suttee  to  inquire  into  the  conduct  of  the 
irar.  Lord  John  RusseU  resigned  the  office  of 
presideBt  of  the  council  as  soon  as  notice  was 
irren  of  the  motion.    Although  physical  in« 
in&itj  hindered  Roebuck  from  saying  more 
thaa  a  few  sentences,  his  motion  was  carried 
on  29  Jan.  by  S05  against  148  votes,  and  the 
administration  of  Lord  Aberdeen  resigned 
next  day.    Liord  Palmerston  succeeded  to 
llie  premierahipy  and  at  once  appointed  a 
comndttee  of  inquiry  into  the  war.    Of  this 
My,  which  was  known  as  the  Sebastopol 
committee,  Roebuck  was  appointed  chair- 
man.   Its  report  was  adverse  to  Lord  Aber- 
deen's government,  and  on  17  July  Roebuck 
moved  that  the  mimsters  who  were  respon- 
sible for  the  Crimean  disasters  shoultl  be 
visited  wiA  severe  reprehension.    The  pre- 
irions  question  was  carried,  but  181  members 
TOted  with  Roebuck.  Kinglake,  in  recording 
these  inodents,  criticises  with  acerbity  the 
indiscrinmiate  invective  which  BoebucK  ha- 
bitually employed.     Roebuck  was  an  un- 
Boceessfiil  canmdate  for  the  chairmanship 
of  the  metropolitan  board  of  works  at  the 
&8t  meeting  on  22  Dec.  1865.    On  8  Sept. 
1866  his  Sheffield  constituents  marked  their 
appreciation  of  his  parliamentary  activity 
OT  presenting  him  with  his  portrait  and 
cteren  hundred  guineas.    At  the  same  period 
be  became  chairman  of  the  Administrative 
Reform  Association,  but  that  body  failed  to 
answer  the  expectation  formed  of  it  by  its 
friends.     He  was  re-elected  at  Sheffield  after 
a  contest  in  1862  and  1857,  and  without  oppo- 
Bition  in  1869.    He  headed  the  poll  tiiere  in 
1866.    But,  although  his  popularity  with  the 
Sheffield  electors  was  always  great,  his  stu- 
died displays  of  political  independence  and 
ths  eiaanai  modification  of  his  radical  views 
on  £mte8tic  questions  alienated  many  of  his 
liberal  supporters.    A  speech  at  Salisbury 
in  1862,  in  which  he  alleged  that  working 
znen  were  spendthrifts  and  wife-beaters,  made 
him  for  a  time  unpopular  with  the  artisan 
daases.    Broadheaa  and  other  organisers  of 
trade-unionist  outrages  at  Sheffield  in  1867 
fbond  in  him  a  stem  denouncer.    When 
mil  war  ra^ed  in  the  United  States  of 
Aaerica  he  violently  qhampioned  the  slave- 
holdeia  of  the  South,  boasting  that  Lford 

TOL   XTIt 


Palmerston  had  cynically  confessed  to  him 
that  he  was  on  the  same  side.  In  like  man- 
ner, Roebuck  defended  Austrian  rule  in 
Italy.  So  uncompromisinflT  and  so  apparently 
illiberal  an  attitude  led  to  Koebuck's  rejection 
by  Sheffield  at  the  election  of  1868,  when  the 
liberals  returned  Mr.  Mundella  in  his  st^. 
His  friends  gave  him  8,000/.  by  way  of  testi- 
monial. He  ref^ed  the  seat  in  1874. 
During  the  administration  of  Lord  Beacons- 
field,  with  whom,  when  Mr.  Disraeli,  he  had 
had  many  lively  encounters,  he  favoured  the 
policy  of  supporting  the  Turks  against  the 
Eussians,  ancl  finally  broke  with  his  few  re- 
maining liberal  friends.  On  14  Aug.  1878 
he  was  made  a  privy  councillor  by  tttd  tory 
government.  He  died  at  19  Ashley  Place, 
Westminster,  on  30  Nov.  1879.  He  married, 
in  1834,  Henrietta,  daughter  of  Thomas 
Falconer  (1772-1839)  [q.  v.]  of  Bath.  She, 
with  a  daughter,  survived  him. 

Roebuck  was  short  in  stature,  vehement 
in  speech,  bold  in  opinion.  He  addressed 
popular  audiences  with  easy  assurance  and 
great  efiect.  His  indifi^erence  to  party  ties 
was  appreciated  by  the  multitude,  who  re- 
garded him  as  a  politician  of  stem  integrity. 
A  portrait  of  him  by  H.  W.  Picker8giU,R.A., 
belongs  to  the  corporation  of  Sheffield. 

[B.  £.  Leader's  Life  and  Letters  (with  chapters 
of  autobiography),  1897;  Times.  1  Dec.  1879; 
Blackwood,  xlii.  192,  versified  address  of  'Boe- 
back  to  his  Constituents;'  Spencer  Walpoie's 
Lord  John  Bussell ;  Hunter's  Sallamshire,  ed. 
Gatty,  pp.  183-4;  GrerilleMemoua;  Kinglake's 
Crimea,  viL  281,  813-20;  Matthew  Arnold's 
Essays  in  Criticism,  1876,  p.  25.]  F,  B. 

ROEBUCK,  THOMAS  (1781-1819), 
orientalist,  grandson  of  John  Roebuck  [q.  v.] 
the  inventor,  was  bom  in  Linlithgowshire  in 
1781.  He  went  to  school  at  Alloa,  and  after- 
wards to  the  high  school  at  Edinburgh.  His 
uncle  Benjamin  Roebuck  (d.  1809),  of  the 
Madras  civil  service,  procured  him  an  ap- 
pointment with  the  Efast  India  Company,  and 
early  in  1801  he  left  England  to  enter  the 
17th  regiment  of  native  infantry  as  a  cadet. 
He  became  lieutenant-captain  17  Sept.  1812, 
and  captain  15  June  181o. 

Roebuck  soon  acquired  a  complete  com- 
mand of  Hindustani,  and,  on  account  of  his 
proficiency,  was  frequently  sent  in  advance 
when  the  regiment  was  on  active  service. 
His  health  suffering,  he  obtained  leave  in 
1806-9,  returned  to  England,  and  spent 
much  time  in' Edinburgh  assisting  Dr.  John 
Borthwick  Gilchrist  [q.  v.]  to  prepare  an  Eng- 
lish and  Hindu  dictionarv,  and  two  volumes 
of  the  <  British-Indian  Monitor/  1806-8.  On 
the  return  voyage  he  compiled  '  An  English 
and  Hindustani  Naval  Dictionary,'  with  a 


Rbestraten 


98 


Roettiers 


flliort  grammar  (palcutta,  1811 ;  2nd  edit. 
1818;  4th  1848;  oth,  re-edited  and  enlarged 
as  a  *  Laakari  Dictionary '  by  George  Small, 
M.A.,  London,  1882).  In  March  1811  Roe- 
buck was  attached  to  the  college  of  Fort 
William,  Madras,  as  assistant-secretary  and 
examiner.  Here  he  had  leisure  to  pursue 
his  oriental  studies,  to  superintend  the  pub- 
lication of  a  Hindustani  version  of  Persian 
tales,  and  to  edit,  with  notes  in  Per- 
sian, a  Hindu-Persian  dictionary  (Calcutta, 
1818).  He  died  prematurely  or  fever  at 
Calcutta  on  8  Dec.  1819.  Just  before  his 
death  he  completed  'The  Annals  of  the  Col- 
lege of  Fort  William '  (Calcutta,  1819,  8vo) 
and  'A  Collection  of  Proverbs  and  Pro- 
verbial Phrases  in  the  Persian  and  Hindus- 
tani Languages '  (Calcutta,  1824).  His  un- 
published materials  for  a  lexicon  of  the  latter 
language,  which  he  had  long  projected,  be- 
came, after  his  death,  the  property  of  the  go- 
vernment, and  were  deposited  in  the  library 
of  the  college.  Roebuck  was  a  member  of 
the  Asiatic  Society. 

[Memoir  by  Professor  H.  H.  Wilson  in  his 
edition  of  Roebuck's  Persian  Proverbs;  Registers 
of  the  East  India  Company,  1803>1819;  Roe- 
back's  Works ;  Dodwell  and  Mile8*s  Indian  Army 
List,  pp.  148-9.]  G.  F.  S. 

ROBSTRATBN,  PIETER  rAS  (1627- 
1700),  ]iaint6r  of  portraits  and  still  life,  son 
of  Gemt  van  Roestraten  of  Amsterdam,  was 
bom  at  Haarlem  in  Holland  in  1627.  He 
was  a  pupil  of  Frans  Hals,  whose  daughter 
Ariaentffe  he  married  in  1654.  Although  he 
practised  portrait-painting,  Roestraten  de- 
voted himself  principally  to  painting  still 
life,  this  class  of  art  bein£^  practised  with 
great  success  in  Haarlem  by  the  sons  and 
pupils  of  Frans  Hals.  Roestraten  espe- 
cially excelled  in  the  delineation  of  gold  and 
silver  plate,  musical  instruments,  &c.  He 
came  over  to  England,  and  was  patronised 
by  his  fellow-countryman,  Peter  Lely,  who 
showed  some  of  his  work  to  Charles  II. 
Lely  is  doubtfully  said  to  have  been  jealous  of 
him  as  a  portrait-painter,  and  therefore  to 
have  encouraged  him  to  devote  himself  to 
still  life.  Roestraten  met  with  great  success 
in  England,  and  his  pictures  are  far  from 
uncommon,  although  they  have  seldom  met 
with  the  reco^ition  they  deserve.  Two 
pictures  by  him  are  in  the  royal  collec- 
tion at  Hampton  Court,  six  at  Newbattle 
Abbey,  others  at  Chatsworth,  Waldershare, 
and  other  seats  of  the  nobility  and  gentry. 
During  the  fire  of  London  Roestraten  re- 
ceived an  injury  to  his  hip  which  lamed  him 
for  the  rest  of  his  life.  A  portrait  of  him 
(enffraved  in  Walpole*8 '  Anecdotes  of  Paint- 
ing^) foggests  that  he  was  of  a  convivial  dis- 


position. In  his  will,  dated  29  April  1700 
(P.  C.  C.  105,  Noel),  he  is  described  as  of 
St.  Paul's,  Covent  Garden,  'picture-drawer/ 
The  will  was  proved  on  24  July  1700  by 
his  widow,  Clara,  who  was  lus  second  wife. 

[Walpole's  Anecdotes  of  Painting,  ed.  Wor- 
nnm ;  De  Piles's  Lives  of  the  PainUrs ;  Bode's 
Studien  der  hollandischen  Malerei;  Oud  Hol- 
land, iii.  810,  zi.  216;  HoubraJcen*8  Gioote 
Schonbnrgh  der  Nederlantsche  Kdnstsphilders ; 
information  from  Dr.  A.  Bredins,  Br.  C.  Hofstede 
De  Groot,  and  Mr.  Oswald  Barron.]       L.  G. 

EOETTIEES,  JAMES  (1663-1698), 
medallist,  the  second  son  of  John  Roettiers 
[q.  v.],  the  medallist,  was  bom  in  London  in 
1663.  From  about  1680  he  assisted  his 
father  at  the  English  mint  in  making  dies 
and  puncheons  (CaL  Treasury  Papers,  Ibod- 

1696  pp.  108,  110,  613,  1697-1701-2  p. 
195),  and  in  1690  was  officially  employed  as 
an  assistant  engraver  at  the  mint  together 
with  his  brother  Norbert.  An  annual  salary 
of  325/.  was  divided  between  the  brothers.  In 

1697  (before  July)  James  Roettiers  was  re- 
moved from  his  office  at  the  mint  in  conse- 
quence of  the  theft  of  dies  from  the  Tower 
[see  under  Roettiebb,  Johjt].  He  was  how- 
ever allowed  to  retain  his  dies  and  puncheons 
for  medals.  He  died  in  1698  at  Bromley  in 
Kent. 

His  principal  medals  are :  1.  '  Battle  of 
La  Hoffue,*  rev. '  Noz  nulla  secuta  est '  (pro- 
bably by  him),  1692.  2.  'Death  of  Queen 
Mary,'  rev.  inscription,  1694-5  (by  James 
and  Norbert  Roettiers).  3.  'Xfeath  of 
Mary,'  rev.  Sun  setting  oehind  hill,  1694-5. 
4.  '  Death  of  Mary,*  rev.  Literior  of  chapel 
(signed  L  R.),  1694-5.  5.  'Medal  of 
Charles  I,  rev.  *  Virtutem  ex  me,'  &c.  (by 
James  and  Norbert  Roettiers),  1694-5. 
6.  '  Presentation  of  collar  to  the  Lord  Mayor 
of  Dublin,'  signed  *  James  R.'  (one  of  his 
best  medals),  1697. 

He  was  the  father  of  Jaues  Roettiebs 

S)98-1772),  medallist,  who  was  bom  in 
ndon  in  1698,  and  held  the  office  of  en- 
ffraver-general  of  the  Low  Countries  from 
31  Aug.  1733  till  his  death  at  Brussels  ou 
15  Jnly  1772. 

[For  authorities  see  under  Bobttibil^,  John.] 

W.W. 

ROI!mEB8,BOEmER,orROTI£R, 

JOHN(1631-1763),medallist.  bomon4  July 
1631,  was  the  eldest  son  of  Pnili^  Roettiers 
(or  Rotier^,  medallist  and  goldsmith  of  Ant- 
werp, by  his  wife  Elizabeth  Therm^.  John's 
younger  brothers,  Joseph  (1635-1703)  and 
Philin  (b.  1640\  were  bom  at  Antwerp,  but 
it  is  aoubtful  ii  this  was  his  own  birthplace. 
Jolm  Roettiers  adopted  the  profession  of  a 


Roettiers 


99 


Roettiers 


waJallMft  and  fltonecuttor,  and  his  eaziiest 
hum  medals  are  of  1666  (?)  and  1660. 

in  1661  hm  and  his  bitter  Joseph  (and 
safate^nenUy  the  third  brother,  Philip) 
VETB  malted  to  Ensland  by  Oharles  II  to 
wock  at  the  English  mint.  Aooording  to 
^alpole  {AmeodoteM  qf  Pamiing,  ii.  184), 
tbdr  {aAor  had  lent  money  to  (Charles  during 
bis  eiik^  and  had  been  nromised  employ- 
ment ht  hk  sons.  The  fetters  patent  ap- 
poiatiBg  the  tlunee  Roettiers  engravers  at  the 
BiiBt  itafee  tliat  they  were  employed  on 
seooant  fd  the  King's  long  enerience  of 
their  gnat  skill  and  knowledge  '^in  the  arts 
ofgiarangand  cutting  in  stone'  (see  CcU, 
TnamnPapen,  16974701-2,  pp.  4d7, 488). 

In  January  and  February  1662  John 
BoettierB  and  Thomas  Simon  [q.  v.]  were 
ofdered  to  enffrave  dies  for  the  new '  miUed' 
money  in  {pcdd  and  silver,  but, '  by  reason  of 
a  eontast  in  art  between  them,'  they  could 
not  be  brouf^t  to  an  agreement.  They  there- 
upon submitted  patterns  for  gold  '  unites ' 
and  fiir  ^nlver  crowns.'  Simon  produced  his 
splendid  'petition  crown,'  but  his  rival's 
woric  was  pr^erred,  and  John  Roettiers  wae 
oitzusted  with  the  preparation  of  the  ooineffe, 
and  on  19  May  1662  received  a  grant  of  tne 
offioe  of  one  of  the  chief  engravers  of  the  mint. 

Roetticts  had  been  already  at  work  upon 
medals  cemmemoiating  the  Restoration,  and 
heprodttoedmany  important  medak  through- 
out the  Rsgn  of  Oharles  IL  In  February 
1066-7  he  wae  directed  to  make  a  new  great 
seal  of  the  kingdom  of  Great  Britain,  ciNn- 
pletedataooetof  246i.8#.2<;.  JoeephRoet- 
oers,  John's  principal  aesistant  at  Uie  mint, 
left  En^and  m  or  before  1680,  and  in  1682 
became  engiaver-^peneral  of  the  French  mint. 
He  died  at  Paris  m  1708.  James  Roettiers, 
John*s  eeeond  son«  rendered  aasiBtance  to  his 
&ther  at  the  mint  in  place  of  Joseph.  Philip 
Roettien  was  officially  connected  with  the 
Eagljih  mint  as  an  engraver  tiU  February 
1684,  but  he  was  absent  (at  any  rate  tern- 
Doranly)  in  the  Low  Countries  ^m  about 
1673,  %uBd  afterwards  became  engraver- 
geaeral  of  the  mint  of  the  king  of  Spain  in 
the  Low  Oountries.  He  produced  a  few 
medals :  'Charles  II  and  Catharine,' 


1667  (?)  (dgned '  P.  R.0 ;' State  of  Britain,' 
1667?  (*P.  B.*);  'Liberty  of  Conscience,' 
1672  ('Philip  Roti').  Norbert  Roettiers, 
John's  third  son,  assisted  his  father  after 
I^iilip's  departure  from  England.  John,  Jck 
Kph,  and  Philip  Roettiers  appear  to  have 
originally  received  an  annual  allowance  of 
325iL  dnided  between  them.  On  7  April 
1669  th^  were  granted  by  warrant  a  yearly 
peaaon  of  460A  (i.e.  160/.  each).  John  con* 
tinaed  to  receive  the  450^.  after  his  brothers 


had  left  the  mint,  but  he  had  to  petition 
more  than  once  for  arrears  of  payment. 

John  Roettiem  produced  the  official  coro- 
nation medals  of  James  II  (1686)  and  WU- 
liam  and  Mary  (1689),  but  he  was  not  ac- 
tively employed  after  the  death  of  Charles  II. 
In  January  1686-7  it  was  discovered  that 
dies  for  coins  of  Charles  II  and  James  II  had 
been  abstracted  bv  labourers  at  the  mint, 
and  had  been  handed  over  by  them  to  coiners 
in  the  Fleet  prison,  who  used  the  dies  for 
striking  '  guineas '  of  James  II  on  ffilded 
blanks  of  copper.  A  committee  of  the  Bouse 
of  Commons  reported  on  2  Feb.  1696-7  that 
John  Roettiers,  who  occupied  '  the  graver's 
house '  at  the  Tower,  was  responsible  for  the 
custody  of  the  dies,  and  was  an  unfit  cus- 
todian, inasmuch  as  he  was  a  violmt  papist, 
and  '  will  not  nor  ever  did  own  the  king 
[William  IIIl  or  do  any  one  thing  as  a 
graver  since  tne  revolution.'  Roettiers  ap- 
pears to  have  bean  removed  from  his  office 
about  this  time,  and  to  have  taken  up  his 
residence  in  Red  Lion  Square,  London.  In 
his  later  years  he  suffered  from  the  stone 
and  from  '  a  lameness  in  his  right  hand.'  He 
died  in  1703,  and  was  buried  in  the  Tower. 

John  Roettiers  was  one  of  the  best  en- 

giLvers  ever  employed  at  the  English  mint, 
velyn  (Diary,  20  July  1678)  refers  to  him 
as  '  that  excellent  ^ver  .  .  .  who  emulates 
even  the  ancients  m  both  metal  and  stone; ' 
and  Pepys  {Diary,  26  March  1666),  who 
visited  Roettiers  at  the  Tower,  declares  that 
he  there  saw  '  some  of  the  &iest  pieces  of 
work,  in  embossed  work,  that  ever  I  did  see 
in  my  life,  for  fineness  and  small ness  of  the 
images  thereon.'  On  11  Oct.  1687  Henry 
Slii^bv  (ez-master  of  the  mint)  offered 
Pepys  nis  collection  of  Roettiers's  medals. 
The '  Great  Britannia '  ('  Felicitas  Britannin ') 
was  valued  by  Slingsby  at  4/.  10«.,  and  the 
other  medals  at  sums  from  10«.  to  3/.  4«. 
apiece.  The  following  is  a  list  of  Roettiers*s 
principal  medals,  all  of  them  made  subsequent 
to  the  Restoration :  1. '  Archbishop  Laud/ 
2.  ' Giles  Strangways.'  8.  'Memorial  of 
Charles  I;'  rev.  hand  holding  crown. 
4.  '  Landing  of  Charles  U  at  Dover,  1660.' 
6.  '  Restoration,'  1660, '  BritannisB.'  6. '  Re- 
storation, Felicitas  Britannifls '  (the  head  said 
to  be  by  Joseph  Roettiers).  7.  'Marriafe  of 
Charles  II  and  Catharine,'  1662,  in  silver 
and  in  gold — ^probably  the  'golden  medal ' 
oommemoratea  by  Waller.  8.  '  Naval  Re- 
ward,' 1665  ('  Pro  talibuB  ausis ').  9.  '  Duke 
of  York,  naTal  action,  166d.'  10.  *  Proposed 
Commercial  Treaty  with  Spadn,'  1666. 
11. '  Peace  of  Breda '  [1667]  ('  Favente  Deo»' 
with  figure  of  Britannia,  ii  portrait  of  Mrs. 
Stuart,  duchess  of  Richmond).    12.  'Duke 

u2 


Roettiers 


xoo 


Roettiers 


of  Lauderdale/  1673.  18.  <  Nautical  School 
Medal'  and  'Mathematical  Medal'  for 
Christ's  Hospital,  ld78.  14.  <  Sir  Samuel 
Morland/  1681.  16.  'Duke  of  Beaufort/ 
1682.  16.  '  Charles  H/ 1688  (P) ;  rev.  royal 
arms.  17.  '  Coronation  Medals  of  James  11/ 
1686.  18.  '  Coronation  Medal  of  William 
and  Mary/  1689.  19.  Dies  and  puncheons 
for  intended  medals  of  the  Duchesses  of 
Richmond,  Cleveland,  Portsmouth,  and 
Mazarin(1667P-1676). 

John  Roettiers's  usual  signature  on  medals 
is '  J.  R.'  in  monogram.  He  also  sigps  Bon. ; 
BOBTTi;  TAN.  B. ;  JOAK.  Bon.  Little  IS  known 
of  his  work  as  a  gem-cutter.  Walpole(.^in«o- 
dotes  tf  Painting,  ii.  187)  mentions  a  cornelian 
seal  hy  him  with  the  heads  of  Mars  and 
Venus.  Many  dies  and  puncheons  executed 
bv  John  Roettiers  and  his  relatives  were  pur- 
chased from  the  Roettiers  family  by  a  Mr. 
Cox,  and  were  by  him  sold  in  1828  to 
Matthew  Toung,  the  coin  dealer,  who,  after 
strildng  some  impressions  for  sale,  presented 
them  in  1829  to  the  British  Museum. 

John  Roettiers  married,  in  1668,  Cathe- 
rine F^st,  by  whom  he  had  five  daughters 
and  three  sons :  John  (6. 1661  P),  James  [q. v.], 
and  Norbert  fq-v.])  John  Roettiers  (the 
younger),  unlike  his  two  brothers,  does  not 
appear  to  have  been  a  medallist.  The  commit- 
tee of  the  House  of  Commons  concerning  the 
abstraction  of  the  dies  reported  (2  Feb.1696-7) 
that  this  younger  John  was  suspected  of  par- 
ticipation in  the  conspiracy  of  Rookwood 
and  Bernado, '  the  assassinators/  'having  at 
that  time  provided  himself  of  horses  and  arms 
at  his  own  house  in  Essex,  where  he  enter- 
tained very  ill  company,  to  the  great  terror  of 
the  neighbourhood?  A  warrant  for  high  trea- 
son was  out  against  him,  'but  he  is  fled  from 
justice '  [see  under  Rooxwoon,  Axbbose]. 

[The  principal  authority  for  the  life  of  John 
Roettiers  and  for  the  complicated  history  of  the 
Roettiers  family  is  Bum's  Memoir  of  the 
Roettiers  in  the  Kmnismatie  Chronicle,  lit 
158  8^.  See  also  Numismatic  Chronicle,  ii. 
199,  lii.  56;  Hawkins's  Medallic  Illustrations, 
ed.  Franks  and  Qmeber;  Advielle's  Notices 
snr  lee  Roettiers  in  the  Report  of  the  Reunion 
desSoci^t^  des  Beaux- Arts,  May  1888  (Paris, 
1888);  Jonin  and  MaieroUe,  Les  Roettiers 
(MAcon,  1894);  Ghiiffirey  in  Revoe  Numis- 
matique,  1889,  1891;  Revue  beige  de  Numis- 
mati^ue,  1896,  pp.  282  f. ;  Walpole*s  Anecd.  of 
Fainting,  ed,  Womum ;  Od.  State  Papers,  Dom, 
166 1-9 ;  Oal.  Treasnzy  Papers,  1695-1 702 J 

W.  W. 

ROETTIEBS,  NORBERT  (1065P-1727), 
medallist,  the  third  son  of  John  Roettiers 
[q.  v.],  the  medallist,  was  probably  bom  at 
Antwerp  in  1665.    He  assisted  his  &ther  at 


the  English  mint  in  making  dies  and  pun- 
cheons from  about  1684,  and  in  1680  was 
ofllcially  employed  as  an  assistant  en- 
mver  at  the  mint,  together  with  his  elder 
Brother  James  [see  Koeitiebs,  Jambb,  1663- 
1698].  He  was  an  ardent  Jacobite,  and, 
according  toWalpole  {Anecdotei  of  Painting ^ 
ii.  186),  waa  suspected  by  persons  with 
'penetrating  eyes'  of  having  introduced  a 
small  satyr%  head  within  the  head  of  Wil< 
liam  III  on  the  English  copper  coinage  of 
1694.  The  existence  of  the  satyr  is  more 
than  doubtful,  and,  in  any  case.  James,  and 
not  Norbert,  Roettiers  had  tne  principsl 
hand  in  the  coinage.  It  is  however  certain 
that  Norbert  left  the  country  about  1695, 
and  attached  himself  to  the  Stuarts  at  St. 
(Germain,  He  made  several  medals  for  the 
Stuart  family  (1697-1720)  and  their  ad- 
herents, and  was  appointed  '  engraver  of  the 
mint'  by  the  elaer  Pretender.  He  made 
(1709)  the  English  '  crown-piece,'  with  the 
efiigy  and  titles  of  James  III  (iVtimtsmatis 
Chronicle,  1879,  p.  185,  pL  v.  3)  and  the 
Scottish  *  coins '  (1716)  with  the  pretender's 
title  of  'James  Yin.'  He  was  appointed 
engraver-general  of  the  French  mint  in  sue* 
cession  to  his  undo,  Joseph  Roettiers,  who 
died  in  1708,  and  in  1722  oecame  a  member 
of  the  French  Academy  of  Painting  and 
Sculpture.  He  described  himself  officially  as 
'  Graveur  g6n6ral  des  monnaies  de  France  et 
d'Angleterre.'  He  died  at  his  country  seat  at 
Ghoisy-sur-Seine  on  18  May  1727. 

His  principal  medals,  generally  signed 
N.  R,  are  as  follows:  1.  'Memorial  of 
Charles  I,'  rev.  *  Rex  padficus.'  2.  Portrait 
of  Queen  Mary  {Modallio  lUustratunUj  ii. 
106).  3.  < Death  of  Mary'  (with  James 
Roettiers),  1694-^.  4.  Medal  of  Charles  I, 
rev.  'Virtutem  ex  me,'  &c.  (with  James 
Roettiers),  1694r-^.  5.  Prince  James,  rev. 
Ship  in  storm,  1697.  6.  Prince  James,  rev. 
Dove,  1697.  7.  Medals  of  James  II  and 
Prince  James,  1699.  8.  Succession  of  Prince 
James,  1699.  9.  Portrait  of  William  HI 
(plaque).  10.  Portrait  of  Queen  Anne. 
11.  Jamea  HI  protected  by  Louis  XIV, 
1704.  12.  James  HI,  <  Restoration  of  King- 
dom,'rev.  map,  1708.  13.  'Claim  of  elder 
Pketender,'    rev.     Sheep     feeding,      1710. 

14.  James  III  and  Princess  Louisa,  1712. 

15.  'Birth  of  the  Young  Pretender,'  1720. 
He  probablv  also  made  the  touchpiece  of 
James  HI  (1708  f ),  and  a  few  other  medals 
are  attributed  to  nun  in  the  '  Revue  Numis* 
matique'  (1891,  p.  825). 

Norbert  Roettiers  married,  first,  Elisabeth 
Isard ;  secondly,  Winifred,  daughter  of 
Francis  Clarke,  an  Englishman  living  at  St* 
Gtonain. 


«  • 


•  ■•.     » 


Roger 


lOI 


Roger 


(1707-1784%  medaUist 
ind  ^pUamith,  the  eldest  ton  of  Norbert 
Itoetfcia%  by  his  second  wife,  was  bom  at  St. 
Gennam-en-Laye  on  20  Aug.  1707,  the  elder 
Pretender  heinf  his  godfatner.  He  at  first 
vaetisBd  medaf  exigraTing,  but  subsequently 
aerotodliiiBBelf  with  success  to  the  business 
of  a  gQUamithy  and  was  appointed  ffdd- 
nuth  to  the  French  king.  On  the  death 
ofhisfrther  in  1727  he  was  appointed  'enr 
ciaver  of  the  mint'  of  the  Pretender.  In 
17^1  he  eame  to  London  with  a  proiect  of 
itrikiBg  medals  from  the  dies  made  by  his 
giiaHmther,  John  Boettiers.  He  was  en- 
oonaged  by  Mead  and  Sloane,  and  himself 
pndwed  medals  of  the  Duke  of  Beaufort 
(I7aOX  John  Locke  (17S9^,  and  Sir  Isaac 
Xewton  (1739).  His  signature  is  7AC. 
He  became  a  member  of  the 


French  Academy  of  Painting  and  Sculpture, 
and  in  1772  obtained  ^ettres  de  confirmation 
denoblasBe.'  He  died  at  Puns  on  17  May  1784. 

£For  aithoritiefl  see  under  Hobttiebs,  Johv.] 

W.W. 

BOGSR  jm  Breteuil,  Eabl  of  Eebe- 
poBB  Ql  1071-1075).  [See  Fitzwilliam, 
Boemj 


MoHTOOXEBT,  Eabl  op 
SuMBwaouBi  AVD  Abxthsel  (d.  1093  P)^  was 
of  the  Norman  fiunily  of  Montgomery.  In 
the  foondalion  charter  for  the  abl!ey  of 
Trocm  he  describes  himself  as '  ego  Bogerius 
ex  Nbanamio  Normannus,  magni  autem 
Bogerii  iDins'  (Staplbiok,^^.  NortnannuB, 
I.  iTJKy  n.  xciii).  He  was  son  of  Boger  the 
Great,  who  in  10S5  was  an  exile  at  Paris  for 
ticacheary,  and  was  a  counn  not  only  df  the 
Conqueror,  but  also  of  Balph  de  Mortimer 
(dL  1104  P)[q-^-]  f^^  o£  William  FitsOsbem 
^j.T.]  His  inrothersy  Hugh,  Bobert,  Wil- 
liam, and  GHlbert,  took  a  prominent  part  in 
the  disordera  of  Normandy  under  the  young 
Duke  WiDiani;  it  was  William  de  Mont- 
gomoy  who  murdered  Osbem,  the  duke's 
■tewaidy  and  &ther  of  William  FitsOsbem 
(WiLuaJi  OP  JinoiBBB,  268  B,  did  A). 
The  Tonmg  Boger,  however,  soon  became  one 
•f  Will]«m*is  most  attached  and  trusted  sup- 
porters. In  1048  he  was  with  the  duke  be- 
fore Ddmfront,  and  was  one  of  the  spies  who 
diseoTCfed  the  hasty  flight  of  Gteofirey  Martel 
(^WiLiuPoiTiEB8,pp.l&-8;  Will.  Malmes- 
BTBT,  O^ia  Reffitm^  ii.  288V  Boger  added 
to  his  paternal  estate  as  lora  of  Montgomery 
and  Tieeonnt  oi  L'Hiemois  by  manying 
3ffabel,  daughter  of  William  Talvas  of  Bel- 
Mae,  Alem^Qii.  and  86es,  and  thus  became 
the  greatest  of  the  Norman  lords.  His  in- 
fluence with  William  was  great*     By  in- 


ducing the  duke  to  give  the  castle  of  Neuf- 
march6-en-Lions  to  Hugh  de  GhrantmesnU  he 
rid  himself  of  a  dangerous  neighbour,  while 
by  his  advice  Balph  of  Toesny,  Hugh  de 
Grantmesnil,  and  Arnold  d'Ecliaufour  were 
for  a  time  banished  from  Normandy  (Obd. 
Vrr.  ii.  81, 118).  Bo^r  was  present  at  the 
council  of  Lillebonne  in  1066,  and  agreed  to 
contribute  six^  ships  for  the  invasion  of 
Euffland.  At  Hasting  he  was  in  command 
of  uie  French  on  the  n^ht,  and  distinguished 
himself  by  his  valour  m  JdlUng  an  English 
giant  rWACB,  7668-9, 18400).  He  returned 
with  William  to  Nonnandy  in  1067,  and 
when  the  king  went  over  to  England  was 
left  as  guardian  of  the  duchy  jointly  with 
Matilda  (Obd.  Vit.  ii.  178).  Bat  William 
soon  summoned  Bocer  to  rejoin  him,  and 
made  him  Earl  of  Chichester  and  Arundel. 

About  1071  Boger  obtained  also  the  more 
important  earldom  of  Shrewsbury,  which,  if 
it  was  not  a  true  palatinate,  possessed  under 
Boffer  and  his  sons  all  the  characteristics  of 
su(Ui  a  diffuitv.  In  Shropshire  there  were 
no  crown  lanas  and  no  kmg's  thegns ;  and 
in  'Domesday '  there  is  mention  of  only  five 
lay  tenants  in  chief,  besides  the  earl  (Domes- 
day^  p.  263 ;  Stubbs,  Omst,  Hist.  i.  204-6 ; 
Fbeekait,  Norman  Oonquut^  iv.  49S).  The 
importance  of  this  earldom  and  the  need  for 
its  exceptional  strength  lay  in  its  position  on 
the  Welsh  border.  Koger^s  special  share  in 
the  conquest  was  achieved  at  the  expense 
of  the  Welsh.  This  work  was  aooomundied 
by  politic  government,  and  by  a  well-aevieed 
scheme  of  castle-building.  Chief  of  his 
castles  was  that  of  Montgomery,  to  which 
he  gave  the  name  of  his  Norman  lordship 
(Ettoit,  iv.  62,  xL  118).  The  chief  of 
Boger's  advisers  were  Warin,  the  sheriff, 
who  married  his  niece,  Amieria;  William 
Pantulf  or  Fantolium  [q.  v.] ;  and  Odelerius, 
his  chaplain,  the  father  of  Ordericus  Vitalis 
(Obd.  vit.  ii.  220).  But  though  Boger  is 
praised  by  Ordericus,  he  does  not  seem  to 
have  been  so  popular  with  his  English  sub- 
jects, for  the  Ediglish  burgesses  oi  Shrews* 
bury  complained  that  they  had  to  pay  the 
same  gela  as  before  the  earl  held  the  castle 
{Domesday,  p.  262).  Boger  exerted  himself 
to  bring  about  the  peace  of  Blanchelande 
between  William  ana  Fulk  Bechinof  Anjou 
in  1078,  and  to  effect  a  reconciliation  between 
the  king  and  his  son  Bobert  in  the  following 
year  (Obd.  Yit.  ii.  267,  888).  In  December 
1088  his  Countess  Mabel  was  killed  by  Hugh 
de  la  Boche  dlg6  at  Bures-sur^Dives.  Mabel 
was  a  little  woman,  sagacious  and  eloquent, 
but  bold  and  cruel  (Will.  JxTXikeEs,  p.  276). 
Among  other  ill  deeds,  she  had  deprived 
Pantulf  of  Perai.  Pantulf,  who  was  anriend 


•  • 


Roger 


103 


Roger 


pf  Hugh  dlg6,  was  suspected  of  complicity 
in  the  murder,  and  in  consequence  suffered 
much  at  the  hands  of  Roger  and  his  sons 
(Obp.  Vit.  ii.  410-11, 402).  After  MaheFs 
death  Boger  married  AdelLia,  daughter  <^ 
Ehrard  de  Puiset,  a  woman  of  very  different 
character,  who  supported  her  husband  in  his 
beneficence  to  monies.  In  1088  Roger  com- 
menced to  found  Shrewsbury  Abbey  bT  the 
advice  of  Odelerius ;  the  work  was  still  in 
progress  at  the  time  of  the  Domesday  survey 
{ib,  ii.  421;  WiLL.  Malmbbbxtbt,  Oesta 
Pont  p.  806 ;  Domesday,  p.  252  b). 

Roger  secretly  supported  the  cause  of 
Robert  of  Normandy  a«^ainst  William  Rufus 
in  1088,  but  apnarentty  he  took  no  active 
part  in  the  rebellion  {JEnalM  Chron, ;  Flob. 
WIG.  ii.  21;  but  cf.  WiLi..  Malxesbubt, 
G^eitoJZe^ttm,  pp.  860-1).  While  Rufus  was 
engaged  in  Sussex,  he  found  an  opportunity 
to  meet  Roger,  and  by  conciliatory  aigu- 
ments  won  him  over  to  his  side  (Will. 
Malmbsbitbt,  Qesta  lUgum,  p.  861).  Roger 
was  actually  present  at  the  siege  of  Ro- 
chester in  the  King's  host,  while  his  three 
sons  were  fighting  on  the  other  side  within 
the  castle*  Robert  of  Belldme  [q.  y.lthe 
eldest  son,  soon  made  his  peace  with  Wil- 
liam, and  presently  crossed  over  to  Nor- 
mandy, where  Duke  Robert  threw  him  into 
prison.  Roffer  of  Shrewsbury  then  Hao  went 
to  Normandy,  and  garrisoned  his  castles 
■against  Duke  Robert.  The  duke  was  urged 
bv  his  uncle,  Odo  of  Baveux  [a.  v.],  to  expel 
the  whole  brood  of  Talvas;  tor  a  time  ne 
followed  Odo'a  counsel,  but  after  a  little  dis- 
banded his  army.  Roffer  then,  by  making 
false  promises,  obtained  all  he  wished  for,  in- 
cludin^rhis  son's  release  (Obd.  Vit.  ii.  202- 
294,  299).  Soon  afterwards  Roger  went 
back  to  England.  A  little  before  his  death 
he  took  the  habit  of  a  monk  at  Shrewsbury, 
and,  after  spending  three  days  in  pious  con- 
vereation  and  prayer,  died  on  27  July  (Obd. 
Vit.  LiL425).  The  year  was  probably  1098, 
as  given  by  Florence  of  Worcester  (ii.  81), 
for  Ordericus  (ii.  421)  says  distinctly  ^at 
Roger  survived  the  Conqueror  for  six  years ; 
the  date  is,  however,  often  given  as  1094, 
and  M.  Le  Prevost  even  £ivonrs  1095  (see 
£TT0V,ix.29,  xi.  119).  According  to  a  late 
tradition,  Roger  died  at  his  house  at  Quat- 
ford  (ib.  ix.  817),  but  this  is  against  the  plain 
statement  of  Ordericus.  He  was  buried  in 
the  abbey  at  Shrewsbury,  between  two  altars. 

Roger  of  Montgomery  was '  literally  fore- 
most among  the  conquerors  of  England  ' 
(Fbbbxait,  Norman  Gonque$t^  ii.  194).  To 
Ordericus  he  is  the  ancient  hero,  the  lover 
of  lustice,  and  of  the  company  of  the  wise 
and  moderate  (it.  220, 422).  Even  in  Mabel's 


lifetime  ho  was  a  munificent  friend  of  monks. 
In  1060  he  established  monks  at  Troam  in 
place  of  the  canons  provided  for  by  Roger  I 
m  1022.    Bv  the  advice  of  Mabel's  uncle 
WilUam,  bishop  of  S6es,  Roger  restored  St. 
Martin  S^ez  as  a  cell  of  St.  Evroul  (Obd. 
Vit.  ii.  22,  46-7,  iiL  805}.    Roger's  second 
wife>  Adelisa  de  Puiset,  loined  with  him  in 
the  foundation  of  Shrewsbury  Abbey,  bring- 
ing monks  from  S^es ;  the  beiie&cliions  com- 
menced in  1086  seem  to  have  been  com- 
Sleted  in  1087  (ib.  ii.  416,  421-2;  Dtodalb, 
ioncut.  Angl,   iii.   618-20}.     Roger  also 
restored  the  abbey  of  St.  Milbuxga  at  Wen- 
lock  for  Oluniac  monks,  and  established  the 
priory  of  St.  Nicholas,  Arundcd  («^.  vL  1877). 
The  collegiate  churcn  at  Quatford,  Shrop- 
shire, is  said  to  have  been  founded  by  Earl 
Roger  to  commemorate  the  escape  of  Adeliza 
from  shipwreck  (Bboxpion,  ap.  Scriptores 
Decern,  col.  988).   Roger  was  also  a  bene- 
factor of  the  abbey  of  Cluny,  and  of  Alme- 
nesches  and  Caen  in  Normandy,  and  of  St. 
Evroul,  to  which  he  ffave  lands  at  Melbourne 
in  Cambridgeshire  (Obd.  Yit.  ii.  416,  iii. 
20).    Besides  the  castles  at  Shrewsbury  and 
Montgomerv,  he  built  another  at  Quatford. 
By  Mabel,  Roger  was  father  of  five  sons : 
Robert  of  Belldme  [see  Bbli^bJ,  Hugh  de 
Montgomery  [see  Hugh],  Roger,  Philip,  and 
AmuJf ;  the  last  three  are  noticed  belo^r. 
He  had  also  four  daughters :  Emma,  who  was 
abbess  of  AlmenescMs  from  1074  to  4  March 
1118 ;  Matilda,  who  married  Robert  of  Mor- 
tain ;  Mabel,  wife  of  Hugh  de  Chateauneuf 
en  Thimenus ;  and  Sybil,  who  was,  by  Robert 
FitzHamo,  mother  of  Matilda,  the  wife  of 
Earl  Robert  of  Gloucester  [q.  v.]    Bv  Ade* 
lisa  he  had  one  son,  Ebrard,  a  learned  clerk, 
who  was  in  Orderic's  time  one  of  the  royal 
chaplains  in  the  court  of  Henry  I  (Obd. 
Vm.  ii.  412,  iii.  818, 426). 

RoGEB  THB  PoiiEviN  (Jl,  1110),  the  third 
son,  owed  his  surname  to  his  marriaffe  with 
Almodis,  daughter  of  the  Count  of  Marche 
in  Poitou,  in  whose  right  he  saoceeded  to 
her  brother,  Count  Boso,  in  1091  (Reoueil  dee 
Hietoriene  de  France,  xii.  402).  His  &ther 
obtained  for  him  the  earldom  of  Lancaster 
in  Enffland  rpBD.  Vit.  ii.  428,  iiL  425>6). 
In  1088  he  lought  on  the  rebel  side  at 
Rochester,  but  was  taken  into  favour  soon 
after,  and  in  September  was  acting  on  behalf 
of  Rufus  in  the  negotiations  witn  William 
of  St.  Calais  [see  William],  bidiop  of  Dor- 
ham,  in  whose  behalf  he  afterwards  appealed 
without  success  (DroDALB,  Monaet.  Angl. 
i.  246-8 ;  Fbeemait,  WxaJiam  ItuifHa,  ii.  93, 
109, 117).  In  1090  he  was  fighting  on  be- 
half of  his  brother  Robert  of  BellSme 
against  Hugh  of  Grantmesnil  (Obd.  Vit. 


Roger 


103 


Roger 


m.  861).  AfkcrwudB  he  held  Anrontan  in 
NomMiidy  for  l¥illiaiii  agmintt  Duke  Ro^ 
boty  but  wmm  fonod  to  surrender  in  1094 
(flyffii  OkrameU;  Hoi.  Huht.  p.  317). 
Hooer  sided  mriih  his  brother  Robert  of 
BeOtee  in  his  reb^lion  against  Heniy  I  in 
IIQS,  end  for  kis  treaeon  vns  dejnriTed  of 
bis  eixidoae  and  expelled  from  fSngland. 
Be  Ktiied  to  hie  wife's  castle  of  Gharrouz, 
near  CiTmi,  "where  he  waged  a  long  war 
irith  Ho^  VI  of  Lusignan  as  to  the  county 
of  lAMaidie.  He  was  succeeded  as  count  of 
La  JfiwA^  by  his  son,  Audebert  III;  his 
daughter  Pontia  married  Vulgrin,  count  of 

xn.  402).  itogper  gave  lands  in  Lancashire 
to  his  father's  foundation  at  Shrewsbury, 
and  was  Kiw»<i^lf  the  founder  of  a  {niorr  at 
TanrantflT  sia  a  cell  of  St.  Martin  S6ex 
(Dvosiai.B,  Mcmut,  AngL  iii.  519,  521,  vi. 
997-9). 

PmuF  OF  MoxTooxEBT  (d.  1099),  called 
Gxammatieoe  or  the  C9erk,  fourth  son  of 
Roger  de  Montoomezy.  witnessed  the  founds^ 
tk» charter  of  SfarewsburyAbber (Dvodaxa, 
MomatL  ^^AxgL  iiL  620).  He  took  part  in  the 
rebdlion  of  Robert  de  Mowbray  [q.  v.1  in  1094. 
Early  in  1086  he  was  imprisoned  oy  Wil- 
liam n  (Fii>B.  Wig.  i.  39),  but  was  soon 
releaied,  and  in  the  same  year  went  on  the 
cmasds  with  Robert  of  Normandy,  and,  after 
fi^tin^  Tsliantly  against  Corbogha  at  An- 
ciocfa, died  at  Jerusalem.  William  of  Malmes- 
bnry  describee  him  as  renowned  beyond  all 
knighca  in  letters.  His  daughter  Matilda 
snceeeded  her  aunt  Emma  as  abbess  of 
Almeneeehes  (Osn.  Vit.  iiL  488,  iv.  188; 
Wnx.  Maui.  Gesta  lUffum,  p.  461).  The 
SooCtish  family  of  Montgomene,  now  repre- 
sented by  the  £arl  of  £ff linton,  claims  to  be 
descended  from  Philip  ae  Montgomery  [see 
uai]erMo2iT80MB]iiB,SiBJoHK].  Philip  had 
iflSDe,  "who  remained  in  Normandy  and  bore 
the  name  of  Montgomery  (Staplbioit,  BoL 
Smm.  n.  zciy). 

Abstulf,  £^sl  of  PSMBSOia  (Ji.  1110), 
fifth  aoB  of  Roger  de  Montgomery,  obtained 
Dyved  or  Pembroke  as  his  share  by  lot  (Ofio. 
Vit.  iL  423,  iiL  425-6 ;  Brut  y  Tywysogion^ 
p.  67).  He  built  the  castle  of  Pembroke  'ex 
Tirgia  et  ceepite  'about  1090  {ib, ;  Gi&.  Cambb. 
▼L  89).  The  same  year  he  was  fighting  for 
Robert  of  Belldme,  and  twelve  Tears  later  he 
took  a  chief  part  in  the  rebellion  against 
HeniT  L  Amulf  sent  for  help  to  Ireland,  and 
aakea  for  the  daughter  of  Murchadh  \q,  v.], 
kin^  of  Leinster,  in  marriage,  which  was 
easily  obtained.  He  crossed  over  to  Ireland 
to  ceceiTe  his  wifia^  and  is  said  to  have  sup- 
ported the  Irish  against  Magnus  of  Norway, 
and  aqiired  to  obtain  the  kingdom  of  Ireland. 


Mnrohadhy  however,  took  away  his  daughter 
La&eroth,  and  schemed  to  kill  Amulfi  Sub- 
sequently Amulf  was  reconciled  to  Mnr* 
chadh  and  married  to  Lafacroth,  but  he  died 
the  day  after  the  weddim^  (Obd.  Vit.  iv. 
177-8, 198-4;  Brut,  pp.  69, 78).  He  founded 
the  priory  of  St.  Niuiolas  in  the  castle  at 
Pembroke  as  a  cell  of  St.  Martin  S4ee, 
27  Aug.  1098  (DnoBAia,  MomuL  AngL  iv. 
820,  vi.  999).  The  Welsh  family  of  Carew 
claims  descent  from  Amulf. 

[Ordericns  Yitalis  (See.  de  THist.  de  France)  ; 
William  of  Malmesbur/s  Gesta  Regum  and 
Oeeta  Pontiflenm;  Brut  y  Tyirjaogion  (RoUs 
Ser.);  Willittm  of  Jnmidgst,  and  William  of 
Poitiers,  ap.  Dachesoa's  Hist.  Norm.  Seriptoees; 
Wace's  KomaD  de  Ron ;  Stapleton's  Rot.  Scacc 
NonoanniaB ;  Battle  Abbey  Boll,  ed.  Doehess  of 
Cleveland;  Dugdale's  Baronage,  L  20-32,  aad 
Mooasticon  Anglicannm;  Freeman's  Norman 
Cooquest  and  William  Rufos;  EytooV  Anti- 
quitiis  of  Sbropsbire,  passim ;  Owen  and  Blake- 
way  s  Hietory  of  Shrewsbury;  PlanchiV  Con- 
queror and  his  Companions;  other  anthoritiss 
quoted.]  C.  L.  K. 

ROGER  BIGOD(^  1107),  haron.  [See 
under  Bigob,  Hugh,  first  Ea&l  of  Nobvolk.] 

ROGER  INFANS  {Ji.  1124},  writer  on 
the  'Compotus'  (i.e.  the  methoa  of  comput- 
ing the  calendar),  states  that  he  published 
his  treatise  in  1124,  when  still  a  yonng  man, 
though  he  had  abeady  been  engaged  for 
some  years  in  teaching.  For  some  reason  he 
was  called  'Infans,'  which  Leland,  without 
sufficient  justification,  translated  Yonge. 
Wood,  whom  Tanner  follows,  puts  Roger's 
date  at  1186,  and  absurdlv  calls  him  rector 
of  the  schools  and  chancellor  of  the  univer- 
sity of  Oxford.  The  only  inown  manuscript 
of  his  Treatise  is  Digby  MS.  40,  ffl  26-^2, 
where  it  commences  with  a  rubric  (of  the 
thirteenth  century):  'Preefatio  Magistri 
R6geri  Infantis  in  Oompotum.'  Wright  has 
printed  an  extract  from  this  preface.  Roger^s 
chief  authorities  are  Qerland  and  Helperic^ 
whom  he  frequently  corrects. 

[Tanner's  Bibl.  Brit.-Hib.  p.  718;  Wood's 
Hist,  and  Antiq.  Univ.  Ozon.  1. 153 ;  Wright's 
Biogr.  Brit  Litt.  ii.  89;  Cat.  of  Dighv  MBS.] 

ROGER  OF  Salisbubz  (J.  1139),  also 
called  RooER  the  Gbbai,  bishop  of  Salis- 
bury and  justiciar,  was  of  humble  origin, 
and  oiifrinally  priest  of  a  little  chapel  near 
Caen.  The  futnre  king,  Henry  I,  chanced, 
while  riding  out  firom  C^en,  to  turn  aside  to 
this  chapel  to  hear  mass.  Roger,  guessinff 
the  temper  of  his  audience,  went  througo 
the  service  with  suoh  speed  that  they  <&• 


Roger 


X04 


Roger 


clared  him  the  Tery  man  for  ft  soldiec'e 
chaplain^  and  Henry  took  him  into  his  aer- 
rice.  Roger,  though  almost  wholly  unlet- 
teiedy  was  astute  and  zealous^  and  as  Henry's 
steward  managed  his  affairs  with  such  sluU 
that  he  soon  won  his  master's  confidence 
(Will.  Nbwb.  i.  36,  ap.  Chron.  Stephen^ 
Henry  11,  and  Richard  I,  Rolls  Ser.)  After 
Henry  became  king,  he  made  Roger  his 
chancellor  in  1101.  In  September  1102 
Henry  inyested  Roger  with  the  bishopric  of 
Salisbury.  In  this  capacity  Roger  attended 
Anselm's  council  at  Michaelmas;  but  though 
the  archbishop  did  not  refuse  to  communi- 
cate with  him,  he  would  not  consecrate  Roger 
or  two  other  intended  bishops  who  had  lately 
receiTed  investiture  from  the  king.  Henry 
then  appealed  to  Archbishop  Gerard  [q.  v.]  of 
York,  who  was  ready  to  perform  the  cere- 
mony, but  the  other  two  bishops  declined  to 
accept  consecration  from  Qerara,  while  Roger 
prudently  temporised,  so  as  neither  to  anger 
the  king  nor  to  injure  the  cause  of  Anselm 

S^ILL.  ALkLH.  Gesta  Pmtificum,  pp.  109-10). 
e  consecration  was  in  consequence  post- 
poned, but  Roger  nerertheless  resiffnea  the 
chancellorship,  in  accordance  with  uie  usual 
practice,  soon  after  his  investiture  as  bishop. 
He  may  possibly  have  resumed  his  office  as 
chancellor  in  1106,  but,  if  so,  again  resigned, 
when  he  was  at  last  consecrated  in  the  fol- 
lowing year.  The  contest  between  the  kin^^ 
and  archbishop  on  the  question  of  inyesti- 
tures  was  formally  settled  in  August  1107, 
and  on  II  Aug.  Roger  and  a  number  of  other 
bishops  were  consecrated  by  Anselm  at  Can- 
terbury {ib»y,  117 ;  Eadmbb,  p.  187). 

Shortly  afterwards  Ro j^er  was  raised  to  the 
office  of  justiciar.  ^  William  of  Malmesbury 
{Geata  ttegum^  ii.  483^  speaks  of  him  as 
haying  the  goyemanoe  orthe  whole  kingdom, 
whether  Henry  was  in  England  or  in  Nor- 
mandy. But  it  is  uncertain  whether  he  really 
acted  aa  the  king's  lieutenant  in  his  absence, 
or  even  whether  the  name  of  justiciar  yet 
^possessed  a  precise  official  significance' 
(Stubbs).  He  is,  howeyer,  the  first  justiciar 
to  be  called  <  secundus  a  rege '  (Hek.  Hunt. 
p.  245),  Roger  was  one  of  the  messengers 
sent  by  the  Bng  to  Anselm  in  1108  to  in- 
duce him  to  consecrate  the  abbot  of  St. 
Augustine's  in  his  own  abbey,  and  was  pre- 
sent in  the  Whitsuntide  court  of  that  year 
at  London,  when  he  joined  with  other 
bishops  in  supportinp^  Anselm's  contention 
as  to  the  consecration  of  the  archbishop- 
elect  of  Tork  (£AJ»MBB,pp.  189, 208).  Roger 
was  responsible  for  the  peaceful  administra- 
tion of  jBuffland  during  the  king's  Ion?  ab- 
aoicee  in  Normandy.  On  27  June  1116  he 
was  at  Canterbury  for  the  conseeratbn  of 


Theodoald  as  bishop  of  Worcester,  and  00 
19  Sept.  for  that  of  Bernard  of  St.  Dayids 
at  Weetminster  (i5.  pp.  2d0,  236).  In  1121 
he  claimed  to  officiate  at  the  king's  marriage> 
with  Adela  of  Louyain,  on  the  ground  that 
Windsor  was  within  his  diocese ;  but  Arch- 
bishop Ralph  d'Eseures  [q.  y.}  resisted,  and 
entrusted  the  duty  to  the  bishop  of  Win- 
chester {ib,  p.  2^ ;  Will.  Malk.  Getta 
Pontifiaanf  p.  132,  n.  3).  Roger  was  in  the 
king's  company  when  Kobert  Bloet  [q.  y.J 
died  in  their  presence  at  Woodstock,  January 
1123.  Rob^  and  Roger  had  arranged  to 
preyent  the  election  of  a  monk  to  theyacant 
archbishopric  of  Oanterbury,  and  through 
Roger's  iu&uence  William  of  Oorbeuil  was 
elected  in  the  fc^owing  February,  and  Roger 
took  part  in  his  consecration  at  Canterbury 
on  18  Feb.  (En^itak  CknmicU,  1123).  At 
Christmas  1124  Roger  summoned  lul  the 
coiners  of  England  to  Winchester,  and  had 
the  cohiers  of  base  money  punished  {ib.  1125). 
In  1126  Robert,  duke  of  Normandy  [q.  y.J, 
was  remoyed  from  Rcjger's  custody  (t5. 1126). 
At  Christmas  Henry  held  his  court  at  Wind* 
sor,  and  made  all  the  chief  men  of  the  country 
swear  allegiance  to  his  daughter  Matilda. 
Roffer  was  foremost  in  recommending  this 
oath  (Hbit.  Huht.  p.  256),  but  he  was  after* 
wards  fijrst  to  break  it.  William  of  Mdlmes- 
bury  relates  that  he  often  heard  Roger  de- 
clare that  he  took  the  oath  only  on  the 
understanding  that  Henry  would  not  marry 
Matilda  except  with  his  adyioe  and  that  of 
his  nobles,  and  that  therefore  he  was  ab- 
solyed  when  Matilda  married  Geoflfrey  of 
Anion  without  their  consent  {Higt,  Nov.  p. 
530).  Roger  was  present  at  the  consecration 
of  Christ  church,  Canterbuxr,  on  4  May  1130. 
When,  after  the  death  of  King  Henry  011 
1  Dec.  1135,  Stephen  of  Blois  came  oyer  ta 
secure  the  crown,  Roger  took  his  side  with 
little  hesitation.  His  adhesion  secured  the 
new  king  the  command  of  the  royal  treasure 
and  the  administration,  and  thus  eontribated 
chiefly  to  Stephen's  success.  He  attended 
Stephen's  coronation,  and  after  Christmae 
went  with  the  kinff  to  Reading.  At  Easter 
1136  he  was  with  the  king  at  Westminster, 
and  he  witnessed  the  charter  issued  at  Ox-» 
ford  in  April  (Roinn>,  Gtoffrey  de  Mande^ 
vilie,  ii.  262-3;  6eieU  Charters,  p.  121). 
Stephen  naturally  retained  him  as  justiciar. 
His  influence  was  all-powerful,  ana  Stephen 
declared  he  would  giye  him  half  England 
if  he  asked  for  it;  ^he  will  be  tired  of  asking' 
before  I  am  of  guying.'  When  Stephen 
proposed  to  cross  oyer  to  Normandy,  he  in- 
tended to  leaye  the  goyemment  of  Eng^ 
land  in  Roger's  hands  during  his  absence* 
Bat  a  false  report  that  Roger  was  dead 


Roger 


105 


Roger 


eiUed  Stephen  to  Salialbvzy,  and  the  expedi- 
tioa  ms  postponed  to  the  sprint  oi  1137 
(Obh  Vit.  t.  6S).  The  whole  administra* 
1am  of  the  idngdom  mis  under  Rogei'e 
eoDtrol;  Iob  mm  Boger  (see  below)  was 
dtuieeUory  his  nephew  Nigel  (d,  1169  [q.  ▼.! 
vMlttbop  of  EI7  and  tieamner,  and  a  second 
neshev,  Aleocander  (d.  1148)  [^.  v.],  was 
bidiop  of  liseoln.  The  three  bishops  need 
theb  Rionroes  in  Ibrtifpng  the  castles  in 
their  dioceses.  Rogev^s  intention  may  have 
been  to  km  the  balance  of  power  in  ms  own 
iiudi.  ms  power  and  wealth  excited  the 
esoity  of  the  harais  in  St^hen's  party 
iWiu.  Maim.  Mitt.  Nov.  p.  548),  or,  as 
laother  writer  allM[es,  made  the  king  sus- 
piekMB  of  his  fidelity  (Obd.  Vit.  ▼.  119). 
Aecordiog  to  the  autihor  of  the  '  Gesta  Ste- 
^ui  '(p.  47XComit  Waleran  of  Meulan  was 
oQger'idiieiaccoser.  Ordericus  relates  that 
Wslem,  Earl  Bobert  of  Leicester,  and 
Aim  de  Dinan  stirred  up  the  king.  Stephen 
ranaoned  Roger  ana  his  nephews  to 
come  to  him  at  Oxford  on  24  June  1189. 
Boger,  with  a  foreboding  of  evil,  unwillingly 
Waited  OD  his  waj,  Bayin^f, '  I  shall  be  of  as 
aseh  good  at  this  eoancil  as  a  yoiuuc  colt 
is  t  bsttle*  (Wiix.  Malic.  Hiit.  Jvov.  p. 

At  Oxford  Earl  Alan*s  followers  picked 
aqunel  with  the  bishops'  men,  and  in  the 
not  Akn's  nephew  was  killed.  Stephen 
^fdtfed  that  tne  bishops'  men  had  broken 
^  peace,  and  demanded  that  in  satisfao* 
*Mn  the  bishops  should  surrender  the  keys 
^  their  esstles.  The  bishops  demurred,  and 
S^cpbes  then  arrested  Bishop  Ro^er,  his  son 
Rqger  the  chancellor,  and  Alexander  of  Lin* 
^.  Nigel  fled  to  his  uncle's  castle  of 
^iKi.  StOThen  at  once  marched  lu^inst 
':im,  uldag  his  prisoners  with  him.  (^  ap- 
^•nog  haore  Bevixes,  the  king  confined 
^er  in  the  cowhouse,  and  threatened  to 
^  the  bishop^  eon  if  the  castle  were  not 
"ncDdered.  By  Stephen's  permission  Roger 
^  in  interriew  with  Niffel,  whom  he  re- 
^i*bd  for  not  ilemng  to  his  own  diocese, 
^if^  however,  rsfbsed  to  yield.  Roger  then 
^funtd  that  he  would  fast  till  the  castle 
^^■''adered.  After  three  days  his  concubine, 
^tttiUa  de  Ramsbury,  who  held  the  keep, 
'pssdered  it  to  save  her  son's  life,  and 
N'ifd  VIS  then  compelled  to  yield  (Will. 
Mill.  iTttt.  Nw.v.  648;  Oeeta  Stephcmi, 
n-  4M0;  Cimt.  Flob.  Wig.  ii.  108;  ao- 
««%  to  Okd.  Vit.  t.  120-1,  Roger's  fast- 
is VII  iBToluntary \  The  surrender  of  De- 
^  WW  followed  oy  that  of  Roar's  other 
21^  of  Sherborne,  Sdisbuiy,  and  Malmes- 
°^  Bishop  Henry  of  Winchester,  the 
'^i  hrother  and  papal  legate,  at  once  pro- 


tested against  the  treatment  of  the  bishops, 
and  summoned  Stephen  to  appear  at  a 
council  at  Winchester  on  29  Aug.  Even- 
tually a  compromise  was  acrranged,  by  which 
the  bishops  were  to  surrender  the  castles 
other  than  those  which  belonged  to  their 
sees,  and  confine  themselves  to  their  ca- 
nonical rights  and  duties.  Stephen  had  to 
do  penance  for  his  treatment  of^the  bishops. 
The  incident  was  the  ruin  of  Stephen's 
prospects,  since  it  shattered  his  hold  on  the 
clergy  and  on  the  machinery  of  government. 
But  Roger  did  not  survive  to  take  any  share 
in  the  political  consequences  of  his  oreach 
with  the  king.  He  died  at  Salisbury  on 
11  Dec.,  according  to  some  accounts,  from 
vexation  at  his  ill-usage  (Will.  Malk.  Hiat. 
Nov.  p.  W7;  Hhht.  Hukt.  p.  266;  Qmt. 
Flob.  vVie.  ii.  118,  where  the  date  is  given 
as  4  Dec. ;  Will.  Nbwb.  i.  882,  says  that 
Roger  went  mad  before  his  death).  Roger 
was  buried  in  his  cathedral,  whence  his 
remains  were  translated  on  14  June  1226, 
on  the  removal  of  the  see  to  the  new  city 
and  cathedral  in  the  plain  ( J?^.  St.  Osnumdy 
ii.  56).  A  tomb  in  the  modem  cathedral  of 
Salisbury  has  been  conjectured  to  be  Roger's 
{Arehtgoloffta,  iL  188-93);  it  bears  an  in- 
scription commencing 

Tlent  hodie  Salesberie,  quia  deddit  ensis 
Justitie,  pater  ecclesie  SalesberienBls. 

But  the  last  lines  of  this  inscription  imply 
that  the  bishop  referred  to  was  of^noble  birth, 
and  it  is  perhaps  more  probable  that  the 
tomb  belongs  to  Bishop  Jocelin  {d.  1174) 
(cf.  JReff.  8t.  Osmund,  ii.  p.  Ixxv). 

In  Roger,  the  statesman  completely  over- 
shadowed the  bishop,  and  fifty  years  after 
his  death  he  was  regarded  as  the  prototype 
of  those  prelates  who  allowed  themselves  to 
be  immersed  in  worldlv  afiairs  (Ralph  bb 
DiOBio,  ii  77 ).  Yet  William  of  Malmesbury 
expressly  states  thot  Roger  did  not  neglect 
the  duties  of  his  ecclesiastical  office,  and  that 
he  accepted  the  justiciarship  only  at  the  bid- 
ding of  the  pope  and  of  three  archbishops — 
Anselm,  Ralph,  and  William  (Gesta  B^m, 
p.  484).  Through  his  five  years'  admini- 
stration of  churcn  affairs  in  the  interregnum 
after  the  death  of  Anselm,  though  the  bi- 
shoprics were  used  as  rewards  for  state  ser- 
vices and  the  spiritual  life  of  the  church  was 
little  regarded,  the  evils  that  had  prevailed 
under  William  Rufus  were  avoided.  If 
bishops  were  appointed  from  motives  of 
state,  the  men  cnosen  were  on  the  whole 
worthy.  From  a  worldly  point  of  view,  the 
advantages  of  the  system  established  by 
Roger  were  great;  it  secured  for  the  aa- 
ministration  of  state  affairs  the  most  capable 


Roger 


io6 


Roger 


officialBi  and  men  vrho  were  lew  exposed  to 
temptation  than  laymen. 

Itoger's  main  energies  were  devoted  to  the 
work  of  secular  government ;  under  his  di- 
rection *  the  whole  administrative  system  was 
remodelled ;  the  jurisdiction  of  the  curia 
and  exchequer  was  carefuU^r  or^nised,  and 
the  peace  of  the  country  maintamed  in  that 
theoretical  perfection  which  earned  for  him 
the  title  of  the  Sword  of  Righteousness' 
(Stxtbbs)*  His  great-nephew,  Richard  Fitz- 
neale  [q.  v.],  in  the  *  Diatogus  de  Scaccario ' 
(Stubbs,  Select  CharterSf-p,  194),  attributes  to 
Roger  the  reorganisation  of  the  exchequer  on 
the  tMisis  which  lasted  down  to  his  own  time. 
It  was  perhaps  a  defect  in  Roger's  character 
that  he  concentrated  so  much  power  in  the 
hands  of  his  own  relatives.  £ut  the  great 
administrative  family  that  he  founded  served 
the  state  with  conspicuous  ability  for  over  a 
century.  £iesides  Roger's  nephews  Alexan- 
der and  Nigel,  his  son,  the  duuicellor,  and  his 
great-nephew,  Richard  Fitzneale,  this  family 
probably  included  Richard  of  Ilchester  [a.  v.] 
and  bis  sons  Herbert  and  Richard  roor 
see  FooB,  Hbbbbbt,  and  Poob,  Richabb] 
[Stubbs,  jRt^.  to  RoG.  Hov.  voL  iv.  p^  xci  n.) 
failings  were  family  ambition  ana  avarice. 
In  the  accomplishment  of  his  designs  he 
spared  no  expense.  Above  all  else  he  was 
a  great  builder,  particularly  of  castles.  He 
fouuded  the  castles  of  Sherborne  and  Devizes, 
added  to  that  at  Salisbury,  and  commenced 
a  fourth  at  Malmesbury.  The  castle  of  De- 
vizes is  described  as  the  most  splendid  in 
Europe  (Hsir.  Hxtnt.  p.  266).  Freeman 
speaks  of  him  as  hainng  '  in  his  own  person 
brought  to  perfection  that  later  form  of 
Norman  architecture,  lighter  and  richer  than 
the  earlier  type,  which  slowly  died  out  before 
the  introduction  of  the  pointed  arch  and  its 
accompanying^  details . . .  The  creative  ^^enius 
of  Roger  was  in  advance  of  his  age,  and  it  took 
some  little  time  for  smaller  men  to  come  up 
with  him.'  But  after  the  anarchy  'men  had 
leisure  to  turn  to  art  and  ornament,  and  the 
style  which  had  come  in  at  the  bidding  of 
Roger  was  copied  by  lesser  men  almost  a 
generation  after  his  time'  (Norman  Conquest^ 
V.  638-0).  Besides  his  castle-building, Wil- 
liam of  Malmesbury  relates  that  Roger  made 
new  the  cathedral  of  Salisbury,  and  adorned 
it  BO  that  there  was  none  finer  in  England 
(Qeeta  Regum^  p.  484).  Nor  was  Roger  un- 
mindful of  the  temporal  welfare  of  his  see. 
Through  his  influence  with  Henry  I  and 
Stephen  additional  endowments  and  prebends 
were  obtained  for  the  cathedral  (cf.  Reg,  St. 
Omrwnd^  vol.  iL  pp.  xlvii  -  viii ;  Sarum  Chat^ 
terif  pp.  6-10^.  He  also  annexed  to  his  see 
the  abbeys  of  Malmesbury  and  Abbotsbury, 


which  after  his  dealh  reeovend  their  inde« 
pendenee(WzLL.  WoM^Miet  Nw.  pp.  669- 
o60).  Two  copes  and  a  chasuble  tihat  bad 
belonged  to  Roger  wereipreserved«t  Salisbury 
(Reg,  Se.  O^nundf  ii.  IfiO,  138).  Roger  lived 
openly  with  his  wife  or  concubine,  Matilda 
de  Ramsbury,  who  was  the  mother  of  his  ac- 
knowledged son,  Roger  Pauper  (see  below). 
Alexander  of  Lincoln  and  Nigel  of  Ely,  who 
owed  their  education  and  advancement  to 
R<Mper,  seem  to  have  been  his  brother's  sons. 
RoQBBPAifPBB  (^.1139),  chancellor,  was 
the  son  of  the  grest  Bishco  Roger,  and  is 
supposed  to  have  been  called  Pauper  or  Poor 
in  contrast  to  his father'8wealth(UEm^.Fu)R. 
Wia.  ii.  108;  WutL.  Majm.  Mist.  Nov,  p. 
549;  Geneaiogiatf  April  1896,  where  Count 
de  la  Poer  argues  that  Le  Poher  or  Poor  is 
a  territorial  name).  He  became  chancellor 
to  King  Stephen  through  his  father's  influ- 
ence, and  as  chancellor  witnessed  three  char- 
ters early  in  the  reign,  including  the  charter 
of  liberties  granted  at  Oxford  in  April  1136. 
He  retained  his  post  down  to  June  1139. 
The  part  which  he  and  his  mother  played  in 
the  overthrow  of  the  bishops  and  capture  of 
Devixes  is  described  above.  Roger  Pauner 
was  kept  in  prison  for  a  time,  and  eventually 
released  on  condition  that  he  left  England. 

[William  of  Malmeebury's  Qesta  Pontificum, 
Gesta  H^gurn,  and  Historia  Norella,  Hemy  of 
Buntiiigdon,  ESadmer's  Historia  Novomm,  B»- 
gitfter  of  St.  Osmand,  Saram  Cfaarteei  and  Docu- 
ments (all  these  ia  Rolls  Ser.);  Gesta  Stephani, 
and  flor.  Wig.  (Bogl.  Hist.  Soe.);  Boglish 
Chronicle ;  Oxdericus  Vitalis  (Soc  de  I'Hist.  de 
France);  Freeman's Nwman  Conquest;  Stabbs's 
Coustitutional  Hist. ;  Norgate's  England  under 
the  Angevin  Kings;  Bound's  Geoffrey  de  Man- 
deville;  Foss's  Judges  of  England,  i.  161-9; 
BoiTin-Cbampeaax,  Notice  sur  Roger  le  Grand.] 

G.  L.  K. 

ROGER  OF  FoBD  (JL  1170),  called  also 
RooBB  QvffSJJV,  QtvwrvMf  and  Roobb  of 
OiTBiLnx,  haffiographer,  was  a  Oistercian 
monk  of  Ford  in  Devonshire.  He  went  to 
Schonau,  and  while  there  wrotOi  at  the  order 
of  "William,  abbot  of  Savigny,  'An  Account 
of  the  Revelations  of  St.  Elizabeth  of 
Schonau,'  with  a  preface  addressed  to  Bald- 
win (d,  1190)  [q.  v.l,  abbot  of  Ford,  after- 
wards archbishop  of  Canterbury.  The  pre- 
face begins  *  Qui  vere  diligit  semper,'  and 
the  text  '  Prom^tum  in  me  est,  frater.'  A. 
manuscript  of  this  work  is  in  St.  John's  Col- 
lege, Oztord,  oxlix,  No.  8 ;  another  copy  is 
in  Bodleian  MS.  E.  2.  Roger  alao  wrote  a 
sermon  on  the  eleven  thousand  virffins  of 
Cologne,  beginning  <  Vobis  q[ui  pios  anectua,' 
and  an  encomium  of  the  Virgin  Mary  in 
elegiaoa»  both  of  which  are  contained  ia  the 


Roger 


107 


Rogo- 


St.  J6kBfs  Cbllege  KS.  cbdx.  No.  8,  and  the 
latter  in  Bodleian  MS.  E.  2  as  well* 

f  T^Boer*8  Bibl.  Brit. ;  Coxa's  Cat.  MSS.  in 
Oou.  Aaliflqua  Oxon.]  H.  B. 

BOQER  OF  HsBBFOBB  (Ji.  117S),  mathe- 
Tniricmn  and  aatxoloffor,  8t»eiii8  to  Mve  been 
a  natire  of  Herefoiddiire,  and  is  said  to  have 
been  educated  at  Cambridge.  He  was  a 
laboBOQa  atudanty  and  was  held  in  gieat 
esteem  hy  hia  contemporarlBs.  His  chief 
i4adiei  wexe  natnral  philosophy  and  astro- 
logj,  and  he  was  an  authority  on  mines  and 
meula.  The  following  tracts  are  attributed 
to  him:  1«  'Theonca  FUnetarum  Rogeri 
Hflnfordenria'  (Digby  MSS.  in  Bodl.  Libr. 
No.  16B).  2.  *  Introductorium  in  artem 
jodieiariana  astiorum.'  &  '  liber  de  quatuor 
partiboa  aatronomia  judiciomm  eoitus  a 
maratro  Rogaro  de  Harefordia '  (Digby  MSS. 
in  BodL  labr.  No.  149).  4.  '  De  ortu  et 
occMQ  signorum.'  5.  '  uollectaneum  anno- 
Tum  wwmm  planetaTum.'  6.  'De  rebus 
metallicis.'  In  the  Arundel  collection  in 
the  British  Museum  is  an  astronomical  table 
hj  him  dated  1178,  and  calculated  for  Hero- 
ford. 

\BMm  BenpU  Brit  Cent,  iil  18 ;  Fits,  De 
Illiiatr.Ai«l.ScripLp.237;  Tanner's Bibl. Brit; 
BriaaTvync^s  AnL  Acad  Oson.  Apol  ii.  218-21 ; 
TulWe  HisL  of  Cambridge;  Thomas  Wright's 
BiogT.  Brit.  lit.  ii.  218 ;  Hard/s  Cat.  of  Hist 
lfafiirial%  ii.  4 1 6 ;  Mag.  of  Pop.  Science,  ir.  276 ; 
Ott.  MSS.  in  BodleisD  Library.]        W.  F.  S. 

BOGEB  {(bL  1179),  bishop  of  Worcester, 
was  either  the  youngest,  or  tne  youngest  but 
one,  of  the  fire  sons  of  Bobert,  earl  of  Glou- 
cester [q.  T.l,  and  his  wife  Mabel  of  Qla- 
morgan  (et  Materials,  Tii.  258,  and  iiL  106). 
His  lather's  favourite,  and  destined  from 
iafivM^  lor  holy  orders,  he  shared  for  a  while 
in  Bristol  Oastle  the  studies  of  his  cousin, 
the  lutuie  Henry  II  (t;^.  vii.  268,  iiL  104),  who 
in  ILucch  lldS  appointed  him  bishop  of 
Woneester  ^Arm,  Monast.  L  49).  He  was 
present  as  bishop-elect  at  the  council  of  Cla* 
reodon  in  January  1164  {Materials,  It.  207, 
T.  72),  and  was  oonsecrated  by  Archbiahop 
Thomas  at  Canterbury  on  23  Aug.  (Qebt. 
Cave  L  182 ;  Amo.  Mtmast.  L  49).  At  the 
council  of  Northampton  in  October,  when 
Thooaas  naked  his  suffingans  to  advise  him 
how  he  ahoold  answer  the  king's  demand 
for  aa  aeooant  of  his  ecdesiastiod  admini- 
ftmtaony  Roger  'so  framed  his  re|)ly  as  to 
•how  bj  negatiTea  what  was  in  his  mind.' 
*I  will  giTe  no  counsel  in  this  matter,'  he 
ssidf  'lor  if  I  diould  say  that  a  cure  of  souls 
nay  be  jnstly  resignea  at  the  king's  com- 
nndf  my  oonscitmce  would  condemn  me; 
bat  ifl  should  advisB  resistance  to  the  king, 


he  would  banish  me.  80  I  will  neither  say 
the  one  thin|^  nor  recommend  the  other' 
(Materials,  iu  828).  He  was  one  of  the 
three  bidiops  whom  Thomas  sent  to  aak  the 
king  for  a  safe-conduct  on  the  night  before  his 
flight  (ib.  iiL  69, 312).  He  was  also  one  of 
those  chaiged  to  oouTffjr  to  the  pope  ths 
king's  appeal  against  the  arehbishop.  But 
his  part  in  the  embassy  wss  a  pssftve  one ; 
in  the  pope's  presence  he  stood  sUently  by 
while  his  colleagues  talked  {ib.  iu.  70,  73 : 
Thokas  Saoa,  i.  283).  On  Candlemas  Day, 
1166,  he  was  enthroned  at  Worcester  {Ann, 
Manast.  L  49,  !▼.  88n.  It  is  doubtftil 
whether  he  joined  in  the  appeal  made  by 
the  English  bishops  as  a  body,  under  orders 
from  the  king,  against  the  primate's  juris- 
diction at  micbummer  1 166.  Roger  was  soon 
afterwards,  in  company  with  Kurtholomew 
of  Exeter  {d>  1184)  [q.r.],  who  had  protested 
against  the  appeal,  aenounoed  by  the  king 
as  a  *  capital  enemy  of  the  kingdom  and  the 
commonwealth'  {Materials,  vi.  66,  63); 
while  the  appellants  in  general  were  over- 
whelmed with  reproaches  by  the  sidibishop 
and  his  partisans,  Roger  seems  never  for  a 
moment  to  have  forfeited  the  oonfideaee 
and  the  approval  of  his  metropolitan;  and 
the  martyr's  bio^phers  talk  of  him  as  *  the 
mominff  star  which  illuminates  our  sad  stoiy, 
the  briUiant  gem  shininff  amid  this  world's 
darkness ' — the  Abdiel  who,  alone  of  all  Tho- 
mas's suffragans,  not  onljr  never  swerved 
from  his  obedience  to  his  spiritual  father,  but 
even  followed  him  into  exile. 

Soon  after  his  flis^ht  Thomas  summoned 
Roger  to  join  him,  ana  Roger  made  a  fhutless 
apj^ication  to  the  kin^  for  leave  to  go  over 
sea,  on  the  plea  of  wishing  to  complete  his 
studies,  'he  being  a  young  man'  (ib,  iti.  86). 
Later  in  the  year  (1166)  a  olerk  of  Robert  de 
Melon  (q.  v.Jybishopof  Hereford,  came  to  the 
king  in  JNormandy,  and  stated  that  his  own 
bishop  and  'Dominns  Rogerus'  had  both 
been  cited  by  the  primate  and  intended  to 
obey  the  citation,  *  unless  the  king  would 
furnish  help  and  counsel  whereby  they  might 
stay  at  home,'  Le.  would  make  some  arrange- 
ment which  might  enable  them  to  do  so 
without  incurring  the  guilt  of  disobedience 
to  their  metropolitan.  Henrv  *  complained 
much  of  the  lora  Roger,'  and  threatened  that 
if  they  went  they  should  find  the  going 
easier  than  the  return  (t^.  vi.  74).  This 
Dominus  Rogerus  is  prorably  the  bishop  of 
Worcester,  who  oertamiv  went  over  sea  next 
year  {Atm,  Monast,  i.  50),  and  without  the 
royal  license,  for  Thomas's  friends  im- 
mediat-ely  began  to  rejoice  over  him  as  one 
who  had  voluntarily  thrown  in  his  lot  with 
them  in  their  exile,  and  was  prepared  to  loaf 


Roger 


io8 


Roger 


hiBbishoprieinconsequence.  Heniy, however, 
was  not  disposed  to  proceed  to  extremities 
with  his  oousm.  Some  ot  the  archbishop's  party 
urged  that  Roger  might  be  more  useful  to 
the  cause  at  home  thim  in  exile,  and  accord- 
inglj  Roger  sought  direction  from  the  pope 
as  to  the  terms  on  which  he  might  return. 
The  pope  bade  him  go  back  to  his  diocese  if 
he  could  exercise  his  office  there  without  sub- 
mitting to  the  royal  'customs  *  (MateriaU^  tL 
398-4,  390).  On  this  he  seems  to  have  re- 
joined the  court  in  Normandy.  In  November 
he  was  present,  with  several  other  English 
bishops,  at  a  conference  between  the  king 
and  tne  papal  legates  at  Argentan,  when  he 
appears  to  have  acquiesced  in  the  renewal 
01  Uie  bishops'  appeal ;  and  he  was  even  re- 
ported to  have  spoken  very  disrespectfiillv 
of  the  pnmate  and  of  his  cause  {jib,  pp.  270, 
276,  WHY  His  friendly  relations  with 
Thomas,  however,  seem  to  have  continued 
unbroken.  Early  in  1109  he  endeavoured 
to  persuade  the  archbishop  to  delay  his 
thieateoied  excommunications,  and  asked  for 
instructions  how  to  frame  his  own  conduct 
towards  their  victims  when  once  the  sen- 
tences were  issued.  Thomas  bade  him  have 
no  dealinf^  whatever  with  excommunicate 
persons  (tb,  vi.  677-9,  vii.  50;  accordingly 
when  Geoffrey  Ridel  [q.  v.]  entered  the  royal 
chapel  one  day,  just  as  mass  was  about  to 
begm,  Roger  at  once  walked  out.  The  kin?, 
on  hearinj^  the  reason  of  his  withdrawn, 
ordered  him  out  of  his  dominions,  but  re- 
called him  immediately  (ib.  iii.  86-7).  Roger 
was  the  one  English  prelate  summoned  to 
attend  the  king  at  a  conference  with  the 
legates  Vivian  and  Gratian  at  Bayenx  on 
1  Sept.  1169;  but  he  did  not  make  his  ap- 
pearance till  the  next  day,  when  the  business 
of  the  meeting  was  practically  over  {ib,  vii. 
72).  He  was  one  of  the  commissioners  sent 
to  convey  the  king's  offered  terms  to  the 
iMpates  at  Caen  a  week  later  (t&.  p.  80).  In 
SdSurch  1170  Henxjr  bade  the  bishop  of 
Worcester  follow  him  to  England  to  take 
part  in  the  coronation  of  the  '  young  king' 
[see  Hbnbt,  1155-1183].  Thomaa,  on  the 
o^er  hand,  also  bade  him  go,  but  for  the  pur- 
pose of  conveying  to  the  archbishop  of  York 
and  the  other  bishops  a  pmil  brief  forbidding 
the  coronation  (ib,  vii.  269-60).  The  queen 
and  the  senescnal  of  Normandy,  disoover- 
inff  this,  gave  orders  that  no  uiip  diould 
taSe  him  on  board,  and  he  could  get  no 
further  than  Dieppe.  On  Hemys  return 
(midsummer)  the  cousins  met  near  Falaise. 
The  king  upbraided  the  bishop  for  his  dis- 
obe^enoe,  and  denounced  him  as  '  no  tme 
son  of  the  good  earl  Robert.'  Roaer  ex- 
how  he  had  been  prevented  from 


crossing.  Henry  angrily  demanded  whether 
he  meant  to  shift  the  olame  on  the  queen. 
'  Certainly  not,'  retorted  Rog[er,  '  lest,  if  she 
be  frightened  into  suppressmff  the  truth, 
you  should  be  more  angry  witn  me;  or,  if 
she  avow  the  truth,  you  should  turn  your 
unseemly  wrath  asainst  her.  Matters  are 
best  as  they  stand;  never  would  I  have 
shared  in  a  rite  so  iniquitotisly  performed ; 
and  if  I  had  been  there  it  never  should  have 
taken  place.  Ton  say  I  am  not  earl  Robert's 
son.  I  know  not ;  at  any  rate  I  am  the  son 
of  my  mother,  with  whose  hand  he  acquired 
all  his  possessions ;  while  from  your  conduct 
to  his  children  nobody  would  guess  that  he 
was  your  uncle,  who  brought  you  up  and 
risked  his  life  in  fighting  for  you.'  He  went 
on  in  the  same  bold  strain  till  a  bystander 
interrupted  him  with  words  of  abuse,  where* 
upon  Henry  suddenly  declared  that  '  his 
kinsman  and  his  bishop'  should  be  called 
names  by  no  one  but  himself,  and  the  cousins 
went  amicably  to  dinner  together  (ib,  iiL 
104-6}. 

In  1171,  when  Henry's  dominions  were 
threatened  with  an  int€ardict  on  account  of 
the  murder  of  St.  Thomas,  Roger  was  one  of 
the  prelates  sent  to  intercede,  first  with  the 
legate  Archbishop  William  of  Sens,  and 
anerwards  with  the  pope  himself  (^fat^nVt^. 
vii.  444, 474,  476,  486 ;  Arm.  Monast  i.  50). 
He  went  to  England  in  August  1172  witn 
the  young  king  and  queen,  assisted  at  their 
crowning  at  Winchester  on  27Au£.,  and  re- 
turned to  Normandy  about  8  Sept  (Gesta  Hen, 
i.  31).    In  July  1174  he  was  with  the  king  at 
Westminster  (£ttok,  p.  181).   Acceding  to 
the  *  Qesta  Henrici  '(L  o4)he  was  there  again 
in  May  1175,  at  a  council  held  by  the  new 
archbishop,  Richard  (d.  1184)  [q.  r.] ;  but 
Gervase  (i.  251)  says  tnat  sickness  prevented 
his  attendance.    In  July  at  Woodstock  he 
and  the  archbishop  as  papal  commissioners 
confirmed  the  election  of  the  king's  son 
Gbofirey  [see  Gboffbht^  d.  1212]   to  the 
see  of  Lmcoln  (R.  Diobto,  i.  40V).  At  the  lent- 
tine  council  at  Westminster  in  May  1176, 
when  the  archbishops  of  Canterbury  and 
York  came  to  blows,  he  averted  the  idng's 
wrath  from  his  own  metropolitan  by  turning 
the  matter  into  a  jest  at  the  expense  of  the 
northern  primate  (Gib.  Caxbb.  vii.  63)  feee 
RoesB  OT  jPovt  L'Evfiaus].    He  assisted  at 
Canterbury  at  the  coronation  of  Pbter  d« 
Leia  as  bishop  of  St.  David's  on  7  Not.  of  the 
same  year  (Gerv.  Cast.  i.  260 ;  R.  Dicbvo,  i. 
415).    On  20  Jan.  1177  he  was  sent  by  the 
king,  with  the  bishop  of  Exeter,  to  expel  the 
nuns  of  Amesbury  (Oetta  Sen.  L  185) ;  in 
March  he  was  present  at  a  great  oouncU. 
in  London  (•6.  pp.  144, 166)  j  at  Ohriatmas 


Roger 


X09 


Roger 


1178  be  WBS  with  the  court  at  Winchester 
(Ettov,  p.  224).  He  went  over  sea  shortly 
afterwards  to  attend  the  Latoran  council 
{JwL  MonoML,  L  62),  which  was  summoned 
for  6  M^pch  1179 ;  on  the  joumey  baidc  he 
£ed  on  9  Aug.  at  Tours^  and  there  he  was 
hmied  («5.  L  62,  iL  241 ;  OegtM  Hen.  i.  243; 
R.  DiGETO,  L  482). 

like  St.  Thomas,  Soger  neyeir  bestowed 
bcnstoa  or  reTcnues  on  his  own  kinsfolk 
(On.  Cakbb.  TiL  6d);  and  he  refosed  to 
sMt  Archbishop  Ricnard  in  a  consecration 
wUch  he  regaraed  as  uncanonical  (Anglo* 
iforai.  Satir.  PoeU,  i.  198),  just  as  decidedly 
IS  he  had  protested  to  the  king  against  a 
oaronation  whidi  he  held  to  be  ulegaL  He 
wu  a  ffreat  fiiYOurite  with  Alexander  m, 
who  euled  him  and  Bishop  Bartholomew 
oC  Exeter  '  the  two  great  lignts  of  the  Eng- 
lish church,'  and  usually  employed  them 
ts  his  detoffates  for  ecclesiastical  causes  in 
England  (CflB.  Gambb.  yii.  67).  The  fear- 
lessness which  he  displayed  in  his  relations 
with  the  king  showed  itself  in  another  way 
when  the  western  tower  of  a  great  church  in 
which  he  was  celebrating  mass  crumbled 
suddenly  to  the  ground,  and  amid  a  blinding 
dust  ana  the  ruui  of  the  terrified  congrega- 
tion he  alone  stood  unmoyed,  and  as  if  utterly 
unconscioua  that  anything  had  happened  (ib, 
p.  <^).  The  church  is  said  by  duraldus  to 
hare  been  Gloacester  Abbey,  but  it  was  more 
probably  Worcester  Oathedral  (cf.  Mr.  Di- 
mof^s  note,  Lc,  with  Ann.  Monast  iy.  $83 
and  416).  Boger's  bold,  independent  cha- 
racter and  his  reiikdy  wit  had  at  least  as  |preat 
a  shsie  as  his  high  birth  in  enabling  lum  to 
go  his  own  way  amid  the  troubles  of  the  time, 
and  yet  to  win  the  esteem  of  all  parties,  both 
in  chnieh  and  state. 

[MatariAls  for  ffistory  of  Becket,  Annales 
Monastiei,  Thomas  Saga»  Oerrase  of  Canteiv 
bny,  Balph  de  Diceto,  Gesta  Benrid,  Giraldus 
OuBhrsaaia,  Angk>-Noniian  Satirieal  Poets  (all 
ia  Rolls  Ser.);  Eyton's  Itinerary  of  Benry  II.] 

K.  N. 

BOOBB  ov  Post  L'Eyfiars  {d.  1181), 
aiehbiahop  of  York,  a  '  Neustrian  *  scholar, 
WIS  bronffht  up  in  the  court  of  Theobald, 
'q.  yJL  arutbishop  of  Canterbury  (Bbokptof, 
ed.  Twyaden,  coL  1067).  His  surname, 
'  De  Fonte-E^iscopi '  (sometimes  translated 
Biihop's-bridge)|  was  probably  deriyed  from 
Pont  TEy^ue  in  Normandy.  He  was  an 
able  studenl.  but  by  temperament  ambitious 
and  masternil;  and  he  soon  fell  out  with 
Tonng  Thomaa  of  London,  afterwards  Arch- 
bidiop  Beekat.  ^He  was  not  only  consumed 
iatemally  bj  ttiyy,  but  would  often  break 
out  openly  into  contumely  and  unseemly 
laagusge,  so  that  he  would  often  call  Thomas 


clerk  Baillehache;  for  so  was  named  the 
clerk  with  whom  he  first  came  to  the  palace ' 
(Materials  Jmr  the  Life  of  ArckbieAop  Tktmas 
Becket,  iy.  9).  Twice  he  procured  the  dis- 
missal of  Thomas  (1^.  iii.  16,  of.  ii.  962) ;  but 
Walter,  archdeacon  of  Canterbury,  the  arch- 
bishop's brother,  procured  Thomas's  restorsr- 
tion  to  fayour.  On  the  consecration  of  the 
archdeacon,  Walter,  to  the  see  of  Rochester, 
14  March  1148,  Boger  was  made  archdeacon 
of  Oanterbury  (GsByASB  of  Cahtsbbitbt, 
ed.  Stubbs,  Bolls  Ser.  i.  ISS).  He  shortly 
afterwards  became  one  of  the  king's  chap- 
lains. He  was  present  at  the  council  held 
at  Rheims  by  Eugenius  III  in  the  same  year 
(1148;  HiHaria  Pvntifkalie,  ed.  Ports,  zz. 
628).  He  was  also  inyolyed  In  oontroyersy 
about  his  rights  as  archdeacon,  and  sought  the 
interyention  of  Gilbert  Foliot  [q.y.]ni>iBhop 
of  Hereford  (Epietolm  Q.  Foliot,  I  90. 124). 
In  1162  he  was  sent  by  Kinff  Stephen  to 
Rome  to  procure  a  reyersal  of  me  papal  pro- 
hibition of  the  crowning  of  Eustace  (letter 
of  Becket  to  Boso,  MateriaU,  yi.  68).  He 
was  unsuccessful,  but  is  asserted  to  haye 
endeayoured  to  foment  discord  between  the 
king  and  Archbishop  Theobald  (t^.)  P^ 
bably  he  receiyed  about  the  same  time  the 
proyostship  of  Beyerley  (ib.  iy.  10, 11 ;  but 
Raikx,  Archhishops  of  York,  L  234  n.,  denies 
this).  On  the  death  of  William,  archbishop 
of  York,  Archbishop  Theobald,  with  the 
assistance  of  the  dean,  Robert,  and  the  arch- 
deacon, Osbert,  procured  the  election  of 
Roger  as  William^  successor  (Will.  Nbwb. 
Rolls  Ser.  i.  81-2).  He  was  consecrated  by 
Theobald,  at  the  request  of  the  chapter  of 
York  (see  Walt.  Hbm.  L  79),  on  10  Oct. 
1164  in  Westminster  Abbey,  in  the  presence 
of  eight  bishops.  He  then  went  to  Rome 
and  receiyed  tne  pall.  He  was  present  at 
the  coronation  of  Henry  II. 

On  the  election  of  fiecket  to  the  see  of 
Oanterbury,  Roger  of  York  claimed  ex 
officio  the  right  of  consecrating  him  (Geb- 
yASEy  i.  170).  but  his  claim  was  rejected.  He 
obtained  a  few  weeki  afteiwarcb  authority 
from  the  pope  to  carry  his  cross  and  to 
crown  kiuffs  (13  July  1162;  Materials,  y. 
21).  Becket  protested  and  appealed  (ib. 
yip,  44-6),  and  the  right  was  temporarily 
withdrawn  (ib.  pp.  67--8).  Eyentually  he  was 
ordered  not  to  carry  his  cross  in  the  southern 
proyinoe  (ib.  pp.  68-0).  He  was  present  with 
Becket  at  the  council  of  Tours,  Whitsuntide 
1168,  where  he  sat  on  the  pete's  left  hand 
(Ralph  db  Diceto). 

During  the  earlier  stages  of  the  contro- 
yersy  concerning  criminous  derks,  Roger^  in 
whose  diocese  a  case  submitted  to  the  king 
had  arisen  in  1168,  asserted  the  priyilege  of 


Roger 


xxo 


Roger 


his  order^and  at  the  London  council  m  1168 
opposed  the  king's  claims.  Henry,  howeyer, 
sueeeeded  in  wiiming  him  over  to  his  side 
(MmteruUst  ii.  877),  and  Becket,  learning  his 
defeotioiiy  spoke  of  him  as  *  maloram  omnium 
inoentcnr  et  caput.'  Roger  n€fw  threw  him- 
self holdly  into  the  contest  in  support  of  the 
king,  and  from  the  first  gave  full  assent  to 
the  conslitutions  of  Clarendon.  He  con- 
tinued to  negotiate  with  Beoket,  though  he 
proposed  to  Henry  that  Becket  should  he  im« 
prisoned  for  contumacy  (ib,  i.  87).  Henry 
asked  of  the  pope  that  Roger  should  he 
appointed  papsl  legate  in  England,  and  he 
received  a  papsl  commission  dated  Sens, 
27  Feb.  1104  (&.  v.  86-7).  Roger,  now  im- 
mersed in  intrigue,  had  envoys  in  France 
supporting  his  lAterests  at  the  king^s  court 
and  in  tne  papal  curia  (ib,  p.  117),  and 
claiming  the  prunacy  of  the  Scottish  church 
{ib.  p.  ll8).  He  himself  was  sent  by  Henry, 
with  other  envoys,  to  Sens  to  lay  his  causes 
of  cosiplaint  against  Becket  before  Alex- 
ander III.  They  visited  Louis  VII  on  their 
wav,  but  Louis  warmly  supported  the  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury.  Speaking  before  the 
pope,  Roger  decdarea  that  he  had  known  the 
character  of  Thomas  from  his  youth,  and 
that  there  was  no  wav  but  by  papal  rebuke 
to  correct  his  pride  (Alan  oip  TBWEBSBUxr, 
c.  22).  The  pope  temporised,  but  eventually 
ordered  Roger  to  aid  his  legates,  Rotrou, 
archbishop  of  Rouen,  and  Henry,  bishop  of 
Nevers,  in  compelling  Henry  to  do  justice  to 
Beoket.  Roger,  however,  caused  the  deigv 
of  his  diocese  to  take  an  oath,  at  the  kin^ 
command,  that  they  would  not  obey  the 
pope's  orders  in  the  matter  of  the  archbishop 
of  Canterbury. 

On6  April  1166 Pope  Alezanderlll  with- 
drew his  permission  to  Roger  to  crown  kings, 
on  the  ground  that  he  had  learnt  that,  oy 
Immemorial  custom,  the  privilege  belonged 
to  Canterbury  (Thomas  8aga\  Materials^ 
V.  328).  On  17  June  1167,  however,  he  for- 
mally autliorised  Roger  to  crown  the  young 
Henry  (Materials,  vi.  206 ;  the  authen- 
ticity of  the  letter  has  been  doubted  by 
Roman  catholic  writers,  such  as  BsBiNeroKy 
Henry  I  J,  pp.  606-8 ;  LuraARD,  iL  158 ;  but 
the  manuscripts  seem  conclusively  to  prove 
its  genuineness;  cf.  Materials,  vi.  269  sqo.) 
But  Becket's  remonstrances  induced  tne 
pope  to  withdraw  his  license  to  RoMzer  to 
crown  the  young  Henry,  and  on  2$  Feb. 
1170  Alexander  zbrbade  the  archbishop  of 
York  to  perform  the  ceremony  of  coronation 
during  tne  exile  of  the  primate  of  all  Eng- 
land (»&.  vii.  217).  NevertheleBS,  on  14  June 
1170,  Uie  coronation  took  place  at  West- 
minster.   Roger  of  York  performed  the  cere- 


mony, assisted  by  the  bishops  of  London, 
Salisbury,  and  Rioehester,  and  in  spite  of 
the  protests  of  Becket.  The  pope  eagerly 
took  up  the  cause  of  Becket,  and  suspended 
Roger  (ib,  vii.  898).  Henry,  under  fear  of  ex- 
communication, was  (22  July  1170)  brought 
to  a  reconciliation,  and  the  archbishop  of 
York  was  thus  left  unprotected.  Roger  en* 
deavQured  to  prevent  his  rival's  return  -to 
England;  but  Becket,  before  sailing,  sent 
over  on  81  N^v.  a  letter  suspending  Rogei*, 
which  was  delivered  at  Dover  on  the  follow- 
ing day.  Becket,  on  his  return  in  Decembo', 
met  with  great  opposition  frolm  R<Mper,  who 
dissuaded  the  young  Henry  £rom  admitting 
him  to  his  presence,  and  eventually  crossed 
to  Norman^  to  lay  his  complaints  before 
the  king,  fie  bitterly  urged  upon  Henry 
that  he  would  have  no  peace  so  long  as 
Thomas  was  alive  (ib.  iiL  127),  and,  ao^>rd- 
in^  to  one  authority,  himself  urged  the  four 
knights  to  take  Becket*s  life,  giving  them 
money,  and  suggestinff  the  very  words  they 
used  when  they  saw  the  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury (Gaxsibb  db  Poirr  S.  Maxbkcb,  ed. 
Hippeau,  pp.  174  soq.)  When  the  murder 
was  accomplished.  Reaper  hastened  to  purge 
himself  of  all  complicity.  He  took  oath 
before  the  archbishop  of  Rouen  and  t^e 
bishop  of  Amiens  that  he  was  innocent,  and 
that  ne  had  not  received  the  pope*s  letter 
prohibiting  the  coronation  of  the  young  king. 
Ue  was  thereupon  absolved.  In  a  long  and 
joyful  letter  to  Hugh  de  Puiset  [q.  v.]  he 
announced  his  absolution  and  return,  and  he 
sent  his  thanks  to  the  pope  (Materials,  vii. 
502, 504). 

'Roger's  relations  with  Richard  (d,  1184) 
[q.  v.],  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  were  hardly 
more  happy  than  with  his  predecessor.  H!e 
was  absent  from  the  Westminster  synod  of 
1175,  but  sent  claims  to  carry  his  cross 
within  the  province  of  Canterbury,  and  to 
have  supervision  of  the  sees  of  Lichfield, 
Worcester,  Hereford,  and  Lincoln.  He  ap- 
pealed to  Rome  against  the  archbishop  of 
Canterbuiy.  His  power  to  carry  his  cross 
was  restored  provisionally  (i^.  vii.  568).  Ha 
claimed  also  the  rule  over  the  church  of  St. 
Oswald  at  Qloucester  ^Bbkbdict  ov  Pbxeb- 
BOBOUOH,  i.  69,  90]|.  Later  in  the  year  an 
agreement  was  arrived  at  bv  which  that 
ohurch  was  vielded  to  York,  ^siout  do- 
minicam  capellam  Domini  regis'  (ib,  p.  104), 
and  the  other  matters  were  referred  to  tlie 
decision  of  the  archbishop  of  Rouen.  On 
25  Jan.  1175-6,  in  a  council  at  Northampton. 
Roger  claimed  that  the  Scots  chilrch  should 
be  subject  to  Uie  see  (^  York  as  metropolitaa, 
and  a  new  dissension  broke  out  witn  Can- 
terbury, to  whom  also  the  subjection  was 


Roger 


III 


Roger 


declared  to  belong  [see  Kioh^bd,  d.  11841. 
On  15  Aiiff.  1176  the  two  archbishops  nuide 
peace  fn  nVe  years.  In  the  Lateran  oouncil 
of  1179  it  was  declared  that  no  profession  of 
obedSenee  was  dae  from  York  to  Canterbury. 
No  fbother  controversy  appears  to  have  oc- 
enned  between  the  sees  during  the  life  of 
Boffer. 

fianng  the  next  few  years  Roger  was 
acdTdy  engaged  in  poshing  his  claims  to 
supremacy  oyer  the  Soots  church.  These 
be  bad  originally  asserted  while  Beoket  was 
gtill  aliye,  and  they  were  strengthened  by 
the  sabmiasion  made  by  William  the  Lion 
in  1 175.  He  claimed  that  the  sees  of  Glasgow 
and  Whitbune  had  always  belonged  to  York ; 
but  the  queation  was  complicated  by  the 
d^ms  of  the  archbishop  of  Canterbury  and 
by  the  Scottish  prelates'  declaration  that  they 
were  immediately  subject  to  the  pope.  On 
3  Jane  1177  Cardinal  Vivian,  papal  legat^ 
h^  a  synod  at  Edinborjgrh,  and  suspendea 
Christian,  bishop  of  Whitheme,  for  his  ab- 
sence. Christian  claimed  that  his  bishopric 
belonged  to  the  legation  of  Roger  of  York, 
who  had  consecrated  him  bishop  according 
to  the  ancient  custom  of  the  predecessors  of 
them  boUiy  and  Hojg&r,  on  his  own  part,  sup- 
ported this  claim  (t^.  i.  166-7).  The  question 
continued  to  be  discussed  for  many  years ;  but 
in  1180  Alexander  III  reco^ised  a  certain 
authority  oyer  Scotland  as  belonging  to  Roger 
of  York,  when  he  ordered  him  to  compel  the 
king  of  Scots  to  compliance  with  his  order 
to  make  peace  with  Bishop  John  of  St.  An- 
drews. He  also  made  him  legate  for  Scot- 
land (tb.  pp.  26^-4).  In  1181  Roger  pro- 
ceeded to  excommunicate  William  the  Lion 
for  his  contumacy. 

Roger  remained  steadfast  in  his  sllegiance 
to  Henry  U.  During  the  rebellion  of  1173- 
1174  he  g&jo  yaluable  assistance  to  the  royal 
forces,  when  Henry  took  the  barons*  castles 
into  his  himds  in  1177,  he  gave  Scarborough 
to  the  custody  of  the  archbishop  of  York, 
who  was  constantly  present  at  royal  councils 
daring  the  ten  years  previous  to  his  death. 

He  remainea  a  friend  of  Gilbert  Foliot 
rq.y.3,  as  well  as  of  his  great  neighbour, 
Hae£  de  Puiset  [q.  y.],  Ushop  of  Durham.  In 
1181  he  felt  his  end  approacning.  He  called 
together  his  deigy,  and  ordered  the  distri- 
bntion  of  his  property  for  the  benefit  of  the 
poor  (BsarBDicT,  1.  282>3).  He  was  moved 
from  his  palace  at  Cawood  to  York,  where 
be  died  on  21  Nov.  He  was  buried  by  Hugh 
de  Pniset  in  the  choir  of  York  minster.  His 
l»dy  was  removed  to  a  new  tomb  by  Arch- 
bosbop  Thoresby. 

Rv^  of  Dviham  was  forced  by  the  king 
to  disgorge  a  large  sum  which  he  had  taken 


from  the  treasure  of  the  archbishop,  and  to 
apply  it  to  pious  uses. 

Roger's  true  character  is  hard  to  discoyer. 
He  is  asserted  to  haye  beto  an  opponent  of 
monaaticism,  and  William  of  Newburgh  fire- 
quently  speaks  severeljr  of  his  treatment  of 
tne  monks.  He  was  in  fact  engaged  for 
many  years  in  a  quarrel  with  the  canons  of 
Newburgh.  John  of  Salisbury  charges  him 
with  odious  vices  {MateriaU.  yii.  5§7),  and 
it  is  certain  that  he  amassea  a  very  large 
treasure — ^William  of  Newburgh  asserts  'by 
shearing  rather  than  tending  the  Lord% 
flock.'  He  was,  however,  a  mimificent  builder 
— '  the  most  munificent  ruler  that  ever  pre- 
sided over  the  see  of  York'  (Dixon  and  Raini:, 
p.  248).  He  erected  an  archiepiscopal  palace 
at  York — of  which  small  ruins  remain — ^and 
endowed  many  churches  in  his  diocese.  As 
an  enemy  of  Becket  he  incurred  Uie  hate  of 
almost  all  those  who  wrote  the  history  of  his 
times,  and  his  lack  of  spiritual  fervour,  if  not 
his  personal  vices,  served  to  deepen  the  bad 
impression .  He  was  one  of  Heniy  ITs  states- 
men-prelates, and  as  a  bishop  he  shaped  his 
course  so  as  to  satisfy  a  political  ambition. 

[MaterialH  for  tbe  Hist,  of  Archbiahop  Thomas 
Becket  (Rolls  Ser.) ;  Tbomas  Saga  Erkibyskupe 
(Rolls  Ser.);  Benedict  of  Peterborough  i Rolls 
Ser.) ;  Roger  of  HoTeden  (Rolls  Ser.) ;  Gervase 
of  Canterbury  (Rolls  Ser.) ;  William  of  New- 
burgh (Rolls Ser.) ;  Gamier dePont  S. Mazenee's 
Vie  de  8.  Thomas,  ed.  Hippeau,  Paris,  1859. 
Almost  all  contemporary  writers,  in  faet,  contain 
some  references  to  his  character  and  career. 
Among  modern  writers  may  be  named :  J.  C.  Ro- 
bertson's Life  of  Becket;  J.  Morris's  I^ife  of  St. 
Tbomas  of  Canterbury;  Dixon  and  Raine's  Lives 
of  the  Archbishops  of  York ;  Radford's  Thomas 
of  London  before  bis  Consecration;  Button's 
St.  Thomas  of  Canterbury.]  W.  H.  H. 

ROQER  OP  HovBtoBH  or  Howden  {d, 
1201  ?),  chronicler.    [See  HoyEDEir.] 

BOGER  (d,  1202),  bishop  of  St.  Andrews, 
was  second  son  of  Robert  de  Beaumont,  third 
earl  of  Leicester  (d.  1190)  [q.  tO'.^I  Petronil, 
daughter  of  Hu^h  de  Grantmesuil  [q.y.],  lord 
high  steward  of  England.  The  marriage  in 
1186  of  his  relatiye,  Ermengarde,  daughter  of 
Richard,  yiscount  de  Beaumont,  with  Wil- 
liam the  Lion,  king  of  Scotland,  probably 
accounts  for  the  description  of  him  as  cousin 
of  the  king.  Craufurd  states  that  R(^er  was 
dedicated  to  the  church  in  his  youth,  and  that 
his  father  caused  him  to  pursue  his  studies 
for  that  purpose.  Haying  taken  orders,  he 
was  made  lord  high  chancellor  of  Scotland  by 
William  the  Lion  in  1178,  and  held  that 
office  till  1 189.  ^  For  twelye  years  before  that 
date  the  possession  of  the  see  of  St.  Andrews 
had  been  disputed  by  two  claimants — John 


Roger 


xza 


Roger 


and  Hugh — who  were  both  described  as  bi-  ' 
shops  of  St.*  Andrews.  John  died  in  1187, 
and  Hugh  in  the  following  year.  Thereupon 
Boger  was  elected  bishop  (13  April  llBO) 
(jChron.  de  Mailros),  but,  for  some  unex- 
pluiued  reason,  was  not  consecrated  until 
1198.  Spotiswood  adds  that  the  ceremonj 
was  performed  by  Richard,  bishop  of  Moray, 
but  Hoveden  avers  that  Matthew,  bishop  of 
Aberdeen,  officiated.  It  is  possible  that  this 
delay  arose  through  the  oftAisserted  claim  of 
the  archbishop  of  York  [see  Rooeb  of  Pont 
L'EyiauB,  d,  11811  to  supremacy  over  the 
Scottish  cnurch,  a  claim  which  the  Scottish 
king  declined  to  aclmowledge ;  the  bull  of 
Clement  III  declaring  the  independence  of 
the  Scottish  church  was  promulgated  in  1188. 
It  has  been  stated  that  after  his  election 
to  the  bishopric  Bog[er  was  made  abbot  of 
Melrose.  This  is  not  impossible,  as  Radulf us, 
the  abbot, became  bishopof  Down  in  1189. 
Between  1199  and  1201  Koffer  was  often  iu 
England,  and  his  name  is  lound  as  witness 
to  many  charters  by  King  John.  Wyntoun 
says  that  the  castle  of  St.  Andrews  was  built 
by  Roflper  as  an  episcopal  residence  in  1200. 
According  to  Fordun«  Roger's  last  political 
act  wasthe  reconciliation  of  the  king  of  Scot- 
land and  Hsxald,  earl  of  Orkney,  which  he 
effected  at  Perth  in  the  spring  of  1202.  He 
died  at  Gambuskenneth  on  9  July  1202,  and 
was  buried  within  the  chapel  of  St.  Regulus 
at  St.  Andrews,  beside  his  predecessors  Robert 
and  Arnold.  Dempster  states  that  Roger 
wrote '  Sermones  yarios  in  Ecclesiast.' 
[Balfonr^s  Annales,  i.  28 ;  Chron.  of  Melrose, 

Sp.  97,  108»  104;  Bog.  Hot.  in  Bolls  Sn.; 
potiKwood^s  Hist,  of  the  Ghnrch  of  Scotland, 
i.  83;  Begistmm  Yetas  de  Aberbrothoek,  pp. 
6, 28, 101, 102, 103,  104, 141 ;  Registram  Prio- 
Kttns  Avicti  Andxee,  pp.  147, 168 ;  Keith's  Cat. 
of  ^shops^  p.  9 ;  Lyon's  Hist,  of  St.  Andrews, 
1.  97;  Grordon's  Seotichronicon,  i.  143;  Crau- 
furd's  Officers  of  State,  p.  10 ;  Anderson's  Scot- 
tish Nation,  iii.  857.]  A.  H.  M. 

ROOEB  07  Obotli^td  (d,  1214?), 
biographer  of  Becket,  was  one  of  the  many 
monks  employed  at  the  close  of  the  twelfth 
century  and  early  in  the  thirteenth  in  com- 

J filing  liyes  of  St.  Thomas  of  Canterbury 
cf.  Hebbebt  of  Boshax\  In  1213  he  re- 
yised  the  compilation  maae  by  an  Evesham 
monk  in  1199.  The  work  was  undertaken 
at  the  request  of  Henry,  abbot  of  Croyland, 
to  whom  it  was  dedicated  by  Roger  (letter 
printed  by  Giles,  Vita  et  EpistoUs  S.  Thorn. 
Cant,  ii.  40-5).  The  abbot  presented  it  to 
Stephen  Langton  on  the  translation  of  the 
martyr,  27  June  1220  {ib,)  The  work  is  of  no 
original  value,  though  the  author  had  known 
Becket  during  his  life.     Roger  after  1213 


became  prior  of  Preston,  and  is  supposed  to 
have  died  in  the  following  year  {Uk)  Manu- 
scripts of  Roger's  life  of  Becket  are  in  the 
Bodleian  Library  (£.  Mus.  133,  8612),  in 
the  Bibliothdque  Nationale,  Paris  (5372, 1), 
and  at  University  College,  Oxford. 

[Hardy's  Cat  ii.  844*5.  iu.  84 ;  Leland's  De 
Script.  Brit.  i.  219;  Magnnsson's  Preface  to 
Thomas  Saga  (Bolls  Ser.).  ii.  xcv.]  W.  H.  H. 

BOQER  DE  Wbvdoveb  {d,  1236),  chro- 
nicler.   [See  Wbitboveb.] 

BOQER  DE  Weshih  or  Wesehak  (d, 
1257),  bishop  of  Lichfield.    [See  Wesham.] 

BOOSR  DE  THTTEnLBi  (d.  1260),  judge. 
[See  Thubulbi.] 

BOQER  DB  Lbtbottbkb  {d.  1271),  wardea 
of  the  Cinque  Ports.    [See  Letboubne.] 

BOQEB  op  Walthau  (d.  1336),  author, 
was  a  clerk  in  the  service  of  Antony  Bek 
(d,  1310)  fq.  v.],  bishopof  Durham  {Reg,  Pal, 
Dunelm,  i.  530;  CaL  Close  i2o/^,  Edward  II, 
i.  257).  On  30  April  1304,  being  then  rector 
of  Langnewton,  Durham,  he  obtained  license 
to  hola  another  benefice  together  with  his 
prebend  of  Sakynton  at  Dariington  (Blibb, 
CaL  Pap.  Jteg.  i.  613).  On  23  March  1314 
he  was  rector  of  Eggescliffe,  and  held  canon- 
ries  orprebends  at  Loddon,  Darlinflrton,  Auck- 
land (East  Marie),  and  Chester-le-§treet  (JR^. 
Pal  Dunelm.  1.  523,  iii.  102-4).  In  1816  he 
occurs  as  prebendary  of  Cadin^ton  Minor  at 
St.  Paul's,  London,  and  is  Baia  to  have  been 
also  precentor.  He  was  keeper  of  the  kuig's 
wardrobe  from  1  May  1322  to  19  Oct.  1823, 
for  which  period  he  delivered  his  account  at 
the  exchequer  on  22  May  1329  (Bebkabd, 
Cat.  MSS.  AnaluB,B.Y.  Bodl.  MS.  4177;  Oal. 
Clote  Soils,  Edw.  II,  iu.  626, 634 ;  Col.  Pat. 
BolU,  Edw.  Ill,  i.  131).  In  1322  he  was 
nominated  to  the  archdeaconry  of  Bucking- 
ham, but  the  appointment  was  cancelled 
(CaL  Close  Polls,  Edw.  II,  iu.  602}.  One 
Roger  de  Waltham  was  keeper  oi  rebels' 
lands  in  Stafford  in  1322  (ib.  iii.  572-3, 576- 
579,  &c.)  On  1  Feb.  1325  the  canon  was 
present  at  St.  Paul's  for  the  translation  of 
the  remains  of  St.  Erkenwald.  Durinff  the 
next  two  years  he  commenced  to  nroviae  for 
a  chantry  with  two  priests  at  St.  Paul's; 
the  ordinance  was  finally  completed  in  1329 


but  probab^  died  before  1337,  when  Thomas 
Braawardine  held  Cadington  Minor,  and 
certainly  before  20  Oct.  1341.  when  his 
successor  was  appointed  at  Aucldand.  His 
'obit'  was  kept  at  St.  Paul's  on  12  Oct. 
(SiHPSoir,  pp.  71,  98). 


Roger 


"3 


Roger's 


B(ser  was  author  of:  1.  'Compendium 
Monfis  PhilosopIiUB/  which  is  extant  in 
Laud.  Miac  MS.  61 6,  and  Bodleian  2664,  both 
in  tbe  Bodleian  LibTary ;  there  was  anciently 
a  copy  at  Durham  Gathedial  (Gz^.  Vet  SeripU 
Dvifkm,  p.  137,  in  Surtees  Soc)  Roger's '  Com- 
pendium^ was  used  by  Sir  .fohn  Forteecue 
(1994P-1476  P)  [q.  tJ  in  his « Governance  of 
Endaod.'  It  is  not  r»&lly  a  treatise  of  moral 
pbuosc^^y  bat  a  series  of  moral  disquisitions 
on  the  Tirioea  and  duties  of  princes.  It  is 
landj  derived  from  Seneca  among  classical, 
tnd  mlinand  of  Froidmont  among  meduBval 
writers.  2.  '  Imagines  Oratorum,  of  which 
Leknd  aaya  that  he  had  seen  a  cony  at 
St.  Paul's.  3.  A  manuscript  at  St.  Paul's 
marked '  W.  D.  5/ contains  on  folios  66-60  a 
list  of  pittances  of  the  church  of  St.  Paul, 
drawn  up  by  Roger  of  Waltham  (HUt  M8S» 
OnxnL  9th  Rep.  p.  69  a). 

A  table  to  Koger  of  Waltham's  '  Compen- 
^um  Morale/  compiled  by  Thomas  Gh^unt 
{d.  1474),  is  in  Faniax  MS.  4  in  the  Bod- 
leian library. 

[RcgiitnimPalatinumDQDebnense  (Rolls  Ser.); 
Hiat.  Bunelm.  Script.  Trea,  p.  cvii  (Surt«ea 
Soc) ;  Srapaon's  Docamenta  ilmstrative  of  the 
Hiatory  of  St.  Paol'a  (Camd.  Soc);  Leland's 
Oommeat.  de  Script.  Brit.  pp.  264-5;  Bale'a 
Centoris,  IT.  16;  Tanner^a  Bibl.  Brit-Hib.  p. 


340  ;  Plammer'a  edition  of  Foiteacue'a  Qo- 
Teroaofe  of  England ;  Kingaford'a  Song  of  Lewea 
{ia  the  bttar  two  there  are  a  fair  eitationa  fiom 
tfae  Oooipaadium) ;  other  authorities  quotedj 

C  Xj.  £• 

B06EB  or  Chxsteb  (Jt  1339),  chroni- 
ekr.    [See  Chesteb.] 

ROGER  aw  St.  Albans  (Ji.  1450),  genesr 
Ia^:isty  was  bom  at  St.  Albeiis,  and  bmme  a 
finar  of  the  Carmelite  house  in  London.  He 
wrote  a  senealogy  and  chronoloffical  tables, 
treeing  tne  descent  of  Henry  YI  m>m  Adam, 
berinning  'Considerans  historic  sacre  pio- 
lizitatem,'  of  which  there  are  copies,  botn  in 
fifteenih-oentury  hands,  at  St.  John*s  Col- 
fe^,  Oxford,  Nos.  zxiii.  and  lyiii.  (the  last  con« 
taming  the  biblical  part  only).  A  copy  in 
Qneeira  College,  Oxford  (No.  clxviii.),  is  said 
to  be  the  very  roll  which  the  author  pre- 
sented to  Henry  YI  (Tajhteb,  Bibl,  Brit), 
but  it  is  in  a  sixteenth-century  hand  (Coxs, 
Cat)  The  bibtical  part  of  the  same  work  is 
in  the  Ounbridge  University  Library,  Dd. 
iii.55,56.  The  Cottonian  copv  (Otho  D.  1) 
vas  destroyed  by  fire.  A  closely  similar 
work  in  Jesus  College,  Oxford  ^cxiv.),  begins 
'CuiHbet  vrincipi  congruum/  and  carries 
tlM  ehnmological  table  to  1478. 

{nUien  de  St.  Etianne's  Bibl.  CarmeT. ;  Tan- 
oers  Bibl.  Brit.]  M.  B. 

TOL.  XVIL 


ROGERS,  BENJAMIN  (1614-1698), 
organist  and  composer,  bom  at  Windsor,  and 
baptised  at  the  church  of  New  Windsor  on 
2  June  1614,  was  son  of  George  Rogers  of 
Windsor  (Fostbb,  Alumni  Oxon.)  He  was 
a  chorister  of  St.  George's  Chap^  under  Dr. 
Nathaniel  Giles,  and  afterwards  layderk.  Li 
1639  he  succeeded  Randolph  Jewitt  [a.  v.l  as 
organist  of  Christchurch  Cathedral,  Dublin. 
The  outbreak  of  the  Irish  rebellion  of  1641 
drove  Rogers  from  his  post,  and  he  returned 
as  singingnian  to  Windsor ;  but  there  also  tbe 
chonJ  services  were  discontinued  about  1644. 
Occupied  with  composition  and  teaching, 
Rogers  maintained  himself,  with  the  helpofa 
small  government  allowance,  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  Windsor.  By  virtue  of  Crom- 
well's  mandate,  dated  2S  May  1668,  Rogers 
obtained  Uie  de^pee  of  Bac  Mus.  of  Cam- 
bridge, a  distinction  probably  due  to  the  influ- 
ence of  Dr.  Nathaniel  Ingelo  [q.  v.]  For  the 
city  banquet  given  to  the  king  to  celebrate  the 
Restoration,  he  supplied  the  music  both  to 
a  hymn  by  Injgelo  and  to  the  d2nd  Psalm, 
'Exultate  jttsti  in  Domino,'for  which  he'ob- 
tained  a  great  name  .  • .  and  a  plentiful  re- 
ward' (Wood). 

As  early  as  1653  the  fame  of  Rogers's 
'Sets  of  Ayres  in  Four  Parts'  extended  to 
the  court  of  the  emperor,  and  when  Ingelo 
went  as  chaplain  to  the  Swedish  embassy 
unon  the  Restoration,  he  presented  to  Queen 
Christina  some  of  Rogers  s  music,  which  was 

ferformed  'to  her  great  content'  by  the 
talian  musicians  at  the  Swedish  court.  His 
' Court-Masquinff  Ayres'  were  performed 
with  no  less  applause  in  Holland. 

Rogers  won  a  high  reputation  in  England 
by  his  music  for  the  services  of  the  estabushed 
church  and  by  his  reorganisation  of  important 
choirs.  At  the  Restoration  he  had  been  re- 
appointed lay  clerk  of  St.  George's  Chapel, 
with  an  addition  to  his  allowances  in  con- 
sideration of  his  playing  the  organ  whenever 
Dr.  Child  was  absent,  and  in  1662  he  was  also 
appointed  organist  to  Eton  College.  Invited 
by  Dr.  Thomas  Pierce  [q.v.]  to  fill  a  similar 
post  at  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  he  became, 
on  26  Jan,  1664-5,  informator  choristarum ; 
his  duties,  which  included  the  playing  of 
the  organs,  were  remunerated  by  a  salary  of 
60/.  and  lodgings  in  the  college.  On  8  July 
1669  he  proceeded  Mus.  Doc.  Oxon. 

In  1685  Rogers '  forfeited  his  place  through 
misdemeanour,'  that  is  to  Say,  through  the 
misconduct  of  his  daughter,  whom  he  per- 
sisted in  keeping  at  home,  within  the  pre- 
cincts. This  irregulsrity,  together  with  some 
trivial  charges  of  loud  talking  in  the  chapel 
and  the  like,  led  to  Rogers's  dismisssl,  which 
has  been  wrongly  adcrioed  to  the  persecuting 

X 


Rogers 


114 


Rogers 


spirit  of  James  II.  In  1687  he  petitioned  the 
royal  oommiBaioners,  then  sitting  at  Oxford, 
CO  reinstate  him,  but  he  was  persixaded  to  rest 
satisfied  with  the  SOL  per  annum  whioh  the 
college  had  voted  him  two  years  previously. 
Ris  hymn  '  Te  0  Patrem  colimus '  has  been 
used  erery  evening  as  f^nce  in  the  college 
hall  since  his  time,  and  is  also  sung  annually 
on  Magdalen  tower  evexr  Mayday  morning. 
Rogers  retired  to  New  Inn  Hall  Lane,  and 
died  there,  aged  64,  in  16d8.  He  was  buried 
on  21  June  at  St.  Feter-le»Bailey.  His  widow, 
Ann,  survived  him  only  a  few  months.  His 
son  John,  bom  in  1664,  was  B.A.  1674,  M.A. 
1677,  clerk  1 674-81 .  A  granddauffhter,  Ann 
Rogers,  dying  in  1696,  left  most  m  the  little 
property  the  possessed  to  '  her  deare,  afiec- 
tionatOy  tender,  and  well-beloved  grand- 
father, Dr.  Benjamin  Bogers.' 

Hogers's  chief  works  are  found  in  the 
various  collections  of  cathedral  music.  They 
include  a  morning  and  evening  service  in  D 
(Bovoe.i*) ;  evening  service  in  A  minor  (Rim- 
bault,  Goss,  and  Turle) ;  morning  and  even- 
ing verse  sendee  in  G,  by  Peter  or  Benjamin 
Rogers  (Rimbault);  service  in  F;  verse 
service  in  E  minor  (Ouseley).  Among  his 
published  anthems  are:  a  4,  'Behold, now 
praise  the  Lord ; '    '  Teach   me,  0  Lord ' 


wilt  Thou  forget  me;'  'Behold  how  good 
and  joyful; '  *  O  give  thanks ;"  0  pray  for 
the  peace ; '  '  O  thiat  the  salvation ; '  '  Save 
me,  O  God'  (Cope);  «0  God  of  truth' 
(Hiillah) ;  <  Everlasting  God ; '  '  Hear  me 
when  I  call '  (Clifford).  For  treble  and 
bass :  *  Exaltabo  Te ; '  '  Audivit  Dominus ; ' 
<  Deus  misereatur  nostri ; '  '  Jubilate  Deo 
omnia  terra ; ' '  Tell  mankind  Jehovah  reigns.' 
For  two  trebles  or  tenors:  'Lift  up  your 
head; ' '  Let  all  with  sweet  accord '  ('  Cantica 
Sacra');  'Gloria'  (Play ford's  'Fournpart 
Psalms').  His  glees  include:  'The  Jolly 
Vicar,'  a 8 ;  'In  the  meny  month  of  May,' 
ii  4 :  '  Gome,  come,  all  noble  souls,'  a  3 
(many  editions);    'Bring   quickly  to  me 


(Playford). 

There  are  unpublished  anthems  at  Mag- 
dalen and  New  CoUe^,  Oxford,  in  the  Aid- 
rich  collection  at  Christchurch,  and  at  Ely, 
Gloucester,  and  other  cathedral  libraries. 

[Wood's  Fasti,  ed.  Bliss,  ii  806;  Foster's 
Alumni  OxoD.»  1600-1714;  Hawkins's  History, 
p.682;  State  Trials,  ed.  Howell,  xii.  40;  Carljle's 
Cromwell,  v.  248 ;  Bloxam's  Begisten  of  Mag- 
dalen Colleffe,  ii.  102  et  seq.*  oontaining  list  of 
works  and  fullest  details  of  Bogers's  oareeik    For 


Rogers's  fiimily,  Bloxam's  Reg.  i.  03 ;  Oxford  Be- 
gistersof  WilU,  1605^6,  foL  310.]     L.  M.  M. 

ROOBRS,  CHARLES  (1711-1784),  art 
collector,  bom  on  2  Aug.  1/11,  was  second 
surviving  son  of  William  and  Isabella  Rogers 
of  Dean  Street,  Soho,  London,  In  Maj 
1731  he  was  plaoed  in  the  custom  house 
under  William  Townson,  from  whom  he  ac- 
quired a  taste  for  the  fine  arts  and  book- 
collecting.  Townson  and  his  two  sisters  left 
by.  wiU  ail  their  estate,  real  and  personal,  to 
Rogers,  a  bequest  which  includea  a  house  at 
3  Laurence  Fountney  Lane,  London,  con- 
taining a  ohoioe  museum  of  art  treasures. 
Here  Kogers  in  1746  took  up  his  residence, 
and,  aided  bj  several  friends  who  lived 
abroad,  made  many  valiuible  additions  to 
the  collection.  In  1747  he  became  derk  of 
the  certificates.  Through  the  interest  of 
his  friend  Arthur  Pond  [q,  v.]  he  was  elected 
fellow  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  on 
23  Feb.  1752,  and  several  times  served  .on 
the  council.  He  became  fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society  on  17  Nov.  1757  (Thomson,  Hist,  of 
Royal  Society f  App.  iv.  p.  xlviii).  Among 
his  friends  were  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds, 
Horace  Walpole,  Richard  Oough,  Paul 
Sandby,  Cipriani,  Romney,  and  Angelica 
Kauffimann.  He  died  unmarried  on  2  Jan. 
1784,  and  was  buried  in  Laurence  Pountney 
churchyard. 

Roffer8*3  collections  passed  at  his  death, 
into  the  hands  of  William  Cotton  (d,  1791), 
who  married  his  sister  and  heiress,  and  from 
him  descended  to  his  son,  William  Cotton, 
F.S.A.,  of  the  custom  house.  The  latter  aold 
by  auction  in  1799  and  ISOI  a  considerable 
portion  of  the  collection ;  the  sale  occupied 
twenty-four  days,  and  realised  3,886/1  10». 
The  remainder,  on  Cotton's  death  in  1816, 
became  the  property  of  his  son,  William 
Cbtton,  F.S.A.  (A  1863),  of  the  Priory, 
Leatherhead,  Surrev^  and  Highland  House, 
Ivy  bridge,  Devonshire,  who,  after  making- 
some  aoditions  to  the  collection,  handed  it 
over  in  two  instalments,  in  1852  and  1862, 
to  the  proprietors  of  the  Plymouth  Public 
(now  Proprietary)  Library.  A  handsome 
apartment  was  built  for  its  reception  at  a 
cost  of  1,600/.,  and  was  opened  to  the  public 
on  1  June  1853  by  the  name  of  the  Cottonian 
Library.  The  collection  includes  four  por- 
traita  ov  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,  about  five 
thousand  prints,  a  few  fine  examples  of  early 
typography,  illuminated  manuscripts  of  the 
fifteenth  century,  carvings,  models^  casts, 
bronzes,  and  medals.  A  catalogue  of  the 
first  part  of  the  benefaction,  compiled  by 
Llewellynn  Frederick  William  Jewitt  [q.  v.  J, 
was  printed  in  1853;  the  second  part  re- 
mains uncatalogued. 


Rogers 


"5 


Rogers 


The  ehief  work  of  Bomn's  life  was  a  series 
of  carafolW  executed  uc^miles  of  original 
diawiiiga  nom  the  great  masten,  engraved 
in  tint  The  book  was  issued  in  1778,  with 
the  title  'A  GoUection  of  Prints  in  Imitap- 
tion  of  Drawings  .  • « to  which  are  annexed 
liTQB  of  their  Authors,  with  Explanatory 
and  Critical  Notes/  2  vols,  imp^al  folio. 
The  ptstes,  which  sie  112  in  number,  were 
eBgisTed  chiefly  by  Bartolozsi,  Ryland, 
fitfiny  and  Simon  Watts,  £rom  drawings 
loaie  of  wliidi  were  in  Rogers's  own  col- 
lectioD. 

In  1782  Roflers  printed  in  quarto  an 
anooymous  blaiur-verse  translation  of  Dante's 
'  Inferno.'  He  also  contributed  to  *  Archs90- 
h^'  and  the  *  Gentleman's  Magazine/ 

A  portrait  of  Rogers  was  painted  in  1777 
by  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,  and  now  hangs  in 
the  Cottonian  labrary.  It  was  engraved  in 
meootint  by  W.  Wynne  Ryland  for  Rogers's 
'Indtataons/  also  by  S.  W.  Reynolds  and 
by  J.  OoQ^  for  the  '  Gentlemao's  Magazine.' 

[WiboD's  Hist,  of  the  Parish  of  St.  Laorenee 
PoDQtnej,  London ;  Prefaes  to  Sale  Oat.  of 
Boger^lB  CollectioDB,  1799 ;  Introdaction  to 
JewiU's  Om.  of  Cottoniaa  Libnury,  1853;  Gent. 
Hag.  1784  i.  169-61  (with  portrait),  1801  ii. 
692,  793,  1868  i.  620-1 ;  Nichols's  Lit.  Aneod. 
lii.  256 ;  Nichols's  IlYostr.  of  Lit.  viii.  461 ; 
Coxr«0poodsoee  io  Western  Momiog  News, 
19  aad  23  Stpt.,  3  and  16  Nov.  1893 ;  Lowndes's 
BibI  MuDaf  (Bobn).  pt.  viii.  p.  2116 ;  AlU- 
booe'a  Diet,  of  Anthors,  ii.  1848;  Monthly  Re- 
view  for  Jtfay  1779.]  G,  G, 

B0GEB8»  CHARLES  (1825-1800),  Scot- 
tiah  author,  only  son  of  James  Rogers  (1767- 
1849},  minister  of  Denino  in  Fife,  was  bom 
in  the  manse  there  on  18  April  1825;  His 
mother,  who  died  at  his  birth,  was  Jane, 
second  daughter  of  William  Haldane,  mini- 
ster sueoesBively  at  Glenisla  andKingoldrum. 
The  iiallier  published  a '  General  View  of  the 
AgrieuUnreof  Angusy'  Edinburgh,  17^,  4to ; 
an '  Essay  on  GoTemment,'  Edinbuxgh,  1797, 
8to  ;  end  contributed  an  account  of  Monikie 
and  of  Denino  to  the  *  New  Statistical  Ac- 
ooont  of  Scotland,'  toI.  ix.  After  attending 
the  pariah  school  of  Denino  for  seven  years, 
Charles  in  1899  matriculated  at  the  university 
of  St .  Andiewsy  and  passed  a  like  period  there. 
Licensed  by  the  presbytery  of  tnat  place  in 
June  1846,  he  was  employed  in  the  capacity 
of  asnierant  successively  at  Wester  Aiistru- 
ther,  Kinglassie,  Abbotshall,  Dunfermline, 
Ballingr7,aad  Carnoustie.  Sabsequently  he 
opened  a  preaching  station  atr  the  Bridge  of 
Allan,  ana  from  «lanaafy  1855  until  11  Aug. 
18^  was  ffhffpVwi  of  the  garrison  at  Stirlii^ 


Dning  his  lesidence  in  Stirling  Rogers 


was  elected  in  1861  a  membor  of  the  town 
council,  and  took  a  prominent  part  in  local 
improvements,  including  the  erection  df  the 
national  Wallace  monument  on  the  Abbey 
Craig.  In  1855  he  inaugurated  at  Stirling  a 
short-lived  Scottish  Literary.  Institute.  "In 
1862  he  opened  the  British  Christian  Listi- 
tute,  for  the  dissemination  of  religious  tracts, 
especially  to  soldiers  and  sailors,  and  in  con- 
nection with  it  he  issued  a  weekly  paper,, 
called  'The  Workman's  Friend,'  and  after- 
wards monthly  setials,  'The  Briton'  and 
*  The  Recorder ; '  but  the  scheme  collapsed  in 
1863.  In  1863  he  founded  and  edited  a  news- 
paper, '  The  Stirling  Gazette,'  but  its  career 
was  brief.  These  schemes  involved  Rogers 
in  much  contenticm  and  litigation,  and  he 
imagined  himself  the  victim  of  misrepresen- 
tation and  persecution.  To  escape  his  calmn- 
niators  he  resigned  his  chaplaincy  in  1868, 
went  to  England,  and  thenceforth  devoted 
himself  to  literary  work. 

Ro^rs's  earliest  literary  efforts  in  London 
were  journalistic,  but  Scottish  history,  litera- 
ture, and  ^nealo^  were  throughout  his 
life  the  chief  studies  of  his  leisure,  and  his 
researches  in  these  subjects,  to  which  he 
mainly  devoted  his  later  years,  proved  oi 
value.  Nor  did  he  moderate  the  passion  fox 
founding  literary  societies  which  he  had  first 
displayed  in  Stirling.  In  November  1865  he 
originated  in  London  a  short4ived  Navid 
and  Military  Tract  Society,  as  a  successor  to 
his  British  Christian  Institute,  and  in  con- 
nection with  it  he  edited  a  quarterly  periodi- 
cal called  'The  British  Bulwark.'  When 
that  society's  existence  terminated,  he  set 
up  '  The  London  Book  and  Tract  Deposit<»y,' 
which  he  carried  on  until  1874.  A  mere 
interesting  venture  was  Rogers's  Qran^iui 
Club,  for  the  issue  of  wor^  illustrativia  ot 
Scottish  literature,  historv^  and  anttiquities. 
This,  the  most  successful  of  all  his  foimda- 
tions,  was  inaugurated  in  London  on  2  Nov. 
1868,  and  he  was  secretary  and  chief  editor 
until  his  death.  He  also  claimed  to  be  the 
founder  of  the  Royal  Historical  Society, 
which  was  established  in  London  on  23  Nov. 
1868,  for  the  conduct  of  historical,  biographi- 
cal, and  ethnologioid  investigations.  He 
was  secretary  and  historiographer  to  thSs 
society  until  1880,  when  ne  was  openly 
charged  with  working  it  for  his  own  pecu- 
niary benefit.  He  defended  himself  in  a 
pamphlet,  '  Parting  Words  to  the  Membos,' 
1881,  and  reviewed  his  past  life  in  'The 
Serpent's  Track :  a  Narrative  of  twenty-two 
years'  Persecution '  (1880).  He  edited  eight 
volumes  of  the  Historical  Society's  'Trans- 
actions,' in  which  he  wrote  much  himself. 

In  1873  a  number   of  Rogers's  friends 

i2 


Rogers 


xt6 


Rogers 


preeented  him  <mth  a  kouse  in  London,  which 
he  called  Grampian  Lodge.  As  early  as 
1854  Colnmbia  College,  New  Tork,  had 
given  him  the  degree  of  LL.D.  He  was 
made  a  D.D.  by  the  imiversi^  of  St.  An- 
drews in  1881 .  He  was  a  member,  fellow,  or 
correspondent  of  numerous  learned  societies, 
British,  foreign,  and  colonial,  and  an  associate 
of  the  Imperial  Archaeological  Society  of 
Hussia.  He  returned  to  Scotland  some  years 
before  his  death,  which  took  place  at  his 
house  in  Edinburgh  on  18  Sept.  1890,  at  the 
ajy^ed  65.  Rogers  married,  on  14  Dec.  1854, 
Jane,  the  eldest  daughter  of  John  Bain  of 
St.  Andrews. 

Bogers's  chief  original  writings  may  be 
classified  thus:  L  Historical  Aim  Bio- 
GBAPHICAL. — 1.  'Notes  in  the  History  of  Sir 
Jerome  Alexander,'  1872.  2.  *  Three  Scots 
Reformers,'  1874.  8.  *  Life  of  George  Wis- 
hart,'  1876.  4.  'Memorials  of  the  Scottish 
House  of  Gourlay,'  1888.  5.  '  Memorials  of 
the  Earls  of  Stirling  and  House  of  Alex- 
ander,' 2  Tols.  1877.  6.  '  The  Book  of  Wal- 
lace,' 2  vols.  1889.  7.  '  The  Book  of  Bums,' 
d  vols.  1889-91. 

n.  TopooBAPHiOAL. — 8.  *  History  of  St. 
Andrews,'  1849.  9. '  A  Week  at  the  Bridge 
of  Allan,'  1851 ;  10th  edit.  1865.  10.  *  The 
BeatttiesofUpperStratheam,'1854.  11. '£t- 
trick  Forest  and  the  Ettrick  Shepherd,'  1860. 

in.  GmrsALoeiOAL.  — 12.  <  Genealogical 
Chart  of  the  Family  of  Bain,'  1871.  IS.  rTfae 
House  of  Roger,'  1872.  14.  *  Memorials  of 
the  Strachans  of  Thornton  and  Family  of 
Wise  of  Hillbank,' 1878.  15.  <  Bobert  Bums 
and  the  Scottish  House  of  Bumes,'  1877. 
16.  '  Sir  Walter  Soott  and  Memorials  of  the 
Haliburtons,' 1877.  17. 'The  Scottish  House 
of  Christie/  1878.  18.  *  The  Family  of  Colt 
and  CoutU,'  1879.  19.  *  The  Family  of  John 
Knox,'  1879.  20.  <  The  Scottish  Family  of 
gW  1888. 

IV.  EooLBSiASTiCAL.— 21.  <  Historical  No- 
tices of  St.  Anthony's  Monastery,'  Leith, 
1849.  22.  *  History  of  the  Chapel  Royal  of 
Scotland,'  1882. 

y.  Social. — 28.  'Familiar  Illustrations 
of  Scottish  Life,'  1861;  2nd  edit.  1862. 
24.  'TraitsandStoriesof  theScottishPeople,' 
1867.  25.  *  Scotland,  Social  and  Domestic,' 
1869.  26.  '  A  Centuzy  of  Scottish  Life,' 
1871.  27.  'Monuments  and  Monumental 
Inscriptions  in  Scotland,'  2  vols.  1871-2. 
28. '  Social  Life  in  Scotland,'  8  vols.  1884-^. 
VI.  Relioioits.— 29.  'Christian  Heroes 
in  the  Army  and  Navy,'  1867.  80.  '  Our 
Eternal  Destiny,'  1868. 

Vn.  PoFTiOAL.— 31.  'The Modem  Scottish 
Minstrel,'  6  vols.  1855-7.  82.  '  The  Sacred 
Minstrel,'  1859.     83.  'The  Golden  Sheaf,' 


1867.  34. « Lyra Britannica,'  1867.  85.  'Life 
and  Songs  of  the  Baroness  Nairne,'  1869. 

VIII.  AUTOBIOOBAPHIOAL  AlTD  GBinSBAL. 

36.  'Issues  of  Religious  Rivalry,'  1866. 
87.  'Leaves  from  my  Autobiography,'  1876. 
88. ' The  Searpent's  Track '  1880.  89. 'Part- 
ing Words  to  the  Members  of  the  Royal 
Historical  Society,' 1881.  40.  'Threads  of 
Thought,'  1888.    41.  '  The  Oak,'  1868. 

Rogers  also  edited :  1.  '  Aytoun's  Poems,' 
1844.  2. ' Campbell's  Poems,' 1870.  3. 'Sir 
John  Scot's  Staggering  State  of  Scottish 
Statesmen,'  1872.  3.  'Poetical  Remains  of 
King  James,'  1873.  4.  '  Hay's  Estimate  of 
the  Scottish  Nobility.'  5.  '  Glen's  Poems,' 
1874.  6.  'Diocesan  Registers  of  Glasgow,' 
2  vols.  1876  (in  conjunction  with  Mr.  Joseph. 
Bain).  7.  'Boswelliana,'  1874.  8.  Regi- 
ster of  the  Church  of  Crail,' 1877.  9. 'Events 
in  the  North  of  Scotland,  1636  to  1645/ 1877. 
10.  '  Chartulary  of  the  Cistercian  Priory  of 
Coldstream,'  1879.  11.  '  Rental-book  of  the 
Cistercian  Abbey  of  Cupar-Ang^,'  1880. 
12.  'The  Earl  of  Stirling's  Register  of  Royal 
Letters,' 2  vols.  1884-^. 

[The  autobiographical  irorks  above  named; 
AtneDttuin,  September  1890.]  H.  P. 

ROGERS,  DANIEL  (1538  P->159n,  diplo- 
matist,  eldest  son  of  John  Rogers  (1500  P- 
1555)  [q.  v.],  was  bom  at  Wittenberg  about 
1538,  came  ta  England  with  his  fia^iily  in 
1548,  and  was  naturalised  with  them  in  1552. 
After  his  fietther's  death  in  1 555  he  returned  to 
Wittenberg,  and  studied  under  MelanchthoUy 
but  returned  on  Elisabeth's  accession,  and 
mduated  B.A.  at  Oxford  in  August  1661. 
Nicaaius  Yetswiert,  Elisabeth's  secretary  of 
the  French  tongue,  who  had  known  his  father, 
and  whose  daughter  Susan  he  afterwards 
married,  introduced  him  to  court.  His  know- 
ledge of  languages  stood  him  in  good  stead. 
He  was  emmoyed  by  Sir  Henry  Norris,  the 
English  ambassador  in  Paris  lietween  1566 
and  1570,  and  sent  home  much  useful  intelli- 
sence  to  Secretary  Cecil.  In  October  1674 
ne  went  with  Sir  William  Winter  to  Ant- 
werp, and  he  accompanied  an  important  em- 
bassy to  the  Netherlands,  to  treat  with  the 
Duke  of  Orange,  in  June  1575.  In  July  he 
was  elected  secretary  of  the  fellowship  of 
English  merchants  settled  at  Antwerp.  His 
father  had  in  earlier  years  been  their  chap- 
lain. He  was  still  engaged  in  diplomatic 
business  in  the  Low  Countries  through  1576, 
and  in  March  1577  was  there  again  to  ne- 
gotiate the  terms  on  which  Queen  Elizabeth 
was  to  lend  20,000/.  to  the  States-General. 
This  business  occupied  him  till  March  1678. 
In  September  1580  ne  was  ordered  to  Germany 
to  induce  the  Duke  <tf  Saxony  to  stay  dis- 


Rogers 


"7 


Rogers 


sansioDS  'whidi  were  threatening  a  schifim 
among  Gennan  Lutherans.  By  an  unhappy 
sutthinee  he  was  arrested  on  imperial  ter- 
liioiy  hj  the  Baron  Ton  Anholti  at  the 
legoest  of  Philip  c^  Spain,  and  spent  four 
TesrsincaptiTity.  His  release  was  procured 
by  the  baron's  counsellor-at-laWy  Stephen 
Besner,  who  had  been  Bmrer^s  fellow-student 
under  Melanchthon  at  Wittenberg.  Degner 
pramisedRoffersi's  gaolers  160/.  WhenEc^^ers 
put  tbe&cta  Defore  Lord  Burghleyi  the  latter 
ordered  a  collection  to  be  made  among  the 
deigy  to  defiray  the  sum.  On  5  May  1587 
Rogers  was  appointed  a  derk  of  the  privy 
council;  he  had  already  filled  the  office  of 
saaistaiit  dark.  He  was  M.P.  for  Newport, 
ComwallylGSd-O.  He  still  occasionidly  trans- 
acted offiidal  bnuness  abroad,  voting  Den- 
mark in  December  1687,  and  a^[ain  in  June 
1688,  when  he  cony^ed  expressions  of  sym- 
Mthy  from  Queen  Elisabeth  to  the  yoim«r 
ung  on  the  death  of  his  father,  Frederic  if. 
On  his  own  responsibility  he  procured  an 
airangsment  by  which  the  subjects  of  Den- 
mark sod  Norway  undertook  not  to  serve 
the  king  of  &3ain  against  England. 

He  died  on  ll  Feb.  1690-1,  and  was  buried 
in  the  ehuxch  of  Sunbury  beside  his  father- 
in-UVsnaTe.  In  a '  Visitation  of  Middlesex' 
dated  iSi  he  was  described  as  '  of  Sunbury.' 
According  to  the  same  authority  he  had  two 
children — aeon  Faucis, who  married  a  lady 
named  Cory ;  and  a  posthumous  daughter, 
Poethuma,  who  married  a  man  named  Speare. 
The  son  is  said  to  haye  left  a  son,  also  named 
Francis,  but  his  descendants  have  not  been 


Eogers  was  a  man  of  scholarly  tastes,  and 
was  the  intimate  friend  of  the  antiquary 
Camden.  The  latter  calls  him  *Yii  opti- 
Kus'  in  a  letter  to  Sir  Henry  Savile  (Smith's 
J^pittohgt  No.  13^,  and  he  contemplated  a  dis- 
eourse  '  conceminj^  the  acts  of  the  Britons ' 
ibr  Camden's  '  Britannia,'  but  it  was  never 
cootpleted.  Camden  quotes  some  Latin 
poems  by  him  in  his  account  of  Salisbury, 
in^lTMl^wg'  an  epigram  on  the  windows,  pillars, 
and  towez^steps  m  the  cathedral  there,  which 
he  represaited  as  respectively  equalling  in 
nimber  the  months,  weeks,  and  days  in  the 
year.  Jtogers  was  also  known  to  the  scholar 
Gmter,  who  described  him  to  Camden  as '  pro- 
testantiasimus,'  and  he  wrote  to  Hadrianus 
Junius  asking  him  for  early  references  to  the 
kistoiy  of  Ir^d  (JBpist  476,.479, 628).  He 
inote  Latin  verses  in  praise  of  Bi0bop  Jewel, 
which  are  appended  toJLawrenceHux^phrey's 
'life  of  the  Bishop,'  and  Liatin  verses  oybim 
alto  figure  in  the  preface  to  Ortelius's '  Thea- 
tran  Orbis  T^rrarum'and  in  Ealph  Aggas's 
description  of  Oxford  University,  1678. 


[Chester^s  John  Eogers,  1863,  pp.  269-71 ; 
Wood's  Athenae  Ozon.  cd.  Bliss,  i.  569 ;  Hunter'a 
MS.  Ghoma  Vatum  in  Addit.  MS.  24487,  ff.  1-2  ; 
Cal.  State  Papers,  Dom. ;  Chaimcey's  Hertford- 
shire, i.  123.]  S.  L. 

BOOEE&  DANIEL  (167a>1662),  divine, 
eldest  son  of  Richard  Bogers  (1660.^-1618) 
[q.  v.]  of  Wethersfield,  £ssex,  by  his  first 
wife,  was  born  there  in  1673.  Ezekiel  Rogers 
[q.  y.l  was  his  younger  brother.  He  pro- 
ceeded to  Christ's  C^ege,  Cambridge,  gra- 
duated B.A.  in  1696-6,  and  M.A.  in  1699, 
and  was  fellow  firom  1600  to  1608.  Reared 
in  the  atmosphere  of  puritanism,  Rogers  be- 
came at  college  a  noted  champion  of  the 
cause.  It  is  related  that  when  Archbishop 
Laud  sent  down  a  coryplueus  to  challenjge 
the  Cambridge  puritans,  KoffCrs  opposed  bun 
with  such  effect  that  the  delighted  imder- 
graduates  carried  him  out  of  the  schools  on 
their  shoulders,  while  a  fellow  of  St.  John's 
bade  him  go  home  and  hang  himself,  for  he 
would  never  die  with  more  honour. 

On  leaving  the  university  Rogjers  officiated 
as  minister  at  Haversham,  Buckinghamshire, 
but  when  Stephen  Marshall  [q.  v.],  his  father's 
successor  at  Wethersfield,  removed  from  that 
^ace  to  Ilnchingfield,  Roj^ers  returned  to 
Wethersfield  as  lecturer,  with  Daniel  Weld 
or  Weald,  another  puritan,  as  vicar.  He 
had  several  ]^ersonal  discussions  with  Laud, 
who  paid  a  high  tribute  to  his  scholarship, 
but,  after  being  much  harassed  for  varioua 
acts  of  noncomormitv,  he  was  suspended  by 
the  archbbhop  in  1629.  The  respect  of  the 
conforming  cler^  in  North  Essex  was  shown 
by  their  presentmg  a  memorial  to  the  bishop 
on  his  behalf,  but  he  apparently  left  Essex 
for  a  time.  It  is  doubtful  if  he  be  identical 
with  Daniel  Rogers,  M.A.,  who  was  pre-' 
sented  bv  the  narliament  to  the  rectonr  of 
Green'sNorton,Niorthamptonshire,on  22  «i  uly 
1648,  in  succession  to  Bishop  Skinner,  who 
vacated  the  rectory  on  16  July  1646,  and 
seems  to  have  been  intruded  into  the  vicar- 
age of  Wotton  in  the  same  county  in  1647 
(BsD)e£8,  Nort^tnjttonthire,  ed.  Whalley, 
iL29d). 

The  latter  part  of  Rogers's  life  was  passed 
at  Wethersfield,  where  he  had  for  neighbour 
as  vicar  of  Shalford  his  relative,  Giles  Fir* 
min  (1614-1697)  [q.  v.],  a  warm  royalist. 
On  the  fast  day  proclaimed  after  the  execu* 
tion  <^  the  kinff,  Rogers,  who  had  preached 
at  Wethersfield  in  the  morning,  attended 
flrmin's  church  in  the  afternoon,  which  he 
had  only  once  done  before.  After  the  service  • 
he  went  home  with  Firmin  and  *  bemoaned 
the  king's  death'  (Preface  to  Eibmiv's 
Weiffhfy  QuestianB),  When  the  army's  peti- 
tion for  tolerance,  called  '  the  agreement  of 


Rogers 


ii8 


Rogers 


the  people/  was  sent  down  for  the  Essex 
ministers  to  sign,  Rogers,  on  beh&lf  of  the 
presbyterians,  Srew  up,  and  was  the  first  to 
sign,  the  'Essex  *  Watchmen's  Watchword/ 
London,  1649,  protesting  against  the  tolera- 
tion of  any  who  refiised  to  sign  the  Solemn 
League  and  Covenant. 

Sogers  died  on  16  Sept.  1652,  aged  80. 
He  was  buried  at  Wethenfleld.  Rogers's 
first  wife,  Margaret  Bishop,  had  the  reputa- 
tion of  a  shrew.  His  second  wife,  Sarah, 
daughter  of  John  Edward  of  London,  was 
buried  at  Wethersfield  on  21  Dec.  1662.  A 
daughter  married  the  Rer.  William  Jenkyn, 
vicar  of  All  Saints,  Sudbuiv,  Suffolk  [see 
under  JiancxN,  William].  His  son  by  his 
first  wife,  Daniel,  was  minister  of  Havers- 
ham,  Buckinghamshire,  from  5  Oct.  1665 
until  his  death,  6  June  1680;  DanieVs  daugh- 
ter, Martha  Rogers,  was  mother  of  Dr.  John 
Jortin  [q.  v.] 

Rogers  was  of  a  morose  and  sombre  tem- 
perament, and  his  creed  was  severely  Cal- 
vinistic  Never  securely  satisfied  of  his  own 
salvation,  he  offered  to  *  ezchan^  circum- 
stances with  the  meanest  christian  in  We- 
thersfield who  had  the  soundness  of  grace 
in  him.'  His  religious  views  developed  in 
him  a  settled  gloom,  and  Firmin's  'Real 
Christian/  London,  1670,  was  mainly  written 
to  counteract  his  despondency.  Rogers's 
stepbrother,  John  Ward,  said  of  him  that, 
altnongh  he '  had  grace  enouffh  for  two  men, 
he  had  not  enough  for  himself.' 

Several  of  Rogers's  works  are  dedicated  to 
Robert  Rich,  second  earl  of  Warwick  [q.  v.], 
and  to  his  countess  Susanna,  at  whose  nouse 
at  I  weighs  Priory  he,  like  'all  the  schis- 
maticaU  nreachers'  in  the  county,  was  often 
welcomed.  Their  titles  are:  1.  'David's 
Cost,  wherein  every  one  who  is  desirous  to 
serve  GK>d  aright  may  see  what  it  must  cost 
him/  enlargea  firom  a  sermon,  London,  1619, 
12mo.  2.  '  A  Practicall  Catechisme/  &c. ; 
2nd  ed.  corrected  and  enlarged,  London, 
1638,  4to,  published  under  the  author's 
initials ;  8rd  ed.  London,  1640, 4to ;  in  1648 
appeared  'Collections  or  Brief  Notes  gar 
tnered  out  of  Mr.  Daniel  Rogers'  Practical 
Catechism  by  R.  P.'  8.  '  A  Treatise  of  the 
Two  Sacraments  of  the  Gk>spel/  &o.,  by 
D.  R. ;  8rd  ed.  London,  1685,  4to,  dedicated 
to  Lady  Barrington  of  Hatfield  Broad  OtA:, 
Essex.  4.  '  Matrimoniall  Honour,  or  the 
mutuall  crowne  and  comfort  of  godlv,  loyall, 
and  chaste  marriaee,'  London,  1&2,  4to. 
6.  'Naaman  the  Syrian,  his  Disease  and 
Cure/  London,  1642,  fol. ;  Rogers's  longest 
work,  consisting  of  898  pages  folio. 

[Firmio's  Weighty  Questions  Discussed,  and 
his  Real  Christian ;  Chester's  John  Rogers,  p. 


248;  Brook's  Lives  of  the  Puritans,  ii.  281,  iiL 
149 ;  Crosby's  Hist  of  Baptists,  i  167 ;  Davids's 
Hist,  of  EvaogeL  l^oneonf.  in  Essex,  p.  147 ; 
Life  and  Dendi  of  John  Angier,  pi  67 ;  Frynne's 
Canterburies  Doom,  1646,  p.  378 ;  FuUei's  Hist, 
of  the  Univ.  Gambr.  ed.  Prickett  and  AVright,  p, 
184;  Masson's  Life  of  Milton,  ed.  1881.  i.  402; 
CaL  Bute  Papers,  Dom  1629-81,  p.  801;  Divi- 
sion of  the  County  of  Essex  into  Classes,  1648 ; 
Essex  Watchmen  8  Watchword,  1649 ;  Bak»>r*s 
Hist,  of  Northamptonshire,  ii.  63 ;  Lipscomb's 
Hist,  of  Buckinghamshire ;  Banev's  Catalogae, 
1680:  Harl.MS.  6071,  f.  482;  informatioD  kindly 
supplied  by  the  master  of  Christ's  OoUeire,  Cam- 
bndge ;  Registers  at  WetJierstieldy  'which  only 
begin  1648.  and  are  dilapidated.]        C.  F.  a 

ROaBRS,    Sib    EDWARD    (14d8P- 

1667  P)|  comptroller  of  Queen  Elizabeth's 
household,  bom  about  1498,  was  son  of 
GeoTce  Rogers  of  Lopit,  Devonshire,  by 
Eliziuwdthy  his  wife.  The  family  of  Rogers 
in  the  west  of  Enffland  was  influential,  and 
benefited  largely  by  the  dissolution  of  the 
monasteries.  Kdward  Rogers  was  an  es- 
q^uire  of  the  body  to  Henry  VIII,  and  had  a 
bcense  to  import  wine  in  1634 ;  on  11  Dec. 
1634  he  became  bailiff  of  Hampnes  in  the 
marches  of  Oalab  and  SandjpEite  in  Kent. 
On  20  March  16d6«7  he  receiyed  a  grant  of 
the  priory  of  Oannington,  in  Somerset.  At 
the  coronation  of  Edward  TI  he  was  dubbed 
a  knight  of  the  carpet,  and  on  15  Oct.  1649 
was  made  one  of  the  four  principal  gentle- 
men of  the  privy  chamber.  In  January 
1649-60  he  was  confined  to  his  house  in 
connection  with  the  misdemeanours  of  the 
Earl  of  Arundel,  whom  he  had  doubtless 
assisted  in  his  peculations.  But  he  was 
soon  free,  and  on  21  June  1660  had  a  pension 
of  60/.  mnted  to  him.  As  an  ardent  pro- 
tectant ne  deemed  it  ^udent  to  go  abroad  in 
Queen  Mary's  days.  Under  Elizabeth  he  ob- 
tained important  preferment.    On  20  Nov. 

1668  he  was  made  yice-chamberlain,  captain 
of  the  guard,  and  a  privy  councillor.  In 
1660  he  succeeded  Sir  Thomas  Parrv  (d,  1660) 

Sq.  v.]  as  comptroller  of  the  housenold.  Sir 
ames  Crofib  [q.  tJ  succeeded  him  as  con- 
troller in  1666.  He  was  M.P.  for  Tavistock 
1647-62,  and  for  Somerset  1663,1558, 1669, 
and  1563-7.  He  died  before  21  May  1667, 
when  his  will,  dated  1660,  was  proved.  A 
portrait  by  an  unknown  painter,  at  Wobum, 
18  inscribed  1667,  and  tne  note  stat-es  that 
it  was  drawn  when  Rogers  was  sixty-nine. 
He  married  Mary,  daughter  and  coheiress  of 
Sir  John  Lisle  of  the  Isle  of  Wight.  He 
left  a  son  George,  and  he  speaks  also  of  sons 

tens-in-law]  named  Thomas  Throckmorton, 
omas  Harman,  and  John  Ohetel. 
[Cal.  of  State  Papers,  Dom.  1547-80,  pp.  119 
&c.,  Additional,l 547-65,  pp.  437, 580, 54(;  Acts 


Rogers 


xt9 


Rogers 


of  th«  Privy  OouieU,  ad.  Dasent,  ii.  846; 
FroiKbV  Hi«t.  oi  Bbgl.  hr.  217 ;  Lit.  Rem.  of 
£dw.TI(Bozb.  Clab),  ezzzii.  244. 350 ;  Parker  a 
CofTeflp.  ppw  76Bq.yl  Zuricb  Lettere,  p.  6  r.,  aod 
Giiodal'fl  Works,  p.  32,  all  in  the  Pbrker  Soc. ; 
Pp^rcMoa  ot  Qoaan  Elia.  i.  30 ;  Scharf 'a  Cat.  of 
Wi>bani  Pictoiea ;  Collinaon's  Someniet,  i.  231 ; 
Hugos  ICed.  Nanoeries  of  Somerset,  p.  137; 
Vuit.  of  Somerset  (HarL  8oc.)>  p.  128  ;  Brown's 
Som«r»et  Wills,  2Aa  ser.  p.  90 ;  Strype's  Works 
(India).]  W.  A.  J.  A. 

BOG£ELS,  EZEKIEL(1584  P-1661},  colo- 
aidty  bom  about  1584,  was  son  of  Eicbard 
Eogm  a550F>1618)  [q.  v.],  incumbent  of 
Wethersneld  in  Essex,  and  voanger  brother 
ofDaniel  Rogers  (1678-1652)  rq. v.]  Hegjfa-^ 
daated  B  JL.  in  1604-5  from  Corpus  Christi 
Collegey  Cambridge,  whence  he  migrated  to 
Chridt's  College.  He  became  chaplain  in  the 
ikfflilj  of  Sir  Francis  Harrington  in  Essex.  He 
was  preferred  by  his  patron  to  the  living  of 
Rowley  in  Yorkshire.  There  he  became  con- 
spicuous as  a  preacher,  attached  himself  to  the 
paiiiaapart  J,  and  was  suspended.  In  1638  he 
came  with  a  party  of  twenty  families  to  New 
England.  On  23  May  1639  he  was  admitted  a 
freeman  of  Massachusetts.  In  the  same  year 
he  and  his  companions  established  themselyes 
as  a  townskip,  to  which  they  gave  the  name  of 
their  old  home,  Kowley.  Tneophilus  Eaton 
~q.  y.l  and  John  Davenport  [q.  v.],  then  en- 
gaged in  establishing  their  colony  at  New 
Haven,  tried  to  enlist  Rogers,  but  without 
saeceas.  In  1639  Rogers  was  appointed  pastor 
of  the  new  township.  In  164o  he  preached 
the  election  sermon,  and  in  1647  a  sermon 
before  the  general  synod  at  Cambridge.  He 
died  on  23  Jan.  1661,  leaving  no  issue.  He 
was  thrice  married :  (1)  to  Sarah,  widow  of 
John  Everard ;  (2)  to  a  daughter  of  the  New 
England diyine,  John  Wilson;  (3)  to  Mary, 

widow  of  Thomas  Barker. 

Rogers  published  in  1642  a  short  treatise, 
entitled  '  The  Chief  Qronnds  of  the  Christian 
Religion  set  down  by  way  of  catechising, 
gathered  Ion?  since  for  the  use  of  an  honour- 
able Famfly/  London,  1642.  Several  of  his 
letters  to  John  Winthron,  the  governor  of 
Massachosetts,  are  publisned  in  the  <  Massa- 
chusetts Historical  Collection'  (4th  ser.  vii.) 

[Cottoo  Hathez^s  Magoalia ;  Winthrop's  Hist, 
ol  Kew  England  (Savage's  edit.);  OAvafre's 
Oenealogieal  Eegisterof  Mew  England ;  Chester's 
John  R4^rB»  p.  249.]  J.  A.  D. 

ROOEBS,  FRANCnS  JAMES  NEW- 
3fAN  (I791-I851),  legal  writer,  son  of  the 
Bev.  James  Rogers  of  Rainscombe,  Wilt- 
ihire,  by  Catherine,  youngest  daughter  of 
Francis  Newman  of  dadbury  House,  Somer- 
let,  was  bom  in  1791.  He  was  educated  at 
Eton,  matriculated  from  Oriel  College,  Ox- 


ford,  on  6  May  1808,  graduated  B.A.  in 
1812,  and  M.A.  in  1815.  He  was  called  to 
the  bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn  on  21  May  1816, 
and  to  the  Inner  Temple  ad  eundem  in  1820. 
He  went  the  western  circuit  and  practised 
in  the  common-law  courts  and  as  a  special 

E leader.  On  24  Feb.  1837  he  was  created  a 
ing's  counsel,  and  soon  after  was  elected  a 
bencher  of  the  Inner  Temple.  From  1835 
to  his  death  he  vna  recorder  of  Exeter,  and 
from  1842  deputy  jadg^e^vocate-generaL 
He  died  at  1  Upper  Wimpole  Street,  Lon- 
don, on  19  July  1851,  and  was  buried  in  the 
Temple  Church  on  25  JvHj,  having  married, 
on  29  June  1822,  Julia  Eleanors,  third  daugh- 
ter of  William  Walter  Yea  of  Pyrhmd 
Hall,  Somerseti  by  whom  he  had  three  sons 
and  two  daughters.  Two  of  the  sons,  Wal- 
ter Lacy  Rogers  (d,  1885)  and  Francis  New- 
man Rogers  (d.  1859),  were  barristers. 

He  was  the  author  of:  1.  'The  Law  and 
Practice  of  Elections,  with  Analytical  Tables 
and  a  Copious  Index,'  1820  (dedicated  to 
Sir  W.  D.  Best,  knt) ;  3rd  edit,  as  altered 
by  the  Reform  Acts,  1835 ;  9th  edit,  with 
F.  8.  P.  Wolferstan,  1859 ;  10th  edit,  by 
F.  S.  P.  Wolferstan,  1865 ;  11th  edit,  (with 
the  New  Reform  Act),  1808 ;  15th  edit,  by 
M.  Powell,  J.  C.  Carter,  and  J.  S.  Sandars, 
1890 ;  16th  edit,  by  8.  H.  Day,  1892.  2.  <  Par- 
liamentary Reform  Act,  2  Will.  IV,  c.  45, 
with  Notes  containing  a  Complete  Digest  of 
Election  Law  as  altered  by  that  Statute,' 
1832.  3. '  A  Practical  Arrangement  of  Eccle- 
siastical Law,'  1840 :  2nd  edit.  1849.  4.  <The 
Marriage  Question :  an  Attempt  to  discover 
the  True  S^ipturo  Argument  in  the  Question 
of  Marriage  with  a  Wife's  Sister,'  1855. 

[Gent.  Mag.  1861,  ii.  822-8;  Illnstr.  London 
News,  1851,  six.  138 ;  Masters  of  the  Bench  of 
the  Inner  Temple,  1883,  p.  102.]        G.  C.  B. 

BOOERS,  FREDERIC,  Babon  Blach- 

FORD  (1811-1889),  bom  at  Marylebone  on 
31  Jan.  1811,  was  the  eldest  son  of  Sir  FrtMle- 
rick  Leman  Rogers,  bart.  (d.  13  Dec*  1651), 
who  married,  on  12  April  1810,  Sophia,  se- 
cond daughter  and  coheiress  of  the  late  Lieu- 
tenant-colonel Charles  Russell  Deare  of  the 
Bengal  artillery.  She  died  on  16  Feb.  1871. 
He  went  to  Eton  in  September  1822,  and  left 
in  the  sixth  form  in  July  1828.  He  was  con- 
temporary there  with  Mr.  Gladstone,  Bishope 
Hamilton  of  Salisbury  and  Selwyn  of  Lich- 
field, and  with  Arthur  Henry  Hallam. 
While  at  school  he  contributed,  under  the 
pseudonym  of '  Philip  Montagu,'  to  the  *  Eton 
Miscellany,'  which  Gladstone  and  Selwyn 
edited.  He  matriculated  firom  Oriel  College, 
Oxford,  on  2  July  1828.  It  is  said  that  his 
choice  of  a  college  was  due  to  the  fact  that 


Rogers 


ISO 


Rogers 


John  Henrj  Newman,  then  on  the  look-out 
for  pupilB  of  promise,  had  asked  a  faexid  at 
Eton  to  hn^  the  coUeg^e  under  the  notice  of 
his  boys.  He  was  a  pupil  of  Hurrell  Froude, 
a  fellow  Devonian ;  Doth  Froude  and  New* 
man  soon  became  his  intimate  friends,  and 
remained  so  throughout  life. 

Bogers  was  elected  Crayen  scholar  in  1829, 
and  graduated  B  A.  in  1882  (taldnff  a  double 
first,  classics  and  mathematics),  M.  A.  in  1886, 
and  B.O.L.  in  1838.  In  1883  he  was  elected 
to  a  fellowship  at  Oriel,  his  examination 
being  '  in  strength  of  mind'  one  of  the  yenr 
best  that  Keble  ever  knew.  He  was  ad- 
mitted a  student  of  Lincoln's  Inn  on  28  Oct. 
1831,  and  called  to  the  bar  on  26  Jan.  1837 
(FosTBB,  Men  at  the  Bar^  p.  39),  but  he  re- 
turned to  Oxford  in  1838,  remained  a  fellow 
of  Oriel  until  1845,  and  became  Vinerian 
scholar  in  1834,  and  Vinerian  fellow  in  1840. 
In  the  last  year  he  spent  the  winter  in  Rome 
«nth  James  Hope,  afterwards  Hope-Scott 
fq.  ▼.]  His  friendship  with  Dean  Church 
began  at  Oriel  in  1888;  they  travelled 
together  through  Brittany  during  the  long 
vacation  of  1^4,  and  their  friendship  con- 
tinued unbroken  until  death.  The  tractarian 
movement  had  the  sympathy  and  counsels 
of  Roffers,  and  in  18&  he  issued  '  A  Short 
Append  to  Members  of  Convocation  on  the 
proposed  Censure  on  No.  90.'  During  the 
latter  part  of  Newman's  stay  at  Oxford  Rogers 
became  for  a  time  somewhat  estranged  from 
him  (IsAAO  WiLiJAifS,  Autobiography^  pp. 
122-S).  Rogers  was  one  of  the  little  band 
of  enthusiastic  churchmen  that  started  on 
21  Jan.  1846 the '  Guardian '  newspaper.  They 
met  together  in  a  room  opposite  the  printing 
press  in  Little  Fulteney  Street,  wrote  articles, 
revised  proofs,  and  persevered  in  their  un- 
remunerative  labour  until  the  paper  proved 
a  success. 

In  1844  Rogers  was  called  to  official  life 
in  London.  He  became  at  first  registrar  of 
joint-stock  companies,  and  then  a  commis- 
sioner of  lands  and  emigration.  ^  In  1857  he 
was  appointed  assistant  commissioner  for  the 
sale  of  encumbered  estates  in  the  West  Indies, 
and  in  1868  and  1859  he  was  employed  on  a 
special  mission  to  Paris,  to  settle  the  condi- 
tions on  which  the  French  mi^ht  introduce 
coolie  labour  into  their  colonies.  In  May 
1860  he  succeeded  Herman  Merivale  [q.  v.] 
as  permanent  under-secretary  of  state  for 
the  colonies.  That  office  he  retained  until 
1871.  George  Higinbotham,  an  Australian 
politician,  spoke  in  1869  of  the  colonies  as 
having  'been  reaUv  governed  during  the 
whole  of  the  last  mteen  years  by  a  person 
named  Rogers'  (Mobbis,  memoir  of  Higin-' 
boihamf  p.  188).    Honours  fell  thick  on  him. 


He  succeeded  his  fiither  as  eighth  baronet 
in  1851,  was  created  K.C.M.G.  in  I860, 
G.C.M.G.  in  1888,  and  a  privy  councillor  in 
1871,  and  on  4  Nov.  1871  was  raised  to  the 
peerage  as  Baron  Blachford  of  Wisdome,  and 
Blachford  in  Comwood,  Devonshire.  Al- 
though he  served  as  cathedral  commissioner 
from  1880  to  1884,  and  was  ai;pointed  in  1881 
chairman  of  the  royal  commission  on  hospi- 
tals for  smallpox  and  fever,  and  on  Uie  best 
means  of  nreventing  the  spread  of  infection, 
he  dwelt  for  the  most  part  after  1871  on  his 
estate  in  Devonshire.  He  restored  the  chancel 
of  Comwood  church,  and  placed  a  window  of 
stained  glass  in  the  south  transept.  He  died 
at  Blachford  on  21  Nov.  1889.  He  married^ 
at  Dunfermline,  on  29  Sept.  1847,  Georgiana 
Mary,  daughter  of  Andrew  Colvile,  formerly 
Wedderbum,  of  Ochiltree  and  Cniigflower, 
North  Britain.  She  died  at  BlacUord  on 
18  July  1900 ;  they  had  no  children. 

Rogers  was  unswervingly  honest  and 
markedly  sympathetic.  While  at  the  colonial 
office  he  took  much  trouble  over  the  organisa*- 
tion  and  position  of  the  church  in  the  colonies* 
Walter  enlisted  Rogers  on  the  '  Times'  by 
the  offer  of  constant  employment  (1841-4), 
but  the  labour  soon  proved  oistastef  ul  to  him 
(Deait  Botle,  Eeoolleetions,  pp.  286-7).  He 
wrote  for  the  'British  Critic,'  and  contri- 
buted some  reminiscences  of  Froude  to  Dean 
Church's '  Oxford  Movement,'  pp.  60-6.  An 
article  bv  him  on '  Mozley's  Essays '  appeared 
in  the  'N'ineteenth  Century'  for  June  1879. 
His  views  on  the  conditions  under  which  uni-- 
versity  education  may  be  made  more  avail* 
able  for  clerks  in  government  offices  appeared 
in  No.  iv.  of  the  additional  papers  of  the 
Tutors'  Association  (Oxford,  16M),  and  he 
set  forth  his  opinions  of  SouUi  African  policy 
in  the  '  Edinburgh  Review '  (April  1877> 
and  the  'New  Quarterly  Review'  (April 
1870).  A  manuscript  autobiography  of  his 
early  years  has  been  published,  with  a  selec- 
tion from  his  letters,  under  the  editorship  of 
Mr.  G.  E.  Marindin  (1896). 

[Lord  Blachford'a  Letters,  ed.  Marindin,  1896  ^ 
Foster's  Alamni  Oxen. ;  Guardian,  27  Nov.  1889» 
by  Dean  Church;  Bean  Church's  life  and  Iietters; 
Letters  of  Newman,  ed.  Hozley;  Sir  Henry 
Taylor's  Autobiography;  T.  Mozle/s  Beminis- 
cences  of  Oxford.]  W.  P.  C. 

ROGERS,  GEORGE,  M.D.  (1618-1697), 
physician,  son  of  George  Rogers,  M.D.,  a  fellow 
of  the  College  of  Physicians  of  London,  who 
died  in  1622,  was  bom  in  London  in  161 8. 
Reentered  in  1685  Lincoln  College,  Oxford, 
where  he  was  a  contemporary  and  friend  of 
Christopher  Bennet  [g.  v.]  He  graduated 
B.A.  on  24  Jan.  1638.  M.A.  4  Dec.  1641 » 
and  M.B.  10  Dec  1642.    He  then  studied 


Rogers 


121 


Rogers 


medidne  at  Padua,  where  he  was  consiil  of 
the  English  nation  in  the  university,  and 
gxaduated  M  J>.  John  Evelyn,  who  con- 
tinued hia  aeonaintance  throughout  life, 
visited  him  at  Padua  in  June  1645.  He  was 
ineorporated  M.D.  at  Oxford  on  14  April 
1648,  and  about  1664  beffan  to  practise  as  a 
nhvBieian  in  London.  He  was  elected  a 
xeUow  of  the  College  of  Physicians  on 
20  Oct  1664,  was  treasurer  168S-6,  and  was 
rnddent  in  1688.  In  1681  he  delivered  the 
Bsrman  oratioii,  which  was  printed  in 
IdSSytnd  of  which  he  ^ve  a  copy  to  Evelyn 
(Eteltv,  Diary),  His  only  other  publica- 
tion is  a  congratulatory  Latin  poem  to  his 
iaaiA  Christopher  Bennet,  printed  in  the 
'Theatnun  Tabidorum'  in  1666.  He  re- 
sided on  11  Dec.  1691,  owing  tC  ill-health, 
the  office  of  elect,  which  he  had  held  in  the 
CoUe^  of  Physicians  since  6  Sept.  1682. 
He  died  on  22  Jan.  1697,  and  was  buried  at 
Itnislip,  Middlesex.  He  married  Elizabeth, 
daughter  of  John  Hawtrey  of  Buislip,  and 
had  three  daughters,  who  died  young,  and 
three  sons,  George,  lliomas,  and  John. 

[Monk's  Cdl.  of  Phys.  i.  3 16 ;  Works;  Evelyn's 
Disryi  Posterns  AlumTii  Ozon.]  N.  H. 

B0GER8,  HENRT  a686P-1668),  theo- 
logian,boTn  in  Herefordshire  about  168*5,  was 
son  of  a  clergyman.  He  matriculated  from 
Jesus  GbU^e,  Oxford,  on  16  Oct.  1602,  and 
graduated  B.A.  21  Oct.  1606,  M.A.  SO  May 
1608,  B.D.  IS  Dec.  1616,  D.D.  22  Nov.  1687. 
He  became  a  noted  preacher,  and  was  sue* 
cessivdy  rector  of  Moccas  from  1617,  and  of 
9toke-£dith  from  1618,  and  vicar  of  Foy 
£rY>m  1686  to  1642,  and  of  Dorstone— all  are 
in  Herefordshire.  He  was  installed  in  the 
prebend  of  Pratum  Majus  of  Hereford  Cathe- 
dral on  28  Nov.  1616  (Lb  Neve,  Fasti^, 
and  in  1638  became  lecturer,  apparently  in 
Hereford,  through  the  influence  of  Secretary 
Sir  John  Coke  and  of  George  Coke,  then 
bishop  of  Hereford.  Laud  gave  testimony 
that  Rogers  was  '  of  good  learning  and  con- 
fermable '  (fiist.  M88,  Omm,  12Ui  Hep.  ii. 
199,  200,  208).  Ko^rs  also  had  the  repu- 
tation of  bein^  an  eminent  schoolmaster.  In 
the  convocation  of  1640  '  he  showed  him- 
self an  undaunted  champion'  for  the  kin^ 
(TVaucbb,  Sufferings  of  the  Clergy ,  i.  86,  ii. 
S4S).  On  the  surprise  of  Hereford  \j  the 
parliamentary  forces  n)ecember  1646),  Kogers 
was  imprisoned  and  deprived  of  his  prebend, 
and  on  17  Dec.  1646  of  his  rectory  of  Stoke- 
Edith.  He  subsequently  experienced  great 
straits, thonfh  'sometimes  comforted  by  the 
secret  munificence  of  John,  lord  Scudamore, 
s&d  the  slenderer  gifls  of  the  loyal  gentry ' 
(Walxeb^  uhi  supra;  eL  Calendar  (f  Com-- 


nUtteefor  Compounding,  v.  8289).  He  died 
in  1668,  and  was  buried  under  the  parson*s 
seat  in  Withington  church  on  16  June  1668. 

Rogers  wrote:  1.  'An  Answer  to  Mr. 
Fisher  the  Jesuit  his  five  propositions  con- 
cerning Luther,  by  Mr.  Rogers,  that  worthy 
Oxford  divine,  with  some  passages  also  of 
the  said  Mr.  Rogers  with  the  said  Mr. 
Fisher.  Hereunto  is  annexed  Mr.  W.  0. 
[i.e.  William  Crashaw,  q.  v.]  his  dialogue 
of  the  said  argument,  wherein  is  discovered 
Fisher's  folly '  [London  P],  1628, 4to.  2, '  The 
Protestant  church  existent,  and  their  faith 
professed  in  all  ages  and  bv  whom,  with  a 
c&talogue  of  councils  in  all  ages  who  pro- 
fessed the  same,'  London,  1688,  4to ;  oedi* 
cated  to  George  Coke,  bishop  of  Hereford. 

[Wood's  AtlMD»,  ed.  Bliss,  iii.  81 ;  Bogers's 
works;  informatton  kindly  sent  by  the  Bev. 
Thomas  Prosser  Powell,  rector  of  Dorstone,  and 
the  Rev.  Charles  S.  \^too,  rector  of  Foy; 
HavergaVs  Fasti  Herefordenses.]      W.  A.  8. 

EGOERS,  HENRY  (1806-1877),  Edin- 
burgh  reviewer  and  Christian  apologist,  was 
third  son  of  Thonlas  Rogers,  sui^geon,  of  St. 
Albans,  where  he  was  bom  on  1§  Oct.  1806. 
He  was  educated  at  private  schools  and  by  his 
father,  a  man  of  profound  piety  and  more 
than  ordinarv  culture,  who,  bred  a  church- 
man, had  early  attached  himself  to  the  con- 
gregationalist  sect.  In  his  seventeenth  year 
he  was  apprenticed  to  a  surgeon  at  Milton- 
next-Sittmgboume,  Kent;  but  a  perusal  of 
John  Howe^s  discourse  on  '  The  Redeemer's 
Tears  wept  over  Lost  Souls '  diverted  his  at- 
tention Rom  surgery  to  theology,  and  after 
Bomewhat  less  than  three  vears  spent  at 
Highbury  College,  he  entered  the  congrega- 
tionalist  ministry  in  June  1829.  His  f&st 
duty  was  that  of  assistant  pastor  of  the 
church  at  Poole,  Dorset,  whence  in  1882  he 
returned  to  Highbury  CoUeffe  as  lecturer  on 
rhetoric  and  logic.  In  1^36  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  chair  of  English  language 
and  literature  at  University  College,  Lon- 
don, which  in  1889  he  exchanged  for  that  of 
English  literature  and  language,  mathema- 
tics and  mental  philosophy  in  Spring  Hill 
College,  Birmingham.  Iliat  post  ne  held  for 
nearly  twenty  years.  An  incurable  throat 
afTection  early  compelled  him  to  abandon 
preaching,  so  that  his  entire  leisure  was  free 
for  literary  pursuits. 

In  1826  lto«!r8  publiBhed  a  small  yolume 
of  verse,  entitled  'Poems  Miscellaneous  and 
Sacred;'  and  at  Poole  he  began  to  write 
for  the  nonconformist  periodical  press.  On 
his  return  to  London  he  contributed  intro- 
ductory essays  to  editions  of  Joseph  Tru- 
man's 'Discourse  of  Natural  and  Moral  Im- 
potency/the  works  of  Jonathan  Edwards, 


Rogers 


129 


Rogers. 


Jeremy  Taylor  (1884-5),  and  Edmund  Burke 
(1886-7)  and  Robert  Boyle's  '  Treatiees  on 
the  Hign  Veneration  Man's  Intellect  owes 
to  Gk>d|  on  Thinffs  above  Keason^and  on  tiie 
Style  of  the  H<3y  Scriptures.'  In  1886  he 
issued  his  first  important  work,  '  The  Life 
and  Character  of  John  Howe '  (16dO-*1705) 
[^.  T.]  (London^  ^^o),  of  which  later  edi- 
tions appeared  m  1868,  12mo;  1874,  8vo; 
and  1879,  8vo.  In  1887  he  edited,  under 
the  title  'The  Christian  Correspondent,' 
a  classified  collection  of  four  hundred  ana 
twenty-three  private  letters  '  by  eminent 
persons  of  both  sexes,  exemplifying  the  fruits 
of  holy  living  and  the  blessedness  of  holy  dy- 
ing/London,  8vols.  12mo.  In  October  1 889  he 
commenced,  with  an  article  on  *  The  Structure 
of  the  English  Language,'  a  connection  with 
the  '  Edinburgh  Review '  which  proved  to  be 
durable*  In  1850  two  volumes  of  selected 
'Essava'  contributed  to  that  organ  were 
published,  and  a  third  in  1855,  London,  8vo. 
Still  further  selected  and  augmented,  these 
miscellanies  were  reprinted  at  London  in 
1874  as  'Essays,  Critical  and  Biographical, 
contributed  to  tiie  "  Edinburgh  Review," ' 
2  vols.  6vo,  and  'Essays  on  some  Theological 
Controversies,  chieflv  contributed  to  the 
'^  Edinburgh  Review," '  8vo  (cf.  for  his  unao- 
knowledge  essays  bibliographical  note  infra). 

In  1852  Rogers  issued  anonymously,  as 
'b^  F.  B.,'  the  work  upon  which  his  fame 
chiefly  rests,  'The  Eclipse  of  Faith,  or  a 
Visit  to  a  Religious  Sceptic '  (London,  8vo), 
a  piece  of  clever  dialectics,  in  which  the 
sceptic  (Harrington)  plays  the  part  of  can- 
did and  remorseless  cntic  of  the  various 
forms  of  rationalism  then  prevalent.  The 
liveliness  of  the  dialogue  and  the  adroit  use 
made  of  the  Socratic  elenchus  to  the  con- 
fusion of  the  infidel  and  the  confirmation  of 
the  faithful  gave  the  work  great  Vogue  with 
the  religious  public  of  its  day,  so  that  in  the 
course  of  three  years  it  pa^ed  through  six 
editions.  From  Mr.  Fnncis  William  r^ew- 
man,  who  figured  in  its  pages  in  the  thinnest 
of  diB^uises,  it  elicited  an  animated  '  Reply,' 
to  which  Rogers  rejoined  in  an  equally  ani- 
mated <  Defence  of  "  The  Eclipse  of  Faith," ' 
London,  1854  (8rd  edit.  I860). 

To  the  'Encyclopesdia  Britannica'  (8th 
edit.)  Rogers  contributed  the  articles  on 
Bishop  Butler  (1854),  Gibbon,  Hume,  and 
Robert  HaU  (1656),  Pascal  and  Paley 
(1859),  and  Voltaire  (1860).  In  1858  he 
succeeded  to  the  presidency  of  the  Lanca- 
shire Indepcoident  College,  with  which  he 
held  the  chair  of  theology  until  1871.  IDs 
leisure  he  employed  in  eoitiDg  the  works  of 
John  Howe,  which  appeared  at  London  in 
1S62-8;  6  vols,  12mo,  and  in  contributing  to 


'  Qood  Words '  and  the '  British  Quarterly ' 
(for  his  articles,  most  of  which  have  been  re- 
printed, see  infra).  His  health  faiUng,  he  re- 
tired in  1871  to  SilverdaLe,  Morecambe  Bay, 
whence  in  1878  he  removed  to  Pennal  Tower, 
Machynlleth,  where  he  died  on  20  Aug.  1877. 
His  remains  were  interred  in  St.  Luke's 
Churchyard,  Cheetham  Hill,  Manchester. 

In  Ro^rs  a  piety,  which,  though  essen- 
tially puritan,  had  in  it  no  tinge  of  sourness, 
was  united  with  a  keen  and  sceptical  intel- 
lect. He  was  widely  read,  especially  in  the 
borderland  between  philosophv  and  theology, 
but  he  was  neither  a  philosopher  nor  a  theo- 
logian. In  criticism  ne  is  seen  to  advantage 
in  the  essays  on  Luther,  Leibnitz,  Pascal, 
Plato,  Des  Cartes,  and  Locke  in  the  same  col- 
lection. As  a  Christian  apologist  he  con- 
tinued the  tradition  of  the  last  century,  and 
was  especiaUy  influenced  by  Butler.  His 
last  work, '  Ijie  Supernatural  Origin  of  the 
Bible  inferred  from  itself  (the  Congrega- 
tional Lecture  for  1878),  London,  1874, 8vo 
(8th  edit.  1893),  evinces  no  little  ingenuity. 
His  style  is  at  its  best  in  two  volumes  of 
imaginary  letters  entitled  'Selections  from 
the  Correspondence  of  R.  E.  H.  Qrejson, 
Esq.'  (the  pseudonym  being  an  anagram  for 
his  own  name),  London^  1857,  8vo ;  &d  edit. 
1861.  He  was  a  brilliant  conversationalist 
and  engaging  companion. 

Rogers  married  four  times :  first,  in  1880, 
Sarah  Frances,  eldest  daughter  of  W.N.  Ben- 
tham  of  Chatham,  a  relative  of  Jeremy  Ben- 
tham,  who  died  soon  after  giving  birth  to  her 
third  child;  secondly,  in  Novembctr  1884,  her 
sister,  Elizabeth,  who  died  in  the  autumn 
of  the  following  year,  after  giving  birth  to 
her  first  child.  As  the  law  then  stood  his 
second  marriage  was  not  ab  initio  void,  but 
only  voidable  oy  an  ecclesiastical  tribunal. 
He  married  thirdly,  in  1842,  Emma,  daugh- 
ter of  John  Watson  of  Finsbury  Square, 
London;  she  also  died  in  giving  birth  to 
her  first  child,  and  Rogers  married  fourthly, 
in  1857,  Jane,  eldest  daughter  of  Samuel 
Fletcher  of  Manchester.  She  died  in  1891, 
having  endowed  8cholarahii»  in  memory  oi 
her  husband  at  the  T<ancasnire  Indepenaent 
College  and  the  Owens  College,  Manchester. 

Besides  the  works  mentioned  above,  Rogers 
published:  1.  'General  Introduction  to  a 
Course  of  Lectures  on  English  Grammar  and 
Composition,'  1887.  2. ' Essay  on  the  Life  and 
Genius  of  ThcHnas  Fuller ; '  reprinted  from  the 
'Edinbuigh  Review'  in  tne  'Travellers* 
Library '  vol.  xv.  1856,  8.  '  A  Sketch  of  the 
Life  and  Character  of  the  Rev.  A.  C.  Simpson, 
LL.D.;'  reprinted  from  the  'British  Quar- 
terly Review,'  1867,  8vo.  4.  '  Essays '  from 
'GoodWords,'1867,8vo,  S.'Essay'introduo- 


Rogers 


"3 


Rogers 


taiT  to  a  new  edition  of  Lord  Lyttelton's 
*  Ohnmrratione  on  the  Gonyenion  of  8(.  Pftol/ 
1868.  Tbe  followiiig  ertioles  are  also  under- 
stood to  be  hie  work : '  ReliglouB  MoTement  in 
QeTm»nj\jBamimykB£v&w,JaxiUuy  1846), 
'MAcriage  with  the  Siatar  of  a  Deceaaed  Wife' 
(H.  Apnl  1858),  'Mecanlay'a  Smeehea'  (t^. 
Octob^  1854),  *  Servetua  and  GalTin '  (Brit 
Qmarto'^  Beview,  May  1849),  '  Syatematic 
Theokvy'  (i;^.  Januaiy  1866),  <Nonconfor- 
xnityuLancMhiie '  (&.  Joly  I860). 

i2flgen^a  portrait  and  a  memoir  by  R.  W. 
Dale  aie  prefixed  to  the  eighth  edition  of  the 
<  Svpethaaaan  Origin  of  the  Bible/ 1808,  8to* 

[DaM  Memoir  aboTo  mentioned;  Macrey 
Ktpff'f  SaleetioQ  firom  the  Oorrpspondence  of  the 
bta  Macvey  Napier,  1879 ;  Evangel  Mag.  1877, 
ni  M9;  Oongzf^ational  Tearbook,  1878,  p.  847; 
Kotceand  Qneriea,  8th  aer.n.  286.]  J.  M.  B. 

BOGSBfiL  ISAAC  (1754^1889),  watch- 
maker, aon  ox  laaac  Rogers,  Levant  merchant 
and  watdimaher,  was  bom  in  White  Hart 
Court,  Giaeechiireh  Street,  on  18  Aug.  1764. 
His  father  did  a  good  trade  in  watches  in 
foreign  markets,  and  a  apeeimen  of  his  work 
is  in  the  Britisk  Museum.  Educated  at  Dr. 
Mihier^a  aehool,  Pecldiam,  the  aon  waa  ap- 
prenticed, and  in  1776  succeeded,  to  his 
father^a  business  at  4  White  Hart  Court. 
On  2  Sept.  1776  he  waa  admitted  to  the  free- 
dom <^  uie  dockmakers*  Company  by  patri- 
mony, and  on  11  Jan.  1790  became  a  livery- 
Dian,  on  9  Oct.  1809  a  member  of  the  court  of 
MMflitanta,  in  1883  warden,  and  on  ^  Sept 
1824  master.  In  1802  hemored  his  business  to 
24  LitUe  BeB  Alley,  Coleman  Street.  ^He  was 
also  a  member  of  the  Levant  Company,  and 
carried  on.  an  eztensive  trade  with  Turkey, 
^yna,  Philadelphia,  and  the  West  Indies. 
He  desired  and  constructed  two  regulators 
—one  with  a  mercurial  pendulum,  and  the 
other  with  a  gridiron  pendulttm.  Chie  of  the 
proieetorB  of  a  aodety  for  the  improTement 
of  nMTtl  architecture,  he  became  treaanrer 
of  the  society  in  1799.  He  was  much  inte- 
rested in  the  promotion  of  methods  of  light- 
ing the  streets  with  gas,  and  on  the  esta^ 
Mnhinent  of  the  Impwial  Gbb  Company  in 
1818  was  elected  one  of  the  directors  and 
subsequently  chairman  of  the  board.  In 
eotnunetion  with  Henry  Clarke  and  George 
Atkins,  he  derised  a  permanent  accumuu* 
tioD  fiud  as  a  means  of  restoring  the  finances 
of  the  Cloekmakers'  Company.  He  died  in 
D«eember  1880.  Hia  portrait  is  in  the  com- 
pute collection  in  the  Guildhall  Library. 

[E.  X.  Woods  Corioaities  of  docks  and 
VatAea,  p.  848;  Antten's  Former  Clock  and 
Witdilfakarsyp.  872;  Atkins  and  Orerall'sAc- 
eoistof  the  Oonvpany  of  Cloekmakers,  pp.  88, 
M,»,  148, 178,  185,  215,  282.]    W.  A  S.  H. 


BOGEBS,  JAMES  EDWIN  THOROLD 
(1828-1890)jpolitical economist, eleventh  son 
of  Qeom  V  ining  Rogers,  was  bom  at  West 
Meott;  Hampahire,  in  1828.  Educated  first 
at  8ottthami>ton  and  King's  CoUeee,  Lon- 
don^ he  matriculated  at  Magdalen  Hall,  Ox- 
ford, on  9  March  1848,  gra&ated  B.  A.  with 
a  fi^t  class  in  Ut  hum,  in  1846,  and  pro- 
ceeded M.A.  in  1849.  An  ardent  high' 
churchman,  he  was  ordained  shortly  after 
taking  his  decree,  and  became  curate  of  St* 
Paul's,  Oxford.  In  1856  he  also  acted  volun* 
tarily  as  assistant  curate  at  Headington, 
near  Oxford.  He  threw  himself  into  paro- 
chial work  with  energy ;  but,  losing  sympathy 
with  the  tractarian  movement  afl^r  1860,  he 
resolved  to  abandon  the  clerical  profession. 
He  was  subsequently  instrumental  in  obtain- 
ing the  Clerical  Diaabilities  Relief  Act,  by 
which  clergvmen  could  resign  their  orders. 
Of  this  act  he  waa  the  firat  to  avail  himself 
(10  Aug.  1870). 

On  graduating  Rosers  had  settled  in  Ox- 
ford, and,  while  stiu  engaged  in  clerical 
work,  had  made  aome  reputation  as  a  auc- 
cessful  private  tutor  in  classics  and  philo- 
sophy. In  1859  he  published  an  'intro- 
ductory Lecture  to  the  Logic  of  Aristotle,' 
and  in  1865  an  edition  of  Uie  Nicomachean 
Ethica.  He  was  long  engaged  on  a  '  Dic- 
tionary to  Aristotle,'  which  he  abandoned  in 

1860  on  the  refusal  of  the  univeraity  press 
to  bear  the  expense  of  printing  it ;  the  manu- 
script is  now  at  Worcester  College,  Oxford. 
Later  contributions  to  classical  literature 
were  a  translation  of  Euripidea'  '  Baochs ' 
into  Kngliah  verae  in  1872,  and  some '  Verse 
Epiatles,  Satires,  and  Epigrama'  imitated 
from  Horace  and  Juvenal  in  1876.  He  waa 
examiner  in  the  final  classical  school  in  1857 
and  1858,  and  in  classical  moderations  in 

1861  and  1862.  In  the  adminiatrative  work 
of  the  university  he  took  a  large  ahare ;  but 
he  severely  criticised  the  professorial  aystem 
and  the  distribution  of  endowments  in  *  Edu- 
cation in  Oxford :  its  Methods,  its  Aids,  and 
its  Rewards,'.  1861.  In  later  life,  while  ad- 
vocating the  admission  of  women  to  the  ex- 
aminationa  and  the  revival  of  non-collegiate 
membership  of  the  university,  he  disapproved 
of  the  offidal  recognition  by  the  university 
of  English  literature  and  other  subjects  of 
studv  which  had  previouslv  lain  outside  the 
curriculum.  From  an  early  period  Rogers 
devoted  much  of  hia  leisure  to  the  study  of 
political  economy,  and  in  1859  he  was  elected 
first  Tooke  professor  of  statistics  and  eoonomio 
science  at  King's  College,  London.  This 
oflBlce  he  held  tul  his  death,  besides  acting 
for  some  yean  as  examiner  in  political  eco- 
nomy at  the  university  of  London.   In  1860 


Rogers 


124 


Rogers 


he  begd,n  his  researches  into  the  history  of 
agriculture  and  prices,  on  which  his  per- 
manent fame  rests.  In  1862  he  was  elected 
by  convocation  for  a  term  of  ^re  years 
Brummond  professor  of  political  economy 
in  the  university  of  Oxford.  He  zealously 
performed  the  duties  of  hb  new  office,  and 
m  1867,  when  his  tenure  of  the  Drum- 
mond  professorship  expired,  he  offered  him- 
self for  re-election.  But  his  advanced  poli- 
tical views,  and  his  activity  as  a  speaker 
on  political  platforms,  had  offendeid  the 
more  conservative  members  of  convocation. 
Bonamy  Price  [q.  v.]  was  put  up  as  a  rival 
candidate,  and,  after  an  active  canvas  on 
his  behalf,  was  elected  by  a  lar^e  majority. 
Despite  his  rejection,  Kogers  Dusily  con- 
tinued his  economic  investigations.  He  had 
published  the  first  two  volumes  of  his  *  His- 
tory of  Agriculture '  in  1866.  There  followed 
in  1868  a  student's  ^Manual  of  Political 
Economy,'  in  1869  his  edition  of  Adam 
Smith's  *  Wealth  of  Nations,'  and  in  1871  an 
elementary  treatise  on  '  Social  Economy.' 

One  of  Rogers's  elder  brot  hers,  John  Bligh 
Rogers,  who  was  engaged  in  medical  prac- 
tice at  Droxford,  Hampshire,  had  married 
Emma,  sister  of  Richara  Gobden,  on  16  Oct. 
1827.  This  connection  brought  Rogers  in 
his  youth  to  Cobden's  notice,  and  the  two 
men,  despite  the  difference  in  their  ages, 
were  soon  on  terms  of  intimacy.  Rogers 
adopted  with  ardour  Cobden's  political  and 
economic  views,  and,  though  suWquent  ex- 
perience led  him  to  reconsider  some  of  them, 
he  adhered  to  Cobden's  leading  principles 
through  life.  He  was  a  freauent  visitor  at 
Cobden's  house  at  Dunsford,  and  Cobden 
visited  Rogers  at  Oxford.  After  Cobden's 
death  Rogers  preached  the  funeral  sermon 
at  West  Lavington  church  on  9  April  1666, 
and  he  defended  Cobden's  general  political 
position  in  'Cobden  and  Modem  Political 
Opinion,'  1878.  He  was  an  early  and  an 
active  member  of  the  Cobden  Club.  Through 
Cobden  he  came  to  know  John  Bright, 
and,  although  his  relations  with  Bright 
were  never  dose,  he  edited  selections  of 
Brieht's  public  speeches  in  1868  and  1879, 
ana  co-operated  with  him  in  preparing  Cob- 
den's speeches  for  the  press  in  18^0.  Under 
such  influences  Rogers  threw  himself  into 

Jolitical  agitation,  and  between  1860  and 
880  proved  himself  an  effective  platform 
speaker.  He  championed  the  cause  of  the 
ISorth  during  the  American  civil  war,  and 
warmly  denounced  the  acts  of  Governor 
Eyre  in  Jamaica.  In  the  controversy  over 
elementary  education  he  acted  with  tne  ad- 
vanced section  of  the  National  Education 
League.  In  1667  he  contribttted  an  article  on 


bribery  to  '  Questions  for  a  Reformed  Parliar 
ment.'  He  was  always  well  disposed  towards 
the  co-operative  movement,  andpresided  at  the 
seventh  annual  congress  in  London  in  1875. 

Having  thus  fitted  himself  for  a  seat  in 
parliament,  Rogers  was  in  1874  an  unsuc- 
cessful candidate  for  Scarborough  in  the 
liberal  mterest.  From  1880  to  1885  he  re- 
presented, together  with  Mr.  Arthur  Cohen, 
Q.C.,  the  borough  of  South  wark.  After  the 
redistribution  of  seats  by  the  act  of  1885  he 
was  returned  for  the  Bermondsey  division. 
He  took  little  part  in  the  debates  of  the 
House  of  Commons,  but  on  10  March  1886 
moved  and  carried  a  resolution  recommend- 
ing that  local  rates  should  be  divided  be- 
tween owner  and  occupier.  He  followed 
Mr.  Qladstone  in  his  adoption  of  the  policy 
of  home  rule  in  1886,  and  consequently 
failed  to  retain  his  seat  for  Bermondsey  at 
the  general  election  in  July  of  that  year. 

Before  and  during  his  parliamentary  career 
Rogers  lectured  on  history  at  Mr.  Wren's 
'coaching' establishment  in  Bayswater.  But 
he  still  resided  for  the  most  part  at  Oxford, 
and  continued  his  contributions  to  economic 
literature.  In  1888  he  was  appointed  lecturer 
in  political  economy  at  Worcester  College, 
and  on  the  death  of  his  old  rival,  Bonamy 
Pkice,  in  1888,  he  was  re-elected  to  the 
Drummond  professorship  at  Oxford.  He 
died  at  Oxford  on  12  Oct.  1890. 

Rogers  married,  on  19  Dec.  1860,  at  Peters' 
field,  Anna,  only  daughter  of  William  Pes« 
kett,  surgeon,  of  Petersfield ;  she  died  with- 
out issue  in  1653.  On  14  Dec.  1864  Rogers 
married  his  second  wife,  Anne  Susanna 
Charlotte,  second  daughter  of  H.  R.  Rey- 
nolds, esq.,  solicitor  to  the  treasury,  by 
whom  he  had  issue  five  sons  and  a  daughter. 
A  portrait  by  Miss  Margaret  Hetcher  is  in 
the  possession  of  the  National  Liberal  Club, 
the  library  of  which  owes  mudi  to  his 
counsel,  and  another  by  the  same  artist  is  in 
the  hall  of  Worcester  College,  Oxford. 

It  is  as  an  economic  historian  that  Rogers 
deserves  to  be  remembered.  C^  minute  and 
scholarly  historical  investigation  he  was  a 
keen  aavocate,  and  to  his  diief  publica- 
tion, 'History  of  Agriculture  and  Prices,' 
English  historical  writers  stand  deeply  in- 
debted. No  similar  record  exists  for  any  other 
country.  The  f uU  tide  of  the  work  was  '  A 
History  of  Agriculture  and  Prices  in  Eng- 
land from  the  year  after  the  Oxford  Parliar 
ment  (1259)  to  the  commencement  of  the 
Continental  War  (1798),  compiled  exitirel:^ 
from  original  and  contemporaneous  records. 
Vols.  i.  and  ii.  (1259-1400)  were  published 
at  Oxford  in  1866,  8yo;  vols.  iii.  and  iv. 
(1401-1582)  in  1882 ;  vols,  t,  and  vL  (1583- 


Rogers 


IIS 


Rogers 


1702)  in  1887 ;  while  Tok.  yii.  and  Tiii.  (1702- 
1793),  for  wliich  Rogers  had  made  lar^e  col- 
lections;  are  being  Diepazed  for  pubbcation 
bj  hif  fourth  eon,  Mr.  A.  G.  L.  Kogers. 

Bogen  pttbUahed  both  the  materials  which 
he  ertsacted  £rom  contemporary  records  and 
tbe  aTerages  and  the  oonelusions  he  based 
upon  theoi.  The  matwials  are  of  permanent 
Taloeybat  some  of  his  conclusions  nave  been 
asaaikd  as  inaccnrate.  He  sought  to  trace 
tbe  inflnence  of  eoonomic  forces  on  political 
AOTements,  and  appealed  to  history  to  illus- 
trate andeondemn  what  he  regarded  as  eco- 
nomic <«n^i*i<»»-  But  he  seems  to  have  over- 
estuoated  the  prosperous  condition  of  the 
Engliah  labourer  in  the  middle  ages,  and  to 
kave  somewhat  exaggerated  the  oppressive 
eieets  of  legislation  on  his  position  in  the 
terenieenth  and  eighteenth  centuries.  Mr. 
Frnieiic  Seebohm  proved  that  Rogers  neatly 
underestimated  the  effects  on  the  rural  popu- 
lation of  the  *  black  death '  of  1349  (eL  Fori- 
nigktbf  Review^  iL  iii.  iv.) ;  Dr.  Cunningham 
has  Aown  that  Bogers  seriously  antedated 
the  eoomutation  of  viUein-service,  and  mis- 
apprehended the  value  of  the  currencnr  in  the 
foortcMoth  and  fifteenth  centuries  (Growth 
<fEii$luh  Industry  and  Ccfmimerce^  passim). 
But  it  shoold  be  recognised  that  much  of 
Boffm's  vast  work  is  that  of  a  pioneer 
maxingxoads  through  an  unexplored  country. 
To  abSzact  eoonomio  theory  Boeers  made 
no  important  contribution.  He  objected  to 
tbe  method  and  to  many  of  the  conclusions 
of  the  Rieardian  school  of  economists,  but 
he  never  shook  himself  free  from  their  con- 
ceptiona.  Nor  had  he  much  sympathy  with 
the  historical  school  of  economists  of  the 
type  of  Boeeher. 

Several  of  Rogers's  other  publications  were 
largely  based  upon  the  'History  of  Apicul- 
ture and  Prices.'  Of  these  the  most  impor- 
tant was '  93bc  Centuries  of  Work  and  Wages ' 
(2  vols.  London,  1884,  8vo;  new  edition  re- 
need  in  one  volume,  London,  1886, 8vo ;  3rd 
edit.  1890,  8to).  Ei^t  chapters  of  his  <  Six 
Centuries '  were  reprinted  separately  as '  The 
HistOTT  of  Work  and  Wages,'  1886,  8vo. 
Ola  <  FSnt  Nine  Years  of  the  Bank  of  Eng- 
land,' Oxford,  1887,  8vo,  and  his  article  <  Fi- 
nance '  in  the  '  Encylopndia  Britannica,'  9th 
edit,  are  valuable  contributions  to  financial 
history.  The  former  reprints  a  weekljr  regis- 
ter discovered  by  Bogers  of  the  prices  of 
htnk  stock  from  1694  to  1703,  with  a  narra- 
tire  showing  the  reasons  of  the  fluctuations. 

Bof^eis  a£o  published :  1.  <  Frimoflpenituie 
•ad  EataiV  &e.,  Manchester,  1884,  8vo. 
2.  *  Historical  Gleanings :  a  series  of  sketches, 
Montague,  Walpole,  Adam  Smith,  Gobbett,' 
London,  1869,  8to  ;  2nd  ser.  Wiclif,  Laud, 


Wilkes,  Home  Tooke,  London,  1870,  8vo. 
S.  *Paul  of  Tarsus:  an  inquiry  into  the 
Times  and  the  Gospel  of  the  Apostle  of  the 
Gentiles,  by  a  Graduate'  [anon.J,  1872,  8vo. 
4.  '  A  Complete  CoUeetion  of  the  Protests 
of  the  Lords,  with  Historical  Introductions,' 
&c.,  3  vols.  Oxford,  1876, 8vo.  6.  <  Tbe  Oor- 
r^pondenoe  of  the  English  establishment, 
with  the  Purpose  of  its  Foundation,'  London 
[1876],  8vo.  6.  'Loci  e  Libro  Veritatum. 
Passages  selected  from  Gkiscoyne's  Theo- 
loffical  Dictionary  .  •  /  1881, 4to.  7.  '  En- 
siu^  in  America:  its  Prospects  in  English 
Apnculture,'  London,  188S,  8vo ;  2nd  edit., 
with  a  new  introduction  on  the  progress  of 
ensilage  in  England  during  1888-4,  London, 
1884,  8vo.  8.  <The  British  Citisen:  his 
Bights  and  Privileges,' 1886  (in  the  People's 
Library.)  9. 'HoUand' (Story  of  the  Nations 
series),  1888,  8vo.  10.  'The  Belations  of 
Economic  Science  to  Social  and  Political 
Action,'  London,  1888,  8vo.  11.  '  The  Eco- 
nomic Interpretation  of  History,'  &:c.,  Lon- 
don, 1888,  8vo;  there  are  translations  in 
French,  Gbrman,  and  Spanish.  12. '  Oxford 
Oity  Documents  .  .  .  1268-1666'  (Oxford 
Historical  SocietyV  Oxford,  1891,  8vo. 
18.  '  Industrial  and  Commercial  History  of 
England,'  a  course  of  lectures,  edited  by  his 
fourth  son,  Mr.  A.  G.  L.  Bogers,  London, 
1892,  8vo. 

JosBPH  BoesBS  (1821-1889),  medical 
practitioneri  elder  brother  of  the  above,  for 
fort^  jeKt^  activelv  promoted  reform  in  the 
administration  of  tne  poor  law.  Commencing 
practice  in  London  in  1844,  he  became  super- 
numerary medical  officer  at  St.  Anne's,  Soho, 
in  1866,  on  the  occasion  of  an  outbreak  of 
cholera.    In  the  following  year  he  was  ap- 

Eointed  medical  officer  to  the  Strand  worx- 
ouse.  In  1861  he  gave  evidence  before  the 
select  committee  of  the  House  of  Commons 
on  the  supply  of  drugs  in  worirhouse  in- 
firmaries, when  his  views  were  adopted  by 
the  committee.  In  1868  his  zeal  for  reform 
brought  him  into  conflict  with  the  guardians, 
and  the  president  of  the  poor-law  board, 
after  an  inquiry,  removed  him  ^m  office. 
In  1872  he  became  medical  officer  of  the 
Westminster  infirmary.  Here  also  the 
guardians  resented  his  efforts  at  reform  and 
suspended  him,  but  he  was  reinstated  by 
the  president  of  the  ^oor-law  board,  and 
his  admirers  presented  him  with  a  testimonial 
consisting  of  three  pieces  of  plate  and  a 
cheque  for  160/.  He  was  the  founder  and 
for  some  time  nresident  of  the  Poor  Law 
Medioal  Officers'  Association.  The  system 
of  poor-law  dispensaries  and  separate  side 
wards,  with  proper  staffs  of  medical  atten- 
dants and  niuaes,  is  due  to  the  efforts  of 


Rogers 


xs6 


Rogers 


Rogers  and  his  colleaguea.  He  died  in 
Abril  18H9.  His  '-Reminiscences'  were 
^ited  l^  his  brother,  J.  B.  Thorold  Rogers. 

[RenA  de  Laboulaye's  Thorold  Rogen*,  i.e8 
Th^riaHtnrlaPropriM(l891);  Timee,  10  April 
1880  14  Get  1890;  Aoademy,  1890»  ii.  841; 
Athensum,  1890,  ii  512;  auardian,  1890,  ii 
1600;  Bksotnomio  Beyiew,  1891,  toL  I  Na  1; 
Dr.  Rogen's  RemiuisceacM ;  Foitter*8  Alrnmii 
Oxon.  1716-1886.  iii.  1219.]         W.  A.  S.  H. 

BOGERS,  JOHN  (1500  P-1566),  first 
martyr  in  the  Maritfq  persecution,  bom  about 
1500  at  Deritend'  in  the  parish  of  A^ton, 
near  Birmingham,  wa3  son  of  John  Rogers 
a  loriner,  of  Deritend,  bj  his  wife,  Ma^erv 
Wyatt  (cf.  R.  K.  Dbjstt,  ij^hn  Rogers  of  Den- 
land,  in  '  Transactions  of-  Birmingham  Ar- 
6h8Bological  Section'  [Midland  Institute] 
1896).  After  being  ^ucited  at  Pembroke 
HaU,  Cambridge,  he  graduated  B.A.  in  1526. 
Heis  doubtless  the  John  Rogers  who  was  pre- 
sented on  26  Dec  1532  to  i&  London  rectory 
of  Holy  Trinity,  or  Trinity  the  Less,  now 
united  with  that  of  St.  Michael,  Queenhitbs. 
He  resigned  the  benefice  at  the  end  of  1584, 
when  he  seems  te  have  proceeded  to  Ant- 
werp to  act  as  chaplain  to  the  English  mer- 
chant adventurers  there.  He  was  at  the 
time  an  orthodox  catholic  priest,  but  at  Ant^ 
werp  he  met  William  Tindal,  who  was  en- 
gaged on  his  translation  of  the  Old  Testa- 
ment into  English.  This  intimacy  quickly 
led  Rogers  to  abandon  the  doctrines  of  Rome; 
but  he  enjoyed  Tindal*s  society  only  for  a 
few  mcuaths,  for  Tindal  was  arrested  in  the 
spring  of  15S5,  and  was  burnt  alive  on 
6  Oct.  next  year.  The  commonly  accepted 
report  that  Rogers  saw  much  of  Coverdale 
during  his  earlv  sojourn  in  Antwerp  is  re- 
futed bv  the  tact  that  Coverdale  was  in 
Englanaat  the  time.  Rogers  soon  proved 
the  thoroughness  of  his  conversion  to  pro- 
testantism by  takinff  a  wife.  This  was  late 
in  1586  or  early  in  1587.  The  lady,  Adriana 
de  Wey  den  (the  surname,  which  means  *  mea^ 
dows,'  Lat.  prata,  was  anglicised  into  Pratt), 
was  of  an  Antwerp  family.  '  She  was  more 
richly  endowed,*  says  Fox, '  with  virtue  and 
soberness  of  life  than  with  worldly  treasures.' 
After  his  marriage  Rogers  removed  to  Wit- 
tenberg, to  take  charffe  of  a  protestant  oon- 
Sregation«  He  rapidly  became  proficient  in 
erman. 

There  seems  no  doubt  that  soon  after  his 
arrest  Tindal  handed  over  to  Rog^n  his  in- 
complste  translation  of  the  OldTestament, 
and  that  Rogers  mainly  oocnpied  himseli 
4uring  1596  in  preparing  the  English  version 
of  the  whole  biole  for  the  press,  including 
lindsl's  translation  of  the  New  Testament 
whidi  had  been  already  publialied  for  the  first 


time  in  1526.  Tiuflarsouuiumnriptdrsftofthe 
Old  Testament  reached  the  ena  of  the  Book 
of  Jonah.     But  Rogers  did  not  include  that 
book,  and  only  employed  Tindal's  rendering 
to  the  close  or  the  second  book  of  Chronicles. 
To  complete  the  tranidation  of  the  Old  Tes- 
tament and  Anocrypha,  he  borrowed,  for  the 
most  part  without  alteration,  Miles  Cover- 
dale's  rendering,  which  had  been  published 
in  1585.     His  sole  original  contributkm  to 
the  translation  was  a  version  of  the  '  Prayer 
of  Mauasses*  in  the  Apocrypha,  which  he 
drew  from  a  French  Bible  printed  at  Neu- 
chatel  by  Pierre  de  Wingle  in  1585.    The 
work  was  printed  at  the  Antwerp  press  of 
Jacob  von  Meteren.  The  wood-engravings  of 
the  title  and  of  a  drawing  of  Adam  andEve 
were  struck  from  blocks  which  had  been  used 
in  a  Dutch  Bible  printed  at  Liibeck  in  1588. 
Richard  Grafton  [q.  v.]  of  London  purchased 
the  sheets,  and,  uter  presenting  a  copy  to 
Cranmer  in  July  1587,  obtained  permission 
to  sell  the  edition  (of  fifteen  hundred  copies) 
in  England.    The  title  ran:    'The  Bvble, 
which  IS  all  the  Holy  Scripture :  in  whych 
are  contayned  the  Olde  and  Newe  Testament 
truly  and  purely  translated  into  Englysh  by 
Thomas  Matthew,  MDXXXVII.    Set  forth 
with  the  kinges  most  gracious  Lyce[n]ce.' 
The  volume   comprised  1,110  fblio  pages, 
double  columns,  and  was  entirely  printed  in 
black  letter.    Three  copies  are  in  the  British 
Museum.    A  second  folio  edition  (of  greater 
rarity)  appeared  in  1588,  and  Robert  Red- 
man is  credited  with  having  produced  a 
16mo  edition  in  five  volumes  in  1540;  of 
this  no  copy  is  known.     It  was  twice  re- 
printed in  1549 :  first,  by  Thomas  Raynalde 
and  William  Hyll,  and  again  by  John  Day 
and  William  Seres,  with  notes  by  Edmund 
Becke  [(}.  v.]  Nicholas  Hyll  printed  the  latest 
edition  in  1551. 

Although  Rogers's  responsibility  for  the 
translation  is  small,  to  him  are  due  the  valu- 
able prefatory  matter  and  the  marginal  notes. 
The  latter  constitute  the  first  English  com- 
mentary on  the  Bible.  The  prefatory  matter 
includes,  firstly,'TheKalendar  and  Almanack 
for  xviii  yeares'  from  1588;  secondly,  *  An 
exhortacyon  onto  the  Studye  of  the  Holy 
Scripture  gathered  out  of  the  Byble,'  signed 
with  Rogers's  initials  '  I.  R.'  (the  only  direct 
reference  to  Rogers  made  in  the  volume); 
thirdly, '  The  summe  and  content  of  all  the 
Holy  Scripture,  both  of  the  Old  and  Newe 
Testament; '  fourthly,  a  dedicatiott  to  King 
HeniT,  sifped  'Thomas  Matthew;'  fifthly 
I  a  table  of  the  pry ucy  pall  matters  oonteyne^ 
in  the  Byble,  in  whyeh  the  readers  may 
fynde  and  praetyse  many  commune  places,' 
occupying  twenty-aix  fouo  pages,  aAd  eom- 


Rogers 


137 


Rogers 


Mning  tke  einnoteriBtics  of  a  dicdonarY.  a 
eoiieoniaiiap,aad  aoomiBeiitary;  and  sixthly, 
'  Hm  nuMaof  all  the  bokes  in  the  Byble,  and 
a  hri^  ralMnall  of  the  yeaiM  passed  senoe 
tbe  bqayDnTn^s  of  tiie  woride  onto  1638.' 
in  eke  MialJe  m  the  princrf  pall  matters  *  the 
paesagM  in  the  Bible  which  seemed  to  Rogers 
to  eovote  the  doctrines  of  the  Romish  churdi 
aie  ^BTf  lolly  noted.  An  introductory  ad- 
dress to  the  reader  prefisces  the  apoorynhal 
boofcs,  which  are  deseribed  as  uniuspizea. 

Bj  adopting  tiie  peendonym  'Tliomas  Mat- 
thew '  on  the  tttlflHpage,  and  when  signing 
the  dedieation  to  Hniry  VIII,  Rogers  ofoubt- 
Isas  hoped  to  proserve  himself  from  Tindal's 
fate.  He  was  thenceforth  known  as '  Rogers, 
aUrng  Matthew/  and  his  bible  was  commonly 
quoted  as  '  Matthew's  Bible/ 

It  waa  the  eecond  complete  printed  version 
in  Kngiiah,  Gorerdale's  of  1686  being  tbe 
flist.  Rogera'a  labours  were  largely  uMd  in 
the  prrparation  of  the  Great  Bible  (1639- 
IM}\  on  which  was  baaed  the  Bishop's  Bible 
(1568)^  Che  latter  being  the  main  foundation 
oi  the  Authorised  Version  of  1611.  Hence 
Rqgean  maj  be  credited  with  haying  effeo- 
tivtdy  aided  in  the  production  of  the  classical 
Eagliah  translation  of  the  Bible  (J.  R.  Dobb, 
Old  Bihksj  1888,  pp.  113  eeq. ;  £adtb,  Eng- 
Uak  BibUp  L  309  sqq. ;  Ahdjebsok,  Annals  of 
ike  B^iM  Bible,  u  619  sq.) 

Rogns  returned  to  London  in  the  summer 
of  16iBu  For  a  time  he  resided  with  the  pub- 
lisher, Edward  Whitchurch,  the  partner  of 
Richaid  Ghrafton,  and  Whitchuroh  published 
lot  hiB  '  A  Waying  and  Considering  of  the 
Interim,  hy  the  honour^worthy  ana  highly 
Itfamed  Phillip  Melancthon,  translated  into 
Englyshe  by  J  ohn  Rogers.'  Rogers's  preface 
is  dated  1  Aug.  1648.  ;The  Interim '  was 
(he  name  applied  to  an  edict  published  by  the 
Emperor  Charles  V's  orders  in  the  diet  of 
AngBbuiv  on  16  May  1648,  bidding  protes- 
tantsooiuarm  to  catholic  practices.  Accord- 
ing to  Foxe's  storyi  which  maybe  true,^  tho  ugh 
Mme  details  are  suspicious»  Ro^rs  in  1660 
declined  to  use  his  mfluence  with  Cranmer, 
srehbiahop  of  Canterbunr,  to  mreyent  the 
saabaptiat,  Joan  Bocher,  m>m  suni»ring  death 
by  brnning;  Rogen  told  the  friend  who  in- 
tsreeded  with  him  for  the  poor  woman  that 
detth  at  the  stake  was  a  gentle  punishment. 
'  Wi^  perhaps/  the  friend  retorted,  pro- 
phetiealy'y '  yon  may  ret  find  that  you  your- 
self shall  have  your  hands  full  of  this  so 
mtle  £Tt'  (FozjB,  Commeniarii  Berum  in 
2«Ua  OeUarmn^jf.  202). 

On  10  MaT  1660  Rogers  was  presented 
■multaneoiiBiy  to  the  rectory  of  St.  Mar- 
guet  Moyaea  and  the  vicarage  of  St.  Se- 
pskhre^  both  in  London.   They  were  crown 


livinffs,  but  Nicasius  Yetswiert,  whose 
daughter  married  Rogers's  eldest  son,  was 
patron  of  St.  Sepulchre  pro  hoc  viae.  Ob 
24  Aug.  1661  Rogers  was  appointed  to  the 
talUable  prebend  of  St.  Pancraa  in  St.  Paul's 
Cathedral  by  Nicholas  Ridley  [q.  v.l,  bishop  of 
London.  With  the  prebend  went  the  rectory 
of  ChigweU,  but  this  benefice  brought  no 
pecuniary  benefit.  Ridley  formed  a  high 
opinion  of  Ro^rs's  zeal.  He  wrote  some- 
what enigmatically  to  Sir  John  Cheke,  on 
23  July  1661,  that  he  was  a  preacher  '  who 
for  detecting  andconfutingof  the  anabaptists 
and  papists  in  Essex,  botn  by  lus  preaching 
and  by  his  writing,  ia  enforced  now  to  bear 
Qirist's  cross.'  Subsequently  the  dean  and 
chapter  of  St.  Paul's  appointed  him  divinity 
lecturer  in  the  cathedral  But  Roffers's  atti- 
tude to  the  government  was  not  wholly  com- 
placent. The  greed  of  the  chief  courtiers 
about  Edward  Vl  excited  his  disgust,  and 
in  a  sermon  at  Paul's  Cross  he  denounced 
the  misuse  of  the  property  of  the  suppressed 
monasteries  with  such  vi^ur  that  ne  was 
aummoned  before  the  pnvy  council.  He 
made  an  outspoken  defence,  and  no  further 
proceedings  are  known  tp  have  been  taken. 
But  at  the  same  time  he  declined  to  conform 
to  the  vestments,  and  insisted  upon  wearing 
a  round  cap.  Consequently,  it  would  appear, 
he  was  temporarily  suspended  from  his  post 
of  divinity  lecturer  at  St.  Paul's.  According 
to  an  obscure  entry  in  the  '  Privy  Councu 
Register'  in  June  1663,  orders  were  then 
issued  by  the  council  to  the  chapter  to  ad- 
mit him  within  the  cathedral,  apparently  to 
fulfil  the  duties  of  divinitjr-lecturer.  In 
April  1662  he  secured  a  special  act  of  par- 
liament naturalising  his  wife  and  such  of 
his  children  as  had  Been  bom  in  Qermany. 

On  16  JuW  1553,  the  second  Sunday  after 
the  death  of  Edward  VI  and  the  day  before 
Mary  was  proclaimed  queen,  Rogers  preached , 
by  order  of  Queen  Jane's  council,  at  Paul's 
C&oss.  Unlike  Ridley,  who  haa  occupied 
that  pulpit  the  previous  Sunday,  he  con- 
fined nimself  to  expounding  the  gospel  of  the 
day.  On  6  Aug.,  three  days  after  ^ueen  Mary's 
arrival  in  London,  Rogers  preached  again  at 
the  same  place.  He  boldly  set  forth  *  such 
true  doctrine  as  he  and  others  had  there 
taught  in  King  Edward's  days,  exhorting 
the  people  constantly  to  remain  in  the  same, 
and  to  beware  of  all  pestilent  Popery,  idola- 
try, and  superstition/  For  using  such  lan- 
Siage  he  was  summoned  before  tne  council, 
e  explained  that  he  was  merely  preaching 
the  religion  established  by  parliament. 
Nothing  followed  immediately,  out  Rogers 
never  preached  again.  On  the  16th  he  was 
again  summoned  before  the  counciL    The 


Rogers 


Z38 


Rogers 


register  described  him  as '  John  Rogers  aUas 
Matthew/  He  was  now  ordered  to  confine 
himself  to  his  own  house,  within  the  cathe- 
dral close  of  St.  Paul's,  and  to  confer  with 
none  who  were  not  of  his  own  household. 
About  Christmas-time  his  wife,  with  eight 
female  friends,  paid  a  fruitless  visit  to  Lord- 
chancellor  Ganuner  to  hea  his  enlamment. 
He  had  been  deprived  ox  the  emoluments 
of  his  benefices.  The  St.  Pancras  prebend  was 
filled  as  early  as  10  Oct.  1663,  and,  although 
no  successor  was  inducted  into  the  vicarage  of 
St.  Sepuldure  until  11  Feb.  1665,  Sogers  de- 
rived no  income  from  it  in  the  interval.  On 
27  Jan.  1554  Rogers  was,  at  the  instigation 
of  Bonner,  the  new  bishop  of  London,  re- 
moved to  Newgate. 

With  Hooper,  Lawrence  Saunders,  Brad- 
ford, and  other  prisoners,  Rogers  drew  up, 
on  8  May  1554,  a  confession  of  faith,  which 
adopted  Oalvinistic  doctrines  in  their  ex- 
tremest  form  (Foxb).  Thenceforth  Rogers's 
troubles  rapidlj  increased.  He  had  to  pur- 
chase food  at  his  own  cost,  his  wife  was  rarely 
allowed  to  visit  him,  and  petitions  to  Gardiner 
and  Bonner  for  leniency  met  with  no  response. 
In  December  1654  Rogers  and  the  other  im- 
prisoned preachers,  £S)oper,  Ferrar,  Taylor, 
Bradford,  Philpot,  and  Saunders,  petitioned 
the  king  and  queen  in  parliament  for  an  op- 
portunity to  discuss  freely  and  openly  their 
religious  doctrines,  expressing  readiness  to 
sufSr  punishment  if  they  failed  fairly  to  esta- 
b^h  uieirposition.  Foxe  states  that  while 
in  prison  Ifogers  wrote  much,  but  that  his 
papers  were  seized  bjr  the  authorities.  Some 
'of  the  writings  ascribed  to  his  friend  Brad- 
ford may  possiblv  be  by  him,  but,  beyond 
his  reports  of  nis  examination,  no  lite- 
rary compositions  by  him  belonging  to  the 
period  of  his  imprisonment  survive.  The 
doggerel  verses  *  Give  ear,  my  children,  to  my 
words,'  which  are  traditionally  assigned  to 
Rogers  while  in  prison,  were  i^ally  written 
by  another  protestant  martyr,  Robert  Smith. 

In  December  1554  parliament  revived  the 
penal  acts  against  the  loUards,  to  take  effect 
from  20  Jan.  following.  On  22  Jan.  1555 
Rogers  and  ten  other  protestant  preachers 
confiined  in  London  pnsons  were  brought 
before  the  privy  council,  which  was  then 
sitting  in  Gardiner^s  house  in  Southwark. 
To  Gardiner's  opening  inquiry  whether  he 
acknowledged  the  papal  creed  and  authority, 
Rogers  replied  that  he  recognised  Christ 
alone  as  tne  head  of  the  church.  In  the 
desultory  debate  that  followed  Rogers  held 
his  own  with  some  dexterity.  Gardiner  de- 
clared that  the  scriptures  forbad  him  to  dis- 
pute with  a  heretic.  *  I  deny  that  I  am  a 
neretie,'  replied  Rogers.    'Prove  that  first, 


and  then  ^Usfro  your  text,'    From  only  one 
of  the  coimcifiors  nresent— Thomas  Thirlby, 
bishop  of  Ely-^d  he  receive,  aocording  to 
his  own  account,  ordinary  ctvility.    Before 
the  examinationelosed  he  was  rudely  taunted 
with  havinff  by  his  marriage  violated  canoni- 
cal law.     On  28  Jan.  Oarainal  Pole  directed 
a  commission  of  bishops  and  others  to  take 
prooeediuffs  against  persons  liable  to  prose- 
cution under  the  new  statutes  against  heresy. 
On  the  afternoon  of  the  same  day  Rogers, 
Hooper,  and  Gardmaker  were  earned  to  St. 
Saviour's  Ohurch,  Southwark,  before  Gar- 
diner and  his  fellow-commissioners.    After 
a  discussion  between  Roffers  and  his  judges, 
in  which  he  maintained  his  former  attitude, 
Gardiner  ^ve  him  till  next  day  to  consider 
his  situation.    Accordingly,  on  29  Jan.  he 
was  a^in  brought  befbreGarainer,  who  heard 
with  impatience  his  effort  to  explain  his 
views  of  the  doctrine  of  the  sacrament.    As 
soon  as  he  closed  his  address,  Gardiner  sen- 
tenced him  to  death  as  an  excommunicated 
person  and  a  heretic,  who  had  denied  the 
Christian  character  of  the  church  of  Rome 
and  the  real  presence  in  the  sacrament.    A 
request  that  his  wife  '  might  come  and  speak 
with  him  so  long  as  he  lived '  was  brusquely 
refused.    A  day  or  two  later,  in  conversation 
with  a  fellow-prisoner,  John  Day  or  Daye 
[q.  v.],  the  printer,  he  confidently  predicted 
the  speedy  restoration  of  protestantism  in 
England,  and  suggested  a  means  of  keeping 
in  readiness  a  band  of  educated  protestant 
ministers  to  supply  future  needs.     While 
awaiting  death  his  cheerfulness  was  undimi- 
nished.   His  fellow-prisoner  Hooper  said  of 
him  that '  there  was  never  little  fellow  better 
would  stick  to  a  man  than  he  [i.e.  Rogers] 
would  stick  to  him.'    On  Monday  morning 
(4  Feb.)  he  was  taken  from  his  cell  to  the 
chapel  at  Newgate,  where  Bonner,  bishop  of 
London,  formally  degraded  him  from  the 
priesthood  by  directing  his  canonical  dress  to 
be  torn  piecemeal  from  his  person.     Imme* 
diately  afterwards  he  wis  taken  to  Smithfield 
and  burnt  slive,  within  a  few  paces  of  the 
entrance-gate  of  the  church  of  St.  Bartho- 
lomew.   He  was  the  first  of  Mary's  protes- 
tant prisoners  to  suffer  capital  punishment. 
The  privy  councillors  Sir  Robert  Rochester 
and  sir   Richard  Southwell   attended   as 
official  witnesses.  Before  the  fire  was  kindled 
a  pardon  in  official  form,  conditional  on  re- 
cantation, was  offered  to  him,  but  he  refused 
life  under  such  terms.    Count  Noailles,  the 
French  ambassador  in  London,  wrote :  '  This 
day  was  performed  the  confirmation  of  the 
alliance  between  the  pope  and  this  kingdom, 
by  a  public  and  solemn  sacrifice  of  a  preaching 
doctor  named  Rogers,  who  has  been  burned 


Refers 


139 


Rogers 


«IiTe  for  being  a  Lnthenn ;  but  lie  died  per- 
eifltiiig  in  hie  opinion.  At  thia  conduct  the 
greeteil  put  of  the  people  took  snch  plea- 
cue  tfcat  tkej  wem  not  afraid  to  make  him 
flMBjexclaniationa  to  strengthen  his  courage, 
fiven  hia  children  aaaiated  at  it,  comforting 
him  in  sneh  a  manner  that  it  seemed  as  if 
he  had  been  led  to  a  wedding'  {Ambauades^ 
tqL  it.^  Ridley  declared  that  he  rejoiced  at 
Roean  end,  and  that  news  of  it  destroyed 
*  a  fampidi  heayineas  in  his  heart.'  Bradford 
wTote  that  Rogers  broke  the  ice  yaliantly. 

Then  is  a  portrait  of  Bocers  in  the 
'  HenMlogia/  which  isreprodacea  in  Chester's 
'Biography' (1861).  A  woodcut  representing 
kis  execution  is  in  Foxe's  'Actes  and 
Moanmenta.' 

By  his  wife,  Adriana  Pratt  or  de  Way  den, 
Bogen  had,  with  three  daughters,  of  whom 
Susannah  married  William  Short,  grocer, 
eight  80DS--Daniel(1638F-1591)rq.T.  J,  John 
(see  bdow),  Ambrose,  Samuel,  Philip,  Ber- 
nard, Augustine,  Bamaby .  Numerous  fami- 
liM,  both  in  England  and  America,  claim 
deaont  from  Bo^rs  throu^  one  or  other  of 
these  sons.    But  no  yalid  genealogical  eyi- 
denoe  is  in  existence  to  substantiate  any  of 
these  daims.    The  names  of  the  children  of 
Rogers's  sons  are  unknown,  except  in  the 
case  of  Daniel,  and  Daniel  left  a  son  and 
daughter,  whose  descendants  are  not  trace- 
able.   Aecording  to  a  persistent  tradition, 
Richaid  Bmn  (1560P-1616)  [a.  y.],  in- 
cumbent of  Wethersfield,  and  the  mther  of  a 
large  fkmily,  whose  descent  is  traceable,  was 
a  grandson  of  the  martyr  Rogers.      Such 
argumoit  as  can  be  adduced  on  the  subject 
rendefs  the  tradition  untrustworthy.    More 
yalae  may  be  attached  to  the  daim  of  the 
funihr  of  Frederic  Rogers,  lord  Blachford 
[q.  y.j,  to  descend  from  John  Rogers ;  his 
ndigree  haa  been  satisfactorily  traced  to 
Vincent  Rogers,  minister  of  Stratford-Ie- 
Bow,  Middlesex,  who  married  there  Dorcas 
Young  on  25  Oct.  1586,  and  may  haye  been 
the  martyr's  grandson.     Lord  Blachford'e 
'fiunily,'    wrote  the   fpenealofpst.   Colonel 
€3ie8Cer,  '  of  aU  now  living,  either  in  Eng- 
land or  America,  possesses  the  most  (if  not 
the  only)  reasonable  claims  to  the  honour 
of  a  direct  descent  from  the  martyr.' 

The  second  eon,  John  Rogebs  (1540  P- 
10Q8?),  bom  at  Wittenberg  about  1540, 
cane  to  England  with  the  family  in  1548, 
and  was  naturalised  in  1552.  He  matricu- 
ktcd  as  a  pensioner  of  St.  John's  College, 
Gambridge,on  17  Ma^  1558,  graduated  B.A. 
ta  1562- 3,  and  M^.m  1507,  and  was  elected 
a  feUow.  He  afterwards  migrated  to  Trinity 
Oolkge^  where  he  became  a  scholar.  In  1574 
ha  was  created  LLJ)*i  And  (m  21  Noy.  of  ' 

roL.  xyn. 


that  year  was  admitted  to  the  College  of 
Advocates.  He  alsojoined  the  Inner  Temple. 
He  was  elected  M.P.  for  Wareham  on 
28  Noy.  1585,  20  Oct.  1586,  and  4  Feb. 
1588-9.  Meanwhile  he  was  employed  on 
diplomatic  missions  abroad,  at  first  conjointly 
with  his  brother  DanieL  In  August  1580 
he  waa  sent  alone  to  arrange  a  treaty  with 
the  town  of  Elving,  and  afterwwrds  went 
to  the  court  of  Denmark  to  notify  the  king 
of  his  election  to  the  order  of  the  Garter ; 
thence  he  proceeded  to  the  court  of  Poland. 
In  1588  he  was  a  commissioner  in  the  Netiber- 
lands  to  negotiate  the  '  Bourborough  Treaty ' 
with  the  IKike  of  Parma,  and  his  fru^ility  m 
speaking  Italian  proyed  of  great  seryice. 
Later  in  1588  Rogers  went  to  Embden  to 
treat  with  Danish  commissioners  respecting 
the  traffic  of  Englidi  merchants  with  Russia. 
From  11  Oct.  1596  till  his  resignation  on 
3  March  1602-8  he  was  chanc^or  of  the 
cathedral  church  of  WeUs.  He  married  Mary, 
daughter  of  William  Leete  of  Eyerden,  Cam- 
bridgeshire. Cassandra  Rogers,  who  married 
Henry,  son  of  Thomas  Siuris  of  Horsham, 
Sussex,  was  possibly  his  daughter.  He  must 
be  distinguisned  from  John  Rogers,  M.P.  for 
Canterbury  in  1596,  and  from  a  third  John 
Rogers,  who  was  knighted  on  28  July  1608. 
The  former  was  of  an  ancient  Dorset  family ; 
the  latter  of  a  Kentish  family  (Coopeb, 
AtheruB  Cantabr,  ii.  885;  Chbbtbb,  John 
Robert  J  pp.  285,  271-4 ;  Notes  and  QuerieSf 
8th  ser.  xi.  806). 

[There  is  an  elaborate  biography,  embraciiig 
a  genealogieal  account  of  his  family,  by  Joseph 
Lranuel  Chester,  London,  1861.  foze,  who  is 
the  chief  original  authority,  gave  two  aoeounts 
of  Bogeis  which  difler  in  some  detail.  The  first 
appeared  in  his  Remm  in  ESodesia  Pars  Prima, 
Basle,  1669 ;  the  second  in  his  Aetes  and  Monu- 
ments, 1668.  The  Latin  yereion  is  the  faller. 
An  important  source  of  information  is  Rogers's 
own  account  of  his  first  examination  at  SouUi- 
wark,  which  was  diseoxered  in  manuscript  in  hui 
cell  after  his  death  by  his  wife  and  son.  Thii 
report  was  imperfectly  printed,  and  somewhat 
garbled  by  Fooce.  A  completer  transcript  is 
among  Foxe's  manuscripts  at  the  British  Mn- 
senm  (Lanadowne  MS.  889,  ff.  190-202),  which 
Chester  printed  in  an  appendix  to  bis  biography. 
See  also  Cooper^s  Athens  Cantabr.  i.  121,  646 ; 
Strype*s  Annals ;  Anderson's  Annals  of  the  Bible; 
ColTile's  Warwiekahire  Worthies  ;  Tanner^s 
Bibl.  Brit.]  S.  L. 

ROGERS,  JOHN  (1572P-16d6),  puritan 
diyine,  a  nntiye  of  fissex,  was  born  about 
1572.  He  waa  a  near  reiatiye.  of  Richard 
Rogers  (1550P-1618)  [q.  y.lwho  proyided 
for  his  education  at  Cunbridfge.  Twice  did 
the  ungrateful  lad  sell  his  books  and  waste 
the  proceeds.    His  kinsman  would  haye  dia« 


Rogers 


130 


Rogers 


caaided  him  but  for  his  wife's  intereeamdn. 
On  a  thiid  trial  Rogers  finished  his  university 
career  -with  credit.  In  1592  he  became  yicar 
of  Honingham,  Norfolk,  and  in  1608  he  suc- 
ceeded LawTMice  Fairdou^,  father  of  Samuel 
Fairclough  [q.  v.],  as  yicar  of  HaTcrhill, 
Snffolk. 

in  1606  he  became  vicar  of  Dedham, 
Essex,  where  for  over  thirty  years  he  had 
the  repute  of  being '  one  of  the  most  awaken- 
ing preachers  of  the  age.'  On  his  lecture  days 
his  church  OTorfidwed.    Cotton  Mather  re- 

Ca  sayinff  of  Ralph  Brownrig  [q.  v.]  that 
vs  wonla  '  do  more  good  with  his  wild 
notes  than  we  with  our  set  music'  His 
kotuie  was  suppressed  from  1620  till  1631, 
^n  the  ground  of  his  nonconformity.  His 
anbseqnent  oomplianee  was  not  strict.  GKlas 
Fizmin  [q.  v.],  one  of  his  converts,  '  never 
flaw  him  wear  a  surplice/  and*  he  only  occa- 
sionally used  the  prayer-book,  and  then  re- 
Siated  portions  of  it  from  memory.  He 
ed  on  18  Oct.  1686,  and  was  buried  in  the 
ohccTG^yard  at  Dedham.  There  is  a  tomb- 
stone to  his  memory,  and  also  a  mural  monu- 
ment in  the  church.  His  funeral  sermon  was 
preached  by  John  Knowles  (1600  P-16d5) 
[q.  v.]  His  engraved  portrait  exhibits  a  worn 
face,  and  depicts  him  in  nightcap,  ruff,  and 
fiill  beard.  Matthew  Newcomen^q.-vJ  suc- 
ceeded him  at  Dedham*  Nathaniel  ltog«rs 
[q.  v.]  was  his  second  son. 

fiepabliehed:  1.  <  The  Doctrine  of  Faith,' 
&c.,  1627, 12mo ;  6th  edit.  1684, 12mo.  2.  <  A 
T^reatise  of  Love,'  &&,  1629, 12mo ;  8xd  edit. 
1687,  limo.  Posthumous  was  8.  <  A  €K)dly 
and  Froitftd  Exposition  upon  .  .  .  the  Firtt 
Epistle  of  Peter,'  ftc,  1660,  fol.  Brook 
ttssi^s  to  him,  wfthbut  date,  'Sixty  Me- 
morials of  a  Gk>dly  Life.'  He  prefkced  '  Gods 
Treasurie  displayed,'  &c.,  loSO,  12mo,  by 
F.B.  (Francis  Bunny  P) 

[Brook's  lives  of  the  Puritans,  1813,  ii.  421 
so.;  Cotton  Mather's  Mngnalia,  1702.  iii.  19; 
Cfabmy's  Account,  1713,  p.  298;  Granger's 
Biogr.  Hist,  of  Eo^and,  1779,  ii.  191  sq. ; 
Davids's  Annals  of  £yang.  ll^onoonf.  in  Essex, 
1863,  pp.  146  sq.;  Broime's  Hist.  Congr.  Nor- 
folk and  Suffolk,  1877,  p.  603.]  A.  G. 

EOGEBS,  JOHN  (1^27*1666  P),  fifth- 
monarchy  man,  bom  in  1/627  at  Meesing  in 
Essex,  was  second  son  of  Nefaemii^  Rogers 

[S*  ^i  ^7.  ^"^  ^"^®  MaiigMet,  sister  of  Wil- 
liam Collingwood,  a  clergyman  of  Essex,  who 
was  appointed  canon  oTSt.  P^'s  after  the 
Bsatoration.  In  eurly  life  John  experienced 
a  deep  cdayiotioB  of  sm.  Aft«r  five  years  he 
obtained  assurance  of  salration,  but  not  befote 
be  had  more  than  once  in  his  despair  at- 
tempted his  own  life.  Thenceforth  he  threw 
in  his  lac  with  the  most  advanoed  section 


of  puritans,  and  in  oonae^uence  was  tvmed 
out  of  doors  by  his  father  m  1643.  He  made 
his  way  on  foot  to  Cafnfaridge,  where  he  was 
already  a  atudent  of  medicine  and  a  serritor 
at  King's  College.  But  the  civil  war  had 
broken  out,  and  Cambridge  was  doing  penance 
for  its  loyalty.  King's  College  Chapel  was 
tnmed  into  a  drill-room,  and  the  serrltors 
dismissed.  Rogers,  almost  starred,  was 
driven  to  eat  grass,  but  in  1648  he  obtained 
a  post  in  a  school  in  Lord  Brudenel's  house 
in  Huntingdonshire,  and  afterwards  at  the 
firee  school  at  St.  Neots.  In  a  short  time  he 
became  well  known  in  Huntingdondiiie  as  a 
preacher,  and,  returning  to  Essex,  he  received 
presbytexian  ordination  in  1647.  About  the 
same  time  he  married  a  daughter  of  ^ir  Ro- 
bert Payne  of  Midloe  in  fiLuntingdonshire, 
and  became  'settled minister'  of  Puiieigh  in 
Essex,  a  valuable  living.  Rogers,  however, 
found  country  life  uncongemal,  and,  en- 
gaging a  curate,  he  proeeMed  to  London. 
There  he  renounced  his  presbyterian  ordina- 
tion, and  joined  the  independents.  Becoming 
lecturer  at  St.  Thomas  Apostle's,  he  pmehed 
violent  political  sermons  in  support  of  the 
Longpariiament. 

In  1660  he  was  sent  to  Dublin  by  parlia- 
ment as  a  preacher.  Christ  Church  Oatnedral 
was  assigned  him  by  the  commissioners  as  a 
place  of  worship  (Rbid,  HtMtory  of  the  Fre^- 
hyterum  Ckurck  in  Ireland,  ii.  345).  He  did 
not,  however,  confine  himself  to  pastoral 
work,  but  'engaged  in  the  field,  and  ex- 
posed his  life  freely,' for  conscience'  sake.  A 
schism  arising  in  ms  congregation  owing  to 
the  adoption  by  a  party  among  them  of  ans- 
baptist  principles,  he"  wearied  of  the  con- 
troversy, and  returned  to  England  in  1662 
(«6.  ii.  260).  In  the  f(dlowing  year  his 
parishioners  at  Purleigh  eitod  him  for  non- 
residence,  and,  much  to  his  sorrow,  he  lost 
the  living. 

Rogers  was  now  no  longer  the  champion 
of  parliament.  In  its  quarrel  with  the  army 
it  nad  alienated  the  independents  whose 
cause  Rogers  had  espoused.  Amid  the  un- 
settlement  of  men's  opinions,  which  the  dis- 
putes of  presbyterians  and  independents 
aggravated,  the  fifth-monarchy  men  came 
into  being,  and  Rogeirs  was  one  of  the  fore- 
most to  join  them.  Their  creed  anited  his 
ecstatic  temperament.  They  believed  in  the 
early  vealisation  of  the  millennium,  when 
Chnst  was  to  estabiieh  on  earth  *  the  fifth 
monarchy '  in  fulfilment  of  tho  prophecy  of 
the  prophet  Daniel.  According  to  their 
scheme  of  government,  all  political  authority 
ou^t  to  reside  in  the  cburch  under  the 
guulance  of  Christ  himself.  They  wished  to 
estal^sh  a  body  of  delegates  ohoaen  by  the 


Rqgrecs 


«J^ 


Rogers 


tadependent  mmd  mehyterimL  ooBgrantioiiB, 
vetted  wHh  «bBoial6  authority,  tarn  detar- 
miniiig  all  thiiigs  br  the  Word  of  Qod  aione. 
In  1068  Rogers  pnoliBhad  two  ooBtioyeraiAl 
workB — *  Bethflheneeh,  or  Tsbenuude  for 
the  &my'  in  wkiek  Jba  assailed  tbe  presby- 
tenaoB,«Bd  'SagriryorDoanaes^aym&wing 
nigV  m  whidL  ha  attidked  the  *  ungodly 
laws  sad  lawyers  of  the.Fonrth  Monareby/ 
and  sbe  tha  ooUactum  of  titihee.  The  two 
boob  indioate  the  date  of  his  cfaange  of 
¥iefw&  *  BetLflhcmieefa '  is  written  from  the 
aonari  independent  standpotnti  wiule  in 
'Sagrir'  ha  nas  daTeloped  all  tha  chaiao- 
tmrifls  of  a  fiftk-moaaichy  man. 

The  tecible  dissolntjon  of  tha  Long  pa»- 
liamsnt  mat  with  Rofpers's  thonntgh  appro- 
hatkm.  Beaidee  doctrmal  di^rances,  he  had 
penoaal  qaacrais  witfa  aeYeral  prominent 
jaeoriierB.  Sir  John  Maynacd  [q.  ▼.]  had  ap- 
peared against  fainLas  advocate  for  the  con- 
(^regarioD  at  Pnilaigh.  Zachaiy  C^flbon 
[^q.  T.]  had  anonymous^  attacked  his  preach- 
ing in  a  psmp^ilet  entitled  ^  A  Taste  of  the 
DDctrine  of  xhomas  Apostle;'  at  a  later 
date  Crofton  VBDawed  the  oontrovevsy  by 
pablifliuiig  n  xe^y  to  '  Bethshemesh '  styled 
'Eethalvmeah  Clouded.' 

After  Cromwell^  ooup  cPHat  Rogers  oo- 
enpifid  himaftif  with  inditing  two  long  ad- 
dresseato  that  statesman,  in  wiiieh  he  reoom- 
Tnended  a  system  of  goTemmentYerf  similar 
to  that  which  was  actually  inaugnnted.  His 
nttanaoes  were  no  donbt  injured  by  those 
in  power.    This  Aoceed  did  not  sumve  the 
dissolatMB  of  Cromwell's  first  parliament  and 
his  assuuipiion  of  the  titte  of  Lord  Protector. 
By  tluit  act  he  destsoTiBd  the  most  cherished 
hopes  of  the  fifth*monarchy  men,  when  they 
seoned  almost  to  have  reached  iVuition.    In 
eonasquanoe  the^  kept  no  terms  with  the 
coTemmanty  and  two  of  them,  Peake  and 
Powell,  ware  sommaned  before  the  oonnoil 
and  admonished.    R<^gers  'addvassed  a  cau- 
tionary epistle  to  Cromwell,  aad,'flnding  that 
the  Itetactor  paisisted  in  his  coarse,  he 
■<wM^fl  him  openly  fiiom  the  pulpit.    Being 
denoaneed  as  a  conspirator  in  1064,  his  house 
was  aaarehad  and  his  papers  seised  (Oai. 
State  Fvpen,  Dom.   1064,  |^  484).    This 
drewtem  him  another  denunciation,  'Mene, 
T^elf  Bbtsk  :  a  Latter  lamenting  over  Olirer , 
LovdCraaaweU.'  On  28  Mareh  he  proclaimed 
a  solemn  di^  ^  humiliation  for  the  sins  of 
dtermlan.   His  asrmon,  in  which  he  likened 
Whitehflil  to  Sodom  and  demonstrated  Ihat 
Ctoofwall  had  broken  the  first  •eight  com- 
mtadaunta  {time  ptaventing  ifais  profeftding 
to  tbe  last  two),  proonrad  his  arrest  and  im- 
priMmient  in  liAinbeth.    On  6  Feb.  1666  he 
VIS  koB^t  <^K»n  priion  to  appear  hefere 


Cromwell.  Supported  by  his  fellows  ha  h^d 
undauntedly  by  his  fonaer  utterances,  and 
desired  Cromwell '  to  remember  that  he  nrast 
be  judged,  for  the  day  of  the  Lord  was  near.' 
On  30  March  he  was  remored  to  Windsor, 
and  on  9  Oct.  to  the  Isle  of  Wight  (jOt,  1666, 
pp.  374,  670,  008, 1666-7  p.  13).  He  was 
released  in  January  1667,  and  immediately 
returned  to  London  {ib,  1666-7,  p.  Id4). 
fle  found  the  fifth -monarchy  men  at  the 
height  of  their  discontent,  one  conspiracy 
succeeding  another.  Although  some  caution 
seems  to  have  been  instilled  into  Rogers  by 
his  imprisonment,  and  there  is  no  proof  that 
he  was  actually  concerned  in  any  pl«t,  yet 
informations  were  repeatedly  laid  against 
him,  and  on  8  Feb.  1668  he  was  sent  to  the 
Tower  on  the  Protectors  warrant  (TsintiiOS, 
▼i.  168,  186,  186,  849,  776 ;  Whitelocms, 

E.  672;  SoxBBS,  State  TraetSj  Ti.  482; 
iTOTOW,  Diary,  iii.  448,  494;  Mere,  Pol 
Nos.  402, 408, 411).  His  imprisonment,  how- 
ever, lasted  only  till  16  AprH.  Four  and  a 
half  months  later  Cromwell  died.  The^fth- 
monarchy  men  followed  Sir  Henry  Vane 
in  opposing  Richard  Cromwell's  succession. 
Rogers  rendered  himself  conspicuous  by  de- 
nouncing the  son  from  the  pulpit  as  vehe- 
mently as*  he  had  formeriy  denounced  the 
father  {JReliguue  Baxteriana,  i.  101).  On 
Richard's  abdication  the  remnant  of  the 
Long  parliament  was  recalled  to  power,  and 
Rogers  rejoiced  at  its  reinstatement  as 
sincerely  as  he  had  formerly  triumphed  oyer 
its  exjpttlsion.  At  the  same  time  he  involved 
himself  in  controversy  with  William  Prynne 

tq.  v.]  Both  supported  <  the  good  old  cause,' 
»ut  differed  in  defining  it.  Prynne  remained 
true  to  the  older  ideal  of  limited  monarchy, 
while  Rogers  advocated  a  republic  with 
Christ  himself  as  its  invisible  sovereisn. 

Rogers  was  a  source  of  disquietude  even 
to  the  party  he  supported,  and  they  took  the 
precaution  of  directing  him  to  proceed  to 
Ireland  'to  preach  the  gospel  there'  {Cdl. 
State  Pi^>er8,  Dom.  166&-60,  p.  36).  The 
insurrection  of  Sir  Qeor^e  Booth  fq.  v.]  saved 
him  for  a  time  from  exile  in  Ireland,  which 
was  by  no  means  to  his  taste,  and  procured 
him  the  post  of  chaplain  in  Charles  Pair- 
fax^B  regiment.  He  served  through  the  cam- 
paign against  Booth,  and  at  its  conclusion 
was  relieved  of  his  duties  in  Ireland  (tb.  p. 
211).  In  October  he  was  nominated  to  a 
lectureship  at  Shrewsburv  {ib.  p.  261),  hut 
he  was  again  in  Dublin  by  the  end  of  the 
year,  and  was  imprisoned  there  for  a  time 
by  the  orders  of  the  army  leaders,  after 
they  had  dissolved  the  remnant  of  the  Lonff 
parliament.  The  parliament  ordered  his 
release  immediately  on  regaining  its  ascen^ 

k2 


Rogers 


I$2 


Rogers 


denojy  and  he  took  advontoge  of  the  oppor- 
tunity to  secure  himself  from  the  greater 
dangers  of  the  Restoration  by  taking  refuge 
in  Holland  (ib.  pp.  826, 328, 676\  There  he 
resumed  the  study  of  medicine,  ooth  at  Ley- 
den  and  Utrecht,  and  received  from  the  latter 
university  the  desree  of  M.D.  In  1662  he  re- 
turned to  England  and  resided  at  Bennondsey. 
In  1664  he  was  admitted  to  an  ad  eundem 
degree  of  M.D.  at  Oxford.  In  the  following 
year  advertisements  appeared  in  the  'In- 
tellig;encer '  and  *  News  of  '  Alexiterial  and 
Antipestilential  Medicine,  an  admirable  and 
experimented  preservative  from  the  Plaffue,' 
'made  up  by  the  order  of  J.  R,  M.D.'  The 
phraseology  would  seem  to  indicate  that 
these  advertisements  proceeded  from  his  pen. 
No  mention  of  him  is  to  be  found  after  1665, 
and  it  is  difficult  to  suppose  that  so  versatile 
and  so  vivacious  a  writer  could  have  been 
suddenly  silenced  except  by  death.  The 
burial  of  one  John  Rogers  appears  in  the 
parish  register  on  22  June  1670,  but  the 
name  is  too  common  in  the  district  to  render 
the  identity  more  than  possible. 

By  his  wife  Elizabetn  he  left  two  sons : 
John  (1649-1710),  a  merchant  of  Plymouth, 
and  Prison-bom,  who  was  bom  during  his 
father's  confinement  at  Windsor  in  1656; 
two  other  children,  Peter  and  Paul  (twins), 
died  in  Lambeth  prison.  A  portrait  of 
Rogers,  painted  by  Saville,  was  engraved  bv 
W.  Hollar  in  166o,  and  prefixed  to  Rogers  s 
'  Bethshemesh,  or  Tabernacle  for  the  Sun.' 
There  is  another  engraving  by  R.  Gaywood. 

Besides  the  works  already  mentioned, 
Rogers  was  the  author  of:  1.  'Dod  or 
Cbathan.  The  Beloved ;  or  the  Bridegroom 
ffoing  forth  for  his  Bride,  and  looking  out 
for  his  JaphegaDhitha,'  London,  1653,  4to 
(Brit.  Mus. )  2.  *  Prison-bom  MomingB^ms/ 
London,  1654;  not  extant;  the  introduction 
forms  part  of  8.  '  Jegar  SahaduUia,  or  a 
Heart  Appeal,'  London,  1657, 4to.  4.  <Mr. 
Prynne's  Good  Old  Cause  stated  and  stunted 
ten  year  ago,'  London,  1659;  not  extent. 
5.  *  AtanoXiTtiOf  a  Christian  Concertation,' 
London,  1659, 4to  (Brit.  Mus.)  6.  <  Mr.  Har- 
rington's Parallel  Unparalleled,'  London, 
1659,  4to.  7.  <  A  Vindication  of  Sir  Henry 
Vane,'  1659, 4to.  8.  'Disputatio  Medica  In- 
auguralis,'  Utrecht,  1662;  2nd  edit.  London, 
1665. 

[Edward  Regents  Life  and  Opinions  of  a 
Pifth-Monarchy  Man,  1867;  Rogers's  Works; 
Chester^s  John  Rogen,  the  First  ]£utjr,  p.  282 ; 
Wood's  Athene,  ed.  Bliss,  passim ;  Wood's  Fasti, 
ad.  Bliss,  ii.  279.]  £.  I.  a 

ROGERS,  JOHN  (1610-1680),  ejected 
minister,  was  bom  on  25  April  1610  at 
Chaoombe,  Northamptonshire;  his  &ther| 


John  Bogen,  reputed  to  be  a  grandson  of 
the  martyr,  John  Rogers  (1500P-1550) 
[^.  v.],  and  author  of  a  ^  Discourse  to  Chris- 
tian Watchfulness,'  1620,  was  vicar  of 
Chacombe  from  1587.  On  80  Oct.  1629  he 
matricuUkted  at  Wadham  OoUege,  Oxford, 
ffradnated  B. A.  on  4  Dee.  1682,  and  M.  A.  on 
27  June  1685.  His  first  cure  was  the  rec- 
tory of  Middleton  Cheney,  Northampton- 
shire. In  1644  he  became  rector  of  I^igh, 
Kent,  and  in  the  same  year  became  perpetusl 
curate  of  Barnard  Castle,  Durham.  AH  these 
livings  appear  to  have  been  sequestrations. 
After  the  Restoration,  Rogers,  having  to 
surrender  Barnard  Castle,  was  presented  by 
Lord  Wharton  to  the  vicarage  of  Croglin, 
Cumberland,  whither  he  removed  on  2  March 
1661.  He  had  been  intimate  with  the  Vanes, 
whose  seat  was  at  Raby  Castle,  Durham, 
and  visited  the  3roun^  Sir  Henrv  Vane  in 
1662, during  his  imprisonment  in  the  Tower. 
In  consequence  of  the  Uniformity  Act 
(1662)  he  resigned  Croglin. 

Rogers,  who  had  private  means,  henceforth 
lived  near  Barnard  Castle,  preaching  wherever 
he  could  find  hearers.  During  the  indulgence  of 
1672  betook  out  a  licence  (18  May)  as  congre- 
gational preacher  in  his  own  house  at  Lar- 
tington,  two  miles  from  Barnard  Castle,  and 
another  (12  Aug.^  for  Darlington,  Durham. 
Here  and  at  StocKton-on-Tees  he  gathered 
nonconformist  congregations.  In  Teesdale 
and  Weardale  (among  the  lead-miners)  he 
made  constant  journeys   for   evan^lising 

Surposes.  Calamy  notes  his  reputation  for 
iscourses  at '  arvals '  (funeral  dinners).  He 
made  no  more  than  lOL  a  year  by  his  preach- 
ing. In  spite  of  his  nonconformity  he  lived 
on  good  terms  with  the  clergy  of  the  dis- 
trict, and  was  friendly  with  Nathaniel  Crew 
[q.  v.],  bishop  of  Durham,  and  other  digni- 
taries. His  neighbour,  Sir  Richard  Cradock, 
would  have  prosecuted  him,  but  Cradock's 
ffranddaughter  interceded.  He  died  at  Start- 
forth,  near  Barnard  Castle,  on  28  Nov.  1680, 
and  was  buried  at  Barnard  Castle,  John 
Brokell,  the  incumbent,  preaching  his  funeral 
sermon.  He  married  Grace  {d,  1 678),  second 
daughter  of  Thomas  Butler.  Her  elder  sister, 
Mary,  was  wife  of  Ambrose  Barnes  [q.  v.] 
His  son  Timothy  (1658-1728)  is  separately 
noticed.  Other  children  were  Jonathan,  John, 
and  Margaret,  who  all  died  in  infancy ;  also 
Jane  and  Joseph.  He  published  a  catechism, 
and  two  <  admirable '  tetters  in  *  The  Virgin 
Saint '  (1673),a  religious  biography  (Calaxt). 

[Oalamy's  Aeeount,  1 718,pp.  1 61  sq. ;  Calamy s 
Continuation,  1727,  i.  226;  Walker^B  Sufferings 
of  the  Clergy,  1714,  ii.  101;  Palmer's  Non- 
conformist's Memorial,  1802,  i.  879  so. ;  Chester*! 
John  Rogers,  p.  280 ;  Hutchinson's  HtsU  of  Dor- 


Rogers 


>33 


Rogers 


kam,  18SS,  iii.  300;  Sharp's  Life  of  Ambrofee 
Baniea(Neveastl«  Typogr.  Soe.),  182S;  SartaM** 
Hiirt.  of  Dnrliaiii,  1840,  ir.  82;  Axehsologia 
^'"^,  1800,  XT.  87  aq* »  Po*t«r*»  Alanmi  Oson. 
1801,  in.  127.]  A.  O. 

BOOSRS,  JOHN  (167»-1739),  divine, 
•on  of  John  Roger8,yicar  of  Eynsham,  Oxford, 
wae  bom  at  EynaKam  in  1679.  He  was  edu- 
cated al  NewCoUege  School,  and  was  elected 
scholar  of  Corpus  Christt  College,  Oxford, 
wheooe  he  matriculated  on  7  Feb.  1693,  gn^ 
duating  B J^  in  1697,  and  MA.  in  1700.  He 
took  orders,  but  did  not  obtain  his  fellow- 
ship by  soceeesion  until  1706.  In  1710  he 
proceeded  B.D.  About  1704  he  was  presented 
to  the  vicarage  of  Buckland,  Berkshire,  where 
he  was  popular  as  a  preacher.  In  1712  he 
became  lecturer  of  St.  Clement  Danes  in  the 
Strand,  and  afterwards  of  Christ  Church, 
Newgate  Street,  with  St.  Leonard's,  Foster 
Lane.  In  1716  he  teceiTed  the  rectory  of 
Wrinston,  Somerset,  and  resigned  his  fel- 
lowship in  order  to  marrj.  In  1719  he  was 
appointed  a  canon,  and  in  1721  sub- dean  of 
Wells.  He  seems  to  have  retained  all  these 
appointaients  until  1726,  when  he  resigned 
the  lectnxeship  of  St.  Clement  Danes. 

Rogers  ndned  considerable  a^lause  by  the 
part  that  he  took  in  the  Ban^rian  contro* 
versT,  m  which  be  joined  Francis  HareTq.  t.] 
in  the  attack  on  fiishop  Benjamin  Hoadly 
[a.  T.l  In  1719  he  wrote  '  A  Discourse  of  the 
Viflthleand  Inyisible  Church  of  Christ'  to 
prove  that  the  powers  claimed  by  the  priest- 
hood were  not  inconsistent  with  the  su- 
nremscy  of  Christ  or  with  the  liberty  of 
Christians.  An  answer  was  published  b^ 
Dr.  Arthur  Ashley  Sykes  [q.  y.j,  and  to  this 
Rogers  replied.  For  this  performance  the 
degree  of  D.D.  was  conferred  on  him  by  di- 
ploma at  Oxford. 

In  1726  he  became  chaplain  in  ordinary 
to  Qeorge  H,  then  Prince  of  Wales,  and 
about  the  same  time  left  London  with  the 
iateiitkm  of  spending  the  remainder  of  his 
h£e  at  Wrington.  £i  1727  he  published  a 
Tolume  of  eight  sermons,  entitled  'The 
Necessity  of  Diyine  Reyelstion  and  the 
Truth  of  the  Christian  Religion,'  to  which 
was  prefixed  a  prefiue  containing  a  criticism 
of  the  'Literal  Scheme  of  Prophecy  con- 
sidered/ by  Anthony  Collins  [q.  y.j,  the  deist. 
Ihisprelace  did  not  entirely  sattsf^'hisfriends, 
snd  diewfrom  Dr.  A.  Marshall  a  critical  letter. 
Samuel  Chandler  [q.  y.],  bishop  of  Lichfield, 
iadaded  sonae  remarks  on  Dr.  Rogers's  pre- 
face in  hie  '  Conduct  of  the  Modem  Deists,' 
asd  CoUine  wrote  'A  Letter  to  Dr.  Rogers, 
OS  occasion  of  his  Eight  Sermons.'  To  Ml  of 
theaa  Rogers  replied  in  1728  in  hb  <  Vin- 
4icitm  of  the  Ciyil  Establishment  of  Reli- 


S'on.'  Iliis  work  occasioned  *  Some  Short 
sfleetions,'  by  Chubb,  1728,  and  a  pre&ce 
inChandWs  'History  of  Persecution,' 1786. 

In  1728  Rogers,  who  was  deyoted  to 
country  life,  leluctantly  accepted  from  the 
dean  and  diapter  of  St.  Fwra  the  yicsrsge 
of  St.  Giles,  Cripplegate,  but  held  theliying 
little  more  than  six  months.  He  died  on 
1  May  1729,  and  was  buried  on  the  13th  at 
Eynsham.  His  funeral  sermon  was  preached 
by  Dr.  Marshall,  and  was  the  occasion  of 
'  Some  Remarks,'  by  Philalethes— Le.  Dr. 
Sykes.  Many  of  his  sermons  were  collected 
and  published  in  three  yolumes  after  his 
death  by  Dr.  John  Burton  (1696-1771)  [q.  y.] 

Rogers  is  a  clear  writer  and  an  able 
controyersialist.  He  makes  no  display  of 
learning,  but  he  was  well  acquainted  with 
the  writiuffs  of  Hooker  and  Norris.  After 
his  death  were  were  published  two  works  by 
him,  entitled  respectiyely  *  A  Persuasiye  to 
Conformity  addreesed  to  theDissenters'  (Lon- 
don, 1736)  and  'A  Persuasiye  to  Conformity 
addressed  to  the  Quakers,'  London,  1747. 

[Chalmers's  Biogr.  Diet. ;  Life,  by  Dr.  J.  Bur- 
ton ;  Funeral  Seraion,  by  A.  Marsha ;  Re- 
marks, by  Philalethes;  Foster's  Alumni  Ozon.l 

£.  0.  M. 

ROGERS,  JOHN  (1740P-«1814),  Irish 
seceding  diyine,  succeeded  Dr.  Thomas  Clark 
(d.  1792)  [q.  y.]  in  1767  as  minister  at  Cshans, 
CO.  Mona^han.  In  1781  he  published '  An  His* 
torical  Dialogue  between  a  Minister  of  the 
Established  Church,  a  Ponish  Priest,  a  Presby- 
terian Minister^and  a  Mountain  Minister' 
(Dublin),  in  which  he  discussed  the  attitude 
of  the  reformed  and  the  seceding  presby- 
terians  towards  the  ciyil  power.  On  16  Feb. 
1782  he  attended  the  great  meeting  of  yolun- 
teers  held  in  the  presbyterian  chujrch  at  Dnn- 
gannon,  and  was  one  of  the  two  members 
who  opposed  the  resolution  expressing  ap- 
proyal  of  the  relaxation  of  the  penal  laws 
against  Roman  catholics.  In  1788  he  dis- 
cussed in  public  at  Cahans  with  James  M'Gar- 
ragh,  a  licentiate  of  the  reformed  presby- 
terians,  the  question  whether  the  authority 
of  a  non-coyenanting  king  ought  to  be  ac- 
knowledged. Rogers  argued  in  the  aflfirma- 
tiye  as  champion  of  the  seceders  (Rbid,  JnkA 
Pretkyterian  Churehf  ed.  Killen,  iii.  473-4). 
Both  sides  claimed  the  yictory. 

In  1796  Rogers  was  appomted  professor 
of  divinity  for  the  Irish  burgher  synod,  and 
was  clerk  of  the  synod  from  its  constitution 
in  1779  to  his  death.  He  continued  to  reside 
at  Cahans  as  minister,  and  deliyered  lectures 
to  the  students  in  the  meeting-house.  When 
an  abortiye  attempt  had  been  made  to  unite 
the  burgher  and  anti-burgher  synods  of  the. 


Rogers 


«34 


Roge 


ehaicb,  Eogen  delivered  b^otehis 
owd'^jpiodAt  Cookitown  in  1808  a  remark* 
able^  Bpeeoht  in  which  he  clearly  explained 
the  dauflee  of  the  failure,  and  maintained  that 
therlrkh  anti-burgher  synod  ou^fat  not  to  be 
dapnadfant  an  the  parent  body  in  Scotland. 
The^'  union  was  not  effected  until  1818. 
Bogera  diad  on  14  Aug.  1814,  leaving  a  son 
J^n^  who  was  minister  of  Glascar. 

He  published,  in  addition  to  sermons  and 
the/w^rkftoited, '  Dialogues  betweenStudents 
at  the  College,  Monaghan,*  1787. 

f  Baid's  Hkt.  of  Presbyterian  Church  is  Ire- 
Isnd  (EiUen),  1867,  iii.  364,  426 ;  Witherofwr's 
Hist,  sod  Lit.  Hem.  of  Presbyt.  in  Ireland,  2nd 
sea.  1880,  vL  247 ;  Latimer^ii  Hist,  of  the  Insh 
Presbjt.  1693,.pp.  169, 173.]  £.  C.  M. 

BOOBRSi  JOHN  (1778-1860),  divine, 
boni/  at  Plymouth  on  17  July  1778,  was 
eldest  son  of  John  Rogers,  M.P.  for  Penryn 
and  Helston,  by  his  wife  Margaret,  daughter 
of'  fVanoea  BasseU  Rogers  was  educated  at 
Helston  fframmar  school,  at  Eton,  and  at 
Trinity  College,  Oxford.  He  matriculated 
on  8  April  1797,  graduated  B.A.  as  a  pass- 
man in  ISOl,  and  M.A.  in  1810.  Having 
been  ordainea  to  the  curacy  of  8t.  Blazey, 
he  became  rector  of  Mawnan,  the  advowson 
of  which  belonged  to  his  family,  in  1807. 
Ih  1620  he  was  appointed  canon  residentiary 
of.  Exeter,  In  1882  he  succeeded  to  thd 
Ptanose  vad  Helston  estates  of  about  ten 
thrtisand  acres,  comprising  the  manors  of 
Pamrose,  Hislston,  Carminow^  Winrisnton, 
and.  various  other  estates  in  Cornwall,  in- 
chiding  seteral  mines.  The  Penrose  lands 
iMtoi  been  acquired  in  1770  by  his  grsndfather, 
Hiq^h  Rogers,  sad  the  Helston  in  1798  by 
his  father.  Rogers  resigned  his  rectory  in 
ld88<.  He  died  at  Penrose  on  12  June  1866, 
and  was  buried  at  Sithney,  where  there  is  a 
■moment  to  himi 

BooBia  married,  first,  in  1814>  Mary,  only 
dflnghtoB  of  John  Jqpe,  rector  of  St.  Ives  snd 
vkisr  of  St.  Cleerf  and,  secondly,  in  1843, 
Ghnoef  eldest  dau^ter  of  G.  S.  Fursdon  of 
Fnorsdon,  J)evonshire ;  she  survived  him,  and 
died  in>  1862  (Oent.  Mag.  1862,  i.  289).  By 
hiB  fivitwife  Rogers  hsd  issue  fi^^  sons  and 
aibnghter.  His  eldest  son,  John  Jope  ( 1 81^ 
1680),  was  M.P.  for  Helston  from  1860  to 
16B6 ;  the  latter's  eldest  son^  Captain  J.  P. 
Roffers,  is  the  present  owner  of  Penrose. 
*  fiogers  was  a  popular  and  energetic  land- 
lord, and  a  good  botanist  and  mineralogist. 
As  Isid  of  the  Tresavean  mine,  he  took  an 
aotivB  past  in  forwarding  the  adoption  of  the 
first  manheagtne,  the  introduotion  of  which 
in  the  deep  minas,  in  place  of  the  oldper^ 
y dirnlnr  ladders,  proved  an  important  r»* 
ran..   Haeontributedseverslpapttsto'the 


'TransactMnaof  the  Bo^vl  Geologieal  So- 
oiety  o^GocniwalL' 

He'  WBS,^  however,  MmIBlj  distinguished  as 
a HebrewandrSyriac sdwlar.  In  1812, when 
Frev  prepared  the  edition  of  the  Hebrew 
BihlfrpublaBhad  by  the  newlyformed  Society 
for  Piromotittg  the  GonFsrtton  of  the  Jews, 
the  gpeneral  sapervision  of  the  work  was 
entnrnsted  to  Rogem.  His  own  works,  in 
addition  to  sermons  and  occasional  papers, 
were:  1.  'What  is  the  Use  of  the  Piaver 
Book  P' London,  1819i  2.  <  Scripture  Proofs 
of  the  Cateehism,'  London,  1832.  8.  <  Re- 
marks on  Bishop  Lawth!s  Principles  in  cor- 
recting tho  Text  of  the  Helurew  Bible,' 
Oxford,  I8S2.  4.  '  The  Book  of  Psalms  in 
Hebrew,  with  Selections  from  various  Read- 
ings and  from  tdie  anoLsnt  Versions,'  Oxford 
and  London,  1683-4.  6.  <  On  the  Origin  and 
Regulations  of  Queen  Anne's  Bounty,'  Lon- 
don. 1836.  6.  <  Ressons  why  a  new  Edition 
of  tne  Pesehito  Version  should  be  published,' 
Oxford  snd  London,  1849.  Afewdaysbefm 
his  death  he  completed  his  last  artide  on 
'  Vttriffi  Lectiones  of  the  Hebrew  Bible'  for 
the  '  Joomal  of  Sacred  Lliersture.' 

[Burke's  Landed  Gentry,  1688,  i.  290;  Eton 
Sebool Lists;  PostBir'aAhmnii  Oson.  1716-1880 ; 
Boas»*sOslIeetConiabisnsia,c829;  Boasosnd 
Coartnpy'sBibUotheBaOom.  p.  686  ;  Gent.  Hag. 
1866,  ii.  248;  Joamal  of  Saered  Ltteiature, 
18d7>  iv.  240^4]  K.  G.  M. 

ROGERS^  J08IAS  (176&.I796),  captain 
in  the  navy,  wns  bom  at  Lymington,  Hamp- 
Bhire>  when  hia  father  would  seem  to  have 
had  ft  liu»e  interest  in  the  ssltems.    In  Oo- 
tobeir  1771  he  entered  the  navy  on  board 
the  Arethnsa  with  Captain  (aftnrwarda  Sir) 
Andrew  Snape  Hamond,  wham  he  followed 
to  the  Roebudc  in.  177i6.    Ll  March  1776  he 
was  sent  away  in  charge  of  a  prixe  taken  in 
Delaware  Bsj,  and,  being  driteen:  on  shore  in 
a  gale,  &11  into  the  hands  of  the  American 
enemy.    He  was  cnrtiedi  with  nsuch  roush 
treatment,,  into  the  intemer,  and  datained^r 
upwazds  of  a  yeas,,  when  he  sneoeeded  in 
making  hia  esca^.aBd^  after  many-  dangers 
and  sdventures^in  getting^on  board  hisship, 
which  happened  to  bo  at  the  time  bfing  in 
theDelawarOb  For  the  next  fifteen  oreighteen 
months  he  wss  very  actively  employed  m 
the  Roebuck's  boats  or  tendem,  captnring  or 
burning  small  vessels  lurking  in  uie  creeks 
along  ue  Ntnlii  American  ooesty  or  landing 
oa  foraging  expedctions.  On  19  Oct.  1778  he 
waa  pimneted  to  the  raak  of  IsBntOnant, 
and  after  serving  in  several  dlSbient  ships, 
and  duBftinifuiahing  himself  at:the'seduetioii 
of  Obailestown  in  Msy  1780,  he  was,  on 
2  Dec.  1780^  promoted  to  the  command  of 
tke  Oenemi  Moilky  a  pnsa  fitted  oni  as  a 


Roger3 


us 


Rogers 


sloop  of  war  with  eighteen  gUBS.  After 
commaiiding  her  for  sixteen  monthB,  in  which 
time  hB  took  or  aesisted  in  tahing  more  than 
sixty  «f  the  enemy't  ships,  on  7  Aj)ril  1782 
the  Geaeral  Monk,  while  chasmg  six  small 
privalesn  round  Cue  May,  got  on  shoiw, 
and  was  captured  after  a  stout  defence,  in 
which  the  henteaant  and  master  were  killed 
and  Bogea  himself  seyerely  wonnded^  He 
was  shutly  afterwards  exchanged,  and  ar* 
rired  in  England  in  Septemher,  still  suffer- 
ing fnmi  his  wound,  from  178S  to  1787  he 
eoBmanded  the  Speedy  in  the  North  Sea, 
lor  the  preTention  of  smoggling,  and  from 
her,  on  I  Dec.  1787|  he  was  adTanoed  to  post 
raaL 

In  1700  Roffers  was  flag  captain  to  Sir 
John  Jerris  (afterwards  Earl  of  St^  Vinoent) 
[q.  T.]  in  the  Prince.  In  1703  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  Qaebec  frigate,  and  in  her, 
after  a  few  months  in  the  North  Sea  and  off 
Donldxk,  he  joined  the  fleet  which  went  out 
with  Jerris  to  the  West  Indies.  He  served 
with  diitinctioa  at  the  reduction  of  Mar- 
tinique and  Guadeloupe  in  March  and  April 
179^  ^""^  ^"^*0  afterwards  sent  in  command 
of  a  aqnadrui  of  frigates  to  take  Cayenne. 
One  of  the  frigates,  however>  was  lost,  two 
ethers  parted  company,  and  the  remainder 
of  Ua  fofee  was  unequal  to  the  attempt. 
Rogsn  then  rejoined  tne  admiral  at  a  time 
WMB  ydkw  l!lTer  was  ngin?  ui  the  fleet, 
azid  the  Quebec,  having  spared  seyerely, 
was  aent  to  Halifax.  By  the  heginninff  of 
the  ftUowing  year  she  was  back  in  the  West 
IndiM  «id  was  under  orders  lor  hmae^  when, 
at  f^i^f^*,  where  he  was  conducting  the 
deftte  of  the  town  sffainst  an  inaosrection 
of  the  dayee,  he  died  of  yellow  ferer  on 
24  ApvO  1795.  He  was  married  and  left 
issua  A  monument  to  his  memory  was 
eieotod  by  his  widow  in  Lymington  parish 
cfauvch. 

{Tbyboeks,  logi,  6e.,  is  the  PuUie  Becord 
Ofliee.  The  Memoir  by  W.  Gilphi  (Svo^  180S} 
is  stt  undisefimiBating  eulogy  by  a  perMnal 
fmad,  ignorant  «f  naval  aflSum. J       J.K.L. 


BOQBSBA  NATHANIEL  (1508-166/1^, 
diviaa^sooond  son  of  the  puntun  John  Bogers 
(1572  Meae)  [g.  tJ,  by  his  flrst  wife,  wss 
bcnn  at  Hayerhill,  Essex,  in  1608i  He  was 
edacstad  at  Dedham  grammar  school  and 
EnoMiniel  GoUag^i  OsmbridM  which  he 
entered  as  a  siaar  on  0  May  16 14^  graduating 
B.  A  in  1617  and  M.A.  1621.  l^oi  two  yean 
^  was  domeatio  chaphdn  to  some  Mson  of 
tmaikf  and  ibm  went  as  curate  tx>  Ihr.  John 
Bidkham  at  Booking, £ssex.  ThereRogevs, 
vfcsse  ohief  frieoda  w«re  Thomas  Hcraker 
^.T.^  tha  lectwer  of  Chehns&idy  add  other 


Essex  puritans,  adopted  decidedly  puritao 
views.  His  rector  finally  dismissed  him  for 
performing  the  burial  office  over '  an  eminent 
person'  without  a  surplice.  G^es  Firmin 
q.  y.J,  who  calls  Rogers  '  a  man  so  able  and 
udicious  in  soul-work  that  I  would  havo 
trusted  my  own  soul  with  him,' describes  his 
preaching  in  his  'reverend  old  fathei^s'  pul- 
pit at  Dedham  affainst  his  father's  interpre* 
tation  of  faith,  while  the  latter,  'who  de#r^ 
loved  him,'  stood  by. 

On  leaving  Boobng,  he  was  for  five  years 
rector  of  Assing^ton,  Sufiblk.  On  1  Juot 
1686  he  saUed  with  his  wife  and  family  for 
New  England,  where  thev  arrived  in  No* 
vember.  Rogers  was  ordained  pastor  of 
Ipswich,  Ma^aehueetts,  on  20  Fob.  1638y 
when  he  succeeded  Nathaniel  Ward  as  00- 

Saator  with  John  Norton  (1606-1668)  [q.  r.] 
^n  6  Sept.  he  took  the  oath  of  freedom  at 
Ipswich,  and  was  soon  appointed  a  member 
of  the  synod,  and  one  of^a  body  deputed  to 
reconcile  a  difference  between  the  lejBfiJists 
and  antinomians.  He  died  at  Ipswich  ou 
8  July  1655,  aged  57. 

By  his  wife  Margaret  (d.  28  Jan.  1656), 
daughter  <^  Robert  Crane  of  CoggeshalL 
Essex,  whom  he  married  in  1626,  Refers  had 
issue  Mary,  baptised  at  Ooggeshall  on  8  Feb* 
1628,  married  to  William  Hubbard  fq.  ▼.} ; 
John  (see  below) ;  and  four  sons  (Nathaniel 
Samuel^  Timothy,  and  Esekiel)  bom  in  Ipa* 
wioh,  Massachusetts.  The  youngest  was  left 
heir  bv  his  unole  Esekiel  R^ers  [q.  v.] 
Rogerss  desoendants  in  America  at  the 
present  time  are  more  numerous  than  those 
of  any  other  early  emigrant  family.  Among 
them  was  the  genealogist^  Col<mel  Jceeph 
Lemuel  Chester  Tq.  v.] 

Rogers  published  nothing  but  a  letter  in 
Latin  to  the  House  <^  Commons,  dated 
17  Dec,  1648,  urging  church  reform ;  it  wae 

J  printed  at  Oxford  in  1644.  It  contained  a 
ew  lines  of  censure  aa  the  aspersions  of  the 
king  in  a  number  of  *  Mercurius  Britannicus,' 
to  which  that  newspaper  replied  abusi velj^  ou 
12  Aug.  1644..  He  also  lett  in  mannscitpt  a 
treatise  in  Latin  in  favour  of  eonffregatiomsl 
church  covemi&ent,  a  portion  ca  which  is 
printed  by  Mather  iu  the  '  Magnalia.' 

JOHK  RooBBs  (1680-1684),  the  eldest  son, 
bantised  sjt  Ccggeshall)  Essex,  on  28  Jan. 
1680,  emigrated  with  his  father  to  New  Eagw 
land  in  1686.  He  graduated  at  Harvard 
University  in  1640  in  theology  and  medicine, 
and  commenced  to  practise  the  latter  at  Ips- 
w]ch«  But  he  i^lierwazda  became  sssKtant 
to  his  father  in  the  church  of  the  ^me  place, 
and  abandoned  medicine.  He  was  onosen 
president  of  Hsrvard  iii  April  1682,  to  suQ* 
oeed  Urian  Oak^s  [q.  ri(9rm  inaogurale^  i« 


Rogers 


13^ 


Rogers 


1688,  but  died  on  2  July  1684,  aged  63,  and 
was  Bucceeded  by  Increase  Mather  [q.  t.I 
By  his  wife  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  General 
Dehison,  he  left  a  numeroiisfamily  in  America, 
three  sons  bein^ ministers,  the  youngest,  John 
Rogers  of  Ipswich,  himself  leaving  three  sons, 
all  ministers. 

[Sprague's  Annals  of  the  American  Pulptt,  i. 
87 ;  Chester's  John  Kogers,  1861,  p.  246 ;  preface 
to  Firmin's  Beal  Christian;  Davids's  Hist  of 
ETangel.  Nonconform,  in  Essex,  p.  148 ;  Mather's 
Magi^i  ed.  1868,  i.  414-28 ;  Neal's  Hist,  of 
Pnritans,  ii.  252;  McClintock  and  Strong's 
Encyd.  of  Bibl.  and  Ecclos.  Lit.  ix.  64 ;  Felt's 
Hist,  of  Inewich,  Mass.  p.  219 ;  Beaumont's  Hist, 
of  Coggewall,  p.  217  ;  I>ale'8  Annals  of  Cogges- 
hall,  p.  166;  Essex  ArchsoL  Trans,  iv.  198; 
Mercnrius  Britannicns,  August  1644;  Win- 
throp's  Hist,  of  New  England,  1853,  i.  244 ; 
Gage's  Hist,  of  Bowley,  Mass.  p.  15 ;  Mass.  Hist. 
Collections,  iv.  2,  8,  v.  240,  274,  tI.  554  ;  Harl. 
MS.  6071,  ff.  467.  482  ;  Kegisters  of  Emmanuel 
College,  per  the  master.  For  the  son  see 
McClintock  and  Strong's  Encyd.  of  Bibl.  and 
Eccles.  Lit.  ix.  63 ;  Sprague's  Anonls  of  Amer. 
Pulpit,  i.  147;  Sawige's  Gencal.  Diet,  of  First 
Settlers,  lit.  664,  where  the  question  of  Rogers 
of  Dedham's  descent  from  John  Rogers  the  martyr 
is  discussed;  Harl.  MS.  6071,  f.  482;  Allen's 
American  Biogr.  Diet.]  C.  F.  S. 

B0QER8,  NEHEMIAH  (1698-1660), 
divine,  baptised  at  Stratford  on  20  Oct.  1603, 
was  second  son  of  Vincent  Rogers,  minister 
of  Stratford-le-Bow,  Middlesex,  by  his  wife 
Dorcas  Young^whose  second  husband  he  was. 
Timothy  Ro^  (1689-1 660  .p)  [q.v.]  was  his 
elder  brother.  Vincent  Rogers  was  probably 
a  grandson  of  John  Rogers  (1600  P~l  660) 

Sq.y.]  the  martyr  (Cuissteb,  John  Bogers,  &c. 
861,p.262seq.)  Nehemiah  was  admitted  to 
Merchant  Taylors'  School  on  16  Nov.  1602, 
and  entered  as  a  sizar  at  Emmanuel  College, 
Cambridge,  on  21  March  1612,  and  graduated 
M.A.  in  1618.  He  also  became  a  fellow  of 
Jesus  College.  He  was  appointed  assistant 
to  Thomas  Wood,  the  rector  of  St.  Margaret's, 
Fish  Street  Hill,  London,  where  he  officiated 
until  18  May  1620.  Through  the  influence 
of  the  widow  of  Sir  Charles  Chibom,  serjeant- 
at-law,  he  was  then  appointed  to  the  vicarage 
of  Messing,  Essex  (u^rittian  Otrtetie,  dedi- 
cation). On  26  May  16S2  he  was  present'ed 
by  Richard  Hubert  to  the  sinecure  rectory 
of  Great  Tey,  Essex,  and  he  further  received 
from  the  king  the  lapsed  rectory  of  Gatton 
in  Surrey,  an  advowson  which  be  presented 
as  a  firee  gift  in  1636  or  early  in  1686  to  the 
president  and  fellows  of  St.  John's,  College, 
Oxford.  The  living  was  worth  more  than 
100/.  a  year,  and  a  letter  from  Archbishop 
Laud  says  it  was  given  to  the  coUc^  out  of 
friendship  for  him  by '  Mr.  Nehemiah  Regersi 


now  a  minister  in  Essex,  and  a  man  of  goo<f 
note '  (  Works,  Oxford,  1860,  vii.  242}.  On 
1  May  1686  Rogers  was  presented  fay  the» 
king  to  a  stall  in  Ely  Cathedral.  He  ex- 
changed the  lirinff  of  Ureat  Tey  withThomaa 
Wykes  for  that  of  St.  Botolph's,  Bishopsgate^ 
in  1642.  Upon  Wykes's  death  Rogers  we* 
sented  his  eldest  son,  Nehemiah,  to  the  Tey 
rectory  on  16  Aug.  1644.  The  Messing  living 
he  appears  to  have  resigned  before  May  164S. 

Rogers  was  as  uncompromising  a  royalist 
as  a  fnend  of  Laud's  was  likely  to  be.  About 
1643  he  was  sequestered  of  both  rectory  and 
prebend.  The  vestry  of  St.  Botolph'a  on 
28  Feb.  1668  petitioned  the  Protector  for 
liberty  to  the  inhabitants  to  choose  a  mini- 
ster in  place  of  Rogers,  but  none  apnears  to 
have  been  appointed.  Rogers  haa  many 
influential  friends,  and  he  obtained  leave  to 
continue  preaching  in  Essex  during  the 
Commonwealth,  mainly  through  the  efforts 
of  Edward  Herries  of  Great  Baddow,  to 
whom  one  of  his  works  is  dedicated.  For 
six  years  he  was  pastor  to  a  congregation  at 
St.  Osyth,  below  Colchester,  and  next  took 
up  his  abode  for  three  years  at  Little  Braxted, 
near  Witham,  where  his  friends  Thomas 
Roberts  and  his  wife  Dorothy  provided  him 
with  '  light,  lodging,  and  fynng.'  By  thena 
he  was  appoint^  in  1667  or  early  in  1658 
to  the  livm^  of  Doddinghnrst,  near  Brent- 
wood. He  aied  there  suddenly  in  May  1660, 
and  was  buried  there. 

Rogers  married  Margaret,  sister  of  Williant 
CoUingwood,  canon  of  St.  Pftul's  after  tho 
Restoration,  and  had  a  daughter  Mary, 
buried  1642,  and  at  least  three  sons :  Nehe- 
miah (1621-1688),  John  Rogers  (1627- 
1666  P)  [q.  v.l  and  Zachary.  The  last  gra- 
duated B.A.  from  Emmanuel  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1648,  was  vicar  of  Tey  1661-1700, 
and  of  Chappel  from  1674  A  portrait  of 
Nehemiah  Rogers,  engraved  by  Bemingioth 
of  Leipsig,  with  a  German  mscriptioni  is 
mentioned  by  Colonel  Chester. 

Rogers  wrote  abl^  on  the  parables,  in  a 
style  learned  and  ndl  of  quaint  conceits. 
His  expositions  have  become  exceedingly 
scarce.  The  titles  of  his  publications  run : 
1.  *  Christian  Curtesie,  or  St.PavlsVltimiim 
Vale,'  London,  1621,  4to.  2.  'A  Strange 
Vineyard  in  Palmstrina,'  London,  1628,  4to. 
3.  'The  Trve  Convert,  containing  thiee> 
Parables :  the  Lost  Sheepe,  the  Lost  Groat 
[which  Watt  misreads  ror  lost  goat],  and 
the  Lost  Sonne,'  London,  1682, 4to.  4. '  The 
Wild  Vine,  or  an  Exposition  on  Isaiah*8> 
Parabolical!  Song  of  the  Beloved,'  London, 
1682, 4to.  6. '  A  Visitation  Sermon  preaehed 
at  Kelvedon,  Sep.  8. 1681,'London,  1682, 4to. 
6.  *  The  Penitent  Citiien,  or  Mazy  Magdalen** 


Rogers 


137 


Rogers 


Co&TenooV  London,  1640.  7.  ^The  Qood 
aamiTJUii/  London,  1640.  8.  <The  Fast 
Friend,  or  a  Friend  at  Midnight/  London, 
1066,  4to.  9.  'The  Figgless  Fibres,  or 
the  Doome  of  a  Barren  and  Unfrmtful  Pro- 
teskm  layd  open,'  London,  1669,  4to. 

[Pre&ees  and  dedications  to  Roger's  irorks ; 
Chestor^s  John  Bogers,  1861,  pp.  252,  277; 
Walker's  Saileringi^  ii.  22,  S42;  KenneU's  Re- 
gister, pp.  61 8, 919 ;  Notes  and  Queries,  4th  ser. 
ril  79,  179 ;  Keweoozt's  Repert.  £ocles.  i.  813, 
n.  &7%  678 ;  MeClintock  and  Strong^s  Eneycl.  of 
Sedss.  lit.  iz.  64;  Ranev's  Oatalogne,  1678; 
Le  Neve's  Fasti,  ed.  Hardy,  i.  360;  Malcolm's 
Loodininm  RediTiTom,  i.  831 ;  Bentham's  £lj 
CathsdnJ,  p.  258 ;  Willis's  Surrey  of  Cathedrals^ 
il  3S6;  Darling's  Cyclopedia  BibL  ii.  2581; 
Watt's  BibL  Brit;  Roisters  of  Emmanuel  Col- 
lege, per  the  master,  of  the  Cambridge  Unirer- 
atf  iUgistrj,  per  J.  W.  Clark,  esq.,  and  of  Dod- 
diaghnnt,  per  the  Rev.  F.  Stewart ;  Robinson's 
Ksrehast  Taylors*  Reg.  pp.  45,  132.]  C.  F.  S. 

BOOEBS,  PHILIP  HUTCHINGS 
(1786P-1853), painter,  was  bom  at  Plymouth 
about  1786,  and  educated  at  Plymouth  gram- 
mar school  under  John  Bidlake  [q.  yJ  Like 
his  fellow-pupil,  Benjamin  Robert  Haydon 

fe.T.l  he  was  encouraged  in  his  taste  for  art 
Bidlake,  who  took  more  interest  in  the 
artistic  talent  of  his  pupils  than  in  their 
regular  studies.  Bidlake  sent  Rogers  to  study 
in  L<mdon,  nnd  maintained  him  for  several 
rears  at  his  own  expense.  He  returned  to 
Plymouth,  and  painted  views  of  Mount  Edg- 
cnmbe  and  Plymouth  Sound,  choosing  prin- 
cipally wide  expanses  of  water  under  sunlight 
or  golden  haie,  in  imitation  of  Claude.  Many 
of  these  are  at  Saltram,  the  seat  of  the  Earl 
of  Morley.  A  larse  picture  by  him,  '  The 
Bombanunent  of  A^ers,*  has  been  engraved. 
He  exhibited  ninety-one  pictures  between 
1806  and  1851,  chiefly  at  the  Royal  Academy 
and  British  Institution.  He  etched  twelve 
plates  for  '  Dartmoor,'  by  Noel  Thomas  Car- 
rington,  1826.  He  was  elected  a  member  of 
the  Artists'  Annuity  Fund  in  1829,  at  the 
age  of  forty-three.  After  residing  abroad 
fofr  some  years,  he  died  at  Lichtenthal,  near 
Baden-Baden,  on  26  June  1853. 

[Gent.  Mag.  1868,  ii.  424 ;  Redgrave's  Diet. 
«€  Artists;  Qxavcs's  Bict.  of  Artists ;  Athenaema, 
80  Jaly  1858.]  C.  D. 

BOOBBS,  BIGHARD  (1682  M697), 
dean  of  Gnaterhury  and  suffragan  bishop  of 
Dover,  mm  of  Balnh  Rogers  (d.  1669)  of 
Sutton  Yalenee  in  Kent,  was  bom  in  1682 
or  16S8b  Hk  aiater  Catharine  married  as  her 
seeoBd  husbnnd  lliomas  (^mnmer,  only  son 
oC  the  arehbiahopf  and  his  oousin.  Sir  Edward 
BogeE%  eomptroller  of  Queen  Elisabeth's 
kNMslioldl,  ifl  separately  notioed.    Bichaxd 


is  said  to  hare  been  a  member  of  Ohrist'» 
College,  Cambridge,  where  he  graduated  M.  A. 
in  1662  and  KD.  in  1662.  On  18  March 
1666*6  he  was  admitted  B.A.  at  Oxford, 
and  in  May  1660  he  proceeded  M.  A.  During 
the  reign  of  Queen  Mary  he  is  said  to  havo 
been  an  exile  for  religion.  Soon  after  Elin- 
beth's  accession,  probably  in  1669,  he  was 
madearchdeacon  of  St.  Asaph,  and  on  11  Feb. 
1660-1  was  presented  to  the  rectory  of  Great 
Dunmow  in  Essex,  which  he  resigned  in 
1664.  He  sat  in  the  convocation  of  1662- 
1663,  when  he  subscribed  the  Thirty-nine 
Articles  and  the  reonest  for  a  modification 
of  certain  rites  ana  ceremonies.  He  also 
held  the  livings  of  Llanarmon  in  the  diocese 
of  St.  Asaph  and  Little  Oanfield  in  Essex, 
which  he  resigned  in  1666  and  1666;  the 
rectory  of  'Pasthyn'  in  the  diocese  of  St. 
Asaph  he  retained  till  his  death.  In  166& 
he  was  collated  to  the  prebend  of  Ealdland 
in  St.  PftuFs  Cathedral,  resigrning  the  arch- 
deaconry of  St.  Asaph.  On  19  Oct.  1667 
Archbishop  Ftoker  presented  him  to  the 
rectory  of  Great  Chart  in  Kent,  and  on 
12  May  1668  the  queen  nominated  him,  on 
Parker*8  recommendation,  to  be  suffragan 
bishop  of  Dover.  In  1669  he  was  nlaced  on 
a  commission  to  visit  the  city  and  aiocese  of 
Canterbury,  and  he  received  Elizabeth  when 
she  visited  Canterbury  in  167S.  In  1676 
Parker  aj^pointed  him  oyerseer  of  his  will, 
and  left  him  one  of  his  options.  On  16  Sept.. 
1684  he  was  installed  aean  of  Canterbury,, 
and  in  1696  he  was  collated  to  the  master- 
ship of  Eastgate  hospital  in  Canterbury,  anJ 
to  the  rectory  of  Midley  in  Kent.  In  De- 
oember  he  was  commissioned  to  inquire  into 
the  number  of  recusants  and  sectaries  in  his 
diocese.  He  died  on  19  May  1697,  and  waa 
buried  in  the  dean*s  chapel  in  Canterbury 
Cathedral.  B^  his  wife  Ann  (d,  1618)  he- 
left  several  children,  of  whom  i^ancls  (d, 
1688)  was  rector  of  St.  Margaret's,  Canter- 
bmy.  The  sufiragan  bishopric  of  Dover  lapsed 
at  his  death,  and  was  not  reyived  until  the 
appointment  of  Edward  Party  (18dO-1890> 
[q.  v.]  in  1870. 

[Brit.  Mas.  Addit.  MS.  8S984,  ff.  18,  21 
rietters  from  Rogers) ;  Todd's  Aceoant  of  the 
beans  of  Canterbox;^,  1703,  pp.  60-65 ;  Cooper^s 
Athena  Cantabr.  ii.  224;  Boase's  Beg.  Univ. 
Oxon.  i.  231 ;  Foster's  Alnmni  Oson.  1600-1714  ; 
Waters^s  ChesUrs  of  Obicheley,  ii.  806 ;  Parker 
Corresp.  pp.  370,  476 ;  Cal.  State  Papers,  Dom. 
1660-97;  Willis's  Survey  of  the  Diocese  of  St. 
Aiapb;  Hastcd's  Kent.  iii.  101,  588,  690,  680; 
Neweoart's  Bep.  Eccf. ;  Le  Neve's  Fssti,  ed. 
Hardy;  Strype's  Works,  passim;  Wood's Athentt> 
ChcoD.  ii.  777 ;  Notes  and  Qaeries,  2nd  ser.  ii.  87.1 

A.F.P. 


Rogers 


X38 


Rogers 


EQGEBS,  JaiCHARD  (1560P-1618),pari. 
tandiyinei  bom  in  1550  or  1551,  was  son  or 
grandson  of  Bichard  Bogere,  steward  to  the 
earls  ci  Warwick.  He  must  be  distinguished 
fiM»n  Bichard  Bogers  (1^^  P-1597)  fq.  v.], 
dean  of  Canterbu^.  He  matriculated  as  a 
sisar  of  Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  in  No- 
vember  1566,  and  grtMuated  B.A»  1570-1, 
M.A.  1574.  He  was  appointed  lecturer  at 
Wethersfield,  Essex,  about  1577.  In  1683 
he,  with  twentj'Six  others,  petitioned  the 
priTj  council  againstWhitgifb^  three  articles, 
and  against  jSishop  Aylmer's  proceedings 
on  them  at  his  visitation  ('Second  part 
of  a  I^egister,' manuscript  at  Dr.  Williams's 
Library,  p.  880 ;  Bboos,  Puritans^  ii.  276 ; 
David,  Nonoan/ormity  in Etmx,  p.  78).  Whit* 
gift  suspended  all  the  petitioners.  After  a 
suspension  of  eight  months  Bogers  resumed 
his  preaching,  and  was  restcoed  to  his  mini- 
stry through  the  intervention  of  Sir  Bobert 
Wroth.  Kogers  espoused  the  presbyterian 
movement  under  Cartwright,  and  signed  the 
Book  of  Discipline  (N^al,  JPuritanSf  i.  387). 
He  is  mentioned  W  Bancroft  as  one  of  a 
classis  about  the  firaintree  side,  together 
witli  Culverwell,  Gifford,  and  others  (Bav- 
OBOfT,  Dangerous  BotitionSf  p.  84).  In  1598 
and  1603  he  was  aocordm^ly  again  in 
trouble ;  on  the  fonner  oecasion  bdbre  the 
ecdesiaiticsl  commission,  and  on  the  latter 
for  refusiiu[  the  oath  er  ofido  {Baker  MS8, 
zi.  344;  Bbook,  Puritans,  ii.  232).  He 
owed  lus  restoration  to  the  influence  of 
William,  lord  KnoUys,  and  acknowledffed 
his  protection  in  several  passagea  of  nis 
diary  (quoted  in  Datid,  u.s.)  Under  the 
episcopate  of  Bichard  Vaughan  [q.  vj,  bishop 
of  London  between  l€i04  and  1^7,  he  en« 
joyed  much  liberty;  but  imder  Vaughan's 
successor,  Thomas  Kavis  [q.  v/],  he  was  affain 
persecuted.  Bogeradied  at  Wethersfield  on 
21  April  1618,  and  was  buried  on  the  right 
side  of  the  path  in  Wetherafield  chucchyiuxi 
leading  to  the  nave  of  the  church  (see  his  epi* 
taph  in  Congregational  Mag,  new  ser.  April 
1826).  Bogem  waa  the  father  of  Daniel 
<157d-1652)  and  Ezekiel  Bogers,  both  of 
whom  are  separately  noticed,  and  the  imme- 
diate predecessor  at  Wethereield  of  Stephen 
Marshall  [q.  v.] 

Bogers  wrote:  1;  'Beaven  treatises  con- 
taining such  directions  as  is  gathered  out  ot 
the  Holie  Scriptures,^  1603 ;  2nd  edit  Lon- 
don, 1605,  dedicated  to.  King  James ;  4th 
edit.  1627, 8tV0>  2  pai:ts;  5th  edit,  1630,  4to, 
An  abbreviated  version,  called  'lliePrac<;ice 
of  Christianity, 'is  dated  1618^ and  was  o^n 
reissued,  2.  '  A  garden  of  spirituaU  flowers^ 
planted  b;  B[ichardl  B[ogersl,  W[illl  P[er- 
kins],  B{ichard]  QfreenhamJ,  M.  M.,  and 


Greorg«l  Wfebbe],  London,  1612  8vo,  1622 
l&io,  1632  12mo,  1643  12mo  (2  parts),  1687 
12mo(2parts).  3.  'Certaine Sermons,  directly 
tending  to  liiese  three  ends.  First,  to  bring  any 
bad  person  (that  hath  not  committed  the  same 
that  is  unpardonable)  to  true  conversion; 
secondly,  to  establish  and  settle  all  sudi  as 
are  converted  in  faith  and  repentance^ 
thirdly,  to  leade  them  forward  (that  are  ao 
settled)  in  the  Christian  life  .  •  .  whereunto 
are  annexed  divers  .  .  .  sermons  of  Samuel 
Wright,  B.D.,'  London,  1612,  8vo.  4  'A 
Oommentiiry  upon  the  whole  book  of  Judset, 
preached  first  and  delivered  in  sundrie  lec- 
tures,'London,  1616,  dedicated  to  Sir  Edward 
Coke.  6.  'Samuel's  encounter  with  Saul, 
1  Sam.  chap,  xv. . . .  preached  and  penned  by 
that  worthy  servant  of  GK)d,  Mr.  Bichard 
Bogers,'  London,  1620. 

[David's  NoncoDformity  in  Bssax,  p.  108; 
Chester'fl  John  Bogers,  pp.  288,  24d;  Stale 
Papers,  Dom. ;  Granger's  &ogr.  Hist ;  Firmin's 
Beal  Christian,  p.  67, 1 670  edit. ;  Kennett'e  Chro- 
nic, t>^  ^98 ;  Bogers's  Works  in  the  British  Mu- 
seum.] W.  A.  S. 

BOaERS,BOBERT(1727-1800),colonel, 
was  bom  in  1727  at  Dunbarton,  New  Hamp- 
shire, where  his  father,  James  Bogers,  was 
one  of  the  first  settlers.  He  gained  great 
celebrity  as  commander  of  *  Boeers's  rangers' 
in  the  war  with  the  French  in  North  America, 
1755-60,  and  a  precipice  near  Lake  George 
is  named  'Bo^ers's  Slide/  after  his  escape 
down  the  precipice  from  the  Indians.  On 
18 March  1/58,  with  one  hundred  and  seventy 
men.  he  fought  one  hundred  French  and  six 
hunared  Indians,  and  retreated  after  losinfi" 
one  hundred  men  and  killing  one  hundrea 
and  fifty.  In  1759  he  was  sent  by  Sir  Jefieiy 
Amherst  from  Crown  Point  to  destroy 
the  Indian  village  of  St.  Frauds,  near  Si 
Lawrence  Biver,  and  in  1760  he  was  ordered 
to  take  possession  of  Detroit  and  other  western 
posts  ceded  hj  the  French  after  tiie  fhll  of 
Quebec,  a  mission  which  he  accomplished 
with  success.  He  soon  afterwards  insited 
England,  where  he  steered  from  neglect  and 
poverty;  but  in  1765  be  found  means  to  print 
his  '  Journals,'  which  attracted  Geor^  Ill's 
favourable  notice.  In  1766  the  king  ap- 
pointed him  governor  of  Mackinaw,  Michi- 
gan. On  an  accusation  of  intriguing  with 
the  Spaniards,  he  was  sent  in  irons  to  Mont- 
real and  tried  b^  oourt^mortlaL  Having 
been  acquitted,  hein'1769  revisited  Engisnd, 
where  he  was  soon  imprisoned  lor  debt. 
Subeequently  he  became  a  colonel  in  the 
British  army  in  America^  and  raised  the 
'queen'ft  rangers.'  His  printed  ciranlar  to 
recruits  promised  them  ^ifaeii*  proportion  of 
aU  rebel  land&^    On  21  Oct,  1776  he  escaped 


Rogers 


n9 


Rogttk 


beia^  taken  prisoner  by.  Lord  Sdrling  at 
MamaniBeek.  Sooa  shet  he  went  to  Eng- 
liflidf  lad  in  1778  he  wae  proaeribed  and 
baniahad  by  the  piovineial  congieafl  of  New 
HaMpahire.  He  died  in  London  in  1800. 
Among  his  works  are :  '  A  Concise  Acoonnt 
oi  North  America,'  and  *  JoumalB/  giving  a 
gnfhioaeeonint  of  hla  early  adventures  as  a 
saager,  London,  1766,  8vo,  and  edited  by 
FranUin  B.  Hough,  Albany,  1888.  (The 
'Jouinals'  aia  a£o  condensed  in  Stark's 
*  Hmrrinianaaoaa  of  the  French  War,'  1881, 
and  in  the « Memoir  of  John  Stark,'  1860). 
*PaiKteaoh,  or  the  Savagea  of  America:  a 
Tragedy,'  by  Bogers  in  Terse,  appeared  in 
17<n,  8fo;  only  two  ooptee  arelmown  to 
eziot,  one  La  the  posaeasion  of  Mr.  Francis 
Fukman,  and  the  othev  in  the  British  Mu- 
samn  libnvy;;  Bogera'a  '  Biaxy  of  the  Siege 
of  Detmik'  was  first  edited  by  F.  B.  Hough 
at  Attny  in  18ea 

[SihiWs  Amer.  Loyalists;  Byerson's  Amer. 
Loyalists;  Applebon's  Cyd.  toL  ▼. ;  Brit  Mas. 
Gat;  FkiliBan's  Works,  pasBim;  Dtiyckinck*s 
Cf6L  Y«i.  i.;  Allibeae's  IMot  Tol.  ii.]  B.  H.  8. 

BOG£BB,  SAMUEL  (1768-1865),  poet, 

was  bom  at  Stdce  Newington  on  90  July 

1763.    The  fiunily  is  said  to  have  been  on- 

ginaBy  Welsh,  witii  a  dash  of  French  blood 

thieaak  Ihe  mamage  of  the  poet's  great* 

gnaufehes,  the  &at  •aoaeeatox  of  whom  theise 

is  mnjrwasdj  witii  a  la^  ^am  Nantes*  The 

poeta  iSither,  Thomas  Bogen,  was  scm  of  a 

gbaanmnnfiustureratStoiiinvidgeyWorceatep* 

shire,  mmi:  tItBoaKh  his  mother  waa  related  to 

Riehaid  Bayne  Mmght  [q.  v.J;  he  went  in 

youth  to  Lcnadon,  to  toke  part  m  the  manage- 

■Kut  of  a  wazehouse  iui  which  his  &ther  was 

a  partner  with  Daniel  Badford   of  Stoke 

XewingtODv   ih  1760  Thomas  married  Daniel 

Bedlbrafa  damg^iteF  Maty,  and  was  taken  into 

1 1^  fbUowing  year.    Daniel 

deaeeaded  through  his  mother 

_  Etenxy,  was  treasurer  of  the  pees- 

cimgiegation  at  Stoke  Newington, 

aadan^inftisata  friandof  Dr.  Price  and  other 

Botabln  peSBons/conneoted  with  it.    Hiason-* 

in4asr,.  whose  Cunilv  connections  had  been 

tocy  aad  'hkffh  dknroh,  embreeed  liberal  and 

Boncanfianiiie*'  principles,  and  the  ehildnan 

wen  bcondbt'  cp  as  dissentera. 

Samael  Kctfam  received  his  education  at 
|riTBte  sefaoobiB  Haciniey  and  Stoke  New- 
naton^  at  die  former  of  which  hecontraoted 
a  n&low  friandahip  witli  WiMiam  Maltby 
[q.  T.]  ^Hie  Newington  master,  Mr.  Burgh, 
ifterwapda  gMBdiim.priTatB  leaaQne  in  laling- 
toD,  mod:  aaJBiciaod  a  highly  beneficial  influ- 
oiee  i^oa  liiaB.  He  lost  his  mother  in  1776.- 
fiii  amn  eboioa  of  a  Tosation  had  been 


ureabyterian  ministry,  hut  his  Jather,  who 
nad  in  the  meantime  become  a  banker  in 
Gomhill,  in  partnership  with  a  gentleman  of 
the  namex>f  Welch,  wished  him  to  entev  the 
bank,  aaid<  he  complied.  His  intellectual 
taatea  found  an  ouUet  in  a  determination  to 
acquire  fame  as  an  author.  During  long  hoU*- 
days  at  the  seaside,  necessitated  by  indif* 
ferent  health,  he  read  widely  and  £uain 
liarised  himself  with  Johnson,  Goldsmith, 
and  Qray,  who  remained  his  models  throuffh** 
out  his  life«  He  went,  with  his  Mend  Maltoy, 
toproffer  his  personal  homage  to  Dr.  Johnaon, 
but  the  3routn8'  courage  &ued,  and  they  re* 
treated  without  venturing  to  lift  the  knocker. 
In  1781  he  contributed  seTeral  short  essays 
to  the  '  Gentleman's  Magaaine,'  and  the  fol^ 
lowing  year  wrote  an  unacted  opera,  *  The 
Vintage  of  Burgundy,'  of  which  some  frag* 
ments  remain,  in  1786  he  j^blished,  anony- 
mously, ^  An  Ode  to  Superstition,  with  some 
other  Fbems.'  An  elder  brother,  Thomas,  died 
in  1788,  and  his  share  in  the  bank's  manage- 
ment and  profits  became  considerable.  In 
1789  he  visited  Scotland,  where  he  received 
especial  kindness  from  Dr.  Bobertson,  the 
historian,  and  made  the  acquaintanoe  of 
almoat  every  Scottish  man  of  lettera,  but 
heard  nothing  of  Robert  Bums.  In  179L 
he  visited  France,  and  in  1792  published, 
a^n  anonymoualy,  the  poem  with  wIucIk 
his  name  as  a  poet  is,  on  the  whole,  most 
intimately  associated,  'The  Pleasuxesof 
Memory/  The  child  of  '  The  Pleasures  of 
Imagination'  and  the  parent  of '  The  PleaBUies 
of  BS>pe,'  it  entirely  hit  the  taste  of  the  day; 
By  1806  it  had  ffone  through  fifteen  editions, 
two-thirds  of  tnem  uumMring  firom  one  to 
two  thousand  copies  each. 

Bogers's  father  died  in  June  1798.  His 
eldest  brother,  Daniel,  had  offended  his  ftthev 
by  marrying  hia  cousin ;  the  family  share  m 
the  bank  was  bequeathed  to  Samuel,  and  he 
found  himself  poasessed  of  fire  thouaand  a 
year.  Without  immectiately  giving  up  the 
fiuttily  honse  on  Newington  Gbeen,  he  took 
chambers  in  Paper  Buildings,andlaid  himself 
out  for  aoeietyk  He  had  already  many  lita- 
raiy  acquaintances ;  and  now  constmined  by 
hereditary  connections  and  his  own  well-con- 
sidered opinions  to  chose  his  friends  mainly 
from  the  opposition,  he  became  intimatis 
witib  Fox,  Sheridan,  and  £b>me  Tooke* 
Another  fnend  who  had  mora  inflnence  upoak 
him  than  any  of  the  reat  was  Bichard  Sharp 
Pq.  v.],  generally  known  as  '  Gonveisatioii 
Sharps'  one  of  the  best  literary  judoea  of  hia 
time.  In  1796Bogexe  wrote  an  enilogae  for 
Mra.  Siddona,  asumcieiit  proof  of  the  position 
which  he  had-  gained  as  a  poet,  a  positi(H& 
wlich  was  even  raised . by  the  '  £^Mmft  to* 


Rogers 


140 


Rogers 


Friend/ puUifllied  in  1798.  InlSOShetook 
advantage  of  the  peace  of  Amiena  to  pa^r  a 
Tisit  to  Parisi  which  exercised  an  important 
influence  upon  a  taste  which  had  been 
•lowly  ffrowing  up  In  him — ^that  for  art. 
With  this  he  had  been  inoculated  about 
1705  by  his  brotheF-in-laW|  Sutton  Sharpe, 
the  friend  of  many  painters;  and  he  had 
already,  in  1800,  been  concerned  with 
others  in  bringing  over  the  Orleans  gallery 
to  England.  Br  1802  the  Tictories  ot 
Bonaparte  had  filled  the  Louvre  with  the 
artistic  spoils  of  Italy,  and  Rogers^s  pro- 
longed studies  made  him  one  of  the  first  of 
connoisseurs.  He  proved  his  taste  in  the 
following  year  by  building  for  himself  a 
house  in  St.  James's  Street,  Westminster, 
overlooking  the  Green  Park.  FUxman  and 
Stothard  took  a  share  in  the  decoration,  but 
all  detaila  were  superintended  by  Rogers, 
who  proceeded  to  adorn  his  mansion,  modest 
enou|^h  in  point  of  sijee,  with  pictures,  en- 
gravings, antiquities,  and  books,  collected 
with  admirable  judgment.  His  younger 
brother,  Henry,  now  relieved  him  almost 
entirely  of  business  cares,  and  he  henceforth 
lired  wholly  for  letters,  art,  and  society.  Ex- 
cept for  the  absence  of  domestic  joys,  which 
he  afterwards  lamented,  his  position  was  en- 
viable. He  had  won,  in  the  general  opinion, 
a  hi^  place  among  the  poets  of  his  age,  not 
indMd  without  labour,  for  no  man  toiled 
harder  to  produce  less,  but  with  more  limited 
productiveness  than  any  poet  of  note,  ex- 
cept the  equally  fastidious  Gray  and  Camp- 
bell. He  might  have  found  it  difficult  to 
maintain  this  position  but  for  the  social 
prestige  which  came  to  him  at  a  critical 
time  through  his  new  house  and  his  re- 
fined hospitality.  'Rogers's  first  advances 
to  the  best  society,'  says  Mr.  Hay  ward, '  were 
made  rather  in  the  character  of  a  liberal 
host  than  of  a  popular  poet.'  Gradually 
he  came  to  be  regarded  as  a  potentate  in 
the  republic  of  letters.  Except  when  violent 
politicid  antipathies  intervened,  every  one 
sought  his  acquaintance ;  and  the  mora  age 
impaired  his  originally  limited  productire 
faculty,  the  more  homage  he  received  as  the 
Neetor  of  living  poets.  Apart  from  the  ex- 
(^uisite  taste,  artistic  and  social,  which  dia- 
tmguished  both  his  house  and  the  company 
he  ^thered  around  him,  his  infiuence  rested 
mainljP'  upon  two  characteristics,  which  at 
first  sight  seemed  hardly  compatible— the 
hittemeas  of  his  tongue  and  the  kindness  of 
his  heart.  Everybody  dreaded  his  mordant 
saicaam ;  but  everybody  thou^^t  first  of  him 
when  either  pecuniary  or  personal  aid  was  to 
be  invoked.  When  some  one  complained  to 
Oampbellof  Rogers's  spiteful  tongue^'  B<»row 


five  hundred  pounds  of  him,'  was  the  reply, 
*  and  he  will  never  say  a  word  against  you 
until  you  want  to  repay  him.'  Gan^belldid 
not  speak  without  warrant;  his  experienoe 
of  Rogers  was  equally  honourable  to  both 
poets. 

The  history  of  Rogers's  life  henceforth, 
apart  from  hia   travels   and   the  gradaal 
growth  of  his  art  collections,  is  maimy  that 
of  his  publications  and  of  his  beneficent  in- 
terpositions in  the  afiairs  of  clients  and 
friends.    The  latter  are  more  numereus  than 
his  verses.    He  soothed  the  last  illness  oi 
Fox;  he  was  the  good  angel  of  the  dying 
Sheridan ;  he  reconciled  Moore  with  Jeffrey, 
and  negotiated  his  admission  as  a  contributor 
to  the  '  Edinburgh  Review ; '  under  his  roof 
the  quarrel  between  Byron  and  Moore  was 
made  up;  he  procured  Wordsworth  his  di»- 
tributorehip  ot  stamps  by  a  seasonable  hint 
to  Lord  Lonsdale ;  he  obtained  a  pension  for 
Cary  (the  translator  of  Dante,  wno  had  re- 
nounce his  acquaintance),  and  regulated  as 
far  aa  possible  the  literary  affairs  of  that 
impracticable  genius,  Uffo  Foscolo.    In  com- 
parison with  these  good  deeds  the  acerbity 
of  his  sarcasms  appears  of  little  account. 
Sometimes  those  were  prompted  hj  just  re- 
sentment, and  in  other  cases  it  is  usually 
evident  that  the  incentive  to  their  utterance 
was  not  malice,  but  inability  to  suppress  a 
clever  thing.    It  would  no  doubt  have  been 
an  ornament  to  Rogera's  chavncter  if  he  had 
possessed  in  any  corresponding  meaaure  the 
power  of  saving  amiable  and  gracious  thinss, 
and  his  habitiudlv  censorioua  attitude  fruly 
justified  the  remark  of  Moore,  a  sincere  friend, 
not  unconscious  of  his  obligations :  *  I  always 
feel  that  the  fear  of  losing  his  good  opinion 
almost  embitters  the  possession  of  it.'    How 
generous  Rogers  could  be  in  his  estimate  of 
the  productions  of  othen  appean  from  his 
declaration  to  Crabb  Robinson,  tlutt  every 
line  of  Wordsworth's  volume  of  1842,  not 
in  general  very  enthusiastically  admired,  was 
'pure  gold.'    He  could  be  equally  kind  U> 
young  authore  coming  into  notice,  such  aa 
Henry  Taylor.    So  unjust  was  Lady  Dnf- 
ferin's  remark  that  he  gave  what  he  did  not 
value — ^money — ^but  withheld  what  he  did 
value — praise.    Rogers's  poems  met  with  n>- 
spectful  treatment  from  his  contemporaries, 
Byron,  in  particular,  claiming  him,  with 
several  other  much  atronger    poets,   as  ft 
champion  of  sound  taste  against  the  Lake 
school,  now  a  conspicuous  example  of  a  ver- 
dict reversed. 

His  fint  production  of  importaaee  alter 
settling  in  Westminster  was  his  fragmentary 
epic  on  'Columbus'  (1810,  but  iMrivately 
printed  two  years  earlier)*    The  subject  waa 


Rogers 


141 


Rogers 


too  ETdaoiis  for  htm,  and  the  poem  was 
placed  by  himaelf  at  the  bottom  of  hia  com- 
poeitiona.  It  ahows,  however,  that  he  was 
not  imaffected  hj  the  spirit  of  his  age,  for 
the  Tersification  is  much  fireer  than  in  '  The 
Pkasures  of  Memory.*  It  was  severely  cas- 
tigated by  William  Ward,  third  viscount 
Du^y,  in  the  '  Quarterly/  and  Rogers  re- 
torted by  the  classical  epigram : 

Wsid  has  no  heart,  they  say ;  bnt  I  denjr  it. 
His  An  a  heart — ^he  gets  his  speeches  by  it. 

'  Jacqueline '  appeared  in  1814  in  the  same 
volume  as  Byron's  'Lara,'  a  questionable 
conpanion,  the  wite  declared,  for  a  damsel 
careful  of  her  character.  The  poem  is  of 
little  importance  except  as  proving^  that 
Boffera  could,  when  he  chose,  write  in  the 
style  of  Scott  and  Byron.  Successful,  too, 
waa  'Himian  Life'  (1819),  which  Rogers 
justly  preferred  to  any  of  his  writings.  A 
visit  to  Italy  in  1816  had  suggested  to  him 
tfaeidea  of  a  poem  descriptive  of  that  country, 
w^hkh  Byron  had  not  then  handled  in  the 
fourth  canto  of '  Childe  Harold.'  The  poems 
have  nothing  in  common  but  their  theme ; 
yet  it  may  have  been  awe  of  his  mighty  rival 
that  made  Rogers,  always  cautious  and  fasti- 
dious, so  nervous  respectinff  the  publication 
<if  his '  Italy.'  It  appeared  anonymously  in 
1S22;  the  secret  was  kept  even  from  the 
publidier,  and  the  author  took  care  to  be  out 
of  the  country.  No  such  mystery,  however, 
attended  the  publication  of  the  second  part 
IB  1828.  The  book  did  not  take.  Rogers 
destroyed  the  unsold  copies,  revised  it  care- 
fully, engaged  Turner  and  Stothard  to  illus- 
trate it,  and  republished  it  in  a  handsome 
edition  in  1890.  The  suocesa  of  this  edition, 
as  well  as  of  a  similar  issue  of  his  other 
poems  in  1834,  was  unequivocal,  and  he  soon 
Teeovered  the  7,000/.  he  had  expended  upon 
them.  The  tardy  success  of  the  volume 
oeeasioned,  among  many  other  epiflprams, 
Lady  Bleasington's  mot,  that '  it  would  have 
been  diahed  were  it  not  for  the  plates.'  All 
hia  works,  except  'Jacqueline,  were  pub- 
lished at  hia  own  expense. 

An  interesting  incident  in  Rogers's  life 

was  lua  visit  to  Italy  in  1822,  when  he  spent 

some  time  with  Byron  and  SheUev  at  Pisa. 

Shelley  he   respected;   Byron  fell  in  his 

esteem,  and  would  have  declined  still  mors 

if  he  had  then  known  that  Byron  had  already 

in  1818  penned  a  bitter  lampoon  upon  him. 

Byron  boaated  that  he  induced  Ro^rs  in 

1S28  to  sit  upon  a  cushion  under  which  the 

mper  containing  the  malignant  lines  had 

kenthmat.  They  partly  remted  to  Roffers's 

fidavenMis  appearance,  the  ordinary  tneme 

sf  jest  among  his  detmctors,  but  greatly  ex- 


aggerated. *^  He  looked,'  says  the  '  Quarterly ' 
reviewer,  'like  what  he  was,  a  benevolent 
man  and  a  thorouffh  {gentleman.' 

In  1844  the  placid  course  of  Rogers's 
existence  was  perturbed  by  a  startling  blow, 
a  robbery  at  his  bank.  Forty  thousand  pounds 
in  notes  and  a  thousand  pounds  in  gold 
were  abstracted  on  a  Sunday  from  a  safe 
which  had  been  opened  with  one  of  its  own 
keys.  The  promptitude  of  the  measures 
taken  prevented  the  cashing  of  the  stolen 
notes,  the  bank  of  England  repaid  their  value 
under  a  guarantee  of  indemnity,  and  after 
two  years  the  notes  themselves  were  re- 
covered by  a  payment  of  2,600/.  Rogers 
manifested  admirable  fortitude  throughout 
this  trying  business.  *  I  should  be  asluuned 
of  myself,  he  said,  *  if  I  were  unable  to  bear 
a  shock  like  this  at  my  age.'  He  was  also 
consoled  by  universal  testimonies  of  sym- 
pathy :  '  It  is  the  only  part  of  your  fortune,' 
wrote  Edward  Everett, '  which  has  gone  for 
any  other  objects  than  those  of  benevolence, 
hospitality,  and  taste.'  In  1850  he  had 
another  proof  of  the  general  respect  in  the 
offer  of  the  laureat€«hip  on  the  death  of 
Wordsworth,  which  was  declined.  Shortly 
afterwards^  he  met  with  a  severe  accident  by 
breaking  his  leg.  From  that  time  his  health 
and  faculties  waned,  but,  cheered  by  the 
devotion  of  a  niece  and  the  constant  atten- 
tions of  friends,  he  wore  on  until  18  Dec. 
1855,  when  he  tranquilly  expired.  He  was 
buried  in  Homsey  churchyard,  with  his 
brother  Henry  and  his  sister  Sarah,  the  latter 
of  whom,  his  special  friend  and  confidant, 
he  survived  only  a  year.  His  art  collections 
and  library,  when  sold  at  Christie's  after  his 
death,  produced  50,000/.  (see  'Sale  Cata- 
logue' and  'Catalogue  of  Purchasers'  by 
M.  H.  Bloxam,  in  the  British  Museum). 

Rogers  was  not  a  man  of  exceptional 
mental  powers  or  moral  force,  but  such  of 
his  characteristics  as  exceeded  the  average 
standard  were  precisely  those  which  contri- 
bute most  to  tne  emMllishment  of  human 
life.  They  were  taste^  benevolence,  and  wit. 
His  perception  and  enjoyment  of  natural  and 
moral  beauty  were  very  keen.  In  other  re- 
spects he  was  the  exemplary  citixen,  neither 
heroic  nor  enthusiastic,  nor  exempt  from 
frailties,  but  filling  his  place  in  the  commu- 
nity as  became  hb  fortune  and  position. 

Ilogers's  title  to  a  place  among  the  repre- 
sentatives of  the  most  brilliant  age— the 
drama  apart — of  English  poetry  cannot  now 
be  challenged,  but  his  rank  is  lower  than 
that  of  any  of  his  contemporaries,  and  his 
position  is  due  in  great  measure  to  two  for- 
tunate accidents :  the  establishment  of  his 
rsputatiott  before  the  advent,  or  at  least 


:Rogers 


14a 


Rogers 


the  Teco^ition,  of  more  potent  spirits, 
and  the  intimate  association  of  his  name 
with  that  of  gireatar  men.  He  has,  haw- 
eyer,  one  peculiar  distinction,  that  of  /ex- 
emplifying beyond  almost  any  other  poet 
what  a  moderate  poetical  enaowment  can 
effect  when  prompted  by  ardent  ambition 
and  ffuided  vy  renned  taste.  Among  the 
counuess  examples  of  splendid  gifts  marred 
or  wasted,  it  is  pleasing  to  find  one  of  medio- 
erity  derated  to  something  like  distinction 

a  fastidious  care  and  severe  toil.  It  must 
o  be  allowed  that  his  inspiration  was 
genuine  as  £Etr  as  it  went,  and  that  it  emsr 
aated  from  a  store  of  sweetness  and  tender- 
ness actually  existing  in  the  poet's  nature. 
This  is  proved  by  the  great  superiority  of 
'Human  Life'  to  'The  Pleasures  of  Me- 
mory.' The  latter,  composed  at  a  period  of 
life  when  the  author  had  reaUr  little  to 
remember,  necessarily,  in  spite  Oi  occasional 
beauties,  appears  thin  and  conventional.  The 
former,  written  after  half  a  century's  ex- 
toerience  of  life,  is  instinct  with  the  wis- 
«0m  of  one  who  has  learned  and  reflected, 
and  the  pathos  of  one  who  has  felt  and 
suffered. 

Rogers's  own  portrait,  after  a  drawing  by 
Sir  Thomas  Lawrence,  is  prefixed  to  sevend 
editions  of  his  works.  It  exhibits  no  trace 
•of  the  '  wrinkles  that  would  puzzle  Cocker.* 
There  was  also  an  oil-painting  by  Lawrence 
of  the  poet  and  one  oy  Hoppner  (sst.  46). 
The  bust  by  Dantan  suggests  a  likeness  to 
the  senile  visage  of  Voltaire.  The  sketch 
by  Maclise,  though  described  by  Goethe  as 
a  '  ghastly  caricature,'  was  regarded  by  many 
of  me  poet's  friends  as  a  faithful  likeness. 

[Hogers  pervades  the  literary  atmosphere  ot 
the  first  half  of  the  nineteenth  century;  its 
memoirs,  jonmals,  and  oorrespondenoe  teem  with 
allusions  to  him.  Moore's  Diary  is  probably  the 
most  important  soaree  of  this  nature,  bat  there 
is  hardly  any  book  of  the  class  relating  to  this 
period  from  which  some  information  cannot  be 
^ned.  The  moat  important  part  of  it,  how- 
ever, is  gathered  np  in  The  Early  Life  of  Samneil 
Hogers  (1887)  and  Kogers  and  his  Contempo- 
raries (1889),  both  by  P.  W.  CUyden,  two  ex- 
cellent works.  See  also  Mr.  Clayden's  Memoir 
of  Samuel  Sharpe,  Bogers's  nepnew.  A  very 
satisfactory  abridged  memoir  by  this  nephew 
18  prefixed  to  the  edition  of  Rogers's  Poems  pub- 
lished in  1860.  His  recollections  of  the  conver- 
sation of  others^nblitohed  after  his  death  by 
another  nephew,  William  Sharpe,  in  1856,  supply 
renriniscenoes  of  Fbz,  Bnrk«,  Porson,  Grattaa, 
Talleyrand,  Scott,  Erskine,  Qrenirille,  and  Wei- 
iingtoo.  Rogers's  table-talk,  edited  by  Alex- 
aader  Djoe  in  1860,  tiiongh  not  directly  oon- 
«emed  with  himself,  preserves  much  of  Burke's, 
Vqx%  and  Horns  Tooke's  conversation.    Of  the 


numerons  notices  in  periodicals,  the  more  imr 
portent  are  that  by  Ahra&am  Hayward  in  the 
Edinburgh  Review  for  July  1856,  and  that  by 
Lady  Eastlake  in  the  Quarterly  for  October 
1888.  The  most  elaborate  criticism  upon  him 
as  a  poet  is  perhaps  that  in  the  National  Re- 
view by  William  Caldwell  Rosooe,  reprinted  in 
his  essays,  acute  but  sometrhat  too  depreciatory. 
See  also  SaintsbmVs  History  of  the  English 
Literature  of  the  iHineteenth  Getttury,  and  The 
Maclise  Pertrait  Oalleiy,  ed.  Sates^  pp.  18  «{.] 

R.  a. 

BOQEBS,  THOMAS  (d.  1616),  motes* 
tant  divine,  was  a  etadentof  Ohrist  Cnurcb, 
Oxford,  in  1571,  and  graduated  B.  A.  7  July 
1573,  andM.A.  6  July  1676  (Oiak,  O.^orrf 
£eff,)    He  was  aubsequently  (11  Dec  11^1) 
rector  of  Homingsheath  or  Horringer,  Suf- 
folk. Browne's  statement  (Cbn^ivij^a^Mma/imi 
in  Surre^t  p.  50)  that  he  miffered  auspensioB 
along  vTith  Dr.  Bound  in  1663  seems  to  be 
due  to  a  confusion  with  Kiohaxd  Bogers 
(1660-1618  P)  [q.  v.]    Bogera  was  the  great 
opponent  of  Bound  in  the  Sabbatarian  con- 
troversy (Cox,  Literature  of  the  Sabbath 
Question,  i.  146,  149,  212 ;  Fullbb,  Gkurck 
Hiitory,  v.  81, 215 ;  Stbtpb,  Orindal,  p.  453). 
His  numerous  religious  publications  were 
held  in  high  esteem  among  adherents  of  his 
own  views  in  his  own  and  later  times. 
Bogers  became  chaplain  to  Bancroft,  and 
aided  him  in  his  literaiy  work*     He  died 
at  Homingsheath  in  1616.     He  was  buried 
in  the  chancel  of  hia  church  there,  22  Febb 
1616-6. 

Bogers's  ohief  works  were  two  Tolumes  on 
the    English    deed,   respectively    entitled 
'  The  English  Creed,  Wherein  is  contained  in 
Tables  an  Exposition  on  the  Artioies  which 
every  Man  is  to  Subscribe  ttnto/  London, 
1679  and  1686,  and  <The  EngHsh  Oreede, 
consenting  with  the  True,  AuHcientt  Oatho- 
lique  and  Apostolique  Church/  London^  pt.  i. 
1585,  fol.,  pt.  ii.  1687,  fol.,  and  1^7,  4ta 
This  latter  snbsequently  appeared  in  another 
iarm  as  an  expositkm  of  the  Thirty-nine 
Articles,  entitled  'The  Faith^  Doctrine,  and 
Religion  professed  and  protected  in  the  Realm 
of  England  and  Dominions  of  the  amxke,  ex- 
pressed in  Thirtv-nine  Artielea/  Cambridge, 
1607  4to ;  London,  1621  4to,  1629  44)o,  1633 
4to,  1668  4to,  1661 4to ;  Cambridge,  1 691 4to ; 
abstnuQta  are  dated  1666   4to,    1776  8vo. 
This  book,  which  wtis  praised  by  Toplady, 
Bickereteth,  and  Other  evangelieal  ^ivjnee, 
was  reprinted  in  1854  by  tihe  Parker  Society 
<cf.  Wood,  Atkenee  Oamu  \L  163).     AlIdio^ 
eonally  popular  were  Bqgers's  tranalation  .of 
'The  imitation  of  Chriet'   (London,  1580, 
12mo;   often    rqninted  till  163^)  and  lus 
<0f  die  Endeof  this  World  and  the  Seeond 


Rogers 


M3 


Rogers 


Coming  of  Obrffit^*  ftc.  rtranslated  from  the 
Lstin  of  S*  a  (3«reren  [London,  15771  4to, 
1578  4to,  1589  4to. 

Other  original  publications  b^  him  were  : 
1.  'A  Philosophical  Discourse,  entituled  the 
Anttomie  of  the  Minde/  black  letter,  Lon- 
don, 1576,  8yo.  2.  '  General  Session,  con- 
tidning  an  A-fologr  of  the  Comfortable  Boe- 
trme  eonceming  the  End  of  the  World  and 
the  Second  Coming  of  Christ,'  London, 
1681, 4to.  a  <  A  Golden  Chaine  tiUien  out 
of  the  Rich  Treasure  House,  the  Psalms  of 
King  Dayid  .  .  /  1687,  8to,  with  *  The 
Pearls  of  King  Solomon  gathered  into 
Common  Places — taken  from  the  Proverbs 
<^the8ud  Kipff.'  4.  'Historical  Dialogue 
touching  Antienrist  and  Popery,'  London, 
1589,  8vo.  6. '  A  Sermon  upon  the  6,  7  and 
8  Yenee  of  the  12  Chapter  of  St.  Pauls 
Eptsde  mto  the  Romanes  [in  answer  to  a 
sermon  bj  T.  Gartwright  on  the  same  Text],' 
London,  18  April  1590, 4to.  6. '  Miles  Chris- 
tianas, or  a  Just  Apolone  of  all  necessarie 
•  «  .  writers,  speciallie  of  them  which 
.  .  .  in  a  .  .  •  Deffamatorie  Epistle  [by 
M.  Mosse]  are  unjustly  deprayed,'  1690,  4to. 
7. '  Two  Dialc^es  or  Conierences  (about  an 
old  question  lately  renued  .  . .)  concerning 
knwMing  in  the  Tory  act  of  receiving  the 
Sacramental  bread  and  wine  in  the  Supper 
of  the  Lofrd/  London,  1608,  4to. 

R«gei8*8  numerous  translations  included 
'A  Genenl  Discourse  against  the  damnable 
Sect  <]£  Uauiers,  Sec,  [from  the  Latin  of 
Ceesr  PhilippusV  1678,  4to ;  '  The  Enemie 
of  Seenzitle  .  . .  f from  the  Latin  of  J.  Haber- 
manny  1680  l2mo,  1591  12mo ;  'The 
Faith  of  the  Church  Militant . . .  described 
in  this  Exposition  of  the  84  Psalme  by  .  . . 
N.  Hemmmgius  . . .'  1581,  8to;  'St.  Augus- 
tine's Praiers,'  London,  1681,  with  *St. 
Augustine's  manual;'  'A  pretious  Book 
of  HeaTenlie  Meditations  by  St.  Augustine,' 
London*  1600  12mo,  1612  12mo,  1616 
ISmo,  1829  12mo,  dedicated  to  Thomas 
Wilson,  D,C.L. ;  '  Of  the  Foolishness  of 
Men  in  puttin^^  off  the  Amendement  of  their 
lives  from  Daie  to  Daie  [from  the  Latin  of 
J.  Birius]'  (1682  P),  8to  ;  *  A  Methode  unto 
Mortification  :  called  heretofore  the  Con- 
tempt of  the  World  and  the  vanitie  thereof. 
Wntten  at  the  first  in  the  Spanish  [by  D. 
de  IBstellA],  afterwards  translated  into  the 
Italian,  Emj^h,  and  Latine  Tongues,'  Lon- 
don, 1906,  i:2mo ;  '  Soliloqnium  Anim£B  .  .  . 
fbj  Thomas  k  Kempis],'  1616  12mo,  1628 
l-imo,  1640  12!mo. 

Hacfitt  al0o  identifies  him  with  the  Tho- 
n&i  Rogers,  atithcr  of '  Celestial  1  Elegies  of 
the  (Goddesses  and  the  Muses,  deploring  the 
desth  of  Franees,  Countesse  of  Hertford/ 


London,  1698;  reprinted  in  the  Boxburghe 
Club's '  Lamport  GFarland,' 1867.  In  Harleian 
MS.  8366  is  <The  Ambassador's  Idea,'  a 
work  finished  by  T.  Rogers  on  18  July  1638, 
and  dedicated  to  Jerome,  earl  of  Portland* 
It  does  not  appear  to  hare  been  printed. 

S Authorities  as  in  text;  Hazlitt's  Handbook 
I  CoUectioos,  passim.]  W.  A  S. 

EOOEBS,  THOMAS  (1680-1604),  di- 
Yine,  son  of  John  and  grandson  of  Thomas 
Rogers,  successively  rectors  of  Bishop's 
Hampton  (now  Hampton  Lucy),  Warwiek- 
shire,  was  bom  at  Bishc^'ji  Hampton  on 
27  Dec.  1660,  and  educated  at  the  fi«e  aohool 
there.  He  entered  Trinity  College,  Oxford, 
matriculating,  on  15  Maj^  1675-6,  under 
the  tutorship  of  John  W^illis.  He  shortly 
afterwards  transferred  himself  to  Hart  Hall,, 
and  graduated  thence  on  23  Oct.  1679,  and 
M.  A.  on  5  July  1682  (FoffTB^fAlumm  Oxm. ; 
Wood,  Fasti,  li.  888;  AthtruB  Onm.  iv.  400). 
He  took  holy  orders,  and  on  Xx>w  Sunday 
1688  performed  in  St.  Manx's  Church  the 
part  of  rq)etitioner  of  the  K>ur  Easter  ser- 
mons; he  was  inducted  in  April  1600  to^ 
the  small  rectoiy  of  Slapton,  near  Towcester 
in  Northamptonshire.  He  died  of  small-pox 
in  the  house  of  Mr.  Wright,  a  sehoolmsAter, 
in  Bunhill  Fields,  on  8  June  1694.  He  was 
buried  in  the  church  of  St.  Mary  Overy,. 
Southwark  (Wood  j  Coltilb,  WarvnoksMre 
Worthies). 

Roff»8  wrote :  1.  '  Lux  Occidentalis,  or 
Providence  displayed  in  the  Coronation  of 
£ang  WilliAm  and  Queen  Mary  and  their 
happy  Accession  to  the  Crown  of  England, 
anoi  other  remarks,'  London,  1689,4to  (poem 
of  twenty-eight  pages  under  the  running 
title  of  <  The  Phoenix  and  Peacock ').  2. '  The 
Loyal  and  Impartial  Satyrist,  containing 
eight  miscellany  poems,  viz.  (1)  ''  The 
Ghost  of  an  English  Jesuit,''  &c. ;  (2)  <  Look- 
iuff  on  Father  Peter's  Picture ; "  (8)  "  Ecce- 
bolius  Britannicus,  or  a  Memento  to  the 
Jacobites  of  the  higher  order,"'  London, 
1693,  4to.  8.  'A  Poesy  for  Loyers,  or  the 
Terrestrial  Venus  unmask'd,  in  four  poems, 
viz.  (1)  "The  Tempest,  or  Enchanting 
Lady;"  (2)  "  The  Luscious  Penance,  or  the 
Fasting  Lad^,"'  &o.,  London,  1698,  4to. 
4.  'The  Conspiracy  of  Guts  and  Brains,  or  an 
Answer  to  toe  Twin  Shams,'  &c.,  London, 
1693.  5.  'A  True  Protestant  Bridle,  or 
some  Cursory  Bemarks  upon  a  Sermon 
preached  [by  William  Stephens,  rector  of 
Sutton  in  Surrey]  before  the  Lord  Mayor 
and  Aldermen  of  London  on  80  January 
1698,  in  a  Letter  to  Sir  P.  D.,' London,  1694. 
6.  'The  Commonwealths  Man  tinmasqu'd, 
or  a  just  Bebuke  to  the  Author  of  the  ''^Ac- 


Rogers 


144 


Rogers 


•count  of  Denmark/*  in  two  parts/  London, 
1694,  8yo  ;  a  wearisome  and  bif^oted  tirade 
against  the  advanced  whig  principles  em- 
bodied in  the  book  of  Ko^rt  Molesworth, 
first  Tiscount  Molesworth  [q.  v.l  There  is  a 
prefatory  epistle  addressed  to  William  IIL 

[Wood's  Athena  Ozon.  ed.  Bliss,  iv,  401» 
giving  a  list  of  minor  pieces  by  fiogers  which 
appear  to  be  no  longer  extant ;  Golyile's  War- 
wickshire Worthies  ;  Bodleian  Libr.  Gat;  Bogers's 
Works  in  Brit.  Mus.  s,t.  Bogers,  Thomas  and 
B.  T.]  W.  A.  S. 

ROGERS,  THOMAS  (1760-.1832),divine, 
"bom  at  SwiUington,  near  Leeds,  on  19  Feb. 
1760,  was  youngest  son  of  John  Ro|^rs,  vicar 
of  Sherbum,  Yorkshire,  who  is  said  to  have 
been  a  lineal  descendant  of  John  Rogers 
fq.  v.],  the  martyr.  On  leaving  Leeds 
mmmar  school  he  entered  Magdalene  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  in  1779,  graduated  B.A.  in 
1783,  and  was  ordained  deacon  on  Trinity 
Sunday  in  that  year.  After  beinj;  succes- 
sively curate  of  Norton-cum-Galby  in  Leices- 
tersmre,  Ravenstone  in  Derbyshire,  and  at 
^t.  Mary's,  Leicester,  under  Thomas  Robin- 
-son  (1749-1813)  fg.  v.],  he  was  appointed 
headmaster  of  the  Wakefield  grammar  school 
•on  6  Feb.  1795.  In  December  of  the  same 
year  he  was  allowed  to  hold  with  this  office 
the  afternoon  lectureship  of  St.  John'6,Wake- 
field.  Rogers  conducted  some  confirmation 
classes  in  1801  in  Wakefield  parish  church 
with  such  success  that  a  weekly  lectureship 
was  founded  in  order  to  enable  him  perma- 
nently to  continue  his  instruction.  His 
Sunday-evening  lectures  were  thronged,  and 
raised  the  tone  of  the  neighbourhood,  where 
Teligious  feeling  had  long  oeen  sta^ant.  In 
1814  he  resigned  the  mastership  of  the 
•grammar  school,  and  in  1817  became  chap- 
Iain  of  the  West  Riding  house  of  correction 
in  Wakefield.  He  efiected  many  reforms  in 
the  prison.  He  died  on  13  Feb.  1832,  aged 
71,  and  was  buried  in  the  south  aisle  of  the 
parish  church.  His  wife  Elizabeth,  daughter 
of  Robert  Lon^  of  Norton,  whom  he  married 
in  1785,  died  in  1803,  leaving  six  children. 

Besides  'Lectures  on  the  Liturgy  of  the 
Church  of  England '  (London,  1804,  2  vols, 
^vo ;  3rd  edit.  1816),  he  composed  a  manual 
of '  Family  Rrayers,'  1832. 

[Memoir  by  his  son,  the  Bev.  Charles  Bogers, 
1832;  Peacock's  Hist,  of  the  Wakefield  Gram- 
mar School,  1892,  pp.  148-6 ;  Walker's  Cathe- 
dml  Chnich  of  Wakefield,  1888,  pp.  187-9, 223.] 

J.  H.  L, 

ROGiaElS,  TIMOTHY  (1580-1650  P), 
puritan  divine,  eldest  son  of  Vincent  Rogers, 
rector  of  Stratford-le-Bow,  Middlesex,  was 
bom  «t  Stratford,  and   baptised   there  on 


30  March  1589.  His  father  is  supposed  to 
have  been  agrandson  of  JohnRoger8(1500?- 
1556)  [q.  V.J  Nehemiah  Rogers  [q.  v.]  was 
his  younger  brother.  From  the  title-page  of 
Timothys  'Roman-Catharist,'  it  appears  that 
he  was  preacher  at  Steeple,  Essex,  in  1 621 ,  but 
he  does  not  seem  to  have  held  the  vicarage. 
In  1623he  becameperpetual  curate  of  Pontes- 
bright  or  Chapel,  Essex,  and  held  this  living 
till  1650.  On  19  Aug.  1636  he  was  appointed 
to  the  vicarage  of  All  Saints',  Sudbury,  Suf- 
folk. How  long  he  hdd  this  preferment  is 
not  certain.  In  1648  he  was  a  member  of 
the  twelfth  or  Lexden  classis  in  the  presby- 
terian  organisation  for  Essex,  and  in  the 
same  year  he  signed  the  'Testimony'  of 
Essex  ministers  as  '  pastor  of  Chappel.'  He 
probably  died  in  I60O.  His  son  Samuel  wan 
admitted  vicar  of  Great  Tey,  Essex,  on 
27  Jan.  1637-8,  on  the  presentation  of  his 
uncle  Nehemiah. 

Rogers  published:  1.  'The  Righteous  Man's 
Evidence  for  Heaven,' &c.,  1619,  8vo(Watt)  ; 
8th  edit.  1629, 24mo;  12th  edit.  1637, 12mo; 
also  Glasgow,  1784,  12moi  and  in  French, 
'L'H6ritage  du  Ciel,'  Amsterdam,  1703, 8vo. 

2.  <  The  Roman  Catharist,'  &c.  (1612),  4to. 

3.  '  Good  Newes  from  Heaven,'  1628, 24mo ; 
3rd  edit.  1631, 12mo.  4.  <  A  FaithfuU  Friend 
true  to  the  Soul  . .  •  added,  the  Christian 
Jewell  of  Faith,'  1653, 12mo. 

[Moraot's  Bssez,  1768,  ii.  208;  Chester's  John 
Rogers,  1861,  pp.  252,  275  sq. ;  David's  Erang. 
l^oneonformity  in  Essex,  1863,  pp.  294  sq.] 

A«  O. 

ROGERS,  TIMOTHY  (1658-1728),  non- 
conformist  minister,  son  of  John  Rogers 
i  (1610-1680)  [5.  v.],  was  bom  at  Barnard 
'  Castle,  Yorkshire,  on  24  May  1658.  He  was 
educated  at  Glasgow  University,  where  he 
matriculated  in  1 673,  and  afterwards  studied 
under  Edward  Veal  [q.  v.]  at  Wapping.  His 
entrance  into  the  ministry  was  as  evening 
lecturer  at  Crosbv  Square,  Bishopsgate. 
Some  time  after  lo82  he  was  prostrated  by 
hereditary  hypochondria,  from  which  he  re- 
covered in  1690,  and  then  became  assistant 
to  John  Shower  [q.  v.],  minister  of  the  pres- 
byterian  congregation  in  Jewin  Street,  re- 
moved in  1701  to  the  Old  Jewry.  His  services 
were  highly  accept-able,  but  his  hypochon4ria 
returned,  and  in  1707  he  left  the  ministry, 
retiring  to  Wantage,  Berkshire,  where  he 
died  in  November  1 728 ;  he  was  buried  in  the 
churchyard  there  on  29  Nov.  His  portrait 
is  in  Dr.  Williams's  Library ;  an  engraving 
from  it  by  Hopwood  is  in  Wilson.  John 
Rogers,  his  grandson,  was  minister  at  Poole, 
Dorset. 
He  published,  besides  single  sermons,  in- 


Rogers 


MS 


Rogers 


dading  funeral  sermouB  for  Robert  Linager 

{16^X  Anthony  Dunswell  (1692),  Edmund 

HiU(ie92),  Edward  Rede  (1094),  M.  Hassel- 

bom  (1696),  and  Elizabeth  Dunton  (1(597)  : 

1.  'FracUcal  Discourses  on  Sickness  and 

Recover^/  &c.,  1690.  8vo.    3.  '  A  Discourse 

concerning  .  . .  the  Disease  of  Melancholy ; 

in  three  part«/  &c.,  1691,  8vo ;  2nd  ed.  1706, 

8to  ;  Sid  ed.  1806, 12mo  (with  life  by  Walter 

Wilson),     He  prefaced    the    'Works'   of 

Thomas  Gouge  (1666  P-1700)  [q.  v.] 

[Lift  by  Wilson,  1808 ;  Wilson's  Dissenting 
Chnrehes  of  London,  1808,  ij.  321;  Canton's 
life  and  Enors,  ed.  Nichols ;  information  from 
W.  Imies  Addison,  esq.,  assistant  clerk  of  Senate, 
Glasgow ;  extract  from  bmial  register  of  Wan- 
tage parish.]  A.  O. 

ROGEBS,  WILLIAM  (J.  1580-1610), 
engraver,  was  the  first  Englishman  who  is 
Imown  to  have  practised  copperplate  en- 
graving.   It  is  not  known  where  he  studied 
the  art,  but  it  was  probably  in  the  school  of 
the  Wieriz  family  at  Antwerp.  That  Rog^ers 
was  an  Englishman  is  shown  oy  his  signing 
one  of  hiseneravings  '  Angluset  Civis  Lond? 
He  engraved  some  portraits  of  Queen  Eliza- 
beth, which  are  very  scarce.  Of  one  of  them, 
a  fnll-length  portrait  in  royal  robes,  only  one 
impression  in  ita  complete  state  is  known; 
tIus  is  now  in  the  print-room  at  the  British 
Museum.  Another  portrait,  with  allegorical 
figunSy  is  signed  and  dated  1589,  and  another 
bouRB  the  inscription '  Rosa  Electa.'   Rogers 
alsoengraved  the  large  picture  of  Henry  V  HI 
and  his  fSunilv  attributed  to  Lucas  de  Heere, 
now  at  Sudeley  Castle.    Of  thisprint  only 
three  impressions  are  known.     Rogers  en- 
graved numerous  portraits,  title-pages,  and 
niustrations  for  books,  among  these  being  the 
titles  to  Linschoten's  '  Discours  of  Voyages 
into  ye  Easte  and  West  Indies,'  1596,  and 
to   ^    John    Harington's    translation   of 
Ariosto's  '  Orlando  Furioso '  (1591),  the  cuts 
in  Broughton's '  Concert  of  Scripture,'  1596, 
«Qd  the  portraits  in  Segar's  '  Honor,  Mili- 
tary and  Civile'  (1602),  and  Milles's  <  Cata- 
logue   of   Honour,    or   Treasury   of  True 
Xobaity'(1610). 

Rogers's  work  shows  him  to  have  been  a 
trained  artist  in  the  art  of  engraving.  He 
is  mentioned  by  Francis  Meres  [q.  v.]  in 
his  <Pklladis  Tamia,'  1598:  'AsLysippus, 
PraxiteleSy  and  Pyrgoteles  were  excellent 
engraven,  so  have  we  these  engravers: 
Eogersy  Christopher  Switser,  and  Cure.' 

rWalpole's  Anaed.  of  Fainting  (ed.  Womnm); 
OdDoooghWs  Gat.  of  Portraits  of  Queen  Elisa- 
beth ;  fiomley's  Gat.  of  Engraved  British  Por- 
ttaits;  Lowndes's  Bibl.  Man.;  8trutt*s  Diet. 
<if£D^vexs;  Ganlfield's  Caloographiana.] 

L.  a 

JQL  xra. 


BOGEBS,  WILLIAM  (1819^1896),  edu- 
cational  reformer,  bom  in  Bloomsbury  on 
24  Nov.  1819,  was  the  son  of  William  Lo- 
rance  Rogers  (d.  1838),  a  barrister  of  Lin- 
coln's Inn  and  a  London  police  magistrate, 
by  Qeorgiana  Louisa,  daughter  of  George 
Daniell,  Q.C.  His  father,  who  owed  ms 
appointment  as  magistrate  to  Sir  Thomas 
Plumer  [q.  v.],  was  the  second  son  of  Cap- 
tain John  Rogers,  by  Eleanor,  a  niece  of  Sir 
Horace  Mann  [q.  v.],  and  was  a  direct 
descendant  of  Captain  Thomas  Rogers,  who 
distinguished  himself  by  repelling  the  assault 
of  a  Biscay  privateer  upon  a  transport  ship 
under  his  command  in  1704  (London  Gazette* 
8  Feb.  s.a.) 

William  was  sent  to  Eton  in  September 
1830,  and  was  four  years  under  the  sway  of 
Dr.  Keate  (JReminUcenceSy  pp.  8-15).    From 
Eton  he  went  to  Oxford,  matricuUting  from 
Balliol  College  on  8  March  1837,  a^  gra- 
duating B.A.  in  1842  and  M.A.  in  1844. 
While  at  Oxford  he  obtained  no  academical 
distinction,  but  became  well  known  on  the 
river.    He  had  in  May  1837  rowed  in  the 
Eton  boat  against  Westminster.     He  took 
an  active  part  in  founding  the  Oxford  Uni- 
versity Boat  Club,  and  rowed  number  four 
in  the  fourth  contest  between  Oxford  and 
Cambridge  in  1840.    On  leaving  Oxford  he 
went  with  his  mother  and  sisters  on  an  inte* 
resting  tour  abroad,  staying  mainly  in  Flo- 
rence, and  on  his  return  entered  the  university 
of  Durham  (October  1^42)  for  theological 
training.    Though  he  had  often  said  that 
nothing  would  induce   him  to  become  a 
London  clergyman,  he  was  ordained  to  his 
first  curacy— at  Fulham— on  Trinity  Sunday 
1843.     Rogers,  by  his  independence,  soon 
displeased  his  vicar,  who,  in  the  summer 
of  1845,  induced  Bishop  Blomfield  to  appoint 
him  to  the  perpetual  curacy  of  St.  Thomas's, 
Charterhouse,  a  parish  containing  ten  thou« 
sand  people,  with  an  income  of  loO/.     In 
this  district^  which  he  denominated '  Coster- 
mongria,'  Rogers  remained  for  eighteen  years, 
and  devoted  himself  earnestly  to  the  work 
of  ameliorating  the  social  condition  of  his 
parishioners  by  means  of  education.     At 
Balliol  he  had  formed  intimacies  with  many 
who  subsequently  rose  to  high  places  in 
church  and  state,  including  Lord  Coleridge, 
Stafford  Northcote,  Lord  Ilobhouse,  Dean 
Stanley,  Jowett,  Archbishop  Temple,  and 
many  others,  and  he  '  eternally  dunned '  his 
friends,  as  he  admits,  for  his  great  educa- 
tional work,  but  never  for  his  own  advance- 
ment.   Within  two  months  of  his  arrival 
he  onened  a  school  for  ragamuffins  in  a  black- 
smith's shed.    In  January  1847  he  opened  a 
large  school  building,  erected  at  a  cost  of 


Rogers 


146 


Rogers 


1 ,750/.,  *  which,* he  says, '  I  soon  put  together.' 
In  five  years*  time  he  was  educating  eilght 
htihdred  parish  children  at  the  new  school, 
burwas  determined  to  extend  his  operations. 
He  was  encouraged  by  the  sympatny  of  the 
Marquis  of  Lansdowne,  president  of  the 
councD,  who  in  1852  laid  the  foundation  of 
new  buildings  in  Goswell  Street,  completed 
in  the  following  year  at  a  cost  of  5,600/. 
Bogers  had  obtained  800/.  from  the  councQ 
of  education ;  the  remainder  he  raised  by  his 
private  exertions.  But  before  the  debt  was 
extinguished  he  had  projected  another  new 
school  in  Gk)lden  Lane,  and  contrived  to 
extract  nearly  6,000/.  from  the  government 
for  the  purpose.    This  was  opened  by  the 

Erince  consort  on  19  March  1867.  Before 
e  left  St.  Thomas's,  Charterhouse,  the  whole 
parish  was  a  network  of  schools  f  cf.  .Re»u- 
m»;encesBXkdL  the  official  reports  on  the  schools 
published  by  Rogers  successively  in  1861, 
1854, 1866,  and  1857). 

In  June  1858  he  was  appointed  by  Lord 
Derby  a  member  of  the  royal  commission  to 
inquire  into  popular  education.  The  com- 
misdion  recommended  the  extension  of  the 
state  grant  on  the  basis  of  school  attendance, 
and  nie  formation  of  county  and  borough 
boards  of  education.  Upon  the  passing  of 
Forster*8  Act,  for  whicn  the  commission 
had  somewhat  cautiously  prepared  the  way, 
Rogers  was  in  1870  returned  at  the  head 
of  nie  poll  as  a  representative  of  the  London 
school  board.  Meanwhile,  in  1857,  he  had 
been  appointed  chaplain  in  ordinary  to  the 
queeil,  and  in  1862  Bishop Tait,  formerly  his 
tutor  at  Balliol,  gave  him  a  prebendal  stall 
at  St.  Paul's,  but  *  with  no  provender  attached 
to  it.'  In  the  following  year,  however,  Tait 
presented  him  to  the  rectory  of  St.  Botolph's, 
bishopsgate,  of  which  Rogers  tookpossession, 
as  sixty-third  rector,  in  June  18o3.  There 
he  devoted  himself  largely  to  the  foundation 
of  middle-class  schools.  His  advocacy  of 
secular  education  in  these  schools,  and  the 
relegation  of  doctrinal  training  to  parents 
and  clergy,  earned  him  the  sobriquet  of '  hang 
theology  Rogers,  and  much  bitter  opposition 
from  the  religious  newspapers.  But  the  work 
went  on,  and  the  Cowper  Street  middle-class 
schools  were  built  at  a  cost  of  20,000/,  His 
next  important  work  was  the  reconstruction 
of  Alley n's  great  charity  at  Dulwich,  of  which 
he  was  appointed  a  governor  in  1867.  The 
sale  of  a  portion  of  the  estate  to  the  London 
And  Chatham  and  London,  Brighton,  and 
9onth  Coast  railways  for  100,000/.  enabled 
the  board,  which  was  ^catly  under  Rogers's 

fuidance,  to. satisfy  his  aspirations,  and  on 
1  June  1871  the  new  school  wito  opened  by 
the  Prmce  of  Wales.    At  the  same  time,  hi 


Bisho|ffigate,  Rogers  wias  active  in  l^e  re* 
storation  of  the  church  of  St.  Botolph,  and 
at  all  times,  both  in  his  own  and  a<]yoining 

garishes,  the  erection  of  baths  and  wash- 
ouses  and  drinking  fountains,  the  extension 
of  play^unds,  and  the  ]>rovi8ion  of  cheap 
meals,  industrial^  exhibitions,  picture  ci- 
leries, and  iVee  libraries  had  his  heartiest 
support.  His  labours  in  his  own  parish  culmi- 
nated in  the  opening  of  the  Bisnopsgate  In- 
stitute ([which  combined  many  of  these  aids 
to  civilisation)  upon  24  Nov.  1894.  Upon 
the  same  day  This  seventy-fifth  birthday)  a 
presentation  01  his  portrait,  by  Arthur  S. 
Cope,  and  of  a  gift  ot  plate  was  made  to  him 
at  the  Mansion  House,  in  the  presence  of  tha 
prime  minister  (l^rd  Rosebiery),  the  lord 
chancellor,  the  lord  chief  justice,  the  lord 
mayor,  and  manv  other  distinguished  friends. 
He  died  at  his  Iionse  in  Devonshire  Square 
on  Sunday,  19  Jan.  1896,  and  was  buried  at 
Mickleham,  Surrey,  on  23  Jan.  His  sister 
Georgiana,  the  companion  of  his  ministerial 
life,  died  at  Mickleham  on  24  May  1896^ 
aged  76. 

A  man  of  great  social  gifts,  of  broad  views^ 
and  irrepressible  humour,  Rogers,  like  his 
lifelong  friend  Jowett,  dispensed  a  large 
hospitality.  Many  persons  were  ready  to 
detect  the  inconsistency  between  his  indifle* 
rence  to  church  doctrine  and  his  position  as 
a  beneficiary  of  the  national  church.  But 
his  geniality  overcame  those  of  his  opponents 
with  whom  he  came  into  personal  contact 
('  He  may  be  an  atheist,'  sam  one, '  but  he  is 
a  gentleman*),  while  the  great  results  he 
achieved  disarmed  the  hostility  of  the  re* 
mainder. 

[The  outlines  of  Hogers*8  life  are  graphically 
sketched  in  his  Reminiscences,  with  portrait^ 
London,  1888,  8 to,  compiled  by  the  Rev.  R.  H» 
Hadden,  formerly  carate  at  St.  Botolph's.  See 
also  Foster's  Alumni  Ozon.  1715-1888;  Times, 
24  and  27  Jan.  1 895,  and  26  ITay  1896 ;  QnaTdtan, 
27  Jan.  1896;  Spectator,  29  Jan.  1896;  Illus- 
tzated  Lcmdon  News  (with  j^oirtmit),  36  Jam 
1898.]  T.  S. 

ROGERS,  WILLIAM  GIBBS  (1792- 
1876),  wood-carver,  was  bom  at  Dover  on 
10  Aug.  1792.  He  showed  an  early  taste 
for  drawing  and  modelling,  and  was  appren- 
ticed by  his  patrents  in  180/  to  one  McLauch- 
lan  of  Printing  House  S<|uare,  London  (after- 
wards master  of  the  Shipwrights'  Company). 
Although  possessed  of  much  original  skIII  of 
his  own,  he  was  attracted  at  an  earlvojge  hy 
the  beautiful  wobd  catvinflritnd  ibodfelling'  of 
Grin  ling  Gibbons  fq .  v.^  Hi^  enthusiasm  -Wn^ 
fdrthei^  stimulatea  by  an  old  -^ood-fcarver 
among  his  fellow-wo^keirs,  who  in  Kis  youth 
had  worked  at  Burghley  House,  where  h& 


Rogers 


147 


Rogers 


bad  been  ftBsoeifttdd  with  ttssn  dnrpfoyed  on 
tke  cttmngB  in  St.  PaaFs  Cathedral  under 
Gibbons  himself.    RqfierBdeirotedbieetadies 
to  the  works  of  QiohonB^  and*  thazoaghlY 
masttttad  Uiat  earrsir's  art*    Gaining  much 
repatatimi,  he  was  eMtploiyed  by  the  royal 
family  on  canrings  for  OantcNi  Monse,  Ken- 
sington Pabhee,  and  the  Pa'vilion  at  Brighton. 
His  OTogiese  was  aesMted  by  the  oollectioa 
whica  he  made  of  fine  spedtteas  of  art    In 
1848  he  exeeated  eotne  of  his  best  hnown 
esrrings — ^thoee  in  the  chuvdi  of  St.  Mary*at- 
Hill  in  the  city.    In  1660  he  was  elected  on. 
the  committee  for  carrying  oiit  the  scheme  of 
the  Gh«at  Exhibition,  mA  receired  a  oomr 
mtsnon  ficom  tho  qaeen  to  car^e  a  eradle  in 
boxwood  in  the  Itallaa  style,  which  was  ex« 
hibited  and  much  admired  at  the  eodiihition 
in  1851.    Rogers  was  awarded  bdth  a  prise 
snd  asertioe  medal.  Among  his  innomerable 
wood  esrrings  may-  be  mentioned  those  exe*- 
cated  for  the  pance  of  the  sultan,  Abdul 
Med^ySt  Cbnstantinople,  and  the  church  of 
St.  Michael,  Oomfail),  m  the  otty.   While  it 
esnnot  be  said  that  his  works  reproduce  the 
consammate  genius  of  Gibbons,  they  hare 
great  merit  in  themseltes,  and  are  sufficiently 
SQceessfnl  in  their  imitation  to  deceive  the 
hkexperienced  eye.    Rogers  carried  his  devo- 
tion to  the  art  of  Gibbons  far  enough  to 
deviseamodeof  preservingGKbbons's  carving 
from  the  ravages  of  worms  and  age.    His 
method  was  completely  successful,  and  among 
the  earvinga  thos  rescued  from  destruction 
maybe  noted  those  at  Belton  Hoase,  Grant- 
ham, at  Melbory,  at  Chatsworth,  and  at 
Trinity  College,  Grunbrid^e.  Rogers  reoeived 
a  pension  of  60/.  on  the  civil  list,  and  after  a 
longand  sucoeesf  al  career,  he  died  on  21  March 
1875,  in  his  eighty-third  year.    He  married, 
in  AprQ  1824,  Miss  Mary  Johnson,  and  left  a 
Domerous  familvy  of  whom  William  Harry 
Rogers  (1825-1873)  showed  great  talents  in 
designing ;  Edward  Thomas  Rogers  (1880- 
18S4),  and  Mary  Elisa  Rogers  (b,  1827),  who 
resid^  for  many  yeans  in  the  East,  and  wrote, 
among  other  assays  on  oriental  life,  a  well- 
known  work,  entitled  'Domestic    Life  in 
Pakatine '  (1862).  His  youngest  son,  George 
Alned  Rogers  {b.  1837),  who  still  survivee, 
wa?  the  only  son  who  adopted  his  father^s 
profession.     A  portrait  (with  a  memoir)  of 
Rogers  appealed  in  the  '  lUostrated  London 
News '  for  4  April  1876. 

[Private  information.]  L.  0. 

ROOtSBS,  WOODES  (d,  1782),  sea- 
«sp^ain  and  iWyvettior  of  the  Bahamas,  was 
in  1708  appmiKied  captain  tfi  the  Duke  and 
e')nmiander-in-chief  ai  the  two  ships  Duke 
isc!  Dacheas^privatoiiiMHof'^var  fitted  out  by 


some  merchants  of  Bristol  to  eruise  agaixtst 
the  Spaniards  in  the  South  Sea.  Amon^  the 
owners,  it  is  stated,  were  several  ouakecs 
(Sethb,  Memmrs  of  BruM,  ii.  659),  and 
Thomas  Dover  [q.  v.],  who  sailed  with  the  ex- 
pedition as  second  captain  of  the  Duke,  presi^ 
dent  of  the  council  and  chief  medical  officer. 
William  Dampier  fq.  v.]  was  master  of  the 
Duke  and  pilot  of  the  expedition,  Rogers,. it 
would  seetn,  having  no  personal  fxneidence 
of  the  Pacific.  The  crew  were  or  -varied 
ohaaracter,  about  a  third  weire  foieigneiSj  and 
a  large  proportion  of  the  rest,,  landsmen-^ 
'  tailors,  tinkers,  pedlars,  fiddUesiy  and  hay*- 
makers.'  The  ships  themselves  were  '  very 
crowded  and  pestered,  their  holds  full  of 
provisions,  and  between  decks  encumbered 
with  cables,  much  bread,  and  aUogethsr  in 
a  very  unfit  state  to-  engage  an  enemy/ 
Thev  sailed  from  King  Koad  on  2.Ang. 
170o,  and,  after  touching  al  Cork,  steered  for 
the  Canary  Islands,  Rogers,,  on  the  way, 
suppressing  a  dan^ous  mutiny  by  seising 
the  ringleader — ^with  the  assistance  of  the 
ofiicers,  who  were  unusually  numeroue — and 
making '  one  of  his  chief  oomrades  whip  him, 
which  method  I  thought  best  IcHr  breaking 
any  unlawful  friendship  amongst  them.'  Off 
Tenerife  they  captured  a  small  Spanish  bark 
laden  with  wine  and  brandy,  which  they 
added  to  their  own  stores,  and  touching  at 
St  Yinoent  of  the  Cape  Verd  Islands^  and 
Angra  dos  Reis  on  the  coast  of  Bvaul,  they 
got  round  Cape  Horn  in  the  beginning  of  Ja- 
nuary 1708-9,  being  driven  by  a  vk>lent  stotm 
as  far  south  as  latitude  61°  68'| '  which/ wrote 
Rogers, '  for  aught  we  know  is  the  furthest 
that  any  one  has  yet  been  to  the  southward.' 
But  the  men  had  suffered  greatly  from  cold, 
wet,  and  insufficient  clothing,  and  Rogers  re- 
solved to  make  Juan  Fernandez  the  exact 
position  of  which  was  still  undetermined, 
but  which  he  fortunately  reached  on  81  Jan. 

It  was  dark  when  they  came  near  the 
land,  and  seeing  a  light,  they  lay  to,  think- 
ing that  it  might  come  from  an  enemy -s 
ship.  In  the  morning,  however,  no  strange 
ship  was  to  be  seen,  and  Dover,  going  on 
shore  in  the  boat,  brought  off  a  man  dr^sed 
in  goatskins  and  speaking  English  with 
difficulty.  This  was  the  celebrated  Aleian- 
der  Selkirk  [q.  v.l,  who  had  been  marooned 
there  more  than  four  years  before,  and,  being 
now  recoffnised  by  Dampier  as  an  old  ship- 
mate ana  good  sailor,  was  appointed  by 
Rogers  a  mate  of  the  Duke. 

Alter  refitting  at  Juan  Femandea,  they 
cruised  off  the  coast  of  Peru  for  some  months, 
capturing  several  small  vessels  and  one 
larger  one-^in  attacking  which  RogenTs 
brc^her  Thomas  was  killed  by  a  shot  through 

l2 


Rogers 


148 


Rogerson 


the  bead — and  sackinff  and  ransoming  the 
town  of  Guayaquil.  They  then  went  north, 
and  on  21  Dec.,  off  the  coast  of  California, 
captured  a  rich  ship  from  Manila,  in  en- 
gaging which  Rogers  was  seyerelv  wounded 
hj  a  bullet  in  the  mouth,  which  smashed 
his  upper  jaw  and  lodged  there,  causing  him 
much  pain  till  it  was  extracted  six  months 
later.  From  the  prisoners  he  learnt  that 
another  ship,  larger  and  richer,  had  sailed 
from  Manila  in  companywith  them, but  had 
separated  from  them.  This  they  sighted  on 
the  26th,  but  it  was  not  till  the  ^th  that 
their  tender,  the  Marquis,  an  armed  price, 
and  the  Duchess  were  able  to  engage  her, 
the  Duke  being  still  a  long  way  off,  and 
nearly  becalm^.  They  were  beaten  off 
with  much  loss,  and  when,  on  the  next  day, 
the  Duke  got  up  to  her,  she  too  was  beaten 
off,  Rogers  receiving  another  severe  wound, 
thu  time  in  the  foot, '  part  of  my  heel  bone,' 
he  says,  *  being  struck  out  and  ankle  cut 
above  half  through.'  After  this  they  crossed 
the  Pacific,  refitted  and  took  in  some  fresh 

! provisions  at  Guam,  and  again  at  Batavia 
June  1710).  In  the  beginning  of  October 
thej  sailedf  for  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope, 
which  thejy  reached  on  27  Dec.,  and,  sailing 
thence  with  the  Dutch  convoy  in  Apri^ 
arrived  in  the  Downs  on  1  Oct.  1711. 

In  the  following  year  Rogers  published 
his  journal  under  the  title  of  *  A  Cruising 
Voyage  round  the  World'  (cr.  8vo,  1712; 
2na  ed.  1718),  a  work  of  great  interest  and 
of  a  quaint  humour  that  renders  it  delight- 
ful reading.  In  many  respects  the  voyage 
was  a  notable  one,  but  in  none  more  than 
in  this,  that  with  a  mon^l  crew,  and 
with  officers  often  insubordinate  and  even 
mutinous,  good  order  and  discipline  were 
maintained  throughout;  and  though  many 
men  were  lost  by  sickness,  especially  from  an 
infection  caught  at  Guayaquil,  they  suffered 
little  or  notning  from  scurvy,  the  disease 
which  in  the  next  ^neration  proved  so  fatal 
to  seamen.  Financially,  too,  the  voyage  was 
a  success,  and  seems  to  have  placed  Rogers 
in  easy  circumstances,  so  that  m  1717  he  was 
able  to  rent  the  Bahama  Islands  from  the 
lords  proprietors  for  twenty-one  years.  At 
the  same  time  he  obtained  a  commission  as 
governor. 

He  arrived  at  Nassau  in  July  1718,  when 
he  found  that  the  place  and  the  islimds 
generally  were  a  nest  of  pirates,  to  the 
number,  he  estimated,  of  more  tlum  two 
thousand.  These,  under  the  leadership  of 
Charles  Vane  and  Edward  Teach  [q.  y.l  re- 
sented the  prospect  of  disturbance  by  a  ! 
settled  government.  Moreover,  with  the 
crews  of  his  own  ships,  private  men-of-war  1 


and  the  inhabitantsof  Nassau— whose  loyalty 
was  doubtful — ^Rogers  could  muster  only 
three  hundred  anuM  men.    And  the  situa- 
tion was  rendered  more  difficult  by  a  Spanish 
protest  against  the  legal  occupation  of  the 
islands,  and  threats  of  an  attadc  by  fifteen 
hundred  Spaniards.    Rogers  bore  up  against 
the  difficulties  with   undaunted  courage, 
set  the  nirates  at  defiance,  and  in  Decem- 
ber 171o  hanged  ten  of  them  on  his  own 
responsibility,  without  any  valid  commis- 
sion.   A  few  months  later  he  '  was  forced 
to  condemn  and  hang  a  fellow  for  robbing 
and  burning  a  house.'    ^If/  he  added,  'for 
want  of  lawyers  our  forma  are  something 
deficient^  I  am  fully  satisfied  we  have  not 
erred  in  j  ustice.'    But  the  home  government 
ffave  him  no  support,  he  had  no  money,  no 
force,  and  the  king's  ships  would  not  come 
near  him ;  and  in  the  end  of  February  1720-1 
he  left  for  England,  his  place  being  tem- 
porarily filled  by  *  Mr.  Fairfax,  a  kinsman  of 
Colonel  Bladen  V  presumably  Martin  Bladen 
[a.  v.]   The  government  sent  out  a  successor, 
George  Phenney,  who  maintained  himself  for 
eight  years,  at  the  end  of  which  he  was 
superseded  by  Rogers,  who  arrived  on  25  Aug. 
1729  with  a  commission  dated  18  Oct.  1728, 
appointing  him  '  captain  general  and  go- 
vemor-in-chief  over  the  Bahama  Islands.* 
He  died  at  Nassau  on  16  July  17S2  (Gent 
Mag,  1732,  p.  979).    He  was  married  and 
left  issue. 

[The  chief  authority  is   Roger8*s    Cruising 
Voyage  round  the  World.    The  original  edition 
is  extremely  rare,  but  there  is  one  copy  in  the 
British  Museum  (G.  15783) ;  another  copy,  from 
the  library  of  Qeorge  HI,  which  appears  in  Uie 
Catalogue  (303  h.  8),  is  in  reality  only  the  title- 
page  and  introduction,  bound  up  with  the  se- 
oond  volume  of  E.  Cooke's  Voyage  to  the  South 
Sea  (1712).    Cooke  was  first  lieutenant  of  the 
Duchess  and  afterwards  captun  of  the  Marqois, 
and  published  his  account  of  the  voyage,  in  two 
volumes,  just  before  Rogers.    It  is  altogether  an 
inferior  book;    its  second  volume   is   for  the 
most  part  a  hjdrographical  description  of  the 
ports  visited.    The  account  of  Bogem's  later 
life  is  to  be  found  in  the  correspondence  in 
the  Public    Record  Office,  Board    of    Trade, 
Bahamas,  vols.  i.  ii.  and  iii. ;  see  also  Notes  and 
(Queries.  4th  ser.  z.  107t  referring  to  Sloane  MS. 
4469,  No.  29.]  J.  K.  L. 

ROGEBSON,  JOHN  BOLTON  (1809- 
1859),  poet,  was  bom  at  Manchester  on. 
20  Jan.  1809.  At  the  age  of  thirteen  he 
left  school  and  began  work  in  a  mercantile 
firm,  but  was  afterwards  placed  with  a  soVi- 
citor.  Law  being  distasteful,  he  opened  in 
1834  a  bookshop  in  Manchester,  which  he 
carried  on  until  1841.  The  next  few^  years 
were  devoted  to  literaiy  work,  and  in  1849 


Roget 


149 


Roget 


lie  was  appointed  regifltnr  of  the  Manchester 
cemeteiy  at  Harpnniey.  He  was  a  clever 
amateor  actoTy  was  president  for  some  years 
of  the  Manchester  Shakespearean  Society, 
and  was  for  a  short  time  on  the  staff  of 
the  Manchester  Theatre  Boy  aL  In  youth  he 
had  written  a  play  in  three  acts,  called '  The 
Baron  of  Manchester/  which  was  produced 
at  a  loal  theatre.  He  also  lectured  on  lite- 
rary sad  educational  suhjects. 

Fram  early  years  he  was  an  eager,  desul- 
tory reader,  and  soon  became  a  writer  of 
Terse,  but  had  enough  discretion  to  destroy 
most  of  his  juyenile  efforts.  He  first  ajH 
peered  in  print  in  1826  in  the  'Manchester 
(xuardian,^and  in  the  following  year  wrote 
for  the  *  Liyerpool  Kaleidoscope/  In  1828  he 
joined  John  Hewitt  in  editing  the  *  Fhodniz, 
or  Manchester  Literary  Journal,'  a  creditable 
nerfonnance,  which  lasted  only  a  few  months. 
He  was  joint-editor  of  the  *  falcon,  or  Jour- 
nal of  Literature,'  Manchester,  1881 ;  and 
edited  the  '  Oddfellows' Macncine'  from  1841 
to  1848;  the  '  Ghaplet,  a  Poetical  Offering 
for  tiie  Lyceum  Baxaar,'  1841,  and  the  *  Fes- 
tire  Wreath,'  1842  (both  published  at  Man- 
chester). 

Cfanmic  rheumatism  disabled  him  about 
1856  from  continuing  his  duties  as  registrar. 
He  afterwards  kept  a  tavern  in  Newton 
Street,  Ancoats,  Manchester,  and  in  1857 
was  master  of  a  school  at  Accrington.  In 
the  succeeding  year  he  was  awardeoa  fforem- 
ment  pension  of  60/. ;  then  he  retirea  to  the 
Isle  of  Man,  where  he  died  on  16  Oct.  1869, 
and  was  interred  at  Eark  Braddan,  near 
Boi^las.  His  wife  was  Mary  Anne,  bom 
Horabin,  by  whom  he  left  several  chUdren. 

His  aeparatepablications  were:  1.  'Bhyme, 
Romance,  and  Reyery,' London,  1840;  2nd 
edit.  1852.  2.  *A  Voice  from  the  Town, 
and  other  Poems,'  1843,  8.  'The  Wandering 
Angel,  and  other  Poems,'  1844.  4.  'Poetical 
Works,'  I860,  with  portrait.  6.  *  Flowers 
Cor  all  Seasons'  ^verses  and  essays),  1864. 
6.  *  Musings  in  Many  Moods,'  1869,  which 
contains  most  of  the  poems  in  the  preceding 
Tolumea.  His  works,  though  pleasing,  lack 
originality  and  vigour. 

[Oddfellowfl^  Quarterly  Magazine,  Jannasy 
1847  (with  portrait);  Procter^s  Literary  Rami- 
niseaaeesy  1860  (portrait);  Procter's  Bygone 
MsDcheater;  Manchester  Weekly  Times  Supple- 
ment,  S  June  1871  (article  by  J.  Dawson); 
lithgov's  life  of  J.  G.  Prince,  p.  182 ;  informa- 
tion suppUed  by  Mr.  a.  C.  Yates,  F.S.AJ 

BOOST,  PETEB  MARK  (1779-1869), 
^Tsician  and  sayant,  bom  in  Broad  Street, 
8oho,  London,  on  18  Jan.  1779,  was  only  son 
of  John  fi<]get,a  natiYe  of  Geneya,  who  was 


pastor  of  the  French  protestant  church  in 
Threadneedle  Street.  His  mother,  Oathe- 
rine,  was  onl^  surviying  sister  of  Sir  Samuel 
Romilly.  His  father  died  in  1783  at  (^eya, 
and  he  was  brought  up  by  his  mother,  from 
whom  he  inherited  his  systematic  habit  of 
mind.  Mrs.  Roget  took  up  her  reeideDce  in 
Kensington  Square  in  the  fSeunily  of  a  Mr. 
Ohauyet  of  Gteneya,  who  kept  a  priy ate  school, 
which  young  Boget  attended.  He  studied 
mathematics  on  his  own  account  unaided, 
and  made  considerable  progress.  In  1793 
the  mother  and  her  ohildran  remoyed  to 
Edinburgh,  where  Roget,  then  fourteen 
years  old,  was  entered  at  the  uniyersity. 
In  the  summer  of  1796  he  went  for  a  tour 
in  the  highlands  with  his  uncle  Rom^ 
and  M.  Bumont,  the  Mend  of  Mirabeau.  He 
entered  the  medical  school  of  the  Edinburgh 
Uniyersity  in  the  winter  session  of  the  same 
year,  and  after  recoyering  in  1797  from  an 
attack  of  typhus  feyer,  which  *he  caught  in 
the  wards  of  the  infirmary,  he  graduated 
M.D.  on  25  June  1798,  being  then  only  nine- 
teen  years  of  age.  The  title  of  his  graduation 
thesis  was '  De  Ohemic»  Affinitatis  Legibos.' 
He  was  subsequently  a  pupil  in  the  London 
medical  schools  of  Baillie,  Oruikshank|  Wil- 
son, Heberden,  and  Home. 

In  1798  R<^et  proyed  his  powers  of  obser- 
yation  by  writing  a  letter  to  Dr.  Beddoes 
on  the  non-preyalence  of  oonsunoption  among 
butchers,  fishermen,  &c.,  which  Beddoes  pub- 
lished in  his  '  Essay  on  the  Causes,  &c.,  of 
Pulmonary  Oonsumption'  (London,  1799). 
In  1799  he  sent  to  Dayy  a  communica- 
tion on  the  effects  of  the  respiration  of  the 
newly  discoyered  gas,  nitrous  oxide,  and 
the  communication  appeared  in  Dayy's  *  Re- 
searcheus'  (1800).  In  October  1800  Roget 
spent  six  weeks  with  Jeremy  Bentham,  wao 
consulted  him  upon  a  scheme  which  he  was 
deyising  for  the  utilisation  of  the  sewage  of 
the  metropolis.  In  1802  he  became  travel- 
ling tutor  to  two  sous  of  John  Philips,  a 
wealthy  merchant  of  Manchester.  In  the 
summer  they  proceeded  to  Gheneya,  having 
for  their  trayelling  comnanion  Lovell  Edge- 
worth,  half-brother  to  Maria  Edge  worth,  the 
authoress.  The  tour  terminated  owing  to  the 
rupture  of  the  peace  of  Amiens,  and  Roget 
was  detained  at  Gleneya  as  a  prisoner  on 
parole.  He  successfully  pleaded  his  rights  as 
a  citizen  of  Geneva  by  virtue  of  his  descent 
from  Gbnevese  ancestors,  and  was  released. 
After  a  long  detour,  made  necessary  by  the 
military  operations  of  the  French,  he  and 
his  pupils  sailed  for  England,  reaching 
Harwich  on  22  Nov.  1803.  After  a  brief 
visit  in  1804  to  Edinburgh  with  a  view  to 
pursuing  his  studieS|he  became  private  physi- 


Roget 


rs© 


oiatt^to  the  MarauiBof  Lansdowne,  whom  he 
Moompanied  to  KoiTogate  and  Bowbod. 

iln  his  twenty-eizth  year,  on  the  death  of 
Dr.  Dhomas  Perciral  [(].  v.],  Roget  was  ap- 
pointod  in  d806  physician  to  the  infirmaiy 
art  Mancheitari  and  he  became  one  of  the 
fouttitos  of  the  Manchester  medical  school. 
In  the-spiitig^of  1606  he  gave  a  course  of  lee- 
tnreS'on  phrjraiology  to  the  pupils  at  the  infir- 
mary. In  ^foD«mo6r  1606  he  accepted  the  ap- 
pointment of  private  seoretary  to  Charles,  vis- 
count ^Howiok  (afterwards  Earl  Grey),  then 
(brdgn  «ecretary ;  but,  dialiking  the  duties, 
'he* resigned  in  a  month  and  returned  to  Ifan- 
ehester.  While  in  London  he  had  attended 
«>me<  of  Abemethy's  lectures  at  St.  Bartho- 
lomew^^ Hospital.  In  1807  he  delivered  a 
popular  course  of  lectures  on  the  physioloffy 
of  the  animal  3dngdom  at  the  rooms  of  tne 
'Mcncheeter  Philosophical  and  Literary  So- 

•  uiety,  of  which  he  was  a  vice-president.    In 
'October  1608  he  resigned  his  post  at  the 

infirmary  and  migrated  to  Lonaon.  There 
he  puMued  a  career  of  almost  unexampled 
aotm/ity  for  nearly  half  a  century,  engaging 
with  indomitable  energy  in  scientific  lec- 
turing^ in  work  connected  with  medical 
and  (Soientiflc  aocieties,  or  in  scientific  re- 
search. In  London  he  first  resided  in  Bev- 
-nard' Street,  Russell  Souaxe,  whence  he  re- 
moved'to  16  Upper  Bedford  Place. 

Admitted  a  licentiate  of  the  College  of 
Pbysioians  on.  6  March  1809,  Roget  delivered 
in 'the  spring  of  that  and  toe  foUowing  year 
Popular  lectures  on  animal  physioloffy  at  the 
kussell  Litemryond  Scientific  Institution  in 
BloomsbuTf .  In  October  1609  he  projected 
the  Northern  Dispensary,  which  was  opened 
in' the  following  June  with  Roget  as  its  phy- 
sician. The  active  duties  of  this  office  he 
'  performed  gratuitously  for  eighteen  years.  In 
1810  he  began  to  lecture  on  the  theory  and 
prajetiee  of  physic  «t  the  theatre  of  anatomy  in 
'Grea(t  Windmill  Street,  in  conjunction  with 
Dr.  John  Cooke,  who  two  years  afterwards  re- 
signed him  his  share  of  the  undertaking.  He 
tlMfn  delivered 'two  courses  of  lectures  a  year 
until  1816.  In  1820  he  was  appointed  phy- 
si^iAn  to  the  Spani^  embassy,  and  in  18:^ 
physician  to  the  Milbank  penitentiary  during 
an  enidemic  of  dysentery.  In  the  autumn 
of  1826  he  oommenced  lecturing  at  the  new 
medical  school  in  Aldersgate  Street.  His 
introductory  lecture  was  published.  In  1827 

•  be  was  commissioned  by  the  government  to 
iuQitire  into  the  water-supply  of  the  metro- 

-  polis,  and  published  a  report  nextyear.  la 
18dd  he  was  nominated  oy  John  fuller,  the 
founder,  tlie  first  holder  of  the  Fullerian 

'  pr6fee9ovship  ef  physiology  at  the  Royal 
institution)  wherci  as  at  the  London  Institu- 


tion, he  had  already  lectured  frequently  on 
aninaal  ph^ology.  He  held  the  Fullerian 
professorship  for  three  vears,  and  in  his  lec- 
tures dumng  1635  and  X88($  confined  himself 
to  the  external  senses. 

Meanwhile  some  of  Kof?et's  enezgy  had 
been  devoted  to  other  fields.  He  always 
cultivated  a  native  i^ttude  for  mechanics. 
In  1614  he  had  oontnved  a  slidiog  rule,  sp 
graduated  as  to  be.  a  measure  of  the  powers 
of  numbers,  in  the  same  manner  as  the  spale 
of  Qunter  was  a  meaaure  oC  their  ratios.  It 
is  a  logo-logavithmic  rule,  the  elide  0i  whiqh 
b  the. common  logarithmic  ect^  n^e  tbe 
fixed  line  is  gnaduated  lupon  the  logarithnis 
of  logarithms.  His  pap^  thereon,  wliicii 
also  describes  other  ingemoue  forms  of  the 
instrument,  was  communicated  by  Dr.  Wol- 
laston  to  the  B|^ftl  Society,  and  read  on 
17  Nocr.  1814.  llie  conununication  led,  on 
16  March  1615^  to  his  election  as  a  fellow  of 
the  society.  On  80  Nov.  1827  he  succeeded 
Sir  John  Herschel  in  the  office  of  secretary 
to  the  sodetv,  ratiiing  ^  1649.  He  not  only- 
edited,  while  secretary,  the  'Proceedings' 
both  of  the  society  andcouncil,  but  piepsjred 
for  publication  the  abstracts  of  papers. 
This  labour  he  performed  from  1827  to  his 
retirement.  Jie  was  &ther  of  the  Royal 
Society  Club  at  the  time  of  hie  death. 

On  many  other  litecairy  and  soientific  so- 
deties  Roget-s  active  mind  left  its  impress. 
From  lail  to  1827  he  acted  as  one  of  the 
secretaries  of  the  Medieo^hirurgical  So- 
ciety ;  he  WBS  one  of  the  earliest  promoters 
of  the  society,  aod  was  vice-president  in 
1829-30.  He  was  a  founder  of  the  Society 
for  the  Diffusion  of  Useful  Knowledge,  and 
wrote  for  its  '  Library  of  Useful  Knowledge ' 
a  series  of  treftttses  on  'electricity,'  'gal- 
vanism,'  'magnetism,'  and  'dlectro-magnet- 
ism,'  durinff  1627,  1828,  and  1631.  On 
24  June  1631  he  was  eleetedi  apeoiali  ffra^ 
tia,  fellow-  of  the  Eoyal  College  of  Physi- 
cians, and  in  the  following  ICay  he  delivered 
the  Gulstonisn  lectures  on  'The  Laws  of 
Sensation  and  Pero^ion.'  He  held  the 
office  of  oeosor  in  the  ooUege  in  1834  ftnd 
1636.  Roget  was  a  ifirequent  attendant  at 
the  meetings  of  the  .British  Association  for 
over  thirty  years,  and  .at  an  eariy  meetings 
filled  the  ^air  of  tlie  physiological  section. 
He  wrote  in  1634  one  of  the  ^idffewater 
treatises  on  '  Animal  and  •Vegetable  Phy- 
siology considered  with  reference  to  Natural 
Theology  ;*  it  was  reissued  in  1839,  1640, 
and  1802. 

In  1887  and  th6  subsequent  ysazs  he  took 
an  active  part  in  the  establishment  of  t^e 
university  of  London,  of  the  senate  of  which 
he  remained  a  msonber  until  his  death ;  in 


Roget  151  Rokeby 


June  1889  he  was  appointed  examiner  in 
phyuoUwf  and  comparative  anatomy. 

After  1840  lie  retir^  from  professional 
practice  and  at  first  mainly  dayoted  himself 
to  compiling  liis  useful '  Thesaurus  of  English 


the  *  Philoaophical  Transactions '  (1835;,  and 
essays  on  *  Quarantine '  and  *  Pauper  Lunatics ' 
in  the  'Parliamentary  Beyiew'  (1826  and 
1828) .  Many  memoirs  by  him  apneared  in  tihe 
'Annals  of  Philosophy  *  and '  Meaico-Ghirur«» 


Words  and  FhraseSy  classified  and  arranged  •  gical  Transactions/  and  other  periodicals, 
io  as  to  &cilitate the  expression  of  idea&  and  |  [Jackson's  Qmde  to  the  literatoM  of  Botany; 
asast  in  literary  composition '  (1862,  oyo).  Britten  and  Boiilg9r*s  Biogr.  Index  of  British 
During  his  life  Uie  work  reached  its  twenty-  ,  and  Irish  Botai^i^te ;  Allibone's  Critical  Dic- 
eiffhth  edition,  and  it  is  still  widely  used,  tiooary  of  English  Literature ;  Lancet^  26  Sept. 
Many  generations  of  literary  men  and  jour*  ,  1869  ;  ProeeediDge  of  the  Boyal  Society  of 
nalisU  h&ye  testified  to  its  practical  utility.  London,  yoL  xviii.  1869-70.]  W.  W.  W. 
An  edition  of  1879,  embodying  Hoget's  latest  |  EQKBBT  Baboits.  [See  Bobiksov, 
oomctions,  was  edited  h^  his  son.  Riohaiu),  first  baron  170&~1794 ;  R6bik- 

Bf^get  always  used  Feinaiffle's  system  of  son-Mob&ib,  Majtxsbw,  second  baron,  1713- 
mnemonics,   and  spent  mucn  time  in  his  ;  1800.] 

last  yean  in  attempts  to  construct  a  calcu-  ROKEBY,  JOHN  (d,  1578  P),  canonist, 
lating  mafihine.  He  also  made  some  pro-  was.  probably  second  son  of  Sir  Robert 
gresB  towards  the  inyention  of  a  delicate  Bokeby  of  Bokeby  Morton  (flar/.  iSbc.  i\i*/. 
balance,  in  whidi,  to  lessen  foction,  the  xy'i.  268).  He  joined  St.  Nicholas's  Hostel, 
folcnnn  was  to  De  within  a  small  barrel  Cambriclge,  where  he  graduated  bachelor  of 
floating  in  water.  He  was  fond  of  exercising  civil  law  in  1580,  and  doctor  in  1638.  He 
his  iiwenuity  in  the  construction  and  solu-  was  engaged  as  a  tutor  at  Cambridge  (Ellis, 
tion  of  chessproWems,  of  which  he  formed  a  Origmal  Letters,  Srd  ser.  ii.  243).  On  11  Feb. 
large  collection.  Some  of  these  figured  in  '  1536-7  he  was  admitted  a  member  of  Boc- 
the    'Illustrated  London  News.'     In  the    tors'  Commons (Oootb,  Civilians,  p.  83),  and 

*  London  and  Edinburgh  Philosoj^hical  Ma-  practised  in  the  court  of  arches  and  the  ez- 
gazine'  for  April  1840,  there  is  a  'De- |  chequer  court  of  York.  According  to  the  state* 
ecription  of  a  Method  *  which  he  inyented,    ment  of  his  nephew,  Ralph  Rokeby  (A  1596, 

*  of  moying  the  knight  over  every  square  of  (see  under  Rokbbt,  Ralm,  1537P-1596; 
the  clieaaboard  without  going  twice  over  and  Whitakee,  JRichnumdshire,  i.  173),  he 
any  one,  commencing  at  a  given  square  and  was  counsel  for  Henry  VIII  in  the  divorce, 
enooigatany  other  given  square  of  a  different  and  so  confounded  the  pope  by  his  canon  law 
colour.''  The  complete  solution  of  this  pro-  that  Henry  offered  him  the  bishomric  of 
bkm  WiSS  never  effect^  before.  To  assist  London,  which  he  declined.  He  became 
persona  interest^ed  in  chess,  he  contrived  and  vicar-general  of  York.  According  to  his 
pttbUihed  in  1845  a  pocket  chessboard,  called  nephew,  he  held  for  thirty^^two  years  the 
the 'JBoonomic  Ghessboaid.'    ^  '  post  of 'justice'  in  York.      During   that 

He  died  at  West  Malvern,  in  the  ninety-  '  period  no  sentence  of  his  was  anntmed  on 
first  yewr  of  his  age,  on  12  Sept.  1869.  In  appeal  (*.)  In  May  1641  he  was  appointed 
1824  lie  married  the  only  daughter  of ;  a  commissioner  for  the  visitation '  of  All 
Jonathan  Hobson,  a  -  Liverpool  merchant.  Souls'  College,  Oxfoiid  (Stbypb,  Crammer, 
>I».RQfiretdiedin  the  spring  of  1833,  leaving  p.  130).  In  1645  he  became  chaunter  or 
two  cbiliiren.  One  of  them,  John  Lewis  '  precentor  of  York,  with  the  prebend  of 
Roget,  is  author  of  the  '  History  of  the  Old  Driffield  attached.  On  7  Sept.  1668  he  was 
Water  Colour  Society '  (1890).  A  portrait  admitted  prebendary  of  Dunham  in  South- 
of  Bx^^  was  engraved  by  Eddis.  '  well  CathedraL    Both  these  preferments  he 

Besides  the  works  mentioned,  Roget  was  held  till  his  death  (Wood,  Athena  Oxon,  ii. 
author  of  many  able  papers  in  encyclopsBdias,    719  •  Le  Nsvb,  Fasti),    From  the  accession 


( 1832).    He  contributed  important  articles    Qarg^ve  and  others  to  reforpi  the  law  ofjLhe 
to  the  '  Edinjbuj^h  Review/ especially  tl 


cpon  Httber's  works  on  an^  and  bees  (vols, 
u.  and  JULX.),  and  wrote  in  the  *  Quarterly ' 
on  Ampere's  '  Ofaqervatioi^s '  (1826).  Has 
'«per  on  the  '  Optical  X>eo^tion  in  the  Ap- 
jeartDce  of  the  Spokes  of  a  Wheel  seen 
i.  4A)agh  Vertical  Apertures '  was  published  in 


those    marches.  Kokeby  probably  died  before  10  Dec 


1578  (cf.  Le  Neve,  iii.  156  with  p.  419). 

[AuthoritieB  as  in  text ;  Barnet*8  ReformatioD, 
ii.  831 -ft ;  C6'>per*s  Athens  CSantabr.  \  Qrindurs 
Remains  (Parker  SocX  p*  161 ;  Retrospective 
Revi0w,  new  'ser.  ii.  484;  Hifit  MSB.  Coxnm« 
lath.^^p.  pt.  it.  p.  84.]  ly.  A  S. 


Rokeby 


is« 


Rokeby 


BOKEBY,RALPH(1527P-1696),ma8ter 
of  requests,  bom  about  1527|  was  the  second 
•on  of  Thomas  Rokeby  of  Mortham,  York- 
shire, by  his  wife  Jane,  daughter  of  Robert 
Constable  of  Cliffe   in   the   same  county 

JCEetmoimia  Rokebeiorumt  f.  818).  His  uncle 
ohn  is  noticed  separately.  Another  uncle, 
Ralph  RokebjT  {d.  1566),  was  called  to  the 
degree  of  seijeant-at-law  in  1652,  fought 
against  Wyatt  in  the  following  year,  and 
declined  the  chief-justiceship  of  common 
pleas  in  1565,  when  Sir  Richard  Morspan 
fq.  ▼.]  was  disabled  by  insanity.  This  Ralph 
Kokeoy's  son,  also  named  Iu.lph  Rokebt 
(d,  1575),  was  educated  at  Queens'  College, 
Cambridge,  and  then  became  a  member  of 
Lincoln's  Inn,  where  he  formed  a  friendship 
with  John  Stubbe  (1548-1600  P)  [q.  v.] ;  he 
was  subsequently  appointed  secretary  of  the 
council  of  the  nortn,  and  was  described  as 
'  the  most  learned  canonist  of  his  time  *{CaL 
State  Papers,  Dom.  159&-1601,  p.  205).  He 
was  buried  at  the  Belfrey  chwrch,  York,  on 
12  March  1594-5.  By  his  second  wife,  Joan, 
daughter  of  John  Portington,  he  left  a  daugh- 
ter, Anne,  who  became  second  wife  of  Sir 
John  Hotham  [q.  v.l  Rokeby  was  author 
of  *  (Eoonomia  Rokebeiorum,'  which  he 
wrote  in  1566  and  revised  in  1693  (a  copy, 
made  by  Joseph  Hunter,  who  calls  it '  a  most 
curious  piece  of  family  history/  is  in  Brit. 
Mus.  Addit.  MS.  24470,  ff.  294-883,  and  it 
has  been  printed  in  Whitaker's  '  Richmond- 
shire,'  i.  158-80). 

The  subject  of  this  article,  Ralph,  son  of 
Thomas,  was  educated  at  Cambridge  and 
Lincoln's  Lin,  where  he  was  called  to  the 
bar.  In  1666  he  was  sent  on  the  queen's 
service  to  Ireland,  and  was   recalled 


on 


19  Feb.  1668-9  (i^.  Ireland,  1509-1573,  p. 
402).  On  1  Jan.  1569-70,  however,  he 
was  appointed  chief  justice  of  Connaught 
and  entrusted  with  the  difficult  task  of  in- 
troducing English  law  into  that  province. 
He  aoon  confessed  to  Cecil  that  the  people 
of  Connaught  'were  unwiUing  to  embrace 
justice,*  and  urged  that '  it  must  be  valiant 
and  courageous  captains  and  hardy  soldiers 
that  must  make  a  way  for  law  and  justice, 
or  else  farewell  to  Ireland'  (t&.)  At  the 
same  time  he  applied  for  three  months'  leave 
in  order  to  many,  which  was  granted  avear 
later ;  but  no  marriage  took  place.  £fe  is 
said  to  have  represented  the  borough  of 
Huntingdon  in  the  parliament  which  met  on 
2  April  1571,  but  the  official  returns  are 
wanting.  In  October  1571  he  was  recom- 
mended for  the  lord-chancellorship  of  Lre- 
land  by  Loftus,  and  again  in  1678  bv  Fitx- 
William,  but  was  not  appointed.  He  be- 
came bencher  of  Lincoln  s  Inn  in  1572,  and 


a  master  of  requests  about  1576 ;  in  1680  h* 
appears  as  master  of  St.  Catherine's  Hospital^ 
near  the  Tower  (t^.  Dom.  1647-^,  p.  668). 
He  was  principally  employed  in  searching 
for  and  examining  papists  {^.  passim);  he- 
served  on  the  special  commissions  of  oyer  and 
terminer  which  indicted  William  Parry  (d, 
1686)  [q.  v.]  in  February  1584-6  and  Babinff- 
ton  in  September  1686.  Early  in  1688  he  suB- 
scribed  80/.  for  the  defence  of  the  kingdom 
against  the  Spanish  armada,  and  in  1589  was 
on  a  commission  for  the  sale  of  crown  lands. 
He  took  part  in  the  trials  of  Philip,  earl  of 
Arundel,  in  March  1688-9,  of  Sir  Johir 
Perrot  in  March  1691-2,  of  Patrick  Cullen 
and  of  Rodrigo  Lopes  in  February  1598-4. 
He  died  on  14  June  1596,  and  was  buried  m 
St.  Andrew's,  Holbom,  where  there  is  a& 
inscription  to  his  memory.  By  his  will,  a 
copy  of  which  is  extant  in  Addit.  MS.  24486, 
f.  87,  he  left  sums  of  100/.  to  Christ's  Hos- 
pital, to  the  poor  in  Greenwich,  to  the  poor 
scholars  of  Oxford  and  of  Cambridge,  to  the- 
prisoners  in  the  Fleet,  Newgate,  Kinff's 
Bench,  Marshalsea,  and  other  prisons.  He 
appointed  Lord-chancellor  Egerton  his  execu- 
tor— an  office  which  is  said  to  have  been 
worth  10,000/.  to  the  latter. 

[OSconomia  Bokebeioram  in  Addit. MS.  24470, 
ff.  294-333  ;  Gal.  State  Papers,  Dom.  and  Irish  ; 
Familise  Minomm  G-eQtiain(Harl.  Soc.),  pp.  687^ 
690 ;  Cal.  Irish  Fiants  in  11th  Rep.  Dep.-Keeper 
of  Records  in  Ireland ;  Foster's  Yorkshire  Pedi- 
grees; Whitaker's  Richmondshire,  i.  177»  178, 
182;  Willis's  Kotitia  Pari.  iii.  81;  Dngdale's 
Orig.  Jurid.  pp.  260-2 ;  Lascelles's  Liber  Mn- 
nerum  Hib.;  Strype's  Works,  index;  E^rton 
Papers,  pp.  110,  308;  Daeard's  St.  Gatherine'fr 
Hospital,  p.  85 ;  Bagwell's  Ireland  under  the 
TudoTS,  ii.  170  ;  Retrospective  Review,  new  ser. 
ii.  487 ;  Cooper's  Athense  Oantabr.]     A.  F.  P. 

ROKEBY,  Sib  THOMAS  db  (A  1866), 
justiciar  of  Ireland,  was  probably  son  of 
Thomas  de  Hokebj,  who  died  in  1818.  He 
first  comes  into  notice  as  the  squire  who,, 
having  been  a  prisoner  with  the  Scots  and 
released  by  them,  was  ahle  to  earn  the  re- 
ward of  100/.  per  annum  offered  by  the 
young  king,  Edward  III,  in  Jul^  1827,  to 
the  man  who  should  bring  him  m  sight  of 
the  enemy.  Edward  knighted  Rokeby  on 
the  spot,  and  on  28  Sept.  made  him  the  pro- 
mised ^nt  of  lands  worth  100/.  a  year 
(Fcsdera,  ii.  717).  Froissart,  in  narrating  the 
incident,  calls  the  squire  Thomas  Housasre^ 
which  is  the  equivalent  of  Whittaker;  but 
the  royal  grant  is  conclusive  as  to  Thomas's 
true  name.  On  17  Jan.  1381  Rokeby  was 
going  beyond  sea  with  Henry  Percy  (OaL 
Pat.  Bolln,  Edward  III,  ii.  42).  In  1886 
he  was  serving  in  Scotland,  andfromS  Jun^ 


Rokeby 


153 


Rokeby 


to  26  Oet  was  in  command  of  the  rojal 
escort  {Qui.  Documents  rdating  to  Scotlmd^ 
ii.  367).  On  26  Oct.  1386  he  received  the 
chaig«  of  Stirling  Castle,  and  in  1838  that 
of  .^Unbui^b  alM;  he  letained  both  offices 
till  the  zeooTexT  of  these  places  by  the  Scots 
in  1341-3  {ib.  u.  1249, 1284, 1328, 1383  and 
pp.  351-8).  Dmin^  1342  Kokebjr  was  em- 
plojed  on  the  Scottish  marches  {jb,  ii.  1387, 
13^).  In  the  following  jear  ne  was  ap- 
pointed sheriff  of  Yorkshire,  an  office  which 
ne  held  for  seren  jears ;  he  had  held  it  pre- 
Tiottslj  in  1837  (Iibake,  Eboraeumj  p.  352). 
As  sheriff  of  Yo^hire  he  was  one  of  the 
leaders  of  the  English  at  the  battle  of 
Neville's  Cross,  and '  gave  the  Scots  such  a 
diaiij^t  as  the^r  did  not  care  to  taste  again ' 
(Cftm.  de  LemerooH,  pp.  347-8,  351,  I3an- 
natjne  Club).  Rokeby  was  charged  to  bring 
David  Bruce  to  London  in  December  1346, 
and  at  the  same  time  had  a  grant  of  200/.  a 
rear  oat  of  the  issues  of  the  county  of 
York  for  his  rank  of  buineret  till  provided 
with  Imds  of  that  value  in  Scotlanct  or  else- 
where {CaL  DocumenU  relating  to  8cotlandj 
H.  1474r^ ;  Fadera,  iil  98).  In  1347  he 
was  employed  in  Scotland,  and  in  1348  was 
the  king^s  escheator  in  Yorkshire  (t5.  iii. 
113,180). 

In  December  1349  Rokeby  was  made 
justiciar  of  Ireland.  In  this  office  he  was 
distinguished  by  his  regard  for  equity  and 
his  seal  in  checking  the  extortion  of 
officials.  In  the  Irish  annals,  printed  in  the 
*  Chartulazy  of  St.  Mary,  Dublin  *  (ii.  392), 
he  is  described  as '  one  tnat  did  punish  ver^ 
well  Irishmen  and  paid  yerr  well  for  his 
victuals,  and  would  commonly  say  that  he 
would  eat  and  drink  of  cups  made  of  timber, 
and  pay  gold  and  silver  therefor  rather  than 
to  extort  the  poor'  (cf.  Book  of  Howtk,  p. 
166).  On  8  July  1355  he  was  succeeded  as 
iosticiar  by  Maurice  FitzThomas,  earl  of 
Desmond  [q.  y.]  Rokeby  was  a  witness  to 
t!!«  treaties  concluded  with  Edward  Baliol  at 
Itoxburglieon20Jan.l356.  Soon  afterwards 
Desmond  died,  and  on  26  July  Rokeby  was 
again  appointed  justiciar  of  Ireland  (Fosderaf 
iu.  306, 317-21,  332,  335).  He,  however, 
died  that  same  year  at  the  castle  of  Kilkea 
in  Kildaie  (^Annals  of  Loch  CV,ii.  15;  Chart, 
St.  Mary,  Dublin,  ii.  393).  Rokeby  had 
munerons  grants  of  land  for  his  good  ser- 
Tices  in  Yorkshire,  Westmoreland,  Ireland, 
and  elsewhere  (€b/.  Pat.  Bolls,  Edward  III, 
il  214, 224,  iil.  472 ;  Cal  Documents  relatwg 
to  Scotland,  ii.  1249;  Fxdera,  iii.  399). 

According  to  the  accented  pedigrees,  Koke- 
by  was  grandfather  of  Inomas  de  Rokeby  (d, 
1418)  [see  below]  (FosrrBB,  Yorkshire  Pedi" 
freu;  WnmAXSB,  Loidis  and  Ehnet,  iL 


253).  But  these  two  pedigrees  do  not  agree, 
nor  does  either  seem  satinactory.  Thomaa 
Rokeby,  the  justiciar,  is  commonly  referred 
to  in^  contemporary  documents  as  '  I'onde,' 
to  distinguisn  him  from  Thomas  Rokeby 
*  le  neveu,'  the  son  of  his  brother  Robert. 
Thomas  Rokeby  ^le  neveu'  is  mentioned 
frequently  in  connection  with  his  unde 
from  1336  onwards.  He  served  in  France 
in  1360,  and  in  1379-80  was  warden  of 
Lochmaben  Castle  {OaL  Documents  relate 
ing  to  Scotland,  ii.  1236,  and  p.  367,  iii. 
279,  293 ;  Fccdera,  iii.  332,  483).  Thoiqas 
Rokeby,  'le  neveu/  was  more  probably 
grandfather  of 

Thomas  bb  Rokebt  (d,  1418),  soldier, 
giyen  in  pedigrees  as  grandson  of  the  uncle, 
This  Thomas  represented  Yorkshire  on  the 
parliament  of  1406,  and  was  sheriff  of  the 
county  in  1407-8  and  in  1411-12.  When 
Henry  Percy,  first  earl  of  Korthumberland, 
crossed  the  border  in  January  1408,  Rokeby 
held  the  passage  of  the  Nidd  against  him,near 
Knaresborough.  Northumberland  turned 
aside  and  took  up  a  position  at  Bramham 
Moor,  where  Rokeby  attacked  and  routed 
him  on  19  Feb.  1408.  Rokeby  was  rewarded 
with  Northumberland's  manor  of  Spofforthy 
and  with  Linton  and  Leathley  for  lifenL^^ 
viii.  529,  orig.  edit.)  He  served  in  France  in 
1415  and  1417,  and,  according  to  Foster,  died 
in  1418.  By  a  daughter  of  Sir  Ralph  Ewere 
he  veas  ancestor  of  the  later  family  of  Roke- 
by, several  members  of  which  are  separately 
noticed  {Cont,  JEulogium  Historiarum,  iiu 
411;  WALSiKeHAV,  Hist  Angl.  ii.  278; 
Wthtoto,  Chron.  Scotland^  iii.  2588 ;  Gesta 
Henrici  Quinti,  p.  270 ;  Dbakb,  Eboracum, 
p.  352 ;  Wtmh,  Hist.  Henry  IV,  iii.  147, 
164-8 ;  Rahsat,  Lancaster  and  York,  i.  112)» 

[Cbron.  de  Melsa,  iii.  62  (Rolls  Ser.) ;  Fcedera 
(Record  edit.) ;  Book  of  Howth  ap.  Garew  MSS. ; 
rroissart,  i.  61-2,  273-5,  ed.LTice;  Cal.  Inquisit. 
post  mortem,  ii.  201-2 ;  Snrtees  Soc.  xli.  40 ; 
Bolls  of  Parliament,  ii.  109,  113,  115,  207: 
Whittaker*s  Bicfamondshire,  i.  162-3;  Gilbert's 
Viceroys  of  Ireland,  pp.  206,  211 ;  other  autho- 
rities quoted.]  C.  L.  K. 

^  ROKEBY.  Sir  THOMAS  (1631  .^-1699), 
judge,  second  son  of  Thomas  Rokeby  of 
Bumby  in  the  East  Riding  of  Yorkshire,  a 
Gromwellian  officer,  who  fell  at  the  battle 
of  Dunbar  on  3  Sept.  1650,  by  Elizabeth, 
daughter  of  Robert,  and  sister  of  Sir  WiUiam 
Bury  of  Grantham,  Lincolnshire,  was  bom 
about  1631.  His  father,  Thomas  Rokeby,. 
was  eldest  son  of  William  Rokeby  of  Hotham 
in  the  East  Riding,  by  his  cousin  Dorothy, 
daughter  of  William  Rokeby  of  Skiers,  ana 
niece  of  Ralph  Rokeby  (d.  1595)  [see  under 
RoKEBTi  Ralph,  1527  P-1596]. 


Rokeby 


»S4 


Rokeby 


Tliomas  Kokeby,  the  future  judge,  was  ad- 
mitted on  20  June  1646  a  peusioner  at 
Catharine  Hall,  Cambridge,  where  he  ma- 
triculated in  the  following  month^  graduated 
B.A.  in  January  1649-50,  and  at  Uhrifitmas 
following  was  elected  to  a  fellowghip  ^t  hit 
college,  which,  however,  he  refiigned  in 
Michaelmas  1661.  He  had  meanwhile, 
17  Hay  1660,  been  admitted  a  student  at 
Gray's  Inn,  where  in  June  1667  ha  was 
called  to  the  bar,  and  in  1676  elected  ancient. 
A  8t](ong  Presbyterian,  and  possessed  of  large 
esj^  and  innuenpe  at  York,  he  exerted 
himself  on  behalf  of  the  Prince  of  Orange  in 
November  16S8,  and  on  the  change  of  dynasty 
was  rewarded  with  a  puisne  judgeship  in  the 
common  pleas,  S  May  16S9,  having  received 
the  de^free  of  seijeant-at-law  fpur  days  before. 
He  was  knighted  at  Whitehall  on  31  Oct. 


4  Au^.  1487  he  was  pr^ented  to  the  rectory 
of  Kirk  Sandall  by  the  monks  of  Le  w^s,  who 
in  1602  nominated  hipoi  to  the  vicarage  of 
Halifax.  In  1496  he  was  collated  to  the 
rectory  of  Thorjpland,  Norfplk,  and  on  6  June 
1601  he  was  mstituted  to  the  rectory  of 
Sproatley,  Yorkshire,  on  the  presentation  of 
the  prior  and  convent  of  Bridlington;  he  re- 
signed the  living  in  February  1502-3,  reoeiv- 
ing  a  retiring  pension  of  4/.  a  year,  aiid  at  the 
same  time  being  collated  to  the  stall  of  St. 
Andrew's  at  Beverley.  In  the  following  June 
he  was  presented  to  the  free  chapel  at  f'etxy- 
bridge. 

In  1607Hokeby  was  provided  bj  Julius  II 
to  the  bishopric  of  Meath  in  succession  to  Joha 
Payne  (d,  1606)  [q.  v.],  and  was  sworn  of  the 
privy  council  in  J&eland.  On  26  Jan.  1511- 
1512  he  was  transferred  to  the  archbishopric 


following,  and  was  removed  on  28  Oct.  of  Dublin,  in  succession  to  Walter  Fit«- 
1696  to  the  king's  bench.  He  was  a  member  simons  [q.  v.]  On  12  May  following  he  sue- 
of  the  commissions  which  tried,  23-4  March  ceeded  Fitzsimona  as  h>rd  chancellor  of 
1696-6,  Sir  John  Friend  [a.  v.]  and  Sir  Ireland.  All  the  authorities  state  that  he 
William  Parkyns  [q.  v.]  He  aied  on  26  Nov.  was  appointed  lord  chanceUor  in  1498,  but 
1699  at  his  rooms  in  Serjeant's  Inn.  His  the  omcial  record  is  wanting  and  the  state- 
remains  were  interred  on  8  Dec.  in  the  me- '  ment  is  highly  improbable.  In  15X4  he 
morialchapel  of  hisancestor,  William  Bokeby  !  brought  to  a  conclusion  the  long-standing 
[q.  v.],  arcnbishop  of  Dublin,  in  the  church  disputes  between  the  archbishop  and  deaa 
at  Sandal,  near  Doncaster.  His  wife,  Ursula, '  and  chapter  of  St.  Patrick's.  On  20  Feb. 
daughter  of  James  Dauby  of  New  Building,  1 1515-16  he  officiated  at  the  christening  of 
Thirsk,  survived  him,  and  died  on  10  Aug.  |  the  Princess  Mary  at  Greenwich.  In  1518 
1737.  I  he  confirmed  the  establishment  of  Maynootk 

Rpkeby  was  a  competent  judge,  and  a  man  College,  which  had  been  founded  by  uerald, 
of  profound  piety,  as  abundantly  appears  earl  of  Kildare,  and  drew  up  rules  for  its 
from  his  '  Diary,'  edited  with  a  memoir  bv  '  ^vemm^nt.  In  the  same  jet^  ne  held  an 
Raine,  in  Surtees  Society's  Publications,  vol.  j  important  provincial  synod,  ia  which  he  en* 
xxxvii.  His  portrait  was  painted  by  O,  '  joined  the  discontinuance  of  the  use  of  the 
Schalken.  I  chalice  at  mass,  the  payment  of  tithes,  and 

[Piary  and  Memoir  above  mentioned ;  Fos<- 1  appraisement  or  the  goods  pf  persons  dying 
ter  8  Gray's  Inn  Adm.  Beg. ;  Luttrell's  Brief ,  intestate  by  two  valuers  appointed  by  the 
BeUtion  of  State  Affairs,  i.  629,  iii.  648,  iv.    '  *  '  '       '  .m-.    ,    .♦      .-  .      -. 

687 ;  Howell's  State  Trials,  xiii.  1,  68,  451 ;  Le 
Neve's  Pedigrees  ^Harl.  Soe.) ;  Fqs tor's  York- 
shire Pedigrees  and  Faoiilise  Minorum  Geotium 
(Harl.  Soc.)]  J.  M.  R. 

BOKEBT,  WILLIAM  (d,  1£»21),  arch-  the  parish  church.  In  1520  he  wasappointed 
bishcn)  of  Dublin,  born  at  Kirk  Sandall  or  archdeacon  of  Surrey,  and  in  the  same  year 
Halifax,  was  the  eldest  of  the  five  sons  of  was  sent  by  the  Earl  of  Surrey,  on  his  arrival 
John  Kokebv  of  Kirk  Sandall,  near  Don-  in  Ireland,  to  Waterford  to  mediate  betw.een 
caster.    Both  his  parents  died  in  1606 ;  his '  Sir  Pierce  Butler  [q.  vj  and  the  Earl  of 


bishop;  he  also  prohibited  the  disposal  of 
churcn  property  by  laymcvi,  and  tho  playing 
of  football  by  clergymen,  under  pei^alty  or 
paying  three  shillings  and  fourpenee  to  the 
ordinary,  and  a  similar  sum  for  the  repair  of 


brother  Sir  Hicham  Bokeby,  co^aptroller  to 
Wolsey's  household  and  treas\urer  of  Ireland, 
is  buried  in   the   Savoy  Chapel,  London 


Desmond  [cf.,HowA.BD,  Thomas,  third  dukk 
OP  KoBFOix].  He  died  on  29  Nov.  1621, 
and  hjs  body  was  buried  in  St.  Patrick's,  .\>ut 


{(Ecinumua  JRokebeiorum^  f.  311).  William  !  his  heact  and  bowels  lyere  interred  ;n  the 
was  educated  at  Rotherham  and  at  a  hostel  i  choir  of  the  church  at  Halifax,  where  tbciy 
in  St.  Aldate'sjkarish,  Oxford, perhaps  Broad-   have  b^en  more  than  o^ce  dug  up.    By  kis 

wiU  he  left  200/,  towards  building  St. 


gates  Hall  (afterwards  Pembroke  Ck>llege), 
whore  he  graduated  doctor  of  cajion  law.  Ac- 


MaiEy'a 
Ohttich  at  Beverley,  and  pro  vid,ed  for  the  ^ffc- 


cording  to  Cqoper  {Atherue  C^fiU/tjbr.  L  25\  |  tion  of  a  sepulchral  chapel  at  Sandall,  which 
he  became  CsUow  of  King's  Hall  (aftevw^ds  i  is  described  as  the  most  perfect  specimen 
merged  in  Trinity  C^lego),  Cambridge.    Ota  exfant  of  what  mortuary  chapels  ^mi  to  be. 


Rokcsley 


'^56 


Rokesley 


.  [iMtfmMad  Papan  of  Henry  YUI,  ed.  Brewer 
(Than aareial  nf  Kokeby'*  letters, to  Wolseyare 
calendsrad),  pessim ;  CaL  Irish  State  Papers  and 
Carev  HSS. ;  CEconoinia  Rokebeiorum  in  Addit. 
MS.  24470.  ff.  310-11 J  Ware's  Bishops,  ed. 
Huiisi  Bn^fji  Episcopal  SuccessioD,  i.  234, 
Z26;  Gbttpn's  Fasti  EccLHibemiae;  Lascelles^s 
Liber  Mqjl  Wh, ;  Cooper^s  AUiens  Cantabr.  i. 
^•5,6^;  Wood's  Athense  Oxon.;  Honck  Mason's 
Hisu  of  Stw  FaftridL's;  Cogan's  Diocese  of 
Meatii,  p.  82 ;  Bodd'a  Church  Hist. ;  Tanner's 
Bibl.  BBt-Sxh. ;  GooCe's  Cirillana,  p.  16 ;  Coxe's 
Htbamia  Angiiftanii;  BagwelTs  Ireland  under 
the  TmdotBB  L  m,  290,  281 ;  FAlton's  Arch- 
bishops of  J)«yi»l|n.  pp.  17a^2 ;  J.  E.  O'Flana- 
gan's  Load  ChaaeaUora  of  Ireland,  pp.  162.7 ; 
FostoK a  Yarfcabire Pedigrees;  TestamentaEbora- 
coona  (Surtaea  SocV,  t.  141 ;  Whitaker^s  Loidis 
et  Elmeta.  p.  383 ;  Hmiter's  3onth  Yorkshire,  i. 
200;  P^olson'a  Holclsmess;  Watson's  Halifax, 
p.  387;  Blomiefield's  Norfolk,  rii.  99;  Oliver's 
sererUe ;  ICknning  and  Bra/s  Surrey ;  Foster's 
AluBun  QxoiL  ;  Xanad.  MS.  979,  ff.  4,  6.1 

A.  F.  P. 

BOEJB£aJBY,  GREGOHY  be  (U.  1291), 
MMjoK  of  L^mdon,  s  native  of  Rokealey  in 
Sent,  wfaeaoe  he  took  his  name,  was  the 
licbeal  goldmaith  of  his  time,  and  a  great 
wool  mavduuit.  He  appears  in  the  earliest 
exluit  list  of  aldermen  of  the  city  of  Lon- 
doBf  hiftMme  being  connected  with  Dowgate 
ward.  In  1364,  and  again  in  1270,  he  served 
the  oftce  sf  sheriff.  In  the  latter  year  he 
«ad  Jus  ooilflague,  Henry Waleys,  caused  a 
new  pilloxj  to  be  erected  in  the  Ghepe. 
In  1^8  he  championed  civic  purity  in  a 
▼iolsoifc  dispute  on  the  subject  of  certain 
chartew  illegally  granted  to  various  city 
failda  by  the  Inte  mayor,  Walter  Hervey. 
Hervey  attempted  to  instigate  the  craftsmen 
^gninat  the  more  dJacreet  section  of  the  citi- 
aensjandaaaaed  muchi  excitement  by  collect- 
ing and  haranguing  moba  in  the  streets.  His 
<hait«r8  were,hawever,  suppressed  and  *  cried 
ihnHm^ioat  the  city.'  The  next  year  (June 
1274)  Rokesley  accompanied  the  mavor, 
Wale^  to  a  conference  with  Edward  I  in 
Paris,  «nd  in  Jnljr  again  waited  upon  the 
king  at  Montrenil  in  order  to  advise  upon 
terms  of  peace  between  the  king  and  the 
Conateaa  ii  Handera. 

Bokealey  was  afwointed  mayor  in  1274, 
and  held  that  of^ee  eight  times,  comprising  the 
yeaa  1^4r'128I  and  1286.  In  1276  he  was 
made  Ibbd^b.  chamberlain,  and  acted  in  that 
eapaeitv&r  two  yean,and  for  a  short  period 
he  disBoaiBBd  the  fuactioas  of  coroner  and 
'ptnceouL^  The  important  post  of  master 
of  the  ^fiohange  thronghout  all  England 
was  confened  upon  Rdmsley  in  1276.  The 
aflioe  is  otherwiae  ideeeribed  as  that  of  chief 
^in^or  fff  the  xo^al  aint.    At  this  period 


great  inconvenience  was  caused  by  the  abuu* 
dance  of  dipped  coin.  This  was  called  in,  and 
a  new  coinage  was  circulated  under  Rokesley 's 
superintenoence,  consisting  of  sterling  h^ll- 
peunv  and  farthing,  the  silver  coins  being  of 
the  nnextess  commonly  known  as  '  silver  of 
Gunthron*s  Lane.' 

When  Edward  was  engaged  in  theoooquest 
of  Wales  in  1282,  Waleys  and  Eokesley  were 
deputed  bv  the  city  to  take  an  aid  of  six  thou- 
sand marks  to  the  king.  Kext  year  they, 
with  four  others,  were  the  citT  representa- 
tives at  a  special  parliament  held  at  Shrews- 
bury to  conduct  the  trial  of  David  of  Wales. 
Hokesley's  eighth  mayoralty  in  1285  was 
marjied  by  important  events  in  the  histozy 
of  London.  In  the  previous  year  a  quarrel 
between  two  citizens  culminated  in  a  duel, 
andoneof  them,  having  dangerously  wounded 
his  opponent,  took  sanctuarv  in  Bow  Church, 
where,  not  long  afterwards,  his  dead  body 
was  found  under  circumstances  which  sug- 
gested foul  play.  The  king  having  aimointed 
a  commission  of  inquiry,  John  de  Ejrkeby, 
the  lord  treasurer,  summoned  the  mayor, 
aldermen,  and  citizens  to  wait  upon  him  at 
the  Tower.  This  peremptory  order  seems  to 
have  been  issued  in  neglect  of  the  standing 
rule  that  forty  days'  notice  of  snch  a  summons 
should  be  given.  Under  ordinary  conditions 
the  citizens  would  have  donned  gay  apparel 
and  marched  in  procession  from  Barldng 
church  to  the  Tower,  bearing  presents  for 
the  king's  justiciars.  On  this  occasion 
Rokesley  went  to  the  church  of  All  Hallows, 
stripping  himself  of  the  robes  and  insignia 
of  omce,  handed  the  city  seal  to  Steven 
Aswy,  and  then  proceeded  to  the  Tower  as  a 
mere  private  citizen.  The  lord  treasurer  was 
highly  provoked,  and  committed  Rokesley 
and  about  eighty  other  leading  citizc^ns  to 

5 risen  at  the  feast  of  St.  Peter.  The  king 
eposed  the  mayor,  and  appointed  Ralph  de 
Sandwich  [q.  v.]  as  custos  cw  the  city  and  its 
liberties.  To  give  a  graver  colour  to  the 
offence,  it  was  alleged  that  the  mayor  had 
taken  bribes  of  diwonest  bakers,  who  sold 
penny  loaves  six  or  seven  ounces  too  light. 
The  prisoners  were  set  at  liberty  in  a  few 
days,  except  Aswy,  who  was  lodged  in  Wind- 
sor Oastle.  Rokesley  died  on  13  July  1291 
{AnneU.  I/mdin.  i.  99;  Robbhts,  Oal.Gen,  i. 
441),  and  waa  buried  in  the  monastery  of  the 
Grey  Friars.  His  monument  existed  in  Christ 
Church,  Newgate  Street,  until  the  great  fire. 
A  letter  by  mm  is  printed  in  *  ArdiSBologia 
Gantiana,'  ii.  238-4. 

By  his  wife,  Avioe,  Rokesley  had  two  sons, 
Sir  Reginald  and  Sir  Riehara,  who  became 
seneschal  of  Poitou  and  governor  of  Montreuil 
in  Ficardy  (see  Rtii£B|  FoMtera^  roL  uL 


Rokewode 


156 


Rokewode 


paasim).  The  latter^s  daughter  AgnoB  mar- 
ried Thomas,  first  baron  Poynings,  and  was 
mother  of  Michaeli  second  baron  Povnings 
[q.  v.]  Nevertheless  the  inquisition  taken  on 
his  death  affirmed  his  heir  to  be  Roger  de 
Risslepe,  son  of  Gregory's  sister  Ag^es 
(RoBBBTS,  Col.  Gen.  i.  441).  The  Kokesley 
arms,  which  appeared  with  nearly  thirty 
others  among  tne  designs  in  the  windows  of 
old  St.  Paul  8,  were  azure  a  fess  gules  be- 
tween six  shields  sable,  each  charged  with  a 
lion  ramnant  argent.  Bokesley's  will,  un- 
dated and  enrolled  in  the  court  of  Hustinj^ 
on  25  July  1291  {Calendar^  ed.  Sharpe,  1. 
d8-9)|  mentions,  among  other  property  in 
London,  Canterbury,  and  Rochester,  his 
dwellinfl^house,  with  adjoining  houses  'to- 
wards Oomhulle,'  charged  to  maintain  a 
chantry  in  the  church  of  St.  Mary  Woolnoth, 
where  his  wife  lies  buried ;  a '  former  dwelling- 
house  '  in  the  parish  of  All  Hallows  at  the 
Hay  towards  tne  Ropery,  also  charged  with 
the  maintenance  of  a  chantry  in  that  parish 
church.  He  possessed  ei^ht  manors  in  Kent, 
two  in  Surrey,  and  one  in  Sussex  (^CaL  Inq, 
post  mortem,  i.  109).  After  legacies  to  nu- 
merous relatiyes,  he  left  the  residue  of  his 
estate  to  the  poor.  Rokesley  had  in  his  life- 
time built  on  the  site  subsequently  long 
occupied  by  Ghrist*s  Hospital  in  London  a 
dormitory  for  the  iriars  minors. 

[Arefaseol.  Cantiana,  yds.  ii.  and  x.-zyiii. 
pesiim ;  Hasted's  Kent  eontains  many  errors  in 
the  account  of  tho Bokesley  family;  ParL Writs, 
passim ;  Roberts's  Cal.  Genealog.  i.  441,  ii.  767; 
John  de  Oxenedes  (Rolls  Ser.),  pp.  328,  332 ; 
Ajmales  Londin.  apud  Ann.  Edw.I  and  Edw.  II 
(Rolls  Ser.),  passim;  Liber  Albus,  ed.  Riley; 
Strype's  Stow,  1755,  ii.  214-15,  486;  Sharpens 
London  and  the  Kingdom,  i.  107-22,  and  au- 
thorities there  qnoted ;  Maitland's  Hist,  of  Lon- 
don, 1760,  i.  105;  Simpson's  Qleanings  from  Old 
St.  Paul's,  pp.  66, 68.]  C.  W-h. 

ROKEWODE,  AMBROSE  (1578.^- 
1606).    [See  Rookwood.] 

ROKEWODE,  JOHN  GAGE  (1786- 
1842^1  antiquary,  bom  on  13  Sept.  1786,  was 
the  fourth  and  youngest  son  of  Sir  Thomas 
Gage,  the  fourth  baronet  of  Hengrave  Hall, 
Suffolk,  by  his  first  wife,  Charlotte,  daughter 
of  Thomas  Fitzherbert,  esq.  of  Swinnerton, 
Staffordshire,  and  of  Maria  Teresa,  daughter 
of  Sir  Robert  Throckmorton,  bart.  He  was 
descended  in  the  female  line  from  Ambrose 
Rookwood  [q.  v.]  Educated  in  the  college 
of  the  Jesuits  at  Stony  hurst,  Lancashire,  he 
afterwards  travelled  on  the  continent.  On 
his  return  he  studied  law  in  the  chambers  of 
Charles  Butler  (1760-1882)  fq.  t.],  the  con- 
veyancer, and  he  was  called  to  the  bar  at 
Lincoln's  Inn  on  10  Feb.  IdlS,  but  he  never 


Sractised.  He  was  elected  a  fellow  of  the 
ociety  of  Antiquaries  on  6  Nov.  1818,  and 
he  also  became  a  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society. 
In  1829  he  was  elected  director  of  the  Society 
of  Antiquaries,  and  he  held  that  post  until 
his  death.  On  the  death,  81  July  1888,  of 
his  brother,  Robert  Joseph  Gage  Rookwood 

iwho  had  taken  the  name  of  Rookwood  in 
799),  he  inherited  the  estetes  of  the  Rook* 
wood  family,  with  their  mansion  at  Coldham 
Hall  in  the  parish  of  Stanningfield,  near  Bury 
St.  Edmunds,  and  he  received  the  royal  license 
to  assume  the  name  of  Rokewode.  He  died 
suddenly  on  14  Oct.  1842,  while  on  a  visit  to 
his  cousin,  Thomas  Fitzherbert  Brockholes^ 
at  Claughton  Hall,  Lancashire,  and  was  in- 
terred in  the  family  vault  at  Stanningfield. 

His  works  are :  1.  '  The  History  and  An- 
tiquities of  Hengrave  in  Suffolk,'  London, 
1822,  royal  4to,  dedicated  to  the  Duke  of 
Norfolk.  This  work  is  valuable  no  less  for 
its  ornamental  and  useful  illiCstrations  than 
for  its  curious  details  of  private  historv  and 
biography,  and  of  ancient  customs  and  cha- 
racters. 2. '  The  History  and  Antiquities  of 
Suffolk,  Thingoe  Hundred,'  London,  1888, 
roval  4to,  in  a  large  and  highly  embellished 
volume,  dedicated  to  the  Marquis  of  Bristol* 

For  the  Camden  Society  he  edited '  Chro- 
nica Jocelini  de  Brakelonda,  de  rebus  gestis 
Samsonis  Abbatis  Monasterii  Sancti  Ed- 
mundi,'  London,  1840,  4to.  An  English 
translation  by  T.  E.  Tomlins  appearea  in 
1844,  under  the  title  of '  Monastic  and  Social 
Life  in  the  Twelfth  Century,'  and  on  Rok&- 
wode's  book  Carlyle  based  his '  Past  and  Pro- 
sent'  in  1848  [see  Jocelik  db  BaAK£ix>Ki>3. 

Rokewode  was  an  occasional  contributor 
to  the  '  Gentleman's  Magazine '  and  to  the 
'  Collectanea  Topographica  et  Genealogical 
In  vol.  ii.  of  the  latter  work  he  printed  an 
ancient  genealogy  and  charters  of  the  Roke- 
wode family.  Mis  communications  to  the 
Society  of  Antiquaries  are  enumerated  in 
the  'uentleman^  Magazine'  for  1842,  il» 
659.  The  more  important  are  (a)  '  A  Dis- 
sertation on  St.  ^thelwold's  Benedictional,'' 
illuminated    manuscript    of  the  tenth. 


an 


century,  in  '  Archseologia,'  xxiv.  1-117,  with 
thirty-two  plates \  {b)  'A  Description  of 
a  Benedictional  or  Pontifical,  called  Bene- 
dictionarius  Roberti  Archiepiscopi,'  an  il- 
luminated manuscript  of  the  tentli  century 
in  the  public  library  at  Rouen,  ib.  pp.  118-- 
136;  (c)  'The  Anglo-Saxon  Ceremonial  of 
the  Dedication  and  Consecration  of  Churches/ 
ib.  XXV.  285-74;  {d)  *  Remarks  on  the  Loa« 
terell  Psalter,'  printed,  with  six  plates,  in 
the  '  Vetusta  Monumenta,'  vol.  vi. ;  ^e)  ^  A 
Memoir  on  the  Painted  Chamber  in  the 
Palace  at  Westminster,'  printed,  with  four* 


Rolfe 


»S7 


Rolfe 


teen  platee,  in  the  same  Tolume  of '  Vetusta 
Monumenta.' 

A  portrait,  of  which  the  origfinal  by  Mrs. 
Gazpenter  is  at  Hengrave  Hall,  has  been  en- 
giaTed.  There  is  also  an  excellent  bust  by 
fi.  C.  Locasy  which  was  presented  to  the  So* 
eiety  of  Antiouaries.  A  portion  of  Roke- 
wo^'s  Taluable  libraiy  was  sold  in  London 
on  22  snd  23  Dec.  1848. 

pes.  AddiU  19167,  f.  865 ;  Aungter's  Hist  of 
Islevtnth,  pL  104* ;  London  and  Dublin  Orthodox 
JooroaJ,  XT.  270;  Lowndes's  Bibl.  Man.  (Bohn), 
p.  8M.]  T.  G. 

BOLFE,  JOHN  (1685-1622),  colonist, 
craDdfiOD  of  Eustacius  Kolfe,  of  an  old  Nor- 
tel fiunily,  and  son  of  John  Rolfe,  who  mar* 
liedy  on  24  Sept.  1582,  Dorothea  Mason,  was 
baptised  at  Heacham,  Norfolk,  on  6  May 
IS65,  BepresentatiTes  of  the  Rolfe  family 
still  oeenpy  Heacham  Hall.  A  twin-brother, 
Enstactns,  died  in  childhood.  Rolfe  married 
in  Enffland  during  1606,  and  sailed  with  his 
wife  For  Vir^nia  in  June  1609.  On  the 
Tojage  he  was  wrecked  and  cast  on  the  Ber- 
muda where  a  dau£^ter,  who  died  an  infant, 
was  bom  to  him.  The  parents  reached  Vii^ 
ginia  in  May  1610,  whereupon  the  mother 
died.  In  1612  Rolfe  si^alised  himself  as  the 
first  E^lishman  to  introduce  the  regular 
cultiva^n  of  tobacco  into  Virginia.  He  was 
thus  a  letding  settler,  when,  on  6  April  1613, 
wlietlier  captivated  by  the  grace  and  beauty 
of  the  newly  converted  savage  or,  as  his 
fellow-eolonist  Hamor  wrote,  *  for  the  good 
of  the  plantation,'  and  in  spite  of  personal 
ficniplesy  it  is  impossible  to  say,  he  married 
PoGuiontas. 

Pocahontas,  or  Matoaka  (1595-1017),  was 
a  younger  daughter  of  Powhattan,  overking 
of  the  Indian  tribes  from  the  Atlantic  sea- 
board to  '  the  falls  of  the  rivers.'  This  poten- 
tate was  naturally  perturbed  by  the  av- 
mal  of  English  colomsts  upon  the  Virginian 
lesboajd  in  1585,  and  he  and  his  subjects 
were  probably  instrumental  in  the  extermi- 
Bttion  of  the  early  colonists,  no  traces  of 
whom  were  ever  found  [see  under  Ralegh, 
Sib  Walter].  On  30  April  1607  a  second 
eolooy,  sent  out  bv  the  Virginian  Company  of 
London,  anchored  in  Chesapeake  Bay.  The 
fresh  odlonists,  who  settlea  at  Jamestown, 
soon  ent^ed  into  friendly  relations  with  the 
natives.  One  of  the  most  prominent  of  their 
aumber,  Ckptain  John  Smith  (1580  P-1631) 
fq.  v.^  essayed  the  exploration  of  the  Indians* 
cooatry.  In  Da^mber  1607  he  sailed  up  the 
Cbickahominy  river  on  the  second  of  such 
expeditions,  was  captured  by  the  Indians  and 
eventually  taJren  to  Powhattan's  chief  camp, 
aioQt  eighteen  miles  southeast  of  Jamestown 


(5  Jan.  1608).^  According  to  the  account  of 
these  transactions  which  he  sent  to  England 
a  few  months  later.  Smith  succeeded  in  con- 
vincing the  king  of  the  friendlineas  of  his  in- 
tentions, and  was  accordingly  sent  back  to 
Jamestown  with  a  native  escort.  Eight  years 
later,  when  writing  a  short  account  of  Poca- 
hontas, then  in  EngLmd,  for  the  benefit  of 
Queen  Anne,  consort  of  James  I,  Smith  em- 
bellished this  plain  tale  with  some  romantic 
incidents.  According  to  this  later  version, 
first  published  in  1622,  Powhattan,  after 
a  parley  with  his  chiefs,  decided  upon  the 
Englishman's  execution,  and  the  natives 
were  preparing  to  brain  him  with  theirclubs, 
when  Pocahontas,  *  the  king's  darling  daugh- 
ter,' rushed  forward  and  interposed  her  own 
head  between  Smith  and  his  executioners, 
whereupon  Powhattan  ordered  his  life  to  be 
spared.  Other  writers  corroborate  Smith's 
statement  that  from  1608  Pocahontas  was 
henceforward  a  frequent  visitor  at  Jamestown, 
where  she  played  with  the  children,  and  acted 
as  an  intermediary  between  the  colonists  and 
Powhattan.    Smith  returned  to  England  on 

4  Oct.  1609,  after  which  her  regular  visits  to 
the  English  camp  ceased.  In  Smith's  earlier 
narrative,  or  *  True  Relation '  (1008),  Poca- 
hontas is  mentioned  incidentally  as  a  child  of 
ten, '  who  not  only  for  feature,  countenance, 
and  proportion '  greatly  exceeded  the  rest  of 
her  countrywomen,  but  was  *  the  only  non- 
pareil '  of  tiie  countiy.  In  the  later  *  General 
History '  (1622)  she  is  depicted  as  the  good 
genius  of  the  settlers,  warning  them  of  hostile 
schemes  on  the  part  of  the  Indians,  and  send- 
ing them  provisions  in  times  of  scarcity. 

When,  in  the  spring  of  1612,  Captain 
Samuel  Argal,  a  leading  colonist,  was  trading 
for  com  along  the  Potomac,  it  came  to  his 
ears  that  Pocahontas  was  staying  on  a  visit 
with  the  chief  of  the  district.  Through  the 
afi^ency  of  this  chiefs  brother,  whom  Argal 
alternately  threatened  and  cajoled,  the 
princess,  now  about  sixteen  years  of  age, 
was  lured  on  board  ArgaFs  vessel,  and  taken, 

05  a  hostage  for  the  good  behaviour  of  the 
Indian  tribes,  to  Jamestown,  where  she 
arrived  on  13  April  1612.  In  the  following 
year  she  was  converted  to  Christianity,  and 
christened  Rebecca.  Powhattan  appeared 
flattered  when  his  daughter's  projectea  mar- 
riage with  Rolfe  was  announced  to  him,  and 
it  was  hoped  that  the  match  would  cement 
a  friendly  alliance  between  the  planters  and 
the  Indian  potentate.  It  was  followed  by  an 
exchange  of  prisoners  and  other  overtures  of 
good-will.  In  1616  Sir  Thomas  Dale,  who 
was  acting  as  governor  of  the  colony,  carried 
Pocahontas,  with  her  husband  and  child,  to 
England,  where  she  and  her  native  attendants 


Rolfe 


158 


Rolfe 


were  hftndsomely  received  by  the  London 
company  and  others^  the  qneen  and  ooartiers 
(who  hod  at  first  looked  askance  at  Rolfe's 
anion)  paying  her  marked  attention.  She 
renewed  her  acquaintance  with  her  old  friend 
Captain  Smith,  and  attended  the  Twelfth 
Night  masque  of  1617  (Jonson's  Christmas), 
in  company  with  the  queen.  During  her  stay 
in  town  Simon  de  Passe  enrraved  the  well- 
known  portrait  of  her,  the  features  of  which 
are  agreeable,  modest,  and  not  undignified. 
She  is  described  in  an  inscrij^tion  iipon  the 
plate  as  'Matoaka,(7/mRebecka,wiie  of  the 
worshipful  Mr.  Thos.  Rolff.  ^Etatis  sues 
21  A*  I6I6.'  Another  portrait  in  oils  was 
painted  by  an  Italian  artist,  and  belonged 
to  the  Rev.  "Wniitwell  Elwin  of  Booton  Rec- 
tory, Norfolk,  whose  family  intermarried 
with  the  Rolfes;  an  excellent  engraving 
from  it  appeared  in  the  'Art  Journal  (1885, 
p.  299). 

Pocahontas,  although  reluctant  to  return 
to  America,  pined  under  an  English  sky,  and 
in  March  1617,  after  all  arrangements  had 
b^en  made  for  her  departure,  she  died  at 
Gravesend.  In  the  parish  register  of  St. 
George's  Church,  Gravesend,  is  the  crude 
entry :  *  1616,  May  2j ,  Rebecca  Wrothe,  wy fFof 
Thomas  Wroth,  jfent.,  a  Virginia  lady  borne, 
here  was  buried  in  ye  chauncelP  {Notes  and 
QtierieSf  8rd  ser.  v.  123 ;  cf.  Omrt  of  James  I, 
under  date  29  March  1617).  Several  of  her 
attendants  proved  consumptive,  and  gave 
trouble  to  the  company  after  their  mistress's 
death.  Rolfe  subsequently  married  Jane, 
daughter  of  William  Pierce,  and  died  in  Vir- 

S'nia  in  1628,  leaving  a  widow  with  children. 
y  the  princess  Rolfe  left  a  son  Thomas  (bom 
in  1615),  who  aiter  his  mother's  death  was 
brought  up  by  his  uncle,  Henry  Rolfe  of  Lon- 
don. He  returned  to  Virginia  in  1640,  and 
married  there  Jane,  daughter  of  Francis  Poy- 
thress,  leaving  a  daughter  Jane,  who  married 
Robert  Boiling,  and  had  many  descendants. 
Ben  Jonson  introduced  Pocahontas  into 
his  'Staple  of  News'  (1626),  and  since  his 
day  she  has  formed  the  title  character  of 
many  works  of  prose  fiction,  by  Sigoumey, 
Seba  Smith,  Samuel  Hopkins,  John  Davis, 
and  others.  The  romantic  incident  of  the 
rescue  is  depicted  in  stone  as  a  relief  upon 
the  Capitol,  Washington 

^Capt.  John  Smith's  works,  ed.  Arber,  1884; 
Wingneld's  Discoarse  of  Virginia;  Newport s 
Discoveries  in  VirgiDia ;  Observations  by  George 
Percy  (Purchas);  Spelman's  Relation  of  Vir- 
ginia: Whi  taker's  Good  News  from  Virginia; 
and  Hamor's  True  Discourse  of  the  Present 
Estate  of  Tirgjnia— all  written  1607-18 ;  Stith's 
History  of  Virgraia;  Brown's  Genesis  of  the 
United  States ;  NewBngland  Hist,  and  Genealog. 


Regist.  January  1884 ;  Nieholb's  ProgilsMBS  <H 
James  I,  iii.  243 ;  Revue  de  Paris,  t.xlii.(1882> 
211.  321 ;  CaL  Btate  Papers,  Bodl  l-eiUia. 

Since  xnoma«  Fuller  expreased  doabt  oi  ihm 
veracity  of  Captain  Smith  in  his  Worthies,  Mr. 
Charles  Deane  was  tb«  first,  in  a  note  to  kis  edi* 
tion  of  Wingileld's  Discourse  (1860),  to  impugn 
Smith's  story  of  his  rescue  by  Pocahontas.  Mr. 
Deane  repeated  his  doubts  in  a  note  to  his  edition  of 
Smith's  True  Relation  in  1 866,  and  the  same  view 
was  supported  in  the  Rev.  E.  D.  Nelll's  Vt^grinia 
Company  in  London  (eh.  v.,  pi^iniod  separately 
as  Pocahontas  and  ber  Compftnlbmi^  London^ 
1869),  and  in  the  same  writer's  English  CblonisA- 
tion  in  America  (chap,  iv.)  Charles  Dudley  War- 
ner, in  the  Study  of  the  Life  and  Writinffs  of  John 
Smith  ( 1 88 1 ),  treats  the  Pooafaontas  episode  frith 
sceptical  levity.  Deane*8  views  weFs  also  sup- 
ported by  Henry  Adams  in  the  North  Aroerieaa 
Review,  January  1867 ;  by  Henry  Oab6t  Lodge 
in  his  English  Colonies  in  America ;  by  Juatift 
Winsor  in  History  of  America,  vol.  iii.;  and, 
with  some  reservations,  by  J.  Chnrham  Palfrey  in 
his  Hist,  of  New  ESngland  ( 1 866),  and  by  Mr.  S.  A. 
Doyle  inhisEnglish  in  America:  Virginia (1882). 
Bancroft  found  a  place  for  the  story  in  his  nar- 
rative until  1879,  when,  in  the  centenary  edition 
of  his  History  of  the  (Jnited  States,  he  abandoned 
it  without  expressing  judgment.  Coit  Tyler,  in 
his  History  of  American  literature,  laments  tha^ 
the  *  pretty  story '  has  lost  historicHl  credit.  Pro- 
fessor S.  R.  Gardiner,  in  his  Hietoiy  of  England 
(1883,  iii.  168),  regrets  its  demolition  by  histoH^ 
eal  inqnirers.  The  balanee  of  tratand  opinion  is 
thus  in  favour  of  treating  the  resene  epiaode  as  a 

Eoetical  fiction.  Its  sulMtantial  Correctaase  is^ 
owever ,  con  tended  for  by  Wy ndham  Roberteoti  in 
Pocahontas  and  her  Descendants,  1887«  by  Poio* 
dexter  in  his  Capt.  John  Smith  and  his  Critics 
(1893),  by  Professor  Arber  in  his  elaborate  vin- 
dication of  Smith  (Smith's  Works,  ed.  Arber,  esp. 
p.  cxvii),  and  by  Mr.  William  Wirt  Henry,  ths 
most  eloquent  chamj^ion  of  the  story,  m  his 
Address  to  the  Virginia  Historical  Sociaty  (Pro- 
ceedings, Pebmaiy  1882).]  T.  S. 

ROLFE,  ROBERT  MONSBY,  Babo^ 
Oranwobth  (1790-1868),  loikl  chancellory 
bom  at  Ofanworth  in  Norfolk  on  18  Dec. 
1790,  was  elder  son  of  Edmund  Rolfe,  onMte 
of  Cran worth  and  rector  of  CockW-Clay,  by 
his  wife  Jemima,  fifth  danghteor  of  WiUiain 
Alexander,  and  granddaughter  of  Measenger 
Mousey  [q.  v.],  physician  to  Chelsea  Hospital. 
His  father  was  first  cousin  of  Admiral  LiOrd 
Nelson,  while  his  mother  was  a  nieee  otf 
James,  first  earl  of  Galedon.  He  i^ecotved 
his  early  edncation  at  the  grammaf  school  of 
Bury  St.  ^dmunds^where  be  wns  the  junior 
of  Charles  James  Blotnfield  [t|.  v.l  aftor- 
wards  bishop  Of  London.  He  was  then  sent 
to  Winehoster,  where  he  obtained  the  silver 
medal  for  a  Latin  speeoh  in  1607.  Proooed-- 
ing  to  Trinity  OoUoge,  Oambtidge,  he  boi^me 


Rolfe 


159 


Rolfe 


seventeenth  wrangler  in  1812,  and  gained  one 
of  tlie  members'  prizes  fbr  senior  bachelors  in 

1814.  He  graduated  B.A.  in  1812,  M.A.  in 

1815,  and  was  elected  a  fellow  of  Downing 
Collie.     Rolfe  was  admitted  to  Lincoln's 
Inn  on  29  Jan.  1812,  and  was  called  to  the 
bar  on  21  May  1816.     His  progress  as  a 
junior  was  slow ;  but  he  gradaal^  acquired 
a  large  hosinees  in  the  chancery  courts.    At 
the  general  election  in  the  spring  of  1881  he 
unsuceessfoll^  contested  Bury  St.  Edmunds 
in  the  whig  interest.     He  was  appointed  a 
king*s  oouDfiel  in  Trinity  vacation  1832,  and 
was  called  whhin  the  bar  on  the  first  day  of 
the  following  Michaelmas  term.     He  was 
elected  a  bencher  of  Lincoln's  Inn  on  2  Nov. 
1832,  but  left  the  society  on  11  Nov.  1839, 
when  he  became  a  serjeant-at-law.    At  the 
general  election  in  December  1832  he  was 
returned  to   the  House   of   Commons  for 
Penrjn  and   Falmouth,  and  continued  to 
represent  that   constituency  until  his  ap- 
pointment to  the  judicial  bench.    He  spoKe 
ror  the  first  time  m  the  House  of  Commons 
on  19  March  1883  {ParL  DebaU»y  3rd  ser. 
xvi.  817-9),  but  he  seldom  took  part  in  the 
debates.     Rolfe    was    appointed    solicitor- 
general  in  Lord  Melbourne  s  first  administra- 
tion on  6  Nov.  1834,  and  resigned  office  in 
the  following  month,  on  Sir  Kobert  Peel's 
accesaon  to  power.     On  the  return  of  the 
whigs  to  office,  in  April  1835,  Kolfe  was  re- 
stored to  the  post  of  solicitor-general,  and 
received  the  honour  of  knighthood  on  6  May 
following.    He  was  appointed  a  baron  of  the 
exchequer  in  the  place  of  Sir  William  Henry 
Manle  [q.  v.],  ana,  having  received  the  order 
of  the  coif,  took  his  seat  on  the  bench  on 
1 1  Nov.  1889.    Though  Rolfe  had  only  prac- 
tised in  the  coort  of  chancery,  he  had  acouired 
experience  in  criminal  cases  while  sittmg  as 
recoxder  of  Bury  St.  Edmunds,  a  post  which  he 
had  held  for  some  years.    With  Abinger  and 
Williams  he  took  part  in  the  trial  oi  John 
William  Bean  for  shooting  at  the  queen  in 
August  1842  {B^ports  of  State  Trials j  new 
ser.  iv.  1882-6).    In  March  1843  he  presided 
at  the  trial  of  Feargus  O'Connor  and  ftfby- 
eight  other  chartists  for  seditious  conspiracy 
(i6.  iv.  935-1231 ).  In  March  1849  he  presided 
at  the  trial  of  Rush  for  the  murder  of  Isaac 
Jermy  [<}.  v.]  and  his  son.    He  acted  as  a 
eommissioner  of  the  great  seal  from  19  June 
1850  to  15  July  following,  his  colleagues 
beinj'  Lord  Langdale  and  Vice-chancellor 
ShadweO.      Owing    to    ShadwelFs    illness 
nothing  bnt  the  routine  business  could  be 
done,  and  the  long  arrears  of  appeals  arising 
fran   Cottenham^    absence    remainied    un- 
touched {Life  ofXohn,  Lord  Camphell^  1861, 
ii.  281).    On  2  Nov.  1860  Rolfe  was  ap- 


pointed a  vice-chancellor  in  the  room  of 
Shad  well,  and  on  the  ISth  of  the  same 
month  was  admitted  to  the  privy  council. 
He  was  created  Baron  Cranworth  of  Oran- 
worth  in  the  county  of  Norfolk  on  20  Dec. 
1850,  and  took  his  seat  in  the  House  of 
Lords  at  the  opening  of  parliament  on  4  Feb. 
1851  (Journals  of  the  House  of  Lords,  Ixxxiii. 
4).  He  made  his  maiden  speech  in  the 
house  during  the  discussion  of  Brougham's 
County  Courts  Extension  Bill  on  7  Feb, 
1861  {Pari,  Debates,  3rd  ser.  cxiv.  178-9). 
When  the  court  of  appeal  in  chancery  was 
created  under  the  provisions  of  14  &  15  Vict, 
cap.  83,  Cranworth  and  Knight  Bruce  were 
appointed  the  first  lords  just  ices  (8  Oct.  1851). 
On  the  formation  of  Lord  Aberdeen's 
cabinet  in  December  1862,  Cranworth  was 
promoted  to  the  post  of  lord  chancellor.  Th^ 
great  seal  was  delivered  to  him  on  the  28th, 
and  he  took  his  seat  on  the  woolsack  as  speaker 
of  the  House  of  Lords  on  10  Feb.  1853 
(Journals  of  the  House  of  Lords,  Ixxxv.  66). 
Foiur  days  afterwards  he  introduced  a  bill  for 
the  registration  of  assurances.  At  the  same 
time  he  announced  the  intention  of  the  go- 
vernment to  deal  with  the  question  of  the 
consolidation  and  simplification  of  the  statute 
law,  and  was  bold  enough  to  hold  out  some 
hope  that  the  proposed  step  would  lead  to 
the  formation  of  a  Code  Victoria  (Pari. 
Debates,  3rd  ser.  cxxiv.  41-6).  A  small 
board  was  nominated  by  Cranworth  to  con- 
solidate the  statutes  imder  the  superinten- 
dence of  Charles  Henrv  Bellenden  iter  [q.  v.] 
In  the  following  year  tnis  board  was  replaced 
by  a  royal  commission,  over  which  Cranworth 
himself  presided  (see  ParL  Papers,  1854 
vol.  xxiv.,  1854-5  vol.  xv.)  The  result  of 
their  deliberations  led  ultimately  to  the 
successive  statute  law  revision  acts  passed 
during  the  chancellorships  of  Lords  Camp- 
bell, Westbury,  and  Chelmsford.  Though 
the  Registration  Bill  passed  through  the 
House  of  Lords  in  spite  of  the  strenuous 
opposition  of  Lord  St.  Leonards,  it  was 
dropped  in  the  House  of  Commons.  Cran- 
worth was  more  successful  with  his  bill  for 
the  better  administration  of  charitable  trusts, 
which  became  law  during  the  session  (16  5: 
17  Vict.  cap.  137).  On  11  July  1863  he 
moved  the  second  reading  of  the  Transporta- 
tion Bill  (Pari.  Debates,  Sxd  ser.  cxxix.7-13). 
This  bill,  which  substituted  penal  servitude 
in  lieu  of  transportation  and  adopted  the 
ticket-ofj4eave  system,  passed  through  both 
houses  with  but  little  opposition,  and  re- 
ceived the  royal  assent  on  20  Aug.  1863 
(16  &  17  Vict.  cap.  99).  In  the  session  of 
1854  Cranworth  carried  through  the  house 
a  bill  for  the  further  amendment  of  the 


Rolfc 


1 60 


Rolfe 


common-law  procedure  (17  &  18  Vict.  cap. 
125) ;  but  neither  the  Testamentary  Jum- 
diction  Bill  nor  the  Divorce  and  Matrimonial 
Causes  Bill,  which  he  introduced,  passed 
into  law  (^ParL  Debates,  8rd  ser.  cxxx.  703- 
720,  cxxxiv.  1-12).  Cranworth  continued  in 
his  post  on  the  formation  of  Lord  Palmerston's 
administration  in  February  1855,  in  which 
year  he  was  also  aptK>inted  a  goyemorof  the 
Charterhouse.  He  introduced  a  bill  to  facili- 
tate leases  and  sales  of  settled  estates  on 
11  May  following  (ib,  cxxxviii.  398-9),  but  it 
failed  to  pass  through  the  House  of  Commons. 
The  delay  of  the  ministerial  measures  of  legal 
reform  in  this  session  was  the  occasion  of 
an  attack  on  Cranworth  by  Lord  Lyndhurst, 
who  pointed  out  'the  want  of  cordial  co- 
operation between  the  lord  chancellor  and 
the  law  officers  of  the  crown  in  the  other 
house*  {ib,  cxxxix.  1189-96).  Cranworth 
took  part  in  the  debate  on  Lord  Wensley- 
dale's  patent  on  7  Feb.  1856  [see  Parke,  SIb 


314-27).  The  bill  to  facilitate  leases  and 
sales  01  settled  estates  passed  through  both 
houses  in  this  session  (19  &  20  Vict.  cap. 
120);  but  neither  the  Appellate  Jurisdic- 
tion Bill  nor  the  Divorce  and  Matrimonial 
Causes  Bill  passed  the  commons.  In  the 
session  of  lo57  the  government  measures 
for  the  establishment  of  the  probate  and 
divorce  court  passed  through  both  houses 
(20  and  21  Vict.  caps.  77  and  80).  Cran- 
worth, however,  refused  to  distribute  any  of 
the  patronage  under  these  acts,  and  gave  the 
whole  of  it  to  Sir  Cresswell  Cresswell  [5.  \X 
the  first  judge  in  ordinary.  He  resigned 
office  on  the  accession  of  Lord  Derby  to 
power  in  February  1858.  On  23  March  fol- 
lowing he  movea  the  second  reading  of  a 
Land  Transfer  Bill  and  a  Tenants  for  Life 
Bill,  but  neither  of  them  became  law  during 
that  session  {Pari,  Debates,  clxix.  559-63). 
Cranworth  was  not  offered  the  great  seal  on 
Lord  Palmerston's  return  to  office  in  June 
1859,  as  <  his  reputation  had  been  so  much 
damaged  while  chancellor  by  allowing 
Bethell  to  thwart  and  insult  him '  (Life  of 
John,  Lord  CampbelL  ii.  868).  He  moved 
the  second  reading  of  the  Endowed  Schools 
Bill  on  9  Feb.  1860  (Pari  Debates,  8rd  ser. 
dvi.  689-95).  This  bill,  which  enabled  the 
children  of  dissenters  to  enjoy  the  benefit  of 
the  King  Edward's  schools,  received  j;he  royal 
assent  on  81  March  following  (23  &  24  Vict, 
cap.  11).  *  Cran worth's  Act,'  by  which  his 
name  is  remembered,  became  law  during  the 
session  (23  &  24  Vict.  cap.  145).  Its  ooiect 
was  the  shortening  of  conveyances,  and  it 


has  now  been  superseded  by  Lord  Caims's 
Conveyancing  and  Law  of  Property  Act. 
He  differed  With  Lord  Westbury  with  regard 
to  the  Bankruptcy  Bill  of  1861,  and  opposed 
the  appointment  of  a  chief  judge  (Pari,  De-^ 
bates,  3rd  ser.  dxiii.  122S-5).  In  the  session 
of  1862  he  introduced  a  bill  for  obtaining  a 
declaration  of  title,  as  well  as  a  Security 
of  Purchasers  Bill  (t5.  clxv.  873,  897-90S, 
clxvi.  1190-1).  The  former  became  law 
(26  &  26  Vict.  cap.  67),  but  the  latter  waa 
dropped  in  the  House  of  Commons.  On 
Lonl  Westbury's  retirement  Cranworth  was 
reappointed  lord  chancellor  (7  July  1865), 
and  at  the  opening  of  parliament  on  1  Feb. 
1866  he  again  tooK  his  seat  on  the  woolsack 
(Journals  of  the  House  qf  Lords,  xcviii.  7). 
On  1  May  1866  he  moved  the  second  reading 
of  the  Law  of  Capital  Punishment  Amend- 
ment Bill  {Pari,  I>ebates,  3rd  ser.  dxxxiii. 
232-41),  which  passed  through  the  lords^ 
but  was  withdrawn  in  the  commons.  In 
the  following  month  he  introduced  a  Statute 
Law  Revision  Bill  (t^.  clxxxiv.  210),  but 
withdrew  it  before  the  second  reading.  He 
resigned  the  great  seal  on  the  formation  of 
Lorn  Derby's  second  administration  in  July 
1866.  In  the  session  of  1867  he  took  charge 
of  Russell  Gumey's  Criminal  Amendment 
Bill,  and  safely  piloted  it  through  the  House 
of  Lords  {ib,  clxxxvii.  933-4).  in  the  session 
of  1868  he  took  charge  of  two  other  bills 
which  had  been  sent  up  from  the  House  of 
Commons,  viz.  the  Religious  Sites  Bill  and 
a  Bankruptcv  Amendment  Bill,  both  of 
which  passed  into  law  {ib,  cxcii.  233-4, 
cxciii.  806).  Cranworth  spoke  for  the  last 
time  in  the  House  of  Lords  on  20  July  1863 
(ib.  cxciii.  1474).  He  died  after  a  short 
illness  at  No.  40  Upper  Brook  Street,  Lon* 
don,  on  26  July  1868,  ac^ed  77,  and  was 
buried  in  the  churchyard  of  Keston,  the 
parish  where  his  seat, '  Ilolwood  Park,'  was 
situate,  and  where  there  is  a  monument  to 
his  memory.  He  married,  on  9  Oct.  1845, 
Laura,  daughter  of  Thomas  Carr  of  Fiognaly 
Hampstead,  Middlesex,  and  of  Esholt  Heugh, 
Nortnumberland,  who  died  in  Upper  Brook 
Street  on  15  Feb.  1868,  in  her  eighty-first 
year,  and  was  buried  at  Keston.  There  were 
no  children  of  the  marriage,  and  the  peerage 
became  extinct  upon  Cranworth's  death. 

Cranworth  was  a  man  of  high  personal 
character  and  strong  common-sense  He  was 
a  sound  lawyer,  and  an  acute  and  patient 
judge.  He  was  not  a  successful  speaker  in 
parliament;   but,  though  destitute  of  elo- 

?[uence  and  wit,  his  speeches  were  always 
istened  to  with  respect.  Owing  to  his  ex* 
treme  caution  and  timidity,  Cranworth  failed 
as  a  law  reformer.    He  had  *  an  unliappy 


Rolland 


i«t 


Rolland 


kzuick,  thooffh  always  with  the  best  intexi- 
tions,  of  mudng  exactly  such  proposals  for 
their  amendment  as  would  entirely  defeat 
the  operation  of  some  of  Lord  Westbur^s 
most  masterly  measures'  {Law  Magazme 
and  Review,  1878,  p.  724).  Few  men  en- 
joyed greater  pexsonal  popularity.  Lord 
Csmpbell  declares '  there  never  lived  a  better 
man  than  Rolfe '  (Itfe  of  John,  Lord  Camp- 
bell, iL  125) ;  wbUe  GreviUe  says :  ^  Nobody 
is  80  s^reeable  as  RoUe— a  clear  head,  vi- 
racity,  mfonnation,  an  extraordinary  plea- 
santness of  manner  without  being  sort  or 
iSectedy  extreme  (pod  humour,  cheerfulness, 
and  tact  maJce  his  society  on  the  whole  as 
attractiTe  as  that  of  anybody  I  ever  met  * 
{Memoire,  2nd  ytat,  1885,  ii.  265). 

There  is  an  oil  portrait  of  Cnuiworth  by 
George  Richmond^  RA.,  in  the  National 
Portrait  Gallery.  A  crayon  drawing  of  Gran- 
worth  by  the  same  artist  has  been  engraved 
by  Francis  HolL 

Cru&wortli's  judgments  are  reported  in 
Meeeon  and  Welsby  j[v.-xvL),  Welsby,  Hurl- 
stone,  and  Qordon  (i.-v.).  Hall  and  Twells 
(iL),  Macnagbten  and  Gordon  ^iL^,  De  Gex, 
Maen^^ten,  and  Gordon  (i.-viii.),  De  Grex 
and  Jones  (i.  and  ii.),  De  Gex,  Jones,  and 
Smith(iL-iT.)y01ark's '  House  of  Lords  Cases ' 
(Iv.-n.),  Moore*8  ^  Privy  Gouncil  Gases,'  and 
the '  Law  Reports,'  English  and  Irish  Appeal 
Gases  (L-uL),  Chancery  Appeal  Cases  (i.) 

[F(MB*s  Judges  of  England,  1864,  iz.  261-8; 
Nash  8  Life  of  Richard,  Lord  Weetbory,  1888, 
i.  ISS-^,  138, 150-1, 169, 168-70,  ii.  10, 77, 144, 
149, 153,  168,  176 ;  W.  O'Connor  Morris's  Me- 
XQoits  and  ThonghUof  a  Life,  1896,  pp.  129-30 ; 
BaadoB  BeeollMtkms  of  the  Home  of  Oommons, 
18M,  pp.  222-3 :  Times,  27-80  July  1868 ;  Iaw 
zlv.  260-1,  zeri.  416-16 ;  Law  Magsr 


and  Baview,  zzri.  278-84 ;  lUustnted  Lon- 
don Neva,  I  and  16  Aug.  1868 ;  Gent.  Mag. 
1868,  nev  ser.  i.  663-4;  Annual  Begister,  1868, 
ii.  167-S ;  G^.  E.  C.'s  Complete  Peerage,  ii.  403  ; 
WhishaVs  Synopsis  of  the  Bar,  1836,  p.  120 ; 
Oasabridge  University  Calendsr,  1894-6,  pp. 
162,  608;  Holgate's  Winchester  Commoners, 
1800-35,  pp.  27, 40 ;  W.  Haig  Browne's  Oharter- 
heme  Psat  and  Present^  1879,  p.  204 ;  lincoln's 
Lm  Bfigiaters ;  OflSdal  Betorn  of  Lists  of  Mem- 
ben  of  Pariiamsot,  ii.  340,  362,  366 ;  Haydn's 
Book  of  Dignities,  1800;  Notes  and  Queries, 
^hwer.L  4M,  ii.  66,  04,  8Ui  ssr.  viii.  168.1 

a.  F.  B.  B. 

ROLLAHl),  JOHN  (Ji,  1600),  Scottish 
poet,  was  probably  son  of  John  Rolland 
vho  in  1481  was  gnb-dean  of  Glas^w  (see 
Bbxpsteb,  xtL  1051).  From  a  wnt  among 
die  T^iwg  ehartera  it  appears  that  he  was  p, 
pRsbrter  of  the  diocese  of  Glasgow,  and 
that  m  1666  he  was  acting  as  a  notary  at 
DalheidL    He  attests  the  document  with 

TOlk  XTII. 


the  words  '  Ego  vero  Joannes  Rolland  pres- 
byter Glasguensis  Diocesis  publicus  sacra 
auctoritate  apostolica  notarius.' 

Before  1660  he  composed  a  poem  entitled 
*  The  Court  of  Venii8,^and  about  May  1660 
wrote  a  second  poem  called  ^The  Seven 
Sa^.'  In  the  interval  between  the  com- 
position of  these  poems  he  turned  protestant ; 
the  later  poem  strongly  contrasts  with  the 
earlier  in  its  reference  to  Rome,  lliere  is 
no  evidence  that  he  was  alive  after  1560, 
and  the  publication  of  all  his  works  was 
doubtless  posthumous. 

Rolland  wrote :  1.  <Ane  Treatise  callit  the 
Court  of  Venus,  dividit  into  Four  Buikes 
newlie  oompylit  be  John  Rolland  in  Dal- 
keith,'Edinburgh,  1576.  The  circumstances 
attending  the  composition  of  this  poem  are 
related  in  the  second  of  RoUand's  works,  and 
it  was  clearly  composed  before  1560,  pro- 
bably dating  £rom  the  reign  of  James  V 
(1627-42) ;  it  was  reproduced  and  edited  for 
the  Scottish  Text  So<nety  by  the  Rev.  Walter 
Gregor  in  1889.  2.  '  The  Sevin  Seaffis  trans- 
latit  out  of  prois  in  Scottis  meter  dv  Johne 
Rolland  in  Dalkeith  with  ane  Morahtie  efber 
everie  Doctours  tale  and  seclike  after  the 
emprice  tale,  togidder  with  ane  loving  and 
lauoie  to  everie  Doctour  after  his  awin  tale,, 
and  ane  exclamation  and  outcrying  upon; 
the  eznpereours  wife  after  her  fals  contruvit 
tale,'  Edinburgh,  1678;  reprinted  in  1590, 
1692, 1699. 1605, 1620, 1631.  From  internal 
evidence  the  poem  is  proved  to  have  been 
written  after  the  attack  on  Leith  in  February 
1560,  and  before  the  treatv  of  Edinburgh  in 
July  of  the  same  year.  The  first  edition  was 
reproduced  by  the  Bannatyne  Club,  vol.  lix., 
and  in  Sibbald's  '  CJhronicle  of  Scottish 
Poetry '  (c£  G.  Buchner's  *  Die  Historia  Scp- 
tem  ^pientum . . .  nebst  einer  Untersuchung 
liber  die  Quelle  der  Sevin  Seagis  des  Johann- 
Rolland  von  Dalkeith,'  in  YABiTHAesir'ft 
Erlanger  Beitriige  zur  engliechen  Phiioloffie), 
Sibbald  also  conjecturally  ascribes  to  Rolland 
'The  Tale  of  the  Thrie  Priestis  of  Peblis,'^ 
which  was  probably  written  about  1540,. 
and  is  printea  in  Pixucerton's  'Ancient  Scot- 
tish Poems,'  1786,  and  by  Sibbald  in  hia 
<  (Jhronide  of  Scottish  Poetxr,'  1802,  ii.  227, 

Catharine  Holland,  daughter  of  another 
John  Rolland,  who  married,  m  1610,  Dr.  Wil- 
liam Gould,  the  principal  of  King's  College, 
Aberdeen,  founded  in  1669  several  Rolland 
bursaries  at  Marischal  College,  Aberdeen. 

[Reprints  of  Bolland*i  two  poems  in  the 
Scottish  Text  Society  and  the  Bannatyne  Club; 
Irving's  Lives  of  Scottish  Poets,  ii.  297 ;  Sib- 
bald's  Chronicle  of  Scottish  Poetry;  Burke's 
Commoners ;  Tanner's  BibL  Brit.-Hib.] 

W.    A.    8a 


Rollc 


162 


Rolle 


EOLLE,  HENRY  (1589  P-1666),  judge, 
aecond  eon  of  Robert  Rolle  (d.  1633)  of 
Heanton,  Devonshire  (a  scion  of  the  hmily 
of  Rolle  of  Stevenstone),  by  Joan,  daughter 
of  Thomas  Hele  of  Fleet  in  the  same  county, 
was  bom  about  1689.  .  John  Rolle  (l<69a- 
1648^  [q.  T.]  was  his  brother.  He  matricu- 
lated from  E^ter  College  at  Oxford  on 
20  March  1606^1607,  and  was  admitted  on 
1  Feb.  1608-9  of  the  Inner  Temple,  where 
he  was  called  to  the  bar  in  1618,  was  elected 
bencher  in  1638,  and  reader  in  1637  and  1638; 
but,  owin^  to  the  prevalence  of  the  plague, 
did  not  ^ve  his  reading  until  Lent  1639. 
Amon^  his  contemporaries  at  theTemple  and 
his  intimate  finends  were  Sir  Edward  Little- 
.ton  (1689-1645)[q.y.],  afterwards  lord  keeper 
and  baron  Littleton ;  Sir  Edward  Herbert 
[q.y.l,  afterwards  attorney-general ;  Sir  Tho- 
mas Qardiner  [q.  v.],  afterwards  recorder  of 
London;  and  John  Selden  [q.  v.], by  whose 
conversation  and  friendly  rivalry  ne  profited 
no  little  in  the  study  of  Uie  law  and  humane 
learning.  Rolle  practised  with  eminent 
success  in  the  court  of  king's  bench,  was  ap- 
pointed recorder  of  Dorchester  in  1636,  and 
was  called  to  the  degree  of  serjeant-at-law 
on  10  May  1640. 

He  sat  for  Callington,  Cornwall,  in  the 
last  three  parliaments  of  King  James  (1614 
to  162a-4),  and  for  Truro  in  Uie  first  three 

Sirliaments  of  his  successor  (^1626  to  1629). 
e  early  identified  himself  with  the  popular 
party :  no  member  was  more  urcent  for  the 
LnplMliment  of  BuckiDghamTkone  moi« 
determined  that  supply  must  be  postponed  to 
the  redress  of  grievances.  On  the  outbreak 
of  the  civil  war  he  adhered  to  the  parUa- 
.rnent,  contributed  lOOf.  to  the  defence  fund, 
and  took  the  covenant.  His  advancement 
to  a  Judgeship  in  the  king's  bench  was 
one  of  the  stipulationa  included  in  the  pro- 
nositions  for  peace  of  January  1642-3 ;  on 
28  Oct.  1645  he  was,  sworn  in  as  such,  and 
on  15  Nov.  1648,  pursuant  to  votes  of  both 
houses  of  parliament,  he  was  advanced  to  the 
chief-justiceship  of  the  court.  After  the 
execution  of  tne  kiujg  he  accepted.  8  Feb. 
1648-9,  a  new  commission  as  lord  chief  ju&- 
tioe  of  the  upper  bench  on  the  understanaii^g 
that  no  change  should  be  made  in  the  funda- 
mental laws,  and  on  the  13th  of  the  same 
month  he  was  voted  a  member  of  the  council 
of  state.  His  accession  strengthened  the  go- 
vernment, and  his  charges  on  the  western 
circuit  contributed  much  to  the  settlement  of 
the  public  mind.  On  4  Aug.  1654  he  was 
appointed  commissioner  of  tne  exchequer. 
IColle  yielded  the  palm  to  none  of  his -con- 
temporaries either  as  advocate  or  judge, 
with  the  single  exception  of  the  great  Sir 


JXatthew  Hale  [q.  v.]  His  decisions,  re« 
ported  bv  Style  (Modem  JReporU,  1658), 
rarely  relate  to  matters  of  historic  interest. 
Nevertheless  he  established  in  the  case 
of  Captain  Streater,  committed  to  prison 
-by  o^er  of  thecouncU  of  state  and  thespeaker 
of  the  House  of  Commons  for  the  publi- 
cation of  seditious  writings,  the  principle 
that  a  court  of  justice  cannot  review  parHa*' 
mentary  commitments  if  regular  in  form ; 
and  his  name  is  associated  with  one  of 
the  catues  e^l^res  of  international  law.  Don 
Fantaleon  Sa,  brother  of  the  Portuguese  am- 
bassador, was  arrested  £0^  murder  committed 
in  an  afirav  in  the  New  Exchange  in  the 
Strand.  The  fact  was  undeniable^  but  the 
Don  claimed  the  privilege  of  exterritoriality^ 
as  bein^  of  the  household  of  the  ambassador. 
The  pomt  was  discussed  by  Rolle  in  con- 
sultation with  two  of  his  j^uisnes,  two  ad- 
miralty iud^s,  and  two  civilians,  and  on 
16  Jan.  165&-4  was  decided  against  the  Don. 
The  decision  was  without  precedent,  for  it 
could  neither  be  denied  that  the  Don  was  of 
the  household  of  the  ambassador,  nor  that 
the  privilege  of  exterritorialitv  had  thereto- 
fore been  understood  to  extena  even  to  cases 
of  murder.  At  the  trial,  over  which  Rolle 
presided  on  6  July  following,  the  prisoner 
was  conceded  a  jury,  half  English  half  Por- 
tuguese, but  was  denied  the  assistanoe  of 
counsel,  and  compelled  to  waive  his  privilege 
and  plead  to  the  indictment  by  a  threat  of 
peine/orte  et  dtwe  (pressing  to  death).  He 
wi^  found  guilty,  sentenced  to  death,  and 
executed  at  Tyburn  on  10  July. 

On  Ihe  outbreak  of  Penruddock's  insurreo 
tion,  12  March  1654-^6,  Rolle  was  at  Salis- 
bury onassise  business,  when  he  was  surprised 
by  the  cavaliers  under  Sir  Joseph  Wagstaife, 
who  coolly  proposed  to  hang  him  [cf.  Nicho- 
las,   ROBEBT;    PbBTRTJDDOCK,    JoHWl       At 

Penruddock's  intercession,  however,  ne  wa3 
released;  he  served  as  one  of  the  commis- 
sioners for  the  trial  of  the  insurgents  at 
Exeter  in  the  following  May.  ShorUy  after- 
wards, being  unable  to  decide  against  the 
merchant  Cony,  who  had  sued  a  custonis 
officer  for  levying  duty  from  him  hj  force 
without  authority  of  psrliament  [cf.  Max* 
ITABD,  Sib  Johk,  160^1690],  he  resigned 
(7  June  1665)  rather  thai\give  further  oifenoe 
to  the'  Protector,  and  was  succeeded  by  Sir 
John  Qlynne  r<l«vO'  ^!?  died  on  60  July 
1656,  and  was  ouried  in  the  church  of  Shap- 
wick,  near  Glastonbury,  in  which  pariah, 
he  had  a  house.  By  .his  wife  Margaret, 
daughter  of  Sir  Thomas  I'oot,  aldennaAp 
of  London,  Bolle  had  issue  an,  only  son, 
Francis,  wjbo  was  knighted  at  Pprt^outlx 
OB  1  March  1664^  and  was  lord  of  th« 


Rolle 


163 


Rolle 


manor  of  £a«t  Titherley,  Hampahire,  and  was 
chooen  M.P.  for  Bridgewater  80  March  1660, 
for  Banta  26  April  1676,  Bridgewater  again 
UFeb.  1678-9,and  for  Hants  21  Fob.  1680-1. 
At  the  bar  BoUe  made  niany  reports  and 
afaridgzaenta  of  cases.  His  *  Abridraent  des 
plaakun  Cases  et  Besolutions  del  Com- 
mim  Ley'  (London,  1668,  2  vols,  fol.)  is 
orefaeed  1^  Lis  portrait  and  a  memoir  by  Sir 
Matthew  Hale,  in  which  he  is  characterised 
as  *  a  person  of  great  learning  and  experience 
la  the  common  law,  profound  judgment, 
iinffolarpnidence,  great  moderation,  justice, 
ana  int^ity/  His  '  Reports  do  divers  Cases 
ea  le  Court  del  Banke  le  Roy  en  le  Temps 
del  Hei^  de  Roy  Jacques,'  appeared  at 
London  m  1676-6,  2  vols.  toL 
[La  Kara*8  Pedigrees  of  Knights  (Harl.  Soc), 

g).  30,  SI,  189 ;  Howard's  Miae*  GeneaL  et 
arald.  ii.  136  ;  Hemoir  by  Sir  Matthew  Hale, 
pnfixedto  RoUe's  Abridgment;  Wood's  AtheoA 
Ozaa.«i.Blia«,  iii.  416 ;  Foster's  Alumni  Oxoo. ; 
lAoar  Taiaple  Books ;  Dugdale's  Orig.  p.  168. 
Chrofl.  Sar.  D.  1U9  ;  Notes  and  Queries,  1st  ser. 
vl  US ;  Whitelocke'a  Hem.  passim  ;  Vivian's 
VistKtion  of  Devon,  1896,  p.  664;  CoUins's 
Peenge,eLL  Brydges,  Tiii.  619  ;  Granger^s  Biogr. 
Hat  fi»L  (2nd  edit.),  iii.  70;  Walker's  Hist. 
Iftifpend.  ii.  1 19  ;  Koble's  Proteetoral  House  of 
Craavell,  i.  430;  Lords'  Joorn.  z.  687;  CaL 
Suto  Btpem,  Dem.  1649-60  p.  6,  1661  p.  44, 
l$>^4  p.  S60. 1 664  pp.  166, 169 :  Cobbett's  State 
liuk,  T.  866,  461  et  seq. ;  LodloVs  Memoirs, 
ei  filth,  L  412,  41 3 ;  Thnxloo  State  Papers,  iii. 
366  St  aeq. ;  Clarendon's  Rebellion,  sd.  Macray, 
ht  xif.  §1  89,  ISl  et  seq. ;  Burton's  Diary,  It. 
47:  B«tfl8^s  Eiench.  Mot.  Nap.  ii.  133 ;  Manning 
and  Bray's  Surr^.  ii.  667;  Campbell's  Chief 
JtmieM:  Foas'i*  Lives  of  the  Judges;  LVsons's 
%.  Brit.  ii.  pi.  ii.  387.]  J.  M.  R. 

fiOLLI!,  JOHN  (159&-1648),  merchant 
uid  politician,  fourth  son  of  Kobert  Holle 
[d.  1633)  of  Heanton,  Devonshire,  by  his 
wife  Joan  (li.  1634),  daughter  of  Thomas 
Htle  of  Fleet  in  the  same  county,  was  bap- 
:>«d  at  Petrockstow  on  13  April  1598 
iTimx,  risUtUiatu  0/ Devon,  1896,  p.  654). 
Henry  Rolle  [^  v.],  chief  justice,  was  his 
c|j«r  brother.  John  engaged  in  the  Turkey 
^ade  in  London.  He  represented  Callington 
bopough,  Cornwall,  in  the  parliaments  of  1626 
■fd  1628  {Baturn  o/MemberB,  L468, 474).  In 
:iie  laUer  year,  in  accordance  with  the  order 
Si  Uia  commona,  he  refused  to  pay  tonnage 
tad  foundage.  His  silks  and  other  goods, 
'4  tlis  value  of  1,617/.,  were  seized  by  the 
ejstoarhouse  officers.  On  12  Nov.  he  brought 
ftTritof  rm^vin,  but  execution  was  stopped 
bf  onier  or  the  council.  A  second  writ,  in 
Jumary  1629,  was  stopped  bv  order  of  the 
<^ciiequar.  In  Februair  RoUe  was  served 
*i^  a  subpoena  in  the  Star-chamber,  where 


he  was  called  in  question  for  his  replevins.  As 
the  House  of  Commons  was  then  debating 
the  question  of  the  seizure  of  the  merchants' 
goods,  the  house  made  the  Star-chamber's 
treatment  of  Rolle  a  matter  of  privilege 
{CommoTu^  JoumaU.   i.    921-8,    iu.    483). 
Although  *  a  man  or  great  trading '  at  the 
time,  Rolle  declined  to  continue  his  business 
after  the  seizure  of  his  goods.    In  January 
1630  he  was  again  subpoenaed  by  the  Star- 
chamber,  and  questioned  for  his  speeches  in 
the  commons.    In  the  Short  and  Long  parlia- 
ments he  represented  Truro  borough  (JRe^ 
turn  of  Memhen,  i.  480-1).    The  Long  par- 
liament instructed  the  committee  of  trade 
to  consider  his  case  in  May  1641  (ed.  ii,  154, 
907).    After  lonff  delay  the  case  was  re- 
ported on  7  May  1644  (t^.  iii.  483),  and  the 
house  resolved  that  satisfaction  should  be 
made  to  him  of  1,517/.  for  the  goods  arrested, 
4,844/.  aa  interest  on  his  remaining  capital 
(6,887/.)  in  1628,  from  which  date  he  had 
refused  to  trade,  and  of  500/.  for  his  four 
years'  expenses  in  lawsuits  in  the  exchequer 
and   Star-chamber.     In    an   ordinance    of 
14  June  1644  the  total  fine  of  8,641/.  was 
ordered  to  be  levied  on  the  executors  of  the 
farmers  of  the  customs  in  1628,  and  of  Sir 
William  Acton,  sheriff  of  London  in  that 
year  (i*.  iii.  580).    In  April  1645  Rolle  was 
unsuccessfully  nominated  as  a  member  of 
the  committee  of  three  for  the  command  of 
the  navy  {ib,  iv.  125).    In  1647  he  was  co- 
executor  of  the  will  of  his  brother.  Sir 
Samuel  Rolle  (1585  .P-1647).    He  died  un- 
married in  November  1648,  and  was  buried 
at  Petrockstow  on  the  18th  (parish  register, 
quoted  in  Viviak,  Visitations,  p.  654),        ' 

[Vivian's  Visitations  of  Devon,  1896,  p.  6^4; 
authorities  quoted  in  text ;  Gardiner's  Hist,  vol.  v.; 
Hamilton'sNotebookof  Sir JohnNorthcote, p.  75; 
Old  Pari.  Hist.  viii.  254 ;  Whitelocke's Memorials, 
pp.  12, 87.178;Ru»hworth,  11.653-8.]  W.  A.  S. 

ROtiLE,  JOHN,  Bakow  Rollb  of  Steven- 
stone  (1750-1842),  eldest  son  of  Denys  Rolle 
of  Bicton,  Devonshire  (d,  1797),  by  Anne, 
daughter  of  Arthur  Chichester  of  Hall  in 
the  same  county,  was  horn  on  16  Oct.  1750, 
the  same  year  in  which  his  uncle  Henry, 
created  Baron  RoUe  of  Stevenstone,  8  Jan. 
1747-8,  died  without  issue.  Returned  to 
parliament  for  Devonshire  on  4  Jan.  1780, 
Rolle  retained  the  seat  at  the  general  elec- 
tions of  April  1784  and  June  1790.  He  was 
a  staunch  adherent  of  Pitt,  held  somewhat 
coarse  '  common-sense '  views,  and  spoke  fre- 
quently, but  made  no  great  figure  as  a  de- 
bater. Having  rendered  himself  obnoxious 
to  the  opposition  by  the  severity  of  his  com- 
jnents  upon  Fox^s  recall  of  Rodney  in  1782, 
and  the  levity  with  which  he  treated  Fox's 

m2      ' 


Rolle 


164 


Rolle 


complaints  touching  the  violated  rights  of 
the  Westminster  electors,  KoUe  was  made 
the  hero  of  the  '  Rolliad/  in  which  he  was 
^bbetod  as  the  degenerate  descendant  of 
Kollo,  though  the  satire  was  principally 
aimed  at  Pitt  and  Dundas.  Bj  patent  dated 
20  June  1796  the  revived  title  of  Baron 
HoUe  of  Stevenstone  was  conferred  upon 
him ;  and  on  6  Oct.  he  took  his  seat  in  the 
House  of  Lords,  in  which,  except  to  second 
the  address  to  the  throne  on  26  June  1807  and 
that  to  the  prince  regent  on  30  Nov.  1812,  he 
hardly  spoke.  He  voted  against  Earl  Grey^s 
reform  bill  on  its  second  reading,  13  April 
1882,  and  remained  a  strong  conservative 
throughout  life.  He  was  colonel  of  the 
South  Devon  Militia  and  Boyal  Devon 
Yeomanry,  an  active  county  magistrate,  a 
good  landlord,  and  a  liberal  benefactor  to 
ike  church.  He  died  at  Bicton  House,  near 
Exeter,  on  8  April  1842.  He  married  twice, 
viz.  first,  on  22  Feb.  1778,  Judith  Maria  ((f. 
1820),  only  daughter  of  Heniy  Walrond  of 
Bovey,I)evon8hire ;  and,  secondly,  on  24 Sept. 
1822,  Louisa  Barbara,  second  daughter  of 
Kobert  George  William  Trefusis,  seventeenth 
baron  Clinton,  who  survived  him.  He  left 
issue  by  neither  wife. 

A  bust  of  Holle  was  exhibited  in  the  Ko^al 
Academy  exhibition  in  1842 ;  an  en^ving 
of  his  portrait  by  Gruickshank  is  in  Kyall^ 
'Portraits  of  eminent  Conservatives  and 
Statesmen,'  2nd  ser. 

[Memoir  in  the  work  by  Ryall  above  men- 
tioned and  Qent.  Mag.  1842,  ii.  201 ;  Collins's 
Peerage,  ed.  Bridges,  viii.  628 ;  PoIe*8  Descrip- 
tion of  Devonshire,  pp.  163, 414;  Hansard's  Pari. 
Histw  vol.  xziY.-ix.,  and  ParL  Debates,  ix.  580, 
xziv.  19,  and  3rd  ser.  zii.  469 ;  Lords'  Joum. 
zli.  12;  Wrazall's  Posth.  Memoirs,  ed.  Wheatley ; 
Greville  Memoirs,  C^eo.  IV  and  Will.  IV.  iii. 
107,  Vict.  i.  108.]  J.  M.R. 

ROLLE,  RICHARD,dbHahpolb(1290P- 
1349),  hermit  and  author,  born  about  1290 
at  Thornton  in  Yorkshire  (probably  Thorn- 
ton-le-Street^,W8athe  son  of  William  Rolle 
of  Thornton  in  Richmondshire,  and  was  sent 
by  his  parents  to  school  at  an  early  age, 
where  he  showed  such  sood  promise  that 
Thomas  de  Neville,  archdeacon  of  Durham, 
sent  him  to  Oxford,  paying  all  the  charges  of 
his  education.  There  he  is  said  to  have  made 
rapid  progress  in  his  studies,  but,  being 
moved  wiUi  a  stion||^  desire  to  devote  hun- 
self  to  a  religious  life,  at  the  age  of  nine- 
teen he  left  the  university  and  returned  to 
his  home.  Richard's  ambition  was  not  to 
enter  any  of  the  recognised  communities  of 
monks  and  friars,  but  to  become  a  hermit 
and  give  himself  up  to  contemplation.  His 
mode  of  making  his  profession  was  to  con- 


struct for  himself  a  costume  from  two  of  his 
sister's  kirtles,  one  white,  the  other  grey, 
which  she  lent  to  him,  and  having  bor- 
rowed also  his  father's  rain-hood,  he  took 
up  his  abode  in  a  wood  near  his  father's 
house.    His  family  naturally  looked  upon 
him  as  out  of  his  senses.    Richard,  there- 
fore, fearing  that  he  would  be  put  under 
restraint,  fled  from  his  home  and  commenced 
a  wandering  life.    Entering  a  certain  church 
at  Dalton,  near  Rotherham,  to  pay  his  devo- 
tions on  the  eve  of  the  Assumption,  he  was  re- 
cognised by  the  sons  of  John  de  Dalton,  the 
squire  of  the  place,  who  had  known  him  at 
Oxford.    The  next  day,  the  festival  of  the 
Assumption,  he  appeared  sgain  in  church, 
and,  putting  on  a  surplice,  took  part  in  the 
service.    At  the  mass  he  went,  with  the 
priest's  permission,  into   the    pulpit  and 
preached  with  wonderful  power.     John  de 
Dalton,  having  conversed  with  him,  and 
satisfied  himself  as  to  his  sanity,  offered  to 
provide  him  with   a   fitting  cell,  hermit's 
clothing,  and  the  necessaries  of  life.    This 
Richard  accepted,  and,  establishing  himself 
near  his  patron  at  Dalton,  devoted  himself  to 
contemplation  and  devotional  writings.  The 
'  Legenda'  represent  him  as  becoming  com- 
pletely ecstatic,  living  in  a  spiritual  wond,  and 
naving  many  conflicts  with  devils,  in  all  of 
which  he  is  victorious.    In  his  'De  Ineendio 
Amoris '  he  describes  in  detail  the  stens  by 
which  he  reached  the  highest  point  c^  divine 
rapture:    the  process  occupied  four  years 
and  three  months.    Richard  soon  began  to 
move  from  place  to  place,  and  in  the  course 
of  his  wanderings  came  to  Anderby  in  Rich- 
mondshire, where  was  the  cell  of  an  an- 
choress, Dame  Margaret  Kyrkby,  between 
whom  and  Richard  there  had  lonc^  existed 
a  holy  love.  Here  he  procured  tlie  miraculous 
^covery  of  the  recluse  from  a  violent  seizure. 
Subsequently  he  established  himself  at  Ham- 
pole,  near  Doncaster,  in  the  neiflrhbourhood 
of  the  Cistercian  nimneryof  St.  Mary,  which 
was  founded  there  by  William  de  Ciairefat 
in  1170  for  fourteen  or  fifteen  ntins.     Here 
the  fame  of  his  sanctity  and  his  learning 
became  very  great,  bringing  numerous  visi- 
tors  to  his    cell,    and    here    he    died    on 
29  Sept.  1349.    His  grave  at  Hampole  was 
visited  by  the  faithful  for  many  years  after 
his  death,  and  miracles— chiefly  of  healing— 
were  reported  to  be  worked  there  ;  20  Jan. 
was  the  day  traditionally  assigned   to  his 
commemoration.    An  'office,'  consisting  of 

I»rayers  and  hymns,  together  with  a  aeries  ol 
egends  adapted  to  the  canonical  hours  and 
the  mass,  was  drawn  up  in  anticipation  of  his 
canonisation,  which  did  not  take  place.  Th« 
legends  there  preserved  are  the  chief  source 


Rolle 


««s 


Rolle 


ofRiehud'abiognpliy.  The 'office 'is  printed 
in  the  Yoik  BreTiaij  (Siirtees  Soc.  vol.  ii. 
up.  T.),  tnd  from  the  Thornton  MS.  in  Lin- 
coln CSithedral  Library,  by  Canon  Perry  in  his 
sdition  of  Bolle's  <  English  Prose  Treatises ' 
(1860). 

RoUe  represented  a  reyolt  aeainst  many 
of  the  eonyentional  yiews  of  religion  in  his 
day.  He  waa  a  yoluminous  writer  of  deyo- 
tioml  treatises  or  paraphrases  of  scripture. 
In  his  litexniT  work  he  exalted  the  oontem- 
platiye  life,  denounced  yioe  and  worldlinesSi 
and  indnlged  in  much  mystical  rhapsodising. 
Bat  he  was  by  no  means  wholly  unpractical 
in  his  methods  of  seeking  to  rouse  in  his 
eountiymen  an  actiye  religious  sense.  He 
addressed  them  frequently  m  their  own  lan- 
goage.  As  a  translator  of  portions  of  the 
bible  into  Knglish — the  Psalms,  extracts 
from  Job  and  Jeremiah — he  deseryes  some  of 
the  ianie  snbeequently  acquired  b^  Wiclif. 
While  he  was  well  read  m  patnstic  lite- 
imtore,  he  had  no  sympathies  with  the  sub- 
tleties of  the  schoolmen ;  and  when  comment- 
ing on  scripture  ayoided  any  mere  scholas- 
tic interpretation,  although  he  often  digressed 
into  m^icism  of  an  original  type.  His 
popnlanty  was  so  ffreat  that  in  after  times 
'  eyil  men  of  LollaxSiy/  as  they  are  described 
in  the  rhyming  prefiuie  to  his  yersion  of  the 
Psalms,  endeayoured  to  tamper  with  his 
writing  with  the  yiew  of  putting  forth  his 
authon^  ior  their  yiews.  Thoefore  the 
nuns  of  the  Hampole  conyent  kept  genuine 
copies  in  'chain  bonds'  at  their  house. 

AoUe  wrote  in  both  Latin  and  English. 
His  English  works  were  written  in  ayigorous 
Northumbrian  dialect,  but  they  won  imme- 
diate popularity  all  oyer  Enghuid,and  his  difr- 
laetieal  pecnlinrities  were  modified  or  wholly 
Rmoyed  in  the  numerous  copies  made  in 
soQtbem  England.  Many  of  his  Latin  works 
be  liJTwiM^lf  or  his  disciples  translated  into 
Bngli«h.  With  regard  to  the  treatises  which 
aist  in  both  Latm  and  English  yersions, 
it  is  often  difficult  to  determme  for  which 
Tecsion  Bolle  was  personally  responsible. 
Two  of  Hollo's  Latin  ethical  treatises, '  De 
Eaendatione  Vit» '  and  *  De  Incendio  Amo- 
tii,'  seem  beat  known  in  English  translations 
Dade  by  Bicbard  Misyn  in  1484  and  1436 
respectiyelj  ^see  Mibtk,  Richabd].  The 
Ei^iidi  yersions  haye  been  published  by 
the  Earlj  English  Text  Society  (1896).  A 
great  part  of  his  literary  remains  is  still  un- 
p«iblisned.  Manuscripts  of  his  works  are 
naskeroua  in  all  public  libraries — fifty-four 
tre  in  the  Bodleian  Library,  forty-nine  are 
in  the  British  Museum,  and  forty-four  in  the 
Cambridge  IJniyersity  Library.  Of  his  Eng- 
lish paraphrases  of  scriptures  only  those  of 


the  Psalms  haye  been  printed.  His  rendering 
of  Job  in  English  yerse,  entitled  'The  IX 
leseons  of  the  diryge  whych  Job  made  in  hys 
trybulac^on . . .  clepyd  Pety  Job,'  remains  m 
BCarl.  MS.  1706  Qurt.  6)— ayolume  oontaining 
many  other  of  Kolle's  tracts.  An  English 
yerse  paraphrase  of  the  Lord's  Prayer,  as- 
signed oylutson  to  Rolle,  is  in  Harl.  MS.  436. 
Of  RoUe's  English  works,  two  prose  trea- 
tises were  printed  by  Wynkyn  de  Worde 
in  a  sinffle  yolume  in  1506, 4to,  yiz. '  Rycharde 
Rolle  Hermyte  of  Hampull  in  his  oontem- 
placyons  of  the  drede  and  loue  of  God  with 
other  dyuerse  tytles  as  it  sheweth  in  his 
table,'  and  '  The  remedy  ayenst  the  troubles 
of  temptacyons'  (Brit.  Mus.)  The  latter 
was  also  reissued  by  Wynkyn  de  Worde  in 
1506,  4to  (an  imperfect  copy  on  yellum  is 
in  the  British  Museum) ;  and  again  by 
Wynl^  de  Worde  in  1619,  4to  (the  copjy 
of .  this  edition  in  the  British  Museum  is 
perfect,  and  is  said  to  be  unique). 

Rolle's  chief  Ezuflish  work  long  remained 
in  manuscript.     It  is  the  religious   poem 
called  the  '  Pricke  of  Conscience.'    This,  he 
tells  us,  was   written  in  English  for  the 
instruction  of  those  who  knew  no  Latin. 
Lydgate  in  his  '  Bochas '  (f.  217  b)  mentions 
how 
Id  perfit  liring,  which  passeth  pojsie, 
Bicnard  hermite,  contemplatiye  of  sentence, 
Drough  in  Englishe  'the  prick  of  conscience.' 

Rolle's  poem  consists  of  a  prologue  and  seyen 
books,  treating  respectively  of  the  begin- 
ning of  man^  lite,  the  unstableness  of 
this  world,  death  and  why  death  is  to  be 
dreaded,  purgatory,  doomsday,  the  pains  of 
hell  and  joys  of  heaven.  Human  nature  is 
treated  as  contemptible,  and  asceticism  is 
powerfully  enjoined  on  the  reader.  The 
style  is  vigorous ;  the  yersification  is  rough. 
It  is  written  throughout  in  rhyming  cou- 
plets, the  syllables  of  each  verse  varymg  in 
number  from  eight  to  twelve,  although  never 
more  than  four  are  accented.  The  lines 
reach  a  total  of  9,624.  Rolle  quotes  freely 
from  the  scriptures  and  the  fathers,  and 
shows  himself  acquainted  with  Innocent  Ill's 
'  Be  Contemptu  Mundi ; '  Bartholomew 
Glanville's  '  De  Proprietatibus  Rerum ; '  the 
'  Compendium  Theologicie  Veritatis ; '  end 
the  *  fllucidarium '  of  Honorius  Augusto- 
dunensis.  In  title  and  subject,  although 
not  in  treatment,  the  work  resembles  the 
English  prose  treatise,  the  'Ayenbite  of 
Inwyt '  (i.e.  the  '  Remorse  of  Conscience '), 
which  Dan  Michel  of  Northgate  translated 
in  1840  into  the  Kentish  dialect  from  the 
French  ('  Le  Somme  des  Vices  et  des  Vertus/ 
written  by  Fr^re  Lorens  in  1279).  Rolle's 
poem  was  freely  quoted  by  Warton  in  his 


Rolle 


i66 


Rolfe 


of  Englisli  Poetry/  and  by  Joseph 
'ates  in  *  Archseologia/  1820,  six. 


'Hwtory  < 
Brooks  Yi 

814*84.  The  whole  was  Sni  printed^  in 
the  Northumbrian  dialect  in  which  it  was 
first  written,  ^m  the  Cottonian  MS.  Gblba 
E.  ix.  by  the  Hev.  Richard  Morris  for  the 
Philological  Society  in  1868.  Manuscripts 
abound,  not  only  of  the  ori^nal  Northum- 
brian! which  was  modified  and  altered  in  end- 
less particulars  by  southern  English  copyista, 
but  of  translations  into  Latin.  The  latter 
bear  the  title  of  'Stimulus  Conscientiee.' 
There  are  eighteen  English  manuscripts  in 
the  British  Museum ;  collations  of  all  these 
were  published  at  Berlin  in  1888  in  a  German 
dissertation  by  Dr.  Percy  Andrea.  Dr.  Biil- 
bring  of  Groningen  has  printed  collations  of 
thirteen  other  manuscripts,  at  Trinit-y  Col- 
lege, Dublin,  in  Lichfield  Cathedral  Library, 
Sion  College,  London,  Lambeth  Palace, 
Cambridge  university  Library  (Ee,  4,  35), 
Bodleian  Library  (Ashmole,  00).  and  else- 
where (cf.  Transactumi  of  the  Philological 
Society,  1889-90;  Engltiche  Studien,  vol. 
xxiii.  1896;  Heebig's  Archiv,  vol.  Ixxxvi. 
890-2).  Five  manuscripts  of  the  '  Pricke  of 
Conscience  'are  in  the  Cambridge  University 
Library,  and  at  least  twelve  are  in  the 
Bodleian  Library  at  Oxford. 

Of  hardly  less  interest  than  the '  Pricke  of 
Conscience'  is  EoUe's  English  paraphrase 
of  the  Psalms  and  Canticles.  The  work  was 
first  fully  printed  at  the  Clarendon  Press  in 
1884  from  a  manuscript  at  University  Col- 
lege, Oxford.  This  manuscript  preserves 
BoUe's  Northumbrian  dialecL  but  is  imper- 
fect. The  editor  (the  Rev.  H.  R.  Bramtey) 
has  supplied  the  defects  partly  from  a  copy 
at  Sidney-Sussex  College,  Cambridge,  and 
partly  ftam  one  in  the  Bodleian  Library. 
An  imperfect  Northumbrian  manuscript  is 
in  the  church  of  St.  Nicholas,  Newcastle-ou- 
Tyne  (cf.  Notee  and  QuerieSf  5th  ser.  i.  41^ 
42).  Dr.  Adam  Clarke,  the  biblical  com- 
mentator, owned  a  manuscript  copy,  and  in 
his  own  work  often  quoted  Bolle  s  com- 
mentary with  approyat  (Lbwib,  History  of 
the  Translations  of  the  Bible,  1789,  pp.  12^16). 
A  copy  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  is  in  course 
of  pn  nt ing  by  the  Early  English  Text  Society. 

Ten  Enghsh  prose  treatises  by  Rolle  found 
in  Robert  Thornton's  manuscript  (dated 
about  1440)  in  the  Lincoln  Cathedral  Library 
were  edited  for  the  Early  English  Text  So- 
ciety by  Canon  Perry  in  1^6.  Thornton 
lived  near  Hampole;  he  ascribes  seven  of 
the  treatises  to  *  Kichard  Hermite/  and  the 
rest  are  assigned  to  Rolle  on  good  internal 
evidence.  The  subjects  of  the  treatises  are 
respectively  *0f  the  Vertu«  of  the  Haly 
Name  of  Ihesuj'  'A  Tale  that  Rycherdle 


Hermet  made;'  'De  in-perfecta  contri- 
cione ; '  '  Moralia  Ricardi  Heremite  de  Ka- 
tura  Apis ; '  *  A  Notabil  Tretys  off  the  Ten 
Comandementys ; '  *  Of  the  Gyltes  of  the 
Haly  Gaste ;  '•  *  Of  the  Delyte  and  Yernyng 
of  Gode ; '  '  Of  the  Anehede  of  Godd  with 
Mannys  Saule ; ' '  Active  and  Contemplative 
Life ;  'and  the  *  Virtue  of  our  Lord's  Passion/ 

Mr.  Carl  Horstmann  published  in  1895-B 
in  his  '  Richard  Rolle  and  his  Followers/ 
'  The  Form  of  Perfect  Living '  (prose),  many 
short  poems  and  epistles  (from  Cambr.  Univ. 
MS.  T.  64)|  as  well  as  '  Meditations  on  the 
Passion '  (prose)  from  Oambrid^  Addit  MS. 
8042,  and  other  pieces  from  Bntish  Museioa 
M8.  Arundel  607. 

Of  Rolle's  Latin  works  there  was  published 
at  Paris  in  1510,  as  an  appendix  to  'Speculam 
Spiritualium,'  his  '  De  £)mendatioUe  Yitse  * 
or  '  Peecatoris/  a  short  religious  tract.    In 
the  same  place  and  year  appeared  in  a  sepa- 
rate volume  RoUe's   '  Explanationes    Ino- 
talnles/a  commentary  on  the  book  of  Job, 
in  Latin  prose.     The  latter  is  in  part  a 
translation  from    Rolle's   *Pety  Job'  (in 
Harl.  MS.  1706,  art.  5).    The  *  De  Emen- 
datione '  was  reissued  at  Antwerp  in  1538, 
tether  with  'De  Incendio  Amoris'  and 
'Euloginm  Nominis  lesu.'    Later  reissues, 
with  yarious  additions  of  other  Latin  trea- 
tises (including  Rolle's  English  paraphrases 
of  the  Psalms,  Job,  and  Jeremiah  turned  into 
Latin^,  appeared  at  Cologne  in  15d5,  and 
affain  m  1586,  when  the  volume  was  entitled 
'D.  Richardi  Pampolitani  Anglosaxonis  Ere- 
mite, viri  in  diuinis  scripturis  ac  Teteri  ilia 
solidaque  Theologia  eruditissimi,  in  Psal- 
terium  Davidicum,  atque  aliadusedam  sacrse 
Scriptures  monumentacompendiosajustaque 
pia  enarratio.'    The  Latin  traotSi  with  the 
exception  of  the  commentaries  on  scripture, 
were  reprinted  at  Paris  in  1618,  and  again 
in  tom.  xxvi.  pp.  609  et  sqq.  of  the  '  Biblio- 
theca  Patrum  Maxima'  at  Lyons  in  1677. 

[The  Legenda  appended  to  Rolle's  Office,  no- 
ticed above,  is  the  main  authority  for  Rolle*8 
•biography.    See  also  the  editions  of  his  printed 
-works  already  mentioned;  B.  ten  Brink's Ge- 
echidite  der  engl.   Litt.  vol.  !. ;    Studien    zn 
Richard  Bolle  de  Hampole,  von  J.  Ullmann,  in 
Englitche  Studien,  vol.  vii. ;  Harapole  Studien, 
Ton  G.  Kribel,  in  Englische  Studien,  vol.  viii. ; 
Ueber  die  Richard  Rolle   de  Hampole  xag»- 
schriebene  Paraphrase  der  sieben  Bu»«epBalmen, 
vonMazAdler,  188fi;  Heinrich  Middendorff's 
Studien  iiber  Eiohaxd  Bolle,  Magdeburg,  1888; 
Kitson's  Bibliographia  Anglo-Poetica ;  Tanner's 
Bibl.  Brit.;   Oudin's  De  ScriptoribuB  Bcclesis, 
iii.   col.  927-9 ;  Morley's  English  Writers,  iv. 
263-0  ;  Hunter's  South  Yorlcshire,  i.  868.    Some 
assistance  has  been  rendered  by  Oanon  0,  G. 
Perry  and.  by  Dr.  Frank  Heath.] 


Rolle 


167 


Rolleston 


ROLLS  or  BOLL&  SAMUELOt  1657- 
ld78),diTiii6yboni  in  Londonytras  admitted 
t  BdMlir  of  Tiiaity  CSoUege,  Oambridge,  on 
24  April  1646^  bemma  s  minor  fellow  on 
SSSept.  1647.  and  ym»  appointed  '  auUeotor 
ttftina'  in  1660.  He  took  orderty  and  in 
Aug!Utl667  was  minister  of  Isle  worth,  Mid- 
dlewx,  and  weekly  lecturer  at  Honnslow 
chapel.  He  was  afterwards  beneficed  at  Dun* 
ton,  Backingbamshire.  At  the  BeM^oratton 
he  pronoonoed  against  the  'prodigious  im* 
piety  of  mnrdering '  the  king,  but  he  was 
ejected  frotn  Dunton  by  the  Aot  of  Uni« 
fonnity,  1662.  He  afterwards  preached  in 
direit  places,  asserting  that  but  for  ^  an  im- 
pediment,' known  to  the  srdibishop,  he 
would  haye  woriied  within  the  church*  He 
was  admitted  doctor  of  physic  at  Cambridge, 
hj  the  kinff's  letter  manoatory,  on  27  C£t. 
1676.  Hettien  publicly  disayowed  anything 
in  Us  of^iied  or  anonymous  writings  contrary 
to  the  principles  acknowled^  by  the  choreh 
of  Englsnd  and  the  uniyersity  of  Cambridge. 
About  1678  he  was  appointed  chaplain  in 
ordinarr  to  the  king,  but  mainly  defioted 
himself  to  writing  rdigious  books.  He  was 
liyinginl678. 

He  published:  1.  'The  Burning  of  Loa^ 
don  oommemoxated  and  improy^  in  CX 
IKscouiass,'  ftc.,  London,  1667,  6vo;  in  four 
parts,  wi^  titles  and  separate  pagination. 
X,  *Lamdon*B  Resurrection,  or  the  Rebuild- 
iuf  of  London,'  London,  1668,  8yo.    8.   'A 
Sober  Aitfwer  to  the  Friendly  Debate  betwixt 
a  Conformist  and  a  Nonconformist^  written 
by  way  of  a  Letter  to  the  Author'  (Simon 
Patrick  [q.T.],  bishop  of  Ely),  8rd  edit.  1669, 
published  nnder  the  name  of  Fhilagathus. 
4.  *  Justification  Justified,  or  the  great  Doc- 
trine of  Justification  stated,'  in  opposition  to 
William  Sherlock,Lond(m,  1674.  6. 'Loyalty 
sad  Peace,  or  Two  Seasonable  Discourses,' 
London,  1678, 8yo. 

[Wood's  Athens  Oaum.  ed.  Bliss,  iy.  106. 108 ; 
Pb^mer^s  Koneoiiformist's  HemoriAl,  i.  298  ;  CsL 
Scale  Pamos,  Bom.  1657-8,  pp.  81,  264;  Lips- 
comb's Hist,  of  Buckin^lusunshire,  iii.  343; 
Cuopeys  Annals  of  Cbmbndge,  iii.  570 ;  Oven's 
Voris,  fld.  Ooold.  1851,  ii.  276 ;  Orme's  Life  of 
Oiree,  p.  S80 ;  Notes  and  Qnerios,  2Dd  ser.  ii. 
F  $.  139 ;  Syhrester^s  Reliquiae  Baxterianie,  iii.  13 ; 
Lotes  Icindly  famished  by  W.  Aidts  Wright,  esq. 
IloTls  hAfl  been  eonfonnded  with  a  Dr.  Daniel 
Rolifs,  whoee  faneral  sermon  by  Daniel  Burgess 
[q.  T.]  yras  pobKshed,  Loadon«  16M,  dedicated 
to  his  widow  AHee.]  C.  F.  & 

BOLLESTON,  QEORGE  (1829-1881), 
Linscre  professor  of  anatomy  and  physioloffy 
a:  Ozlbrd,  was  second  son  of  Greorge  Bol- 
Ircton,  squixo  and  yicar  of  Maltbyi  a  yillage 


near  Botherbam  in  the  West  Ridiuff  of 
Yorkshire.  He  was  bom  at  Midtby  Hall  on 
80  July  1829.  He  reoeiyed  his  early  edu* 
cation  from  his  ibther  to  such  good  effect 
that  he  was  able  to  read  Homer  at  sight  by 
the  time  he  was  ten  years  old,  and  £e  was 
aooustomed  to  say  that  he  could  then  think 
in  Qreek.  He  was  sent  to  the  grammar 
school  at  Gainsborough  in  1889,  and  two 
years  later  ,to  the  collegiate  school  at  Shef- 
field, at  that  time  nndor  the  mastership  of 
Br.  George  Andrew  Jacob.  At  the  age  of 
seyenteen  he  won  an  open  scholarship  at 
Pembroke  College^  Oxford,  and  matrieuutad 
on  8  Dec»  1846,  though  he  did  not  come  into 
residence  until  the  following  term«  He 
worked  hard  during  his  undergraduate  career, 
and  obtained  a  fint  dass  in  classics  at  the 
final  examination  for  the  B.A.  degree  in 
Michaelmas  term  1860.  The  college  elected 
him  on  27  June  1851  to  a  feUowship  esta- 
blished in  1846  by  Mrs.  ^iieppard  for  the 
promotion  of  the  study  of  law  and  physic 
This  £»llowship  he  held  until  his  marriage 
in  1862,  when  he  was  elected  an  honorary 
fellow  of  the  society. 

His  election  to  Uie  Sheppard  Callowship  ap- 
pears to  haye  determined  KoUeston  to  follow 
the  profession  of  medicine.  In  October  1851 
he  entered  sa  a  student  at  St.  Bartholomew's 
Hospital  in  London,  Hying  in  Dyei^s  Build- 
ings, Thayies  Inn.  He  worked  as  sealously 
at  the  hospital  as  he  had  done  at  the  uni- 
yersity, and  he  came  under  the  influence  of 
two  remarkable  leaders  then  attached  to  the 
school  as  physician  and  surgeon  re^ctiyely, 
Sir  George  Burrows  and  fir  William  Law- 
rence [q-  y.l  He  proceeded  M. A.  at  Oxford 
in  1853,  ana,  haying  qualified  in  due  course 
as  M.B.  in  1854,  he  was  admitted  a  doctor 
of  physic  in  1857.  He  was  admitted  a 
member  of  the  Royal  College  of  Physicians 
of  London  in  1856,  and  a  fellow  in  1859. 

Rolleston  was  appointed  one  of  the  phy* 
sicians  to  the  Bntish  ciyil  hospitsl  at 
Smyrna  in  1855,  towards  the  dose  of  the 
Crimean  war,  and  in  that  capacity  he  had 
charge  of  surgical  as  well  as  of  medical  cases. 
Later  in  the  year  he  went  to  Sebastopol, 
but  soon  returned  to  Smyrna,  where  his 
work  wss  so  highly  a^reoiated  that  he  and 
three  other  ciyu  practitioners  were  retained 
when  the  rest  of  the  staff  were  sent  home 
on  the  closure  of  the  ciyil  hospital  at  the 
end  of  the  campaign.  The  four  aoctors  were 
directed  to  compile  a  report  upon  the  sani- 
tary and  other  aspects  01  Smyrna.  This  re- 
port, containing  much  local  information  of 
freat  yalue,  was  completed  before  Noyember 
856.  Rolleston,  after  middng  a  tour  in 
Palestine,  returned  to  England  in  June  1857. 


Rolleston 


t68 


Rolleston 


For  some  time  Rolleston  acted  as  an  as- 
sistant physician  to  the  Hospital  for  Sick 
Children  in  Great  Ormond  Street^  London. 
But  in  1867,  on  the  death  of  James  Adey 
Ogle  [q.  tX  regias  professor  of  physic  in 
Oxford,  Rolleston  was  elected,  in  nis  stead, 
physician  to  the  Radcliffe  Infirmary,  and  was 
at  the  same  time  appointed  by  the  dean  and 
chapter  of  Christ  Church  Ijee's  reader  in 
anatomy,  in  succession  to  Dr.  (afterwards 
Sir  Henry  Wentworth)  Acland,  the  new 
regius  professor  of  medicine.  Rolleston  con- 
tinued to  practise  as  a  physician  in  Oxford, 
but  the  development  of  scientific  teaching  in 
the  university,  mainly  due  t-o  the  energy  of 
the  new  regius  professor,  soon  led  to  the 
establishment  of  a  Linacre  professorship  of 
anatomy  and  physiolo^.  In  1860  Rolleston 
was  called  to  that  chair,  and  he  filled  it  with 
conspicuous  ability  until  his  death. 

RoUeston's  scientific  work  dates  from  this 
period.  He  was  present  at  the  historical 
meeting  of  the  British  Association  at  Oxford 
in  18^,  when  Richard  (afterwards  Sir 
Richard)  Owen  and  Thomas  Henry  Huxley 
discussed  with  some  heat,  in  reference  to  the 
Darwinian  theory,  the  structural  differences 
between  the  brains  of  men  and  monkeys. 
The  controver^  set  Rolleston  to  work  upon 
the  problem  of  brain  classification,  and  he 
published  his  first  results  in  a  lecture  at  the 
Royal  Institution  on  24  Jan.  1862.  Owen 
renewed  the  dispute  with  Huxley  at  the 
Cambridge  meeting  of  the  British  Associa- 
tion in  1862,  and  Rolleston  entered  into  the 
debate  on  Huxley's  side.  The  questions  of 
cerebral  development  and  the  classification 
of  skulls  maintained  their  interest  for  him 
until  the  end  of  his  life.  To  his  sug&restion 
is  due  the  magnificent  collection  of  human 
skulls  in  the  Oxford  Museum. 

The  earlier  years  of  his  professorship  were 
largely  occupied  in  preparing  his  work  on  *  The 
Forms  of  Animal  Liie,'  published  in  1870. 
It  was  the  first  instance  of  instruction  by  the 
study  of  a  series  of  types,  a  method  which 
has  since  obtained  general  recognition  in  the 
teaching  of  biology.  His  intervals  of  leisure 
were  spent  with  his  friend  Canon  Green- 
well  in  examining  the  sepulchral  mounds  in 
various  norts  of  Englana,  the  results  being 
publishea  in  '  British  Barrows,  a  Record  of 
the  Examination  of  Sepulchral  Mounds  in 
various  parts  of  England,'  Oxford,  1877.  He 
thus  became  a  skiUed  anthropologist.  He 
was  elected  a  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society 
in  1862,  and  a  fellow  of  Merton  College  in 
1872.  In  1878  he  delivered  the  Harveian 
oration  at  the  Royal  College  of  Physicians, 
Liondon. 

Bollestott  subsequently  wasted  much  energy 


in  university  and  municipal  politics.  He  did 
much,  however,  to  promote  the  study  of 
sanit&ry  science,  and,  as  a  member  oi  the 
Oxford  local  board,  he  was  mainly  instru- 
mental in  causing  the  isolation  of  the  cases 
of  smallpox  as  they  occurred  during  the 
epidemic  of  1871,  while  to  hb  advocacy  Ox- 
ford owes  the  system  of  main  drainage  which 
replaced  the  cesspools  of  previous  genera- 
tions. In  later  hfe  Rolleston  was  a  strong 
advocate  of  the  Permissive  Bill,  and  he  be- 
came from  conviction  a  total  abstainer  for 
two  years.  He  gave  evidence  before  the 
commission  appointed  in  1874  to  inquire  into 
the  practice  oi  experiments  upon  living  ani- 
mals. He  was  in  lavour  of  vivisection  under 
fitting  restrictions,  and  the  act  39  &  40  Vict. 
cap.  77  was  to  a  large  extent  drafted  from 
his  suggestions;  but  these  were  curiously 
perverted  by  the  opponents  of  the  bill. 

Failing  health,  accompanied  by  a  nervous 
irritability,  the  result  of  overwork,  obliged 
him  to  spend  the  winter  of  1880-1  in  the 
Riviera.  Returning  home  with  difficulty, 
he  died  in  Oxford  on  16  June  1881.  He 
was  buried  in  the  cemetery  at  Holjfwell, 
Oxford.  His  professorship  was  subdivided 
at  his  death,  Professor  Henry  Nottidge 
Moseley  [q.  v.]  being  entrusted  with  the 
chair  of  human  and  comparative  anatomy, 
Professor  Tylor  with  that  of  anthropolpgyi 
and  Professor  (Sir)  John  Burdon  SanderBon 
(1828-1904),  then  regius  professor  of  medi- 
cine, with  that  of  physiologv. 

Rolleston  married,  on  21  Sept.  1861,Grace, 
the  daughter  of  Dr.  John  Davy  and  the  niece 
of  Sir  Humpluy  Davy.  They  lived  until 
1868  at  16  I^ew  Inn  Hall  Street,  Oxford, 
and  then  removed  to  the  house  which  they 
had  built  in  South  Parks  Road,  close  to  the 
museum.    Rolleston  left  seven  children. 

Rolleston  represented  an  admirable  type 
of  university  professor.  On  his  pupils  he 
impressed  the  love  of  knowledge  for  its  own 
sake  and  not  from  any  mere  monetary  benefit 
which  might  accrue  from  it.  While  deeply 
learned  in  his  special  branch  of  study,  he  was 
well  informed  on  all  subjects.  He  was  per- 
haps the  last  of  a  school  of  English  natural 
historians  or  biologists  in  the  widest  sense  of 
the  term,  for,  with  the  training  of  a  Francis 
Trevelyan  Buckland  [q.  v.]  or  of  a  "William 
Kitchen  Parker  [q.  v.  J  ne  combined  the  cul- 
ture of  a  classical  scholar,  the  science  of  a 
professor,  and  the  gift  of  speech  which  be- 
longs to  a  trained  lin^st  and  student  of 
men.  He  was  an  attractive  conversationalist, 
apt  at  quotation  and  brilliant  in  repartee. 
Warm-hearted  and  of  sterling  honesty,  he 
was  a  good  hater,  and  never  abandoned  a 
losing  cause  after  he  had  convinced  himself 


Rollo 


169 


RoUo 


that  it  WM  light.  But  the  breadth  and  vast- 
neaa  of  his  knowledjope  led  to  eaieleasness  of 
detail,  and  to  some  diffuae  thinking  and  'writ- 
ing. Hia  Hteraiy  style  was  often  inTolved, 
and  his  essays  were  overloaded  with  refe« 


BoUeston  nublished  numerous  papers  and 
addreflMS,ana  the  foUowingbooks :  1.  'Forms 
of  Animal  Lafe^'Glarendon  Fress,  Oxford,  8to, 
1870;  Snd  edit,  (edited  and  much  enlaxved 
by  Wm.  Hatchett  Jackson,  FJLJ&X  SVo, 
1888.  3.  'A  Selection  from  his  Saentifio 
Papers  and  Addresses,  arranged  and  edited 
br  Sir  William  Turner,  with  a  biographical 
sietch  by  Br.  E.  B.  Tylor,'  was  issued  from 
the  dazendon  Press  at  Oxford  in  1884, 
2  Tols.  Sto,  with  portrait. 

A  crayon  portrait,  drawn  by  W.  E.  Miller 
in  1877,  hangs  in  the  common  room  at  Pem- 
broke Ckdlege,  Oxford.  It  was  presented  by 
Profcasor  Goldwin  Smith,  and  bears  a  Latin 
qnateiin  from  his  pen.  This  drawing  is  re- 
prodaced  in  the  two-volume  edition  of  his 
'CoUeeted  Addresses.'  A  marble  bust  in 
the  mnaemn  at  Oxford,  executed  from  a 
study  after  death,  by  If .  R.  Pinker,  hardly 
does  justice  to  that  massiveness  of  feature 
which,  in  his  later  life,  lent  a  great  charm 
and  strength  to  Rolleston's  face. 

[Pofooal  knowledge ;  obituary  notioes  by  Sir 
W.  H.  nowaft  F JL8.,  in  Proc  Hqral  Soc.  zzxiii. 
24-7;  Dr.  Tylor^s  Bi(»raphical  Sketch  prefixed 
to  the  Collected  Adcuesses;  additional  facts 
kindly  eoDtributed  to  the  writer  by  Dr.  H.  G. 
Solleston  and  by  Mr.  0.  'Wood,  the  bursar  of 
Pembroke  College,  Oxford.]  D*A.  P. 

KOLLO,  ANDHEW,  filth  Lobb  Hollo 
(1  roa-1765),  bom  in  1700,  was  the  eldest  son 
of  Robert,  fourth  lord  Rollo,  by  Mary,  eldest 
dauffhter  of  Sir  Harry  Rollo  of  Woodside, 
StsTungahire,  knight.  Entering  the  army 
after  he  had  attained  the  age  of  forty,  he  so 
distingoished  himself  at  the  battle  of  JDettin- 
gen  in  1743  that  he  was  promoted  to  a  com- 
vany  in  the  22nd  regiment  of  foot.  On  1  June 
17€0  he  was  appointed  major,  and  on  26  Oct. 
1756  lientenant-colonel.  He  succeeded  his 
&ther  on  8  March  1768,  and  the  same  year 
the  legimmt  nnder  his  command  was  des- 
patchM  to  take  part  in  the  expedition  to 
Looisbin^,  when  it  displayed  great  gallantry 
in  effecting  a  landing  at  Cape  Breton.  He 
was  stationed  with  his  regiment  at  Louis- 
burg  during  1759,  and  in  the  spring  of  1760 
the  22nd  and  ^h  regiments,  under  his 
command,  proceeded  from  Louisburg  up  the 
rirer  Lawrence  to  Quebec,  whence,  with  the 
forces  nnder  Brigadier-general  Murray,  they 
adTaneed  against  Montreal,  which  surren- 
dered, and  with  it  all  Canada.  On  19  Feb. 
1760  Lord  Solb  was  appointed  colonel,  and 


at  the  same  time  also  obtained  the  rank 
of  brigadier-general  in  America.  After  the 
conquest  of  Canada  he  removed  with  the 
troops  under  his  command  to  Albany,  and 
thenceto  New  York.  lnJunel761hewas8ent 
in  command  of  twentv-six  thousand  troops 
to  the  West  Indies,  ana,  landing  in  Dominica 
imder  fire  of  the  men-of-war,  ne  drove  the 
French  from  their  entrenchments,  and  in 
two  days  reduced  the  island  to  submission. 
He  was  then  sent  to  take  part  in  the  opera- 
tions against  Martinique,  joining  General 
Monckton  in  Carlisle  Bay,  Barbados,  in  De- 
cember 1761,  and  arriving  with  him  at  Mar- 
tinique on  16  Jan.  1762.  The  island  surren- 
dered on  4  Feb.,  and  Rollo,  with  his  brigade, 
joined  the  forces  of  the  Earl  of  Albemarle 
for  the  reduction  of  Havannah  in  the  island 
of  Cuba ;  but  before  its  surrender  on  1  Aug. 
1762  ill-health  compelled  him  to  leave  Cuba 
and  set  sailfor  England.  He  died  at  Leicester 
on  2  June  1766,  from  a  lingering  illnees 
caught  at  Havannah,  and  was  buried  in 
St.  Margaret's  Churoh.  By  his  first  wife, 
Catherine,  eldest  of  two  daughters  and  co- 
heiresses of  Lord  James  Murray  of  Donally, 
brother  of  John,  first  duke  of  AthoU,  he  had 
several  children,  of  whom  the  only  one  who 
reached  maturity  was  John,  master  of  Rollo, 
who  died  at  Martinique  on  24  July  1762 
while  serving  as  major  in  his  father^s  brigade. 
By  his  second  wife,  Elisabeth,  daughter  of 
James  Moray  of  Abercaimey,  Lord  Rollo  left 
no  issue. 

[DoagWs  Scottish  Peerage  (Wood),  ii.  899- 
400;  Scots  Mag.  1765,  pp.  279,  836;  Gannon's 
Historica  Records  of  the  22nd  Regiment] 

T.  F.  H. 

BOLLO,  JOHN,  M.D.  (d,  1809),  surgeon, 
was  bom  in  8cotland,andreceived  hu  mmical 
education  at  Edinburgh.  He  became  a  sur- 
geon in  the  artillery  in  1776,  and  served  in  the 
West  Indies,  being  stationed  in  St.  Lucia  in 
1778  and  1779  and  in  Barbados  in  1781.  He 
published '  Observations  on  the  Diseases  im 
the  Army  on  St.  Lucia,'  in  1781.  He  soon 
after  returned  to  Woolwich  as  surgeon* 
general,  and  in  1785  published  '  RemarKs  on 
the  Disease  lately  described  by  Dr.  Hend^.' 
The  disease  was  that  fonki  of  elephantiasis 
known  as '  Barbados  leg.'  In  1786  he  pub- 
lished '  Observations  on  the  Acute  Dysentery,' 
and  in  1794  became  suneon-general.  He 
printed  at  Deptford  in  1797  'Notes  of  a 
Diabetic  Case,'  which  described  the  improve- 
ment of  an  officer  with  diabetes  who  was 
placed  upon  a  meat  diet.  In  a  second  edition, 
publiriied  in  1798,  other  cases  were  added, 
BO  that  the  whole  made  a  considerable  volume 
of  which  a  further  edition  appeared  in  1806. 


Rollo 


170 


Rollock 


He  was  frequently  conralted  about  cases  of 
diabetes,  ana  in  treatment  had  the  deoree  of 
snccess  which  has  alw^s  followed  the  use 
of  a  nitrogenous  diet.  He  published  in  1801 
a  'Short  Ac6ovakt  of  the  Royal  Artillery 
Elospital  at  Woolwich/  and  in  1804  a 
'  Medical  Report  on  Cases  of  Inoculation,'  in 
which  he  supports  the  yiewB  of  Jenner.  He 
died  at  Woolwich  on  3S  Dec  1809. 

[Works ;  Biogr.  Diet,  of  Liring  Anthers,  1816 ; 
Gent.  Mag.  18U4  H.  1114,  1809  ii.  1289.1 

K.  M. 

ROLLO,  sometimes  called  ROLLOOK, 
Sib  WILLIAM  (d.  1645),  royalist,  was  the 
fifth  son  of  Andrew  Rollo  of  Duncruib, 
Perthshire,  croated  10  Jan.  1661  bv  Ofaailes  II 
while  in  Scotland  Lord  Rollo  of  Duncruib, 
by  Catherine  Dmmmond,  fourth  daughter  of 
James,  first  lord  Maderty.  The  famuV  trace 
their  descent  from  Richard  de  RoUo,  an 
Anglo-Norman,  who  settled  in  Scotland  in 
the  reign  of  David  I.  The  lands  of  Dun- 
cruib were  obtained  by  charter  on  18  Feb. 
1880  from  Dayid,  earl  of  Stratheam,  by  John 
de  Rollo,  who  was  notary  public  to  Uie  act 
of  settlement  of  the  crown  of  Scotland  by 
Robert  II  on  27  March  1371,  and  was  aftei^ 
wards  secretary  to  Robert  III ;  the  lands  were 
erected  into  a  free  barony  on  21  May  1640. 

Although  his  elder  brother,  James,  second 
lord  Rollo,  was  a  follower  of  Argyll,  whom 
he  accompanied  on  board  his  galkypoTious 
to  the  battle  of  Inverlochy,  Sir  William 
RoUo  oontiuued  a  staunch  royalist.  He 
suffered  from  a  congenital  lameness,  but  en- 
joyed a  high  reputation  as  a  soldier.  While 
serving  in  England  as  captain  in  General 
King's  lifeguaras  in  1644,  he,  at  Montrose's 
request,  truisferred  his  services  to  Montrose, 
whom  he  accompanied  into  Scotland.  When 
they  reached  Carlisle,  Rollo  and  Lord  Ogilvie 
were  sent  forward  in  die^ise  to  report  on 
the  state  of  the  countxy  (  Wishaxt,  Memoirs 
of  Montrose,  ed.  1898,  p.  47).  Their  report 
was  of  such  a  despondent  character  that  Mon- 
trose deemed  special  precautions  necessary, 
and,  in  company  witn  Rollo  and  Colonel 
William  Sib'bald,  journeyed  north  to  the 
highlands  disffuised  as  a  groom  (ib.  p.  60). 
Rollo  held  under  Montrose  the  rank  ai  major, 
and  commanded  the  left  win?  at  the  attack 
on  Aberdeen  {ib^  p.  66).  After  the  action 
he  was  sent  from  Kintore  with  despatches 
to  the  king  at  Oxford,  but  fell  into  Uie  hands 
of  Arffyll,  According  to  Wishart,  he  would 
have  been  immediat^y  executed  but  for  the 
interposition  of  Argyll,  who  gave  him  his 
life  and  liberty  on  condition  that  he  would 
undertake  the  assassination  of  MontEOse. 
This,  Wishart  asserts,  Rollo  promised  to  dO| 


and  beinff  sent  back  to  Montrose  immed^ 
ately  disdosed  to  him  the  whole  matter  (ib. 
p.  166);  but  such  a  strange  story  requires 
conoboration  before  it  can  be  aooepted. 
Rollo  was  present  at  the  battle  of  Alford  on 
2  July  1646,  sharinpf  the  command  of  tlie 
left  wmg  witii  the  Viscount  of  Aboyne.  He 
aooompauied  Montrose  on  his  march  south- 
wards, and  is  credited  with  putdnff  to  fiight 
two  hundred  covenanting  horse  with  only  ten 
men  diuing  the  march  through  Fife.  He 
was  taken  prisoner  at  the  battle  of  Philip- 
hauffh  on  lo  Sept.  1646,  and  executed  at  the 
market  cross  of  Glasgow  on  24  Oct. 

[Wisfaart's  Memoirs  of  Montrose;  Gordon's 
Bntanes  Distemper  and  SpsSdiog's  M^morialls 
(Spalding dub);  I^apier's Montrose;  Doiwlaa** 
Scottish  Peerage  (Wood),  ii.  398.]    T.  F.  B. 

ROLLOCK,  HERCULES  (Jl.  1577- 
1619),  writer  of  Latin  verse,  was  an  elder 
brother  of  Robert  Rollock  [q.  v.]  He  gra- 
duated at  St.  Andrews,  was  regent  at  King's 
College,  Aberdeen,  and  then  spent  sevem 
years  abroad,  chiefly  in  France,  where  he 
studied  at  Poitiers,  pe  enjoyed  the  friendship 
of  Scaliger.  Returning  to  Scotland,  he  o  weci 
to  the  recommendation  of  Thomas  Buchanan 
his  appointment  (1680)  as  commissaty  of  St. 
Andrews  and  the  Carse  of  Gowrie.  In  1584 
he  became  master  of  the  high  school  of 
Edinbuxgh.  From  this  post  he  was  removed 
in  1595,  and  subsequently  held  some  office  in 
connection  with  the  courts  of  justice.  His 
earliest  dated  epigram  refers  to  the  comet  of 
1577.  In  an  undated  '  Apologia,'  written  at 
the  end  of  his  tenth  lustrum,  he  speaks  of 
his  wife  and  numerous  family.  He  died 
before  5  March  1619;  on  20  Feb.  1600  the 
Edinburgh  magistrates  gave  an  allowance  to 
his  'relict  and  bairns.^  His  verses  are  to 
be  found  in  Arthur  Johnston's  'Delitie 
Poetarum  Scotorum'  (1687, 12mo,ii.  32S-67). 

[KollocVs  Poems;  Steven^s  Hist  of  the  High 
School  of  Edinburgh,  1849 ;  McCrie's  lAfe  of 
Melville,  1856,  pp.  381  sq.,  396,  481.]    A.  O. 

ROLLOCK,  PETER  (J.  1626  F),  bishop 
of  Dunkeld  and  lord  of  session,  was  pro- 
bably connected  with  the  old  Scottish  family 
of  Hollo  of  Duncruib  [see  Rolls,  Sib  Wil- 
Lux].  He  was  educated  for  the  law  both 
at  home  and  abroad,  and  passed  as  advocate 
prior  to  1678  (Books  qf  Sederunt).  About 
1685  he  became  titular  bishop  of  Dunkeld, 
having  no  ecclesiastical  function,  but  merely 
holding  the  title,  and  dealing  with  the  tem- 
poralities of  what  was  then  a  very  dilapidated 
see.  An  act  of  parliament  was  passed  in  1594 
so  far  abrogating  the  act  of  annexation  as  to 
allow  him  to  exercise  tiie  rights  of  superiority 
(Acts  ^f  ike  FswUamefUs  qf  Sootkmd^  iii. 


Rollock 


171 


Rollock 


873,  ir.  70).  The  general  assembly  of  1586 
ftppointsd  a  oommiaaion  of  ministers  to  take 
trial  of  him  aa  biflliop  whether  any  occasion 
of  slander  could  be  fonnd  in  his  life,  conTersa- 
tioD,  or  doctrine,  and  the  assembly  of  1587 
ordered  the  commission  to  proceed  (Book  of 
the  Vmenal  Eirk,  pp.  666, 600). 

In  Joly  1587  Bollock  was  nominated  by 
the  pariiament  <nie  of  the  extraordinary  lords 
of  comcfl,  i.e.  to  act  when  he  should  happen 
to  be  present  or  to  be  sent  for  by  the  innff. 
In  this  capacity  he  was  shortly  afterwards 
lent  to  Berwick  as  one  of  the  commissioners 
to  treat  with  ike  English  respecting  the 
mtfisgement  of  the  borders.  On  the  death 
of  Lord  Cranaton-Rtddell,  a  lord  of  session, 
the  king  included  his  name  in  the  leet  for 
the  raeant  judgeahip  ^8  March  1595),  bat 
though  he  md  not  receive  that  appoiiitment, 
he  was  admitted  on  19  May  1596  an  extra- 
ordiaary  lord ;  and  upon  a  reconstitotion  of 
the  ptivy  council  of  Scotland  on  14  Dec 
1696,  he  was  appointed  an  ordinary  lord. 

Id  1<X)6  he  accompanied  King  James  to 
England,  and,  according  to  Keith,  was 
natiDalised  there.  During  his  absence,  on 
15  Fek  1604,  a  '  Supersedere'  was  issued  in 
his  &T0Qr  in  respect  of  all  actions  in  which 
he  1VBS  conoemed  until  his  return  {Books  of 
Menukf),  He  was  again  in  Scotland  bch- 
fore  Oetober  1605,  when  ne^tiations  were 
in  pnmsa  for  obtaining  his  surrender  of 
the  biuiopric  of  Dunk^la.  On  19  Jan.  of 
thit  year  the  lords  commissioners  of  the 
kirk  pointed  out  to  the  king  that  the  bishopric 
VIS  held  by  one  who  had  no  public  function 
in  the  hark,  and  that  it  was  an  exceedingly 
poor  see,  scarcely  worth  four  hundred  merks 
Soots  (less  than  25t  sterling),  and  asking 
that  it  might  be  conferred  on  a  clei^gyman, 
JsmesNicolson(  OrigmalLetter$  relating  to  the 
BedenattiealAff(nr$of8cotland,iAl),  Lord 
Balmerino  and  the  laird  of  Lauriston  were 
deputed  to  treat  with  Rollock,  to  whom  the 
king  ptopoeed  to  grant  the  deanery  of  York 
hj  way  of  compensation  (ib,  il.  859).  Rol- 
loek  oemitted  the  bishopric,  but  obtained 
nothing  in  its  ]^ace.  He  was  thenceforth 
known  as  <  Mr.  mer  Bollock  of  Pilt^n.' 

Although  he  dili^ntly  attended  the  Scot- 
tish council  meetings,  and  took  the  new 
oath  which  in  June  1607  the  king  imposed 
for  securing  the  recognition  of  his  authority 
in  all  matters  ciril  and  ecclesiastical,  yet  on 
the  reduction  of  the  number  of  the  privy 
coancil  in  Fehruary  1610  Rollock  was  dis- 
placed; and  about  the  same  time  he  was  de- 
PHTed  of  his  seat  on  the  bench,  to  make  room 
for  John  Spottiswood  [q.  t.],  bishop  of  Qlas- 
gpw,  afterwards  arehbisnop  of  St.  Andrews. 
AoUack,  in  a  letter  to  the  king,  claimed  to 


have  served  his  majesty  with  all  faithfulness 
and  without  one  blemish,  but  his  dismissal 
had  given  rise  to  the  suspicion  that  he  had 
offended  his  majesty,  and  he  prayed  for  a 
renewal  of  the  royal  favour  {(hiainal 
Letters,  ut  supra,  p.  228).  The  whole  Scot- 
tish bench  of  fifteen  loras  also  appealed  to 
the  king  on  11  Jan.  1610  for  his  restoration 
(jSf.  p.  2^5 ;  also  the  Metros  Papers,  p,  76,  and 
original  letter  in  the  Denmiln  Collection, 
Advocates'  Library,  Edinburgh).  These  ap- 
peals had  the  desired  efiect,  and  on  5  April 
1619  the  king  ordered  his  restoration  with 
the  provision  that  this  should  form  no  pre- 
cedent for  the  establishment  of  a  fifth  extra- 
ordinary lord  of  session  (Letters  and  State 
Papers  of  the  Beign  of  King  James  VhV* 
186).  Bollock  again  took  the  oath  of  omce 
and  continued  in  his  post  until  1620,  when 
he  resigned  it  in  favour  of  John,  lord  Ersktne. 

An  attempt  upon  Bollock's  lifb  was  made 
on  21  Sept.  1611,  by  two  sons  of  a  neip^h- 
bour,  Matthew  Finlayson  of  Eilleith,  vnth 
whom  he  had  a  lawsuit.  They  waylaid 
him  at  the  ))ack  of  Inverleith  wliile  he  was 
on  his  way  from  Bestalrig  to  his  house  at 
Pilton,  and  shot  at  him  with  their  pistols, 
but  the  weapons  missed  fire  {Begister  of  the 
Privy  Council  of  Scotland,  ix.  260).  In  1 616 
he  was  restored  to  his  seat  in  the  privy 
council.  His  last  attendance  is  recorded  in 
September  1625  {ib.  in  manuscript).  Men- 
tion is  made  of  his  death  in  a  charter  of  his 
estate  of  Pilton  to  his  successor,  who  was 
his  grand-nephew,  2  Aug.  1626  {Begistrum 
Magni  Sigilh), 

KoUock  married  Elizabeth  Weston,  widow 
of  John  Fairlie,  portioner  of  Restalrig,  but 
appears  to  have  had  no  lawful  surviving 
issue.  He  had,  however,  a  natural  son, 
Walter  Rollock. 

[Register  of  the  Privy  Ooancil,  passim ;  Bran- 
ton  and  Haig's  Sftnators  of  the  College  of  Jus- 
tice, pp.  236-7  ;  Keith's  Historical  Cstalogae  of 
the  Scottish  Bishops,  p.  97 ;  and  the  autliorities 
cited  above.]  H.  P. 

BOLLOCK  or  KOLLOK,  ROBERT 

(1556  P-1699),  first  principal  of  the  univer- 
sity of  Edinburgh,  bom  about  1555,  was  son 
of  David  Bollock,  laird  of  Powis,  near  Stir- 
ling, and  Mary  Livingstone,  connected  with 
the  noble  family  of  that  name.  Hercules 
Bollock  fq.  v.l  was  his  elder  brother.  He  was 
educated  at  the  grammar  sdiool  of  Stirling 
under  Thomas  Buchanan,  a  nephew  of  Geoi^ 
Buchanan  the  historian,  and  m  1574  he  en- 
tered St.  Salvator's  College  in  the  university 
of  St.  Andrews,  where  he  so  greatlv  distin- 

Siished  himself  that  soon  after  taking  his 
.A.  degree  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  le- 


Rollock 


173 


Rollock 


gents  or  pxtyfesson  of  the  college.  In  1580  he 
WM  also  made  examiner  of  arts,  and  in  the 
same  year  director  of  the  faculty  of  arts.  At 
this  tmie  he  was  continuing  his  studies  in 
divinity,  and  James  Melville  states  that  in 
1660  'he  had  the  honour  to  be  his  teacher 
in  the  Hebrew  tongue '  {Diary ^  Wodrow  Soc. 
p.  86).  In  1583,  on  the  recommendation 
of  James  Lawson  [^.  v.],  he  was  appointed 
by  ihe  town  council  of  Edinburgh  to  be 
sole  regent  of  the  newly  founded  colleg[e 
of  James  VI,  afterwards  Known  as  the  uni- 
versity of  Edinburgh.  His  appointment  was 
for  one  year  certain ;  but  should  the  college 
be  successful  it  was  provided  that  he  should 
be  advanced  to  the  highest  post  or  title  that 
miffht  be  created.  His  samrv  was  fixed  at 
40£  Scots,  with  the  students  fees,  40».  for 
sons  of  burgesses,  and  8/.  or  more  for  other 
students ;  the  council  moreover  agreeing  to 
'sustain  him  and  one  servant  in  their  or- 
dinary expenses,'  and  to  give  him  an  aug- 
mentation not  exceeding  forty  merks,  should 
the  fees  from  the  students  not  afford  him  a 
sufScient  salaiy.  In  1585-6  he  took  the 
title  of '  principal  or  first  master.'  He  carried 
his  class  through  to  graduation  in  1587,  after 
which,  other  regents  having  been  appointed, 
he  gave  up  the  teaching  of  philosophy,  and, 
wiu  the  sanction  of  the  presbytery  01  Edin- 
burgh, was  appointed  professor  of  theology 
at  a  salary  01  four  hundred  merks,  retaining 
at  the  same  time  lus  position  as  principaL 
On  5  Sept.  1587  he  also  began  to  preach, 
thouffh  not  as  an  ordained  minister,  every 
Sunoav  morning  in  the  East  Kirk  at  seven 
AJi . ;  but  on  18  Dec.  1589  another  was  ap- 
pointed to  that  duty.  In  1596  he  entered 
on  the  full  charge  01  the  congregation. 

In  1590  RollMik  was  appointed  assessor  to 
the  moderator  of  the  general  assembly,  and 
in  1591  he  was  named  one  of  a  committee  of 
the  presbytery  of  Edinburgh  to  hold  a  con-' 
ference  with  the  king  on  tne  affairs  of  the 
kirk  (Calderwoob,  Mist,  v.  130).  In  con- 
nection with  the  prosecution  of  the  Earls  of 
Angus,  Huntly,  and  Errol  for  their  attempts 

*  against  the  true  religion,'  he  was  named 
one  of  a  committee  of  the  assembly  to  confer 
with  a  committee  of  the  estates  (t^.  p.  277). 
In  1595  he  was  chosen  one  of  a  commission 
for  the  visitation  of  the  colleges  (ib,  p.  371), 
And  in  the  following  year  he  was  appointed 
with  three  other  ministers  to  remonstrate 
with  the  king  for  his  *  hard  dealing  with  the 
kirk^'  and  especially  for  his  prosecution  of 
David  Black  {ib,  p.  463).  Subsequently 
Bollock,  who,  accoraing  to  Calderwood,  was 

*  a  godly  man,  but  simple  in  the  matters  of 
the  church  government,  credulous,  easily  led 
by  counsel,  and  tutored  in  a  manner  by  his 


old  master,  Thomas  Buchanan '  (t^.  viii.  47), 
was  won  over  to  support  the  policy  of  the 
kinff  in  church  matters,  and  at  the  instance 
of  the  king's  party  he  was  chosen  moderator 
of  the  assembly  that  met  at  Dundee  in  May 
1597.  Accordmg  to  Calderwood,  he '  kythed 

E discovered!  hisown  weaknessinfollowing  the 
mmours  of  the  king  and  his  commissioners' 
(ib,  V.  650).  Rollo(3c  supported  the  proposal 
made  in  1595  that  certain  ministers  should 
be  allowed  to  sit  and  vote  in  parliament  as 
biBhops,  affirming  that  'lordship  could  not 
be  denied  them  that  were  to  sit  in  parlia- 
ment, and  allowance  of  rent  to  maintain 
their  dignities '  (jib,  p.  697).  It  was  generally 
supposed  that  he  himself  was  not  averse  to 
sucA  a  promotion  in  his  own  case.  In  1598 
he  becune  minister  of  the  Upper  Tolbooth 
— ^probably  the  west  portion  of  St.  Qiles's 
Cathedral — and  on  18  April  of  the  same  year 
he  was  admitted  to  Magdalen  Church,  after- 
wards Greyfriars.  He  died  on  8  Feb.  (old 
style)  159&-9,  in  his  forty-fourth  year.  By 
his  wife  Helen,  daughter  of  James,  baron 
of  Kinnaird,  he  had  a  posthumous  daugh- 
ter, Jean,  who  married  Robert  Bahamquhal, 
minister  of  Tranent. 

Although  'grieved'  at  what  he  deemed 
Bollock's  weakness  in  lending  his  aid  to 
the  king*s  ecclesiastical  policy,  Calderwood 
admits  tliat  he  was  '  a  man  of  good  conversa- 
tion and  a  powerful  preacher'  (t5.  p.  732). 
He  was  reckoned  to  be  of  '  great  learning,* 
and  he  discharged  the  duties  of  professor  and 

Principal  of  the  university  with  great  success, 
[e  was  the  author  of  numerous  theological 
works,  the  majority  of  them  being  com- 
mentaries or  expositions  of  scripture  which, 
although  somewhat  commonplace  and  super- 
ficial, are  of  interest  as  among  the  earliest 
of  this  species  of  literature  in  Scotland. 

Bollock's  principal  works  are:  1.  'Com- 
mentarius  in  Epistolam  ad  Ephesios,'  Edin- 
burgh, 1590 ;  Geneva,  1693.  2.  '  Commen- 
tarius  in  Librum  Danielis  Frophetee,'  Edin- 
burgh, 1591 ;  St.  Andrews,  1594.  3. '  Analysis 
Epistolfls  ad  Bomanos,'  Edinburgh,  1594. 
4.  '  Quaestiones  et  Besponsiones  aliquot  de 
Fcedere  Dei  et  de  Sacramentia«'  Edinburgh, 
1596.  5.  <  Tractatus  de  Efficaci  Vocatione/ 
Edinburgh,  1597.  6.  '  Commentarius  in 
ntramque  Epistolam  ad  Thessalonicenses,  et 
Analysis  in  Epistolam  ad  Philemonem,  cum 
Notis  Joan.  PiBcatoris,'  Edinburgh^  1598; 
Herbom,  in  Hesse-Nassau,  1601 ;  translated 
under  the  title  '  Lectures  upon  the  First  and 
Second  Epistles  to  the  Thessalonians,'  Edin- 
burgh, 1606.  7.  'Certaine  Sermons  upon 
several  places  of  the  Epistles  of  Paul,'  Eoin- 
burgh,  1599.  8.  '  Commentarius  in  Joannis 
Evangeliumi  una  cum  Harmonia  ex  iv  Erao- 


Rolph 


173 


Rolt 


gelistis  in  Mortem ,  Reaurrectioneniy  et  Ascen- 
sionem  Dei/  Geneva,  16&9 ;  Edinburgh,  1 599. 
9.  '  Oomoentariiu  in  selectos  aliquot  Psal- 
mos/  GeoeTa,  1698,  1699;  translated  as 
*Aa  Ezpoiition  of  some  select  Psalms  of 
David,'  Kdinbuigh,  1600.  10. '  Analysis  Lo- 
sicainEputoIam  ad(jkdatas,'£dinburffh,ld02; 
Ueneva,  1603.  11.'  Tractatus  brevis  de  Provi- 
dentia  Dei,  et  Tractatus  de  Ezcommunica- 
tioiie,'aeneTa,1602;  London,  1604.  12.'Com- 
mentarioa  inEpistolam  adGolos8ense8,'£din- 
buivli,1600;GeneTa,1602. 18.<ComaientariuB 
in  Epiatolam  ad  Hebrseos,' Edinburgh,  1605. 
U.  'Conunentarius  in  Epistolas  ad  Ck>rinthio8,' 
Herbom,in  Hesse-Nassau,  1600.  15.  <  A  Trea- 
tise of  God'a  Effectual  Calling,'  translated  by 
H.  Holland,  London,  1603.  16. 'Lectures 
upon  the  History  of  the  Passion,'  Edinburgh, 
1616.  17. '  Episcopal  Government  instituted 
brChxiat,  and  confirmed  by  Scripture  and 
lieaaoa/  London,  1641.  'The  Select  Works  of 
KoUock'  were  edited  by  William  Gunn,  D.D. 
(Wodiow  Soc,Edinb.,2vols.l844andl849). 

[Ds  YiU  et  Mort«  Boberti  Rollok,  auctoribos 
Gtozgio  Bobertson  et  Henrico  Charteris  (Banna- 
lyne  Chib).  1826 ;  Life  by  Charteris,  vrith  notes, 
prefixed  to  BollocVs  Works  (Wodrow  Soc.); 
Hist  bj  Spotiswood  and  Calderwood  ;  Grant's 
Unirenity  of  Edinburgh.]  T.  F.  H. 

KOLPH,  JOHN  (179a-1870),  Canadian 
insozgent  aiid  politician,  eldest  son  of  Dr. 
ThanaM  Rolph,  medical  practitioner,  by  his 
wifeFruioes  (Petty),  was  oom  atThombury, 
6k>iioester8hire,on  4  March  1798.  He  was 
entered  as  a  student  at  the  Inner  Temple  8 
Not.  1809,  and  soon  after  accompanied  his  pa- 
rents on  a  visit  to  Canada.  He  was  there  dur- 
ing the  war  with  the  United  States  in  1812, 
ind  senred  in  it  as  a  volunteer.  On  returning 
to  Eiydandy  he  spent  some  time  at  Cambrid^, 
ind  tlien  tumoi  to  medicine,  stndyiog  in 
London  at  both  GuVs  and  St.  lliomas's  Hos- 
pitals, and  being  admitted  to  membership  of 
the  Royal  Collies  both  of  Physicians  and 
8amoB8^  He  was  called  to  the  bar  at  the  In- 
ner Temple  1  June  1821.  A  year  before  he  had 
emigimted  finally  to  Upper  Canada,  settling 
at  first  in  Norfolk  County  (then  the  Talbot 
District),  and  was  called  to  the  bar  of  Upper 
Csnad*  in  Michaelmas  term,  soon  practising  at 
Dondas.  ForatimehewasprofessionaladTiser 
of  Colooel  Thomas  Talbot  [q.  v.],  the  colonial 
poneer  in  Upper  Canada,  hut  Holi»h  rapidly 
developedstrongly  liberal  political  views,  with 
vhich  Talbot  was  cat  of  sympathy.  Entering 
political  life  as  a  member  of  assembly  for  Mid- 
dlesex, Upper  Canada,  in  1824,  he  joined  the 
relbrm  party,  and  in  1828  was  chairman  of  the 
committee  of  the  hooae  which  reported  the 
chaim  aoainst  the  family  compact  party 
and  Sir  John  Beverley  Robinson  [q.  v.J 


Under  the  Baldwin  ministry,  on  20  Feb* 
1836,  Rolj^h  became  a  member  of  the  execu* 
tive  council,  but  resigning  on  4  March  as  a 
protest  against  the  methods  of  government, 
led  the  att^u^k  upon  Sir  Francis  Bond  Head 

Sq.  v.J  In  1837  he  joined  William  Lyon  Mac- 
kenzie [q.  V.I  in  his  secret  scheme  for  a  rebel- 
lion a^inst  tne  existing  government ;  his  tim- 
idity IS  alleged  to  have  precipitated  the  rising 
on  4  Dec.  1837,  and  to  have  largely  contributed 
to  its  failure.  It  is  said  that  he  was  not  in  favour 
of  a  direct  appeal  to  arms,  but  desired  a  strong 
^pular  demonstration  to  overawe  the  impe- 
rial government.  He  was  still  unsuspected 
by  the  government  when  the  critical  moment 
came,  and  was  sent  by  the  authorities  to  the 
rebels  with  a  flag  of  truce :  he  urged  Macken- 
zie to  trust  to  a  night  attack,  and  promised  aid 
from  within  Toronto.  On  the  failure  of  the 
attack,  Rolph  joined  the  rebels  openly,  and 
subsequently  fled  with  Mackenzie  to  the  Uni- 
ted States.  He  took  a  promin^t  part  in  op- 
ganisinff  the  executive  committee  at  Buffiilo 
and  in  planning  an  invasion  of  Canada.  When 
the  movement  collapsed  he  fled  to  Rochester, 
N.Y.  (Djnrr,  Upper  Canada  BebelHon), 

Before  leaving  Canada  Rolph  had  resumed 
the  practice  of  medicine.  On  the  first  decla- 
ration of  anmesty  he  returned  in  1843  to  Can- 
ada, and  settled  down  to  practice,  founding  a 
school  of  medicine  at  Toronto  at  which  he  lec- 
tured regularly,  and  which  was  incorporated 
in  1853  as  'The  Toronto  School  of  Medicine.' 
In  1846  he  was  induced  to  enter  the  assembly 
of  the  now  united  Canadas  as  member  for  Nor- 
folk, and,  joining  the  radical  or  *  Clear-grit ' 
party,  took  office  with  the  Hincks-Morin  min- 
istry as  commissioner  of  crown  lands  in  1851. 
His  political  views  at  the  time  were  attacked 
by  the  opposition  as  socialist.  He  was  de- 
scribed as  one  of  the  'chiefs  of  that  Clear-grit 
school  which  has  broken  up  the  liberalism  of 
Upper  Canada '(HiNCKs,i^emmi8cencf«).  On 
8  Sept.  1854  the  ministry  resigned,  and  in  1857 
he  retired  from  political  life,  and  devoted  him- 
self to  social  reform.  Till  1868  he  lectured 
at  the  Toronto  School  of  Medicine.  He  died 
on  19  Oct.  1870  at  Michell,  near  Toronto. 
Rolph  was  a  man  of  powerful  character, 
marred,  it  is  said,  by  a  love  of  finesse.  He 
was  married  and  left  descendants  in  Canada. 

[Withzow's  Hist  of  Canada ;  Toronto  Globe, 
21  Oct.  1870;  Lindsey's  life  and  Times  of 
W.  L.  Mackenzie.]  C.  A.  H. 

ROLT,  Sib  JOHN  (1804-1871),  judge, 
second  son  of  James  Rolt,  merchant,  of 
Calcutta,  by  Anne  Braine,  daughter  of 
Richard  Hioma,  yeoman,  of  Fairford, 
Gloucestershire,  and  widow  of  Samuel 
Brunsdon,  of  the  baptist  mission  at  Seram- 
pore,  was  bom  at  Calcutta  on  6  Oct,  1804. 


Rolt 


174 


Rolt 


Brought  to  England  by  his  mother  about 
181U,  he  was  educated  at  dissenting  pri- 
vate achoola  at  Chipping  Norton  and  Is- 
lington. His  father  aiea  in  1818,  and  his 
mother  in  the  following  year;  and  about 
Christmas  1818  Rolt  was  apprenticed  to  a 
London  firm  of  woollendrapers.  Though 
his  hours  were  long,  he  managed,  by  earlj 
rising  and  reading  as  he  walked,  to  repair 
in  a  measure  the  defects  of  his  education. 
On  the  expiration  of  his  indentures  in  1822- 
1828,  he  found  employment  in  a  Manchester 
warehouse  in  Newgate  Street,  which  he 
exchanged  in  1827  for  a  clerkship  in  a 
proctor^  office  at  Doctors'  Common.  His 
next  step  was  to  obtain  two  secretaryships 
— one  to  a  school  for  orphans,  the  other  to 
the  protestant  dissenters'  school  at  Mill 
Hill.  Meanwhile  he  pursued  his  studies,  and 
entered  in  1883  the  Inner  Temple,  where  he 
was  called  to  the  bar  on  9  June  1837.  Con- 
fining himself  to  the  court  of  chancery,  he 
rapidly  acquired  an  extensive  practice,  and 
took  silk  in  Trinity  vacation  1846.  After 
some  unsuccessful  attempts  to  enter  parlia- 
ment, he  was  returned  in  the  conservative 
interest  for  the  western  division  of  Glouces- 
tershire, 81  March  1857,  and  for  ten  years 
continued  to  represent  the  same  constituency. 
In  1862  he  carried  through  the  House  of 
Commons  the  measure  commonly  known  as 
Holt's  Act  (25  and  26  Vict.  c.  42),  by  which 
an  important  step  was  taken  tp  wards  the 
fusion  of  law  and  e(}uity.  In  1866  he  suc- 
ceeded Sir  Hugh  Caims  as  attorney-general, 
29  Oct.,  and  was  knighted  on  10  Nov. 

In  parliament  Rolt  made  no  great  figure, 
but  he  voted  steadily  with  his  party,  and  did 
the  drudgery  connected  with  tne  carriage  of 
the  Reform  Bill  of  1867.  On  18  July  of 
that  year  he  succeeded  Sir  George  James 
Turner  [q.  ▼.]  as  lord  justice  of  appeal,  and 
on  3  Aug.  was  sworn  of  the  privy  council. 
Incipient  paralysis,  due  to  long-continued 
overwork,  compelled  his  resignation  in  Fe- 
bruary 1868,  and  on  6  June  1871  he  died  at 
bis  seat,  Ozleworth  Park,  Wotton-under- 
Edge,  Gloucestershire.  Hisremains  were  in- 
terred on  12  June  in  Ozleworth  churchyard. 

Rolt  was  neither  a  profound  lawyer  nor 
a  great  advocate;  but  he  was  thoroughly 
versed  in  chancery  practice,  had  sound  judg- 
ment, and  quickness  of  apprehension. 

In  early  life  Rolt  abandoned  dissent  for 
the  churcn  of  England,  to  which  he  became 
strongly  attached. 

Rolt  married  twice :  first,  in  1826,  Sarah 
(d,  1850),  daughter  6f  Thomas  Bogworth  of 
Bosworth,  Leicestershire;  secondly,  in  1857, 
Elizabeth  (d,  1867),  daughter  of  Stephen 
Godson  of  Croydon.     By  his  first  wife  he 


had  issue,  with  four  daughters,  a  son  John, 
who  succeeded  to  his  esUite ;  he  had  also  a 
son  by  his  second  wife. 

[Times,  S  Jtme  1871 ;  Law  Journal,  9, 28  June 
1871 ;  Law  Thnes,  10  June  1871 ;  LawBCag.  and 
Law  B«v.  xxxii. ;  Solicitors'  Joum.  10  June  1871 , 
Ann.  Rag.  1867  ii.  259, 1871  ii.  155 ;  Law  List; 
G«ot  Mag.  1867,  ii.  234,  •*279 ;  Foss's  Biogr. 
Jnrid.;  Nash's  Life  of  Lord  Westbnry ; .  Return 
of  Members  of  Pari,  (official).]         J.  M.  R. 

ROLT,  RICHARD  (1725  P-1770),  mis- 
cellaneous  writer,  descended  from  a  Hert- 
fordshire family  (see  Cussans,  Hertfordshire^ 
passim),  was  born  probably  at  Shrewsbury 
m  1724  or  1725.  Placed  under  an  excise 
officer  in  the  north  of  England,  he  joined 
the  Jacobite  army  in  1745,  and  was  there- 
fore dismissed  from  his  situation.  He  then 
went  to  Dublin,  hoping  to  obtain  employ- 
ment through  the  influence  of  his  relatire 
Ambrose  Philips  [q.  v.],  but,  owing  to  Philips*s 
death  in  1749,  failed  to  do  so.  While  he  was 
in  Dublin  he  is  said  to  have  published  in 
his  own  name  Akenside's  '  Pleasures  of  the 
Imagination.'  This  story  appears  to  be  un- 
true ;  but,  as  Malone  suggests,  it  is  not  im- 
probable that  Rolt  acquiesced  in  having  the 
poem,  which  was  published  anonymously, 
attributed  to  him  {JSuropean  Magazme,  1803, 
ii.  9, 85 ;  Boswbll,  Life  ofJokruon,  ed.  Hill, 
L  858,  S59).  Patronised  by  General  Ogle- 
thorpe, Lord  Middlesex,  and  others,  Kolt 
published  '  Cambria,  a  Poem  in  three  books ' 
(London,  1749,  4to),  dedicated  to  Prince 
George  (afterwards  Geomlll).  His '  Poem 
...  to  the  Memory  of  Sir  W.  W.  Wynne, 
Bart.,*  London,  1749,  4to^  was  very  favour- 
ably received.  He  then  issued  '  An  Impar- 
tial Representation  of  the  Conduct  of  the 
Several  Powers  of  Europe  engaged  in  tlie  lat« 
general  War  .  . .  from  1789  . . .  to  . . .  1748' 
(4  vols.  London,  1749-50,  8vo),  which  Vol- 
taire read '  with  much  pleasure '  ('  Rolt's  Cor- 
respondence with  yoltairef  European  M^agu' 
zme,  1803,  i.  98-100).  Entirely  def^ndent 
on  authorship  for  a  living,  he  is  said  to  have 
composed  more  than  a  hundred  cantatas, 
sonffs,  and  other  pieces  for  yauxhall,Sadler*s 
Wells,  and  the  theatres.  His  '  Eliaa,  a  new 
Musical  Entertainment . .  .  the  Music  com- 
posed by  Mr.  Ame'C  London,  1754, 8vo),  and 
*  Almena,  an  English  Oj^era  .  .  .  the  Music 
composed  by  Mr.  Ame  and  Mr.  Battishill' 
(London,  1764,  8to;  another  edit.  Dublin 
[1764  P],  12mo),  were  successfully  produced 
at  Drury  Lane  Theatre  on  20  Jan.  1757  and 
2  Nov.  1764  respectively  (Qbkbbt).  He,  in 
conjunction  witn  Christopher  Smart  (a.  v.], 
was  employed  by  Gardner  the  bookseller  to 
write  a  monthly  miscellany,  <Tke  Umvarsal 


Romainb 


^7S 


Romaine 


VititoE.'  It  la  said  that  the  authors  were 
to  reoaive  one-thiTd  of  the  profits,  aad  that 
the  cootract  was  for  ninetyonuxe  years.  Boa- 
w^  however,  throws  doubt  on  the  reality 
of  'this  supposed  extraordinary  contract' 
(BoawupKy  L{fe  qf  Johnian,  ed.  Hill,  iL  844, 
345). 

Rolt  died  on  2  March  1770,  affed  45.  He 
was  twice  married,  and  left  a  daughter  by 
each  of  hia  wives.  His  second  wife,  who 
sorvired  him  many  yeftrs,  was,  by  her 
mother,  related  to  tne  Percys  of  Worcester. 
After  Bolt's  death,  Bishop  Percy  allowed 
her  a  pension. 

Bolt  is  accused  of  conceit  and  incompe- 
tanee.  Though  unacquainted  with  Br.  John- 
ioa,  he  aaed  to  say, '  I  am  jnst  come  from 
Sam  Johnson '  {ib.  l  358).  In  the  *  Pasqui- 
osde '  (1753)  he  is  described  as  <  DuU  Bolt 
long  iteep'd  in  Sedgeley's  nut-brown  beer.' 
In  addition  to  the  works  mentioned  above, 
he  pabliahed:  1.  'The  Ancient  Roseiad,' 
1753.  2. '  Memoirs  of  the  Life  of .  • .  Jamee 
Lindssay,  Earl  of  Crawfurd  and  Linde- 
mjJ  StCf  London,  1753,  4to.  3.  '  A  New 
and  Accurate  History  of  South  America,' 
&c,  London,  1766,  8vo.  4.  '  A  New  Dic- 
ttoaarr  of  Trade  and  Commerce,'  &o.,  Lon- 
don, 1756,  fol. ;  2nd  ed.  London.  1761,  foL  Dr. 
Johnson  wrote  the  pre&ce  to  this  '  wretched 
compilation  '  (McOullogh),  though  he 
'never  saw  the  man  and  never  read  the 
book.'  '  The  booksellers  wanted  a  Preface. 
...  I  knew  very  well  what  such  a  dictionary 
thoold  be,  and  1  wrote  a  jpreface  accordingly ' 
^oswxll).  5.  '  The  Lives  of  the  Principal 
Befticmera,  &c.  .  .  .  Embellished  with  the 
Hsada  of  the  Beformers  ...  in  Meaxotinto 
•  .  .  by  •  .  Houston,'  London,  1759,  [foL, 
and  other  works.  He  also  edited  from  the 
tothoi^a  manuscript '  Travels  throujg^h  Italy' 
(1766^,  by  Captain  John  Northall  [^.v.]  At 
the  tune  of  his  death  he  had  projected  a 
'  History  of  the  Island  of  Man,'which  was 
mtbliahed  in  1773,  and  a  *  History  of  the 
British  Empire  in  North  America'  in  six 
Tolnmes,  which  haa  disappeared.  'Select 
Pieoea  of  the  late  R.  Holt  (dedicated  to  Lady 
Sondea,  by  Mary  Bolt)/  sm.  8vo,  was  pub* 
lished  in  1772  for  the  benefit  of  Bolf  s  widow. 

[Authorities  Quoted ;  Chahners's  Biographical 
DieUoBsxy;  xxvi.  35S-6 ;  fiaker^i  Biogr.  Dnm. ; 
Niebols^  Litamiy  lUastratioDS,  iv.  .687-^li 
Ti.  61,  62 ;  JfcCoUoch's  Literature  of  Political 
Eeonon^,  p.  62.]  W.  A.  a  H^ 

KOMAmEL  WILLIAM  (1714-1795), 
divine,  bom  atHartl^ool  on  25  Sept.  1714, 
wss  younger  son  of  WUliam  Bomaine,  a 
Frendi  proteatant^  who  came  to  England  at 
ibe  revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes,  and 


settled  at  Hartlepool,  where  ho  carried  on 
the  trade  of  a  corn-dealer.  He  became  a 
loyal  member  of  the  church  of  England,  and 
died  in  1757.  Romaine's  letters  attest  the 
deep  piety  of  his  mother,  who  died  in  1771. 

W  hen  about  ten  years  old  WiUiam  was 
sent  to  the  school  founded  by  Bernard  Gil- 
pin at  Houghton4e-Si)ring,  Durham,  and 
matriculatea  on  10  April  1731  at  Hart  Hall 
(afterwards  Hertford  College),  Oxford,  where 
he  was  noted  as  much  for  his  untidy  and 
slovenly  dress  as  for  his  ability.  Minting 
to  Christ  Church  he  mduated  B.A.  m  1734 
and  M.  A.  in  1737.  He  was  ordained  deacon 
the  year  before,  and  became  curate  of  Lew- 
Trenchard,  Devonshire.  While  still  a  deacon, 
he  had  the  audacity  to  break  a  lance  with 
Warburton,  in  a  series  of  letters  about  the 
'Divine  Legation' — a  subject  which  he  pur- 
sued in  his  first  two  sermons  before  the 
university  of  Oxford  (1789, 1741).  He  was 
ordained  priest  hj  Hoadly  (1738),  probably 
to  the  curacy  of  Banstead.  Surrey,  which  he 
held  for  some  years  with  that  of  Horton 
in  Middlesex.  At  Banstead  he  became  ac- 
quainted with  Sir  Daniel  Lambert,  who 
made  him  his  chaplain  during  hia  office  as 
lord  mayor  of  London  (1741).- 

His  theological  views  had  not  then  taken 
their  ultimate  shape.  His  earliest  published 
works  attest  a  settlement  of  belief  on  or- 
thodox lines  and  a  lively  interest  in  the 
apolop^etic  and  critical  branches  of  theoloffy. 
To  critical  study  Romaine  soon  made  a  solid 
contribution  by  editing  a  new  edition  of  the 
Hebrew  concordance  of  Marina  de  C^asio, 
.1748.  The  evangelical  revival,  which  had 
not  touched  him  in  his  Oxford  days,  changed 
the  cuzient  of  his  thought  At  first  he 
was  attracted  by  Wesley's  tow  of  the 
Atonement,  as  made  for  all  men  and  open 
freely  to  all  that  would  accept  it,  and  the 
righteousness  of  Christ  as  an  inherent  and 
not  onl^  an  imputed  righteousness  (see 
JVorks^  viii.  193).  But  in  1755  he  had  passed 
entirely  to  the  side  of  Whitefield  (see  Ser- 
mons on  the  107th  Psalm,'  }Vork8,y ol.  iv.),  and 
from  thattime  to  the  end  of  his  life  he  remained 
the  ablest  exponent  among  th^  evaiufelicals 
of  the  highest  Calvinistic  doctrine,  holdiog 
Wesley's  views,  especially  in  the  matter  of 
freewill  and  pe^ection,  as  a  subtle  reproduc- 
tion of  the  Romish  theory  of  justification  bj 
works  i^e  Works,  viii.  125 — letter  to  his 
sister;  'Dialogue  concerning  Justification/ iL 
260  seq.)  In  a  letter  written  in  1766  Romaine 
haa  drawn  the  portrait  pf  ^a  verv,  very  vain, 
proud  vounjjf  man,'* who  'knew  almost  every* 
thing  but  himself,  and  therefore  was  mighty 
fond  of  himself,'  and  'met  with  many  disap- 
pointments to  his  pride,  till  the  Lord  was 


Romaine 


176 


Romaine 


pleased  to  let  him  see  and  feel  the  plague  of 
his  own  heart  *  (  Works,  yiii.  188).  It  has 
heen  thought  that  the  portrait  was  his  own 
(ib.  Til.  19).  In  1748  he  was  appointed  to  a 
lectureship  at  the  united  parishes  of  St. 
George's,  ^otolph  Lane,  ana  St.  Botolph's, 
Billingsgate,  and  entered  on  the  career  of  a 
London  cler&^yman.  In  1749  he  was  insti- 
tuted to  a  douhle  lectureship  at  St.  Dun- 
stan's-in-the-West.  In  1760  ne  became  in 
addition  morning  preacher  at  St.  George's, 
Hanover  Sauare.  About  this  time  also  he 
held  for  a  little  while  the  professorship  of 
astronomy  in  Gresham  College.  His  lectures 
must  have  been  original ;  he  used  to  *  attack 
some  part  of  the  Newtonian  philosophy  with 
boldness  and  banter.'  In  1753  he  published 
a  pamphlet  against  the  bill  for  naturalising 
the  Jews. 

Romaine  was  now  an  ardent  follower  of 
Whitefield,  proclaiming  his  belief  not  only 
to  the  citizens  of  St.  Dunstan's,  but  to  the 
fashionable  world  of  St.  George's.  Perse- 
cution followed.  The  fashionable  people  of 
Hanover  Square  could  not  tolerate  the  poor 
folk  that  crowded  to  his  preaching,  al- 
though the  old  Earl  of  Northampton  de- 
fended him,  dryly  remarking  that  no  com- 
plaint was  made  of  crowds  in  the  ballroom  or 
in  the  playhouse.  Romaine  consequently, 
at  the  request  of  the  vicar,  resigned  his  morn- 
ing lectureship  at  St.  George's.  Trouble  next 
arose  at  St.  Dunstan's;  the  parishioners  com- 
plained that  they  had  to  force  their  way  to 
their  pews  through  a  'ragged,  unsavoury 
multitude,' '  squeezing,"  shoving  *  *  panting,' 
'  riding  on  one  another^s  backs.'  The  rec- 
tor sat  in  the  pulpit  to  prevent  Romaine 
from  occupying  it  {Monthly  Beview,  xxi. 
271).  The  matter  was  carried  to  the  king's 
bench,  and  that  court  deprived  him  of  one 
parish  lectureship,  supported  b^  volimtary 
contributions,  but  confirmed  him  in  the  other, 
which  was  endowed  with  18/.  a  year  (1762), 
and  granted  him  the  use  of  the  church  at 
seven  o'clock  in  the  evening.  The  church- 
wardens, however,  refused  to  open  the  church 
until  the  exact  hour,  and  declined  to  light 
it.  Romaine  had  frequentlv  to  perform  ms 
office  bjr  the  light  of  a  single  candle,  which 
he  held  in  his  luind ;  until  l%rrick,  the  bishop 
of  London  (a  predecessor  of  Romaine's  in 
the  lectureship)  happening  on  one  occasion 
to  observe  the  crowd  at  the  closed  door, 
interfered,  and  obtained  fair  and  decent  ar- 
rangements for  the  service. 

Romaine  stood  almost  alone.  The  uni- 
versity of  Oxford  refused  him  the  pulpit  of 
St.  Mary's  in  consequence  of  two  sermons 
(1757)  preached  before  it,  in  which  he  de- 
claimed against  moral  rectitude  being  put 


in  the  place  of  justification  by  faith.  The 
'  Monthly  Review '  treated  his  sermons  and 
treatises  with  pitiless  ridicule.  A  aermon, 
'  The  Self-exbtenoe  of  Jeeua,'  1765,  on  the 
divinity  of  Christ,  was  called  an  '  amazing 
rha^y.'  ' The  Life  of  Faith'  (1703)  was 
'  a  silly  treatise,  a  stupid  treatise,  a  nonsen* 
sical  treatise,  a  fanatical  treatise.'  But  Ro- 
maine reiterated  his  views  and  retracted 
nothing  (Preface  to  *  Sermon  on  107th  Psalm,* 
JForks,  1758,  iv.  p.  xx).  If  men  called  the 
plain  doctrines  of  scripture  and  the  church 
'  enthusiasm,'  he  hoped,  he  said,  to  live  and 
die  '  a  church  of  England  enthusiast '  («^. 
iv,  p.  cclxii). 

After  his  dismissal  from  St.  Gorge's  he 
was  appointed  chaplain  by  Lady  Huntings 
don,  preaching  both  in  her  Kitchen  and  in  her 
drawmg-room.  In  1756  he  became  curate 
and  morning  preacher  at  St.  Olave's,  South- 
wark ;  in  1759  he  removed  to  the  same  post 
at  St.  Bartholomew  the  Great ;  and  nearly 
two  years  afterwards  to  Westminster  chapel, 
a  chapel-of-ease  to  St.  Margaret's,  from  which 
he  was  driven  in  six  months  by  the  hostility  of 
the  dean  and  chapter.  The  outlook  in  London 
seemed  hopeless.  Lord  Dartmouth  offered 
him  a  living  in  the  country,  and  Whitefield 
wished  him  to  take  charge  of  a  great  church  at 
Philadelphia  at  a  salary  of  600/.  a  year.  But 
he  declined  to  leave  St.  Dunstan's.  He  found 
occupation  in  preaching  chari^  sermons,  and 
assisted  Archbishop  Seeker  at  Lambeth.  He 
also  preached  to  Ingham's  societies  at  Leeds, 
with  Grimshaw  at  Haworth,  in  the  new 
chapel  at  Brighton,  and  in  Lady  Huntingdon's 
chapel  at  Bath,  where  his  learning  made  him 
not  wholly  unequal  to  his  temporary  col- 
league, Whitefield. 

£1  1764  Romaine  became  a  candidate  for 
the  living  of  St.  Anne's,  Blackfriars,  with 
St.  Andrew  of  the  Wardrobe,  which  was  in 
the  gift  of  the  parishioners,  and  preached 
before  them  a  straightforward  and  charac- 
teristic sermon.  Tne  poll  of  the  parish 
issued  in  his  favour,  but  was  disputed;  and 
it  was  not  till  1766  that  the  court  of  chan- 
cery confirmed  his  right  to  the  benefice. 
There,  at  last,  he  had  an  assured  position 
and  a  satisfied  congregation :  the  communi- 
cants on  his  first  Good  Fridav  rose  to  the 
unprecedented  number  of  five  hundred,  and 
on  £aster-day  there  were  as  many  as  three 
hundred.  A  gallery  had  soon  to  be  erected 
for  tiie  crowded  congregations.  Romaine 
stayed  at  Blackfriars  for  the  remaining 
twenty-nine  years  of  his  life.  Until  John 
Newton's  arrival  in  1780,  Romaine  was  the 
sole  incumbent  preaching  the  doctrines  of 
the  revival;  and  his  learning  made  him 
always  the  central  figure  in  it  in  Loadou 


Romaine 


177 


Romanes 


He  died  on  26  July  1795,  and  his  body 
WIS  borne  to  Blmdoriars  Uirouffh  a  dense 
eiowd,  the  city  marshals  preceding  it  on 
Ikonebaek,  and  nearly  fifty  private  coaches 
fcUowiag.  '       "^ 

In  17&  he  married  Miss  Price,  by  whom  he 
bsd  two  sons  and  a  daughter.  A  son,  captain 
in  the  army,  died  in  1783  at  Trinoomalee. 

Romaine  was  by  nature  reserved.  He 
poMBssed  little  of  those  varied  sympathies 
which  made  John  Newton  exceUent  as  a 
ipiritnaleoiinsellor.  He  was  capable,  too,  of 
displays  of  hot  temper.  When  he  saw  people 
talking  in  chnrdb,he  would  not  only  tan  them 
on  the  shoulder,  but  sometimes  Imock  their 
hstds  together. 

As  a  preacher  he  exercised  ffteat  power. 
His  theology  and  his  conception    of  the 
Ruitual  lifo  are  most  fuUy  exhibited  in 
ttuee  treatises,  <The  Life  of  Faith'  (1763), 
•The  Walk  of  Faith'  (1771),  and  'The 
Trannih  of  Faith'  (1706),  wMch  contain 
many  passures  fuU  of  tender  and  passionate 
devoticNL   The  idea  of  a  spirttaal  progress, 
whick  the  titles  convey,  is  not  realised. 
The  same  field  of  religious  ideas  is  surveyed 
ia  each  treatise.  The  rormwhich  the  doctrine 
of  deetion  took  in  his  creed  was  too  extreme 
for  BOBS  even  of  his  religious  friends.  Newton 
eoDfeand  to  TV^berforce  that  Romaine  had 
made  many  antinomians  ( Abbbt  and  Oveb- 
n>y,  Sit.  <^f  the  BwUsh  Ckureh  in  the 
FS^kfemth  OaUury,  p.  374^.  He  was  stroii{[ly 
cmosed  to  dissenters,  holaing  the  Calvinist 
sMe  of  the  articles  as  the  essence  of  the 
diureh  of  Enoland.    In  the  bitter  Calvinist 
controversy  he  was  free  from  bitterness. 
When  WUtefield's  opposition  was  fiercest, 
John  Wesley  wrote  to  Lady  Huntingdon 
that  Romaine  had  shown  '  a  truly  sympa- 
thising ^irit.'    He  adhered  to  the  metrical 
psalms  against  the  hvmns  of  Watts   and 
Wesley ;  nis  revival  of  the  old  nicknames  of 
'  Watts's  whims '  and  <  Watts's  jingle,'  in  his 
strenuoos  defence  of  psalmody  (1775),  gave 
ofeiee  to  Lady  Huntingdon. 

A  portrait  of  Romaine,  painted  in  1758  by 
F.  Goteay  was  engraved  by  Houston,  who  also 
engraved  anotlm  by  J.  KusseU ;  an  engrav- 
ing of  Romain<>  in  the  '6h>8pel  Maffasine '  (i. 
I2I)  in  wig  and  gown  shows  a  Keen  and 
animated  fiuM. 

[Worics  and  Life,  by  Rev.  W.  B.  Cadogan, 
S  voIiL  1809;  Christian  Leaders  of  the  East 
Cectozy,  by  Rev.  J.  G.  Rjle,  bishop  of  Lirer- 
pool,  1871 ;  Notes  and  Queries,  8th  ser.  zii. 
42]  H.  L.  B. 

ROMAINE,  WILLLAlM  GOVETT 
(lelo-lSdS),  oomptroller«eneral  in  Egypt, 
%ecooA   son   of  Robert   Govett   Romaine,  I 

VOL.   ZTII.  ' 


vicar  of  Staines,  Middlesex,  was  bom  in  1815, 
and  graduated  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge 
(B.A.  18d7,  UJL  1859).    He  was  entered 
at  the  Inner  Temple,  9  Nov.  1834,  and  was 
called  to   the  bar  25  Jan.  1889.     After 
practising  in  the  courts,  he  was  appcnnted 
m  1854,  on  the  outbreak  of  the  Crimean  war, 
deputyjudge^vocateof  the  armvin  the  east, 
and  there  distinguished  himself  in  many 
capacities.    At  the  doae  of  the  battle  of  the 
Auna,  he  voluntarily  undertook  the  humane 
work  of  attending  to  the  Russian  wounded 
who  had  been  \m  neglected  on  the  field  of 
battle.    Adventurous,  fond  of  travel,  a  keen 
observer,  his^-spirited,  and  zealous  in  all  he 
I  undertook,  Romaine  often  proved  himself 
exceedingly  useful  to  Lord  Raglan.    The 
latter  called  him '  the  eye  of  the  army,'  in 
reference  to  the  long  sight  with  which  he 
was  gifted,  and  it  was  owing  to  his  wise 
counsel  that  the  Crimean  army  fund  was 
set  on  foot.    In  appreciation  of  his  ser- 
vices he  was  made  a  companion  of  the  Bath 
in  1857.    At  the  general  election  of  March 
1857  he  unsuccessnilly  contested  the  repre- 
sentation in  parliament  of  Qiatham.     Next 
month  he  was  made  second  secretaiy  to  the 
admiralty.    In  June  1869  he  became  judge- 
advocate-ffeneral  in  India,  where  he  remained 
until  1878.    In  1876  the  foreign  office  recom- 
mended Romaine  to  Ismail  Pacha  as  member 
of  the  Egyptian  Conseil  du  Tr^sor.    Of  that 
body  he  afterwards  became  president,  and 
eventually  under  the  Joint  Control  he  acted  as 
English  comptroller-general  of  finances  until 
he  retired  from  public  life  in  1879.  Romaine 
died  at  Old  Windsor,  5  May  1898.  at  the 
age  of  seventy-six.     He  married,  in  1861, 
francos,    daughter  of  Henrv  Tennant  of 
Oadoxton  Lodge,  Glamorganshire. 

[Foster's  Men  at  the  Bar;  Kinglake's  Inva- 
sion of  the  Crimea ;  McCalmont's  Parliamentary 
Poll  Book ;  Annual  Register ;  Obituary  Notices 
in  the  Times  and  Guardian.]  W.  R.  W. 

ROMANES,  GEORGE  JOHN  (1848- 
1894),  man  of  science,  third  son  of  the  Rev. 
Georffe  Romanes,  was  bom  at  Kingston, 
Canada  West,  on  20  Mav  1848.  His  father, 
who  held  the  professorship  of  Greek  in  the 
university  of  Kingston,  belonged  to  an  old 
lowland  Scottish  family  settled  since  1586  in 
Berwickshire.  His  mother,  Isabella  Gair, 
whose  vivacity  was  in  marked  contrast  with 
the  reticence  of  her  husband,  was  daughter 
of  Robert  Smith  (J.  1824),  minister  of  Cro- 
marty. The  father  inherited  a  considerable 
fortune  in  1848,  and  removed  to  England, 
settling  at  8  Cornwall  Terrace,  Regent's 
Park,  and  visiting  the  continent  from  time 
to  time.    Gteorg^s  early  education  was  de« 


Romanes 


17* 


Romanes 


sultory,  his  constitatioir^mg  delicate,  and 
his  fumlties  slow  in  deyelopment.  After 
reading  for  a  time  with  a  tutor,  he  entered 
in  October  1867  at  GonvLlle  and  Cains  Col- 
lege, Cambridge^  obtaining  in  the  following 
year  a  science  scholarship  there.  He  gra* 
dnated  in  the  second  class  of  the  natural 
science  tripos  in  1870.  Under  the  influence 
of  Professor  Michael  Foster,  he  then  worked 
at  physiology,  Francis  Maitland  Balfonr 
[q.  T.l  being  a  fellow-student.  An  early  wish 
to  take  holy  orders  was  abandoned,  and  after 
winning  the  Bumey  prize  at  Cambridge  in 
187S,  for  an  essay  *  On  Christian  Prayer  and 
Qeneral  Laws/  he  for  a  time  read  mathe- 
matics. Possessed  of  ample  priyate  means, 
he  was  under  no  necessity  of  working  for  a 
livelihood,  and  ultimately  resolved  to  devote 
himself  to  scientific  research.  Darwin  no- 
ticed an  earl^  contribution  made  by  him  to 
*  Nature '  (viii.  101),  and  sent  him  an  en- 
couraging letter.  This  proved  the  founda- 
tion 01  a  mendship  which  profoundly  affected 
Homanes's  studies,  and  lasted  till  Darwin's 
death. 

From  1874  to  1876  Romanes  studied  under 
Professor  TSir^  John  Burden  Sanderson  in 
the  physiological  laboratory  at  University 
Col^ge,  London,  and  dated  thence  his  first 
communication  to  the  Boyal  Society,  on 
'  The  Influence  of  Injury  on  the  Excitability 
of  Motor  Nerves.'  He  counted  the  advice, 
die  teaching,  the  example,  and  the  friend- 
ship of  Professor  Burdon  Sanderson  as- 
amon^  the  most  important  determinants  of 
his  scientific  career.  In  addition  to  the  sti- 
mulus he  received  from  Darwin  in  biological 
speculation,  he  was  specially  encouraged  by 
him  to  apply  the  theory  of  natural  selection 
to  the  problems  of  mental  evolution.  Darwin 
himself  entrusted  him  with  unpublished 
matter  on  instinct. 

While  associated  with  Professor  Sander- 
son, Bomanes  initiated  a  series  of  researches 
on  the  nervous  and  locomotor  systems  of  the 
meduses  and  the  echinodermata.  He  con- 
ducted his  observations  in  a  laboratory  which 
he  built  for  the  purpose  at  Dunskaith  on  the 
Cromarty  Firth.  The  first-fruits  of  this  in- 
vestigation were  copimunicated  to  the  Royal 
Society  through  Professor  Huxley,  and  Ro- 
manes also  made  his  results  the  subject  of  the 
Croonian  lecture,  which  he  was  appointed  by 
the  Royal  Society  to  deliver  in  -1876 ;  the 
paper  was  published  in  the  'Philosophical 
Tninsacuons.'  In  the  same  year  he  read  a 
paper  before  the  British  Association  at  Glas- 
gow. A  second  paper,  in  the  *  Philosophical 
Transactions,'  followed  in  1877,  and  a  third, 
which  concluded  the  researches  on  the  me- 
doBss,  in  1880.    In  the  investigation  on  the 


ephinoderms  Romanes  was  associated  with 
Professor  Cossar  £  wart,  and  their  joint  work 
formed  the  subject  of  the  Croonian  lecture 
for  1881.  These  researchesi  the  results  of 
which  were  subsequently  set  forth  in  a  vo- 
lume of  the  '  International  Scientific  Series' 
('  Jellv-fish^  Star-fish,  and  Sea-urchins,  Ner* 
vous  Systems,'  1886),  established  the  poution 
of  Romanes  as  an  original  worker  in  science, 
and  he  was  elected  a  fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society  in  1879.  Near  the  dose  of  his  life 
he  contributed  to  the  society  a  summary  of 
an  experimental  inquiry  on  '  Plant  Excita- 
bility, showing  that  amid  other  work  his 
interest  in  physiological  investigation  tiad 
not  diminished. 

Meanwhile  other  problems,  scientific  and 
r^losophical,  occupied  his  mind.     At  the 
Dublin  meeting  of  the  Britisli  Assodation 
in  1878  he  d^ivered  a  lecture  on  '  Animal 
Intelligence,'  by  which  he  became  known  to 
the  wider  pubbc  that  is  interested  in  general 
scientific  questions  rather  than  in  special 
lines  of  research.    This  lecture  formed  the 
starting-point  of  an  important  investigation. 
In  1881  he  published  m  the  'Interaatiooal 
Scientific  Series,'  under  the  same  title  that 
he  had  given  to  his  Dublin  lecture,  a  collec- 
tion of  data,  perhaps  too  largely  aaaeodotal, 
respecting  the  mental  facultiea  ik  animals  in 
relation  to  those  of  man.    This  work  was 
followed  in  1883  bv  another  on  <  Mental 
Evolution  in  Animals'  (with  Darwin's  pos- 
thumous essay  on  instinct),  and  in  I880  by 
th^  first  instalment  of '  Mental  Evolution  in 
Man,'  dealing  with  the  '  Origin  of  Human 
Faculty.'   Further  instalments,  dealin^p  with 
the  intellect,  emotions,  volition,  morals,  and 
religion,  were  projected.  Other  Hues  of  work, 
however,  intervened,  and  the  design  was 
never  completed.    The  keynote  of  the  whole 
series  is   the  ^nk  and  fearless    applica- 
tion of  the  principles  of  evolution  as  for- 
mulated by  Darwin  to  the  development  of 
mind. 

In  addition  to  his  special  researches  in 
physiology  and  mental  evohitioo,  Romanes 
mterest^  himself  in  the  progress  and  deve- 
lopment of  the  theory  of  oiganie  evolution. 
A  lecture  on  this  subject  &livered  at  Bir- 
mingham and  Edinburgh  was  published  in 
the  'Fortnightly  Review'  (December  1881), 
and  republished  as  a  volume  in  the  '  Nature 
Series.^  This  essi^y,  *  On  the  Scientific  Evi- 
dences of  Organic  Evolution,'  may  be  re- 
garded as  the  germ  from  which  were  deve- 
loped his  course  of  lectures  on  •  The  PhUo- 
sophy  of  Natural  History,'  delivered  at 
Edinburgh  (1880-00)  during  his  tenure  of  a 
special  professorship,  founded  l^  Lord  Rose- 
\yajf  and  his  subs^uent  ooune  on  *  Darwin 


Romanes 


«79 


Romaoes 


■WMM 


»Hd.ift«  DtrwiV  ^elivM'ed'as  Follerian 
profeinr  of  physiology  at  the  Royal  Insti- 
tatkm,  a  positum  which  he  held  for  three 
jwn  (188S~9n.    The  suhetance  of  these 
two  oouisea  oi  lecturee  was  subaequently 
•fflbodied  ia  a  treatise  bearing  the  title  of 
the  FaUeriaa  conrsei  of  which  the  first  part 
was  published  in  1898;  two  other  parts, 
eomf  leting  the  work,  were  left  ready  for  puh* 
licaljon  at  the  time  of  his  death.  The  first  part 
deals  with  tl^  *  Darwinism  of  Darwin ; '  the 
second  part^  which  appeared  with  a  portrait 
of  the  author  in   lo96,  deals  with  those 
post-Darwinian    problems    which    inyolve 
Questions  df  heredity  and  utility;  while 
the  third  part  (at  present  unpublished])  con- 
tains a  diacnsaion  of  the  pronlems  of  isola- 
tion and  of  the  author's  theory  of  '  physio- 
logical selection.'    This  theory,  which  was 
regarded  by  Romanes  as  his  chief  substan- 
tire  eontribtttion  to  eyolutionary  doctrine, 
was  first  propounded  by  him,  in  a  paper 
contribated  to  the  Linnean  Society  in  1886, 
tile  full  title  o^  which  waa  *  Physiological 
Selection :  an  Additional  Suggestion  on  the 
Origin  of  Species.'    The  suggestion  is  briefly 
as&Uows.    It  ^aa  part  of  we  body  of  bio- 
logieal  doctrine  that  when  a  group  of  ani- 
Huls  Gt  plants  belonging  to  any  species  is 
isdated  by  geographical  barriers,  that  group 
tenda^  under  the  influence  of  its  specialisea 
enriitMunent,  to  develop  characters  different 
(nm  those  of  tlie  main  body  of  the  species 
from  whidi  it  is  isolated.    Eventually  the 
diveigeDee  of  eLaracters  may  proceed  so  far 
aa  to  render  the  isolated  group  reciprocally 
sterile  with  the  original  species,  and  thua  to 
render  it  not  only  morphologically  but  also 
physiolo^cally  a  distinct  species.    Komanes, 
m  his  I^nean  paper,  suggested  that  red- 
procalsterility  between  inmviduals  not  other- 
wise isolated  may  be  the  primary  event,  the 
eaose  and  not  tne  effect ;  and  that  in  this 
way  a  physiological  barrier  may  be  set  up 
between  two  fproups  of  the  individuids  on- 
^iaally  belonguig  to  one  species  and  inhabit- 
Q^r  tlie  aame  geographical  area.    The  essen- 
tial feature  <»  the  suggestion  is  that  this 
pkyaiologic^l  barrier  may  be  primary  and  not 
aoonda^.    The  title  of  the  paper  was  un- 
fortunate.   '  Fbysioloffical  Isolation '  would 
hsTs  indicated  the  author's  contention  more 
ieearately  thaji  'Phvsiolo^^l  Selection/ 
ttd  woold  perhaps  have  more  efiGdctually 
goaided  him  frcMa  the  attacks  of  those  who 
ebsiged  him  with  the  intention  of  substi- 
tuting a  new  doctrine  of  the  ori^pn  of  species 
&r  tbAt  which  waa  associated  with  the  name 
of  Darwin.    The  paper,  which  ^ave  rise  to 
moch  eoDtrorersy,  waa  unquestionably  spe- 
calative,  and  the  main  contention  was  not 


supported  by  a  snffieisBt  body  of  evidence 
to  carry  conviction. 

As  early  aa  1874  Bomanea  suggested  in 
letters  to  'Nature'  what  he  termed  Hhe 
principle  of  the  cessation  of  selection.'  He 
argued  that  since  organs  are  maintained  at  a 
level  of  maximum  emcienoy  through  natmal 
selection^  the  mere  withdrawal  or  cessation 
of  selection  will  lead  to  diminution  and  de- 
geileration  of  orgabs.    He  distinguished  thia 

*  cessation  of  sel^tion'  from  'reversal  of 
selection '  where  such  diminution  or  degene- 
ration is,  through  *  the  principle  of  economy  ' 
of  growth '  or  otherwise,  advantageous,  and 
therefore  promoted  by  natural  selection. 
When  Weismann  advocated  panmixia,  which 
includes  the  effects  of  both  cessation  and  re- 
versal of  selection,  Romanes  reiterated  his 
former  contention  {Nature,  18Q0,  xli.  4d7), 
and  returned  to  the  subject  in  '  Darwin  and 
after  Darwin'  (vol.  iL)  The  matter  has 
given  rise  to  some  discussion.  It  would 
seem  that,  though  the  cessation  of  selection 
may  reduce  the  level  of  efficiency  of  an 
organ  fh)m  the  maximum  maintauied  by 
natural  selection  to  the  mean  efficiency  in 
the  individuals  bom  subeequently  to  the 
withdrawal  of  the  eliminative  influence,  it 
cannot  reduce  it  in  any  marked  degree  unless 
we  call  in  a  further  *  principle '  of  the  &ilure 
of  heredity.  That  the  mere  cessation  of 
selection  cannot  of  itself  lead  to  great  re- 
duction was  shown  by  Darwin  before  Ro- 
manes's letters  were  published  (cf.  Ori^  of 
Species,  6th  edit.  pp.  401-2). 

With  regard  to  the  vexed  question  of  the 
inheritance  of  acquired  characteristics,  Ro- 
manes lent  the  weight  of  his  support 
to  the  Xiamarckian  side,  but  he  constantly 
sought  to  put  thd  matter  to  the  test  of  ex-^ 
perunent. 

Romanes's '  Essay  on  Christian  Prayer  and 
General  Laws,'  which  won  the  Bumey  prize 
at  Cambridge  in  1873,  necessarily  pursued 
the  lines  of  orthodox  apologetics ;  but  there 
is  no  reason  to  suppose  that  it  did  not  in  the 
main  indicate  the  author's  own  views  at  the 
time  when  it  was  written.  But  when  he 
issued  in  1878,  under  the  pseudonym  of 

*  Physicus,'  a  work  entitled  /  A  Candid  Ex- 
amination of  Theism,'  he  assumed  towards 
orthodox  religious  beliefs  a  negative  and 
destructive  attitude.  Powerfully  written, 
and  showing  much  dialectic  skill,  the  '  Can<- 
did  Examination '  made  some  stir  both  in  the 
orthodox  and  the  unorthodox  camps.  But 
five  years  later  Romanes  struck  another  note 
in  an  article  in  the  '  Nineteenth  Century ' 
on  <The  Fallacy  of  Materialism'  (1882); 
while  in  the  Rede  lecture,  which  ne  was 
chosen  to  deliver  in  Cambridge  in  1885,  he 

V2 


Romanes 


i8o 


Romans 


adopted  the  principles  of  monism,  according 
to  which  matter  and  mind  are  of  at  least  co- 
ordinate importance  and  diverse  aspects  of 
phenomenal  existence.  An  article  in  the 
'Contemporary  Beview'  of  the  following 
year  (1886)  on '  The  World  as  an  Eject '  has 
distinctly  theistic  implications;  while  an 
^ Essay  on  Monism'  (published  after  the 
author's  death)  goes  lurther  in  the  same 
direction.  These  modifications  of  philosophic 
opinion  were  accompanied  by  no  less  ]fro- 
found  modifications  of  religious  conviction. 
Near  the  close  of  his  life  Bomanes  wss  occu- 
pied in  writing  a 'Candid  Examination  of 
Beligion/  to  be  published  under  the  pseudo- 
nym of  *  Metaphysicus.'  Such  notes  for  this 
work  as  were  sufficiently  complete  were 
published  after  the  author^  death  under  the 
editorship  of  Canon  Gore.  They  indicate  a 
return  to  the  orthodox  position^  and  express 
a  conviction  that  the  &ult  of  the  essay  of 
1878  lay  in  an  undue  reliance  on  reason  to 
the  exclusion  of  the  promptings  of  the  emo- 
tional side  of  man's  complex  nature. 

Romanes  married  on  11  Feb.  1879,  and, 
settling  at  18  Cornwall  Terrace,  London, 
threw  nimself  with  enthusiasm  for  the  next 
ten  years  into  the  scientific  and  social  life 
of  London.  He  was  for  some  years  honorary 
zoological  secretary  of  the  Linnean  Society, 
and  a  member  of  the  council  of  University 
College,  London.  In  1890,  warned  by  severe 
headaches  of  approaching  ill-health,  he  re- 
moved from  London  to  Oxford,  where  he 
had  many  Mends  and  where  facilities  for 
scientific  work  abounded.  He  took  up  his 
residence  at  an  old  house  in  St.  Aldatesi 
opposite  Christ  Church,  of  which  he  became 
a  member,  being  incorporated  M.A.  of  the 
university  of  Oxford.  There  he  mainly 
spent  his  remaining  years  as  happily  as  his 
health  permitted.  In  1891  he  lounded  in 
the  university  a  lectureship  which  bears  his 
name ;  under  the  terms  of  the  foimdation  a 
man  of  eminence  was  to*be  elected  annually 
to  deliver  a  lecture  on  a  scientific  or  literary 
topic  The  first  Bomanes  lecture,  on  '  Me- 
diaeval Universities,*  was  delivered  by  Mr. 
Qladstone  on  24  Oct.  1892.  In  the  same  year 
Romanes's  old  college  (Caius,  Cambridge) 
made  him  an  honorary  fellow.  Aberdeen 
University  had  conferred  on  him  the  hono- 
rary degree  of  LL.D.  in  1882.  For  some 
time  berore  his  death  Romanes  sufiered  from 
a  disease — ^a  condition  of  the  arteries  result- 
ing in  apoplexy — ^the  gravity  of  which  he  f uUv 
realised,  facing  the  inevitable  event  with 
admirable  fortitude.  An  occasional  visit  to 
Madeira  or  Costabelle  gave  only  temporary 
relief.  He  died  at  Oxford  on  23  May  1894, 
and  was  buried  in  Holywell  cemetery. 


Romanes  was  through  the  greater  part  of 
his  career  an  ardent  sportsman,  and  fre- 
quently visited  Scotland  to  indulge  his  sport- 
mg  tastes.  In  private  life  he  was  a  genial 
and  delightful  companion,  and  to  those  who 
knew  him  intimately  a  warm  and  staunch 
friend.  His  widow  (Ethel,  only  daughter 
of  Andrew  Duncan,  eai^.,  of  Liverpool)  sur- 
vived him,  and  edited  his '  life  ana  Letters  * 
(1896).    He  left  ^ve  sons  and  a  daughter. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  his  pin>Ushecl 
works :  1.  'A  Candid  Examination  or  Theism, 
by  ^  Physicus," '  1878.  2.  *  Animal  InteUi- 
ffence,'  1881.  8.  'Scientific  Evidences  of 
Or^ic  Evolution,'  1882.  4.  '  Mental  Evo- 
lution in  Animals,'  1883.  6.  'Jelly-Fish, 
Star-Fish,  and  SearUrchins,' 1885.  6.  <  Men- 
tal Evolution  in  Man:  Origin  of  Human 
Faculty,'  1888.  7.  '  Darwin  and  after  Dar- 
win,'pt.  i.  1892.  8.  'An  Examination  of 
Weismannism,'  1893.  9.  '  Thoughts  on  Re- 
ligion,' posth.  1895.  10. '  Mind  and  Motion: 
An  Essi^  on  Monism,'  posth.  1895.  11. '  Dar- 
win and  after  Darwin,'  pt.  ii.  posth.  1895. 
12.  '  Essays,'  1896  (edited  by  the  present 
vnriter). 

Apart  from  these  works  and  the  scientifio 

Eapers  which  he  read  before  learned  societies, 
e  was  a  frequent  and  versatile  contributor 
to  periodical  literature  and  a  writer  of  verse* 
a  volume  of  which  (containing  a  memorial 
poem  on  Charles  Darwin)  was  ]^rivately 

Erinted  in  1889.  A  selection  from  his  poems 
as  been  published  under  the  editorship  of 
Mr.  T.  H.  Warren,  president  of  Magdalen 
College  (1896). 

[Obituary  notice  in  the  Proceedings  of  the 
Royal  Society,  vol.  Ivii.  p.  vii,  by  P^feasor  J. 
Burdon-Sanderaon,  F.B.8. ;  obituary  notice  in 
Nature,  81  May  1894,  by  Professor  £.  Ray 
Lankestor,  F.R.S, ;  letter  to  the  Times,  19  June 
1894,  by  Professor  E.  B.  Poulton,  F.B.S.;  Ufa 
and  Letters,  by  Mrs.  G-.  J.  Bomanes,  1896.] 

C.LL.M. 

ROMANS,  BERNARD  (1720P-1784P), 
engineer  and  author,  was  bom  in  Holland 
about  1720.  He  was  educated  in  England, 
and  about  1755  was  sent  to  North  America 
by  the  British  government  in  the  capacity 
of  civil  engineer.  Between  1760  and  1771  he 
was  living  near  the  town  of  St.  Augustine  in 
East  Floridai  and  was  described  as  'draughts- 
man.' He  was  also  government  botanist,  and 
claimed  to  be  the  first  surveyor  settled  in  the 
state,  then  under  Spanish  rule.  In  1776  he 
stated  that  during  the  preceding  fourteen 
years  he  had  been '  sometimes  employed  as  a 
commodore  in  the  king's  service,  sometimes 
at  the  head  of  large  bodies  of  men  in  the 
woods,  and  at  the  worst  of  times  master 
of  a  merchantman  fitted  in  a  warlike  man-^ 


Romans 


i8x 


Romanus 


iier'(FoBOBy  American  AreMves,  4tli  ser.  iii. 
1967).    He  received  a  pension  of  60^  for  his 


On  the  outbreak  of  the  revolution  he 

i'oined  the  provincialSi  and  in  the  autumn  of 
.775  was  engaged  b;^  the  New  York  com- 
mittee of  safety,  it  is  said,  on  the  recom- 
mendatioii  of  Waahinffton,  to  construct  the 
fertifieattons  at  Fort  Oonstitutioii,  opposite 
West  Point  on  the  Hudson  river.  On  8  Nov. 
he  reported  that  'the  plan  we  at  present 
pursue  is  a  very  lame  one'  ^Fobcb).  A 
veek  later  he  sent  in  a  petition  and  me- 
morial to  the  New  York  provincial  conjpress, 
complaining  that  his  promised  commission 
M  engineer  and  colonel  had  not  been  for- 
waxdM,  and  that  his  orders  had  been  con- 
tradicted and  overruled.  He  also  prayed  for 
an  assistant,  as  his  office  was  '  a  very  exer- 
cinnr  one,  keeping  body  and  mind  con- 
stan^y  employed  together'  (ib,  iiL  1868). 
The  eomnussion  never  seems  to  have  been 
giaated,  though  in  some  of  his  letters  Bo- 
mans  calls  himself  *  coloneL' 

On  8  Feb.  1776,  however,  he  was  ap- 
pointed captain  of  the  Pennsylvania  artu- 
fety,  which  was  serving   at    Tioonderoga 
during  the  greater  part  of  the  year  (Sap- 
7BLL,  Meoarat  of  Vie  HevohUionary  War,  pp. 
178-81).    On  18  March  he  applied  to  the 
New  York  committee  of  safety  for  the  fulfil- 
ment of  a  resolution  of  the  continental  con- 
gress at  Philadelphia  to  the  effect  that  he 
should  be  paid  up  to  the  date  of  his  new  com- 
mission, adding  uxat  want  of  mone^  prevented 
his  appearing  at  the  head  of  his  company 
/FoBcs,   T.    405).    On   10   May   General 
Sehnyler  wrote  to  Washington  that  as  *a 
string   of  complaints '   had    been   lodged 
mguoMt  Romans,  he  had  sent  for  him  to 
he  tried  at  Albany  (tb,  vi.  413) ;  and  five 
days    later  Bene<£ct  Arnold  told  Samuel 
Chase  that  'Mr.  Bomans's  conduct  by  all 
aoeounts  has  been  veiy  extraordinary''  (id, 
p.  5SV)*    The  chaiges,  which  seem  to  have 
Bad  recferenoe  to  connivance  at  depredations 
by  his  men,  were  not  sustained,  and  Romans 
after  his  acquittal  by  the  court-martial  served 
lor  three  years  afterwards  in  the '  continental' 
army.  In  1779  he  was  ca^ured  by  the  British, 
psobahly  at  Stoney  Pomt  on  the  Hudson, 
and  was  sent  to  England.    His  exchange  was 
refbaedy  and  nfter  the  peace  he  again  prac- 
tised in  England  as  an  engineer.  £l  1784  he 
sailed  for  ^ew  York,  carrying  with  him  a 
large  sum  of  money,  and,  as  he  was  never 
keazd  of  affain,  is  supposed  to  have  been 
murdered  onring  the  passsffe.    Romans  is 
said  to  have  been  introduced  by  Washington 
to  Elissbeth  Whiting,  who  became  his  wife ; 
■he  died  at  New  Yo%  on  12  May  184a 


Romans  was  the  author  of  the  '  Oonclse 
Natural  History  of  East  and  West  Florida/ 
New  York,  1776.  In  spite  of  typogra- 
phical errors  and  some  pretentiousness  of 
style,  it  contains  highly  valuable  informa- 
tion. It  has  twelve  copperplates,  etched  by 
the  author,  and  an  engraved  dedication  to 
John  Ellis  (1710P-1776}  [q.v.],  the  natu- 
ralist.  Only  the  first  volume  seems  to  have 
been  issued.  The  work  is  now  very  rare.  A 
copy,  dated  1776,  is  in  the  British  Museum. 

Another  of  Romans's  works,  also  im- 
finished,  is  said  to  have  been  the  earliest  book 
printed  at  Hartford.  This  was  his  '  Annals 
of  the  Troubles  in  the  Netherlands  from  the 
Accession  of  Charles  V,'  published  in  1778. 
It  is  a  compilation  from  *  the  most  approved 
historians,'  and  was  designed  as  '  a  proper 
and  seasonable  Mirror  for  the  present  Ameri' 
cans.'  Romans  also  published  '  A  Map  of 
the  Seat  of  Civil  War  in  America,'  1776, 
12mo;  and  'The  Compleat  Pilot  for  the 
Gulf  Passage,'  1779,  which  seems  to  be 
identical  with  the  appendix  to  the  '  Natural 
History  of  Florida.'  He  also  contributed  in 
August  1773  a  paper  on  improvements  in 
the  mariner's  compass  to  the  American 
Philosophical  Society  (Trans.  Amer,  PkUos, 
Soe,  ii.  396),  which  he  joined  in  1771. 

[Force's  Amer.  Archives,  4th  ser.  vols.  iii.  v. 
vi. passim;  Duyckinck's  Cycl.  Amer.  Lit.  i.  317» 
818;  Wynne's  Private  Libraries  of  New  York,  pp. 
845-6;  RicVs  Bibl.  Americ.  Nova,  i.  467;  Fair- 
banks's  Hist,  of  St.  Augustine.]  Q,  La  Gh.  N. 

BOMANUS  iJl.  624),  bishop  of  Roches* 
ter,  was  probably  among  the  missionaries 
sent  with  Augustine  to  Britain  in  697  by 
Pope  Qr^ry  the  Great.  In  624,  on  the 
death  of  Meuitus,  Justus  was  moved  to  the 
metropolitan  see  of  Canterbury,  and  the 
bishopric  of  West  Kent  thus  became  vacant. 
Romanus  was  consecrated  as  second  prelate 
in  the  same  year  by  Justus,  his  predecessor, 
who  soon  after  despatched  him  on  a  mission 
to  Rome.  He  was  shipwrecked  and  drowned 
in  a  storm  off  the  coast  of  Italy,  apparently 
before  the  death  of  Justus  in  627,  '  being 
sent  to  Pope  Honorius  by  Archbishop  Justus 
as  his  legate.' 

glede's  Hi^t.  Ecd.  ii.  8, 20 ;  cf.  Bishop  Stnbbs 
ict.  Christian  Biogr.]  C.  B.  B. 

BOMANUS  or  LE  ROMEYN,  JOHN 
(d.  1296),  archbishop  of  York,  was  son  of 
John  Romanus,  subdean  and  treasurer  of 
York.  John  Rokabits  (d,  1256)  the  elder  is 
described  by  Matthew  Paris  as  one  of  the 
first  Romans  to  seek  preferment  in  England, 
and  is  stated  to  have  been  a  canon  of  York 
for  nearly  fifty  years  (v.  644).   He  was  canon 


Romanus 


1 8s 


Romanus 


of  York  on  23  Oct.l2I8,aiid  on  1  March  1226 
received  a  dispensation  from  Honorius  IIT, 
remoTing  the  defect  of  his  doubtful  legiti- 
macy, in  consideration  of  his  devotion  to 
the  Koman  see  {CaL  Papal  Heg,  i.  60|  100; 
.Raikb,  Hist,  of  Church  <^  York,  iii.  125). 
He  was  a  friend  of  Archbishop  Qraj,  wbio 
made  him  first  subdean  of  York  in  1228, 
and  was  constantly  employed  by  the  papal 
see  on  various  commissions  in  Enghmd 
(Mi.TT.  Paris,  iii.  218,  iv.  251 ;  CaL  Papal 
Meg.  i.  59, 76,  88, 160,  188,  193,  225).  He 
was  archdeacon  of  Richmond  in  1241,  but 
resigned  that  post  before  16  July  1247,  when 
he  received  a  dispensation  to  hold  the  trea- 
surership  of  Yorn  with  his  other  benefices 
(ib,  i.  225, 319 ;  L£  Nbts,  FmU  JEool.  AngL 
lii.  104, 136, 159^.  He  died  before  2  Jan. 
1256,  when  Jonn  Mansel  fq.  v.]  became 
treasurer  of  York.  Matthew  Paris  spedcs  of 
him  as  very  rich  and  avaricious  (v.  5o4, 544). 
He  held  quit-rents  and  other  property  in  the 
city  of  London  (Hiat  MSS.  vomm,  9th  Bep. 
App.  pp.  4,  5, 15,  26,  37-8).  There  are  two 
letters  addressed  to  him  by  Robert  Grosse- 
teste  (Qrossbieste,  EpistoUxy  65,  203-^, 
Rolls  Ser.)  He  built  the  north  transept  and 
central  tower  of  York  Cathedral.  He  also 
founded  a  chantry  in  the  minster  for  the 
souls  of  the  donor  and  his  parente,  John  and 
Mary,' and  gave  land  to  the  vicars-choral  to 
provide  for  his  obit  (Fasti  JEboracenses,  p. 
328n. ;  Hist  of  Church  of  York,  iii.  152). 
The  archbishop  was  his  son  by  a  servant  girl 
(Hbmii^gbubgh,  ii.  70). 

John  Romanus,  the  filture  archbishop,  re- 
ceived a  dispensation  from  his  illegitimacy, 
so  far  as  regarded  ordination  and  the  hold- 
ing of  benefices,  from  Otho,  cardinal  of  St. 
I*?ichola8  in  Carcere,  presumably  in  1237-8, 
when  Otho  was  papal  legate  in  England 
(CaL  Papal  Pep.  i.  484).  A  bull  of  Inno- 
cent IV,  in  which  he  is  styled  remembrancer 
of  the  papal  penitentiary,  specially  forbade 
John  to  accept  a  bishopric  without  papal  per- 
mission (BAtusE,  Misc*  i.  211).  John  was, 
by  his  own  account,  educated  at  Oxford  (cf. 
wiULiNS,  Concilia,  ii.  214).  He  received  the 
livings  of  Bolton-in-Lunesdale  in  1253,  and 
Wallop  in  Hampshire  about  1254,  and  on 
7  July  1256  had  license  of  absence  for  %yq 
years  while  pursuing  his  studies  (CaL  Papal 
Reg.  i.  332,  484).  Afterwards  he  received 
the  living  of  Melling,  by  dispensation  from 
Alexander  IV ;  in  1268  he  obtained  the 
prebend  of  North  Eelsey,  Lincoln,  and  in 
1275  became  chancellor'  of  Lincoln.  On 
9  Deo.  1276,  when  he  is  described  as  chap- 
lain to  Matthew  de  Ursinis,  cardinal  of  St. 
Mary  in  Porticu,  he  had  dispensation  to  re* 
tain   the  benefioos  which  he  held,  aad  to 


iu^cept  a  bishopric,  having  been  appointed  to 
a  professorship  of  theology  at  Paris.  He 
taugrht  theology  at  Paris  for  several  yean 
(ibA.  451,  484;  see  Dsniflb,  Cartularhim 
Urdv,  Paris,  i.  599,  for  a  reference  to  the 
house  of  Master  John  Romanas  in  1282).  In 
1279  he  exchanged  the  chancellorship  and 
prebend  of  North  Keleej  for  the  preoentor- 
ship  and  prebend  of  Nassmgton,  and  on  7  Dec 
1279  was  collated  to  the  prebend  of  Wart- 
hill,  York  (Lb  Nbvb,  ii.  88,  92,  191,  196, 
iii.  220).  After  the  death  of  Archbishop 
Wickwane,  he  was  elected  archbishop  oi 
York  on  29  Oct.  1285,  and  received  the 
royal  assent  on  15  Nov.  (Lb  Nbvb,  iii.  104; 
CaL  Pat.  Polls,  Edward  1, 1281-92,  p.  199). 
He  at  once  went  to  Rome  to  receive  papal 
confirmation.  On  3  Feb.  he  obtained  a  re^ 
newed  dispensation  for  his  illegitimacy,  and^ 
the  validity  of  his  election  being  questioned, 
was  re-elected  under  a  papal  mandate,  and 
consecrated  by  the  bishop  of  Ostia  on  10  Feb. 
{CaL  Papal  Peg.  i.  483^;  Lb  Nbvb,  iii. 
104).  lie  returned  to  England  in  Mardi, 
and  received  the  temporalities  on  13  April. 
Archbishop  Peckham  made  the  usual  protest 
against  the  bearing  of  the  cross  by  Koma- 
nus  in  the  southern  province  (Letters  from 
NoHhem  Pegisters,  62-4;  CaL  Pat  Polls, 
Edward  1, 1281-92,  pp.  198-9, 229-30}. 

RonuuLUS  was  enthroned  at  York  on 
Trinity  Sunday,  9  June  1286.  He  waschiefiy 
concerned  with  the  government  of  bis  diocese, 
and  took  little  part  in  public  affairs.  He  was 
with  the  king  m  Gascony  in  the  summer  of 
1288.  In  1291  he  was  summoned  to  render 
military  service  against  Scotland,  and  was 
also  occasionally  summoned  to  parliament 
(Foidera,  i.  753, 762, 802, 808-10, 882 ;  ParL 
Writs,  i.  25,  30-2,261).  In  August  1295  he 
was  summoned  to  meet  the  cardinals  at 
London  (Cont.  Gesvase,  ii.  213).  In  his 
diocese  Romanus  had  disputes  with  the  dean 
of  York,  Robert  de  Scarbuzgh,  and  the  chajK 
ter  of  Durham  (Hist.  Chiuireh  of  York,  iii. 
212).  Of  more  importance  was  a  dispute 
with  Anthony  Bek  [see  Bbk,  Ajfioirr  I], 
bishop  of  Durham,  as  to  the  relations  of  the 
see  of  Durham  to  that  of  York.  The  king 
in  vain  endeavoured  to  arrange  the  dispute 
when  the  bishops  were  present  at  the  funeral 
of  Queen  Eleanor  in  December  1290.  An 
attempt  at  arbitration  in  the  following 
July  failed,  and  in  November  1291  Romanus 
obtained  leave  to  plead  his  cause  at  Rome 
(CaL  Papal  Peg.  i.  448, 450).  He  was  abroad 
as  late  as  September  1292  (t&.i.497,50S),  but 
his  suit  does  not  seem  to  have  been  suocessfiil. 
During  his  absence  Bek  imprisoned  two  of 
the  archbishop's  officials,  and  in  oonseq^uenoe 
Romaiirus  ordered  Bek  to  be  excommunicated 


Romanus 


183 


Romer 


in  A  letter  from  Viterbo  on  8  April  1202 
(Lettera  from  Northern  JR^ters,  ^07). 
Edward  took  the  matter  up,  and  contended 
tliat  the  ezcomxnunication  was  an  infringe- 
ment of  his  prerogative,  since  Bek  was,  as 
palatine,  a  temporid  as  well  as  a  spiritual  dig- 
nitary. "RomanuB  was  for  a  time  imprison^ 
in  tne  Tower,  but  obtained  his  release  and 
restonition  to  zoyal  favour  on  payment  of  a 
fine  of  four  thousand  marks,  at  £aster  1298 
(Ckron.  Latiercoet,  p.  188;  JEKst.  Dtmelm. 
SaipL  Tres,  pp.  78,  98 ;  Ann,  Mm.  iii.  876; 
lUa.  ParL  i.  102-5).  At  York  itself  Bo- 
manus  continued  the  building  of  the  minster. 
In  1288  he  had  obtained  a  papal  indult  to 
apply  the  first-fruits  to  this  purfjose,  and  on 
6  April  1291  he  laid  the  foundation-stone  of 
the  nave  (CaL  Papal  M^,  L  496;  Hi$t 
of  the  Ckweh  qf  York^  ii.  409).  He  likewise 
foaaded  the  prebend  of  Bilton  at  York,  and 
obtuned  leaye  from  the  pope  to  divide  the 
prebends  of  Langtoft  and  Masham,  but  the 
s<^ane  wfte  vetoed  by  the  king  {CaL  Paipal 
£ejf.  L  496,  600).  Bomanus  was  also  a  bene- 
factor of  the  church  oi  Southwell,  where  he 
founded  several  stalls  (DueDALS,  Mona$t, 
AnffL  rL  1314-15).  He  died  at  Burton,  near 
Beverly,  on  11  ^wch  1296,  and  was  buried 
in  York  Minster  on  17  March. 

BoBunus  wBsengaged  in  constant  quarrels, 
and  was  probably  hot-headed  and  indiscreet. 
Bepiqgbujgh  describes  him  as  a  great  theo- 
loj^iao  and  verr  learned  man,  but  maddened, 
as  it  were,  with  avarice  (ii.  70-1).  The  York 
historian,  however,  says  that  he  was  hos- 
pitable amd  munifieent  beyond  all  his  pre- 
deoeaaors.  He  kept  up  a  great  retinue,  and 
was  slways  zealous  for  the  welfare  of  his 
choieh  {JaiU.  f>f  the  Church  qf  Ywk,  ii.  409). 
Bomanus  preserved  his  interest  in  learning. 
In  1295  we  find  him  writing  on  behalf  of 
the  university  of  Oxford  (Wilkuts,  Concilia^ 
iL  214),  and  he  encouraged  the  attendance 
of  clergy  study  ingtheolM^  in  the  chancellor's 
adiool  at  York  ^ut.  of  the  Church  qf  York^ 
iiL  220).  A  number  of  letters  from  Bo* 
Baans's  register  are  printed  in  Baine's  '  Let- 
ters from  the  Northern  Begisters '  (pp.  84- 
105, 106^  and  '  Historians  of  the  Church  of 
York*  (iiL  212-20).  A  letter  from  Bomanus, 
refoaing  to  sanction  the  papal  appropriation 
of  the  prebend  of  Fenton  m  the  church  of 
Y<nk|  IS  printed  in  *  Fasti  Eboracenses,'  pp. 
342-4^  Some  of  the  principal  contents  of 
the  '  Begister '  are  summarieed  in  the  same 
work,  pp.  880-40.  Hemingburgh  says  that, 
ewinff  to  his  early  death,  Bomanus  left  little 
wealuy  and  his  executors  were  unwilling  to 
act,  ao  that  the  cost  of  his  funeral  was  de- 
frayed br  others  (iL  71).  He,  however,  be- 
qoaathei  a  mill  and  fifteen  acres  of  .land  to 


the  vicars-choral  of  the  church  of  St.  Peter, 
York  (CaL  Pat  JRoUs,  Edward  1, 1292-1801, 
pp.  852, 882). 

[Raine's  Letters  from  the  Northern  Begisters ; 
Historians  of  the  Church  of  York  and  its  Arch- 
bishopB(both  in  BoUs  Ser.);  Ghron.  de  Melaa 
(Jb,) ;  Cluron.  de  Lanercost  (Bannatyne  Club) ; 
Trivet's  Annals,  and  Walter  de  Hemingburgh 
(Engl.  Hist.  Sec);  Bliss's  Oal.  of  Papal  HegisUrs; 
Gal.  Pat.  Bolls,  Edward  I ;  Dixon  and  Raine*a 
Fasti  Eboracenses,  pp.  827-49 ;  Le  Neve's  Fasti 
£ccL  Asglieante,  ed.  Hardy;  other  Huthorities 
qnoted.]  0.  L.  K. 

ROMEE,  EMMA,  afterwards  Mrs. 
Alxohd  (1814-1868),  vocalist,  bom  in 
1814,  was  the  daughter  of  John  Romer  and 
his  wife,  Sarah  Cooper.  She  was  a  pupil  of 
James  Elliot,  and  later  of  Sir  Qeorge  Smart. 
Her  first  theatrical  sppearance  was  an- 
nounced at  Covent  (burden  Theatre  for 
16  Oct.  1880,  when,  as  Olara  m  the  <  Duenna,' 
she  exhibited  a  soprano  voice  of  gpreat  volume 
and  compass,  together  with  considerable 
dramatic  talent  l^ut  the  faultiness  of  her 
voice-production,  and  failure  in  the  tech- 
nique  of  her  art,  cheeked  her  immediate 
progress. 

In  1884,  however,  after  appearing  at 
Covent  Gaitlen  as  Zerlina  in  '  Era  Diavolo ' 
and  Rosina  in  the  *  Barber  of  Seville'  (for 
her  benefit),  Miss  Romer  was  anffsged  at 
the  English  Opera  House  (L^ceuni),  where 
she  created  the  r61es  of  Eolia  in  Bamett's  * 
'Mountain  Sylph'  and  Zulima  in  Loder's 
'  Nouijahad.'  In  the  winter  she  returned  to 
Covent  Qarden,  where,  in  1886,  as  Amina 
in  '  La  Sonnambula,'  she  '  reached  the  top« 
most  round  of  the  ladder  of  &me '(  Theatrical 
Observer'),  But  she  immediately  afterwards 
declined  a  minor  part,  and  threw  up  her 
Covent  Garden  engagement.  Subsequently, 
as  Agnes  in  ^Der  Treischiits'  and  Liska 
in  '  Cer  Vampyr '  (Lyceum,  1886),  she 
won  much  admiration.  In  September  1885 
she  married  George  Almond,  an  army  con- 
tractor. 

After  her  marriage  Mrs.  Almond  appeared 
at  Covent  Qarden  as  Esmeralda  in  '  Quasi- 
modo,' a  pasticcio  from  the  great  masters. 
The  death  of  Malibran  in  1886  afforded  her 
further  opportunities,  and  she  now  filled  the 
chief  r6le6  in  Englii^  and  Italian  opera  at 
Drury  Lane,  appearing  in  ^Fair  Rosamond' 
(1887),  *  Maid  of  Artols,'  La  Favorita,' '  Ro- 
bert le  Diable,'  'Bohemian  Qirl, '  Maritana,' 
and  many  other  pieces.  In  1852  she  under* 
took  the  management  of  the  Surrey  Theatre, 
where,  during  three  seasons,  she  brought  out 
a  series  of  operas  in  English.  After  the  deadi 
of  her  husband,  Mrs.  Almond  retired  from 
her  professioni  settling  at  Margate.     She 


Romer 


184 


Romer 


died  there,  aged  64,  on  11  April  1868,  and 
was  buried  in  Brompton  cemetery. 

Her  brother,  Frank  Homer,  musical  com- 
poeer  and  member  of  a  publishing  firm,  died 
m  1889.  Her  sister  Helen  {d.  1890^  was 
wife  of  Mark  Lemon  [a.  v.]  Ann  Romer 
(d,  1862),  the  vocalist,  who  married  William 
Brough  [q.  v.],  was  Emma  Homer's  first 
cousin. 

[GroTe's  Diet.  iii.  164 ;  Musical  World,  1868, 
pp.  269,  285;  Theatrical  Obserrar,  1830-7, 
passim ;  Phillips's  EecoUections,  i.  190 ;  Fitz- 
ball's  Dramatic  Life,  passim.]  L.  M.  M. 

ROMER,  ISABELLA  FRANCES  (rf. 
1862),  miscellaneous  writer,  was  the  young- 
est dauffhter  of  Major-general  John  Augustus 
Romer  by  his  wife,  Marianne  C  uthbert .  She 
married  Major  Hamerton  of  the  7th  fusiliers 
in  December  1818,  but  separated  from  him  in 
1827,  and  resumed  her  maiden  name.  She 
was  a  firm  believer  in  mesmerism  and  animal 
magnetism,  and  in  1841  published,  in  three 
volumes,  'Sturmer,  a  Tale  of  Mesmerism, 
with  other  Sketches  from  Life.'  She  next 
turned  her  attention  to  travel,  and  brought 
out  in  1848,  in  two  volumes,  ^The  Rhone,  the 
Darro,  and  the  Guadalquivir,  a  Summer 
Ramble  in  1842.'  Another  edition  appeared 
in  1847.  The 'Quarterly  Review  Vlxxvi.  119) 
'    characterised  it  as  '  well  written.' 

She  died  at  Chester  Square,  London, 
27  April  1862,  while  at  work  on  her  last 
book,  '  Filia  Dolorosa,  Memoirs  of  Marie 
Th6r^  Charlotte,  Duchess  d'AngouUme' 

S Madame  Royale].  It  was  completed  by  Dr. 
ohn  Doran  [q*v.],  and  published  in  two 
Tolumes  in  1862. 

Other  works  by  Miss  Romer  are :  1.  'A 
Pilgrimage  to  the  Temples  and  Tombs  of 
Egypt,  Nubia,  and  Palestine  in  1846-6,' 
2  vols.  1846 ;  2nd  ed.  1847.  2.  *The  Bird 
of  Passage,  or  Flying  Glimpses  of  many 
Lands,'  8  vols.  1849;  some  of  the  tales  and 
sketches  here  printed  had  been  published 
previously. 

[AlliboDo's  Diet.  ii.  1860 ;  Gent.  Mag.  1852, 
i.  636.]  E.  L. 

ROMER,    WOLFGANG    WILLIAM 

i  1640-1713),  military  engineer,  bom  at  The 
lague  on  23  April  1640,  was  third  son,  in 
a  family  of  six  sons  and  five  daughters,  of 
Mathias  Romer  of  Dusseldorf  and  Anna 
Duppengiezeer,  who  were  married  at  Aiz-la- 
Chapelle  on  2  Jan.  1637.  His  father  was 
ambassador  to  Holland  from  the  elector  pala- 
tine, who  stood  god&ther  to  younfWoligang 
at  ius  baptism  on  17  May  1640.  Romer 
entered  the  service  of  the  prince  of  Orange 
as  a  military  engineer,  and  saw  much  service 


before  1688,  when  he  accompanied  Prince 
Wiftam  to  England.  At  that  time  he  held 
the  rank  of  colonel. 

By  royal  warrant  of  13  May  1690  he  was 
appointed  engineer  in  Ireland  at  20f .  a  day, 
to  commence  from  1  March  1689.  He  took 
part  in  the  campaigns  of  1690  and  1691,  and 
was  employed  on  the  fortifications  of  Cork, 
Longford,  and  Thurles.  He  remained  in 
Ireland  until  1692,  when  he  was  appointed  by 
royal  warrant  of  7  July  chief  engineer  of  the 
artillery  train  fitted  out  at  St.  Helen's  for 
the  expedition  against  the  coast  of  France. 
On  26  July  he  embarked  with  fourteen  thou- 
sand troops  in  transports,  and  joined  the 
fleet  at  Portland,  when  the  expedition  was 
abandoned.  In  1693  he  was  chief  engineer 
of  the  ordnance  train  of  the  expedition  to  the 
Mediterranean;  he  served  under  Lord  Bella- 
mont  [see  Ooote,  Richard],  and  embarked 
in  the  fleet  under  Delaval,  Killigrew,  and 
Rooke,  to  convoy  the  so-called  Smyrna  fleet. 
On  8  May  1694  he  was  directed  by  royal 
warrant  to  report  on  the  defences  of  Gnem- 
sev,  and  to  lay  out  any  additional  works 
which  were  urgent,  with  a  special  allow- 
ance of  2O9.  a  day.  A  plan  of  Castle  Comet, 
drawn  by  Romer  when  on  this  duty,  is  in 
the  British  Museum. 

At  the  beginning  of  1697  Romer  was 
ordered  to  New  York,  but  objected  to  go  on 
the  proposed  salary  of  20^  per  diem.  The 
board  of  ordnance  recommended  that  his 
warrant  should  be  cancelled,  and  that  he 
should  be  discharged  from  the  kind's  service. 
The  king  was,  however,  well  acquamted  with 
his  value,  and  although  the  board  had  sus- 
pended him  in  February,  in  August  the  sus- 
pension was  removed, '  from  the  time  of  its 
bein^  first  laid  on,'  and  Romer  accompanied 
Lord  Bellamont,  the  newlj  appointed  gx>- 
vemor,  to  New  York  as  chief  engineer  and 
with  ^ay  of  30«.  a  day.  Bellamont  had  so  hi^ h 
an  opinion  of  Romer  that  he  was  speciaUy 
allowed  to  retain  his  services  beyond  the 
term  arranged. 

Romer  made  a  plan  of  the  Hudson  River, 
New  York,  and  the  adjoining  coimtry.  In 
1700  he  explored  the  territories  of  the  five 
Indian  nations  confederated  with  the  British, 
and  made  a  map  of  his  journey  among  them. 
These  maps  are  in  the  British  IldUiseum. 
From  1701  to  1703  he  was  engag^  in 
fortifying  Boston  harbour.  He  built  on 
Castle  Island  a  formidable  work  of  defence, 
called  Fort  William,  mounting  one  hundred 
guns.  It  was  destroyed  on  17  Marchl776,  when 
the  British  evacuated  Boston.  Many  years 
afterwards  a  slate  slab  with  a  Latin  inscrip- 
tion  was  found  among  the  ruins,  giving  the 
dates  when  the  work  was  commenced  and 


Romer 


i8S 


Romer 


finished,  and  stating  that  it  was  constructed 
by  Romer,  '  a  militarv  architect  of  the  first 
lanL*  Romer  constructed  defensive  posts 
sod  forts  in  the  Indian  territories,  and  many 
of  diem  were  executed  at  his  own  expense, 
for  which  he  was  nerer  reimbursed.  He 
wss  a  member  of  the  council  of  NeW  York 
proTinee;  his  knowled^  of  the  colony,  and 
espectsllr  of  the  Indians,  was  inTaluable 
both  to  Lord  Bellamont  and  to  Lord  Com- 
buzy,  who  succeeded  to  the  goyemment  in 
1702. 

In  1708  Bomer,  who  was  suffering  from 
*  a  distemper  not  curable  in  those  parts  for 
wiot  of  experienced  surgeons,'  applied  to 
retam  to  England.  The  board  of  ordnance 
nererthelesa  ordered  him  to  go  to  Barbados 
in  the  West  Indies,  and  it  was  only  on  the 
intcarrention  of  the  council  of  trade,  who 
reprefiented  his  eminent  services,  that  on 
14  Aug.  1704  he  was  ordered  home  so  soon 
as  he  should  be  relieyed.  He  remained  in 
Ameiica  until  1706.  He  coxnpleted  the 
plans  of  Cattle  Island,  Boston  Bay,  which 
are  now  in  the  British  Museum.  On  his 
homeward  yoya^  he  was  captured  by  the 
French  and  earned  to  St.  Malo,  where  he 
was  liberated  on  parole.  The  usual  offer  of 
twenty  seamen  in  exchange  for  a  colonel  was 
refused  by  the  French  commissioner  of  sick 
and  woimded,  and  Romer  returned  to  Eng- 
land to  negotiate  for  an  exchange.  Theboara 
of  ordnance  suggested  that  the  fVench  might 
aooept  the  Marquis  de  Levy^  taken  in  the 
Salisbury,  or  Cheyalier  Nangis. 

In  September  1707  Romer  visited  Dussel- 
dorf,  canying  a  letter  of  recommendation 
&om  the  queen  to  the  elector  palatine.  In 
1708,  his  exchan^  having  been  effected,  he 
was  employed  in  deeigninff  defences  for 
Portsmouth,  which  were  submitted  to  the 
board  of  onhianoe  in  the  following  year,  and 
in  the  oonstmction  of  Blockhouse  Fort  at 
the  entrance  of  Portsmouth  Harbour.  He 
continued  in  charge  of  the  Portsmouth  de- 
fences, occasionally  visitinff  other  fortified 
towns,  suc^  as  Hs^ich,  which  he  reported 
on  in  1710,  and  places  in  Flanders,  until 
his  deatili  on  16  March  1713.  He  was 
buried  at  Diisseldorf,  where  he  had  some 
prijperty. 

A  miniature  of  him,  in  uniform,  done  in 
middle  age,  is  in  possession  of  the  family. 

His  son,  JOHV  liAMBEBTlTB  ROMBB  (lo80- 

1754  P),  bom  in  1680,  served  in  the  train  of 
utilleTy  in  Flanders,  Spun,  and  on  several 
fxpeditioDS,  and  in  1708  was  ensign  in  Bri- 
gadier Booke's  regiment.  On  28  Aug.  of  that 
T«ar  he  was  appointed  by  royal  warrant  assis- 
tant engineer  to  his  father  at  Portsmouth, 
and  was  employed  on  works  for  protecting 


the  shore  near  Blockhouse  from  the  sea.  In 
August  1710  be  went  to  Ireland  to  settle 
his  affairs.  On  4  April  1718  he  was  pro- 
moted to  be  lieutenant  in  the  4th  foot.  In 
1715  he  was  placed  on  half-pay  from  his  regi- 
ment, and  on  20  April  appomted  engineer  at 
Sheemess,  his  district  comprising  the  de- 
fences of  the  Thames  and  Medway.  He  was 
employed  at  Portsmouth  at  the  end  of  1716, 
but  returned  to  Sheemess  on  7  April  of  the 
following  year.  At  the  end  of  July  1719  he 
loined  the  expedition  to  Vigo,  under  Lord 
Oobham,  and  took  part  in  the  capture  of  the 
citadel,  which  surrendered  on  10  Oct.  On 
his  return  home  he  was  appointed  engineer  in 
charge  of  the  northern  district  and  Scotland, 
and  arrived  in  Edinburgh  on  19  March  1720. 
In  Scotland  he  had  under  his  charge  the  erec- 
tion of  barracks,  proposed  by  Field-marshal 
Wade,  at  Inversnaid,  Ruthven,  Bemenf ,  and 
Killiwhinen.  He  had  also  important  de- 
fence work  at  Forts  Augustus,  William,  and 
George.  On  24  Sept.  1722  he  was  promoted 
engineer-in-ordinary,  and  on  SO  Oct.  he  went 
to  the  office  of  the  board  of  ordnance  in  Lon- 
don, whence  he  carried  out  the  administra- 
tion of  the  Scottish  and  northern  engineer 
districts  for  many  years.  He  was  promoted 
to  be  sub-director  of  engineers  on  1  April 
17dO,  captain-lieutenant  on  22  Dec.  1788, 
and  captain  in  the  4th  foot  ^Barrell's  regi- 
ment) on  19  Jan.  1789.  In  1742  he  became 
director  of  engineers.  During  1745  and 
1746  he  served  under  the  Duke  of  Cumber- 
land in  the  suppression  of  the  Jacobite  re- 
bellion, and  was  wounded  at  Oulloden, 
16  April  1746.  He  retired  from  the  service 
in  1761.  The  date  of  his  death  is  not  ^ven, 
but  it  is  stated  that  he  was  buried  m  St. 
Margaret's,  Westminster.  He  married,  in 
1711,  Mary  Hammond,  by  whom  he  had  a 
son  John  (1718-1775),  many  of  whose 
descendants  entered  the  army  and  distin- 
guished themselves  in  active  service. 

Among  plans  drawn  by  John  Lambertus 
Romer  (in  the  British  Museum)  may  be  men- 
tioned Fort  Augustus,  Scotland,  and  the 
fortifications  of  Portsmouth  in  1726.  Two 
miniatures  of  him,  in  uniform,  at  about  the 
ages  of  twenty  and  forty-five  years,  are  in 
tne  possession  of  his  descendant,  the  Hon. 
Mrs.  Wynn  of  Rfig  Corven,  Merionethshire, 
younger  daughter  of  Colonel  Robert  William 
Homer  of  Brynceanlyn,  Merionethshire  (d. 
1889),  great-great-grandson  of  John  Lam* 
bertus  Romer. 

[War  OiBee  Records ,  Royal  EDgineers'  Re- 
cords; Cal.  State  Papers;  William  Smith's  Hist, 
of  New  York,  by  Carey,  Philadelphia,  1792; 
Daniel  Neal's  Hist,  of  New  England  to  170Q, 
London,  1790 ;  private  sources.]        B.  H.  V. 


Romilly 


i86 


Romilly 


KOMILLY,HUGH  HASTINGS  (1866> 
1892),  ezflorar,  third  son  of  Colonel  Frede- 
rick Bomilly  and  Eliisabeth,  daughter  of  ^ 
William  Eluot,  third  earl  of  Minto,  was 
bom  in  London  on  15  March  1856,  and  edu- 
cated, firat  at  the  Bey.  C.  A.  Johns's  school 
at  Winchester,  and  then  at  Repton.  He 
entered  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  on  10  Oct. 
1874,  but  took  no  degpree,  leaTing  to  enter 
the  business  of  Messrs.  Melly  &  Co.,  mer- 
chants, of  LiverpooL 

Of  adventurous  disposition,  he  joined  in 
Fiji  in  October  1879  Sir  Arthur  Gordon, 
the  ffovemor  (afterwards  Lord  Stanmore). 
On  12  Nov.  he  accompanied  his  chief  to 
Tonga,  and  in  December  to  Eotumah,  in 
connection  with  the  annexation  of  that 
island.  He  arrived  again  in  Fiii  on  17  April 
1880,  and  returned  to  Kotuman  on  18  Sept. 
1880%s  deputy-commissioner  on  its  annexa- 
tion to  the  British  crown.  Early  in  1881, 
owing  to  continued  ill-health,  he  rejoined 
Sir  .^urthur  Gordon,  who  had  ffone  to  New 
Zealand  as  governor,  but  in  March  he  was 
appointed  aenuty-commissioner  for  the 
Western  Pacinc,  and  started  for  his  first 
long  tour  through  these  seas  in  H.M.S. 
Beagle.  He  visited  New  Hanover,  the  Ad- 
miralty group.  Hermit  Islands,  Astrolabe 
Bay  in  New  Guinea,  the  Louisiade  archi- 
pelago, Woodlark  Islands,  and  the  Trobriands, 
After  a  visit  on  sick  leave  to  England,  suc- 
ceeded by  a  short  stav  in  Fiji,  he  was  ordered 
to  New  Guinea  for  the  first  time,  at  the  end 
of  1883.  In  November  1884  he  was  one  of 
the  party  which  declared  the  British  protec- 
torate over  part  of  New  Guinea.  By  some 
misunderstanding  he  hoisted  the  British  flag 
in  advance  of  the  formal  declaration  of  pro- 
tectorate. He  gave  effective  aid  in  the  early 
administratian  of  the  new  colony,  and  on  the 
death  of  the  chief  administrator.  Sir  Peter 
Scratchlev,  he  acted  as  administrator  in 
charge  of  the  settlement  from  December 
1885  to  the  end  of  February  1886,  but  went 
to  London  in  June,  to  supervise  the  New 
Guinea  exhibits  at  the  Colonial  and  Indian 
Exhibition.  For  these  services  he  was 
created  a  O.M.G.  On  17  Jan.  1887  he  once 
again  started  for  the  Pacific,  staying  en 
route  in  Eeypt  and  Australia,  and  m  June 
took  up  tae  appointment  of  deputy-com- 
missioner and  consul  of  the  New  Hebrides 
and  Solomon  Islands,  residing  chiefly  at  Port 
Moresby,  New  Guinea.  His  tad^  during  1888 
and  1889  was  peculiarlv  trying.  There  was 
a  good  deal  of  native  hostility,  and  he  was 
much  isolated,  owing  largely,  he  believed, 
to  the  neglect  of  the  home  authorities. 
Finally,  in  1890,  he  resigned  his  offices. 

In  1891  Romilly  went  out  to  Sirica  in 


command  of  an  expedition  for  the  Northum« 
berland  Mining  Syndicate,  and  travelled  for 
some  time  in  Mashonaland.  While  there  he 
contracted  fever,  and,  returning  home,  died 
at  Cecil  Street,  Strand,  London,  on  27  July 
1892.    He  was  unmarried. 

Bomilly  is  dsecribed  by  Sir  Arthur  Goiv 
don  (afterwards  Lord  Stanmore)  as  of '  a 
quick  inteiligence,  greatphysieal  strength^ 
and  an  easy  temper.*  His  writings  prove 
that  he  possessed  all  the  qualifications  for  an 
explorer  of  new  lands  and  a  student  of  native 
ways.  A  portrait  forms  the  frontispiece  of 
the  memoir  by  his  brother,  Samuel  H.  Ro- 
milly. 

Bomilly  published :  1. '  A  true  Story  of  the 
Western  Pacific  in  1879-^/  London,  1882 
(2nd  edit,  with  portrait,  1893).  2.  <The 
Western  Pacific  and  New  Guinea,'  London, 
1886.  8.  <  From  my  Verandah  in  New  Gui- 
nea,' London,  1889. 

[Letters  and  Memoir  of  Hagh  Hastings 
Romilly.  London,  1893;  Mennell's  Diet,  of  Aus- 
tralian Biogr. ;  ofllcial  records;  private  informa* 
tion.]  C.  A.  H. 

BOMILLT,  JOHN,  first  Lobd  Romilli 
(1802*1874),  master  of  the  roUs,  second  son 
of  Sir  Samuel  Romilly  [5.  v.],  by  his  wife 
Anne,  daughter  of  Francis  Garbett  of  Knill 
Court  in  Herefordshire,  was  bom  on  10  Jan. 
1802.  He  was  educated  at  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  where  he  became  a  wrangler, 
and  graduated  B.A*  in  1823,  and  MA.  in 
1826.  In  1827  he  was  called  to  the  bar  at 
Gra^s  Inn,  of  which  society  he  had  been 
admitted  a  member  on  26  Jan.  1817,  and 
of  which  for  many  years  before  hie  death 
he  was  a  bencher.  In  1832  he  entered 
parliament  in  the  liberal  interest  as  member 
for  Bridport,  a  seat  which  he  hdd  tiU  1835, 
when  Horace  Twiss,  Q.C.,  defeated  him  by 
eight  votes  only.  In  1846  he  again  contested 
the  same  borough,  and  on  a  scrutiny  was 
declared  entitled  to  the  seat.  At  the  general 
election  of  1847  he  was  elected  member  for 
Devonport.  Meantime  he  had  prospered  at 
the  chancery  bar,  became  a  queen's  counsel 
in  1848,  was  appointed  solicitor-general  by 
Lord  John  Rumll  in  March  1848,  was 
knighted,  and  was  advanced  to  be  attorney* 
general  in  July  185Q  in  the  same  administra* 
tion.  While  law  of^cer  his  principal  achieve* 
ment  in  parliament  was  carrying  the  En- 
cumbered Estates  Act  through  the  House  of 
Commons,  but  he  also  introduced  and  carried 
through  bills  for  improyin^  equitable  proce- 
dure in  Ireland,  for  makinff  freehold  land 
liable  to  the  simple  contract  debts  contracted 
by  its  late  owner  in  his  lifetime,  and  he  ob- 
tained the  appointmi^t  of  a  commission  foe 


Romilly 


187 


Romilly 


the  refona  of  the  court  of  chancery.  On 
2d  Mjurehl851  he  was,  on  Lord  John  Rttssell's 
neommendation,  appointed  master  of  the 
toUb,  on  the  death  of  Lord  Langdale,  and 
was  sworn  of  the  priyy  council.  The  lig^t 
of  the  master  of  the  toUb  to  hold  a  seat  in 
parliament  had  not  yet  heen  taken  away  by 
the  Jodieatafe  Act  (S6  &  d7  Vict.  c.  66,  $  9), 
and  he  ccmtiniied  to  represent  Devonport 
in  the  House  of  Oommons  till  the  g^eneral 
election  of  1852 ;  but,  having  lost  his  seat 
there,  he  sought  no  other,  and  was  in  fact 
the  la£t  master  of  the  roUs  who  sat  in  the 
House  of  Commona.  In  addition  to  the  dis- 
charge of  boa  judicial  duties,  he  was  active 
in  fMilitating  access  to  the  public  records 
under  hia  care,  continuing  in  tliis  respect 
the  work  begun  by  his  predecessor,  Lord 
Langdale.  In  particular,  he  relaxed  the  rules 
as  to  fees  enmced  by  Lord  Langdale,  and 
permitted  gratuitous  access  to  the  records 
tor  literary  and  historical  purposes,  and 
promoted  the  preparation  and  publication 
of  calendars.  On  19  Dec  1865  he  was 
raised  to  die  peerage,  taking  the  title  of  Lord 
Romilly  of  Barry  in  Qlamorgdnshire,  and 
in  1873  he  resigned  the  masterslup  of  the 
rolls,  bong  succeeded  by  Sir  George  Jessel 

iq-  ▼•] 

He  died  in  London  on  28  Bee  1874,  after 
a  short  illness.  He  waa'to  the  last  aetiyely 
engaged  in  the  dutiea  of  arl»tratOT  in  con«- 
aeetion  with  the  European  Assurance  Com- 
imny,  a  task  which  he  undertook  when  Lord 
Westbnty,  the  previous  arbitrator,  died; 
but  it  may  be  doubted  whether  his  judi- 
cial powers  were  equal  to  tlus  work.  At 
BUT  rate  he  declined  to  follow  the  roles  of 
law  already  kid  down  in  the  case  by  Lord 
Westhuxy,  and  thereby  neatly  unsettled 
Batten  that  were  thought  to  have  been 
tinaUy  disposed  of.  The  diaracteriBtic  of  his 
mind  was  mdeed  rather  industry  than  breadth 
or  grasp.  As  a  judge  he  was  unusually  con«- 
sdentioaa  and  painstaking.  His  decisions 
were  extremely  numerous,  and  in  a  Tery 
iazge  number  of  cases  were  reported,  but 
th^  were  somewhat  often  reversed  on  an* 
peaL  He  waa  prone  to  decide  causes  witn- 
oQt  sofficiently  considering  the  prindples 
they  inydtved  and  the  precedents  W  which 
they  weve  governed ;  but  perhaps,  as  the  court 
of  chancery  then  waa,  his  example  of  rapid 
decision  waa  worth  move  thati  the  cost  of  the 
emns  into  which  haste  sometimes  betrayed 
him. 

In  October  1883  he  married  Caroline  Ohar^ 
kcte,  second  dand^ter  of  WiUiam  Otter, 
r^-v.^  bishop  of  Ohichester,  who  died  on 
06  liee.  I860,  mid  by  her  he  had  four  sons 
and  fimr  dai^teEB. 


[Gampbeirs  Lives  of  the  Chancellors,  vii.  822 ; 
Life  of  Lord  Hatherlay;  Foie'e  Judges  of  Eng- 
land; Fo8ter*s  G-ray's  Inn  Reg.  pp.  z,  421; 
Times,  24  Dec  1874 ;  Law  Times,  Law  Joamal« 
and  SoHcitozs'  Journal  for  2  Jan.  1875.] 

J.  A.  H. 

ROMILLY,  JOSEPH  (1791-1864),  te- 
^strary  of  the  university  of  Cambridge,  bom 
m  1791.  was  son  of  Thomas  Peter  KomUly 
of  Lonaon,  by  his  cousin  Jane  Anne,  second 
daughter  of  Isaac  Romilly.  Sir  Samuel 
Bomill^r  [q.  v.]  was  his  uncle.  He  entered 
at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  in  1809,  be- 
came a  scholar  of  the  college,  and  graduated 
B.A.  in  1818  as  fourth  wrangler.  He  was 
elected  fellow  in  1815,  and  proceeded  M.A. 
in  1810.  He  took  holy  orderS|  but  he  never 
held  any  preferment,  excepting  that  he  was 
chaplain  to  Thomas  Musgrave  [q.  v.],  arch- 
bishop of  York,  who  had  been  a  friend 
at  Trinity.  From  the  furst  he  belonged  to 
-the  liberal  party  in  the  university,  fed  by 
Peacock  and  Adam  Sedgwick  [q.  v.],  Ro* 
milly's  intimate  friend.  In  1821  he  joined 
the  committee  for  promoting  a  subscription 
in  the  university  to  aid  the  Ghreeks  in  their 
war  of  independence.  He  was  one  of  thepartv 
who  successfully  opposed  the  petition  which 
it  was  designed  should  be  preeented  in  1829 
against  catholic  emancipation.  He  opposed 
(Siristopher  Wordsworth,  then  master  of  Tri- 
nity, on  the  question  of  Thidwall's  dismissal 
in  1884.  On  23  March  1882  he  was  elected 
registrary  after  a  competition  with  Temple 
Cnevallier  [q.  v.],  and  remained  in  this  office 
until  1861,  when  he  retired,  and  was  pre- 
sented with  a  t-estimonial.  His  great  work 
as  registrary  was  the  proper  arrangement  and 
catalo^ng[  of  all  the  university  papers.  From 
1882  till  £s  death  he  kept  a  diary,  which 
has  been  largely  used  bj  the  authors  of  the 
'Life  of  Adam  Sedgwick,'  inasmuch  as  it 
contains  nearlv  as  mUch  about  Sedgwick  as 
about  himseU.  The  closeness  of  their  in- 
timacy can  be  gathered  from  Sedgwick's 
letters.  OnlONov.  1861  he  writes:  'Komilly 
comes  every  morning  before  breakfast  to  help 
me  with  my  letters.  He  is  the  oLdest  friend 
I  have  in  Cambridge,  and  the  kindest.  He 
has  a  great  deal  of  French  blood  in  his  veins, 
which  makes  him  a  meny,  genial  man ;  and 
to  such  gifts  he  has  added  a  vast  store  of 
literature.'  Again,  just  before  his  death  on 
20  March  1864,  Sedgwick  wrote :  'Romilly 
is  still  here,  but  he  lives  in  a  house  on  the 
outskirts  of  Cambridge,  and  never  dines  in 
halL  I  now  and  then  go  and  drink  tea  with 
him.'  He  died  very  suddenly  at  Yarmouth, 
of  heart  disease,  on  Sunday  7  Aug.  1864,  and 
was  buried  in  a  vault  m  Christ  Church, 
Barnwell.    He  edited  the '  Qraduati  Oantair 


Romilly 


t8S 


Romilly 


brigienfios/ 1760-1856,  which  was  published 
ftt  Cambridge  in  1856,  8to. 

[iDformatioD  kindly  furnished  by  Mr.  J.  W. 
Clark;  Qent.  Mag.  1864,  ii.  889 ;  J.  W.  CUrk 
and  Hughes's  Life  of  Adam  Sedgwick,  i.  prof. 
and  pp.  235,  281,  809,  836,  427,  ii.  374,  402, 
405,  406,  499;  Douglas's  Life  of  Whewell, 
p.  167;  Cambridge  Unirersity  Calendars.] 

W,  A.  J.  A. 

BOMILLY,  Sib  SAMUEL  (1767-1818), 
law  reformer,  youngest  son  of  Peter  Romilly, 
jeweller,  of  fVith  Street,  Soho,  by  Margaret, 
daughter  of  Aim5  GamauU,  was  bom  in 
Westminster  on  1  March  1757.  His  father 
was  a  younger  son  of  Etienne  Romilly,  a 
Huguenot  of  good  family  and  estate,  who 
fled  from  Montpellier  to  England  on  the  re- 
vocation of  the  edict  of  Nantes,  by  Judith, 
second  daughter  of  Francois  de  Montsallier, 
merchant,  of  Shoreditch.  He  was  an  upright 
and  religious  man,  not  without  a  taste  for 
the  fine  arts,  and,  thrown  on  his  own  re- 
sources at  an  early  age,  realised  a  competent 
fortune  by  his  business.  He  died  on  29  Aug. 
1784,  leaving,  besides  Samuel,  an  elder  son, 
lliomas  Peter  {d»  1828),  who  married  his 
cousin,  Jane  Anne,  second  daughter  of  Isaac 
Romilly,  and  was  by  her  father  of  Joseph 
Romilly  [^ .  v.],  and  a  daughter  Catherine, 
who  mamed  John  Roget,  pastor  of  the 
French  protestant  church,  London,  and  was 
mother  of  Peter  Mark  Roget  [q.  v.]  When 
Sunud  Romilly  was  bom,  his  mother,  who 
died  SO  April  1796,  was  already  a  confirmed 
invalid ;  and  he  was  accordingly  brou£[ht  up 
by  a  female  relative— who  taught  mm  to 
read  from  the  Bible,  the '  Spectator,'  and  an 
English  translation  of  T616maaue — ^and  a 
meuodist  maid-servant,  who  stuned  his  head 
with  stories  of  the  supernatural  The  morbid 
I»a8  thiw  given  to  his  mind  wu  aggntvated 
by  much  ponng  over  an  mimense  martyro- 
logT  and  a  copy  of  the  'Newgate  Calendar ; ' 
and,  though  his  home  surrounding  were 
otherwise  cheerful,  the  gloom  inspired  by 
these  early  impressions  haunted  him  at  inter- 
yals  throughout  life.  At  school — a  private 
school  kept  by  a  preceptor  more  familiar 
with  the  use  of  thecane  than  the  Latin  gram- 
mar— ^he  learned  little  beyond  the  three  R's. 

It  was  the  rule  to  speak  French  every  Sun- 
day at  home,  and  to  attend  the  French  re- 
formed church  once  a  fortnight.  He  early 
lost  all  faith  in  Christianity,  but  embraced 
with  ardour  the  gospel  of  Rousseau,  which 
was  brought  to  his  notice  by  John  Roget. 
At  sixteen  he  began  the  study  of  Latin  under 
a  private  tutor.  He  read  hard,  and  in  the 
course  of  a  few  years  had  mastered  most  of  the 
authors  of  the  golden  age.  During  the  same 
periodhe  familiarised  himself  with  the  master- 


pieces of  English  literature,  assiduously  prac- 
tised verse  and  prose  composition  in  both  lan- 
guages, and  began  to  contribute  to  the 
press.  Qreek  literature  he  knew  only  through 
translations.  He  also  attended  lectures  on 
natural  philosophy,  and  the  Royal  Academy 
courses  on  the  fine  arts  and  anatomy,  and 
acquired  a  knowledge  of  accounts  by  keeping 
his  £ather^s  books.  After  some  years  spent 
in  the  office  of  William  Michael  Lally, 
one  of  the  six  clerks  in  chancery,  he  was 
admitted  on  6  May  1778  a  member  of  (Cray's 
Inn,  where  he  was  called  to  the  bar  on 
2  June  1783,  and  was  elected  txeasurer  in 
1803.  When  the  Inn  was  menaced  during 
the  Gordon  riots  in  June  1780,  he  gallantly 
got  under  arms,  did  sentry  duty  at  the  Hol- 
bom  gate,  and  fell  ill  from  excitement  and 
exposure.  During  his  convalescence  he 
leamed  Italian,  and  was  soon  deep  in 
Machiavelli  and  Beccaiia.  The  latter  author 
doubtless  helped  to  give  his  mind  the  strong 
bent  towards  law  reform  which  became 
manifest  in  later  ;years. 

During  a  vacation  tour  on  the  continent 
in  1781  he  laid  the  basis  of  a  lifelong  friend- 
ship with  the  Qenevese  preacher  and  pub- 
licist Dumont,  the  friend  of  Miiabeaa,  and 
afterwards  editorof  Jeremy  Bentham's  works. 
At  Paris  he  met  Diderot  and  D*Alembeit, 
and,  on  a  subsequent  visit.  Dr.  Franklin 
and   the    Abb6    RaynaL    In    London  in 
1784  he  made  the  acquaintance  of  Mirabeau, 
and  translated  his  pamphlet  on  the  Ameri- 
can order  of  the  OincmnatL      In  the  same 
year  he  wrote,  in  reference  to  the  case  of  the 
dean  of  St.  Asaph  [see  Shipley,  Willux 
Datu»],  '  A  Fragment  on  the  Constitutional 
Power  and  Duty  of  Juries  upon  Trials  for 
Libels,'  which  was  published  anonvmously 
bv  the  Society  for  Constitutional  Informa- 
tion.    It  was  much  admired    by  Jeremy 
Bentham  and  Lord  Lansdowne,  with  both 
of  whom  Romilly  became  intimate.  In  1786 
he  exposed  not  a  few  of  the  anomalies  of  the 
criminal  law  in  his  anonymous  *  Observa- 
tions on  a  late  Publication  [by  Martin  Ma- 
dan]    entitled    ''Thoughta    on    Executive 
Justice," '  London,  8vo.    The  long  vacations 
of  1788  and  1789  he  spent  with  Dumotft  at 
Versailles  and  Paris,  which  he  revisited  in 
1802  and  1815.    In  1788  he  furnished  Mira- 
beau with  the  matter  for  his  'Lettre  d'un 
Yoyageur  Anglois  sur  la  Maison  de  Force  de 
Bicetre,'  which  was  suppressed  by  the  police. 
The  English  original,   however,    found  a 
place  in  the '  Repository,'  ii.  9*.    Romill^s 
svmpathies  were  at  this  time  wholly  with 
the  radical  party ;  and  on  the  assembling  of 
the  States-General  he  drafted  for  their  use  a 
precis  of  the  procedure  of  the  House  of 


Romilly 


189 


Romilly 


Commons,  which  was  translated  by  Mira- 
besuy  poUiflhed  at  Paris  under  the  tide 
*  R^lenens  obeonrte  dans  la  Chambre  des 
ConunnoM  pour  d6battre  les  matiftres  et  pour 
Toter/  1789,  8to,  and  entirely  iffnorea  by 
the  deputies.  On  his  return  to  £nf  land  he 
puUiwed  a  san^ne  pamphlet,  '  Tnoughts 
on  the  probable  Influence  of  the  French 
Rerolntion  on  Great  Britain/ London,  1790, 
6to;  sad  induced  his  firiend,  James  Scarlett, 
ftfterwuds  Lofd  Abinger  [q.  t.],  to  complete 
a  titadation  (begun  by  himself)  of  a  series  of 
kten  by  Dnmont  dMcriptive  of  the  events 
of  1789,  to  which  he  added  a  few  letters  of 
Itu  oiro  embodying  yerj  free  criticisms  from 
areDoblican  point  of  view  of  English  politi- 
cal legil,  ana  social  institutions.  The  whole 
tppeand  under  the  title  '  Letters  containing 
in  Aoeoont  of  the  late  Revolution  in  France, 
and  Obeerrationa  on  the  Laws,  Manners, 
and  Inititiitions  of  the  English ;  written 
duiingthe  author^s  residence  at  Paris  and 
Verauneein  the  years  1789  and  1790 ;  trans- 
lated from  the  German  of  Henry  Frederic 
Groenreh,'  London,  1792,  8vo.  His  en- 
thusiasm wss,  however,  soon  sobered  by  the 
conne  of  events,  and  perhaps  by  the  in- 
flaenoe  of  Bentham  and  Scarlett ;  and  with 
the  exception  of  a  single  copy,  which  he  re- 
tained in  his  own  hands,  and  which,  after 
his  death,  passed  into  Scarlett's  possession, 
he  caitfed  the  entire  unsold  remainder  of 
the  Gioenvelt  letters  to  be  burned. 
About  the  same  period  his  admiration  of 
Booaeeau  b^pan  to  decline,  thouffh  he  re- 
mained a  drist  to  the  end  ot  his  liie. 

Bomilly's  rise  in  his  profession,  slow  at 
^t,  wu  then  for  a  time  extremely  rapid  ,* 
later  on  it  waa  retarded  by  iK)litical  in- 
floeocei.  He  went  the  midland  circuit,  prao- 
tiaag  at  sessions  as  well  as  the  assizes,  and 
^  also  gradually  acquired  a  practice  in  the 
CDort  of  chancery.  At  Warwick,  on  15  A  ug. 
1*97,  he  succesaoHy  defended  a  delegate  of 
the  London  Corresponding^  Society,  John 
Bian«rq.v.],  on  a  prosecution  for  sedition. 
^'ext  year  he  mamed«  On  6  Nov.  1800  he 
took  alk;  in  18Q2  he  was  one  of  the  recog- 
nised leaders  of  the  chancery  bar ;  in  1805 
Bnhop  Barrmgton  gave  him  the  chancellor- 
ikip  of  the  county  palatine  of  Durham, 
''bch  he  held  untfl  1815.  On  12  Feb. 
IM  he  was  sworn  in  as  solicitor-general 
U)  the  administration  of  '  All  the  Talents,' 
and  knighted.  He  took  his  seat  as  mem- 
ber lor  QoeenboTough  on  24  March,  and  was 
traced  on  the  committee  for  the  impeach- 
ment of  Lord  Melville  [see  Dukbas,  Hekbt], 
OB  whose  trial  in  Westminster  Hall  he 
nnaubi  up  the  evidence  (10  May)  in  a 
^eech  of  much  power  and  pungency.    He 


also  examined  witnesses  before  the  royal 
commission  of  inquiry  into  the  conduct  of 
the  Princess  of  Wales  [see  CabolhtbAxblia 
Euzabbih],  and  represented  the  prince  in 
the  proceedmgs  relating  to  the  j^rdianship 
of  Maty  Seymour.  On  the  dissolution  of 
24  Oct.  1806  he  was  again  returned  (29  Oct.) 
for  Queenborough.  Though  his  term  ox 
office  was  of  the  briefest — the  government 
went  out  on  25  March  1807 — Romilly  carried 
in  1806  a  material  amendment  of  the  law  of 
bankruptcy  (stat.  46  Geo.  Ill,  c.  135),  which 
he  supplemented  in  the  following  year  by  a 
measure  making  the  freehold  property  of 
traders  assets  K>r  the  payment  of  simple 
contract  debts  (stat.  47  Geo.  Ill,  0.  74;  cf. 
Stat.  49  Geo.  Ill,  c.  121).  But  he  failed 
in  his  persistent  efforts  to  carry  a  measure 
making  the  same  principle  apply  to  the 
freehom  estates  of  persons  not  in  trade. 

On  the  change  of  administration  in  1807, 
Romilly  delivered  a  weijg^hty  speech  on  the 
constitutional  question  mvolved  in  it,  viz. 
the  competence  of  ministers  to  pledge  them- 
selves to  the  sovereign  not  to  tender  him 
certain  advice  in  any  emergency  (9  April). 
At  the  general  election  which  followed 
he  was  returned,  12  May,  for  Horsham^ 
Sussex;  but  being  unseated  on  petition^ 
26  Feb.  1808,  he  purchased  for  8,000/.  the  re- 
presentation of  Wareham,  Dorset,  for  which 
ne  was  returned  on  20  April.  This  compliance 
with  a  bad  but  then  common  practice  Ro- 
milly justified  to  himself  as,  in  view  of  the 
universal  rottenness  of  the  re^^resentative 
system,  the  best  means  of  securing  hb  own 
independence,  for  the  sake  of  which  he  had 
twice  declined  the  offer  of  a  seat,  once  from 
Lord  Lansdowne,  and  once  from  the  Prince 
of  Wales.  Defeated  at  Bristol  in  October 
1812,  he  was  returned  on  21  Dec.  for  the 
Duke  of  Norfolk's  borough  of  ArundeL  On 
4  July  1818  he  was  returned  for  Westmin- 
ster. 

As  a  law  reformer  Romilly,  though  much 
stimulated  by  Bentham,  drew  his  original 
inspiration  from  Rousseau  and  Beocaria.  His 
early  pamphlets  show  the  direction  in  which 
his  thoughts  were  tending,  and  already  in 
1807  he  began  to  give  serious  attention  to 
theproblem  of  the  amendment  of  the  criminal 
law,  which  then  in  theory — in  practice  it 
was  by  no  means  rigorously  admmistered — 
punished  with  death  a  variety  of  altogether 
trifling  offences.  He  had  taken,  however,  too 
exact  a  measure  of  the  strength  and  temper 
of  the  opposition  he  was  certain  to  encounter 
to  dream  of  proposing  a  comprehensive 
scheme ;  and  the  labours  of  detul  to  which 
he  gave  himself  were  out  of  all  proportion 
to  Uieir  results.    He  succeeded  in  abolishing 


Romilly  190  Romilly 

M  -— ^ rn^nTTr«-ii iir 

the  penalty  of  death  in  casea  of  priyate  steal- 1  on  26  Dec.  Benjamin  Constant  proBoanced 
inff  mm  the  person  (1808,  stat.  48  Oeo.  Ill, ,  his  6loge  as  '  d'un  Stranger  ulustre  ^ui 
0/129),  but  failed  to  carry  a  similar  reform  appartient  k  tons  lee  pays,  paroe  qu'il  a  bien 
in  regard  to  shoplifting,  stealing  in  dwellinsf  m6rit6  de  tous  les  nays  en  ddfSenduit  la  cause 
booses,  and  on  nayigable  rivers.  In  1811  de  rhumaiiit6,  de  la  liberty  et  de  la  justice/ 
he  snbstituted  transportation  for  death  in  a  tribute  justly  due  to  a  lotbj  ideal  of  ]^ublic 
eases  of  stealiiur  from  bleaching  grounds  duty  illustrated  by  a  aing^ularly  consistent 
(stat.  51  Gheo.  m,  c.  89),  and  in  the  follow-  course. 

ing  year  repealed  the  statute  (89  Eliz.  o.  1)  Asaspealcer,  Homilly  habitually  addressed 
whioh  made  it  capital  for  soldiers  or  seamen  himself  rather  to  the  reason  than  thepassions, 
to  be  found  yagrant  without  their  passes,  though  he  by  no  means  lacked  eloquence. 
To  his  motion  was  also  due  the  parliamentary  j  He  marshalled  his  premises,  and  deduced 
committee  which  in  this  year  renorted  against  i  his  conclusions  with  mathematical  precision, 
the  ntility  of  transportation  and  confinement  and  his  diction  was  as  chaste  as  his  lo^c 
in  the  hulks.  In  1814  he  mitigated  the  was  cogent.  The  unerring  instinct  with 
li««»hnft«i  of  the  law  of  treason  and  attainder  which  he  detected  and  the  imfailing  felicity 
(stat.  64  Gbo.  ni,cc.  145, 146).  Romilly  lent  with  which  he  erposed  a  fallacy,  united  to 
acertain  support  to  Sir  Francis  Burdett[q.y.]  no  small  powers  of  saroasm  and  inyective, 
m  his  struggle  with  the  House  of  Commons,  made  him  formidable  in  reply,  while  theeffect 
and  on  Id  April  moyed  for  the  release  of  of  his  easy  and  impressiye  elocution  was 
John  Qale  Jones  [q«y«]  During  the  regency  ^  enhanced  by  a  tall  and  graceful  figure,  a 
he  acted  with  the  extreme  section  of  the  '  melodious  yoice,  and  features  of  classical 
opposition.  In  1815  he  yoted  against  the  regularity.  As  an  adept  not  only  in  the  art 
dom  Bill,  3  March,  and  for  Wlutbread's  of  the  adyocate,  but  in  the  whole  mysteiy 
motion  for  an  address  deprecating  the  re-  |  of  law  and  equity,  he  was  without  a  superior, 
sumption  of  hostilities  against  Napoleon,  perhaps  without  a  riyal,  in  his  day.  He  was 
28  April.  In  the  following  year,  20  Feb.,  he  '  also  tnroughout  life  a  yoracious  and  omni- 
censured  as  a  breach  of  faiui  with  the  French  .  yorous  reader,  and  sdsed  and  retained  the  8ul>- 
people  the  part  taken  by  the  British  goyern-  stance  of  what  he  read  with  unusual  rapidity 
ment  in  the  restoration  of  Louis  XVIII.  In  and  tenacity.  He  was  an  indefatigable  worker, 
1817  he  was  the  life  and  soul  of  the  opposi-  ;  rising  yery  early  and  going  to  l:^  late.  His 
tion  to  the  policy  of  goyeming  by  the  sus-  fayourite  relaxation  was  a  long  walk.  From 
pension  of  the  Hal:^as  Corpus  Act  and  intensity  of  conyiction,  aided  perhaps  by  the 
the  suppression  of  public  meetings,  and  on  '  melancholy  of  his  tempeiamsnt,  he  carried 
20  May  supported  Sir  Francis  Burdett's  political  antagonism  to  extreme  lengths,  even 
motion  for  an  inquiry  into  the  state  of  the  to  the  abandonment  of  a  friend^p  with 
representation.  On  the  reassembling  of  par-  Perceyal,  which  had  been  formed  on  circuit, 
Uament  in  the  following  year  he  opposed  the  and  cemented  b^  constant  and  confidential 
ministerial  Bill  of  Indemnity  and  the  re-  intercourse.  His  principles  were  austere  to 
newal  of  the  Alien  Act,  by  which  ministers  the  yerge  of  puntanism,  and  in  general 
were  empowered  to  baoiish  foreigners  sus-  society  he  was  somewhat  cold  and  reserved ; 
pected  of  hostile  intrigue.  He  fayoured  the  but  he  did  not  lack  sympathy,  and  among 
emancipation  of  catholics  and  negro  slayes,  his  intimate  friends,  especially  <m  Uterarf 
and  took  an  actiye  part  in  other  philanthropic  topics,  he  conyersed  freely  and  with  spirit. 
moyements.  A  yast  scheme  of  reform,  planned  His  leisure  he  spent  in  retirement  during 
in  anticipation  of  his  eleyation  to  the  wool-  !  middle  life  in  a  cottage  in  the  Vale  of  Health, 
sack  on  the  return  of  his  party  to  power,  ;  Hampetead ;  later  on  at  his  yilla,  Tanhurst, 
was  frustrated  by  his  own  act.    On  the  death    Leith  Hill,  Surrey,  where  he  had  for  neigh- 

S29  Oct.  1818)  of  hiB  wife,  to  whom  he  was  hour  his  old  friend  Scarlett.  Other  friends 
levot^ly  attached,  he  shut  himself  up  in  '  were  Dr.  Samuel  Parr  [q.y.],  Francis  Homer 
his  house  in  Russell  Square,  and  on  2  Noy.  '  fa.  y.],  Basil  Montagu  fq.  y.],  Sir  James 
cut  his  throat  with  a  razor.    He  survived    Mackintosh  fq*  v.],  Dugald  Stewart  [q.  v.l« 


little  more  than  an  hour.  At  the  inquest 
the  jury  returned  a  yerdict  of  suicide  during 
temporaiT  deran^ment.  His  remains  were 
interred  by  the  side  of  his  wife  in  the  vault 
belonginsr  to  her  family  at  Knill,  Hereford- 
i^ie.  Komilly*s  death  was  recognised  as 
a  prablic  calamity  by  men  of  all  shades  of 
political  opinion,  and  affected  Lord  Eldon 
to  tewi.    At  the  Ath6n6e  Hoyal  at  Paris 


and  William  Wilberforce  [q.  y.]  With  Lord 
Lansdowne  and  Bentham  he  maintained 
close  and  cordial  relations  to  the  end,  his 
last  visits  being  to  Bowood  Park  and  Ford 
Abbey. 

By  his  wife  Anne,  eldest  daughter  of 
Francis  Oarbett  of  Knill  Court,  Hereford- 
shire, whom  be  first  met  at  Bowood  Park  in 
1796,  and  married  on  8  Jan.  1798,  Bosmliy 


Romilly 


X91 


Romney 


lad  ]an%  with  a  daughter  Sophia,  married 
b  1820  to  Tkomaa  Fnneis  Kennedy  [q.  ▼.! 
six  SODS,  Tis.  (1)  William  (1799-*1865). 
(2)  Jobn,  oroated   Lord  Bomilly  [q*  ▼•] 

(5)  Edward,  of  Borthkefiy,  Glamorgaiiehire 
(1804-187OX  M^.  for  Lodlow  in  the  first 
Tafotmed  parlianieiit,  memher  1887-1866,  and 
from  I860  chairman,  of  the  hoard  of  audit, 
ageinst  the  ahdlitioii  of  whieh  he  nroteeted 
in  a  *  Letter  to  the  l^ht  Honourame  Benja- 
min Dinaelit  M.P.,'  London,  1867,  8yo:  he 
dflo  puhUehod  in  1863 '  Reminisoences  of  the 
U£d  end  Oharaeter  of  Count  Oavoor,'  from 
the  French  of  De  la  Riye,  London,  8to. 
(4)  HflB^(180&-1884\  a  merohant  of  Lijer* 
pool,  and  author  of  'Puhlic  Reraoneihilily 
tad  Vote  hj  Ballot,'  London,  1866,  8yo,  a 
defence  of  eeoret  voting,  reprinted  with  some 
posthumoos  papers  on  '  The  Punishment  of 
Det^'  London,  1886,  8vo;  (5)  Charles 
(1808-1867),  deik  to  the  erown  m  chancery. 

(6)  fMerick  (1810-1887),  M.P.  for  Can- 
terboxj  1860-2,  memher  1864-9,  and  from 
1873  to  1887  di^nty  chairman,  of  the  hoard 
of  customs. 

Besides  the  trifles  mentioned  ahore,  Ro- 
millTwas  auUior  of:  1.  '  Ohservations  on 
the  Criminal  Law  of  England,  as  it  relates 
to  (Capital  Punishment,  and  on  the  mode  in 
whidiit  isadmxnistered,'  London,  1810, 1811, 
and  1818,  8to.  3.  <  Objections  to  the  Project 
of  crBBtmg  a  Vice-chanoeUor  of  England,' 
London,  181S,  8yo.  a  The  article  on  Bent- 
ham's  papers  jpelative  to  codification,  <£din* 
bargh  Heview,'  rol.  zxiz.  art.  x.,  1817. 

I^Nthumooslyanpeared:  1.  *TheSpeeches 
of  Sir  flantu^^  Romilly  in  the  House  of 
OramnoDB,  with  Memoir  [by  William  Peter] 
and  print  of  his  portrait  by  Sir  Thomas 
lAwreneo,'  London,  1820,  2  vols.  8Ya 
1  'Memobs  of  the  Life  of  Sir  Samuel  Ro- 
milly, written  by  himself,  with  a  selection 
from  his  oorrespondence,'  also  engraving  of 
t^  portrait  hy  Sir  Thomas  Lawrence,  edited 
bj  his  sons,  London,  1840,  3  toIs.  8yo. 
8.  'Notes  of  Oaseseztncted  from  the  Mann- 
leripte  of  Sir  Samuel  Romilly.  With  Notes 
\if  E.  Romilly,'  London,  1873,  8yo. 
'Portraits  of  Romilly  were  painted  by 
Martin  0^|nn  and  Sir  lliomas  Lawrence  (in 
the  National  GhJlsry) ;  engraTings  from  both 
these  pictures,  and  from  sketches  by  other 
artists,  sire  in  the  print-room  at  the  British 


[Memoir  of  the  late  Sir  Samuel  Romillj,  M.P., 
1818;  Fomilly*s Memoirs  and  Speeches;  Gent. 
ICag.  1828  ii.  465,  632 ;  European  Mag.  ii.  418 ; 
Dtnthiraite's  Gxsy^  Inn;  Foster's  Gray's  Inn 
Adm.  Rag.;  Foster's  Peerage;  Bennet's  Select 
Bragmi^iieal  Skstohes  f^em  the  NoteNwks  of  a 
UvBepQtts»,pp..lO-M;  Beadiam's  Works,  ed. 


Bowring,  z.  186,  240*94,  396,  404-84;  Br. 
Parr's  Works,  ed.  Johnstona,  i. '562-6,  ^09, 
801,  yii.  211,  viii.  559;  Damont's  Soayenin 
BUT  Mirabean ;  Lord  Minto's  Life  and  Letters, 
i«  108,  iii.  264;  Francis  Homer's  Memoirs, 
1853, 1. 183,  193-6, ii.  13, 21, 114. 119;  Macvey 
Kapier'a  Corresp. ;  Bain's  Life  of  James  Mill, 
2>  126;  Sir  James  Mackintosh's  Memoirs,  ii.  34; 
Brongham's  Hist.  Sketches  of  Statesmen,  i.  290 ; 
Brougham's  Life  and  Times,  ii.  838;  Bake  of 
Buckingham's  Memoirs  of  the  Court  ofEngland 
during  the  Begen^,  i.  120,  245,  366,  ii.  31,  38, 
286, 288 ;  Twias's  Life  of  Lord-chanoellor  Eldon, 
ToL  ii. ;  Lady  Holland's  Memoir  of  the  Rer. 
Sydney  Smith,  1. 144;  Haasaid'a  FarL  Debates, 
Tms.  Yi.«Azzviii. ;  Yonse's Lifeof  Bobert  Banks, 
second  Earl  of  LiveipooXi.  192,  ii.S69;  Howell-s 
State  Trials,  xxvi.  590,  xzix.  1150;  Gzej's  Life 
and  Opiniona  of  Charles,  second  Earl  Grej, 
p.  282;  Quarterly  Beriew,  Iii.  898,  Uvi.  564; 
biaries  and  Corresp.  of  the  Bight  Hon.  George 
Hose,  ed.  Leveson  Vernon  Haroourt,  iL  268; 
Lord  Colchester's  Biary  and  Correspondence; 
Westminster  Beyiew,  xzxir.  art.  71.;  Boscoe's 
Eminent  British  Lawyers  (Lardne^s  Cabinet 
Cydopsedta),  pp.  891  et  seq. ;  Kovr.  Biogr.  G4n. ; 
Georgian  Era,  ii.  324;  Edeetio  Beyiew,  new 
ser.  Tol.  yiii.  October  1840 ;  Soaciettfs  Memoir 
of  the  Bight  Hon.  James,  first  Lord  Abinger, 
pp.  48-55 ;  Walpole's  Life  of  the  Hon.  Spencer 
F^roeral,  L  200,  204,  340,  u.  90  a.  812;  Pablic 
Charactesp,  1809-10;  Sir  Egerton  Br^rdges's 
Autobiography,  i.  301,  and  BecollSctions,  i.  113 ; 
Cockbum's  Journal,  i.  3,  206,  ii.  128;  Penny 
Cyclop. ;  Sncycl.  Brit. ;  Imp.  Diet.  Uniy.  Biogr. ; 
Memoir  of  Matthew  Bayenport  Hill,  p.  109 ; 
Brayley's  Surrey,  ed.  Mantell,  7.  67 ;  Addit. 
Mas.  27781  f.  153,  29183  f.  295, 29185  f.  221 ; 
Lord  Holland's  Memoirs  of  the  Whig  Party,  i. 
234,  ii.  150 ;  Sir  Henry  Holland's  BecoUeetions, 
p.  243 ;  Memoirs  of  Robert  Plumer  Ward,  i. 
301 ;  Burke's  Peerage  and  Landed  Gentry,  1894.] 

J.  M.  B. 

ROIOTBiY,  Eabl  ov.  [^  Sidney, 
Hbnkt,  1641-1704.] 

ROMNET,  GEORGE  (1784r-1802\ 
painter,  bom  at  Beckaide,  a  house  in  the  vil* 
lage  of  Dalton-in-Fomess,  Lancashire,  on 
16  Deo.  1784,  was  son  of  John  Romney,  a 
builder  and  cabinet-maker.  The  elder  Rom- 
ney (or  Rumney,  as  be  himself  always  wrote 
the  name,  the  more  familiar  form  being  an 
innovation  of  the  painter)  was  a  substantial 
man  in  his  modest  way.  He  farmed  a  small 
freehold  inherited  from  his  father,  a  yeoman 
of  Appleby,  who  had  migrated  to  Dalton 
during  the  troubles  of  the  ciTil  war.  The 
sturdy  reotitnde  of  his  character  had  won  for 
him  the  name  of  *  Honest  John  Rumney,'  and 
he  seems  to  have  been  a  man  of  some  ability, 
with  a  turn  for  mechanics.  He  also  enjoyed 
some  local  fame  as  the  author  of  Tarious  prao* 
tieal  experiments  in  agrionltnre.    His  wifoi 


Romney 


193 


Romney 


Ann  SimpBon,  of  Sladebank  in  Cumberland, 
was  a  notable  hoose  wife  and  excellent  mother 
to  her  large  family  of  eleven  children.  The 
^nter  was  her  second  son.  Another  son, 
Feter  Romney,  is  separately  noticed.  At  a 
very  early  age  G^rge  was  sent  to  school  at 
Bendron,  about  four  miles  from  Dalton,  where 
the  master,  the  Rev.  Mr.  Fell,  agreed  to  teach 
him  the  humanities  for  6s.  a  quarter,  while 
a  certain  Mr.  Gardner  received  him  as  a 
boarder  for  4/.  IO9.  a  year.  But  so  indif- 
ferent was  his  progress  that  even  this  modest 
outlay  was  voted  a  useless  expense;  and 
when  the  boy  was  eleven  his  fatner  brought 
him  home  and  turned  him  into  his  own 
workshop.  He  soon  became  useful  to  his 
father,  much  of  whose  mechanical  skill  he 
seems  to  have  inherited.  In  particular  he 
distinguished  himself  by  the  manufacture  of 
fiddles,  many  of  which  he  ornamented  with 
elaborate  carving.  His  passion  for  music 
first  sug^ted  these  experiments,  and  a 
fiddle  of  his  own  make  became  a  common 
present  to  hb  boyish  companions.  One 
such  gift  to  a  former  schoolfellow  named 
Greene  inaugurated  a  lifelong  friendship,  of 
great  value  to  Romney  in  later  years.  Greene 
became  an  attomev  of  repute  in  London, 
and  Romney's  chief  adviser  in  all  business 
matters.  He  audited  the  painter's  confused 
accounts,  and  managed  all  his  money  trans- 
actions. 

It  seems  evident  that  Romney's  inclina- 
tion for  art  developed  very  early.  He  is 
said  to  have  amused  his  father's  workmen 
by  drawing  their  portraits.  One  of  these 
workmen,  Sam  Knight  by  name,  took  in  an 
illustrated  monthly  magazine,  which  he  used 
to  hand  on  to  his  master's  son,  who  copied 
the  engravings  in  penciL  Young  Romnej 
also  made  dniwings  from  the  prints  in  a 
copy  of  Leonardo's  '  Treatise  on  Painting.' 
Some  of  the  drawings  thus  made  came  under 
the  notice  of  a  relative,  Mr.  Lewthwaite  of 
Millom,who,  struck  with  their  merit,  strongly 
urged  the  elder  Romney  to  train  the  boy  as  an 
artist.  Richard  Cumbsrland,  in  a  biographi- 
cal notice  of  Romney  published  in  the  '  Eu- 
ropean Magazine,'  declares  that  his  genius 
had  no  early  stimulus  beyond  Knighrs  en- 
couragement, and  that  his  acquaintance  with 
pictures  was  confined  to  the  sign  of  the  Red 
Lion  at  Dalton.  According,  however,  to 
Hayley,  one  John  Williams,  an  eccentric 
dilettante  of  the  neighbourhood,  greatly  in- 
fluenced the  youthful  artist,  encouraging  his 
aspirations  and  directing  his  early  e£K»rts. 
Through  his  persuasion,  perhaps,  or  that  of 
Mr.  Lewthwaite,  John  Romney  made  up  his 
mind  to  start  his  son  on  the  novel  career. 
An  itinerant  portrait-painter  named  Edwud 


Steele  {d.  1700  P)  [q.  v.]  happened  at  the  time 
to  be  working  in  Kendal.  To  him  G^eorge 
Romney  was  duly  anprenticed,  his  indentures 
bearing  the  date  20  March  1765.  Steele  was 
not  altogether  the  dauber  he  has  been  called, 
thouf  h  his  character  made  him  anything  but 
an  ideal  guardian  of  youth.  He  seems  to 
have  troubled  himself  little  about  his  pupils, 
yet  he  managed  to  win  their  affections  in  spite 
of,  or  perhaps  by,  his  foibles  (see  Romnet, 
Memoirs  of  worgt  JRomnet/,  p.  42).  Romney 
used  to  complain  that  he  was  deprived  of  all 
opportunities  of  self-improvement  by  inces- 
sant studio  drudgery,  but  his  enforced  appli- 
cation probably  stood  him  in  good  steau  in 
after  years. 

While  Romney  was  at  Kendal,  Steele 
prevailed  upon  a  young  woman  of  some 
means,  to  whom  he  was  givinf  lessons,  to 
marry  him  at  Gretna  Green.  Romney  was 
his  master's  confidant  and  auxiliary  in  this 
affair,  and  the  excitement  told  so  much  upon 
him  that  he  fell  into  a  fever.  Throughout  his 
illness  he  was  nursed  by  one  Mary  Abbott, 
his  landlady's  daughter.  She  and  her  mother 
were  poor  but  decent  folks,  perhaps  of  a  lower 
social  status  than  himself,  as  Mary  is  said  to 
have  been  for  some  time  a  domestic  servant. 
An  attachment  sprang  up  between  nurse  and 
patient,  and  they  became  engaged.  Steele, 
after  his  adventurous  marriage,  had  deter- 
mined to  try  his  fortune  in  Yorx.  He  ordered 
his  apprentice  to  join  him  there  as  soon  as 
he  was  well  enougn ;  and  Romney,  distressed 
at  the  approachinff  separation  from  his  be- 
trothed, determined  to  make  her  his  wife  be- 
fore leaving  Kendal.  They  were  accordingly 
married  on  14  Oct.  1756.  The  step  was  im- 
prudent enough  to  justify  the  anger  expressed 
by  his  parents ;  but  Romney  assurea  them 
that  it  should  prove  an  incentive  to  work  and 
a  safeguard  against  youthful  follies.  He  set 
out  immediately  afterwards  for  York,  and 
his  wife  seems  to  have  returned  to  service. 
Romney,  still  in  his  apprenticeship,  had  of 
course  no  income,  and,  mdeed,  for  some  time 
received  occasional  help  from  his  wife  in  the 
shape  of  half-ffuineas,  sent  under  the  seals  of 
letters.  Whue  at  York  Steele  painted  a  por- 
trait of  Sterne.  According  to  a  le^nd,  re- 
Sirted  by  Cumberland  but  contradicted  by 
avley,  Sterne  was  so  struck  by  the  talent 
of  Steele's  assistant  that  he  wisuied  him  to 
paint  the  picture,  to  the  master's  chagrin. 
After  a  stay  of  nearly  a  year  at  York,  Steele 
and  his  pupil  practised  for  a  short  time  at 
Lancaster,  and  nere  Romney  became  anxious 
to  bring  their  connection  to  an  end.  He  pro- 
posed that  a  sum  of  101.  he  had  lent  his  master 
should  be  taken  as  a  consideration  for  the 
cancelling  of  his  indentures.    To  this  Steels 


Romney 


193 


Romney 


tgtwd,  not  without  a  certain  (^neroBity; 
for  on  lelieaBiiig  bis  pupil  he  declared  tbat  he 
did  80 '  in  order  not  to  stand  in  the  way  of 
one  whoi  he  was  sure^  would  do  wonders.' 

Ob  his  emancipation  Bomney  worked  for  a 
short  time  at  Lancaster,  but  soon  returned  to 
Kendslf  and  started  in  practice  on  his  own  ac- 
coont,  tslnnff  his  yoanger  brother  Peter,  a  lad 
of  ttxteen,  'raoee  artistic  bent  seemed  no  less 
pnmoimeed  than  his  own,  as  his  pupil  and 
•sditut.  His  first  recorded  work  as  an  in- 
dependent painter  was  a  si^fn  for  the  post- 
omee  in  Kendal — a  hand  holding  a  letter. 
He  floon  attracted  the  attention  of  some  of 
the  local  maffnates^  and  began  to  paint  por- 
tnits  at  moaest  prices.  Tne  Stricklands  of 
Siieigh  wme  among  his  earliest  patrons.  He 
minted  the  brothers  Walter  and  Oharles 
otriddand  and  their  wives,  and  Walter 
Striddaad  allowed  him  free  access  to  his 
collection  of  pictures,  many  of  which  he 
copied.  Among  his  sitters  at  this  period 
were  also  Jacob  Morland  of  Oapplethwaite, 
Colonel  Wilson  of  Abbot  Hall,  and  the  Rey. 
Daaid  and  Birs.  Wilson.  His  prices  were 
six  guineas  for  a  whole-length,  and  two  for 
a  three-quarter  figure.  But  even  this  latter 
modest  sum  he  had  great  difficulty  in  ex- 
tracting from  one  '  patron/  Dr.  Bateman,  the 
headmaster  of  Sedbergh  SchooL 

In  the  intervals  of  portrait-painting  Bom* 
oey  tried  a  carious  experiment.    While  in 
York  he  had  collected  a  series  of  prints  after 
the  Dutch  masters.    From  these  he  made 
oil  oo^es  and  paHicdy  a   selection  from 
whiehy  with  two  or  three  original  subjects, 
he  exhibited  in  Uie  town-hall  at  Kendal, 
and  then  raffled  for  lOf.  6d.  a  ticket.    The 
catalogue  of  the  lottery  enumerates  twenty 
pieces.    Among  them  were  two  scenes  fran 
*  King  Lear '  and  one  firom '  Tristram  Shandv.* 
Hie  latter  represented  the  arrival  of  Dr. 
Slop,  a  grotesque  figure,  perhaps  reproduced 
by  Kominej  from  the  sup|K>8ed  original  of  the 
diameter^  the  eccentric  Dr.  Burton  of  York. 
Hie  proceeds  of  the  lottery,  with  other 
mull  saTings  of  the  painter  and  his  wife, 
made  np  a  sum  of  100/.    Bonmey,  conscious 
4rf  powers  that  demanded  a  better  opportu- 
nity than  the  prorinoes  afforded,  oecame 
anxiooB  to  try  ms  fortune  in  London.    He 
had  BOW  two  children,  a  son  (afterwards  the 
Eer.  JoJbn  Romney,  his  father's  biographer) 
and  a  danghter  two  years  old,  who  died  at 
the  age  01  three.   He  hesitated  to  embark 
them  all  in  his  donbtfbl  enterprise,  and  his 
wile  seems  to  have  fully  acquiesced  in  his 
deciai0ii  that,  until  his  prospects  were  more 
setdedy  she  and  the  child^n  should  remain  in 
Che  north.    There  is  no  reason  to  suppose  that 
the  lifidong  separation  which  followed  was 

▼OL.  XVJL, 


premeditated  on  either  side ;  and  the  stric- 
tures of  Hayley  and  others  on  Bomney  for 
his  *  desertion'  of  his  iSunily  are  largely  dis- 
counted by  the  facts  that  neither  wife  nor 
son  ever  showed  the  lesst  resentment  or 
sense  of  injury,  and  that  John  Bomney's 
'  Life '  is,  in  the  main,  a  spirited  justifica- 
tion of  his  fiither's  conduct.  John  Bomney 
was  devoted  to  his  mother,  and  would 
hardly  have  condoned  anything  like  ill-treat- 
ment of  her.  As  he  grew  to  manhood  he 
seems  to  have  divided  nis  time  between  his 
parents.  Mrs.  Bomney  eventuaUv  made  her 
home  with  her  father-m-law  at  Dalton,  and 
later  at  Kendal. 

Bomney  arrived  in  London  in  1762,  hav- 
ing divided  his  little  savings  with  his  wife. 
His  only  friends  in  the  capital  were  his  two 
compatriots,  Braithwaite  of  the  Post  Office^ 
and  Greene,  the  schoolfellow  already  men- 
tioned. With  Braithwaite's  help  he  found  a 
lodging  in  Dove  Court,  near  the  Mansion 
House,  removing  in  the  tollowing  year  to  the 
house  of  one  Hautree,  in  Bearbinder's  Lane, 
Here  he  set  to  work  on  the  picture  which  was 
his  first  introduction  to  the  world  of  art, 
'  The  Death  of  General  Wolfe.'  With  this 
he  is  said  to  have  competed  for  the  premium 
of  the  Society  of  Arts  in  1703.  The  result 
is  not  quite  clear.  According  to  his  own 
and  his  friends'  account,  he  was  in  the  first 
instance  awarded  the  second  prize  of  fifty 
guineas;  but  the  judges  afterwards  revised 
their  verdict,  adjudgmg  the  prize  of  fifty 
ffuiueas  to  John  Hamilton  Mortimer  [q.  v. J 
for  his  'Edward  the  (Confessor  seising  the 
Treasures  of  his  Mother,'  and  bestowing 
on  Bomney  a  consolation  prize  of  twenty- 
five  ffuineas.  Beynolds,  according  to  his 
finends'  version  of  the  episode,  was  a  prime 
mover  in  the  reversal  of  the  first  award, 
and  to  him  Bomney,  rightly  or  wrongly, 
ascribed  his  disappointment.  Thus,  it  is  as- 
serted, were  sown  the  seeds  of  the  scarcely 
veiled  aversion  that  persisted  between  these 
two  famous  men  through  the  rest  of  their 
lives.  That  the  details  of  the  story  are 
questionable  is  shown  by  the  circumstance 
tnat,  in  the  official  list  of  premiums  given 
by  the  Society  of  Arts  in  1763,  no  mention 
whatever  was  made  of  Bomney  among  the 
prize-winners,  and  that  Mortimer  is  crraited 
with  gaining  the  first  prize  of  one  hundred 
guineas  with  a  picture  of '  St.  Ptiul  convert- 
ing the  Britons.'  There  is,  however,  no 
doubt  that  immediately  after  the  competi- 
tion Bomney's  picture  was  bought  by  Bow- 
land  Stephenson  the  banker,  and  presented 
to  Governor  Henry  Verelst  [a.  v.],  by  whom 
it  was  hung  in  the  council-cnamber  at  Cal* 
cutta. 


Romney 


»94 


Romney 


Bomnev,  like  every  otbcr  painter  of  that 
iime^  had  long  desired  to  study  the  tt orks  of  tbe 
^reat  foreign  masters ;  but  his  means  were  not 

fet  equal  to  the  expense  of  a  jottmey  toltal^. 
n  1764  he  traveUed  to  Paria,  however,  in 
eompany  with  his  friend  Greene.  He  made 
the  aoquamtanise  of  Jose|ih  Vemet,  through 
whose  good  offices  he  gamed  admittance  to 
the  Orleaaa  Gbllery,  where  he  spent  most  of 
his  time.  Alter  a  sta^  of  six  weeks  he  re- 
turned to  London,  and  took  rooms  in  Gray's 
Inn,  near  Ghreene.  Here  Braithwaite  pro* 
cured  him  a  sitter  in  Sir  Joseph  Yates,  one 
of  the  Tudfles  of  the  king's  bench,  who  brought 
several  other  legal  patrons  in  his  train.  Here, 
too,  was  paintMh  '  D^atih  of  King  Edmund/ 
whichf  Aiore  fortunate  than  his  first  essay, 
was  unanimouslv  awarded  the  second  pre- 
mium of  §ftj  guineas  by  the  Society  of  Arts 
in  1765.  The  nrst  prise  of  sixty  ^piineas  was 
given  to  Hi^h  Hamilton  (FremttmB  qf  th6 
Sodefy  qf  Jrti,  1706). 

In  1767  Bomney  paid  a  vbit  to  hie  family. 
His  brother  Peter  returned  with  him  to 
London,  to  start  as  a  painter.  But  Peter's 
talents  were  neutralised  by  a  weak  cha- 
racter, and  in  the  sequel  he  went  back  to 
the  north.  Bomney's  next  move  was  (in 
1767)  to  Great  Newport  Street.  There  he 
formed  a  friendship  with  Kichaid  Cumber- 
land the  dramatist,  who  greatly  influenced 
his  career.  Cumberland  sat  for  his  portrait 
(now  in  the  National  Portrait  Gallerv),  and, 
although  the  painter  was  then  only  charging 
eight  guineas  for  a  three-quarter  figiire^ 
fkve  hm  ten,  aa  an  encouragement  to  raise 
bis  prices.  Chunber^and  induced  Ganick  to 
come  and  see  the  picture,  and  the  poa^ 
sjctor,  in  spite  of  his  adheaion  to  the  '  Kev- 
nMs  faction,'  promised  to  sit  himself.  The 
propo6edportrait,however,  was  never  painted. 
Ctlmberland  was  then  a  popular  writer,  and 
the  inflated  odes  in  which  he  sang  his  friend's 
genius  no  doubt  did  much  to  make  Romney 
kno^VB» 

The  first  picture  to  attract  favo«irable  no- 
tice in  London  was  a  fiimil^  group  painted 
for  Mr^  Leigh,  a  proctor  in  Doctors'  Com- 
mons. This  appealed  in  1766,  together 
with  a  hancy  subject,  described  as  '  Sisters 
contemplating  on  jKovtality '  (iic).  In  1769 
he  exhibited  4&G(fller  <  Faaily  Piece,'  por- 
traits of  SiB  Gkeoige  Watrren,  his  wife,  and 
daughter;  and  m  1770  he  transferred  his 
allegiance  from  the  Free  Soctetr  of  Artists 
to  the  Chartered  Society,  sending  to  iJie 
exhibition  in  Spring  Gardens  two  female 
itudias^ '  Mirth '  and  '  Melancholy,'  said  to 
have  beOn  painted  from  Mrs.  Jordan  and 
UtB.  Yates.  In  1771  he  exhibited  a  *  Mrs. 
Yates  as  the  Tragic  Muse,'  a  portrait  of 


Major  Pearson  of  the  East  India  Company's 
s^vice,  a  '  Lady  and  Child,'  and  a '  ^eg^ 
Man.'  In  1772  he  contributed  twoportmits, 
one  beinff  that  of  his  friend  Osias  Humphry 
[q.  v.^,  uie  miniature-painter.  With  mem 
the  bnef  tale  of  works  exhibited  during  his 
lifetime  ends.  He  never  again  sent  ahyuiing 
to  a  public  exhibition. 

The  long^prqjected  Journey  to  Italy  had 
now  beoome  a  poesibibt  v,  ana  in  the  autumn 
of   1772  Bomney  made    arrangements  to 
travel  to  Home  with  Ozias  Humphry.    His 
position  was  now  assured.    He  was  making 
an  income  of  over  1,000/.  a  ^ear,  and  had 
many  influential  patrons.  An  attack  of  fever 
delayed  his  departure  from  England  for  some 
months.     In  August  1772  Charles  €beville, 
second  son  of  the  Earl  of  Warwick,  sent  him 
a  letter  of  introduction  to  his  uncle.  Sir  Wil- 
liam Hamilton  (1730-1803)  [q.  v.I  then  am- 
bassador at  Nspies.  Bomney  madei  no  use  of 
it,  as  his  travels  did  not  extend  so  far  south ; 
but  here  we  have  the  first  link  in  tfaa^  con- 
nection with  Lady  Hamilton  which  was  to 
leave  such  lasting  traces  on  his  art.    He  left 
England  with  Humphry  on  20  March  1778, 
and,  travelling  in  leisurely  fashion  through 
France,  went  by  sea  from  Genoa  to  Leghorn, 
and  BO  to  Florence.    He  arrived  in  Borne  on 
IS  June.    :  Studious  and  retiring,  Bomnev 
mixed  little  in  the  society  of  the  Italian  oani- 
tal ;  but  a  letter  of  introduction  from  the  Duke 
of  Gloucester  to  the  pope  proved  of  service  to 
him.   He  U)dged  in  the  Jesuits'  College,  aad 
spent  his  time  in  copying  the  most  famous  pic- 
tures and  in  studying  the  great  ^TPitnipleH  of 
antique  scnlptura  He  was  greaHy  impressed 
b^  the  latter,  and  its  influence  upon  Jkis  art 
is  evident.    His  fine  natunl  taste  readily 
assimilated  its  mingled  nobility  and  simpli- 
city, and  accepted  them  as  counsels  of  per- 
fection in  art.    He  slso  found  a  good  oppor- 
tunity to  study  the  nude,  through  the  pre- 
sence at  that  tmie  of  a  beauti^  profesoonal 
model  in  Bome.    She  was  the  original  of  hL» 
'Wood  Kymph,'whichbecamethepropeit7of 
Thomas  Kieate  fq.  v.],  the  su:iqgeQn.    Anotiier 
interesting  work  of  this  period  was  a  copy, 
on  the  same  scale  as  the  original,  of  the 
lower  part  of  Baphael's  *  Transfigiiration,' 
then  the  altar-piece  of  San.  Pistra  in  Mon- 
torio.    To  enable  him  to  make  this  €opy  he 
was  allowed  to  have  a  seaffiild  erected  in 
the  church,  and  worked  at  his  tatik  daily 
over  the  heads  of  the  officiating  clergy.    The 
Duke  of  Biohmond  afterwards  offered  him 
100/.  for  the  copy ;  but  this  Bomney  refused 
as  iasnffiotent.    It  was  hung  in  the  entrance- 
hall  of  his  iiouse  in  Cavendish  Square,  and 
after  his  death  was  sold  at  the  aactioti  of  his 
effects  for  six  guineas.    '  An  Assassin '  (the 


Romney 


^96 


Romney 


ittody  of  a  Roman  braTo)  toad  a  portrait  of 
the  dwarf  Baiocoo  (a  notoiiouB  stseet  be^g^iO 
were  further  memorials  of  tliia  visit.  A 
more iiilareatingportnut  than  these waa ofte 
he  painted  at  Venioa  on  hia  ivay  home  of 
Edward  Wortley-Montagu,  Laay  Mary's 
eccentrio  son,,  in  Turkish  costamey  a  work 
to  which  the  painter^  inspired  by  lus  snr* 
roundinga^  ^nve  aomethiog  of  the  depth,  and 
richness  of  Venetian  colous. 

HetomtDg  to  London  via  Paris,  after  two 
years'  absence,  Bomney  found  himself  some^ 
what  straitened  for  money.  His  emU^ie 
brother  Peter  had  got  into  debt  and  difH- 
oulty  at  Cambridge,  where  he  had  aet  up 
as  aportrait-paanter^and  Bomnej  generouely 
paid  his  debts  and  estabCehed  hmk  at^Soiithr 
port.  Tkis  drain  upon  his>  means  seems  to 
nave  serioaaly  embarcaesed  ham  for  the  mo- 
ment, and  even  made  him  conaider  the  po&i 
aibility  of  leaving  London  and  starting  a 
proyindal  practicer  He  finally,  however, 
decided  on  the  bold  stw  of  taking  the  luge 
house  and  atndio.  No.  SH  Gavendish  Square, 
vacant  by  the  recent  death  of  Francis 'Cotes, 
R.A.  Here  ha  installed  himself  at  Chriat- 
mas  1775.  His  natural  misgivings  were  dis- 
oeUfid,  after  some  weeks  of  anxiety,  by  a  visit 
from  the  Duke  of  Hidimond,  who  commis* 
fioned  the  artist  to  paint  a  three-quatftw 
l^igth  of  himselL  The  duke  was  tfaei  pveal- 
dent  of  the  Society  of  Arts.  Hb  brought  a 
lon^  aoa^  of  fashionable  aittora  in  hia  train, 
besides  giving  Bomney  numerous  M'deni  for 
nj^cas  of  his  own  portrait,.agd<br  portiaita 
of  varkma  mambeora  of  his  family.  In  a  cosb' 
paratively  abort  time  Bonaney  waa  dividing 
the  palzonage  of  the  great  world  with  Bey« 
Boida.  '  Au  die  town/  said  Lord  ThHrknv, 
into  two  faetioBS^  the  Reynolds 


and  the  Bomney,  and  I  am  of  the  BosBfliegf 
ketkmJ  Thurlow  aat  to  the  artist  4eme  aix 
years  later  for  the  fiunouaportrait  at  Ttent' 
ham,  and  amused  himself  attring  the  sittinfla 
by  discnasing  a  cynle  of  illustrations  to  the 
l^nd  of '  Orpheus  and  Eui^diee,'  whieh  he 
vidbad  Bomney  to  undertake.  To  this  end 
Thnrlow  himself  made  a  translation  of  the 
legend  from  Virgil,  with  an  elaborate  com- 
mentary^ reading  it  aloud  as  the  painter 
worfcecL  Bomnej' made  several  caartoons  in 
charaoal  on  the  fine*  aoggested,  afterwards; 
preeentadhy  his  aon  to  vast  FitswiUiam  Mik 
aeam  at  Canahridipe  and  the  Boyal  LuBtittt* 
tion  at  LiraspoDl. 

AinoBg  the  more  notable  pictures  pamted 
betwaeflt  1775  and  17S1  wen  portraits  aS 
Georgiaaa,  duehesa  of  Bevomahue*-«  work 
he  was  never  sUe  to  ilniah,.tha  gteat  lady 
proving  a  moat  unponetual  Mtter^-^and  of 
the  yoong  Countess  of  Derby  (Lady  Bslty^ 


Hamilton) ;  the  beautiful  groi^  of  latty 
Warwiok  and  her  children ;  the  Ihisfaaafe  of 
Gordon  and  her  son ;  Mrs.  Hartilsy«  and  her 
children;  Mrs.  Stables  aivd  her  childMu; 
Mrs.  Garwardine  and  c^ld.  The  Hon. 
Louisa  Oatheart,  afterwards  Lady  MausAaM, 
sister  oi  Gainsborough's  famous  *  Mm.  Gbttr 
ham;'  Mrs.  Davenport  the  aotresB>;  Chn*- 
lotte,  daughter  of  Lord  Glive ;  Harriet  Md- 
lon>  afterwards  Duchess  of  St.  Alhasis';  the 
two  pretty  daughters  of  his  friend  Oamhect- 
land;  the  fair  'Perdita'  Bobissottf  Mbv. 
Trimmer;  Lady  £.  Spencer,  afterwwidB 
Countess  of  Pembroke;  the  Misaea  Gfre^ 
ville;  Sir  Hyde  Parker;  Biriiop  Porteoua 
of  Exeter ;  the  famous  Elitty  Bannister^  all 
sat  for  portraits  during  these  years,  to  whioh 
also  belong  the  beautiful  romping  gro«p  of 
the  Stafford  family,  and  the  groups  of  the 
Clavering  and  the  Beaufort  childmn.  Gasnck 
proposed  to  sit,  an  idea  which  nearly  cost  the 
painter  his  life ;  for  getting  wet  through  in  a 
futile  attempt  to  study  the  great  actor  is  his 
last  anpearanoe  at  Drury  L8»e(10  J«nel7T6), 
he  fell  mto  a  fever.  He  waa  cured  byUie  good 
offices  of  SirBichard  Jebb[(}.  v.l,  who  heoaime 
his  doctor  from  this  time  fbrth,  bnsl  woold 
never  accept  any  fee  beyond  an  oeeasinnal 
drawing. 

Bomney's  biographers,  his  son  more  espNB* 
cially,  have  insistect  stronglv  on  the  ill-will 
of  Beynolds,  and,  making  all  aUowanees  fe* 
partisan  exaggerations,  it  seems  evident  thsil 
Sir  Joshua's  attitude  towards  his  rival  was 
marked  by  a  hostility  not  unlike  that  bs 
showed  to  Gkmsborough.  Bomaev  seeosHi 
never  to  have  nven  any  just  canae  of  oflimeei 
He  had,  indeed,  a  sincere  admiratien,  often 
genarouiBly  expreased,  for  the  president^i  gifUi. 
llsynolds,  on  the  other  hand,  had  little  syn»* 
pathy  witib  Bomney,  either  as  artist  ovmanv 
No  two  personalities  could  have  been  wevo 
sharply  opposed,  and  some  at  least  of  Sir 
Joshua's  dislike  may  have  been  the  distaste  of 
a  strong,  equable  nature  for  one  essettttidly 
weak,  lU-baianced,  and  over-emotional^  NSo 
doubt  he  was  also  human  enough  to  reemt  the 
brilliant  succesa  with  which  'the  man  in 
Qavandidh  Square '  had  encountered  ham  on 
his*  own  ground.  To  this  unfriendlineea  aa 
much  as  to  any  other  cause  was  due  Boomer's 
persistent  refusal  to  send  any  of  hi»  works  to 
the  Boyal  Academy,  althongh,  on  itafowidia- 
tion  in  1768,  he  was  strongly  luged  by  his 
fnend  Meyer  to  contribute  with  a  view  to  his 
election.  !no  picture  of  Bomme^V  was  seen  en 
the  attiLdemy  walls  till  1871,  sixty-nine  years 
after  his  death,  when  he  was  represented  by 
one  of  his  most  exquisite  groupe,  *  The  Lady 
BuBSell  and  Ghild,^  painted  in  17Si.  In  Ms 
determination  tO'  hold  aloof  he  was   en^ 

o2 


Romney 


X96 


Romney 


eouraged  by  Willuun  Havlejr  [q.  tA  whose 
acquaintance  he  had  maae  in  177^.  The 
then  popular  author  of  'The  Triumphs  of 
Temper  constituted  himaelf  Romney'iB  lau- 
reate. Bomney  relied  greatly  on  his  com- 
panionahip  and  advice,  and  for  twenty-two 
years  nerer  failed  to  spend  his  annual  holi- 
day in  the  poetaster's  home  at  Eartham  in 
Sussex,  where  flaxman,  Cowper,  Blake,  and 
others  were  his  fellow-guests  at  various  times. 
Some  of  Bomney's  most  graceful  fancies  were 
inspired  by  passages  from  Hayley's  poems, 
among  them  the  'Serena'  in  South  Ken- 
sington Museum  and  the  famous '  Sensibility ' 
in  Lord  Burton's  collection. 

No  reasonable  doubt  of  his  continuous 
success  in  London  could  have  lon^  survived 
Bomney's  establishment  in  Oavendish  Square, 
and  considerations  of  prudence  no  longer  ex- 
cused his  separation  from  his  wife  and  son,  yet 
he  made  no  attempt  to  bring  them  south. 
There  was  apparently  no  estnmgement  be- 
tween them.  He  visited  his  fi&miLy  at  in- 
tervals, and  contributed  liberally  to  their 
maintenance.  Li  later  years  his  son  was 
often  a  visitor  in  his  house.  It  may  there- 
fore be  inferred  that  Mrs.  Bomney,  conscious 
<tf  her  own  humble  origin  and  defective  edu- 
cation, was  herself  unwilling  to  share  the 
burden  of  honours  to  which  she  was  not  bom. 
For  the  old  scandal,  which  sought  to  account 
lor  Bomney's  indifference  to  his' wife  by  alleg- 
ing a  liaison  with  his  beautiful  model,  Emma 
Hart  (afterwards  Lady  Hamilton  [q.  v.]),  no 
serious  evidence  exists.  The  painter  did  not 
see  her  until  July  1782,  when  she  was  living 
under  the  protection  of  his  friend  Charles 
Greville,  who  brought  her  to  Bomney  for  her 
portrait.  Greville,  who  kept  her  in  the  most 
jealous  seclusion,  would  certainly  have  re- 
sented the  slightest  encroachment  on  his  own 
claims,  whereas  his  friendly  correspondence 
with  the  artist  clearly  shows  that  he  looked 
upon  Bomney's  interest  in  his  nrot6gte  as 
fluaai-patemal.  '  I  heard  last  weeK  from  Mrs. 
Hart/  he  writes  in  a  letter  of  1788,  *  she  de- 
sired me  to  tell  you  that  she  designs  to  capti- 
vate vou  b;|^  her  voice  next  spring,  and  tnat 
few  things  interest  her  more  than  the  remem- 
brance you  and  Mr.  Hayley  honour  her  with.' 

After  her  marriage  to  Sir  William  Hamil- 
ton, Emma  herself  writes  to  Bomney  from 
Naples  as  '  My  dear  sir,  my  friend,  my  more 
than  father.'  Bomnev's  admiration  for  the 
<  divine  lad]^,'  as  he  called  her^  verged,  indeed, 
on  infatuation,  but  itwas  probaluy  platonic 
Hay  ley  was  little  less  enthusiastic;  the  one 
celebrated  her  with  his  pen,  the  other  with 
his  brush.  For  several  years  Bomney  refused 
commissions  and  reduced  the  number  of  his 
sittersi  in  order  to  devote  more  time  to  that 


series  of  studies  in  which  he  has  immortalised 
Lady  Hamilton's  loveliness.  Besides  many 
portraits  and  sketches  of  her  in  her  own 
character,  he  painted  her  as  'Circe,'  as 
both  *  Tragedy*  and  '  Comedy '  in  *  Shake- 
speare nuned  by  Tragedj^  and  Comedy,'  as 
'Alope  with  her  Chud  in  the  Woods,'  as 

*  Cassandra,'  '  Euphrosyne,'  '  Joan  of  Arc,' 

*  Calypso,'  the  *  Msgdalen,'  *  The  Spinstress ' 
(the  famous  picture  in  Lord  Iveagh's  col- 
lection), a  *  ^cchante,'  a  *  Sibyl,'  a  *  Saint,' 
a  'Nun,'  &c.     The  'Magdalen'  and  the 
'Calypso'  were  painted  for  the  Prince  of 
Wales,  who  paid  100/.  each  fo  *  them.    The 
last  portrait  of  her  was  a  half-length,  seated, 
with  a  miniature  of  Sir  William  Hamilton 
in  her  belt,  painted  just  before  her  marria^. 
Between  her  first  appearance  in  Cavendish 
Square  in  1782  and  her  departure  for  Italy 
in  1785,  after  Greville  had  transferred  her 
to  the  protection  of  his  uncle,  she  was 
Bomney  8  chief  source  of  inspiration.    The 
list  of  his  other  works  is  short.  He  painted, 
however,  portraits  of  Lord  Thurlow's  two 
daughters  at  the  harpsichord,  of  Lord  Derby 
on  horseback,  of  Gibbon  (to  whom  Hayley 
had  introduced  him),  of  the  second  Lord  Chat- 
ham the  younger,  Pitt,  and  Edmund  Burke, 
as  well  as  the  Lady  Bussell  and  her  child, 
and  the  picture  known  as  '  The  Sempstress.' 
From  1766  to  1790  was  perhaps  the  most  pro- 
lific period  of  his  career.  He  was  at  the  zenith. 
of  his  prosperity,  making  an  income  of  over 
8,000/.  a  year  |  and  the  entries  in  his  pocket- 
books  record  innumerable  names  of  uotable 
men  and  women.   The  archbishops  of  Canter- 
bury, York,  and  Dublin,  Bichard  Watson, 
bishop  of  Llandaff,  John  Wesley,  the  Duchess 
of  Cumberland,  Mrs.  Billington,  Mrs.  Jordan 
(of  whom  he  painted  two  pictures  for  the 
Duke  of  Clarence\  Mrs.  Fitzherbert,  Lord 
Ellenborough,  Laoy  Milner,  the  Duchess  of 
Leeds,  and  Lady  Betty  Foster  (afterwards 
Duchess  of  Devonshire)  were  among  the 
more  remarkable  of  his  sitters.    The  note- 
books, extending  over  a  great  man V  ;^ears, 
are  still  extant.  They  were  sold  at  Christie's 
in  1894,  and  then  passed  into  the  posses- 
sion of  Mr.  Humpnry  Ward.     The  brief 
entries  consist  merely  of  dates,  names   of 
sitters,  and  sums  received  on  account  or  in 
full  payment.  ^  Bomney  seems  generally  to 
have  oeen  paid  half  his  money  when  he 
undertook  a  commission,  and  the  balance  on 
delivering  the  nicture ;  but  his  accounts  are 
not  always  intelligible.   The  highest  price  he 
ever  received  for  a  portrait  was  120  guineas. 
£[is  portrait  of  Caroline,  viscountess  Clifden, 
and  ner  sister,  Lady  Elisabeth  Spencer,  was 
sold  to  a  dealer  at  Willis's  Booms  on  11  June 
1896  for  10,600  guineas. 


Romney 


197 


Romney 


In  1790  Bomney  paid  another  visit  to 
Pftiia,  the  aaaiduoos  Hajley  and  the  Bey* 
Thomas  Carwaxdine  going  with  him.  They 
irsre  noeived  with  great  courtesy  by  the 
English  ambassador  and  other  persons  of 
distinctioii,  notably  Madame  de  Genlis,  then 
governess  to  the  Duke  of  Oleans*  children. 
Two  years  later,  when  Madame  de  Qenlis 
came  to  Ijondon  with  Mile.  d'0rl6anSy 
and  the  mysterious  '  Pamela  Sims '  (after- 
wards Lady  Edward  Fitzgerald^,  Romney, 
in  giacefol  acknowledgment  of  nis  kind  re- 
cepti<m  in  Paris,  bef^  two  portraits  of 
I^unela,  meaning  to  give  Madame  de  Qenlis 
the  one  she  preferred.  Both  were,  however, 
put  aside  unfinished.  One  was  snapped  up 
by  Hayley,  always  a  shrewd  gleaner  of  un- 
considerea  trifies  in  his  friend  s  studio.  Mr. 
IL  L.  Biachoffsheim  is  the  present  owner  of 
one  of  the  pair,  a  most  piquant  study  of  a 
dark-eyed  girlish  beauty. 

Bomaey's  chief  undertakings  in  1791  were 
his  pictures  for  Boydell's  *  Shakespeare  Gal- 
lery,' an  enterprise  which  secured  nis  hearty 
oo-opeiation.    He  indeed  claimed,  and  no 
doubt  justly,  a  considerable  share  in  its  in- 
cepti<»,  and  made  many  happy  sugsestions 
as  to  the  choice  of  subjects.    He  nimsdf 
eontribnted  three  worka^— one  illustrating 
'  The  Tempest,'  in  which  the  Prospero  was 
painted^  from  Hayley,  and  two  allegorical 
compositions,  the  '  Shakespeare  nursed  by 
Tnmty  and  Oomedv,'  already  referred  to, 
aad  'liie  Infant  Shakespeare  attended  bv 
the  Passions.'     The  coldness  with  which 
Bejoolds  at  first  treated  the  project  may 
have  been  partly  doe  to  Bomney's  eager 
•nppoit  of  it.    Side  lights  on  the  characters 
of  the  two  painters  are  afforded  by  their 
reepeetive  dealings  with  the  promoters.  The 
practical  Beynolds  received  600/.  before  he 
touched  his  canvas  of  Macbeth,'  and  another 
500^  on  its  completion,  whereas  Bomney — 
dreamy,    generous,   and    unbusinesslike- 
asked    on^  six  hundred   g^uineas  for  his 
'Tempest,'  and  received  no   payment  for 
several  years.    The  'Infant  Shakespeare' 
he  presented  to  the  gallenr. 

The  Eartham  visit  of  1792  was  made 
memofable  by  the  presence  of  Cowper.  The 
poet  and  the  painter  were  mutually  pleased 
with  eadi  other.  There  was,  indeed,  a  strong 
affinity  between  them.  Bomney,  during 
his  visit,  illnstrated  a  passage  in  '  The 
Task'  by  a  picture  afterwards  variously 
known  as  *  Kate,'  as  *  Twas  when  the  Seas 
were  roaring,'  and,  from  the  t^pe  of  the 
heroine^  as 'LadyHamilton  as  Ariadne.'  He 
also  made  a  drawing  of  the  noet  himself  in 
crayon, '  in  his  best  nand,  and  with  the  most 
exact  xesanblance,'  says  the  poet  in  a  letter 


to  Lady  Hesketh.    Oowper  repaid  the  com- 
pliment by  the  following  sonnet : 

Bomney,  expert  infallibly  to  trace 
On  chart  or  canvas  not  the  form  alone 
And  semblance,  bat  howerer  faintly  shown. 
The  mind's  impression,  too,  on  every  face, 
With  strokes  that  time  ooght  never  to  erase 
Tfaott  hast  so  penciU'd  mine,  that  though  I 

own 
The    subject    worthless,   I    have    aever 
known 
The  artist  shining  with  superior  graos. 
Bat  this  I  mark — that  symptoms   none  of 
woe 
In  thy  incomparable  work  appear ; 
Well :  I  am  satisfied  it  should  be  so; 
Since,  on  matoier  thought,  the  cause  is 
clear; 
For  in  my  looks  what  sorrow  oouldst  thou 

BAA 
DOV, 

When  I  was  Hayle/s  guest,  and  sat  to  thee? 

A  letter  to  his  son,  describing  this  visit, 
shows  that  Bomney's  health  had  been  very 
feeble  throughout  the  vear,  but  he  declares 
himself  better  for  the  change.  He  continued 
to  work  industriously.  In  1793  he  painted, 
among  other  pictures,  a  portrait  of  Henry 
Dundas  for  Dundee  University,  and  portraits 
of  the  Margrave  and  the  Margravine  of  An* 
spach  (Lady  £.  Craven) ;  in  1794, '  Newton 
making  Experiments  with  the  Frism,'  and 
portraits  of  the  Duke  of  Portland,  the  Earl  of 
Eluston,  and  lus  own  son.  The  latter  came  to 
stav  with  him,  and,  distressed  at  the  nervous 
and  ailing  state  in  which  he  found  his  £gtther, 
carried  him  off  for  a  short  visit  to  thelble  ox 
Wight,  flaxman  returned  firom  Bome  later 
in  t^e  year,  and  took  a  lodging  in  London '  in 
the  neighbourhood  of  our  dear  Bomney.'  One 
of  the  painter's  most  interestinj^  pictures  of 
1795  is  the  group  of  flaxman,  with  his  pupil^ 
Haylev's  young  son,  beside  him,  modemng  a 
bust  of  the  poet,  while  Bomney  looks  on.  In 
the  autumn  was  beffun  the  luge  picture  of 
Lady  E^mont  and  her  children  as  '  Titania 
with  Fairies,'  painted  partly  at  Eartham  and 
finished  at  Petworth. 

As  Bomney's  health  failed,  the  morbidly 
sensitive  side  of  his  disposition  began  to 
assert  itself  more  and  more.  He  became 
gloomy  and  irritable,  his  fits  of  depression 
alternating  with  moods  of  exaltation  in 
which  he  planned  undertakings  on  a  colossal 
scale.    He  seems  to  have  prcnected  a  Milton 

fikUerv  on  the  lines  of  BoyaeU's  Shakespeare, 
his,  however,  he  kept  a  secret  from  all  but 
Hayley,  hinting  at  it,  however,  in  letters  to 
his  son.  '  I  have  made,'  he  writes,  *  many 
grand  designs ;  I  have  formed  a  system  of 
original  subjects,  moral  and  mv  own,  and  I 
think  one  ox  the  grandest  that  has  ever  beei^ 


Romney 


300 


Romney 


married  in  1866,  while  John,  who  succeeded 
to  Whitestock  Hall,  died  in  1875,  leaving 
ten  children ;  hia  eldest  son  succeeded  to 
the  house.  The  Rev.  John  Romney's  last 
suiriYing  daughter,  Miss  Elisabeth  Rom- 
ney, who  died  at  Whitestock  in  December 
1899,  ultimately  acquired  most  of  the  paint- 
ings, drawing,  and  manuscripts  whicn  the 
painter's  family  retained  after  nis  death ;  the 
collection  was  sold  at  Christie's,  May  1894. 

[Bomney's  Memoirs  of  the  Life  and  Works  of 
George  Romney,  1830,  were  intended  to  super- 
sede E^yley's  Life  of  Gheoige  Romney,  1809,  and 
the  account  by  Richard  Comberland  in  European 
Magazine,  toL  xliii.  June  1808.  See  also  Creorge 
Ronm^,  with  catalogne  of  works  by  T.  Hum- 
phry Ward  and  William  Roberts  (2  rois.  1904)  ; 
Allan  Cunningham's  British  Painters,  ed.  Heaton, 
▼ol.  it ;  Some  Account  of  GeoEge  Romney  (Lan- 
cashire Biographical  History,  toL  i.) ;  Annals  of 
Kendal,  by  Cornelius  Nicholson,  F.G.S. ;  Gam- 
lin's  Romney  and  his  Art ;  GoWer's  Romney  and 
Lawrence  (Great  Artist  Series) ;  Bryan's  Diet,  of 
Painters  and  Engravers,  ed.  Armstrong ;  Red- 
grave's Diet ;  Memoirs  of  Emma,  Lady  Hamil- 
ton, ed.  W.  H.  Long ;  Gamlin's  Life  of  Emma, 
Lady  Hamilton ;  manuscripts  in  the  collections 
of  T.  Humphiy  Ward  and  Alfred  Morrison; 
Soathey's  Life  of  Cowper,  iii.  77-84 ;  Letters  of 
William  Cowper,  ed.  Benham.]  W.  A. 

BOMNEY,  JOHN(1786-1863),  engraver, 
-^as  bom  in  1786.  He  seems  to  have  been 
in  no  way  connected  with  the  family  of  the 
famous  painter,  though  he,  too,  practised  in 
the  north  of  England,  and  engraved  a  series 
of  '  Views  of  Ancient  Buildings  in  Chester,' 
in  which  city  he  died  in  1863.  He  contri- 
buted plates  to  Smirke's  'Illustrations  of 
Shakesueare,'  and  to  a  series  of  reproduc- 
tions of  ancient  marbles  in  the  British  Mu- 
seum. Among  the  best  known  of  his  single 
plates  are  '  The  Orphan  Ballad-Singer,'  auer 
Gill,  and  '  Sunday  Morning — the  Toilette,' 
after  Farrier. 

[Redgrave's  Diet,  of  Painters.]  W.  A. 

BOMNEY,  PETER  (1748-1777), 
painter,  a  younger  brother  of  Ueorge  Rom- 
ney [d.  T.],  was  bom  at  Dalton-in-Fumess 
on  1  Time  1743.  He  is  said  to  have  shown  a 
precocious  talent  both  with  pen  and  pencil, 
out  such  of  his  verses  as  have  survived  are 
puerile  enough.  When  he  was  sixteen  his 
more  famous  orother,  who  had  just  started 
in  nractice  at  Kendal  on  his  own  account, 
took  Peter  as  his  apprentice.  On  Homney's 
departure  for  London  in  1762,  Peter  re- 
mained for  a  time  at  Kendal,  painting  por- 
traits at  a  {guinea  a  head.  ^  In  1766,  when 
Romney  visited  his  family  in  the  north,  he 
took  Peter  back  to  London  with  him,  but 
'Wis  finally  obliged  to  send  him  home,  as  the 


Tounff  man  earned  nothing,  and  seems  to 
have  been  the  cause  of  a  good  deal  of  ex- 
pense and  anxiety  to  his  brother.  Having 
got  together  a  few  prints  in  London,  Pet«r 
copied  them  in  oils,  and  raffled  them,  tha» 
raising  money  to  take  him  to  Manchester, 
where  he  started  in  practice  as  a  portrait- 
painter.  His  success  in  Manchester  waa 
slight,  and  he  removed  to  Ipswich,  where- 
his  career  was  cut  short  by  his  arrest  for  debt.. 
He  next  tried  his  luck  at  Cambridge,  but 
there  again  got  into  diffictdties.  George- 
Homney  generously  discharged  his  debta, 
and  he  sts^ted  once  more  at  ^uthport*  Hia 
money  troubles  and  various  unfortunate — 
and  in  some  cases  disreputable — love  affairs 
seem  to  have  so  preyed  on  his  mind  that  he 
took  to  drink.  Prematurely  broken  in  health, 
he  died  in  May  1777,  in  his  thirty-fourth 
year.  He  chose  crayons  as  his  medium,  to 
avoid  possible  competition  with  his  brother, 
and  is  said  at  one  time  to  have  seemed  a 
likely  rival  to  Francis  Cotes  [q^.l  Lord  John 
Clinton,  Lord  Pelham,  Lord  Hyde,  and  Lord 
and  Lad^  Montford  were  among  his  more 
notable  sitters.  A  portrait  group  by  George 
Romney  of  his  two  brothers,  James  and 
Peter,  was  sold  at  Christie's  on  25  May  1894. 

[A  curious  account  of  this  erratic  artist  forms 
a  supplement  to  the  Rev.  John  Romney'a 
*  Memoirs '  of  his  father,  George  Romney.] 

W.  A. 

ROMNEY.  Sib  WILLIAM  {d.  1611)^ 
governor  of  the  East  India  Companv,  only- 
son  of  William  Romnev  of  Tetbury ,  Gloucea- 
t«rshire,  and  his  wife  Margaret,  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Haberdashers'  Company,  and  one 
of  the  origrinal  promoters  of  the  East  India 
Company.  For  some  time  governor  of  the 
Merchant  Adventurers'  Company,  he  went 
to  the  Netherlands  as  one  of  tne  commis- 
sioners for  that  society  in  June  1698  to 
obtain  a  staple  for  their  wool,  doth,  and 
kerseys.  On  22  Sept.  1699  he  subscribed 
200/.  in  the  intended  voyage  to  the  East 
Indies,  and  on  24  Sept.  was  made  one  of  the 
treasurers  for  the  voyage.  An  incorporator 
and  one  of  the  first  directors  of  the  East  India 
Company,  he  was  elected  deputy-governor 
on  9  Jan.  1601,  and  governor  in  1606.  In 
November  1601  he  urged  the  company  to 
send  an  expedition  to  discover  the  North- 
West  Passage,  either  in  conjunction  with  the 
Muscovy  Company  or  alone.  When  the 
latter  company  consented  to  join  in  the  en- 
terprise (22  Dec.  1601),  he  became  treaaurer 
for  the  vovage.  On  18  Dec.  1602  he  was 
elected  alderman  of  Portsoken  ward,  atid  in 
1603  one  of  the  sherifia  of  the  city  of  Lon- 
don.   On  26  July  1603  he  was  knighted  at 


Ronalds 


SOX 


Ronalds 


WhitehftlL  He  joined  in  sending  ont  Henry 
Hudson  to  discover  a  North- West  Passage 
in  Ainil  1610.  He  died  on  26  April  1611. 
By  his  will,  dated  18  April  1611,  he  gave 
libemllj  to  the  hoepitalsy  20/.  to  forty  poor 
ncholsTB  in  Oamhridge,  and  60/.  to  the  Haiber- 
dsshen*  Company  to  be  lent  to  a  young  free- 
man gtatis  for  two  years. 

Bomney  married  Rebecca,  only  daughter 
of  Robert  Taylor,  alderman  of  the  city  of 
London,  by  whom  he  had  six  sons  and  two 
dtaghten.  The  jrounger  dans^ter,  Susan, 
msmed  Sir  Francis  Gurew,  ELB.  His  wife 
died  on  SI  Dee.  1696.  8he  gave  four  exhi- 
bitions of  12L  each  to  the  Haberdashers' 
Company,  two  at  Emmanuel  College  and 
two  at  Sidney-Sussex  CoUero,  Cambridge ; 
6(.  a  year  to  two  freemen  of  the  company, 
and  A  a  year  to  four  poor  widows. 

[Rcmsmbranciaof  the  City  of  London,  pp.  27> 
495 ;  Heibert's  LiTexy  Com^nies,  ii.  644,  550, 
651 ;  SlafffiBs's  Dawn  of  British  Trade  to  tho 
Sast  IndiM,  passim;  Brown's  Genesis  of  the 
United  States,  pp.  66,  92,  212,  282,  240,  884, 
466, 987, 1046 ;  IfarL  Soe.  PnbL  i.  88,  zriL  212 ; 
Cal.  State  Papera,  Bom.  Elisabeth  oclxTiii.  6, 
Jaaat  I  zxiii.  11,  zliT.  60,  James  I  Addenda 
zzzix.  99.  CoL,  East  Indies,  1613-161 6,  passim.] 

W.  A.  S.  H. 

EOKALDS,    EDMUND    (1819-1889), 
chonist,  son  of  Edmund  Ronalcis,  a  London 
merchant,  and  his  wife  Eliza,  daughter  of 
James  Anderson,  LL.D.,  and  nephew  of  Sir 
Francis  Bonalds  [^.  y.],  was  bom  in  London 
in  1819.  After leaTmg8chool,Ronald8Studied 
SQcoessiTely  at  Giessen,  where  he  graduated 
Pii.D.  at  Jena,  Berlin,  Heidelberg,  and  Paris. 
In  1840  he  returned  to  England,  and  held 
the  leetnreehipe  in  chemistry  successiyely 
at  St.  Mary's  Hospital  and  the  Middlesex 
HoBpitaL  tn  1849  he  was  appointed  professor 
of  caemistry  in  the  Queen's  College,  Galway. 
He  waa  secretary  fof  the  Chemical  Society 
from  18i8  to  1860,  and  edited  the  first  two 
Tolnmes  of  its  *  Quarterly  Journal '  for  1849 
and  1860.    He  resigned  his  chair  at  Ghilway 
in  1856,  in  order  to  take  over  the  Bonning- 
tOQ  chemical  works,  where  the  raw  pro- 
dnetaof  the  Edinburgh  gas-works  were  dealt 
with.    In  a  letter  to  Sir  Francis  Ronalds  he 
wrote  in  1868  that  he  was  *  completely  ig- 
nored aa  a  tradesman  by  the  savants  of  Edin- 
boxsh.*    In  1878  he  retired  irom  business, 
and  set  np  a  private  research-laboratory  in 
Edinbargn,  to  which  he  welcomed  any  che- 
mist.   After  suffering  for  some  years  from 
ill-health,  he  died  at  fionnington  House  on 
9Sept.  1889,  Isaying  a  widow  and  six  children. 
The  'BofBl  Society's  *  Catalogue '  contains 
a  list  of  four  jN^era  by  Ronalds,  in  the  most 
importaat  of  whieh  he  showed  that  the 


sulphur  and  phosphorus  in  the  human  urine 
exist  partly  in  a  less  oxidised  state  than  as 
sulphate  and  phosphate  (PMtio9opkioal  TVons- 
aoUonSf  1846,  p.  ^1).  In  collaboration  witJs 
Thomas  Richardson  (1816-1867)  [q.v.l  he 
translated  and  edited  Knapp's  'Lehrbuch  der 
chemischen  Technologic,'  of  which  they  pub- 
lished the  first  edition  during  1848-51.  A 
second  edition  was  rewritten,  so  as  to  forna 
a  new  work,  but  Ronalds  coUaborated  only 
with  respect  to  the  first  two  parts,  publisheil 
in  1865. 

[Chem.  Soe.  Trans.  1890,  p.  456 ;  Proceedings 
Roy.  Soe  of  Edinbuigh,  vol.  xvii.  p.  xxviii  (by 
J.  Y.  Buchanan);  Scotsman  for  10  Sept  1889; 
MS.  Letters  of  Sir  Francis  Bonalds  in  the 
Library  of  the  Society  of  Telegraph  Engineers ; 
The  Jubilee  of  the  Chemical  Society,  pp.  188, 
240.]  P.  J.  H. 

BONALDS,  Sib  FRAN0I8  (1788-1873)^ 
inventor  of  the  electric  telegraph  and  me* 
teorologist,  son  of  Francis  RomdoiB,  a  London 
merchuit,  and  of  his  wife,  Jane,  daughter  of 
William  Field,was  bom  in  London  on  21  Feb. 
1788.  A  nephew,  Edmund  Ronalds,  is  sepa* 
rately  noticed.  The  Ronalds  family  origi-^ 
nally  came  from  Scotland,  but  had  settled  at 
Brentford,  where  St.  Lawrence's  Church  con*^ 
tains  memorials  of  many  of  its  members 
(Fattlknbb,  Antiqutttei  o/Brenfford,  p.  65). 
Ronalds  was  educated  at  a  private  school  at 
Cheshunt  bv  the  Rev.  E.  Cogan.  At  an  earlr 
age  he  displayed  a  taste  for  experiment,  ancl 
he  acquired  great  skill  later  in  practical  m»^ 
chanics  and  draughtsmanship.  Under  the 
influence  of  Jean  Andr6  de  Luc  (1727-1817),. 
whose  acquaintance  he  made  in  1614,  he  began 
to  devote  himself  to  practical  electricity.  la 
1814  and  1816  he  published  several  papers 
on  electricity  in  Tilloch's  'Philosophical  Ma- 
g^ine,'  one  of  which  records  an  ingenious 
use  of  De  Luc's  'electric  column'  as  a  motive 
power  for  a  dock. 

Ronalds's  name  is  chiefly  remembered  as 
the  inventor  of  an  electric  telegraph.  Since 
1758,  when  the  first  proposal  for  an  electric 
telegraph  worked  by  statical  electricity  was 
made  by  a  writer  signing  <0.  M.'  (said  to  be 
Charles  Morrison  [q.v.])  in  the  *  Scots  Biaga* 
sine '  (xv.  78),  successive  advances  had  been 
made  abroad  by  Yolta,  Le  Sage,  Lomond,. 
Cavallo,  Salva,  and  others;  but  much  was 
needed  to  perfect  the  invention.  In  1818 
Ronalds,  in  the  garden  of  his  house  in  the 
Upper  Mall,  Hammersmith  (subsequently 
known  as  Kelmsoott  House,  and  occupied  by 
William  Morris  the  poet),  laid  down  eight 
miles  of  wire,  insulated  in  glass  tubes,  and 
surrounded  by  a  wooden  trough  filled  with 
pitchy  BO  that  the  wire  was  cabbie  of  being 


Ronalds 


202 


Ronalds 


staticallj  charged  by  means  of  an  electric 
machine.  The  line  was  kept  charged  nor- 
mally; it  was  connected  at  dther  end  with 
a  Canton's  pith«ball  electrometer,  so  that, 
when  the  line  was  discharged  suddenly  by 
the  operator  at  one  end,  the  action  became 
at  once  evident  to  the  operator  at  the  other 
end.  Id.  order  to  render  the  apparatuscapable 
of  transmitting  different  signals,  two  similar 
discs,  on  each  of  which  was  marked  a  num- 
ber of  words,  letters,  and  figures,  were  at- 
tached to  the  seconds-arbors  of  two  docks 
beating  dead  seconds,  and  the  discs  were  thus 
made  to  rotate  synchronously  before  the 
operators  at  the  two  ends  of  the  line.  In 
front  of  either  of  these  rotating  discs  was 
placed  a  fixed  disc,  perforated  at  one  place, 
80  that  only  one  symbol  was  visible  at  a 
given  time  to  either  operator.  To  insure 
that  this  symbol  should  be  the  same  at  the 
same  instant  in  both  cases,  a  special  signal 
{produced  by  means  of  an  increased  charge, 
which  detonated  a  *  gas-pistol  *)  was  sent 
chron^h  the  line,  when  the  wora '  prepare ' 
was  visible  at  the  transmitting  end,  and  re- 
peated until  the  receiving  operator  signalled 
that  he  had  adjusted  his  instrument  so  that 
the  same  word  was  simultaneously  visible  to 
him.  The  two  dials  were  then  known  to  be 
travelling  in  unison,  and  the  transmitting 
operator  could  signal  any  given  symbol  by 
discharging  the  Ime  when  that  symbol  was 
visible  on  the  disc  at  his  own  end  of  the  line. 
Bonalds  showed  that  on  his  line  the  time  of 
transmission  of  each  symbol  was  almost  in- 
sensible (but  foresaw  and  explained  the  re- 
tardation which  must  take  place  in  lines  of 
considerable  electrostatic  capacity,  such  as 
submarine  cables).  Ronalds*smstrumentwas 
of  real  practical  use,  and  the  brilliant  idea  of 
using  synchronously  rotating  discs,  now  em- 
ployed m  the  Hughes  printing  apparatus,  was 
entirely  his  own.  The  only  defect  in  his 
invention  was  the  comparative  slowness  with 
which  a  suocesoon  of  symbols  could  be 
transmitted. 

On  11  July  1816  Ronalds  wrote  to  Lord 
Melville  faee  BinrDAS,  Robebt  Si.trNBBBs], 
then  first  lord  of  the  admiralty,  ofiering  to  de- 
monstrate the  practicability  of  his  scheme. 
After  some  correspondence,  Mr.  (afterwards 
Sir)  John.  Barrow  [q.  v.],  secretary  to  the 
admiralty,  wrote  on  o  Aug.  1816  that '  tele- 
graphs of  any  kind  arenowfLe.  after  the  coor 
elusion  of  the  French  war  J  totally  unneces- 
sary, and  that  no  other  than  the  one  now  in 
use  fa  semaphore  telegraph]  will  be  adopted.' 
Sir  John  Barrow's  son  explained  later  that 
this  now  famous  letter  was  written  entirely 
at  the  suRgestion  of  his  father's  superiors. 
Bonalda  Sat  published  an  account  of  his 


invention  in  1823  (with  a  preface,  in  wkich 
he  bids  'a  cordial  adieu  to  electricity'), 
under  the  title  '  Descriptions  of  an  Electnc 
Telegraph  and  of  some  othee  Electrical  Ap- 
paratus ; '  a  reprint,  suggested  by  Mr.  Lbu- 
mer  Clark,  was  published  in  1871.    In  this 
pamphlet  Ronalds  speaks  of  his  invention  in 
a  tone  half  of  banter,  half  of  proj^ecy.    '  Is 
the  summer  of  1816,'  he  writes, '  I  amused 
myself  by  wasting,  I  &ar,  a  great  deal  of 
time  and  no  small  etpenditnre  on  the  sub- 
ject;'  but  he  was  nevertheless  confident 
that  if  his  line  had  been  five  himdred  miles 
long,  instead  of  ei^t,  it  would  have  worked 
as  well,  and  fiilly  foresaw  the  practical  revo- 
lution which  the  electric  telegraph  mi^^bt 
effect.    Of  his  official  rebuff  he  writes  with 
characteristic  good   nature :    '  I  felt  verj 
little  disappointment,  and  not  a  shadow  of 
resentment  .  .  .  because  everyone  knows 
that  telegraphs  have  long  been  great  bores 
at  the  admiraltv '  (p.  24).    Between  1816 
and  1828  Ronalds  travelled  for  two  or  three 
years  through  Europe  and  the  East,  and 
appears  at  tms  time  to  have  begun  coUectioff 
his  large  library  of  works  on  electricity  and 
kindrea  subjects.    In  1825  he  invented  and 
patented  a  perspective  tracing  instrument, 
intended  to  facilitate  drawing  from  nature, 
which  he  improved  about  1828,  and  described 
in  a  work  called  'Mechanical  Perepective.' 
These  instruments  seem  to  be  the  only  ones 
for  which  he  took  out  patents ;  the  ori^sl 
instrument  came  into  the  poaseasion  of  Sir 
G.  PuroeU  Taylor,  hart.,  in  1880.  In  18d6  he 
published,  in  collaboration  with  Dr.  Blair,  a 
series  of  sketches  of  the  '  Druidic  Remains  at 
Camac,'  made  with  the  Ronalds  perspective 
instrument,  and  accompanied  by  written  de- 
scriptions. 

Early  in  1848  Ronalds  was  made  honorary 
director  and  superintendent  of  the  Meteoro- 
lo^cal  Observatory,  which  waa  then  esta- 
blished at  Kewbydie  British  Association  for 
the  Advancement  of  Science.  On  1  Feb.  184^ 
he  was  elected  F.  R.S.  During  his  stay  at  Kew, 
Ronalds  devised   a  system  of  continuous 
automatic  registration  for  meteorological  in- 
struments by  means  of  photography,  and 
applied  it  to  the  atmospheric  Seotrometer, 
the   thermometer,   barometer,    decdination- 
magnet,  and  horixontal  and  vertdoal  force 
magnetographs.    The  first  Inatriunent  wss 
set  regularly  to  work  on  4  Sept.  1645.    In  a 
report -read  at  the  annual  visitation  of  the 
Greenwich  Observatory,  on  1  June  1844,  Sir 
Oeorge  Biddell  Airy  (1601-1892)  attcibutQd 
the  invention  in  part  to  Sir  Charles  Wheats- 
stone  (1802-1876)  [q.  v.] ;  but  BoBalds  as- 
serted that  the  only  assistanoahe  hadreoeived 
was  in  the  ohemioalportionof  theprooeaa,  aaA 


Ronalds 


aoj 


Ronalds 


thai  wu  gireii  by  Mr.OoUaiy  a  photompher 
{Epiicm^  ftfry  pu  1).    He  pufaltthed  deacrip- 
tioBsof  hiB  iiMtriimeatB  ia  the  'Reports  to 
the  BiitMli  AMOciatiQii,'  1844  (p.  120),  1846 
('TrannetioiiB  of  Sectioiis/  p.  10),  1849 
<p.  80),  1860  (p.  176),  1861  ^.  836) ;  in  the 
*11iDoMphicai  IVannetiona/  1847 ;  and  in 
aa ' Epitome  of  tba  .  •  ••  Ofaeennations  made 
at  the  Kevr  Obeervatoiy'  in  1848.     Mr. 
Ohariei  Bmko,  aided  like  Bonalda  bj  giants 
firom  the  Sojml  Society,  had  invented  in- 
dependeptly  about  tbis  time,  although  he 
began  his  leseardi  at  a  aomeiwaat  lat^r  date, 
a  method  of  photographic  registration  similar 
CO  that  of  Ronalds,  but  eomeirhat  inferior  in 
hs  optical  arrangements.    Broc^  zeoeived 
a  lom  of  600/.  as  a  reward  from  the  gOTem- 
nunt  for  his  inyention  and  for  installing  his 
inttnmients  at  Greenwich.    Colonel  (alteiv 
waida  Sir  JSdwsord)  Sabine  [q.  y.1  induced 
RoasUi  to  spply  lor  a  like  reward,  and  the 
Msnais  of  Mruiainpton  and  Sir  John  Fre- 
derick William  Hisrschel  [q.  v.l,  then  pre- 
tideats  of  the  Boyal  Society  and  the  British 
Aasoeistioa  respeetiTely,  mduced  the  go- 
Tmmentto  grant  him  260/.    A  number  of 
Bunalds's   instniments  were  exhibited  at 
the  Fkris  Exhibition  of  1866  {BrH.  Assoc 
Sifert  for  1866).    Ronalds's  invention  was 
of  extrane  importance  to  meteorologists  and 
phyBieiita,  aaa  although  photographic  reffi- 
fltntioo  has  been  in  some  cases  replaced  by 
atchsaieal  vegistnation,  it  is  indispensable 
vh«B  the  {ftnes  at  work  in  the  recordinfr  in- 
itnmeat  an  small;  it  is  employed  in  aU  Srst- 
rete  ofaserf^terieB,  and- has  been  used  in  many 
physical  inveetigations.  In  points  of  detail, 
howe?«r,  the  methods  of  Bonalds  have  been 
iaroored  by  his  soocessor,  Jdiin  Welsh, 
F.&a[q.T4*ndotiMr8.  In  1847  Bonalds, 
together  witb  Br.  WilUamBadcliffe  Biit,  dfr- 
viaed  a  method  for  keeping  a  kite  at  constant 
hofbt  for  purposes  of  meteorological  obser- 
ution  {PkOoswJiieal  Maaaune,  1847  [3], 
zixL  191).  In  1862  Ronalds  retired  from  the 
^■lectoiship  of  tlie  Kew  Obsenfatory,  and 
neeived  a  civil  Ikt  pension  of  76/.  per  annum 
*&r  hia  eminent  disooTories  in  electrioity  and 
neteofolMy.' 

Siencemrth,rwith  die  exception  of  ana^ 
oBsniopioved  barograph  (Cbmoa,  186o,yiii. 
'^l),  Ronalds  SMms  to  nave  made  few  or  no 
F*<ticsl  eontribatjons  to  science.  He  lived 
&r  maoy  jmars  abroad,  mostly  in  Italy,  and 
^m  chio^  oQCopied  in  oompaluig  a  catalogue 
of  books  f^eiating  to  eleetrioity,  and  in  comr 
piflti&ff  hm  dflctrisal  Hbracy.  In  the  mean* 
viiile  his  isvention  of  an  electric  telegraph 
had  been  inasiutieusly  developed  by  llS^eat^ 
toe,  whtt  had  :seen  many  of  the  Hammei^ 
«Wh  exp«tinaeBls,.in  tonjonction  with  Mr. 


I 


afterwards  Sir)  WUliam  Fotheigill  Cooke 
^q.  v.l,  and  these  two  men  together  devised 
u  18£r  the  first  electric  telegraph  used  pub- 
licly in  England.  When,  in  1866,  a  contro- 
versy arose  between  Wheatstone  and  Oooke 
with  rogaxd  to  their  respective  shares  in  the 
invention,  Wheatstone  at  oaoe  acknowledged 
his  direct  debt  to  Ronalds,  and  Oooke,  though 
less  fully,  acknowledged  the  priority  of  £U>- 
nalds'a  work ;  heappears  to  have  bem  ignorant 
of  it  before  188/,  although,  when  he  was 
4|uite  a  child,  his  iather  had  seen  the  Ronalds 
telegraph  at  work.  Until  1666  Ronslds's 
share  in  the  invention  had  been  forffotten  by 
the  public.  An  application  in  1866  to  Lord 
Derby  for  some  recognition  of  his  merits, 
similar  to  that  given  to  Wheatstone  and 
Cooke,  proved  fruitless;  but,  as  a  recnilt  of 
a  memorial  addressed  to  Mr.  Gladstone  in 
Februarv  1870,  Ronalds  was  knighted  on 
81  March  1871.  Ronalds  spent  the  last  ten 
vears  of  his  life  at  Battle  in  Sussex,  where 
ne  was  aided  b^  his  niece,  Miss  Julia  Ro- 
nalds, in  preparing  his  catalogue.  He  died, 
unmarriea,  at  St.  Mary's  Yula,  Battle,  on 
8  Aug.  1878. 

^  Ronalds  was  a  man  of  an  extremely  sen- 
sitive and  retiring  dis^sition.  His  extraordi- 
nary practical  ingenuity  would  have  quickly 
brought  to  any  one  other  than  this '  least  push- 
ing of  oriffixLal  inventors '  (W.  F.  Cookb) 
wealth  and  nameu  To  suefti  things  Ronalds 
seems  to  have  been  indifferent,  but  his  tele- 
graph and  the  invention  of  photographic 
registration  have  secured  tor  him  a  perma- 
nent memory. 

Ronalds  l>equeathed  600f.  to  the  Wollaston 
fund  of  the  Koyal  Society  as  an  acknow- 
ledgment of  the  grants  made  towards  his 
scientific  researches,  and  left  his  library  to 
his  brother-in-law,  Samud  Carter,  with  in- 
structions to  preserve  it  ^  so  as  to  be  as  of 
much  use  as  possible  to  persons  engaged  in 
the  pursuit  of  electricity.'  Carter,  at  the  sug- 
gestion of  Mr.  Latimer  Clark,  gave  it  in  trust 
to  the  Sociotv  of  Telegraph  (now  Institution 
of  Electrical)  ^Engineers. 

Romdds  left  in  manuscript  a  work  on 
turning,  of  which  part  was  at  one  time 
printed,  and  the  Ronalds  Library  contains 
some  unpublished  manuscripts  on  electricity, 
meteorology,  drawing,  and  surveying,  and  a 
journal  of  his  tour  in  the  Med[iterranean, 
Egypt,  Syria,  and  Oreeoe  in  1819^20.  Be- 
sides the  works  previously  mentioned,  he 
published  an  illustrated  reprint  of  lua  '<R»> 
ports  to  the  British  Assooiajtion.' 

His  orJAnal  telegraph  was  dng  np  by 
Mr.  J.  A.  Peacock  in  lo71  firom  the  garden 
•in  Hammersmith.  A  portion  was  pliused  in 
tfaa  BHyilion  Museumi  Brighton,  <and  was 


Ronayne 


ao4 


Rooke 


presented  later  bj  Mr.  Latimer  dark  to  the 
General  Poet  Office.  The  fragments  are  now 
in  the  scienoe  galleries  of  the  South  Ken- 
sington Museum,  with  documents  attesting 
them.  W.  Walker's  'Memoirs  of  Distin- 
guished Men  of  Science  living  in  1807-d' 
contains  a  portrait  of  Ronalds.  There  is  a  fine 
marble  bust  of  him  by  Mr.  Edward  Davis  in 
the  library  of  the  Institution  of  Electrical 
Engineers;  a  portrait  in  oils,  by  Mr.  Hugh 
Garter,  is  in  the  possession  of  his  sister,  Mrs. 
Samuel  Carter  (of  this  an  autotype  repro- 
duction is  given  in  Sime's  '  Sir  Francis  Ko- 
nalds  *) ;  and  a  good  likeness  was  published  by 
the  'Illustrated  London  News,' SO  Aprill870. 

[Besides  the  sources  quoted ,  see  Bonalds's  Scien- 
tifle  Papers ;  Gatalogoe  of  the  Bonalds  libmiy, 
compiled  by  Sir  F.  Ronalds,  and  edited  by  A.  J. 
Frost,  with  a  biographical  memoir  by  the  latter 
(this  memoir  is  &irly  complete ;  the  catalogue, 
intended  as  a  general  bibliography  of  electricitv, 
enumerates  many  books  not  in  the  library); 
Dod's  Peerage,  1871 ;  Ann.  Reg.  1878,  p.  149 ; 
Obituary  in  the  Athenaeum,  23  Aug.  1873 ;  Manu- 
scripts and  various  Collections  of  Pamphlets  and 
Newspaper-cutting  relating  to  his  Inventious, 
made  by  Ronalds,  in  the  Ronalds  Library;  Sime*s 
Sir  Frincis  Ronalds  .  •  .  and  .  .  .  Electric  Tele- 
graphy; Silliman's  Principles  of  Physics,  2nd 
edit  p.  61 7 ;  Wheatstone's  Reply  to  Mr.  (William 
Fothergill)  Cooke's  . . .  The  Electric  Telegraph, 
p.  17i  passim;  Thomas  Fothergill  Cooke's  Au- 
thoTsfaip  of  the  Practical  Electrio  Telegraph, 
p.  xziii,  passim ;  Robert  Sabine's  Electric  Tele- 
graph, pp.  10,  86,  pasrim ;  Comhill  Magarine, 
1860,  ii.  61  etseq.;  Hoppe'saeseh.d.  Elektricitat, 
p.  676,  passim ;  Albrecht's  G^esch.  d.  Elektricitat, 
p.  118,  passim;  Moigno'sTil^graphie  Electriaue, 
pp.  62,  352 ;  R.  H.  Scott's  <  History  of  the  Kew 
Observatory '  in  Proceedings  of  the  Royal  Society, 
xxzix.  87  et  seq.  (also  published  separately); 
Brooke's  paper  on  '  AutomHtic  Registration/  &c 
(Phil.  Trans.!  847,  pp.  69. 69) ;  Charles  V.  Walker 
in  his  translation  of  Kaemts's  Meteorology 
(1846),  passim ;  Letter  from  Airy  in  Atheneum, 
12Julyl861,p.  784;  Report  by  Professor  Wheat- 
stone  and  others  on  the  Kew  Observatory,  in  the 
British  Association  Report  for  1848,  p.  zzxix ; 
Reports  of  the  Council  of  the  British  Association, 
1844-61, and  for  1866  (pp.  xxx  etseq.) ;  informa- 
tion kindly  given  by  Mr.  Latimer  Clark,  F.R.S., 
Sir  C.  Purcell  Taylor,  bart,  and  Dr.  Charles 
Chroe,  superintendent  of  the  Kew  Observatory.] 

P.  J.  H. 

RONAYNE,  JOSEPH  PHILIP  (1822- 
1876\  civil  engineer,  youngest  son  of  Ed- 
mona  Ronayne,  a  glass-maker  of  Cork,  was 
bom  at  Oork  in  1822.  After  an  education 
under  Messrs.  Porter  and  Hamblin  at  a  school 
in  Oork,  and  instruction  from  Mr.  O'Neill  in 
practicsl  surveying,  he  entered  the  office  of 
8ir  John  Benjamin  McNeill  [q.v.]»  ^^^^  ®>^~ 
gineer  of  London  and  Glasgow.    He  waa 


first  engaged  in  the  design  and  constructioa 
of  the  main  arterial  lines  of  railway  in  Ire- 
land, and  then  on  one  half  of  the  Cork  and 
Bandon  railway,  a  work  which  he  soccess- 
fuU^  accomplished.  In  1863  he  proposed 
furnishing  Cork  with  water  by  the  con- 
struction of  a  lake  near  Blarney,  but  this, 
a  gravitation  scheme  of  great  simplicity, 
was  not  carried  out.  On  4  March  1866 
he  became  a  member  of  the  Institution  of 
Civil  Engineers.  From  1864  to  1850  he  wss 
in  Califomiai  where  he  superintended  hy- 
draulic works,  bringing  down  the  waters  of 
the  Sierra  Nevada  to  the  goldfields  by  mesni 
of  canals  and  aqueducts.  Soon  after  return- 
ing to  Ireland  he  became  a  contractor,  and 
executed  the  Queenstown  branch  of  the  Coric 
and  Youghal  nulway .  On  the  completion  of 
that  woH£  he  laid  out  the  Cork  and  Maoroos 
railway.  He  took  payment  in  shares,  and  thus 
occupied  the  unusual  position  of  engineeryOon- 
tractor,  and  the  largest  proprietor,  a  combi- 
nation which  led  to  the  line  being  designed 
with  economy,  efficiency,  and  careful  manage- 
ment. He  subsequently  suggested  to  the 
government  the  construction  of  a  dock  in  a 
bay  near  Monkstown,  a  ^lan  looked  unon 
with  favour  b^  some  engmeer  officers,  Wt 
the  Haulbowlme  site  was  finally  adopted. 
On  10  Bee.  1872  he  was  elected  to  xepresent 
Cork  in  narliament,  in  succession  to  Jobs 
Francis  Maffuirefq*  v.],  and  retained  the  seat 
till  his  deatn.  He  was  a  leading  member  of 
the  home-rule  party.  Clear-sighted  and  of  the 
strictest  integrity,  he  was  as  much  respected 
by  his  political  adversaries  as  by  his  sup* 
porters.  He  died  at  Rinn  Ronain,  Queens- 
town,  on7  May  1876,  and  was  buried  in  Father 
Mathew's  cemetery,  Cork,  on  11  May.  He 
married,  in  1850,  Eli»ibeth,  daughter  of  Ed- 
ward Stace  Wrighty  commander  B.N. 

[Minutes  of  Proceedings  of  Institution  of  Ciril 
Engineers,  1 876,  zlvi.  274-6 ;  Cork  ConstitutioD, 
8  May  1876  p.  2, 12  May  p.  2.]  G.  C.  B. 

BOOKE,  Sib  GEORGE  (1660-1700), 
admiral  of  the  fleet,  bom  in  1650,  was  second 
son  of  Sir  WiUiam  Booke  (1624-1601)  of  St. 
Laurence,  Canterburv,  sheriff  of  Kent  (1685- 
1688),  and  nephew  of  Lawrence  Rooke  [q.  v.] 
He  is  said  to  have  served  as  a  volunteer 
through  the  second  Dutch  war.  In  1672  he 
was  lieutenant  of  the  London,  flagship  of  Sir 
Edward  Spragge  [q.  v.],  in  the  battle  of  Sole- 
bay.  In  167S  be  was  again  with  Spragoe, 
as  lieutenant  of  the  Royal  Prince,  in  the 
action  of  4  June.  When  the  ship  was  dis- 
abled and  Spragge  shifted  his  flag  to  the  St. 
George,  Rooke  was  left  in  command,  and— 
well  supported  by  the  gpinner,  lUchard  Lealia 
[q.v.] — succeeded  in  repeUing  the  attempt 


Rooke 


205 


Rooke 


«f  the  Datch  to  set  her  on  fire.  In  Novem- 
ber foUowmg  he  was  promoted  to  the  com- 
mand of  the  Holmes,  from  which  he  took 
post.  Daring  the  following  years  he  com- 
maaded  the  Nonsuch,  the  Hampshire,  and 
the  St.  David  in  the  Mediterranean,  under 
Narbrough  or  Herbert  [see  NarbboitgHi 
Snt  JoHV;  Herbhbt,  Abthttb,  Eakl  of 
ToBBureTDvl  and  in  1688  was  captain  of 
the  50-gim  ship  Deptford*  Though  always 
aeooimted  a  tory,  Booke*s  political  principles 
did  not  lead  him,  at  this  time,  to  run  counter 
to  the  general  feeling  of  the  navy,  which  was 
in  fkTour  of  the  revolution.  In  May  1689, 
itill  in  the  Deptford,  he  took  part  in  the 
bsttle  of  Bantiy  Bay,  and  was  afterwards 
KBt  with  a  small  squadron  to  the  relief  of 
Londonderry,  then  besieged  by  the  forces  of 
James  XL  It  appears  probable  that  there 
ms  tome  misunoerstandung  between  Rooke 
and  Qeneial  Kirke  as  to  the  division  of  the 
woi^  ind  that  Rooke  believed  his  first  care 
was  the  prevention  of  any  assistance  to  the 
besiegen  coming  fiom  the  sea.  It  is  certain 
that  the  squadron  lay  in  Lough  Foyle  with- 
out attempting  to  succour  the  town,  and  that 
the  boom  was  at  last  broken  by  the  Dart- 
Bioath  [see  Leavb,  Sib  Jork]  rather  with 
Bookers  permission  than  by  his  orders. 

In  December  he  was  moved  into  the  Eagle, 
and  on  6  Mav  1690  was  promoted  to  be  rear- 
sdminl  of  the  red,  in  which  capacity,  with 
his  fltff  in  the  Duchess  of  90  guns,  he  took 
ptrt  in  the  battle  of  Beachy  Head.  His 
evkience  at  the  subsequent  court-martial  is 
ssid  to  have  been  very  much  in  Torrington's 
&Toar.  On  20  Jan.  1691-2  he  was  promoted 
to  be  vice-admiral  of  the  blue  squadron,  and 
in  that  capacity,  with  his  flag  m  the  Nep- 
tone,  was  present  in  the  battle  of  Barfleur 
mRvtsBLL,  Edwabd,  Eabl  of  Obfobd]. 
uoring  the  greater  part  of  the  day  the  blue 

Soadran  was  helplessly  to  leeward ;  but  in 
e  afternoon  a  shift  of  wind  permitted  it 
to  fetch  to  windward  of  the  French  line, 
tI»H  placing  the  enemy  between  two  fires, 
^nxB  which  a  lucky  fog  permitted  them  to 
escape  for  the  time.  When  a  part  of  their 
^t  had  taken  refusre  in  the  bay  of  La 
Ho|^,  Rooke  was  oraered  to  take  command 
^  the  boats  and  bum  the  enemy's  ships. 
He  leoordingly  shifted  his  flag  to  the  70-ffun 
^p  Eagle,  and,  atanding  close  in  with  a 
^oadnm  of  the  smaller  ships  of  the  line, 
sent  in  the  boats  and  set  fire  to  the  French 
^ps  of  war  and  transports,  23^  May. 
^«ver  was  an  operation  of  war  more  com- 
pi«te,  and  Roolce  rightly  received  much 
credit  for  the  way  in  which  'it  was  carried  out. 
It  k  said,  on  Tery  donbtftd  evidence,  that  the 
king  eonfemd  on  him  a  pension  of  1,000/.  a 


^ear  (GnABirocir,  i.  407)  ,*  it  is  certain  that 
m  the  following  spring,  the  king,  going  to 
Portsmouth,  dinea  on  board  Kooke's  ship 
and  knighted  him. 

In  May  1698  Rooke  was  appointed  to  con- 
voy the  outward-bound  Mediterranean  trade, 
consisting  of  about  four  hundred  merchant 
ships,  English  and  Dutch.  For  this  service 
he  had  a  force  of  thirteen  ships  of  from  forty 
to  sixty  guns,  six  smaller  vessels,  and  eight 
Dutch  ships,  under  Vice-admiral  Van  der 
Qoes.  The  exceptional  value  and  impor- 
tance of  the  convoy  rendered  necessary  ex- 
ceptional measures  for  its  defence ;  and  the 
grand  fleet,  under  the  command  of  the  joint 
admirals,  Delavall,  Killigrew,  and  Shovell, 
sailed  with  it  for  its  further  protection.  The 
latter  assumed,  however,  that  the  French 
fleet  must  be  in  Brest ;  they  did  not  take 
any  measures  to  ascertain  whether  it  was  or 
was  not ;  and  when  they  had  seen  the  con- 
voy some  fifty  leagues  to  the  south-west  of 
Ushant,  they  parted  company  and  returned 
to  St.  Helen  s.  Rooke,  with  the  convoy, 
went  on,  fearing  no  further  danger,  for  his 
squadron  was  of  overpowering  strength 
against  any  attack  from  the  enemy's  cruisers. 
But  on  rounding  Cape  St.  Vincent  he  found 
himself  unexpectedly  in  the  presence  of  the 
whole  navy  of  France,  which  had  lain  in 
Lagos  Bay,  as  it  were,  in  ambuscade. 
Against  such  a  force  Rooke's  squadron  could 
do  nothing.  Squadron  and  convoy  dispersed 
and  fled,  but  a  very  large  number  of  the 
merchant  ships  were  captured,  17-18  June 
1693.  Rooke  made  his  way  to  Madeira, 
whence  he  returned  to  Cork  on  8  Aug.  Not 
the  least  curious  part  of  the  business  is  that 
no  blame  for  this  loss  fell  on  him.  The 
ministry  and  the  joint  admirals  were  sharply 
criticised  for  not  naving  informed  themselves 
of  the  whereabouts  of  the  enemy's  fleet ;  but 
everybody  seems  to  have  considered  that 
Rooke  was  in  no  way  bound  to  have  look- 
out ships  well  ahead,  which  might  have 
given  timely  warning  of  the  dan^. 

In  April  1694  he  was  appointea  one  of  the 
lords  commissioners  of  toe  admiralty  and 
admir^  of  the  blue  squadron.  In  September 
1695  he  was  appoint^  admiral  of  the  white 
squadron  and  commander-in-chief  of  the 
fleet  sent  to  the  Mediterranean,  whence  he 
returned  in  the  following  April,  and,  after 
commanding  in  the  Channel  for  some  weeks, 
was  summoned  to  London  to  attend  to  his 
duties  at  the  admiralty.  In  1697  he  again 
commanded  the  fleet  in  the  Channel,  and, 
falling  in  with  a  fleet  of  Swedish  merchant- 
men on  the  coast  of  France,  sent  them  all 
in  for  adjudication.  Out  of  this  grew  an 
angry  controversy,  but  the  ships  were  aU 


Rooke 


ao6 


Rooke 


oondemned,  being  piOYed  to  be,  as  Rooke  had 
suspected,  really  French^  sailinff  under  the 
Swedish  Aag  (Cakpbeix,  iii.  d9o).  In  June 
1700  Rooke  was  commander-in-chief  of  a 
powerM  fleet,  English  and  Dutch,  sent  to 
the  Sound  to  support  Charles  XU  of  Sweden 
against  the  Danes.  When  joined  by  the 
Swedes,  the  allied  fleet  numbered  flfty-two 
si^  of  Ui6  Une.  So  formidable  an  armament 
brought  Uie  Danes  to  terms,  and  peace  be- 
tween Denmark  and  Sweden  was  signed  on 
18  Aug. 

When  war  between  England  and  France 
again  broke  out  in  1702,  Rooki^with  the 
union  flag  at  the  main,  was  appointed  com- 
mander-in-chief of  an  exneaxtion  sgainst 
Cadiz,  the  Duke  of  Ormonae  accompanying 
him  in  command  of  the  troops.  The  force 
was  very  laige,  consisting  of  thirty  English 
and  twenty  Dutch  ships  of  the  line,  besides 
many  smaller  vessels  and  transnorts,  making 
in  all  one  hundred  and  sixty  sail,  with  about 
fourteen  thousand  soldiers.  Nothing,  how- 
ever, was  effected.  Rooke  and  Ormonde 
differed  as  to  the  plan  of  operations ;  they 
were  uncertain  whether  the  Spaniards  were 
to  be  considered  as  friends  to  be  conciliated 
or  enemies  to  be  constrained ;  and  after 
Vflonous  abortive  attempts.  Rooke  decided  to 
return.  Fortunately  for  iiim  and  Ormonde, 
they  received  intelligence  that  a  combined 
FrenchrSpaniBh  fleet,  with  the  treasure  ships 
from  the  West  Indies,  had  put  into  Vigo 
[see  ELlbst,  Sib  ThomasI.  Resolving  to  at- 
tack tbem,  they  arrived  in  the  river  on 
11  Oct.  1702,  and  found  the  enemies'  ships 
anohored,  broadside  on,  behind  a  massive 
boom,  the  ends  of  whioh  were  protected  by 
heavy  batteries.  On  the  early  morning  of 
the  12th  Ormonde  landed  some  three  thou- 
sand soldiers  and  took  the  southern  battery. 
The  Torbay  broke  the  boom  [see  Hopsoinr, 
Sib  Thomas]  amid  a  tremendous  Are,  and 
the  ships,  as  detailed,  following  through  the 
passage,  overwhelmed  the  enemy.  Once 
through  the  boom,  the  fighting  was  at  an  end. 
The  fiench  and  ^Muuards  set  fire  to  their 
ships  and  escaped  to  the  shore ;  but  many 
were  too  late,  and  were  blown  up  with  the 
ships..  '  For  some  tinxe  there  was  nothin|Bf  to 
be  nemrd  or  seen  but  cannonading,  burning, 
men  and  g^uns  flying  in  the  air,  sod  aUo^ 
gether  the  most  lively  scene  of  horror  and 
confusion  that  can  be  imagined'  (Life  of 
Captain  SUphem  Mar^m^  Navy  Records  Soe. 
p.  68).  The  conflaffration  continned  through 
the  greater  port  of  the  night.  By  the  next 
morning  all  the  ships,  French  and  Spanish, 
were  d^reyed  or  taken.  The  government 
treasure  had  been  landed  pravious  to  the  at> 
tack.     The  amount  remaining  W4ia  never 


known.  About  1,000,000/.  fell  to  the  victoii, 
but  it  was  long  supposed  that  much  more 
was  sunk.  Ol  this  there  waa  no  proof;  snd 
the  numerous  attempts  that  have  been  made 
to  search  for  and  recover  it  have  met  with  no 
success  (see  Wton,  Queen  Anne,  L  118  sq.) 

Rooke  returned  to  Rnglnnd  in  November 
1702,  and,  upon  taking  hia  seal  in  the  House 
of.  Commons  as  member  for  Portsmouth 
(which  he  had  represented  since  1698),  re- 
ceived the  thanks  of  the  house  for  the  suc- 
cess at  Vigo,  and  was  nominated  a  member 
of  the  privy  council.    None  the  less  (ineoa- 
sequence  of  Ormonde's  angry  oomplaiats)  a 
committee  was  appointed  to  inquire  into  the 
failure  at  Cadiz.     Rooke,  in  his  defence, 
showed  that  his  instructions  were  contradic- 
tory, directing  him  to  promise  peace  and 
protection  to  the  Spaniaxus  and  at  the  saiae 
time  authorising  him  to  use  hostilities  against 
them ;  and  that  from  first  to  last  there  wss 
such  a  difference  of  (pinion  between  him, 
the  Duke  of  Ormondoi  and  the  Prinee  of 
Hesse-Darmstadt,  that  the   only  measure 
they  could  agree  on  was  to  return  home. 
On  the  report  of  the  committee,  Booke's  con- 
duct was  a^roved,  and  the  following  year 
he  was  again  appointed  commaAder-in-chief 
of  the  grand  fleet,,  the  sailing  of  which,  how- 
ever, was  delayed  by  the  noDranrival  of  the 
Dutch  and  by  the  orders  of  Prince  Oeoige, 
till  the  season  was  so  far  advaneed  that  no- 
thing could  be  done.  In  October  1708  he  was 
sent  0T«r  to  Holland  with  a-  saiall  squadroa 
to  embark  the  Anshdake*  Oharies,.  now  de» 
dared  king  of  Spain ;  but,  beiK^  delayed  by 
contrary  winds,  waa  still  on  &e  coast  on 
26  Nov.  when  the  '  ereat  stomi '  shattered, 
stranded,  or  wrecks  his  shi^  (Boybb,  p. 
100 ;  BUBTOF,  Hiet.  of  Queen  Anne,  i.  104). 
Rooke  himself  was  at  The  Hague  et  the  time, 
but,  hasteningtothe  scene  of  the  disaster,  be 
made  every  efibi t  to-  get  the  ships  ready  for 
sea.     This,  however,,  took  three  weeks,  and 
it  was  26  Dec.  1703  bdbte  he  arrived  st 
Spithead,  with  the  king  ef  Spain  on  board. 

In  February  1704,  wkh  only  a  detachment 
of  the  fleet — the  rest  being  ordered  to  follow 
as  soon  as  it  oould  be  gpt  ready — he  took 
the  kii^  to  Lisbon^  aSbd  afltor  croieing  for  a 
month  in  hopes  oi  meeting  the  S^eaiw  fleet 
from  the  West  Indies,  he  received  orders 
from  home  to  go  up  the  Madilemnean  and 
relieve  Nice  ov  Villafraace,  then  threadened 
bv  the  French..  On  this  it  was  augigpQBted  by 
the  king's  council  that  on  the  appearanee  (» 
any  force  Bareelona  was  prepsffed  to  re* 
cognise  Kinc  Charles,  and  with  this  object 
in  view  the  P^inoe  of  Hosce  -Dnnaetadt  ae» 
compaaied  the  flbet,  which  oonsisted  of 
twent^-thneships  ef 'the  line^  beaideafrigatea 


Rooke 


207 


Rooke 


ad  smaller  yeaseU.  Thej  arrired  off  Bar- 
Mkona  on  18  May,  but  only  to  find  that 
measniM  had  been  takon  to  prevent  any 
demooitratkNa  in  fBLvoor  of  the  arohduke. 
Hw  nmiiiea  of  the  fleet  were  landed ;  but 
they  did  not  number  more  than  sixteen  hun- 
dnd,  a  teoe  utterly  inadequate  to  effeet 
anything  agsinat  the  town  without  support 
from  iIm  i^iabitante.  They  were  therefore 
re-embaiked,  and  Rooke,  learning  that  the 
Franck  fleet  from  Biest  had  come  into  the 
libiiterranean,  and  bein^  unable  to  prevent 
h  joining  that  at  Toulon,  judged  it  expedient 
to  letam  to  Lbbon  to  meet  the  remforoe- 
meat  which  he  expected.  He  fbU  in  with 
this,  vnder  Sir  Clowdialey  ShoveU,  off  Cape 
8t.  MaiT,  on  17  Jane. 

The  wee  then  eonnsted  of  flfty-*nine  sail 
of  the  line,  English  and  Datoh,  and  in  a 
eouncil  of  war  it  was  debated  whether  they 
shoold  attempt  Oadii  or  Barcelona,  or  content 
thoseelvss  wit^  waiting  on  the  united  French 
fleet  andsr  the  command  of  the  Count  of 
Touloose.  Orders  from  home  prohibited  their 
ondertaking  anything  on  the  coast  without 
the  apfOobatioQ  of  their  majesties  of  Spain 
and  Pett^gal,  and  as  these  had  no  troops  to 
^axe  Idt  any  joint  entexprise,  it  was  finally 
Molved  to  go  into  the  Mediterranean,  *  and 
kxep  those  at  Toulon  from  going  to  sea  or 
makLDg  any  attempt  upon  the  coast  of  Italy/ 
On  7-10  July  the  fleet  watered  near  Malaga, 
•■d  a  few  myB  later  Rooke  had  a  request 
from  the  titular  king  to  make  an  attempt  on 
Cadis.  In  a  council  of  war  held  on  17  July 
it  was  resolved  that  this  was  impraotieable 
wi^oat tJm  00-cperation  of  aa  army;  but  at 
the  same  time  it  was  suggested  that  Gibraltaor 
B^fht  be  attariied  wHh  a  Mi  prospect  of 
suceeea ;  and,  Rooke  approving  of  it,  the  de- 
tenamation  was  at  once  come  to. 

Daring  the  next  few  days  the  plan  was 

agiaedl  on  and  anangements  were  made.   On 

the  31at  Rean-admural  George  Byng  was 

detached  with  twenty-two  shins,  but  wae 

followed  iat  a  Ibw  hours  bv  Rooke  with  the 

test  of  the  fleet,  which  ancnored  on  the  22nd 

ia  Qibraltar  Bay,  where  Byng  was  already 

islisabelbrethetown.  The  ranee  of  Hesse, 

in  eommaad  of  tSL  Ihe  marines^  English  and 

Dotc^  landed  en  what  is  now  known  as  the 

novttal  gveand,  and  eai)^  the  n^t  morrfing, 

cm  the  govetnor's  relunitf  to  surrender  the 

town,  the  attack  began.    Byng'sdetachmcfnt, 

which  Boohe  had  strengtmred  with  Ave 

aoceaUpa,  was  tanged  mta,  the  Newto  the 

Old  Mde,  as  doae  m  sh<»e  aa  was  possible ; 

the  Baaelagh,  Byng^s  flagship,  had  not  more 

tkaa  eighteen  inches  water  under  her  keel. 

The  heavy  flte  frMn  the  lower-deck  guns 

siiflimid  ibe  batteiy  on  the  New  Mele,  and 


the  seamen,  landing,  succeeded — notwit^ 
standing  the  explosion  of  a  magaaine — ^in 
gaining  possession  of  a  redoubt  on  the  south 
of  t^  town,  where  they  hoisted  the  union 
lack.  They  thus  cut  the  communication 
Detween  the  town  and  Europa  Point,  where 
— ^in  the  chapel  of  Our  Lady  of  Europa — 
^many  of  the  most  considerable  women  of 
the  town'  had  taken  refuge.  The  anxiety  to 
secure  the  safety  of  these  weighed  heavily 
on  the  governor,  and  he  surrendered  on  the 
assurance  of  honourable  terms,  the  garrison 
marching  out  the  next  morning  with  their 
arms  and  baggage,  and  the  inhabitants  being 
permitted  to  remain  unmolested,  on  taking 
*  an  oath  of  fidelity  to  Charles  III,  their  legi- 
timate king  and  master.'  The  marines  tl^n 
tO(^  possession  of  the  town,  and  the  same 
evening  the  seamen  re-embarked. 

Some  six  ships  were  then  sent  away  to 
Lisbon  and  England,  and  Rooke,  having 
watered  at  Ceuta>  was  intending  to  remain 
in  the  neighbourhood  of  Gibraltar  till  he 
knew  whether  Cadis  was  yet  to  be  attacked, 
when,  on  9  Aug.,  the  French  fleet  was  sighted 
to  the  eastward.  On  the  10th  about  half 
the  marines  were  brought  off  from  Gibraltar,, 
and  during  the  11th  Rooke  worked  to  the 
eastward  in  search  of  the  French,  who  were 
no  longer  in  sight.  It  was  supposed  that 
they  had  retired,  and  Rooke  himself  would 
seem  to  have  taken  this  view,  tiiongh  he 
was  fully  alive  to  the  danger  of  their 
slipping  past  him,  and  getting  between  him 
and  Gibraltar.  The  enemy  actually  Sttc-» 
ceeded  in  performing  this  manoeuvre  on  the 
night  of  the  llthy  and  on  ^e  forenoon  of 
the  13th  were  eoghted  to  the  westward. 
•Rooke  at  once  determined  to  engage  them 
before  they  could  attempt  anythmg  against 
the  half-armed  fortress;  and  though,  in  oon- 
seouence  of  the  lightness  of  the  breese,  he 
dia  not  succeed  in  oringing  them  to  an  imme- 
diate action,  the  two  fleets  were  still  in  sight 
of  eaoh  other  at  daybreak  on  the  13th,  the 
English  being  to  windward,  with  a  fresh 
easterly  breese.  The  nambers  were  practically 
equal ;  but  the  English  ships  wanted  part  of 
their  marines  and  were  short  of  ammunition, 
having  furnished  a  magazine  at  Gibraltar. 
Rooke  repeated  the  onjter  which  had  come 
to  him,  tnrough  Russell,  from  the  Buke  of 
York  [see  RmsBix,  Edwabd,  Easl  of  Oi^ 
BOtto] :  the  fleet,  beinp  to  wmdward  of  the 
enem^,  wsa  to  range  lUelf  in  a  line  parallel 
to  theura^  and  engaffs  along  the  whole  length, 
van  to  van,  rear  to  rear.  On.  thia  unaatia- 
factory  plan  the  battle  waa  fought  from  hal^ 
past  ten  in  the  forenoon  tiH  day  desed*  On 
ooth  sides  the  loss  of  men  was  verv  great, 
and  sevend  of  the  ships  Were  dtsablea ;  many 


Rooke 


208 


Rooke 


of  the  English,  having  fired  awaj  all  their 
ammunition,  quitted  the  line ;  many  of  the 
French  also  quitted  the  line— beaten  out  of 
«t,  according  to  the  English  version;  but  no 
adequate  result  was  to  be  expected  from  such 
tactics.  So  far  as  the  fightingwas  concerned, 
the  battle  was  drawn ;  but  Toulouse,  recoff- 
nising  that,  in  fac6  of  a  fleet  which  he  could 
not  defeat,  it  was  impossible  to  make  any 
Attempt  on  Gibraltar,  drew  back  to  Toulon. 
On  the  16th  the  fleets  lost  sight  of  each  other, 
and  on  the  19th  the  English  anchored  at 
Gibraltar,  where  thej  expended  some  of  their 
femaining  ammunition  in  salvoes  and  salutes 
in  honour  of  their  victory.  After  refitting 
4he  disabled  ships  and  providing  for  the  de- 
fence of  Gibraltar,  leaving  there  all  the 
marines,  to  the  number  of  two  thousand,  with 
guns,  stores,  and  provisions,  Rooke,  with  the 
main  body  of  the  fleet  [see  Leake,  Sib  John], 
•sailed  for  England  on  the  26th,  and  arrived 
At  St.  Helen's  on  24  Sept. 

Thecountry  was  just  tnen  enthusiastic  over 
the  news  of  Blenheim,  for  which  the  whigs 
took  special  credit  to  their  party.  The  tories 
put  forward  Malaga  as  a  victory  gained  at 
;flea,  and  of  as  much  importance  as  Blenheim. 
Booke  was  exalted  as  the  peer  of  Marlborough. 
But  the  friends  of  Marlborough  were  in 
power,  and  considered  it  within  their  right 
to  shelve  a  man  whom  his  partisanspresumed 
to  compare  with  the  gpreat  duke.  The  result 
'was  that  Booke  was  superseded  from  the 
iCommand,  and  was  not  enaployed  again.  He 
«died  on  24  Jan.  1708-9.  He  was  three  times 
married :  first,  to  a  dau^ter  of  Sir  Thomas 
Howe  of  Cold  Berwick  in  Wiltshire;  secondly, 
to  Mary,  daughter  of  Colonel  Francis  LuttreU 
•of  Dunster  Uastle,  Somerset ;  and,  thirdlv, 
to  Gatherine,daughterof  Sir  Thomas  Knatch- 
hvM  of  Mersfaam  Hatch,  Kent.  By  the  second 
wife  alone  he  had  issue  one  son,  George,  to 
whom  Queen  Anne  and  Prince  Geor^  stood 
-sponsors ;  the  son  died  without  issue  m  1739. 

There  is  a  monument  to  Rooke*s  memory 
in  Canterbury  Cathedral;  his  portrait,  by 
Michael  Dahl,  in  the  painted  hall  at  Green- 
wich, has  been  engraved. 

[Campbell's  lives  of  the  British  Admirals,  iii. 
"SSS ;  Chamock*s  Biogr.  Nav.  i.  402 ;  List  books 
and  other  documents  in  the  Public  Record  Office ; 
Marshall's  Qenealogist,  iv.  197-8;  Bnrchett's 
TransactioDs  at  Sea;  Lediard's  Naval  Hist.; 
Hooke's  Journal,  1700>2  (Navy  Records  Soc); 
Memoirs  relating  to  the  LoraTorrington  (Camden 
■Soc) ;  Parnell's  War  of  the  Saoeession  m  Spain, 
where  Rooke's  conduct  is  severely  eritieisMl  on 
— in  some  cases — an  incorrect  statement  of  the 
^Taets;  Boyer's  Hist,  of  Qaeen  Anne;  Troude's 
Batailles  navales  de  la  Prance ;  Engl.  Hist  Rev. 
Jan.  1892,  pp.  11U14.]  J.  K.  L. 


ROOKE,  Sib  GH^BS  (1743-1808), judge, 
third  son  of  Giles  Rooke,  merchant  of  Lon- 
don, a  director  of  the  East  India  Company, 
by  Frances,  daughter  of  Leonard  Cropp  of 
^uthampton,  was  bom  on  3  June  1743. 
He  was  educated  at  Harrow  and  Oxford, 
where  he  matriculated  from  St.  John^s  Col- 
lege on  26  Nov.  1769,  graduated  B.A 
in  1763,  and  proceeded  M.A.  in  1766,  being 
elected  in  the  same  year  to  a  fellowship  at 
Merton  College,  which  he  held  until  I780. 
He  was  also  called  to  the  bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn 
in  1766,  and  went  the  western  circuit  to  such 
profit  that  in  1781  he  was  called  to  the  de- 
gree of  serjeant-at-law,  and  in  April  1793 
was  made  king's  seijeant.  At  the  ensuing 
Exeter  assizes  he  prosecuted  to  conviction 
one  William  Winterbotham,  a  dissenting 
minister  at  Plymouth,  for  preaching  sermons 
of  a  revolutionary  tendency ;  and  on  13  Nov. 
of  the  same  vear  was  appomted  to  the  puisne 
judgeshin  or  the  common  pleas  vacant  by 
the  death  of  John  Wilson  fq.  vj  At  the 
same  time  he  was  knighted.  He  presided 
at  the  trial  at  the  York  Lent  assises  in 
1795  of  Henry  Redhead  Yorke  [q.  v.]  for 
conspiracy  against  the  government.  He 
died  on  7  March  1808.  By  his  wife  Harriet 
Sophia(i^.  1839),  daughter  of  Colonel  William 
Burrard  of  Walhampton,  Hampshire,  he  left 
a  large  family.  Rooko  was  not  a  great  judge, 
but  he  appears  to  have  been  a  pious  and  an 
amiable  man,  with  a  taste  for  theology  and 
polit  e  literature.  He  was  author  of '  Thoughts 
on  the  Propriety  of  fixing  Easter  Jerm,' 
1792  (anon.) 

[Fostex^s  Alumni  Oxon. ;  Howeirs  State 
Trials,  xzii.  826,  zxv.  1049;  Gent.  IM^  1794 
i.  474, 1808  i.  277;  Foss's  Lives  of  theJadgea] 

J.M.R. 

ROOKE,  JOHN  (1780-1856),  writer  on 

Jolitical  economy  ana  geology,  eldest  son  of 
ohn  Kooke,  yeoman  and  surveyor,  of  Aik- 
ton-head,  Cumberland,  by  his  wife  Peggy, 
was  bom  there  on  29  Aug.  1780.  A  farmer 
until  he  was  thirty  years  of  age,  he  was 
entirely  self-taught,  except  for  the  know- 
ledge ne  acquired  as  a  bov  at  the  village 
school  and  Aikton  school.  Pie  devoted 
himself  to  the  study  of  political  economy, 
and  became  a  xealous  advocate  of  free  trade. 
The  project  of  a  railway  across  Morecambe 
Bav  aroused  his  interest  in  ^logical  study 
and  in  the  practical  applications  of  geology. 
In  an  unpublished  correspondence  with  m9 
firiend  Andrew  Crosse  [q.  v.]  he  sought  to 
explain  'the  geognostic  operations  of  the 
universe  by  the  opposite  physical  and  electri- 
cal qualities  of  matter ' — a  theory  which  he 
entitled  '  the  theory  of  explosive  foioea.'  In 
1844  he  read  a  paper  before  the  British 


Rboke 


209 


Rooke 


Amodatioii  on '  The  relative  Age  and  true 
Poeitka  of  the  Millstone  Qnt  and  Shale ' 
^Siportft  1844,  p.  51).  He  was  also  instru- 
meatal  in  promoting  the  Wigton  agricultural 
ahov.  He  died  on  26  April  1856,  and  was 
buried  in  Wigton  oemetery.  His  portrait  was 
painted  both  by  Haydon  and  Cocken.  A 
photograph  from,  the  hitter's  painting  is  in 
LoBsdale's '  Worthies  of  Cumberland? 

Rooke  published:  1.  'Bemarks  on  the 
Xttme  and  Operation  of  Money.  By  Cum- 
brienas,' London.  1819, 8yo.  2.  '  An  Essay 
on  the  National  Debt,  showings  the  Use 
•ad  Abase  of  the  Funding  System/  1822. 
3. 'An  Enouiry  into  the  Principles  of  Na- 
tional Wealth,  illustrated  by  the  Political 
Economy  of  the  British  Empire/  Edinburgh, 
1834,  8vo;  this  work  was  based  upon 
aitiekfl contributed  to  the '  Farmer*s  Journal' 
in  1814  and  subsequent  years.  4.  'Free 
Trade  in  Com  the  real  Interest  of  the 
Landlord  and  the  True  Policy  of  the  State/ 
1838.  6. '  Free  and  Safe  Qovemment  traced 
from  the  Origin  and  Principles  of  the  British 
Coastitution,'  London,  1886, 8vo.  6.  '  Geo- 
Im  as  a  Science  applied  to  the  Reclamation 
of  Land  from  the  Sm,'  London^  1838,  ISmo; 
2iid  edit,  1S40,  with  an  additional  chapter 
entitled '  A  Dissertation  on  Ckology.' 

[Gent.  Hag.  1866,  i.  689>40;  Annual  Regi- 
•ter,  1856,  p.  262 ;  Lonsdale's  Worthies  of  Onm- 
bariaad,  pp.  201>92.]  W.  A  8.  H. 

ROOKE,  LAWRENCE  (1622-1662V 
Stttrooomer,  bom  at  Deptford  on  13  Marcn 
262l>2,  was  eldest  son  of  Qeoroe  Rooke  of 
AfoabhortonyKent,  by  his  wife  Miary,  daugh- 
ter of  William  Barrel!  of  Poplar,  jMliddlesex, 
and  aieoe  of  Lancelot  Andrewes  rQ«y.]»  bishop 
of  Winchester.  Sir  William  Rooke  (1624r- 
1091),  &ther  of  Sir  George  Rooke  [q.  v.]  the 
idmiral,  was  Lawrence's  younger  Drother. 
He  was  educated  at  Eton,  and  admitted 
scholar  of  King's  College,  Cambridge,  on 
19  Jane  1640,  and  fellow  19  June  1643.  He 
tBQst  be  distinguished  from  the  Laurence 
Rooke  who  was  admitted  scholar  of  Gonville 
and  Caius  College  on  1 1  Feb.  1636-6  (Vexk, 
Adwttuioms^  pp.  192, 216).  After  graduating 
MA.  in  164/,  he  retired  to  his  estate  in 
£ent.  A  studoit  of  experimental  philosophy, 
be  repaired  in  1660,  as  a  fellow-commoner, 
to  Wadham  Coll^;e,  Oxford,  with  two  pupils, 
in  order  to  benefit  by  intercourse  with  Dr. 
Wilkins,  warden,  and  Dr.  Seth  Ward  [q.y.], 
profeisor  of  astronon^  (Gabdikbb,  JRaf,  qf 
Wadkatn^  p.  191).  He  remained  in  Oxfo^ 
tereral  years,  asaisting  Robert  Boyle  in  his 
'ehymical  operational  and  attended  those 
neetinga  of  'learned  and  curioua  gentlemen ' 
IB  Dr.  Wilkina's  rooms  which  proyed  the 

tOL.  xyn. 


beginnings  of  the  Royal  Society.  In  1662 
Rooke  waa  appointed  professor  of  astronomy 
at  Gresham  College,  London ;  he  exchanged 
the  chair  in  1667  for  that  of  geometry,  which 
he  held  tiU  his  death.  He  lectured  on  Ough- 
tred's  '  Clayis '  (ch.  yi.), '  whidi  enables  us  to 
form  an  idea  of  the  extent  of  mathematics 
then  usually  known' (Ball,  History  qfMa" 
tAematics  at  Ckimbridge,  p.  39).  Many  of  his 
Oiford  associates  came  to  London  m  1668 
and  attended  his  lectures*  afterwards  hold- 
ing discussions  in  his  apartment.  Their 
meeting  were  interrupted  by  the  quartering 
of  soldiers  on  the  college ;  but  after  the  Re* 
storation  Rooke  and  his  friends  inaugurated 
the  Royal  Society,  to  the  adyanoement  of 
which  Rooke  deyoted  much  seal  and  energy 
as  well  as  more  material  assistance  (Bibch, 
Hist,  of  jRoml  Soc,  yd.  i.  passim). 

Rooke,  who  was  througn  life  a  yaletudi- 
nanan,  died  at  Gresham  College,  from  a 
nmliffnant  internal  fever,  on  the  very  night 
(26-7  June  1662)  he  had  expected  to  make 
the  last  of  a  series  of  observations  on  Jupi- 
ter's satellites.  He  had  caught  cold  by  over- 
heating himself  while  walking  home  from 
the  seat  of  his  learned  patron,  the  Marquis 
of  Dorchester,  at  Hi^hgate.  He  made  a 
nuncupatory  will,  leavinf  his  possessions  and 
manuscripts  to  Dr.  Ward  (latSy  made  bishop 
of  Exeter).  He  was  buried  at  St.  Martini 
Outwich,  near  Gresham  College,  his  funeral 
being  attended  by  most  of  the  fellows  of  the 
Royal  Society.  Bishop  Ward  presented  to 
the  Royal  Society  a  curious  pendulum  clock, 
with  an  inscription  in  which  Rooke  is  said 
to  have  been  ^  vir  omni  literarum  genere 
instructissimus'  (cf.  Pope,  Ward,  pp.  126, 
127).  Rooke  married  Barbara,  daughter  of 
Sir  Peter  Heyman  of  Somerfield,  Kent.  By 
her  he  had  four  daughters  and  five  sons,  of 
whom  Heyman  R<x>ke,  bom  in  February 
1663,  became  a  major-general,  and  died  on 
9  Jan.  1724-6.  His  son  James  married  Lady 
Mary  Tudor. 

According  to  Walter  Pope,  Rooke  was '  the 
greatest  man  in  England  for  solid  learning,' 
and  was  '  profoundly  skilled  in  all  sorts  of 
learning,  not  exoeptmg  botanies  and  music, 
and  the  abstrusest  points  of  divinity,'  though 
astronomy  was  his  favourite  study.  Banow, 
in  a  Latin  oration  deliyered  on  his  suo- 
ceeding  Rooke  as  Gresham  professor  of  geo- 
metry, eulogised  his  industry  and  judgment 
{ColUeted  Works,  1683-7,  iv.  93). 

His  published  writings  axe:  1.  'Observa- 
tiones  m  Cometam  qui  mense  Decembri 
anno  1662  apparuit,'  published  in  Dr.  Seth 
Ward's  <Pr»lectio  de  Cometis,'  Oxf.  1663. 
3.  <  On  the  Efiect  of  Radiant  Heat  on  the 
Height  of  Oil  in  a  Long  Tube '  (' Registers 


Rooke 


9X0 


Rooker 


of  Boyal  Soc'  L  167).  8.  '  Directions  for 
SailoFB  going  to  the  Etst  or  We«t  Indies 
to  keep  a  Journal'  ('Phil.  Trans.'  Janu- 
arf  Wbff);  draim  np  on  the  appointment 
of  the  Royal  Society.  4.  'A  Method  for 
obserying  the  Eclipses  of  the  Moon '  ('  Phil. 
Trttns.'February  1667).  6.  ' On  the Ohse> 
yations  of  the  Bclipsee  of  Jnpiter's  Satellites ' 
(4  and  6  are  in  Thomas  dprat's  *  History 
of  the  Ro^al  Society/  np.  180, 188,  with  a 
short  notioe  of  the  autnor).  6.  A  transla- 
tion of  Archimedes'  '  On  Moating  Bodies ' 
(EieAUS,  Oorrupondenee  of  SdetUifio  Men, 
L120). 

[Qensalogist,  St.  196-208;  Hasted's  Kent, 
»L  817 ;  Wood's  Athen»  Oxen.  iii.  687 ;  Ward's 
Q^rssham  Profeawirs;  Walter  Pope's  lib  of 
S«th  Ward,  pp.  110^28;  Sherbunie^s  Sphers  of 
Manilios.]  W.  F.  8. 

BOOKS,  WILLIAM  MICHAEL  (1794- 
1847),  musical  composer,  the  son  of  John 
Bonrke,  a  tradesman,  was  bom  in  Dublin 
ott  29  Sept.  1794.  In  youth  he  joined  an 
orchestral  society,  practised  the  viollxi,  and 
mastered  a  number  of  wind  and  stringed 
instruments;  proficiency  on  the  pianoforte 
he  ffsined  with  greater  difficulty.  He  also 
studied  harmony.  His  first  composition  was 
a  Bonff,  *  Fair  one,  take  this  Rose.'  In  1818 
Bounke,  being  freed  by  the  death  of  his 
&ther  from  an  uncongenial  trade,  adopted 
music  as  a  profession,  and  modified  his  sui^ 
name  to  Bobke.  He  earnestly  applied  him- 
8^  to  the  yiolin,  and  studied  counterpoint 
under  Dr.  Gogen.  In  1817  he  was  appointed 
ohoruA-master  and  deputy  leader  at  thelhiblin 
Theatre  Boyal,  Crow  Street.  A  polacca  of 
his  composition,  ^  0  Glory,  in  thy  Inrightest 
hours,'  sung  by  Braham,  was  one  of  his 
earliest  successes.  Bookers  pupil,  Balfe,  on 
his  first  appearance  in  May  1816  as  a  child* 
Tiolinist,  won  a  triumph  for  his  preceptor  as 
well  as  for  himself. 

Booke  found  it  difficult  to  earn  a  livelihood 
in  Ireland,  and  souffht  his  fortune  in  London. 
In  order  to  fit  himsdf  for  the  struggle,  he  read 
mndi  Ensplish  literature,  and  studied  lan- 
guages, ui  1821  he  is  said  to  have  obtained 
emmoymeDt  as  director  at  the  English  opera, 
and  later  at  Drury  Lane.  For  many  jears 
be  was  one  of  the  principal  second  violms  at 
the  Philharmonic  and  other  concerts.  He 
also  took  pin>]ls  for  sinnnff,  among  whom 
were  Miss  f  orde  and  Wuliam  Harrison. 
Meanwhile  he  deyoted  his  leisure  to  the  com- 
position of  an  opera,  '  Amilie,'  which  was 
produced  at  Covent  Garden  on  2  Dec.  1887. 
This  work  gave  evidence  of  powerftQ  and 
onginal  musical  genius.  Seldom  before  had 
aaEnglish  composer  so  conspicuously  satis- 
fied at  once  both  scientific  and  popular  de« 


mands.  Yet  Booke  failed  to  rise  above  the 
restrictions  of  the  operatic  system  in  vogue. 
The  libretti  were  unworthy  of  musical  set- 
ting, and  scenes  of  dramatic  action,  in  which 
foreigners  would  employ  recitative,  were  left 
by  English  composers  without  mnsical  accom* 
paniment.  *  Amilie  *  had  a  long  nm,  bat  ap- 
parently brought  small  profit  to  the  manager. 
Booke's  second  venture,  *  Henrique,'  played 
at  Covent  Garden  on  2  May  1839  and  re- 
ceived with  favour,  was  withorawn  after  five 
nights'  performance.  Soma  complaint  was 
made  or  the  ill-treatment  which  all  parties 
received  from  the  management.  Hie  opera 
was  not  repeated,  and  other  opNoras  by  Booke, 
'  Oa^liostro '  and  '  The  Valkyrie,'  were  never 
performed. 

Booke  died,  aged  58,  after  a  long  illnefls, 
at  Olaremont  Cottage,  St.  John's,  Folbani, 
on  14  Oct.  1847,  and  was  buried  at  Bromnton. 
He  was  survived  by  a  wile  and  a  large 
family. 

[Memoir  printed  for  private  drealatioo ; 
Grove's  Diet.  iii.  1$7 ;  Musieal  World,  1837  ir, 
203,  1839  it.  19,  44,  1847  p.  672 ;  FiUball'0 
Thirty-five  Years  of  a  Bmmatio  Author^s  Life, 
il  127 ;  Buim*s  The  Stage,  iiL  199.1 

BOOKBB,  EDWABD  (1712  P-1774), 
engraver  and  draughtsman,  bom  in  London 
about  1712,  was  a  pupil  of  Henry  Boberts,  a 
landscape  engraver.  He  became  celebrated 
for  his  architectural  plates,  which  he  exe- 
cuted in  an  extremely  rich  and  artistic  style. 
Walpole  termed  him  the  Mare  Antonio  of 
architecture.  Among  Booker^s  eaily  works 
are  a  view  on  the  'fliames  from  Somerset 
House  (1760),  and  a  view  of  Vauxhall  Gar- 
dens (1751),  both  after  Canaletti;  a  view  of 
the  Parthenon  for  Dalton*s  *  Views  of  Sicily 
and  Greece '  (1761),  and  a  section  of  St. 
Paurs  Cathedral,  decorated  according  to  the 
original  intention  of  Sir  Christopher  Wren, 
from  a  drawing  by  J.  Gwyn  and  S.  Wale 
(1756).  He  abo  contributed  plates  to  Sir 
W.  Chambers's  *  Civil  Architecture*  (1769) 
and '  Kew  Gardens '  (1768),  Stuart's  'Athens ' 
(1762),  and  Bobert  Adam's  'Buins  of  the 
Palace  of  Diooletian  at  Spalatro '  (1764). 
Booker's  finest  work  is  a  set  of  six  views  of 
London,  engraved  in  the  manner  of  Piranesi 
frt>m  drawings  by  P.  and  T,  Sandby,  which 
he  published  himself  in  1766.  In  that  year 
he  also  drew  and  enffraved  a  large  view  of 
Blackfriars  Bridge,  Uien  in  course  of  con- 
struction. He  engraved  many  landscapes 
after  W.  Pfeurs,  P.  Sandby,  B.  Wikson,  and 
others;  and,  in  conjunction  with  Bandby, 
etched  three  of  the  set  of  ox  large  plates  of 
subjects  fromTasso,  designed  bv  John  Collins. 
The  headings  of  the  'Oxford  Almanacks' 


Rooker  21 1  Rook  wood 


from  1700  to  1776  were  all  the  joint  work 
of  Rooker  and  his  ft»Mieli8el[q.T.]  Hooker 
ifutA  original  member  of  the  Inecnrporatod 
SocietT  of  Artiste,  end  exhibited  wkli  them 
framl7d0tol768.  Hie  latest  work  was  dona 
ibr  the  '  Ck>pper  Plato  Msgastne,'  forming  % 
aeries  of  landscaipes  and  portraits,  whidi 


1801.  His  drawings  were  sold  at  S^uih'a  m 
Sayile  Bow  in  the  following  May,  md 
realised  1,340/.  He  exhibited  one  drawing 
at  the  Society  of  Artists,  and  nuety-eight 
att  the  Boyal  Academy. 

[Boget's  *  Old '  Watorcoloor  Soci6t7;  Bdwahb** 


aenes  oi  ianasea|ies  ana  poixraiM,  wnioi   Anecdotes;  Somerset  House  Oasetto:  mkim- 
b^gan  to  apnear  a  few  rnenthe  before  his  ^  ton's  Diet.;  BedgraTe's  Diet.;  Omres's  Di^; 


deatk  He  died  on  23  Nor.  1774.  Strutt 
(Did,  ^f  Enaraoen)  states  that  Booker  was 
s  derer  harleqiiin,  and  performed  at  Druzy 
Lane  Theatre,  eat  his  name  does  not  occur 


Gent.  Mag.  IBOI,  i.  480.]  C.  H. 

ROOKWOOD  or  BOKEWODS,  AM- 

BBOSE  (1578P-1606),    conspirator,    born 

m  theatrical  zecordSb  '  about  1578,  was  the  eldest  son  of  Bobart 

[Badg»v»'sBu!t.of  Axtista;  Gcairesis  Daet  of    Bookwood  (cL  1600),  of  Stannin|^d,  Suf- 

Artiit8»  1760-98;  ikivold's  Libiajy  of  the  fine    folk,  by  his  second  wife,  Dorothea,  daughter 

Arts,  iii.  1179;  liodd's  Menolm  of  EngraTers;    of  Sir  William  Druiy  of  Hawsted  in  the 

BdL  Ifos.  Addtt.  US.  8ft404;  iaformiition  from    same  eoonty.    Bobert  had  by  his  first  wife, 

Joseph  Knifl^t.  esq..  FA  A]        F.  M.  O'D.       Bridget  Kemp,  four  sons,  the  eldest  of  whom 

BX)OKSR,MIOHAEL,e(nnmonlT  called    died  in  1680  of  a*  wound  received  at  the 

HiciLkBL  AjreBLO  Boojeek  (1748-1901),  en-    storm  of '  Moncron '  in  the  Netherlands,  and 

mTer  and  painter  in  watercolours.  son  of   was  buried  at  Gravelines,  while  the  other 

Edward  Booker  [q.  y.^,  was  bom  m  1748.    three  predeceased  their  father  withoet  issue. 

He  was  taught  engraying  bj  his  father  and   The  family  had  been  poesessed  of  the  m«nor 

drawing  \pr  Paul  oandby  [q.  v.]  at  the  St.    of  Stanningfield  since  tiie  time  of  lidward  I, 

Martini  Lane   school   and   at  the  Bo;f  al    and  its  members  had  frequently  represented 

Academy.    It  was  Sandbj  who  called  him    Suffolk  in  parliament ;  it  remained  stattnchly 

Michael  Angelo  Booker  in  Jest,  but  the    Boman  catholic,  and  many  of  its  members, 

name  stuck  to  him.    In  1766  he  exhibited    including  Ambrose's  parents,  suffered  fines 

some '  stained '  drawings  at  the  exhibition  in    and  imprisonment  for  their  faith.     Several 

Spring  Gardens,  and  in  1768  a  nrint  by  him    became  priests  and  nuns  (cf.  Folst,  iii.  788, 

of  the  '  Villa  Adriana,'  after  Wilson,  was    &c.)       Ambrose's    cousin    Edward,    who 

publiBhed.    In  1770  he  was  elected  an  asso-    possessed  Euston  Hall,  Norfolk,  is  quoted 

ciate  of  the  Boyal  Academy.    Lx  1772  he    as  a  typical  victim  of  the  persecution  of  the 

exhibited  a  painting  of  Temple  Bar,  and  he    Boman  catholics  under  Elizabeth  (Lodob, 

oontribnted  some  iUustrations  to  an  edition    IlltutratioiUy  ii.  188 ;  Hallak,  Const.  HUt, 

of  Sterne,  pabHshed  that  year.    Most  of  the    i.  142).    He  entertained  Elisabeth  at  Euston 

landscapes  in  Kearsley*8 '  Copperplate  Maga-    in  1578,  but  was  imprisoned  at  Ely  fiom 

sine '  (1775-1777)  were  engraved  by  him,  as    1588  to  his  death  in  1598,  beiuj^  buried  at 

well  as  a  few  plates  in  its  successor, '  The  ,  Bury  St.  Edmimds  '  from  the  jaU.' 

Mrtuosi^s  Museum,'  and  he  both  drew  and       Ajnbroee  was  educated  in  Flandeis,whitiier 

eagrared  the  headings  of  the  '  Oxford  Al-    several  members  of  the  family  had  fled  to 

manacV '  for  several  years,  for  each  of  which    escape  persecution,  but  he  can  scarcely  be 

he  received  50/.    For  a  long  time  he  was    the  Ambrose  Bookwood  who  appeans  in  a 

chiefseene-painter  at  the Haymarket  Theatre,    list  of  papists  abroad  in  1588  {GaL  State 

and    appeared  in  the  playbills  as  Signer  :  Papers,  Dom.)     In  1600  he  succeeded  to 

Bookerini ;  but  a  fiew  years  before  his  death    his  father's  considerable  estates.    He  was 

he  was  dtsehaiged,  in  consequence,  it  is  said,    indicted  for  recusancy  before  the  Middlesex 

of  his  refusal  to  aid  in  paying  the  debts  of   county  sessions  in  February  1004-5,  and 

Colman^  the  manager.    In  1788  he  began  to    about  Michaelmas  following  Bobert  Catesby 

make  aatnmnaJ  tours  in  the  country,  to  which    [q.  v.],  with  whom  Bookwood  had  long  been. 

we  owe  moet  of  those  drawings  which  entitle  ;  intimate,  loving  him  '  as  his  own  soul,'  i*^ 

liim  to  an   honourable   plua    among  the    vealed  to  him  Uie  *  gunpowder  plot.'    Boek- 

fisnnders  iji  the  watercolour  school.     They    wood's  accession  was  sought  b^  the  con- 

tre  cfaieAv  of  architectural  remsiiis  (in  Nor-    spirators  chiefly  on  account  of  his  magnifi- 

folk,  Suirolk,  Someitet,  Warwiduhire,  and  i  cent  stud  of  horses.    His  scruples  having 

other  counties),  which  he  drew  well,  and    been  removed,  Bookwood  took  up  his  resi- 

treaied  with    taste  and  mfinement.     His    dence  at  Clopton,  near  Stratfora-on-Avon, 

fixures  and  animals  were  artistically  intro-  i  to    be  near    the  general  rendezvous.    On 

dooed.    He  becaaae  depressed  after  his  dis-    31  Oct.  or  1  Nov.  he  removed  to  London, 

cfaar^  from  the  theatre,  and  died  suddenly  ;  residing  with  Bobert  Keyes,  a  kinsman  of 

in  hie  chair  in  Dean  Street,.  Sohof,  on  3  March    his  wife,  and  other  conspirators  .at  the  hous^ 

^  p2 


Rookwck>d 


218 


Roome 


<yf  one  Elisabeth  More.  Oateebj  informed 
liim  of  Fawkes's  arrest  soon  after  midnight 
on  4-6  Nov.,  but  Bookwood,  being  little 
known  in  London,  remained  to  gather  mora 
certain  new8|  and  did  not  flee  from  the 
capital  till  eleven  o'clock  in  the  morning. 
He  overtook  Gatesby  at  firickhill  in  Buck- 
induunahirey  and  together  they  reached  Hol- 
beach.  On  the  7th  a  proclamation  for  his 
arrest  was  issued  at  London ;  on  the  following 
morning  he  was  injured  by  an  explosion  of  the 
gunpowder  the  conspirators  had  collected 
for  their  defence.  In  the  subaequent  struggle 
he  was  twice  wounded,  but  was  taken  alive 
and  imprisoned  in  the  Tower.  He  was  ex- 
amined on  2and  10 Dec;  his  trial  began  on 
27  Jan.  1606-6 ;  he  pleaded  not  gailty,  was 
condemned,  and  executed  in  the  Old  Palace 
Yard,  Westminster,  with  Winter,  Keyes,  and 
Fawkes,  on  31  Jan.  On  his  way  from  the 
Tower  he  managed  to  say  ferewell  to  his 
wife,  who  was  lodging  in  the  Strand;  he 
expressed  regret  for  his  offence,  and  prayed 
that  the  king  might  live  long  and  become  a 
catholic  Father  Ghreenway  says  he  was 
beloved  by  all  who  knew  him. 

Bookwood  married  Elizabeth,  daughter  of 
Bobert  Tyrwhitt  of  Kettleby,  Lincolnshire, 

S'  whom  he  had  two  sons,  Bobert  and 
enry.  Bobert,  the  elder,  was  knighted  by 
James  I  in  1624,  and  buried  in  Stanningfield 
church  on  10  June  1679.  His  son  Ambrose 
(1622-1693)  married  Elisabeth  Caldwell  of 
bunton,  Essex,  and  was  father  of  Thomas 
(1668-1726),  the  last  male  Bookwood,  whose 
daughter  Elisabeth  (1688-1769)  married 
John  Gage,  ancestor  of  John  Gage  Boke- 
wode  [q.  v.]    Thomas's  brother, 

Ambrose  Bookwood  (1664-1696),  bom  on 
20  Sept.  1664,  entered  the  army,  in  which 
he  rose  to  be  brigadier  under  James  II,  and 
acquired  a  high  reputation  for  courage  and 
honour.  He  remained  an  adherent  of  the 
Jacobite  cause,  and  early  in  1696  Sir  George 
Barclay  [a.  v.]  enlisted  his  services  in  the 

flot  to  kianap  or  assassinate  William  IH. 
n  February  Sir  Thomas  Prendergast  fq.  v.], 
one  of  the  conspirators,  turned  Kings  evi- 
dence. On  27  March  Bookwood  was  found 
in  bed  in  a  Jacobite  alehouse,  and  committed 
to  Newgate  (Lxjttrbll,  iv.  36;  Maoaulat,  ii. 
664).  On  7  April  a  true  bill  of  high  treason 
was  found  against  him  at  the  Middlesex 
county  sessions.  He  was  brought  before  the 
king's  bench  on  21  Apjril,  being  the  first 
Englishman  who  was  tried  under  the  new 
system  of  procedure.  He  pleaded  not  guilty, 
and  was  defended  by  Sir  Bartholomew 
Shower  [q.  v.]  and  Gonstantine  Phipps  [q.  v.], 
afterwards  lord  chancellor  of  Ireland.  George 
Pdrter  (Jt.  1696)  [q.  v.J  one  of  the  principal 


conspirators,  ffava  evidence  against  him.  He 
was  convictea,  and  was  executed  at  Tf bum 
on  29  ApriL  In  a  paper  which  he  debvered 
to  the  sheriff  at  the  place  of  execution 
(printed  in  Froc  Suffolk  ArekaoL  Imtitute^ 
iu.  306),  Bookwood  excused  himself  on  the 
ground  that  he  was  only  obeyinff  the  orders 
of  a  superior  officer.  Some'Observatioiis' 
on  diis  paper  were  published  in  1696  (4to). 

[OoUectanea  Topographica  et  Genealogical  ii. 
120-47 ;  Proc.  Buiy  and  West  Suffolk  AicbseoL 
Institute,  iii.  803-10 ;  Gal.  State  Papers,  Dom. 
paasim ;  Morris's  ConditioD  of  Catholies  under 
James  I;  Morris's  Troubles  of  our  Gatholic 
Forefathers;  Pollen's  Father  Henry  Qamet, 
p.  16;  Judine's  Narrative  of  the  Qunpowder 
Plot;  Winwood's Memorials;  Gazdiner^s  History 
of  England ;  Nichols's  Progress  of  Queen  Elisa- 
beth and  of  James  I ;  Notes  and  Queries,  6th 
ser.  »i.  868-4,  7th  ser.  viii.  442,  ix.  51.  What 
was  the  Gunpowder  Plot?  (1896)  by  Father 
John  Gerard,  S.  J.,  who  throws  doubt  on  the 
traditional  story.  For  the  younger  Ambrose  see 
Coll.  Top.  et  Gen.  ii.  143;  An  Account  of  the 
Execution  of  Brigadier  Bookwood  (1696);  The 
Arraignment,  Tryal,  &c  of  A  Bookwood  (1696). 

A.  F.  P. 

BOOM,  HENRY  (18O:^-1850),  portrait- 
painter,  bom  iu  1802,  was  connected  with  a 
leading  &unily  of  the  evangelical  following. 
He  obtained  some  note  as  a  painter  of  por- 
traits, and  received  several  commissions, 
some  of  his  portraits  being  engraved.  He 
first  exlubited  at  the  Koyal  Academy  in 
1826.  He  practised  for  some  time  at  Bir- 
mingham. He  painted  a  portrait  of  Thomas 
Claritson  [q.  v.|  for  the  central  negro  eman- 
cipation conurittee,  and  also  two  groups  of 
the  '  Interview  of  Queen  Adelaide  with  ths 
Madagascar  Princes  at  Windsor,'  and  '  The 
Caffre  Chiefs'  Exiunination  before  the  House 
of  Commons  Committee.'  Many  of  his  por- 
tnuts  were  executed  for  the  'Evangebcal 
Magazine.'  Room  died  in  London  on 
27  Aug.  1850,  aged  48. 

[Redgrave's  Diet,  of  Artists ;  Gent.  Mag.  1 850, 
ii.  449;  Graves's  Diet  of  Artists,  1760-189S; 
Cat.  of  the  Royal  Academy,  &c.]  L.  C. 

BOOME,  EDWARD  (rf.  1729),  sonff- 
writer,  the  son  of  an  undertaker  for  funerals 
in  Fleet  Street,  was  brought  up  to  the  law. 
He  wrote  '  some  of  the  papers  called  Pas- 
quin,  where  by  malicious  innuendos  he 
endeavoured  to  represent '  Alexander  Pope 
<  guilty  of  malevolent  practices  with  a  great 
man  [Atterburv],  then  under  prosecution  of 
parliament/  j^ope  retaliated  by  ftsaociating 
*  Roome's  funereal  frown'  in  the  '  Dunciad 
with  the  'tremendous  brow'  of  William 
Popple  (1701-1764)  [q.v.]  and  the  'fierce 
eye^of  Philip  Homeck  (Ihmaad^  iiL  152). 


Roos 


ai3 


Roper 


Ob  18  Oct.  17S8  Roome  succeeded  his  friend 
Honiedk  m  eolieitor  to  the  treasuiy,  and  he 
died  on  10  Dec.  17S9.  Fourteen  months  after 
his  death  vm  produced  at  Drury  Lane  (8  Feb. 
1781)  'The  Jovial  Crew/  a  comic  opera, 
sdapted  from  Broome's  play  of  that  name; 
the  dialogue  was  curtailed,  some  parts 
emitted,  and  some  excellent  sonjps  added 
(fifty-three  in  aU),  the  work  conjointly  of 
Koome,  Goncanen,  and  Sir  William  Yonge. 
The  opera,  thus  enlivened,  had  mudi  success, 
and  was  frequently  revived.  Pope  states  that 
the  following  epigram  was  made  upon  Roome : 

Yo«  ask  why  Roomo  diverts  you  with  his  jokes; 
Yet,  if  he  writes,  is  dull  as  other  folks? 
You  wonder  at  it.    This,  Sir,  is  the  case : 
The  jest  is  lost  ualass  he  prints  his  £aoe! 

[Bsksi's  Biogr.  Dram.  1812,  i.  606 ;  Genest's 
Hist,  of  the  Stage,  iii.  287-8 ;  Eiwin's  Pope,  iii. 
100,  ir.  M,  173,  844;  The  Jovial  Crew,  1781, 
4to  (BriU  Mus.  copy,  with  manuscript  note  by 
Iwae  Beed);  Hiit.  Beg.  1729,  Ohron.  Diary, 
p.  68.]  T.  S. 

ROOa    [See  Hos.] 

BOOTH,  DAVID  (1673-1650),  bishop  of 
Ossoiy.    [See  Roth.] 

BOPEB,  ABEL  (1665-1726),  tory  jour- 
nalist, younger  son  of  Isaac  Roper,  was  bom 
at  Atherstone  in  Warwickshire  in  1665.  He 
was  adopted  in  1677  by  his  uncle,  Abel 
Roper,  idio  published  books  from  1688  at 
the  Spread  £agle,  opposite  St.  Dunstan's 
Churcn,  Fleet  Street ;  he  was  master  of  the 
Stationers'  Company  in  1677,  and  gaye  the 
company  a  lar^  silver  flagon  ( Asbbb,  Trar^ 
teri^  of  Statumtr^  JRegisten,  iv.  429 ;  Mr, 
H'aller's  Speech  in  Parliament,  6  July  1641 ; 
BiaLMSS.  Comm,  9th  Rep.  ii.76;  Nichols, 
LiL  AneeeL  iiL  679).  When  he  was  four- 
teen, jroung  Roper  was  apprentioed  to  his 
undo,  but  on  the  latter's  oeath,  in  1660,  he 
was  turned  oyer  to  the  printer  Christopher 
Wilkinson.  He  showed  a  talent  for  learning, 
and  is  said  to  have  spoken  Greek  by  rote  be- 
fore he  understood  Jjatin.  Under  his  uncle's 
will  (P.C.C.  40  Bath)  he  receiyed  100/.  on  the 
completion  of  his  apprenticeship,  with  aU  the 
elder  Ro^per^s  eop^p^ights ;  and  haying  married, 
when  he  wras  thirty,  the  widow  of  his  last 
master,  he  set  up  business  in  one  side  of  a 
saddlers  shop  near  Bell  Yard,  opposite  Middle 
Temple  QaXe,  but  afterwards  he  moyed  next 
door  to  the  Deyil  tayem,  at  the  sign  of  the 
Black  Dcy. 

Roper  18  said  to  haye  worked  for  the  reyo- 
iQtkm,  and  to  haye  been  the  first  printer  of 
* lillibarlero.'  The  preface  to  'The  Life 
of  William  Fuller,  the  pretended  eyidenoe,' 
1692;  is  signed  by  Roper.  A  warrant  was 
issued  for  his  arrest  in  May  1696,  on  an  in- 


formation  that,  under  the  name  of  John 
Chaplin,  he  had  printed  a  paper  on  the 
assassination  plot  called  *  An  Account  of  a 
most  horrid  Conspiracy  against  the  life  of 
his  most  sacred  Majesty,'  with  intent  to  giye 
notice  to  the  people  mentioned  in  it  to  fly 
from  justice.    He  had  been  committed  to 

{»rison  on  18  April,  but  must  haye  been  re- 
eased  soon  afterwards  (Add.  MS.  28941,  f. 
92;  LTTTTBBLL,^r^.R«(<i/ion,iy.47).  Roper 
sided  with  Tom  firown,  the  comic  writer 
(1668-1704),  in  his  quarrel  with  Richaid 
Kingston  [q.  y.],  and  after  1700  he  undertook 
the  publication  of  Brown's  works.  Brown 
subsequently  assisted  Roper  in 'The  Auction 
of  Ladies,'  a  series  of  lampoons  which  ran 
to  eight  or  nine  numbers.  Roper  got  into 
trouble  with  the  Earl  of  Nottingham  for  bis 
'  Newsletters  into  the  Country,  with  Secre- 
tary Boyle,  and  with  Secretary  Trumbull  for 
printing  a  play  without  license,  and  he  was 
summoned  before  the  lord  mayor  and  court 
of  aldermen  for  reflecting  upon  the  Society 
for  the  Reformation  of  Manners.  A  French- 
man named  Fontiye,  who  wrote  the  '  Post- 
man,' wa^  Roper's  assistant,  and  afterwards 
his  partner. 

In  May  1695  Roper  had  started  anewspaper 
called  the  '  Post  Boy,'  which  appeared  three 
times  a  week,  and  was  the  riyu  of  the  whiff 
*  Flying  Post,'  beffun  by  George  Ridpath  (tf. 
1726)  [q.  y.1  in  the  same  month.  Roper's 
enemies  said  he  wrote  for  either  party,  accord- 
ing as  he  was  paid.  John  Dunton,  who  corn- 
mend's  Ropers  honesty,  says  that  the  *  Post 
Boy '  was  written  by  a  man  named  Thomas, 
and  on  his  death  by  Abel  Boyer  [q.  y.l,  com- 
piler of  the  *  Annals  of  Queen  Anne,  which 
Roper  published  (cf.  Life  and  Errors,  1818, 
pp.  210,  431-8).  After  editing  the  'Post 
Boy'  for  Roper  for  four  years,  Boyer  grew 
dissatisfied  and  started  a  '  True  Post  Boy '  of 
his  own,  which,  he  complained,  Roper  tried 
to  burke  (cf.  Mr,  Boyer^s  Case,  August  1709 ; 
Nichols,  Lit,  Anecd,  iy.  83). 

When  Steele  lost  the  post  of  gazetteer  in 
October  1710,  Roper,  on  whose  behalf  Lord 
Denbigh  had  written  to  Lord  Dartmouth  as 
early  as  June,  was  an  unsuccessful  candidate 
for  the  yacant  post  [see  Kiire,  Williax, 
1663-1712;  Hist,  M88,  Comm,  11th  Rep. 
y.  296,  298].  Next  year  (Noyember  1711) 
Ropor  gaye  great  ofiience  by  papers  printed 
in  the  <Post  Boy'  on  behalf  of  the  pro- 
posed peace,  and,  upon  complaint  of  the 
envoys  extraordinary  from  the  King  of  Portu- 
gal and  the  Duke  of  Savoy,  he  was  arrested 
a  warrant  from  Lord  Dartmouth,  and 


on 


bound  over  to  appear  at  the  court  of  queen's 
bench.  He  escaped  further  punishment  by 
begging  pardon  and  publishing  a  recantation. 


•Roper 


714 


Roper 


It  was  suipected  that  men  of  greater  impor* 
taace  were  behind  the  scenes  and  made  use 
of  fioper^s  paper  for  party  purposes  ^Boieb, 
PolittccU  JStcUe  qf  Chreat  Britam^  1711,  pp. 
670^;  {TcnftoeraPaptfr^ pp.  212,216).  We 
kaow  th«t  Swift  sometimes  sent  paragraphs 
te  the  ^  Post  Boy/  ^  as  malicious  as  possible, 
and  ▼ery  proper  for  Abel  Roper,  the  printer 
of  it '  (Jbtirna/ to  i$«e^  17  Not.  and  12  Dec. 
1712, 26  Jan.  1719).  The  pamphlet '  Oursory 
but  Curious  Otoervations  of  Mr.  Abel  R — er, 
upon  a  late  famous  Pamphlet  entitled  **  Re- 
marks on  the  Preliminary  Articles  offered  by 
the  P.  EL  in  hofes  to  procure  a  genenil 
Peftee/' '  1711,  appears  to  be  mainly  a  satire 
unoB  Roper,  who  is  made  to  say, '  I  am  called 
Abelf  without  the  least  respect  to  the  stationi 
bear  m  the  present  ministry.'  Another  piece, 
'Tory  Annalsy  fiuthfnllj  extracted  out  of 
Abel  Roper^  fSunous  writuigs,  yu1«nrly  called 
''Post  Boy  and  Supplement,"'  1712,  is  in  the 
AdTOOSJter  Libraiy,  Edinburgh  (cf.  Ashiov, 
Qmm  Anne,  ii.  67-74). 

'  The  Charaeter  of  lUchard  StTeeJle,  Esq., 
•with  sons  remarics  by  Toby,  Abers  kinsman,' 
appemd  on  12  Notf.  1712C  and  Vas  often 
mentioned  in  the  'Post  Boy.'  This  libel 
was  ^ther  br  Dr.  William  Wagstaffe,  in 
whose '  Mitceflsoieous  Works '  it  appeared  in 
1726,  CK  by  Bwift ;  it  was  certainly  not  b^ 
Roper  (ArrKUTy  Life  of  Steele,  i.  410-16,  it. 
30O;  DiLKB,  Fe^^e  rf  a  Critic,  i.  366-82; 
Noiee  and  4M0rtM,SrdAnd  dthser ;  Cat.  PrinU 
4n  J?ne.  AfMt.  ii.  2d8»  885-7).  The  writer  of 
a  weitiiiferoied  but  hostile  pamphlet  called 
'  SoBM  MeoMMfs  of  the  life  of  Abel,  Toby's 
Uncle,  by  Dr.  Andnw  Tripe,' which  appeared 
on  1 1  Dee.  1726,  says  that  <  Toby '  was  Koper's 
nephew,  Edw«^  £ng,  son  of  komas^, 
a  fsTrier  of  Coventry,  uid  Ruth  Roper,  Abers 
sister;  Eling  helped  in  his  uncle's  Dusiness. 

Soom  after  Queen  Anne's  death  the '  Post 
BoT ' gave  ofcmce  to  the  whiggovemment, 
and  Roper  was  examined  on  2/ Aug.  1714. 
He  said  he  had  for  some  time  not  been  con- 
cerned in  the  paper;  and  John  Morphew,  the 
publisher  of  it,  said  he  did  not  know  the 
author  of  the  offending  articles,  but  that  it 
was  long  sinee  he  had  accounted  to  Roper 
for  the  profits  {State  Papen,  Dom.  G^eorge  I, 
bdle.  u  l^^os.  S8,  36).  Subseauently  luper 
ennk  into  obscurity,  and  he  died  on  6  feb. 
1726,  the  same  day  as  his  old  opponent  Rid- 
path,  leavingbehind  in  the  'Post  Boy ' '  abuik- 
dant  testimonials  of  his  zeal  for  indefeasible 
hereditary  right,  for  monarchy,  passive  obe- 
dience, the  churdi,  the  queen,  and  the  doctor ' 
{Mea^B  We^uyJeumal,  12  Feb. ;  Daily  Poet, 
7  Feb.  1726).  By  his  will,  dated  19  Aug. 
1725  (P.  C.  C.  67  Plymouth),  his  property 
.ivae  to  be  divided  into  three  equal  parts, 


according  to  the  custom  of  the  city  of  London, 
one  part  going  to  his  wife,  Mary  Roper,  aad 
the  second  to  his  soo;  Francis.  Out  of  the 
third  portion  of  his  property  he  left  to  hii 
son  his  right  and  title  to  the  copy  of  cer- 
taia  books,  and  small  legacies  to  his  brother^ 
John  Roperof  Atherstone,  aad  otheis.  Then 
is  an  eBgcaviiu^  of  Roper,  with  his  nephew 
Toby,  by  Vanfaguoht  (publidied  in  March 
nio)f  and  a  meoBEOtini  by  G.  White,  after 
H.  Hysifig. 

[Some  Memoirs  of  the  life  of  Abel,  Toby's 
Uade,  by  Dr.  Andiew  Tripe,  2726;  NoMe'^Oon- 
tinnaOen  of  Graager,  1806»  u.  808-11;  Caul- 
field's  Pettaaits  of  lUmsirksble  Peisoos  (BeroU- 
tiontoGeoTflpellXi.  142*4;  Brenley'sPortEaiti, 
p.  241 ;  Nkbob's  lit.  Anood.]  0.  A  A. 

BOPEE,  MARGARET  (16a&-1544), 
datt^iter  of  Sir  Thomas  Mofe.  [See  under 
MoBB,  Sib  Thoxas,  and  Ropbb,  WiLUiv.] 

ROPllR^  RQPER  STOTE  DONNISON 
(1771-1828  P),  legal  writer,  bom  on  9  March 
1771,  was  only  son  of  the  Rev.  Watson 
Stote  Donnison  of  Trimdon,  Durham. 
Through  his  mother,  Eluabeth,  daiu^hter  and 
heiress  of  Jonathan  Sparke,  esq.,  of  Hutton- 
Henry  (by  Elizabeth  dasffhter  of  Wiilium 
Roper,  esq.,  of  Clayport),  he  became  heir  to 
the  Trimdon  estates,  the  prmrty  of  the 
Roper  fSunily ,  and  «t  the  age  of  about  twenty- 
ftve  assumed  the  sumaBie  of  Roper.  On 
29  March  1798  he  was  admitted  at  OraVs 
Inn,  and  on  6  Feb.  1799  was  called  to  the 
bar.  In  1896  he  appeared  in  the  '  Law  List' 
asof  2  LinoDfai*s  Inn  Square,  equity  draughts- 
man. His  name  figured  there  for  the  last 
time  in  1828.  Roper  Stote  Donnison  Rowe 
Roper  of  Trimdon*  probably  a  son,  married, 
26  Oct.  1888,  Jemima  Margaret,,  daughter  of 
the  Rev.  John  GKlptmof  Sedbury  Park,  York- 
shire (SuRKB,  Landed  Qentry}. 

Roper  was  the  author  <»  several  legal 
worim.  The  first,  a '  Treatise  upon  the  Law 
of  liSg^es,'  appealed  in  1799,  and  was  re- 
issued in  1806.  It  WW  commended  by  Lord 
Ehlon,  Story,  and  Kent.  The  author  at  his 
death  left  a  portioii  of  it  thoroughly  revised. 
The  worii  was  completed  l^  Henry  Hopley 
Whke,  and  tsaaed  m  two  volumes,  1828^  as 
a  third  edition.  A  fourth  edition  appeared 
in  1847^  and  a  second  American  edition  in 
1846.  Roper  also  published  Treatiee  on  the 
Revocation  and  RepubHcatioo  of  WiUs  and 
Testaments,  together  with  tracts  upon  the 
law  conceming^azon  andFerme/  1800, 8vo 
(American  edition,  1803),  and  'Treatise  oa 
the  Law  of  Property  arising  from  the  Rela- 
tion between  Husband  and  Wife,'  1820,^  vols. 
8vo.  A  second  edition  of  the  latter,  with 
addstioBS,  was  issued  by  E.  Jacob  in  1826^ 


Roper 


"5 


Roper 


and  Anerican  editions  appeared  in  1824, 
1841,  ad  1860.  J.  £.  firij^t's '  Treatise  on 
tlie  Uir  of  Hoaband  and  Wife'  (1849)  was 
laiyeijr  Ibamdad  on  it. 

fametrfa  Hiat.  of  Burhaai,  i.  lOd-7,  il.  206 ; 
Foftei^aGm/e  Inn  Btfgiflter;  Law  lists;  Alli- 
boa^s  net.  Et^  Lit.  ii.  1868 ;  Brit.  Mtis.  Cat] 

G.  La  0.  K. 

BOFSB,  SAMUEL  (cL  1668),  antiquary, 
was  eldest  son  of  Thomas  Hoper  of  Heanor, 
Derbj^hireyby  his  second  wife,  Anne,  daujoph- 
ter  and  cc^eir  of  Alvered  Ghresbiooke  of  Mid- 
dleton,  Warwickshire.  About  1615  Du^fdale 
made  the  acqoaintance  of  Roper,  and  after- 
wards became  conneeted  with  him  b^  mar- 
riage. Roper,  who  lived  for  some  time  at 
Monk'a-Kln>j,  Warwickshire,  aided  Dugdale 
in  his  history  of  the  county,  making  investi- 
gations which  resulted  in  the  discovery  of 
'  foondalions  of  old  walls  and  Roman  bricks.' 
Bugdale,  in  his  'Antiquities  of  Warwick- 
shire/ mentions  him  as '  a  gentleman  learned 
and  jndieioos,  and  singularly  well  seen  in 
antiqaities.*  Boner  auo  had  chambers  in 
Lincoln's  Inn,  and  there  Dugdale  first  met, 
in  1688^  Roger  Bodsworth  [q.  v.J,  his  future 
collaborator  in  the  '  Monasticon  Angli- 
caaam'  (Xj^e  of  Dugdale,  ed.  Hamper,  p.  10). 
Roper  woiied  out  the  genealogy  of  his  own 
family  with  great  indnst^,  and  his  pedigree 
fills  sevend  pages  in  the '  v  isitation  of  Derby- 
shire '  of  I6o4.  It  is  illustrated  by  numerous 
extrads  from  deeds  and  drawings  of  seals ; 
but  Che  proofe  are  usually  taken  from  private 
muaiflients,  which  aijs  seldom  corroborated 
by  pnUioi^ecords.  It  satisfied  Dugdale,  who 
repeated  it  in  his  '  Visitation  of  Derbyshire ' 
ori662.  In  the  'Vbitation'  of  1654  Roper 
is  called  '  oolloneU  for  the  parlament.'  He 
died  Oft  I  Sept.  1668. 

Roper  aasik'iBd  ESUabeth,  datufhter  and 
coheir  of  Sir  Henry  Gkiodere  of  F^lesworth. 
Warwiclahire,  ana  had  issue  two  eons  and 
four  dan|Hbters.  The  eldest  son,  Samuel 
Roper(l<SS-1678),  who  mherited  his  Other's 
aatiqaariAn  tastes,  died  unmarried. 

[I>iigdale'sIif0»  ed.  Hamper,  pp.  8,  10,  108, 
166-7, 286, 287,  and  Antiquities  of  Warwickshire, 
ed.  Thenas,  pp.  74,  286-7  n, ;  Chester  Waters^s 
GheStan  of  Ukichely  (giViDg  Bo|>6r  pediffres).] 


BOPKR,  WILLIAM   (1496-1578)  bio- 


king^  benth.  the  isther,  w1m>  had  woperty 
bolk  aft  Sltham  in  Kent  sand  in  ^.  Dun- 
•Kaa'a  pariaK  Canterbury,  was  sheriff  of 
IsBft  in  1681,  and  Idi^  held  the  office  of 
ekfk  of  thm  plaaa  or  pfothoitotairy  of  the 


court  of  king's  bench ;  he  was  buried  in  the 
Roper  vault  in  the  chapel  of  St.  Nicholas 
in  St.  Dunstan^s  Church,  Canterbury,  on 
7  April  1524.  He  made  his  will  on  27  Jan. 
1528,  and  it  is  printed  at  length  in  '  Archieo- 
l(»iaGantiana^(iL  158-74).  The  provisiona, 
which  ignored  tne  Kentish  custom  of  gav^*- 
kind,  were  so  complicated  that  an  act  of 
parliament,  which  was  psssed  in  1529,  waa 
needed  to  give  ef^t  to  them.  John  Roper's 
widow  Jaue  wiote  to  Thomas  Cromweu  on 
16  Nov.  1589  begging  him  to  bestow  tha 
poet  of  attorney  to  Anne  of  Cleves  (about  to 
become  queen  of  England)  on  John  PiW 
borobgh,  nusband  of  her  second  daughter. 
Elisabeth ;  the  letter  is  in  the  public  recoid 
office  (c£  ArehtBoloffia  Cant,  iv.  2d7-^Y  The 
elder  Roper's  youngest  son,  Christopher  (i& 
1558-9),  of  Lynsfeed  Lodge,  Kent,  was 
escheator  for  tha  county  in  1550 ;  he  married 
Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Christopher  Blore  of 
Ternhasn,  Kent,  and  was  grandfather  of  Sur 
John  Roper,  who  was  created  Baron  Teyn^ 
ham  on  9  July  1616;  the  peerage  is  still 
held  by  a  deecendant. 

William,  the  eldest  eon,  was,  according  to 
Wood,  educated  at  one  of  the  imiversitieSb 
Under  his  filther's  will  he  inherited  the 
larger  part  of  the  family  property,  including 
estates  at  Eltham  and  St.  Dunstsn's,  Can*- 
terbuiT.  In  1528,  when  his  father  made  hia 
will,  William  held  jointly  with  him  the 
office  of  derk  of  the  pleas  or  prothonota^ 
of  the  court  of  kind's  bench.  This  post  he 
subsequently  held  done  for  life,  fiis  le^al 
duties  oppaventlv  brought  him  to  the  notice 
of  Sir  Thomas  More,  aiM  about  1526  kenar«' 
ried  More's  accomplished  eldest  daughter, 
Margaret  (for  an  account  of  her  see  art. 
MoBfi,  But  Thomas).  More  showed  much 
affection  for  Roper.  A&er  his  father-in- 
law's  execution  m  1585,  Roper  compiled  a 
charmingly  sympathetio  life  of  l(f  ore,  which 
is  the  earliest  of  More's  biographies  and  the 
chief  source  of  information  respecting  More's 
personal  histocy.  It  was  first  published  at 
Paris  in  1626  under  the  title  'The  Life, 
Arraignement,  and  Death  of  that  Mirrpur  of 
all  true  Honour  and  Vertue,  Syr  Thomas 
More '  [for  bibliography  see  art.  *Mob£,  Sib 
Thomas,  ad  fin.] 

Roper  was  an  ardent  catholio  to  the  last, 
and  during  Queen  Mary's  reign  took  a  part  in 
public  life.  He  had  previously  sat  for  ^r/.m- 
ber  (1529),  Rocheeter  (1645),  and  Wmehes- 
ter  (1553),  aaid  he  was  returned  in  1554  to 
Maxys  second  and  third  narliaments  aa  mem- 
ber for  Roehester.  In  Mary's  last  two  parlta- 
metnts  (October  1555  and  January  lo57-^) 
he  sat  for  Canterbnry.  Hie  did  not  re-enter 
the  House  of  Conunons  alber  Qaestn  Mary'a 


Rory  Oge 


2X6 


Ros 


death.  As  a  catholic  he  fell  under  the  8I10- 
picion  of  Queen  Elisabeth's  privy  council. 
On  8  July  1568  he  was  summoned  before  it 
for  having  relieved  with  money  certain  ner- 
s(ms  who  had  fled  the  country,  and  nad 
printed  books  against  the  queen's  govern- 
ment. He  made  his  submission,  and  on 
25  Nov.  1569  entered  into  a  bond  to  be  of 
good  behaviour  and  to  appear  before  the 
council  when  summoned  (VaL  State  Papers, 
Dom.  1547-80,  pp.  811,  847).  Roper  and 
Sir  William  Cordell,  master  of  the  rolls, 
were  nominated  bv  Sir  Thomas  Whyte 
visitors  of  his  new  foundation  of  St.  Jolin's 
CoUege,  Oxford,  during  life.  The  validity 
of  their  appointment  was  disputed  in  July 
1571  by  RoDert  Home,  bishop  of  Winchester 
(jib.  p.  417).  After  fifty-four  years  of  tenure 
of  his  post  of  prothonotaiT  of  the  king's 
bench,  he  resigned  it  in  1577  to  his  eldest 
son  Thomas.  He  died  on  4  Jan.  1577-8, 
and  was  buried  in  St.  Dunstan's  Church, 
Canterbury.  His  wife  Margaret  had  died  in 
1544.  By  her  he  left  two  sons,  Thomas 
and  Anthony,  and  three  daughters.  Thomas, 
the  elder  son,  who  succeeded  to  the  pro- 
nerty  at  Eltham,  was  buried  on  26  Feb. 
1597-8  in  St.  Dunstan's  Church,  where  there 
is  an  elaborate  inscription  to  his  memory ; 
he  left  issue  by  his  wife  Lucy,  youngest 
daughter  of  Sir  Anthonv  Browne,  and  sister 
of  the  first  viscount  Montagu.  William 
Roper^s  family  died  out  in  the  male  line  at 
the  end  of  the  seventeenth  century,  when 
Elizabeth  Roper,  wife  of  Edward  Henshaw 
of  Hampshire,  became  sole  heiress  of  the 
Eltham  and  St.  Dunstan's  estates. 

[Hasted*B  Hist,  of  Kent,  ed.  Drake,  pt.  L 
(HuDdred  of  Blackheath),  1886,  pp.  189  sq.; 
Sprott's  Chronicle,  ed.  Heame,  p.  880;  J.  M. 
Cowper's  Reg.  of  St.  Dunstan's  Church,  Can- 
terbury, 1887 ;  Fostei^B  Peerage ;  Wood's  Athense 
Oxen.  ed.  Bliss ;  Roper's  Life  of  Sbr  Thomas 
More ;  art.  Sib  Thomas  Mobb.]  S.  L. 

RORY  or  RURY  OGE  (d,  1578),  Irish 
rebel  [See  O'Morb,  Rort.] 

RORY  O'MORE  (n.  1620-1662),  L-ish 
rebel.    [See  O'Mobe,  Kobt.] 

ROS  or  ROOS  op  Hahlake,  Lobd. 
[See  Maitnebs,  Thomas,   afterwards  first 

EaBL  op  RVTLAITD,  d,  154S.] 

ROS  or  ROSSE,  JOHN  de  (d,  1332), 
bishop  of  Carlisle,  was  a  member  of  a  Here- 
fordshire family,  and  is  said  to  have  been  a 
son  of  Robert,  first  baron  Ros  of  Hamlake  or 
Helmsley  [see  under  Ros,  Wiluax  beI.  He 
held  the  living  of  Ross,  Herefordshire,  before 
1307  (Roberts,  Calendarium  Oenealofficum, 


ii.  742 ;  Bliss,  CaL  Pap.  B^.  ii.  72),  and 
on  17  May  of  that  year,  when  he  was  canon 
of  Hereford,  had  leave  of  absence  while  pro* 
secuting  his  studies  (Jb,  iL  29).  He  held 
the  prebends  of  Moreton  Parva  and  Moreton 
Magna  at  Hereford  (Lb  Nbvb,  Faati  JEoct, 
Angl.  i.  614,  516),  and  previously  to  130S 
was  archdeacon  of  Salop  (ib.  i.  483). 
On  17  Oct.  131Q,  when  he  is  described  as 
clerk  of  Thomas  Jorz  [q.  v.^,  cardinal  of  St. 
Sabina,  he  had  license  to  visit  his  archdea- 
conry by  deputy  for  three  years  (CW.  Pap, 
JReg.  ii.  74).  He  was  perhaps  permanently 
attached  to  the  Roman  curia,  and  his  name 
appears  frequently  in  papal  mandates  down 
to  liis  accession  to  the  oishopric  (jb.  passim). 
On  25  March  1317  he  is  styled  papal  chap- 
lain, and  on  5  Nov.  1317  as  papal  auditor 
had  license  to  enjov  his  benefices  although 
non-resident  while  m  the  papal  service.  He 
ceded  his  archdeaconry  on  7  June  1318,  but 
about  the  same  time  seems  to  have  obtained 
canonries  at  Wells  and  Salisbury  (t5.  ii. 
173-4, 187 ;  WelU  Cathedral  MS8.  p.  164). 
Previously  to  16  Eeb.  1325  he  was  provided 
to  Carlisle  by  the  pope,  and  on  24  Ajjril  was 
consecrated  at  the  papal  court  {ib.  li.  468^ 
470 ;  Chron.  de  Laneroaet,  p.  263).  He  re- 
ceived the  temporalities  on  25  June.  The 
diocese  of  Carbsle  suffered  much  from  the 
Scottish  war,  and  Rosse  seems  to  have  been 
frequently  non-resident,  on  which  ground 
complaint  was  made  in  1331,  when  he  was 
living  at  Homcastle  {Calendar  0/ Documents 
relating  to  Scotland,  ii.  742 ;  cf.  NicouBOir 
and  BxTBir,  ii.  264).  Rosse  died  in  1382  be- 
fore  11  May,  and  was  taken  for  burial  to  the 
south,  whence  he  came  (Chron,  deLanercaat^ 
p.  276). 

[Nieolson  and  Bum's  Hist,  of  Westmoreland 
and  Cumberland,  ii.  264 ;  Lettezs  frem  Northern 
RegiBterB(Bolls  Ser.) ;  other  authorities  quoted.! 

G.  Lk. 

ROS,  ROBERT  de  {d.  1227),  sumamed 
FuRSAN,  baron,  was  the  son  of  Everard  de 
Eos  of  Helmsley  or  Hamlake  in  the  North 
Riding  of  Yorkshire.  The  family  also  held 
lands  in  Holdemess,  where  was  situated 
Ros,  to  which  they  gave,  or  from  which  thev 
received,  their  name.  Robert  succeeded  to  his 
father^s  lands  in  1191,  paying  a  relief  of  one 
thousand  marks.  In  1195  he  was  bailiff  and 
castellan  of  Bonneville-sur-Touquee  in  Lower 
Normandy,  near  which  the  Norman  lands  of 
the  family  lay  (Staplbtok,  Magni  Motuli 
ScaocarU  Normannue,  vol.  i.  pp.  cxl,  cbdv, 
vol.  ii.  pp.  Izxvi,  Ixxvii).  In  1196,  after  a 
battle  between  the  men  of  Philip  Augustus 
and  those  of  Richard  I,  Richard  handed 
over  to  Robert's  keeping  Hugh  de  Chaumont^ 


Ros 


317 


Ros 


I  vealihy  kniglit  and  intimate  friend  of 
Philip  AuffUfltua.  Robert  imprisoned  him 
in  bis  casQe  of  BonneTiUe.  jSut  his  sor- 
ytmif  Che  keeper  of  the  castle,  William 
jyEmaMj,  waa  bribed  into  conniving  at 
Hq^'s  eacapf^.  Richard,  angiy  at  the  loss 
of  80  important  a  prisoner,  ordered  D'Epinay 
to  be  hanged,  ana  imposed  a  fine  of  twelve 
hundred  marks  on  his  master.  Two  hun- 
dred and  forty  marks  of  this  were  still 
onpaid  on  29  Jan.  1204,  when  King  John 
remitted  one  hundred  marks  {Patent  Bolla, 
p.  38). 

Immediately  after  his  accession  John  sent 
Kobert  and  others  to  AVilliam  the  Lion  of 
Scotland,  Robert's  father-in-law,  to  arrange 
an  interview  between  the  two  sovereigns  for 
20  Nov.  1199  (Roe.  Hov.  iv.  140).     On 
6  Jan.  1200  he  received  from  the  king  a 
grant  of  all  the  honours  and  lands  which  had 
belonged  to  Walter  Espec  in  the  countv  of 
Northnmberland,  including   Wark,  where 
Robert  bmlt  a  castle  [see  Espec,  Walter]. 
In  the  succeeding  years  he  witnessed  several 
royal  eharten,  chiefly  at  places  in  the  north 
of  England,  but  on  7  Oct.  1208  was  again  at 
Bonneville-sur-Tonques  {Charter  Rolls,    p. 
ill  b\  uod  aeems  to  have  been  in  Normandy 
in  Jonn's  service  during  the  later  months  of 
that  year,   returning  to   England    before 
32  Feb.  1204,  when  he  was  at  York  {ib,  pp. 
114  a,  119  6;  Rotuli  Nannanniaf  p.  113). 
In  the  spring  of  1205  he  had  some  difficulty 
with  John,  possibly  about  the  balance  of 
his  fine,  and  his  lands  were  ordered  to  be 
seized  {dote  EolU,  i.  24  b),  but  an  order  for 
their  restoration  was  soon  issued  {ib,  i.  31). 
On  28  Feb.  1206  he  received  license,  whenever 
he  should  take  the  croes,  to  pledge  his  lands 
ht  tMtortsj  to  any  one  of  the  king's  subjects 
my  time  during  the  following  three  years 
^Hnmm,  Botuli  Selecti,  p.  17).    This  per- 
miflskm  waa  renewed  on  2o  Feb.  1 207.     We 
do  not  know  whether  Robert  took  the  crusad- 
ing vow.     For  some  reason,  possibly  on  ac- 
eoont  of  th^  arrears  of  his  fine,  his  son 
Robert  waa  in  the  king's  hands  as  a  hostage 
rn  13  Feb.  of  that  vear  (Patent  Bolls,  p.  69  b). 
Robert  aceuM  to  have  let  another  prisoner 
e«cape,  a  certain  Thomas  de  Bekering,  and 
on  28  Dee.  1207  was  acquitted  of  a  fine  of 
tlu«e  hundred  marks  for  this  new  offence 
( Cloae  JEtaUs,  i.  99).    On  10  A^nX  1209  he 
^«ras  sent  with  others  by  the  king  to  meet 
the  Idnff  of  Scotland  {Patent  Rolls,  p.  91). 

In  1212  Robert  seems  to  have  assumed 
the  monastic  habit,  and  on  15  May  of  that 
year  John  therefore  handed  over  the  custody 
of  hia  Linda  to  Philip  de  Ulecot  {Close 
Holls,  L  116  6).  His  profession  cannot,  how- 
ever, have  lasted  long,  for  on  30  Jan.  1218 


the  king  committed  to  him  the  forest  and 
county  of  Cumberland  {Patent  Rolls,  f,  966),. 
while  on  25  Feb.  he  was  made  one  of  a  com- 
mission to  inquire  into  grievances,  more  es- 
pecially the  exactions  of  the  roval  officers 
in  the  counties  of  Lincoln  and  York  {ib,  p.  97). 
Among  other  royal  favours  which  he  received 
this  year  was  that  of  a  license  to  send  across 
the  seas  a  ship  laden  with  wool  and  hides  to 
bring  back  wme  in  exchange  (9  Sept.  Close 
Rolls,  i.  149  b).  He  interceded  with  the 
king  in  favour  of  his  suzerain  in  Holdemess,^ 
William  of  Aum&le,  and  succeeded  in  get* 
ting  him  a  safe-conduct  as  a  preliminary  to 
a  reconciliation  (1  Oct.  Patent  Rolls,  p.  104dX 
On  3  Oct.  he  was  one  of  the  witnesses  to 
John's  surrender  of  the  kingdom  to  the  pope, 
and  was  one  of  the  twelve  great  men  vnio 
undertook  to  compel  John  to  keep  hb  pro* 
mises  made  in  favour  of  the  English  church 
{Charter  Rolls,  p.  196;  Literee  CantuarienseSy, 
Rolls  Ser.  i.  21).  During  the  troubled  year 
1214  and  the  early  part  of  1215  he  continued 
in  John's  service  as  sheriff  of  Cumberland, 
and  on  10  April  1215  received  the  royal 
manors  of  Sowerby,  Carleton,  and  Oulsby, 
all  near  Penrith  in  Cumberland  and  West- 
moreland {Close  Rolls,  i.  194).  About  the* 
same  time  John  ordered  Peter  des  Roches- 
[q.  V.J  to  do  all  that  he  could  to  secure  the 
election  of  Robert's  aunt  as  abbess  of  Bark- 
ing, and  in  no  wise  permit  the  election  of 
the  sister  of  Robert  Pitz Walter,  one  of  the- 
baronial  leaders  (i^.  i.  202). 

But  John  failed,  despite  these  favours,  to 
secure  Ros's  adherence  in  his  struggle  with 
the  barons.  According  to  Roger  or  Wend- 
over  [n,  114),  Ros  was  one  of  the  chief 
'  incentors  of  this  pest '  (i.e.  the  baronial! 
resistance  to  the  king)  in  the  meeting  of 
the  magnates  at  Stamford  in  the  week 
following  19  April.  He  was  one  of  the- 
twenty-five  barons  elected  to  compel  the- 
observance  of  the  Great  charter  (Matt. 
Pakis,  ii.  605),  and  took  part  in  the  resis- 
tance to  John  after  his  absolution  from  his 
oath  by  the  pope.  In  consequence  he  was 
excommunicated  by  Innocent  IV  in  Januanr 
1216  (Roo.  Wbkd.  ii.  169).  After  the  kin/s 
successes  in  the  north  in  the  early  part  of 
that  year,  a  castle  belonging  to  Robert  waa 
one  of  the  only  two  that  remained  in  the 
possession  of  the  barons  in  the  north  of 
England  {ib,  ii.  167).  John  granted  his- 
lands  to  William,  earl  of  Aumale,  on  27  Jau. 
1216  (Close  Rolls,  i.  240  b).  He  was  sum- 
moned to  deliver  up  Carlisle  Castle,  and  ex* 
pressed  his  readiness  to  do  so,  merely  asking 
for  a  safe-conduct  for  an  interview,  wbich  the 
king  promised  {ib,  i.  269).  John  repeated 
the  oner  on  12  April,  but  it  led  to  nothing* 


Ros 


ai8 


Ros 


Robert  held  the  government  of  Northum- 
berland, and  seems  to  have  continued  his 
resistance  even  after  John's  death.  His  son 
William  was  captured  at  lincoln  in  May 
1217  (Oont,  Gebv.  Cant.  ii.  111). 

Robert  in  time  submitted,  and  Henry  III 
commanded  hi^  manors  of  Sowerby,  Oarleton, 
and  Oulsby  to  be  restored  to  him  on  23  July 
1218,  and  orders  to  different  bailifis  of  the 
king  to  allow  him  to  hold  his  lands  unr 
molested  were  issued  on  22  Nov.  1220  (Clote 
Bolls,  I  441).  In  Febmaiy  1221  he  was 
.summoned  to  help  in  besieging  and  destroy- 
ing Skipsea  Castle  (ib.  L  47 lb).  In  1222 
he  seems  to  have  complained  to  the  king 
that  the  kin^  of  Scotland  was  encroaching  on 
English  territory,  and  acommission  of  inquiry 
was  appointed  (t^.  i.  496  6).  Whejther  it  was 
that  the  sheriff  of  Cumoerlandi  apparently 
Walter,  bishop  of  Carlisle,  had  delayed  to 
restore  his  lands  through  jealousy,  or  that 
they  had  been  seixed  again,  their  restoration 
waa  again  ordered  on  24  May  1322.  On 
23  May  of  the  following  year  the  king  forbade 
the  same  sheriif  of  Cumberland  to  exact 
tallageB  from  the  royal  manors  given  to 
Robert.  A  renewed  order  to  give  Robert 
seisin  of  these  manors  on  6  Feb.  1225  seems 
to  point  to  further  disobedience  to  the  king's 
former  orders  {ib,  ii.  15).  Robert  witnessed 
the  third  reissue  of  the  Great  charter  on 
11  Feb.  of  that  year.  On  26  Feb.  1226 
Heniy  ordered  th0  barons  of  the  exchequer 
to  deduct  from  the  firm  of  the  county  owing 
by  Walter,  bishop  of  Carlisle,  the  revenues 
of  the  royal  manors  given  to  Robert  de  Ros. 
Robert  again  took  the  monastic  habit 
bef(H-e  18  Jan.  1227  (t^.  ii.  166  H).  He  died 
in  that  year,  and  was  buried  in  the  Tempie 
Church  at  London.  He  married  Isabella, 
daughter  of  William  the  Lion,  king  of  Scot- 
laotd,  and  had  by  her  two  sons :  William 
{d.  1257-8),  whose  son  Robert,  first  baron 
Ros,  is  noticed  under  William  de  Ros,  second 
baron  Bos ;  and  Robert  de  Roe^  Boron  Ros 
of  Wark  {a,  v.]  He  gave  the  manor  of  Ribston 
(West  Riaii]^  of  Yorkshire)  to  the  knights 
templars,whoestablishedacomm«&de^  tnere 
(Stafleton,  Moffni  Botuli  Soouscarii  Norm. 
voL  ii.  p.  Ixxvii).  He  also  gave  several 
houses  in  York  to  the  same  order  (  Close  JiallSf 
i.  117  b).  Ho  founded  the  kprosery  of  St. 
Thomas  the  Martyr  at  Bolton  (probably  in 
Northumberland,  five  and  a  half  miles  west 
of  Ahiwiok)  {ClosB  EoUs,  ii.  182). 

[Botuli  Ohartarum  Johannisi  Botuli  Litte* 
rarum  Clausarum,  and  Botuli  LitteramtiPEiten* 
tioni,  Botuli  Normannis,  and  Huntet's  Botuli 
Seleeti,  all  published  by  the  Baoovd  GommissioA ; 
Soger  of  Hoveden,  Roger  of  Wendovev,  Kattbev 
Paris,  Shirley's  Letters  of  Heaiy  UI  (BoU«  Ser.) ; 


Dugdale's  Baronage  of  England,  L  546;  Baker's 
Northamptonshire,  i.  269 ;  f oulson's  HoldemeBS ; 
Stapleton  s  Magni  Botuli  Seaccarii  Kormaiiiilie, 
2  vols.  8vo,  1840.]  W,  E.  B. 

ROS,  ROBERT  db,  Baboh  Ros  of  Win 
(d,  1274),  was  the  second  son  of  Robert  de 
Kos  {d,  1227)  [q.  v.],  and  inherited  from  him 
thelordshipof  Wark  and  a  barony  in  Scotland. 
He  is  very  liable  to  be  confused  with  his 
nephew  and  contemporary,  Robert  de  Boa  of 
Helmsley  or  Hamlako  and  Belvoix  {d  1285) 
[see  under  Ros,  WnuAX  db,  secona  Bibok 
xlosl  He  is  first  mentioned  as  being  in  the 
king'j  hands  as  a  hosttage  on  13  Feb.  1207 
{Patent  BollSf  p.  69  b).  He  was  associated 
with  the  Justices  of  the  bench  by  tt  writ  dated 
6  July  1^34,  and  in  the  month  of  August  of 
that  year  was  appointed  a  justice  on  three 
itinsrd.  In  1237  he  was  constituted  chief  jus- 
tice of  theforestsin  the  northerAcounties,  and 
was  still  filling  that  office  on  24  Sept.  1242 
('  R61es  Grasoons/  ed.  Michel,  in  Coll.  de  Docu- 
ments InSdits,  L  16),  About  that  time  he 
seems  to  have  retired  to  his  Scottish  barony, 
and  in  1244  concurred  in  sending  the  king  of 
Scotland's  treaty  of  peace  with  Henry  III 
to  Innocent  IV  for  confinnation.  In  1252,  on 
the  marriage  of  Henry  IH's  daughter  Mar- 

faret  to  Alexander  III  of  Scotland,  the  king  of 
!ngland  appointed  Robert,  who  seems  at  the 
time  to  have  held  the  office  of  marshsl  of  his 
household,  one  of  the  guardians  of  the  yonog 
queen  (Mait.  Fabzb,  Hist.  Mqj,  v.  272).  Three 
years  later  the  king  aocused  Robert  and  his 
co-guardians  of  ill-treating  the  queen.     A 
certain  physician  named  Iteginala,  to  whom 
she  is  ssEid  to  have  confided  h&t  troubles,  died 
mysteriously,  not  without  suspicion  of  poison, 
aner  remonstrating  with  and  threiUiening 
the  guardians.    Henry  went  towards  Soot- 
land  with  an  army,  and  sent  Richard,  earl 
of  Glouoester,  and  John  Mansel  to  make  in- 
quiries.   The^  entered  Edinbuvgh  Castle  in 
tne  guise  of  simple  men-at-arms  of  Robert  de 
Ros,  and  gained  access  to  the  queen,  who  com- 
plained that  she  was  in  a  sort  of  imprison- 
ment.  She  was  not  allowed  to  travel  through 
her  kingdom,  have  a  special  household,  or 
even  choose  her  o^fn  bed-chamber  women, 
*  nor  was  she  allowed  to  lire  with  her  husband 
as  his  wife.'    The  royal  endssariee  brought 
this  separation  to  an  end,  a&d  suflflmoned 
Robert  and  his  companions  to  answer  for 
theiff  conduct.     They  ^eaded  the  extreme 
youth  of  the  king  and  queea  (i6.  v.  504). 
The  wealth  of  Robert  ana  hia  fellows  also 
excited  the  cupidity  of  the  needy  and  extra- 
vagant Henry  IIL  Though  the  e&rl  marshal 
to^  his  part,  Wark  and  others  of  Robert's 
lands  were  seiaed  and  his  movable  property 
eonfiscated  and  s(^d.  A  fine  of  one  tnousaod 


Ros 


2X9 


Ros 


ViMikM  vu  imposed  on  him,  but  was  after- 
wards remitted  (i^.  t.  6S0,  569).  Henry's 
treatmeot  of  bim  hate  its  natural  fruitB,  and 
in  the  huootf  war  we  find  him  on  ihe  anti- 
rojalut  oda  He  and  others  on  4  March 
12^  promised  to  observe  any  truce  granted 
by  'aoninus  Edwaidus'  (Royal  Letters  qf 
SmlU'u^a).  On  18  Dec  of  the  same 
j«tt  he  was  one  of  the  barons  who  agreed 
to  nhmit  to  the  arbitration  of  St.  Louis 
(SrvBiSy  Seket  Ckartete,  6th  edit.  p.  407). 
In  1264  a  Robert  de  Bos  helped  to  hold 
yprthftiaptiMi  against  Heary  III  (ContiTi, 
Gbbt.  Oait. iL  2Ui  Wnm,  iy.  166).  He 
died  hstipeea  20  liem.  1373  and  20  Not. 
WL 

He  manied  M«fgaiet|  daughter  and  sole 
heizQii  of  Peter  de  Brus,  and  lefi  a  son 
lioba!t.wlio  waa  still  a  minor  at  his  father's 
death. 

rVoiA  Jadges  ef  Bngland,  u.  468 ;  Boberte*8 
Cakndariiiigenealoisieiim,  i.  211,  230 ;  Baker's 
NorthiaplQiidiixo,  i  249 ;  Dadgale's  Baronage 
ol&Vhad^L  646;  Chzoa.de  Melsa,  ii.  128; 
iimalai  de  Barton,  i.  887 ;  Hatt.  Paris's  His- 
tocis  Ibjor,  and  Wykes  in  Annalee  Monastici, 
Td.  IT.  tot.  dt]  W.  B.  B. 

ROS,  WILLIAM  SB,  second  Bason  Bos 
(d.  1817),  bom  before  1260,  was  son  of 
Aobert  de  Boe»  first  baron  Bos  of  Helmsley 
or  Hamlaha,  who  died  in  1286,  and  Isabel, 
du^  sad  heiress  of  William  d'Albini  of 
Bdvoir  {Cklmdmrium  Chneahgieum,  L  358). 
The  father  waa  gzandson  of  Bobert  de  Bos, 
nnftmed  Forfan  [q.  ▼.],  son  of  William  de 
Bo8(d.  1256)^  b^r  Ais  wife  Lucia,  daughter  of 
Bmiad  Fka-Piect,  and  nephew  of  Bobert 
deltoe,  baioa  Boa  of  Wark  {d,  1274)  [q.  v.] 
Oq  ^  Oct  1248  Henry  HI  granted  arespite 
iir  A  debt  owiag  ^m  the  father  to  the 
aowa(.£keefyilaeJ2oiii^jF%8ncm,ii.42).  In 
1^^1277  the  fint  ba<ron  Bos  went  by 
^inaie  on  a  pik^image  to  St.  Edmund  of 
F^timy  {I>ep.'Keq^  of  the  FuhUe  Beoorde, 
M  Rep.  App.  p.  268) ;  he  died  in  1286 
{OejmdioriumCteneakffi^^  i.  868),  leavinff, 
hesides  William,  a  son  Bobert,  and  possibfy 
a  third  eon,  John  de  Bos  [q.  v.],  bishop  of 
Ottiiela 

WiUiam,  the  second  baron:,  who  acquired 
fi»l?oir  Castle  in  right  of  his  mother,  first 
*Ppean  as  a  member  of  the  kind's  suite  in  his 
«^edition  to  Wales  in  1277  (Veputy-Keeper 
^PubL  Bee.  4eth  Bep.  p.  268).  In  June 
1^1  he  waa  in  Scotland  on  the  king's  ser- 
Tiee  {OaL  qf  Patent  JMU,  Edward  I,  p.  438), 
ttd  also  aroeaeed  among  the  claimants  to 
the  Scottisk  eiown  on  account  of  the  maiv 
^  of  his  great^^ndfiither,  Bobert  de 
«»r<isllad  Fufan,  with  Isabella,  daughter 
of  ^ruiiamthsLian  (BtmbBi  new  edit,  ii.75; 


BlfiHAjroBB,  p.  125).  When  his  petition  came 
to  be  eicamined  on  Friday,  7  Nov.  1292,  he 
said  his  advisers  were  not  present,  and  re- 
ceived a  respite  till  the  morrow.  On  Sunday, 
9  Nov.  he  withdrew  his  claim  ('Annales 
Begni  Scotise'  in  BiSHAjreBB,  p.  276).  In 
1296  his  oonsih,  Bobert  de  Bos  of  Wark,  son 
of  Bobert  de  Bos  {d,  1274)  [q.  v.],  fled  into 
Scotland  and  ioined  the  Scots.  William 
asked  for  reinforcements  to  defend  Wark 
Castle.  These  were  sent  bv  the  king,  but 
were  surprised  and  out  to  pieces  by  Bobert 
(BiSHAirdBB,  pp.  165-6\  William  received 
the  confiscated  lands  of  his  cousin,  and  seems 
to  haveremainedfaitlif  uL  He  was  in  Gascony 
in  the  king^s  service  on  24  Jan.  1297,  and 
deputed  the  gusidianship  of  Wark  Castle  to 
his  famther  Kobert  (STBYBBTsoir,  DoeumenU 
illuetratioe  qf  the  History  of  Sootiand,  ii. 
161>2).  He  joined  in  the  letter  of  the  barons 
from  Lincoln  to  the  poi«  in  1801,  in  which 
they  asserted  Edward's  rights  over  Scotland, 
and  disputed  Boni&ce  Vlirs  right  to  in- 
terfere ('  Annates  Londonienses '  in  Stitbis'b 
Chron,  ofJSdw.  I  and  Edw,  II,  i.  123).  On 
8  Nov.  1307  he  and  Bobert,  earl  of  Anjrusf 
wereappointedjointljandsever^vto  desend 
the  county  of  Northumberbuid  agamst  the  in-* 
oursions  of  the  Scots(Cai.  PatBoiUflEjd^,  II, 
1307-13,  p.  14).  On  6  Aug.  1309  he  joined 
in  the  letter  to  the  pope  from  Stamford  on 
ecclesiastical  abuses  (Annalee  Londomeneee. 
i.  162).  Axdibishop  Gbeenfield  summonea 
him  to  a  council  at  xork  on  1  Jan.  1315  to 
devise  means  of  resistance  to  the  threatened 
Scottish  invanon  after  tihe  defeat  of  Ban- 
nockbum,  and  to  another  on  the  Mon^y 
afbr  Ascension  day  of  the  same  year  (5  May) 
(Letters  from  the  Northern  Beffmete,  L  287, 

William  died  m  1317.  On  10  June  1909 
he  ipftve  the  manor  of  Waiter  to  the  Angus- 
tinian  priory  of  Warter,  East  Biding  of  York- 
shire  (OaL  Fat.  MeiU,  Edw.  H,  1307-13,  p. 
161 ).  He  seems  to  have  also  been  a  benefac- 
tor of  the  Oisteraan  abbey  of  Thornton  in 
Lincolnshire^  and  of  the  Augustinian  priory 
of  Pentney  in  Norfolk  (CalMdarwm  Oenea- 
iogteum,  n.  699,  719). 

He  married  Maud,  daushter  and  coheiress 
of  John  die  Vaux  of  Walton,  N^orfolk,  leav- 
ing three  sons — William,  Joins  (see  below), 
and  Thomas — and  three  daughters :  Agnes, 
Marsaret,  and  Matilda.  He  was  succeeded  by 
his  eldest  son,  William,  third  baron  Bos  (d. 
1342),  whose  son  William,  fourth  baran  Bos 
(1326-1362),  by  Marffaret,  daughter  of  Bi^ph 
Neville^  aooonroanied  Edward  III  to  France 
in  1346,  wss  knighted  b^  the  king  at  La 
Hogue,  and  died  in  Palestmein  1362  (Adam 
DB  MirHlHircH,  p«  200j  Chromean  Qaffridi 


Rosa 


230 


Roscarrock 


le  Baker  de  Svpynebroke,  ed.  Thompson,  p.  79 ; 
Bakeb,  NorthampUmshirej  i.  209^ 

'William's  second  son,  Johf  de  Ko6,  B abov 
Ro0  {d,  1388),  admiral,  was  in  1822  with  Ed- 
ward II  at  Byland  as  one  of  his  '  secretarii 
et  familiarii'  when  Edward  was  surprised 
and  nearly  captured  by  the  Soots  (*  Gesta 
Edwardi  de  Carnarvon'  in  Stubbs's  Chrcn, 
JSdto,  I  and  Edw,  II,  ii.  79).  He  afterwards 
ioined  the  court  party,  who  were  opposed  to 
Edward  II,  and  accompanied  Queen  Isabella 
when  she  landed  at  Harwich  on  24  Sept 
1826  {ib»  ii.  86).  In  the  new  reign  he  became 
seneschal  of  the  royal  household,  an  office 
similar  to  that  which  had  been  held  by  his 
ancestor  Robert  (d,  1274)  (' Annales  Paulini' 
in  Stubbs'b  Chron.  Edw.  landEdWn  /J,i.  382). 
He  stood  bail  for  hb  wife's  nephew  Hugh, 
son  of  Hugh  le  Despencer,  who  was  pardoned 
by  Edward  III.  In  1887  he  and  Robert  de 
Ufibrd  (afterwards  Earl  of  Suffolk)  [q.  v.] 
were  appointed  admirals  jointly  and  severally 
of  the  fleets  from  the  mouth  of  the  Thames 
northwards,  with  power  of  imj^ressing  men 
by  force  (Rymeb,  new  edit.,  ii.  966).  He 
was  ordered  to  escort  to  France  the  embassy 
which  Edward  was  sending  thither,  consist- 
ing of  Henry,  bishop  of  Lincoln,  and  the 
earls  of  Salisbury  and  Huntingdon,  as  it  was 
rumoured  that  pirates  and  others  of  the  kln^*s 
enemies  had  planned  their  capture  («&.  li. 
975 ;  Hbmikgbuboh,  ii.  dl8-14>.  This  task 
he  successfully  accomplished.  On  his  return 
he  fell  in  with  two  ships  from  Flanders 
carrying  a  large  number  of  Scots,  which  he 
captured.    He  died  without  issue  in  1838. 

[Authorities  cited  in  text:  Bakei^s  North- 
amptonshire; Dogdale's  Baronage  of  England; 
Longman's  Edwaid  lU.]  W.  £.  R. 

ROSA,  CARL  AUGUST  NICHOLAS 
(1843-1889),  musician  and  impresario,  whose 
Other's  surname  was  Rose,  was  bom  at 
Hambui^,  22  March  1843.  He  began  to 
study  violin-playing  under  one  Lindenau; 
at  seven  jrears  of  age  he  played  a  concerto 
by  Jansa  in  public,  and  at  eleven  he  made  a 
concert  tour.  In  1859  he  entered  the  Leip- 
zig conservatorium,  and  after  passingthrough 
the  course  there  he  went  to  Riris  and  gained 
a  prize  at  the  conservatoire.  On  his  return 
to  Hamburg  he  became  a  member  and  occa- 
sional conductor  of  the  Philharmonic  Society, 
and  subsequently  went  on  another  tour,  during 
which  he  appeared  on  10  March  1866  as  violin 
soloist  at  the  Crystal  Palace.  He  next  went 
to  America  as  conductor  of  Bateman's  com* 
pany,  and  there  he  met  and  married  Mile. 
Parepa  [see  Pabepa-Rosa].  During  1872  he 
spent  a  considerable  time  in  Egypt. 

In  1875  he  formed  in  London,  and  became 


manager  of,  the  Carl  Rosa  Opera  Company, 
when  he  changed  his  name  to  Kosa,  in  order^ 
it  is  said,  to  avoid  confusion  in  pronuncia- 
tion. His  aim  was  to  produce  operas  in  Eng- 
lish. By  careful  selection  of  his  singers  and 
his  r6pertoire,  and  by  attention  to  scenic  ar- 
rangements, he  raised  at  once  the  falleit 
fortunes  of  English  opera.  His  company  was 
formed  for  touring  purposes,  but  he  gpave 
each  year  at  least  one  series  of  repre8ent4i- 
tions  at  a  leading  theatre  in  London.  On 
11  Sept.  1875  he  opened  the  Princess's 
Theatre,  London,  with  a  performance  of 
Mozart's  '  Nozze  di  Figaro,'  and  in  the  same 
season  he  produced  Cherubini's  '  Les  deux 
Joum6es.'  In  the  following  year  he  took 
the  Lyceum  Theatre  for  a  season  which 
lasted  upwards  of  two  months,  and  there  he 
achieved  a  triumph  with  Wagner's '  Flying 
Dutchman,'  Santley  taking  the  title-role. 
Rosa  was  at  the  Adelphi  in  1878.  In  1879 
he  produced '  Rienzi '  with  Schott  in  the  lead- 
ing character  at  Her  Majesty's;  in  1880, 
'Lohengrin'  and  Goetz's  'Taming  of  the 
Shrew,'  at  the  same  theatre,  and  two  years 
later  'Tannh&user'  was  brought  forward. 
In  1883  at  Drury  Lane  he  turned  his  atten- 
tion to  the  works  of  British  composers,  and 
roduced  '  Esmeralda '  by  Goring  Thomas 
q.  v.],  and  Mackenzie's  '  Colomba.  YiUiers 
•tauford's  'Canterbury  Pilgrims'  was  the 
sole  noveltv  of  the  followin  g  season.  Between 
1885  and  1887  he  produced  Thomas's  '  Na- 
deschda,'  Mackenzie's  '  Troubadour,'  and  (at 
the  Alexandra  Theatre,  Liverpool,  of  which 
he  had  become  lessee)  Corder's  '  Nordisa.'  In 
1889  the  Carl  Rosa  Light  Opera  Company 
was  started  at  the  Prince  of  W  ales's  Theatre 
with  Planquette's  *  Paul  Jones.' 

Rosa  died  suddenly  at  the  Grand  Hotel, 
Paris,  30  April  1889,  and  was  buried  at  High- 
gate,  6  May.  He  had  married  a  second  time 
m  1881 .  ms  opera  companies  were  continued 
aft;er  his  death  on  the  lines  that  he  had  laid 
down.    • 

rTimra,  1  May  1889 ;  Grove's  Diet  of  Musie 
and  Musicians.]  R.  H.  L. 

ROSA,  THOMAS  (1575P-1618),  libeller, 
[See  Ross,  Thomas.] 

ROSAMOND  THE  Faib  {d,  1176?), 
mistress  of  Henry  II.  [See  Clipfobd, 
Rosiuom).] 

ROSCARROCK,  NICHOLAS  (1549  P- 
1634  P),  Roman  catholic  and  versifier,  bom 
probably  about  1549,  was  fifth  son  of  Richard 
Koscarrock  (1 507-1575')  of  Roscarrock,  Corn- 
wall, who  was  twice  sneriff  of  that  county. 
The  father,  before  his  death,  settled  on  Nicho- 
las for  life  the  estates  of  Penhale,  Carbura, 


Roscarrock 


231 


Roscoe 


•ad  Newton  in  the  parishes  of  St.  Cleer  and 
Sk  Qennaiia.    His  mother,  Elizabeth,  was 
dandier  and  heiress  of  Richard  Trevenor. 
Nicnohs probably  studied  at  Exeter  College, 
Oxibid  {Oxford  Reg.  ii.  83).  He  supplicated 
&A.  OB  3  May  1568,  and  was  admitted  a 
student  of  the  Inner  Temple  in  November 
1572  (FosTEB,  Alumni  Oxtm,;  Notes  and 
<2Meri(M^6th  ser.  iv.  102).  In  the  same  year  he 
eontiibttted  a  series  of  ninety-four  verses  to 
Tottell*8  edition  of  John  Bosseweirs'  Workes 
of  Armorie,'  the  verses  bearing  the  title 
*  Gdeniu  coisiire  of  the  Aucthor  m  his  high 
Coart  of  Ilorehaultry.'    The  verses  signed 
<  N.  R'  prefixed  to  Qascoigne's  <  Steele  Glas ' 
(1576)  are   alao  probably  by  Boscarrock. 
Besides  being  noted  '  for  his  industrious  de-> 
iijrht  in  mattexe  of  history  and  antiquity' 
(Cabew,  St^oegf  </  Cornwall,  p.  299),  he  was 
in  trdent  catholic.  On  16  Sept.  1577  he  was 
sccQsed  It  Laiinceston  assizes  of  not  going 
to  church  (MoRBis,  Troubles  of  our  Catholic 
/Wi^6ler«,p.95),andin  April  1680  he  was 
matched  by  Cecil  as  a  suspected  j^rson  (  CaL 
State  Papers^  I>om.  Eliz.  cxxxvu.  7,  3  April 
1580).    He  was  then  a  member  of  a  young 
men's  dob  in  London  to  help  priests,  and 
Geoi]ge  Gilbert, '  a  great  patron  of  the  catho* 
Hcs,*  often  stayed  with  him.  On  1  Sept.  1580 
helanded  at  Bonay  with  one  Cieswell,  possibly 
Joseph  CresswellT^'VO  C  Duo  nobiles  ...  ex 
Aofflia,'  Bouay  JJiarieSj  p.  169),  and  on  the 
12^  8et  out  for  Rome  (ib.)  Towards  the  end  of 
1580  he  was  again  in  England.      Spies  were 
employed  to  catch  him,  and  on  5  Dec.  1580 
^vas  lodged  in  the  Tower  (liishton's  <  Diary ' 
in  Sa5DEB8*s  De  Origine  Schiematie  Angli- 
«»';  Douay  Diariee,  p.  178).     On  the  fol- 
lowing 14  Jan.  he  was  racked  (DosD,  ed. 
Tienie7,iii«  151, 152).  He  continued  in  prison 
in  the  Tower  for  eeveral  years  (being  *  m  the 
Mutin  Tower/  with  Crichton  the  Scottish 
mit,  in  1586).     On  6  March  1586  Sir  Owen 
fiopton,  lieutenant-governor  of  the  Tower, 
petitioned  for  his  release,  apparently  with 
iBceess  (HatJSeld  MSS.  iv.  492).    In  1594 
^  was  again  in  the  fleet.    In  June  1599  a 
tnie  bill  wasfoand  against  him  at  theMiddle- 
isx  lessions  for  not  going  to  church.  He  was 
then  described  as  of  St.  Clement  Danes, 
eiraire  (Middleeex  County  Records,  i.  254). 
notcsnock  wrote  a  letter — Cotton  MS. 
Jolinsc  V.  f.  77 — to  Camden  on  7  Aug.  1607 
in  the  publication  of  Camden's  '  Britannia ' 
iCamdem  BpUioUp,  pp.  90-2).     From  1607 
onwards  Roeearrock  lived  at  Naworth  Castle, 
PMbly  as  tutor  to  Lord  William  Howard's 
•om  {Houeekoid   Book  qf  Lord   Hotvardf 
^irtees  Soc  pp.  6,  SOS,  451,  605}.    In  hiter 
life  his  sight  seema  to  have  failed.    He  died 
«t  Naworth  Castle  in  ]a3S  or  1684. 


[Harl.  Soc.  Publ.  ix.  190 ;  Polwhele's  Hist  of 
Cornwall,  ii.  42 ;  Sir  J.  Maclean's  History  of 
Trigg  Minor,  i.  556-63 ;  Jesoits  in  Conflict^  p. 
206;  Wood's  Athense  Oxon.  i.  478;  Challoners 
Memoirs  of  Missionagr  Priests,  p.  32 ;  Bridge- 
water's  Concertatio  EcclesisB  Catholics;  CaL 
State  Pnpers,  Dom.  passim ;  Vivian's  Visitations 
of  Cornwall,  p.  399 ;  Boase  and  Courtney's  Bibl. 
Comub. ;  Boase's  Collectanea  Oomub. ;  Surtees 
Soc.  Publ.  Tol.  Ixriii.  (household  book  of  William, 
Lord  Howard) ;  Gilbert's  Historical  Survey  of 
Cornwall,  ii.  251.]  W.  A.  8. 

ROSCOE,  HENRY  (1800-1836),  legal 
writer,  youngest  son  of  William  Roscoe 
[q.v.l,  bom  at  Allerton  Hall,  near  Liverpool, 
on  17  April  1800,  was  educated  by  private 
tutors,  and  in  1817  was  articled  to  Messrs. 
Stanistreet  &  Eden,  solicitors,  Liverpool.  In 
January  1819  he  removed  to  London  and 
began  studying  for  the  bar,  almost  support- 
ing himself  by  literary  work.  He  was  called 
to  the  bar.at  the  Inner  Temple  in  February 
1826,  and  afterwards  practised  in  the  northern 
circuit  and  at  the  Liverpool  and  Chester  ses- 
sions. He  was  also  assessor  to  the  mayor's 
court,  Liverpool,  and  a  member  of  the  muni- 
cipal corporations  commission.  He  died  at 
Gateacre,  near  Liverpool,  on  26  March  1836. 
By  his  marriage,  on  29  Oct.  1881,  to  Maria, 
second  daughter  of  Thomas  Fletcher  and 
granddaughter  of  Dr.  William  Enfield  [q.  v.], 
he  had  a  son  (Sir  Henry  Enfield  Roscoe, 
F.RS.),anda  daughter  Harriet,  who  married 
Edward  Enfield  [q.  v.]  Rosooe*s  widow,  who 
died  in  April  188o,  aged  86,  published  in  1868 
*  Vittoria  Colonna :  her  Life  and  Times.' 

Roscoe  wrote  <  Lives  of  Eminent  British 
Lawyers*  (1830),  as  one  of  the  volumes  of 
'Lardner's  Cabinet  Cyclopaedia,'  and  'The 
Life  of  William  Roscoe '  (2  vols.  1833),  be- 
sides the  following  legal  treatises:  1.  'A 
Treatise  on  the  Law  of  Actions  relating  to 
Real  Property,'  1826, 2  vols.  2.  'Digest  of 
the  Law  of  Evidence  on  the  Trials  of  Ac- 
tions at  Nisi  Prius,*  1827.  3.  '  Digest  of  the 
Law  relating  to  Bills  of  Exchange,'  &c.,  1829. 
4.  '  Digest  relating  to  Ofiences  against  the 
Coin,'  1832.  6.  '  General  Digest  of  Deci- 
sions in  the  Courto  for  1834. 1836,  and  1836,' 
3  vols.  6.  *  Digest  of  the  Law  of  Evidence 
in  Criminal  Cases,'  1836.  Several  of  the 
above  have  been  frequently  reprinted  in 
England  and  America.  He  also  brought  out 
an  edition  of  Ro^r  North's  '  Lives  m  1826, 
3  vols.),  and  was  joint  editor  of  *  Price^s  Ex- 
chequer Reports   for  1834-6. 

[Information  kindly  supplied  by  James 
Thomely,  es^. ;  Gent.  Mag.  May  1836,  p.  658; 
Allibone's  Dietbnary,  which  notes  the  American 
editions  of  Boscoe's  Works;  British  Museum 
Catalogua]  C.  W,  8. 


Roscoe 


ssa 


Roscoe 


BOSCOE,  THOMAS  (1791-1871),  author 
and  tranBlator,  fifth  son  of  William  Roscoe 
[q.v.l  was  bom  at  Toxteth  Park,  Liverpool, 
on  23  June  1791,  and  educated  by  Dr.  W. 
Shepherd  and  by  Mr.  Lloyd,  a  private  tutor. 
Soon  after  his  father's  pecuniary  embarrass- 
ments, in  1816,  he  began  to  write  in  local 
magazines  and  journals,  and  he  c<»itinued  to 
follow  literature  as  a  profession  until  a  few 
years  before  his  death,  which  took  place  in 
his  eijghty-first  year,  on  24  Sept.  1871,  at 
Acacia  Itoad,  St.  John's  Wood,  London.  He 
married  Elixabeth  Edwards,  and  had  seven 
ehildien. 

The  following  are  his  piincipal  orinnal 
works:  1.  'Gonsalo,  the  Traitor:  a  Tra- 
gedy/ 1820.  2.  'The  King  of  the  Peak' 
hinon.],  1828,  3  vols.  8.  *  Owwn  Qoch :  a 
Tale  of  the  Revolution'  [anon.],  1827,  3  vols. 
4.  *  The  Tourist  in  Switzerland  and  Italy,' 
18S0  (b«ing  the  first  volume  of  the  '  Land- 
scape Annual,'  followed  in  eight  succeeding 
years  by  similar  volumes  on  Italy,  France, 
and  Spain)*  ^'  'Wanderings  and  Excur- 
sions in  North  Wales,'  1836.  6.  'Wander- 
ings in  South  Wales'  (partlv  written  by 
Louisa  A.  Twamley,  afterwaras  Mrs.  Mere- 
dith), 1837.  7. '  The  London  and  Birmingham 
RaUway/ 1839.  8.  *Book  of  the  Grand  Junc- 
tion Rulwav,'  1839  (the  last  two  were  after- 
wBords  issued  together  as  the  'Illustrated  His- 
tory of  the  London  and  North- Western  Rail- 
way'). 9. 'legends  of  Venice,' 1841.  lO.'Bel- 
gium  in  a  Picturesque  Tour,'  1841.  11.  '  A 
Summer  Tour  in  the  Isle  of  Wight,'  1843. 
12.  '  Life  of  William  the  Conqueror,'  1846. 
13. '  The  Last  of  the  Abencerages,  and  other 
Poems,'  1850.    14.  '  The  Fall  of  Granada.' 

Roscoe's  translations  comprise :  1 . '  Memoirs 
of  Benvenuto  Cellini,'  1822.  2.  Sismondi's 
'  Literature  of  the  South  of  Europe,'  1823, 
4  vols.    8.  '  Italian  Novelists,'  1825,  4  vols. 

4.  '  German    Novelists,'     1826,    4   vols. 

5.  '  Spanish  Novelists,'  1832, 3  vols.  6. '  Pot- 
ter's Memoirs  of  Scimo  de  Ricci,'  &c.,  1828, 
2  vols.  7.  Lanzi's  'History  of  Painting  in 
Italy,'  1828,  6  vols.  8.  Silvio Pellico's  'Im- 
prisonments,' 1833.  9.  Pellico's  '  Duties  of 
Men,'  1834.  10.  Navarrete's  '  Life  of  Ceiv 
vante6,'1839  (in  Murray's  *  Family  Library '). 
11.    Kohl's    'Travels    in    England,'    1846. 

Roscoe  edited  'The  Juvenne  Keepsake.' 
1828-80;  'The  Novelists'  Library,  with 
Biographical  and  Critical  Notices,'  1831-3, 
17  vols.  12mo  ,*  the  works  of  Fielding, 
Smollett,  and  Swift  (1840-9,  3  vols,  royal 
8vo),  and  new  issues  of  his  father's  '  Lorenzo 
de'  Medid '  and '  Leo  the  Tenth.' 

[Men  of  the  Time,  7th  edit. ;  Allibone's  Diet, 
of  Authors;  British  Museam  and  AdToeates' 
Xiibtazy  Catalogues;  information  sqppUed  by 


James  Thornely,  seq.,of  Wootton, Liverpool.  8y« 
monds,  in  the  Xatcodnetioo  to  his  tzanalation.af 
OeUini's  Autobio^phy,  sritjCMeshis  peedeoes- 
sor's  traoslatioD  m  severe  terms*]       0.  W.  & 

ROSCOE,  WILLIAM  (1753-1831),  his- 
torian, bom  on  8  March  1753  at  the  Old 
Bowling  Qreen  House,  Mount  Pleasant, 
Liverpool,  was  the  only  son  of  William  Ros- 
coe, by  his  wife  Elizabeth.  His  father  owned 
an  extensive  market-garden,  aad  kept  the 
Bowling  Green  tavern,  which  was  much 
ft^uented  for  its  garden  and  bowEnff- 
green.  Boscoe  was  sent  when  six  yeara  old 
to  schools  kept  by  Mr.  Martin  and  Mr. 
Sykes,  in  a  house  m  Paradise  Street,  Liver- 
pool, where  he  was  taught  reading  and 
arithmetic.  Leaving  scho<d  when  not 
quite  twelve,  he  learnt  something  of  oar- 
pentry  and  paintinff  on  china ;  lus  mother^ 
an  affectionate  and  humane  woman,  sup-* 
plied  him  with  books.  He  acquired  a 
good  deal  of  Shakeepeare  by  heart,  and  in-> 
vested  in  the  '  Spectator,'  the  poems  of  Shen* 
stone,  and  'the  matchless  Onnda.'  He 
helped  in  his  father^s  market-garden,  and 
shouldered  potatoes  to  market  until  1760, 
when  he  was  articled  to  John  Eyes,  jun., 
and  afterwards  to  Peter  Ellames,  botlt  at* 
tomeys  of  Liverpool.  His  chief  friend  at 
this  time  was  Francis  Holden,  a  joang 
schoolmaster  of  varied  talents,  who  gave 
him  gratuitous  instruction  in  French,  and 
who,  by  repeating  Italian  poetry  in  their 
evening  walks,  attracted  Rosooe  to  th<» 
study  of  Italian.  William  Clarke  and 
Kichard  Lowndes,  two  of  hie  eariy  friends 
and  lifelong  associates,  used  to  meet  Ros- 
coe early  in  the  morning  to  study  the 
Latin  classics  before  their  business  houte. 

In  1773  Roscoe  was  one  of  the  founders 
of  a  Liverpool  society  for  the  encourage- 
ment  of  the  arts  of  painting  and  design. 
In  1774  he  vras  admitted  an  attome]^  of 
the  court  of  king's  bench,  and  went  into 

S^rtnershiji  in  Liverpool,  successively  with. 
r.  Bannister,  Samuel  Aspinall,  and  Joshua 
Lace.  In  1777,  he  published  '  Mount  Plea- 
sant, a  descriptive  Poem  [in  imitation  of 
Dyer's  'Gronffar  Hill'];  also  an  Ode  on  the 
Institution  of  a  Society  of  Art  in  Liverpool,* 
The  volume  obtained  commendation  ftom- 
Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,  and  is  of  some  interest 
from  its  denunciation  of  the  slave  trade. 
Roscoe  remained  through  lifo  a  diligent 
writer  of  verse,  couched  in  ccmventlonal 
'  poetic  diction '  and  rarely,  if  ever,  inspirsd 
(cf.  De  Qitenobt,  Work^f  ed.  Masson,  ii.  199— 
ISO).  It  was,  however,  his  pleasant  lot 
to  produce  a  nursery  classic  in  verse — 
'The  Butterfly's  Ball  and  the  Grasshopper's 
Feast.'    Ttiis  first  -appeared  in  the  Novem^ 


Roscoe 


223 


Roscoe 


tar  nninlMr  of  the  *  Gkntleman's  Magasine ' 
for  1806L  It  was  written  lor  the  special 
ditestotioB  of  Roecoe'B  yoanjfeet  son,  Bobert, 
bat  it  sttiactod  the  attention  of  the  king 
sod  ^066%  and  was  at  their  request  set  to 
mutic  by  Sir  Qeom  Smart  for  the  young 
prinoeans,  Eliiabeth,  Augusta,  and  Mary. 
Early  in  January  1807  it  was  published  by 
John  Hirrisy  sueoeesor  to  Jonn  Newbery 

S.  T.],  IS  the  first  of  his  Terr  popular  series 
coOdrai's  books  (see  eaition  of  1883, 
with  introduction  by  Mr.  Charles  Welsh). 

Soiooe  manned-  in  1781,  and  about  this 
tim«  bapn  to  form  a  collection  of  rare  books 
tod  prmts.  In  1784  he  was  a  promoter 
•nd  Tioe*^resident  of  a  new  society  for  pro* 
ffloting  pamting  and  design,  which  held  ex- 
kibitiooa  in  LiTerpool,  ana  in  1786  delivered 
MTeral  lectune  on  the  history  of  art  In 
1787  be  poblished  '  The  Wronjars  of  Africa ' 
(s  poem),  and  in  1788  a  pamphlet  entitled 
'A  Qeoenl  View  of  the  African  Slave 
TkiiBe,*  !VT»ftnnfting  the  evil,  though  in  tem- 
perate IsBguaffe.  He  saluted  the  French 
KaFoiirtioQ  with  odes  and  songs,  and  in 
l796iniUished  'Strictures  on  Mr.  Burke's 
Two  Lettors  (obl  the  Begioide  Peace).'  His 
lOD^  ^  O'er  the  Tine-corer'd  hills  and  gay 
RgMM  of  France '  became  popular. 

Tlw  idea  of  writing  the  life  of  Lorengo  do' 
Mediet,  his  principal  work,  had  occurred  to 
fioaxM  at  an  early  age,  and  in  1790  his 
friend  WiUiam  Clarke  consulted  on  his  be* 
Uf  many  mannacripts  and  books  in  the 
libnries  of  Florence.  In  1798  he  began 
to  prist  the  '  Lorenzo'  at  his  own  ex* 
peaie,fttthenre88  of  JohnMacCreery  [a.  ▼.], 
thit  Liverpool  printer,  and  the  first  eaition 
(renarksUe  for  ite  t3^>ographical  excel* 
leoce)  was  published  m  February  1796 
(dated  *  1796  %  Lrf>rd  Orford  (H.  Walpole) 
vTote  enthusiastically  to  Roscoe,  praising 
tbe  *  Grecian  simplicity '  of  the  s^le  of  hu 
Mdigbtinl  book^  (Walpolb,  Letters^  ix. 
^).  The  work,  which  soon  became  known 
a  London,  was  commended  by  Mathias, 
>sd  vts  noticed  by  Fuseli  (who  knew  Ros- 
eoe  intimately)  in  die  '  Analytical  Review.' 
It  tttncted  attention  in  Italy,  and  Professor 
K.  Sprengel  of  HsUe  published  (1797)  a 
Germin  translation  01  it.  Roscoe  sold 
tb  eopyrigfat  of  the  first  edition  for  1,200/. 
to  Gsdell  and  Davies,  who  brought  out  a 
leoood  edition  in  1796,  and  a  third  in  1799; 
there  ate  many  later  editions. 

In  1796  Roscoe  retired  from  his  profes- 
nm,  tnd  in  1790  pnrdiased  Allerton  Hall, 
A  hottte  about  six  milss  from  Liverpool, 
vitb  pleasant  gardens  and  woods;  he  re- 
Wt  (1812)  the  olderportion,  and  added  a 
library  (see  view  in  '  llie  History  of  Liver- 


pool,' 1810,  last  plate).  He  now  resumed 
the  study  of  Greex,  which  he  had  taken  up 
only  in  middle  life,  and  worked  upon  his 
biographv  of  Leo  X,  begun  about  1796.  For 
this  work  Lord  Holland  and  others  pro- 
cured him  material  from  Rome  and  flo- 
rence. 

The  <  Life  of  Leo  X  '  appeared  in  1805. 
The  first  impression  (one  thousand  copies) 
was  soon  disposed  of,  and  Roscoe  sohf  one 
half  of  the  copyright  to  Cadell  and  Davies 
for  2,000/.  A  second  edition  was  pub- 
lished in  1806,  and  the  woric  was  translated 
into  German  and  French.  In  1816-17  Count 
Bossi  issued  an  Italian  translation  with 
much  additional  matter;  this  was  placed 
on  the  '  Index  Expumtorius,'  but  2,800 
copies  were  sold  in  IteTy.  The  'Leo'  was 
severelv  criticised  in  the  'Edinburgh  Re- 
view' (vii.  886  f.)  for  its  afiectation  of  pro- 
found philosophy  and  sentiment,  and  the 
author  was  accused  of  prejudice  against 
Luther.  The  style  of  this  work  and  of  the 
'  Lorenzo '  is  at  any  rate  open  to  the  charge 
of  diffusiveness  and  of  a  certain  pomposity 
visible  also  in  Roscoe's  private  correspon- 
dence. 

At  the  end  ci  1799,  finding  the  Liverpool 
bank  of  Messrs.  J.  &;  W.  Clarke  in  oiffi- 
eulties,  he  imdertook,  out  of  friendship,  to 
arrange  their  affairs,  and  was  induced  te 
enter  the  bank  as  a  ^rtner  and  manager. 
He  was  thus  again  involved  in  business, 
but  found  time  for  the  study  of  botany. 
He  became  intimate  with  Sir  James  Ed- 
ward Smith,  the  botanist ;  opened  (in  1602) 
the  Botanic  Garden  at  Liverpool,  and  con- 
tributed to  the  '  Transactions '  of  the  Lin- 
nean  Society,  of  which  he  was  elected  a 
fellow  in  1805.  At  a  later  period  (1824) 
he  proposed  a  new  arrangement  of  the 
plante  of  the  monandrian  class,  usually 
called  ScitaminesB.  The  order  'Roscoea' 
was  named  after  him  by  Sir  J.  E.  Smith. 
Roscoe  was  also  interested  in  agriculture, 
and  was  one  of  those  who  help^  to  re- 
claim Chat  Moss,  near  Manchester. 

In  October  1806  Roscoe  was  elected  M.P.  for 
Liverpool  in  the  whig  interest.  He  spoke  in 
Parliament  in  fkvour  of  the  bill  to  abolish  the 
slave  trade,  and  contributed  to  found  the 
African  Institution.  ParGament  was  dis- 
solved in  the  spring  of  1807,  and  in  May 
Roscoe  made  a  sort  of  public  entry  into 
Liverpool  attended  by  his  friends,  mounted 
and  on  foot.  The  line  he  had  taken  on  the 
slave  question  and  his  support  of  the 
catholic  claims  had  made  him  many  enemies 
there,  and  parties  of  seamen  armed  with 
bludgeons  oDstructed  the  procession,  and  in 
a  scene  of  great  tumult  a  magistrate  was 


( 


Roscoe 


224 


Roscoe 


Attacked  and  hiB  hone  stabbed.  Boscoe 
was  nominated  at  the  ensuing  election,  but 
was  not  again  returned. 

At  the  beginning  of  1816  there  was  a  run 
on  Roscoe's  bank,  and  on  26  Jan.  it  suspended 
payment.  Considerable  sums  were  locked  up 
in  mining  and  landed  property,  and,  as  the 
assets  seemed  ample,  Koseoe,  at  the  credi- 
tors' request,  resumed  the  management.  To 
satisfy  part  of  the  claims,  he  in  1816  sold 
his  library,  rich  in  Italian  literature  and 
early  printed  books.  His  friends  purchased 
a  selection  of  Italian  and  other  books  at  the 
sale,  to  the  amount  of  600/.,  and  offered  them 
to  him  as  a  gift,  which  he  refused.  They 
were  thereupon  presented  in  1817  to  the 
Liverpool  Athenaum  to  form  a  '  Roscoe  Col* 
lection.'  The  sale  (of  about  two  thousand 
works)  realised  5,160/.  Koscoe's  prints  were 
sold  after  the  books,  and  realised  1,916/.  1«., 
and  his  drawings  and  paintings  2,826/.  19«. 

In  1817  Boscoe  was  chosen  the  first  presi- 
dent of  the  Liverpool  Iloyal  Institution,  of 
which  he  was  a  promoter.      In    1810  he 

SubUshed  '  Observations  on  Penal  Jurispru- 
ence,'  advocating  milder  punishments  as 
efficacious  in  reforming  the  criminal.  Mean- 
while he  had  succeeded  in  making  large  re- 
imbursements to  the  creditors  of  his  bank ; 
but  the  estate  had  been  overvalued,  and  in 
1820,  when  the  remaining  creditors  pressed 
for  payment,  lioscoe  and  his  partners  were 
declared  bankrupt.  The  allowance  of  Ros- 
coe*s'  certificate  of  conformity'  was  peti- 
tioned against  by  two  of  the  creditors,  and 
to  avoid  arrest  he  had  t^  confine  himself 
indoors  at  his  farm  at  Chat  Moss.  After 
some  months  the  certificate  was  allowed, 
And  he  returned  to  Liverpool,  his  connection 
^ith  the  bank  being  then  finally  withdrawn. 
At  this  time  a  sum  of  2,600/.  was  raised  by 
Dr.  Traill  and  other  fHends  for  the  bene- 
fit of  Roscoe  and  his  family. 

Roscoe  was  once  more  released  from 
business  cares,  and  in  1820  he  began  to 
prepare  for  his  friend,  Mr,  Coke,  a  catalogue 
of  tne  manuscripts  at  Holkham,  Norfolk.  In 
1822  he  published '  Illustrations,  Historical 
and  Critical,  of  the  Life  of  Lorenzo,'  in 
which  he  defended  his  hero  from  the  attacks 
of  Sismondi.  In  1824  he  was  elected  an 
honorary  associate  of  the  Royal  Society  of 
Literature,  and  was  afterwards  awarded  its 
;gold  medal.  In  the  same  year  he  published 
A  new  edition  of  Pope's  works,  undertaken 
(in  1821)  for  the  London  booksellers.  A 
controversy  ensued  between  Roscoe  and 
W.  L.  Bowles,  who  closed  his  case  by  pub- 
lishing 'Lessons  in  Criticism  to  William 
Roscoe,  Esq.  .  .  .  with  further  Lessons  in  ; 
Criticism  to  a  ''  Quarterly  Reviewer." '  The  i 


latest  editors  of  Pope  (Elwih  and  CotjBT> 
HOPS,  PopCf  iii,  16^  regard  Roscoe  as  &a 
injudicious  paneja^ynst  of  the  poet*s  career, 
and  his  annotations  (wherever  they  add  to 
those  of  Warburton,  Warton,  and  Bowles) 
as  tending  to  mislead. 

In  December  1827  Roscoe  was  attacked 
with  paralysis ;  he  recovered,  but  was  con- 
fined to  his  study  with  his  small  collection 
of  books  and  prints.  In  June  1831  he  wa8 
prostrated  by  influenza,  and  died  on  the 
80th  of  the  month  at  his  house  in  Lodge 
Lane,  Toxteth  Park,  Liverpool.  He  was 
buried  in  the  ground  attached  to  the 
cha^l  in  Renshaw  Street,  Liverpool,  at  the 
services  of  which  he  had  been  accustomed 
to  attend. 

Roscoe  married,  on  22  Feb.  1781,  Jane 
(d.  1824),  second  daughter  of  William 
Oriffies,  a  tradesman  of  Liverpool,  by  whom 
he  had  a  family  of  seven  sons  and  three 
daughters.  H  is  fifth  son  Thomas,  the  author 
and  translator  (1701-1871),  and  his  youngest 
son  Henry,  the  legid  writer  (1800-1836),  are 
noticed  separately.  His  eldest  dauj^ter, 
Mary  Anne,  the  verse-writer,  married  Tho- 
mas Jevons  of  Liverpool  [see  Jbvonb,  Mabt 
AnnbI.  His  daughter  Jane  Elisabeth,  bom 
in  1797,  married  the  Rev.  F.  Homblower, 
and  published  several  volumes  of  verse  be- 
tween 1820  and  1843;  she  died  at  Liverpool 
in  September  1853  (  Oent  Mag.  1863,  ii.  820 ; 
BriU  Mua.  Cat) 

Roscoe's  writings  had  the  efifect  of  stimu- 
lating a  European  interest  in  Italian  liters- 
ture  and  history,  and  his  seal  for  culture  and 
art  in  his  native  place  deserved  the  tribate 
that  was  paid  to  his  memory  by  the  celebra- 
tion at  Liverpool,  on  8  March  1853,  of  the 
Roscoe  Centenary  FestivaL  Dr.  Traill,  the 
friend  and  physician  of  Roscoe,  describes 
him  as  simple  and  upright  in  character,  and 
as  possessing  much  charm  of  manner.  In 
person  he  was  tall,  with  clear  and  mild 
ffrey  eyes,  and  an  '  expressive  and  cheerful 
face.'  De  Quincey  {[  frorks,  ed.  Maason,  ii. 
127),  who  rather  disparages  the  Liverpool 
literary  coterie  to  which  Roscoe  belonged, 
describes  him  about  1801  as  '  simple  and 
manly  in  his  demeanour,'  but  adds  that,  in 
spite  of  his  boldness  as  a  politician,  there  waa 
'the  feebleness  of  the  mere  belles-lettrist' 
in  his  views  on  many  subjects.  Washington 
Irving  in  his  'Sketch  Book'  has  recorded 
his  impressions  of  Roscoe  as  he  appeared 
shortly  before  1820;  Mrs.  Hemans,  who  saw 
Roscoe  in  his  latest  years,  speaks  of  him  as 
'  a  delightful  old  man,  with  a  fine  Roman 
style  of  head,'  sitting  in  the  study  of  his 
small  house  surrounded  by  busts,  books,  and 
flowers. 


Roscoe 


22< 


Roscoe 


There  tie  numerous  portraits  of  Koscoe : 
^\)  Pkuntin^  (let.  S8)  hy  John  Williamson  is 
in  the  Nstional  Portrait  QtUery,  London ; 
it  was  engrared  in  Henry  Rosooe's  '  Life  of 
W.  Roscoe/  ToL  L  front. ;  (2)  paintinff  br  Sir 
Martin  Areher  Shee  (1818)  for  Mr.  Coke  of 
Holkham;  (S)  terra-cotta  medallion  made 
in  1818  hjr  ^ohn  Gibeon  (cf.  H.  Roscoe's 
Ii/«,Tol.  ii.  front.) ;  (4)  painting  by  J.  Lons- 
dale (1835)  presented  to  tbe  Liverpool  Royal 
institotion (engraved  in  Raines's  'Lancaster/ 
1838,  iii.  623) ;  (5)  bust  by  John  Gibson 
presented  by  the  sculntor  to  the  Liverpool 
Kojal  Institution  in  1827,  in  flpratitude  for 
the  aid  given  to  him  in  early  lire  by  Roscoe ; 
W)  hronze  medal  (issued  by  Clements  of 
liTCTpool,  1806  P)  by  Clint,  alter  Gibson's 
tern-eotta  medallion  (this,  and  another  por- 
trut  medal,  rev.  Mount  Parnassus,  are  in 
the  British  Museum) ;  (7)  buBt  by  Spence 
of  Liverpool ;  (8)  two  miniatures  by  Haugh- 
tOD  and  Haivreaves ;  (9^  marble  statue  by 
Chantrej,paUicly  subscnbed  for,  and  placed 
in  1641  in  the  Galleiy  of  Art  attached  to 
the  Livenool  Royal  Institution. 

The  fbUowing  are  the  chief  of  Roscoe's 
nttmeronspablications :  1. '  Mount  Pleasant/ 
&C.,  Liverpool,  1777,  4to.  2.  *The  Wrongs 
d  Africa,'  1787, 8vo.  8.  *  A  General  View 
of  the  African  Slave  Trade/  1788,  8vo. 
4.  'The  life  of  Lorenzo  de'  Medici,  called 
die  Maniiiicent/  2  vols.  Liverpool,  1795, 
4to;3nd  ed.  London,  1796,  4to;  6th  ed. 
UoAtm,  1825,  8vo ;  1846,  8vo,  and  later 
«iitioiii;  German  translation,  by  K.  Spren- 
ff^  BcriSn,  1797 ;  French  translation,  raris, 
2799:  Italiiaa  translation,  Pisa,  1799 ;  Greek 
tnodatton,  Athens,  1868.  5.  '  The  Nurse, 
A  Poem  translated  [from  the  Italian  of  L. 
Taoeillo]  by  W.  R.,^  1798,  4to;  1800, 8vo; 
1801,  Sto.  6.  'The  Life  and  Pontificate  of 
Leo  ^  Tenth/  4  vols.  Liverpool,  1805, 4to ; 
^  ed.  London,  1806 ;  drd  ed.  London, 
1^1  8vo;  London,  1846,  8vo,  and  later 
^tkms;  French  translation,  Paris,  1808; 
^jennaa  translation,  Vienna,  1818;  Italian 
tmsktion,  by.L.  Bossi,  Milan,  1816^17. 
7.  «The  Butterfly's  Ball  and  the  Grass- 
^oppei^a  Feast,'  1807, 16mo ;  1808 ;  London, 
l^,  4to,  ed.  O.  Welsh  (facsimile  of  edi- 
tion of  1808).  8.  'On  the  Origin  and 
Victsaitodes  of  Literature,  Science,  and 
^'  kt,  (leetma  at  the  Liverpool  Royal 
lutitotioD,  1817).  9.  'Observations  on 
Penal  Jniisprndence/  London,  1819-35, 8vo. 
1^- '  ninstnitions,  Historical  and  Critieal,  of 
^  Life  of  Lcnrenso  de'  Medici,'  London, 
l^,  8vo  and  4to;  Italian  translation, 
Floi^noa,  1823,  8vo.  11.  'Memoir  of 
Kiehsid  Roberts  Jones  ^  (a  Welsh  flsher-lad 
d  remaihabla  linguistio  powers,  befriended 

TOL  XVIL 


by  Roscoe),  1822,  8vo.  12.  *The  Works 
of  Alexander  Pope,*  edited  by  W,  R.,  1824, 
8vo.  13.  '  Monandri&n  Plants  of  the  Order 
Scitamine»'  (coloured  plates,  with  de- 
scriptions by  W.  R.),  Liverpool.  1828,  fol. 
14.  'The  Poetical  Books  of  William  Ros- 
coe '  (Roscoe  Centenary  edition),  London, 
1868,  8vo ;  also  1857,  8vo ;  1891. 

William  Staklbt  Roscob  (1782-1843), 
the  eldest  son  of  William  Roscoe,  was  edu- 
cated at  Peterhouse,  Cambridge,  and  became 
a  partner  in  his  father's  bank.  In  his 
latter  years  he  was  seneant-at-mace  to  the 
court  of  passage  at  Liverpool.  He  was 
well  acquainted  with  Italian  literature,  and 
in  1834  published  a  volume  of  'Poems' 
(London,  8vo),  which  was  eulogised  in 
'Blackwood's  Magazine*  (February  1836, 
pp.  163-60),  though  the  verse  is  for  the  most 
part  commonplace  in  subject  and  treatment. 
He  died  at  Liverpool  on  31  Oct.  1843  (Gent 
Mag.  1844,  i.  96).  He  was  the  faUier  of 
William  Caldwell  Roscoe  [q.  v.] 

[The  principal  authorities  are  Henxy  Bo8coe*8 
Life  of  William  Roecoe,  1833;  Gent.  Mag.  1881, 
i.  796 ;  T.  S.  Traill's  Memoir  of  Roscoe,  1868  ; 
art.  in  Enc^^dop.  Brit.  9th  ed. ;  Eeplnasse's 
Lnneashire  wortnies,  2nd  ser.  pp.  274  ff. ;  The 
Liverpool  Tribute  to  Roscoe  (report  of  Roscoe 
Centenary),  1868 ;  Allibone's  Diet,  of  Engl.  Lit. ; 
Memoir  by  Thomas  Rosooe  prefixed  to  Bohn's 
editicm  of  the  Loreuio,  1846 ;  Baines's  Lancaster 
(1870),  ed.  Harland  and  Herfoid,  ii.  877;  Brit. 
Mas.  O^t.]  W.  W. 

ROSCOE,  WILLIAM  CALDWELL 
(1823-1869),  poet  and  essayist,  bom  at  Liver- 
pool on  20  Sept.  1823,wa8  son  of  William  Stan- 
ley Roscoe  and  ffrandson  of  William  Roscoe 
[q.  v.]  His  mother,  daughter  of  James  Cald- 
well of  Linley  Wood  in  Staffordshire,  was 
sister  of  Mrs.  Anne  Marsh-Caldwell  [q*T.]i 
author  of '  Emilia  Wyndham.'  He  was  edu- 
cated at  a  private  school,  St.  Domingo  House, 
near  Liverpool,  and  afterwards  at  University 
CoUege,  London,  graduating  in  the  university 
of  London  in  18^.  He  was  called  to  the  bar 
in  18(0,  but  after  two  years  relinquished  prao- 
tice,  partly  from  delicacy  of  health,  partly 
from  doubts  of  his  quuifications  for  his 

Srofession.  He  married  in  1866  Emily, 
aughter  of  William  Malin  of  Derby,  and 
afterwards  lived  nrinciually  in  Wales,  where- 
he  was  interested  in  slate  (quarries  and  de- 
voted much  of  his  time  to  literary  pursuits. 
He  was  a  frequent  contributor  to  the '  Na- 
tional Review,'  of  which  his  brother-in-law, 
Mr.  R.  H.  Hutton,  was  editor.  He  died  at 
Richmond  in  Surrey  of  tvphoid  fever  on 
30  July  1869.  Roscoe  published  two  tra- 
gedies, <Eliduo'  (1846)  and  'Violeniia' 
(1851,   aaoa.),  a  coiUidexable  amount  of 


Roscommon 


2a6 


Rose 


fugitive  poetry,  and  numerous  essays  contri- 
Wte4  to  the  'Prospective'  and  'National' 
reviews.  These  compositions  were  collected 
and  published  in  1860  by  Mr.  Hutton,  with 
a  memoir ;  the  poems  and  dramas  were  re- 
published in  1891  by  his  daughter,  Elizabeth 
Ilary  Boscoe. 

Boecoe  was  a  man  of  great,  almost  exces- 
sive, moral  and  intellectiul  refinement.  The 
fastidiousness  thus  engendered  impaired  his 
power  of  direct  appeal  to  human  sjrmpathies. 
*  Yiolenzia,'  his  principal  work,  is  a  finely 
conceived,  and  frequently  eloquent,  tragedy ; 
but  the  good  characters  are  too  good,  the  bad 
too  bad,  the  sentiments  continually  over- 
struned,  and  the  result  an  atmosphere  of 
ipipossibility.  'Eliduc'  is  less  academical, 
but  less  diaraoteristic,  and  chiefly  deserves 
notice  as  a  fine  study  in  the  manner  of  the 
Elizabethans.  The  minor  poems,  though 
always  graceful  and  feeling,  seldom  nse 
above  the  level  of  oocasional  verse.  Two, 
however,  'Love's  Creed'  and  'To  Little 
A.  C.,'  are  very  beautifiil,  and  should  alone 
preserve  the  author's  name  as  a  lyric  poet. 
As  a  critic  Roscoe  did  excellent  work,  espe- 
cially in  the  '  National  Review,'  a  periodical 
which,  with  his  aid  and  that  of  R.  H.  Button 
and  Walter  BsAehot,' helped  for  several  years 
to  maintain  a  hi^h  standard  both  of  literary 
and  political  criticism.  If  not  a  profoundly 
penetrating^,  he  is  in  general  a  discriminating, 
and  sometimes  a  subtle,  critic ;  and  although 
his  views  are  occasionally  a  little  startling, 
a^  in  his  ccodemnation  ox  the  stanza  of  '  In 
Memoriam,'  they  are  in  general  distinguished 
by  ccmunoik-sanse. 

[Memoir  ly  R.  H.  Hntton  preBzed  to  Rosooe^s 
Poems  and  'Bbbsjb,  I860.]  R.  G-. 

ROSCOMMON,  Eabl  0?.  [SeeBiLLOV, 
WsBrrwoBiH,  fourth  earl,  16dSF-1686.] 

BOSB  or  ROSS,  ALEXANDER  (1647  P- 
17^),  bishop  of  Edinburgh.    [See  Ross.] 

ROSE,  CALEB  BURRELL  (1790-1872'), 
ttboU^^atf  was  bom  at  Eye  in  Si^olk,  lOFebw 
1790.  In  due  course  he  was  apprenticed  to 
an  imde,  a  surgeon,  and  continued  hia 
studies  for  the  mediciU  profession  at  GKiy's 
and  St.  Thomas's  Hospitals.  In  1816  he 
settled  down  in  pvactioe  at  SwafFham,  Nor- 
folk, where  he  maxried  and  had  childreoi,  but 
was  left  a  widower  early  in  1828.  He  was 
successful  in  his  profession,  and  became  a 
fi^llow  of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  in 
1846.  In  1869  heietiBed  mm  ptracticet  and 
went  ta  reside  at  (heat  Yarmouth,  whcoe  he 
died  2d  Jan.  1872.  He  was  the  author  of 
several  medical  papers^more  especially  on  the 
snbjoet  oi  e»tomi  but  from  joj$t!k  te^  old  age 


he  was  an  example  of  a  genuine '  naturalist.' 
It  was  as  a  geologist,  and  especially  as  an 
authority  on  Noxfoik  geology,  that  he  made 
his  mark ;  his  first  published  contribution  to 
science  appearing  in  1828.  He  formed  a  fine 
collection  of  fossils,  which  is  now  In  the 
Norwich  Museum.  In  1839  he  was  elected 
F.G.S.  Of  some  twenty-three  papers  by  him 
on  geological  subjects,  the  most  imnortant 
-^-one  full  of  original  observations  ana  sound 
reasoning->b  entitled  '  Sketch  of  the  Geo- 
logy of  West  Norfolk'  (published  in  the 
<  Philosophical  Magazine.'  1885-6);  but  he 
also  was  the  first  to  call  attention  to  the 
*  Brick  Earth  of  the  Valley  of  the  Nar' 
(ProG.  SoL  Soc,  Zandonf  1840,  p.  61),  and  he 
described  some '  parasitic  borings  in  the  scales 
of  fossil  fish'  (TVoiM.  Mioroio.  $oe.  2nd  ser. 
iii.  7). 

[Obitnary  notiBesiii  the  Quart.  Jour.  Geol. 
Soc  ToL  xxyiii.  (1872),  Proc  p.  xliii.  and  in 
the  Trans.  Norfolk  and  Korwieh  Natntalista'  See. 
y.  387  (the  latter,  by  Horace  B.  Woodward,  being 
the  more  complete).]  T.  G.  B. 

ROSE,  GEORGE  (174i-1818),  statesman, 
horn  in  his  father's  house  on  17  June  (O.S.) 
1744,  was  second  son  of  David  Rose,  a  non- 
juring  clergyman  of  Lethnpt,  near  Brechin, 
W  his  second  wife,  Margaret,  daughter  of 
Donald  Rose  of  Westerclune.  He  was  de-. 
scended  on  his  father's  side  ftom  the  family 
of  Rose  of  Kilravock  iu  the  oounty  of  Nairn. 
When  four  years  old  he  was  adopted  by  his 
mother's  brother,  who  liyed  at  Hampstead, 
Middlesex,  and  who  sent  him  to  Westminster 
School.  At  an  early  age  he  entered  the  navy 
under  thechaigeof  Captain  James  Mackenzie, 
who  from  1768  to  1762  was  in  command  of  the 
lofemal,  a  *  bomb-ketch '  of  eight  guns  (BbjIT- 
soir,  Naval  Memoirs^  ii.  App.  pp«  106, 123, 
iii.  App.  p.  115).  He  sailed wiin  him  to  the 
West  Indies,  and  in  June  1768  tods  part  aa 
a  midshipman  in  the  expedition  against  St. 
Malo.  In  1769  he  was  again  in  the  West 
Indies,  the  Infernal  beinff  then  part  of  the 
fleet  at  the  Leeward  Islands,  and  in  that  year 
or  in  the  course  of  the  next  three  years  was 
twice  wounded  in  action. '  Later  ffossip^ 
which  made  him  out  a  natural  son  of  Lord 
Marchmont  [see  Huxa,  HiroH,  third  Earl  of 
MabohxohtJ  (WbazaiiL,  Meimirty  iii.  467), 
an  appthecarys  apprentice  (ti^.  p.  131  n.),  or 
a  purser's  derk  (Ri0SAB00f»r,  JPtlUical 
EdoffUMy  p.  202),  may  sa&lr  be  disregarded. 
He  probably,  according  to  the  cnstom  of  the 
timp,  went  to  sea  as  captain's  servant,  and 
Madsemsie,  acting  as  hia  own 'purser,  em- 
plojred  him  to  k6ep  hia  book,  ana  be  became 
a  imdshtpman  in  due  eourse  (ZMtrtios,  i.  8). 

FinduoqiP  that  he  had  no  chaaoa  of  promo- 
tteyBoMl^  tke  nary  in  1762^  whan  the 


Rose 


as7 


Rose 


peace  of  Kris  wm  impending.  His  uncle 
Wing  died  intestate,  he  was  disappointed  of 
t  legacy  of  6y00(ML  that  he  expected^  and  waa 
left  witboiit  means.  He  was  befriended  by 
William  Stmhan  [q.Y.]y  at  whose  house  he 
met  people  of  inftnence  and  literary  distino- 
tion.  Interest  was  made  for  him,  and  he  was 
appomted  a  clerk  in  the  record  office  of  the 
excheoQer  at  Westminster.  While  holding 
this  place  he  was  in  1767  called  upon  to 
attend  a  committee  of  the  lords  witn  refe- 
reoce  to  printing  tiie  early  reeoids  of  their 
honse.  The  ohairman,  Lord  Marehmont, 
finding  his  senrioes  of  Tslne,  procured  his 
emj^imneiit  by  the  committee ;  an  office  was 
n>rmea  for  him,  and  the  whole  series  of  the 
lords'  prooeedinffs  was  printed  under  his 
direcdon.  The  fceepership  of  the  records 
&lling  vacant  in  1772,  the  committee  re- 
commended him  for  it,  and  he  receiTed  that 
office,  which  he  held  at  first  jointly  with 
another,  and  afterwards  alone.  The  lords' 
committee  prtdsed  his  work  in  an  address  to 
the  Idng^  presented  with  their  report,  and  in 
1777  Lord  North  appointed  him  secretaxy  to 
the  hoard  of  taxes,  an  office  whidi  brought 
liim  ahont  900/.  a  ^rear. 

Doling  the  Sockingham  administration  of 

1782  he  gare  much  help  to  the  chancellor  of 

the  exchequer,  Lord  Jonn  Cayendish  [q.  v.], 

tnd  on  Shelbume's  [see  Petty,  Whuam, 

MiBQmsoFLiLBBBOWHB]  accesftou  to  power 

in  Jnly,  was  appointed  a  secretary  to  the 

tmsiir7,reeignmg  his  place  in  the  tax  office 

ind  a  smaU  dfioe  in  the  exchequer.  He  thus 

^e  np  a  permanent  and  yaluaUe  situation 

tor  one  that,  though  m<Mre  honourable,  was 

ooeeditt^y  precarious.    As   he  distrusted 

^Ihone,  ^om  he  disliked  persotially,  he 

fffned  to  enter  parliament,  though  a  seat  was 

dined  him  by  uie  minister.    Tne  income  of 

the  secretaries  to  the  treasury  was  fixed  by 

jun  at  d,000/.  a  year,  the  fees  from  which 

it  had  hitherto  proceeded  being  brought  into 

the  f^nenl  fund  fbr  the  payment  of  the 

alinea  in  the  department.    Through  the 

^■flnenoe  of  Lord  Marohmont   and  other 

Inds  he  obtained  a  grant  in  reversion  of  the 

^naUe  oAce  of  derk  of  the  parliaments. 

He  went  out  c€  office  with  Shelbume  in 

'^pnl  178S,  and  shortly  afterwards  had  an 

<^  onarrel  with  him  (td.  p.  80).    He  in- 

fxttfidPitt  of  Ins  dissatis&etion  with  Shel- 

bone,  and  did  not  at  the  time  receiye  any 

■ever  of  a  confidential  character,    fie  Was, 

henye, '  left  oompletel^  upon  the  pavemenit ' 

[A.  p.  28) ;  but  he  retained  his  place  in  the 

j^vnals  office,  and  had  some  priTSte  income 

ffom  property  in  the  West  Indies,  which 

K^ma  to  kaTB  eome  to  him  by  bis  marriage. 

^^n^  OB  « tour  OB^  the  osBtment,  in  con* 


pany  with  Lord  Thurlow,  he  received  a  letter 
mm  Pitt  requesting  him  to  meet  him  in 
Paris.  They  met  in  October,  and  Pitt  exk' 
listed  him  as  one  of  Ins  supporters.  Eose^ 
returned  to  England  after  Uie  interview. 
When  Pitt  took  office.  Rose  was  on  27  Dec. 
reappointed  secretaiT  to  the  treasury,  with 
Thomas  Steele  as  his  colleague,  and  at  tho 
general  election  in  the  spring  of  1784  was* 
returned  to  parliament  tor  Launoeston  in 
Cornwall,  through  the  influence  of  theJDukir 
of  Northumberland,  with  whose  son^  Lord 
Percy  [see  Phbot,  Huoh,  first  Bttu  ot 
NoBTHTTiniTniTi  A  NP J,  he  was  on  tenns  of 
friendship.  Thenceforward  Boss  was  Pitt's 
intimate  friend  and  faithful  follower.  Ktt 
found  his  industry  and  remarkable  ability 
in  finance  extremely  useful,  employed  him 
largely  as  a  means  of  communicating  with 
others,  and  specially  in  matters  of  patronage, 
which  were  indnded  in  Boee's  sphere  of 
official  duty.  Both  in  and  out  of  parlisr 
ment  Bose  gave  his  chief  all  the  support  in 
his  nower,  and  heartily  concurred  with  him 
in  all  questions  of  policy,  with  the  exception 
of  his  attempt  at  parliamentary  reform,  his 
efforts  for  the  abolition  of  the  slave  tiftde,* 
and  his  approval  of  the  peace  of  Amiens. 

In  April  1784  Bose  supplied  the  king  with 
information  as  to  the  jprogress  of  the  general- 
election,  and  gained  his  goodwill ;  indeed  the- 
regard  which  the  king  showed  for  him,  and- 
the  confidence  with  which  he  afterwards^ 
treated  him,haYe  caused  Bose  to  be  reckoned, 
not  quite  accurately,  among  those  personal 
adherents  of  Georso  III  who  were  caued '  the 
kin^s  friends.'    Pitt  took  an  early  oppor- 
tumty  of  rewarding  him  by  the  grant  oftho 
office  of  master  of  the  pleas  in  the  court  of  ex* 
chequer  for  life  (ib,  i.  16)«    About  this  time 
Bose  purchased  of  the  heirs  of  Sir  Thomas 
Tancred  a  house  and  place  called  CuffiieUs, 
near  Lyndhurst,  Hampshire,  which  thence* 
forward    became    his    pnncijMLl    residence 
(Bbatlet  BXidBssTSOVf  JSeauties  of  England 
anA  Wales,  yi.  178).    He  also  had  a  small 
house  at  Ohristchureh,  and  sradually  ob- 
tained complete  possession  of  the  borough 
(Wbaxaxx,  Memtdri,  iii.  456).    In  Maroh 
1788  he  was  elected  Terderer  of  tfao  New 
Forest,  and  in  June  succeeded  to  the  place- 
of  clerk  of  the  parliaments  (Annudl  Beg^iUr, 
1788,  XXX.  228-9).    This  vacated  his  seat  in 
parliament,  and,  as  his  friendship  with  the 
new  Duke  of  Northumberland  was  broken, 
he  accepted  a  seat  for  Limington,  Hamp- 
shire, for  the  remainder  of  the  session.    The 
journals  office- which  had  been  cioated  for 
him  was  absorbed  into  his  new  depaiftmebt,  • 
and  he  received  in  exchange  for  its  emolu- 
ments a  MBsion  to  Ui9  wild  £ir  lils  df  aoOii- 

a2 


Rose 


saS 


Rose 


a  year.  The  king  paid  him  a  short  risit  in 
June  1789  on  his  way  to  Weymouth.  At 
the  jpreneral  election  of  1790  he  was  returned 
for  Christchurch,  and  held  that  seat  during 
the  remainder  of  his  life.  In  April  1791  he 
was  sued  in  the  court  of  king  s  bench  by 
Georffe  Smith,  a  publican  of  Westminster, 
for  110/.  6s.  for  payment  for  work  done  for 
him  as  secretary  of  the  treasury  in  discover- 
ing proofs  of  bad  votes  polled  at  the  late 
Westminster  election  for  Lord  John  Towns- 
hend,  and  was  ordered  to  pay  that  sum.  As 
it  was  then  not  unusual  for  the  treasury 
to  take  means  of  this  sort  to  prevent  the  re- 
-  turn  of  an  opponent,  there  was  nothing  dis- 
creditable to  Rose  in  the  business,  though  it 
was  of  course  used  against  him  {Trial  qf 
G,  HoM,  Esquire),  Lord  Marchmont,  who 
died  in  1794,  made  him  his  executor,  and, 
besides  a  money  legacy,  left  him  a  fine  collec- 
tion of  books,  which  he  lodged  at  CuffnelLs. 

A  letter  from  Pitt,  dated  6  Feb.  1801, 
anade  Rose  the  first  person  to  receive  the 
mews  of  the  minister's  intended  resignation, 
-which  Rose  considered  *  absolutely  unavoid- 
able.' He  declined  Addington's  ofier  that 
^he  should  continue  at  the  treasury ;  and,  on 
receiving  a  promise  that  he  should  be  made 
.  a  privy  councillor,  replied  that  he  could  not 
,  accept  that  honour  except  through  Pitt.  He 
was  much  with  Pitt  during  the  next  few 
weeks,  and  on  21  March  retired  from  office 
with  him.  The  king  again  visited  him  at 
^  Cufihells  on  29  June,  ana  stayed  four  days  at 
his  house  on  his  way  to  Weymouth.  He 
was  occupied  in  July  and  the  following 
;  months  with  a  scheme  for  the  payment  of 
Pitt's  debts,  and  contributed  1,000/.  for  that 
rpurpose.  During  the  autumn  he  made  strong 
>  efforts  to  persuade  Pitt  to  withdraw  his  sup- 
port from  Addington's  administration,  repre- 
.senting  to  him  his  conviction  that  there  was 
a  syst^aticplan  to  lower  him  in  the  esteem 
both  of  the  ting  and  of  the  public  {Diaries, 
p.  436).  The  offer  that  he  should  be  made  a 
|irivy  councillor  was  renewed  in  December, 
rand  as  Addington  allowed  the  communica- 
.  tion  to  pass  through  Pitt,  he  accepted  it,  and 
was  sworn  on  18  tHin.  1802.  Durmg  the  two 
following  years  he  constantly  ofiered  Pitt 
advice  on  the  political  situation. 

On  the  formation  of  Pitt's  second  admlni- 
•fitration  in  1804  Rose  took  office  as  vice-pre- 
sident of  the  board  of  trade  in  March,  and 
ron  7  July  as  joint  paymaster-general  with 
Lord  Charles  Henry  Somerset.  He  was  vexed 
at  Pitt's  political  reconciliation  with  Adding- 
ton, and  their  constant  communication  with 
each  other  was  for  a  short  time  interrupted. 
It  was,  however,  resumed  by  September  1805, 
«rhen  Pitt  waa  at   UuffDellS|  and  during 


Pitt's  ensuing  visit  to  Weymouth  Rose  again 
ineffectually  represented  to  the  king  the 
necessity  of  strengthening  the  government  by 
the  adinission  of  some  meml^rs  of  the  op- 
position. He  saw  Pitt  for  the  last  time  oa 
15  Jan.  1806,  and  was  deeply  affected  by 
his  death.  On  the  27th  he  gave  an  account 
in  a  speech  in  the  House  of  Commons  of 
Pitt's  last  honrs  and  dying  words  {Pari. 
Debates^  vi.  58).  Lord  Holland  afterwards 
described  this  account  as  fabricated  by  Rose, 
whom  he  calk  an  <  unscrupulous  encomiast ' 
{MemoirsoftheWhigPartyf\.^7'%).  It  was, 
however,  substantially  correct.  He  eagerly 
forwarded  a  scheme  for  the  payment  of  Pitt  a 
debts  by  private  contribution.  On  3  Feb.  he 
resigned  tne  offices  of  joint  paymasteiveeneral 
and  vice-president  of  the  board  of  traae. 

Rose  again  took  office  in  the  Duke  of 
Portland's  administration  in  1807,  as  vice- 
president  of  the  board  of  trade  on  80  March, 
and  treasurer  of  the  navy  on  15  April.  In 
1808  the  Duke  of  York  appointed  him 
deputy-warden  of  the  New  Forest.  Being 
in  accord  with  Canning  in  April  1809  as 
regards  the  necessity  of  a  change  in  the 
business  of  the  war  department,  and  the 
substitution  of  Lord  Wellesley  for  Lord 
Castlereagh  as  war  secretary,  he  promised 
Canning  that  if  he  was  not  satisfied  on  these 
points  he  would  resign  with  him.  Canning  s 
resignation  in  September,  however,  seemed 
to  him  to  proceed  from  disappointed  ambi- 
tion, and  to  be  an  attempt  to  break  up  the 
government,  and  he  therefore  refused  to  fol- 
low. Owing  largely  to  the  wishes  of  his  wife 
and  family,  he  continued  in  office  under  Per- 
ceval— conduct,  which  his  friendship  with 
Canning  rendez^  distasteful  to  his  &elings 
{ib.  pp.  354,  376).  Perceval  on  23  Oct. 
offerea  him  the  post  of  chancellor  of  the  ex- 
chequer. Rose  declined  on  the  ground  that 
he  was  too  old  to  take  cabinet  office  for 
the  first  time  {Diaries,  ii.  414,  423^).  He 
was  a  warm  advocate  of  vaccination,  and 
promoted  the  establishment  of  the  National 
Vaccine  Institution  in  1809  {ib.  pp.  338-9). 
In  1811  he  exerted  himself  to  redress  the 
grievances  of  the  Spitalfields  weavers,  who 
warmly  acknowledged  their  obligations  to 
him.  In  the  early  spring  of  1812 1^  resigned 
office — ^probably  from  displeasure  at  the  ad- 
mission into  the  government  of  Lord  Sid- 
mouth  (Addington  >  and  some  of  his  friends* 

On  Perceviu's  aeath  Rose  resumed  his 
place  as  treasurer  of  the  navy,  to  which  no 
appointment  had  been  made  on  hia  retire- 
ment (^ooAsq^DiJ^t^iiw,  p.  269).  Complaints 
were  made  of  neglect  in  nose's  office.  Rose 
defended  himselr,  but  he  apparently  was  at- 
tempting to  fulfil  the  duties  of  his  office  at 


Rose 


229 


Rose 


CuffnellB  xmllier  than  in  London.  He  op- 
posed tlie  proposala  to  alter  the  com  laws 
m  a  wogfatj  meech  on  5  May.  While  de- 
claring that  cree  trade  in  com  would  be 
equally  mischieTOiiB  to  the  grower  and  con- 
sumer, he  contended  that  a  protecting  duty 
should  not  be  greater  than  would  enable  the 
grower  to  pay  a  fair  rent  and  make  a  reason- 
able profit  (Fdrl  Debates,  xxTii.  666).  On 
the  other  hand,  he  took  an  unpopular  line  in 
tdvocatiii^  the  property  tax.  He  did  much, 
specially  in  1815,  to  forward  the  foundation 
of  saTingB  banks,  and  promoted  le^slation 
secuiing  the  property  of  friendly  societies. 

He  &d  at  Cuffnells  on  13  j^an.  1818,  in 
his  seryentj^fourth  year,  and  was  buried  in 
Christcfaiiich  minster.  He  left  children  by 
his  wife  Theodora,  daughter  of  John  Dues 
of  the  island  of  Antigua,  his  elder  son  being 
Sir  George  Henry  Rose  [q.  y  .1  and  his  younger 
William  Stewart  Hose  [q.yr| 

Rose  was  a  man  of  high  personal  character, 
amiable,  and  beneyolent;  an  indefatigable, 
accurate,  and  rapid  worker,  with  a  clear 
and  sound  judgment ;  and,  thoup^h  he  was 
not  briLUant  in  other  matters,  his  financial 
ability  was  remarkable.  His  opponents  ac- 
cused him  of  double  dealing,  and  a  poli- 
tical satire  asserts  that 

No  rogue  that  goes 

Is  like  that  Hose 

Or  scatters  such  deceit 


OdeSf  p.  351),  but  in  truth  he 
was  by  no  means  deficient  in  honour  or 
einosrity.    As  secretary  of  the  treasury  he 
dispcaaed  goyemment  patronage  so  as  to 
offend  aa  few  of  the  disappointed  claimants 
tit  possible  (Wbaxall,  Memoin,  iii.  457-8). 
The  profita  that  he  and  his  sons  deriyed 
from  yarious  offices  were  large;   Gobbett 
dwells  on  them  in  a  brilliant  letter  entitled 
<  A  Xew  Year's  Gift  to  Old  George  Rose,' 
and  dated  1  Jan.  1817 ;  he  reckons  4,324/. 
•alary  aa  treasurer  of  the  nayy,  4,946/.  as 
clftk  of  parliaments,  a  poet  secured  to  his 
elder  eon,  400/L  as  keeper  of  the  records  (a 
etneeore),  and  2,137/.  as  clerk  of  the  ex- 
chequer,  a  sinecure  resigned  in  fayour  of  his 
younger  son  (SeiecHoru  /rom  Cobbetfi  Poll- 
tiaal  Works,  y.  72).  And  Thomas  Moore,  in 
•n  imitation  d  Horace  iOdes,  i.  38),  makes 
the  poet  bid  his  boy  not  tarry  to  inquire  '  at 
which  of  his  places  old  Rose  is  delaying' 
(Moons,  Works,  p.  171).    "While,  howeyer, 
he  waa  not  backward  in  promoting  the  in- 
terests of  himself  and  his  sons,  unlike  many 
of  the  placemen  of  his  day,  he  conscien- 
fsoQsly  rendered  yaluable  sendees  to  the 
nation.    He  seems  to  haye  imbibed  some- 
thing of  the  patriotic  sentiments  of  his  great 


leader ;  was  always  confident  as  to  England^s 
future,  eyen  in  the  darkest  days,  and  was  in- 
yariably  optimistic  in  his  financial  reyiewa 
and  anticipations.  As  a  speaker  he  was 
dull  and  somewhat  prolix,  but  his  speeches 
were  too  full  of  carefully  prepared  and 
accurately  stated  calculations  to  be  easily 
answered.  His  writings,  which  are  for  the 
most  part  on  financial  subjects,  are  clear  and 
businesslike.  In  1804  he  was  appointed  a 
trustee  of  the  British  Museum,  and  was 
also  a  trustee  of  the  Himterian  Museum, 
and  an  elder  brother  of  Trinity  House.  It 
is  belieyed  that  he  had  much  to  do  with 
the  origin  of  the  ministerial  whitebait  din- 
ner. His  friend  Sir  Robert  Preston,  member 
for  Doyer  in  the  parliament  of  1784,  was  in 
the  habit  of  asking  him  to  dine  with  him  at 
the  '  fishing  cottage '  at  Dagenham  Reach, 
Essex,  towards  the  end  of  the  parliamentary 
session.  One  year  Rose  asked  leaye  to  bring 
Pitt,  to  whom  Preston  thenceforward  ex- 
tended his  inyitation.  The  distance  from 
London  being  inconyenient  to  Pitt,  Preston 
held  his  annuial  dinner  at  Greenwich,  gene- 
rally on  or  about  Trinity  Monday,  and  Pitt 
brought  first  Lord  Camden  and  then  Charles 
Long  (afterwards  Lord  Famborough).  When 
the  company  grew  in  number  the  guests  paid 
each  his  sHare  of  the  tayern  bill,  and  after 
Preston's  death  the  dinner  soon  assumed  its 
future  character  (Timbs,  Clubs  and  Ciub  lAfe, 
pp.  495-6).  Rose's  nortrait,  painted  in  1802 
by  Sir  William  Beecney,  is  in  the  National 
Portrait  Gallery ;  another,  painted  by  Cos- 
way,  is  engrayed  in  his  'Diaries  and  Cor- 
respondence,' and  there  is  also  an  engraying, 
with  a  biographical  notice,  in  the  'Picture 
Gallery  of  Contemporary  Portraits'  (Cadell 
and  Dayies). 

Rose's  published  works  are :  1.  '  The  Pro- 
posed System  ofTrade  with  Ireland  explained,' 
8yo,  1785,  wliich  called  forth  answers.  2.  'A 
Brief  Examination  into  the  Increase  of  the 
Reyenue,  Commerce,  and  Manufiictures  of 
Great  Britain  since  the  Peace  in  1788,'  8yo, 
1793;  and  3.  'A  Brief  Examination,  &c., 
from  1792  to  1799,'  8yo.  1799.  Both  these 
works  passed  through  seyeral  editions ;  the 
second  through  at  least  seyen,  besides  one 
printed  at  Dublin;  it  was  translated  into 
French,  and  called  forth  replies.  The  edition 
of  1806  contains  a  sketch  of  Pitf  s  character. 
4.  '  Considerations  on  the  Debt  of  the  Ciyil 
List,'  8yo,  1802.  5. '  Obseryations  on  the  Poor 
Laws,'  4to,  1802.  6.  'Obseryations  on  the 
Historical  Work  of  the  late  C.  J.  Fox,'  4to, 
1809.  Rose's  criticisins  were  founded  on  the 
contemporary  authorities  left  him  by  Lord 
Marchmont,  which  were  published  by  his 
son,  Sir  George  Henry  Rcmbo  [q.  y.],  as  the 


Rose 


«3o 


Rose 


'Marehmoat  Papen'  [see  under  Him  or 
HoxB,  Bib  FatbioK;  fizst  Eabl  ot  Maboh- 
jf  okt].  His  work  was  cntsusised  with  some 
personal  refleotions,  and  with  more  wit  than 
soond  learning,  by  Sydney  Smith  in  the 
'  Edinborffh  Review'  in  1809  and  1810  (Std- 
jTBT  Smith,  Work»,  pp.  160-62, 202-18,  ed. 
1850).  7.  « Observations  on  the  Public  Ex- 
penditure/ &c.,  8vo,  1810 ;  see  Benthaat^s 
'Defence  of  Economy  against  Bose'  in 
^Pamphleteer,'  vol.  x.  8.  *  A  Letter  to  Vis- 
count MelviUe  reflating  a  Naval  Arsenal  at 
NoFthfleet,'  8vo,  1810.  0.  'Substance  of  a 
Speech  on  the  Report  of  the  BuUion  Com^ 
mittee,'  delivered  in  1811.  10.  '  Speech  on 
the Oom Laws,' 1814 (see above).  ll.'Speeoh 
on  the  Property  Tax,'  1815.  12.  *  Observa- 
tions on  Banks  for  Saving,'  4to ;  4th  edit. 
1816u  He  also  contributed  a  paper  on 
Domesday  to  Nash's  'Worcester.' 

[Rose's  Diaries  and  Oorrespondenoe,  ed.  L.  V. 
Haroourt,  cited  as  Diaries;  Stanhope's  Life  of 
Pitt;  Wrazall's  Memoirs,  ed.  1884;  PSrL 
Debates ;  Lord  Ck>lcfae8t«r^8  Diaiy ;  Jesse's  Me- 
moirs of  George  in ;  Gent.  Mag.  1810  ii.  fi62, 
1812  i.  164,  246-7, 1S18  i.  82,  98,  1819  ii.  £28- 
629 ;  Cnnningham's  Eminent  Englishmenj  vol. 
vii. ;  Beatson's  Naval  Msmoin ;  Haydn's  Book 
of  Dignities ;  Baron's  Life  of  Jenner,  voL  ii. ; 
.Bichardson's  Kolliad,  Probationary  Odes,  &c.] 

W.H. 

KOSE,  SiB  GEOBGE  (1782-1873), 
master  in  chancery,  eldest  son  of  James 
Boae,  barge-owner,  of  Tooley  Street,  Southr 
wark^  was  bom  in  London  on  1  May  1782. 
He  received  a  presentation  to  Westminster 
.School,  and  beoune  king's  scholar  in  \79fl* 
He  was  elected  to  Peterhouse,  GamlMidge,  in 
1801,  but  poverty  ^vented  hun  from  oom« 
pletinff  his  education  there,  and  it  was  not 
until  1835  that  he  took  his  MA.  degree  as 
a  member  of  Trinity  College.  On  6  May 
1809  he  was  called  to  the  bar  at  the  Inner 
Temple,  and  commenced  attendance  in  the 
common-law  courts  and  on  the  northern  cir- 
cuit. Bose  was  a  witty  man,  and  his  first 
puccess  is  attributed  to  the  publicity  he 
attained  by  the  composition  while  in  court, 
when  Lord  Eldon  was  the  presiding  judge, 
of  the  following  verse : 

Mr.  Leaoh  made  a  speech. 
Angry,  neat,  and  long ; 

Mr.  Hart,  on  the  other  part, 
Was  right,  but  4aU  and  long. 

Mr.  Parker  made  that  darker 
Which  was  dark  enough  without ; 

Mr.  Gook  quoted  his  book, 
And  the  Chancellor  said  I  doubt. 

In  May  1827  he  was  named  a  king's  counsel, 
and  in  the  same  year  became  a  bencher  of  his 
inn,  of  whi^  he  wse  reader  in  1834  end 


treasurer  in  1885.  The  misfortune  of  his 
Other's  bankruptcy  attracted  his  attentiou 
to  the  bankruptcy  branch  in  chancery,  whore 
he  obtained  a  fair  practice.  He  published 
<  Beports  of  Cases  in  Bankruptcy  dedded  by 
Lord  Eldon,'  voL  i.  1812,  reprinted  1813; 
vol.  ii.  1816,  reprinted  1821 ;  this  book  wu 
continued  by  J.  W.  Buck.  In  1818  hepub- 
lished  'An  Inquiry  into  tiie  Nature  of 
Trading  as  a  Scrivener.'  On  d  Dec  1881  be 
was  sworn  in  as  one  of  the  four  judges  of  tbe 
court  of  review,  which  had  jurisdiotion  in 
banlmintcy  cases,  and  on  7  Dec.  was  knighted 
at  St.  James's  Palace. 

On  some  change  being  made  in  the  court 
of  review,  Lord  Gottenham  gave  Bose  on 
7  Dec.  1840  the  lucrative  and  comparativelT 
easy  poet  of  a  mastership  in  ohancerv,  which 
he  held  till  the  masterships  were  sbolished 
on  1  Feb.  1868;  he  then  retired  on  his  full 
salary  of  2,600/.  a  year. 

Bose  was  the  first  chairman  of  the  Law 
Life  Insurance  Society  in  1844,  and  attended 
theboardmeetings  until  186^  On6  June  1834 
he  was  elected  a  follow  of  the  Boyal  Society, 
and  later  on  became  a  fellow  of  we  Qmrn- 
phioal  Society.  He  was  one  of  the  old  school 
of  wits.  Many  of  his  jokes  were  of  a  piofe»- 
sional  character,  and  referred  to  legal  pro- 
ceedings long  since  obsolete;  others, how- 
ever, related  to  general  matters,  and  were 
remarkable  for  uieir  readiness  and  origi- 
nality. To  Westminster  School  he  always 
fdt  grateful,  and  with  it  kept  up  a  friendij 
oonnection ;  he  was  a  stewwnd  ii  the  anni- 
versaries in  1827, 1883,  and  1848,  a  constant 
attendant  at  the  plays,  and  sometimes  aided 
in  the  preparation  of  the  prologue  and  epi* 
log^.  He  died  at  Brighton  on  8  Dec.  1873, 
having  married  Anne^  daughter  of  Oaptain 
Robert  Pouncey. 

[Macmillan's  Mag.  February  1874,  pp.  298- 
808 ;  In  Bemembranoe  of  Sir  G-eorge  Rose  [by 
George  William  Bell],  priratelj  printed,  1877, 
with  portrait  (some  errors);  lUnstr.  London 
News,  20  Dec  1873,  p.  614  (very  ineorzeet); 
Welch's  Alumni  Westmiwast.  1862,  pp.  447. 
465,  466,  652,  554;  Biogr.  Diet,  of  living 
Authors,  1816;  Westminster  School  Beg.,  ed. 
Barker- and  Stenning.]  G-.  C.  B. 

BOSE,  QEOBGE  <1817-1882),  dnonatist, 
noveliBty  and  humorous  entertainer,  who 
wrote  under  the  name  <^ '  Arthur  Sketchley/ 
bom  in  London  on  19  May  1817,  was  second 
son  of  James  Bose  of  St.  Clement  DaneSi 
by  hia  wife,  Sophia  ScadgelL  After  at* 
tending  Mr.  Hook's  academy  in  Chelsea, 
George  began  life  as  clerk  at  the  custom- 
hdusoi  but,  determining  to  became  a  dergy* 
man,  entered  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford,  as  a 
commoner  in  May  1841,  at  tl^  unnsuaUy 


Rose 


^31 


Rose 


iMtiire  iM  of  twenty-four.  He  graduated 
EA.  oa  18  Nov.  1846,  and  M.A.  on  80  Jun^ 
1848,  ttd  was  ordained  at  Lambeth.  Subse- 
auentlj  h»  traveUed  with  his  parents  in 
italj,  f iaitinff  Naples  and  Palermo.  On  his 
letnni  home  ne  undertook  a  curacy  at  0am- 
bsrwell,  wheze  he  became  noted  for  his  short 
and  prftctical  sermons.  For  a  brief  time  he 
acted  as  curate  of  Ohrist  Church,  Hoxton, 
and  as  asaistant  reader  at  the  Temple  (Oc- 
toba  1851\  occupying  his  leisure  by  coaching 
Btadents  for  the  army.  The  Oxford  move- 
BKQt  shook  Ins  ftith  in  the  chiurch  of  Eng- 
land, and  on  1  Not.  1856  he  joined  the 
Roman  catholic  church.  Fh)m  1868  to  1863 
ke  was  tutor  to  the  Earl  of  Arundel  and 
Sum  J,  who  succeeded  his  father  as  fifteenth 
Duke  of  Nodblk  on  25  Nov.  1860. 

Thenceforth  Roee  adopted  a  literary  career. 
He  liad,  as  early  as  1851,  adapted  for  the 
English  atage  a  popular  French  drama  called 
'PaoUne.'  Oharles  Kean  played  the  hero 
in  Rose'a  Tersion  with  great  success.  On 
S  Jan.  IdOSRose  produced,  at  the  St.  James's 
llieBtre,  under  the  management  of  Frank 
MattliewB,  a  second  drama,  entitled  ^The 
Dark  Cloud,'  and  at  the  same  house,  on 
18  Auff.  1864,  his  three-act  comedy  of 'How 
will  tner  get  out  of  it  P'  which  was  acted 
ander  Mnjamin  Webster's  management. 
Charles  Matnews  appeared  as  Percy  Wylding, 
and  Mrs.  Stirling  (^atterwards  Lady  Gregory) 
as  Mn.  TlTerton. 

In  'Routledge's  Annual'  for  1866  Rose 

Subliahed,  under  the  pseudonym  of  '  Arthur 
>ketehley,'  the  first  of  his  numerous  mono- 
logues pur^rting  to  be  the  views  on 
eitiTiint  topics  of  an  illiterate  old  woman 
of  the  lower  middle  dass  whom  he  named 
'  Mrs.  Brown.'  Mrs.  firown  is  an  obyious 
idajptation  of  Dickens's  Mrs.  Qamp.  His 
tarnest  efibrt  Rose  entitled  '  How  Mrs. 
Brown  spent  Christmas  Day.'  He  devel<^ed 
his  wlmnsical  design  in  a  series  of  similar 
iketehes  contribuMi  to  '  Fun,'  and  they 
▼ere  reissued  from  time  to  time  in  volume 
^bnn,  until  they  numbered  'in  all  thirty- 
two  Tolumea.  Ihisy  nrofess  to  portray, 
according  to  their  titles,  'Mrs.  Brown's 
Viait  to  the  Paris  Exhibition'  (1867), 
'Mza.  Brown  at  the  Seaside  '  (1868), 
'in  London'  (1869),  'in  the  Highlands' 
(1869),  *  up  the  NUe '  (1869), '  at  the  f'lav ' 
(IB/O), '  on  the  Grand  Tour'  (1870), '  on  the 
Battle  of  Dorking '  (1871),  '  at  the  Inter- 
national Exhibition  and  at  South  Kensing- 
ton'  (1872),  *on  the  new  liquor  L^w' 
(lir2\  'on  the  Alabama  Claims'  (1872), 
'on  the  lichbonieOa8e'(1872)v'onWoBian^s 
Bights'  (1872),  'on  the  Shah's  Visit' (1873), 
on  the  Tichbome  Defence'  (1873),  'on 


Disraeli 
the 

Crystal ^ ^, 

*on  the  Skating  Rink'  (1876),  'on  the 
Spelling  Bees'  (1876),  'on  Co-operatrre 
Stores '  (1879), '  on  Home  Rule '  (1881),  oil 
'Jumbo '  (1882),  and  '  on  Cetewayo '  (1882). 
Two  other  volumes  were  entitled  respectively 
'The  Brown  Papers'  (1870),  and  'Mrs. 
Brown's  Christmas  Box '  (1870). 

Meanwhile,  in  1867,  Ilose  brought  out  a 
sketch  called  'Miss  Tomkins's  Intended,'  and 
travelled  in  America.  In  1868  he  published 
a  record  of  his  tour,  entitled  '  The  Great 
Country,  or  Impressions  of  America,'  which 
he  ' aftectionately  inscribed'  to  his  former 
pupil,  the  Duke  of  Norfolk.  In  1870  he  pro- 
duced another  book  of  travels — a  description 
of  Cook's  Excursion  through  Switzerland 
and  Italy — entitled  'Out  for  a  Holiday,' and 
another  drawing-room  drama  called  '  Money 
makes  the  Man.'  Two  novels  followed:  'A 
Match  in  the  Dark'  (2  vols.  1878),  and  'A 
Marriage  of  Conscience '  (8  vols.  1879). 

Rose  invented  an  attractive  entertain- 
ment bv  reading  in  public  portions  of  hk 
'  Mrs.  Brown '  monologues.  Between  June 
1679  and  December  1880  he  made  a  tour 
round  the  world  as  an  entertainer  on  these 
lines,  and  passed  in  succession  through  South 
Afirica,  Australia,  New  Zealand,  and  so, 
westwards,  through  tndia,  home.  During 
his  last  years  he  grew  abnormally  stout.  He 
died  suddenly  of  heart  disease  on  11  Nov. 
1882  at  his  residence,  96  Gloucester  P!Uice, 
London,  W.  He  was  buried  in  the  cemetery 
ofSt.ThomasatFulham.  Hewas  unmarriea. 
An  admirable  portrait  is  in  the  Ubrary  of 
Norfolk  House,  St.  James*s  Square. 

[Personal  recollectioDS ;  Sketch  by  Mr.  de- 
ment Seott  prefixed  to  a  reprint,  in  1886,  of 
Mrs.  Blown  on  Home  Bale;  Tablet  and  Weekly 
Register,  18  Nov.  1882 ;  Annual  Begister,  1882 ; 
Foster's  Alumni  Ozon«  1716-1886.]        0.  E. 

ROSE,  SiB  GEORGE  HENRY  (1771- 
1856),  diplomatist,  elder  son  of  George  Hose 
(1744-1818)  [q.  v.l  and  Theodora,  daughter  of 
John  Dues  of  Antigua,  West  Indies,  was  born 
in  1771.  His  younger  brother  was  William 
Stewart  Rosefq.  v.]  Geor]B^  was  educated 
at  St.  John's  Gouege,  Cambridge,  graduating 
B.A.  in  1792  and  M.A.  in  1796.  While 
abroad  on  a  tour  of  pleasure  he  was  ofl^ed 
the  opportunity  of  acting  as  first  secretary 
to  the  British  embassy  at  The  Hague  in  Ju^ 
1792,  and  remained  in  that  position  for  a  yajgci 
In  June  1793  he  went  in  a  similar  capacity 
to  Berlin,  and  acted  as  chargd  d'affaires^  in« 
dependently  of  Lord  Malmiesbury'B  special 
mission  of  that  period  [see  Hab&is,  JAitBa, 


^ 


Rose 


23a 


Rose 


first  Eabl  of  MalmesbubtI.  On  26  Aug. 
1794  he  was  returned  to  parliament  as  mem- 
ber for  Southampton,  being  re-elected  to 
successive  parliaments  until  1818.  He  joined 
the  yeomanry,  and  became  a  lieutenant- 
colonel  of  the  South  Hants  cavalry  on  18  Feb. 
1808.  In  1805  he  was  appointed  deputy  pay- 
master-general of  the  king's  land  forces. 

In  1807  Rose  renewed  his  diplomatic 
career,  and  went  to  Washin^^ton  on  a  special 
mission  res]^ting  the  affair  of  the  Chesa- 
peake— the  impressment  case  which  was  one 
of  the  chief  grievances  alleged  as  a  cause  of 
the  war  of  1812.  In  December  1818  he  re- 
signed his  seat  in  parliament,  and  went  to 
Munich  as  British  minister.  On  12  Sept. 
1815  he  was  promoted  to  Berlin,  but  his 
career  there  was  uneventful.  In  1818  he 
was  sworn  of  the  privy  council  and  retired 
from  the  diplomatic  service  to  succeed  his 
father  as  clerk  of  parliaments.  In  1819  he 
received  the  ffrand  cross  of  the  Hanoverian 
Guelphic  order.  He  re-entered  parliament 
on  6  March  1818  as  member  for  Christchurch, 
which  he  represented  continuously  till  1844, 
when  he  resigned  his  seat  with  his  clerkship. 
He  was  also  a  metropolitan  lunacy  commis- 
sioner and  a  deputy-lieutenant  for  Hamp- 
shire. He  died  at  Sandhills  House,  near 
Christchurch,  on  17  June  1855.  In  his  later 
years  Rose  actively  interested  himself  in 
evangelical  and  missionary  work. 

Rose  married,  on  6  Jan.  1796,  Frances, 
daughter  of  Thomas  Duncombe  of  Duncombe 
ParK,  Yorkshire,  and  left  six  sons — one  of 
whom  was  Hugh  Henry,  baron  Strathnaim 
[q.  v.] — and  four  daughters. 

Rose  edited  a  selection  of  the  letters  and 
diaries  of  the  Earls  of  Marchmontfrom  1685 
to  1750  (3  vols.  London,  1881).  Of  his  re- 
ligious pamphlets  the  chief  are :  *  A  Letter 
on  the  Means  and  Importance  of  converting 
Slaves  in  the  West  Indies  to  Christianity 
<1828) ;  <  Scripture  Researches '  (1882),  which 
passed  through  several  editions;  and  'The 
Early  Spread  of  Circumcision '  (1846). 

[Gent  Mag.  1855,  ii.  198;  Annual  Register, 
1855.  App.  to  ChroD.  p.  282;  Barke*6 Peerage; 
Foreign  Office  List,  1854  ^  Foster's  Peerage, 
1882,  8.V. '  Strathnaim.']  C.  A.  H. 

ROSE,  HENRY  JOHN  (1800-1878),  theo- 
logian and  scholar,  bom  at  Uckfield,  Sussex, 
on  3  Jan.  1800,  was  younger  son  of  WiUiam 
Rose  (1768-1844),  then  curate  and  school- 
master in  that  parish,  and  afterwards  vicar 
of  Glynde,  Sussex;  Hugh  James  Rose  fq.  v.] 
was  his  elder  brother.  He  was  educated  by  his 
father,  and  admitted  pensioner  at  St.  Peter's 
College,  Cambridflfe,  on  25  June  1817,  but 
xnigrated  to  St.  John's  College  on  8  Oct.  1818. 


He  graduated  B.A.  in  1821,  proceeded  M.A. 
in  1824,  B.D.  in  1881,  and  on  26  June  1851 
was  admitted  ad  etmdem  at  Oxford.  On 
6  April  1824  he  was  admitted  to  a  fellowship 
at  St.  John's,  Cambridge,  and  held  it  untA 
April  1888,  residing  in  the  college  until 
about  1886  and  devoting  himself  to  the 
study  of  classics  and  divinity.  He  became 
a  good  Oernuin  and  Hebrew  scholar,  and  At 
a  later  date  mastered,  unaided,  the  Syriac 
language.  For  a  short  time  (March  1832 
to  September  1888)  he  was  minister  of 
St.  Edward's,  Cambridge,  and  in  1833  was 
Hulsean  lecturer. 

In  the  summer  of  1884  Rose  discharged 
the  duties  of  his  brother  Hugh,  who  was  in 
ill-health,  as  divinity  professor  in  Durham 
University,  and  about  1886  he  came  to  Lon- 
don and  worked  for  his  brother  in  the  parish 
of  St.  Thomas,  Southwark.    In  1887  he  was 
appointed  by  his  college  to  the  valuable  rec- 
tory of  Houghton  Conquest,  near  Ampthill 
in  Bedfordshire,  and  in  1866  obtainea  the 
archdeaconry  of  Bedford,  whichpreferments 
he  held  until  his  death.    At  Houghton  h» 
superintended  the  renovation  of  the  school- 
buildings  and  the  restoration  of  the  church. 
In  thispleasant  retreat  Rose*s  brother-in-law. 
Dean  ^urgon,  passed  all  his  long  vacations 
for  about  Uiirty  years,  and  many  Eng^lish  and 
continental  scholars  made  the  acquaintance- 
ship of  the  rector.    Rose  was  a  churchman 
of  the  old  conservative  type,  a  collector  of 
books,  and  an  industrious  writer.  His  library 
included  many  of  Bishop  Berkeley's  manu- 
scripts, which  he  allowed  JProfessor  A.  C^ 
Eraser  to  edit.    He  died  on  31  Jan.  1878^ 
and  was  buried  in  the  south-eastern  angle 
of  the  churchyard  at  Houghton  Conquest. 
He  married,  at  St.  Pancras  new  churchy 
on  24  May  1888,  Sarah  Caroline  (1812- 
1889),  eldest  daughter  of  Thomas  Burgon 
of  the  British  Museum,  and  sister  of  John 
William  Burgon,  dean  of  Chichester.    Their 
children  were  two  sons,  Hugh  James  and 
William  Francis,  both  in  orders,  and  three 
daughters.     A.  spirited  crayon  drawing  of 
Rose  was  made  in  1889  by  K  U.  Eddis,  R.  A. 

Though  his  separate  publications  were 
only  two — '  The  Law  of  Moses  in  connec- 
tion with  the  History  and  Character  of  the 
Jews,'  Hulsean  Lectures,  1884,  and '  Ansinrer 
to  the  Case  of  the  Dissenters,'  1834 — Rose 
performed  a  considerable  amount  of  literary- 
work.  He  helped  largely  his  brother's  edition 
of  Parkhurst's  'Greek  and  English  Lexicon 
of  the  New  Testament'  (1829),  and  edited  for 
him  from  about  1836  the  '  British  Mag's* 
sine.'  For  his  brother  he  also  edited  the 
first  volume  of  Rose's  *  New  General  Bio- 
graphical Dictionary,'  the  preface  being  dated 


Rose 


«33 


Rose 


from  Houghton  Conquest  in  February  1840. 
He  waaone  of  the  joint  editors  of  the  '  £n- 
cjclopedia  Metropolitanay'  and  wrote  por- 
tions of  the  work.  In  the  cabinet  edition  of 
that  sacjdopsBdia  his  name  is  ffiven  as  one  of 
the  authors  of  the  '  Historj  oi  the  Christian 
Church  from  the  Thirteenth  Century  to  the 
Fieaent  Day/  and  he  reprinted  in  185S  his 
article  on '  Ecclesiastical  History  from  1700 
to  1815/  He  translated  Dr.  Augustus  Ne- 
ander*s  'History  of  the  Christian  Religion 
and  Church  during  the  Three  First  Centuries,' 
vol.  L  (1831)  and  voL  iL  (1841) ;  wrote  the 
fiecond  essay  in  the  '  Replies  to  Essays  and 
ReTiews '  (1862),  dealing  with  'Bunsen,  the 
Critical  School,  and  Dr.  Williams ; '  was  en- 
gaged on  Speaker  Denison's  'Commentary 
on  the  Bible,*  contributed  to  Smithes  'Dic- 
tionaiy  of  the  Bible,'  to  the  *  Quarterly,* 
'  English,'  and  *  Contemporaiy '  reviews,  the 
'Literary  Churchman,'  and  the  'Transac- 
tions' of  the  Bedfordshire  Archaeological 
Society  (on  Bishop  Berkeley's  MSS.) ;  and 
he  was  one  of  the  reyisers  of  the  authorised 
version  of  the  Old  Testament. 

Hfgh  James  Hose  (1840-1878),  his  eldest 
foUf  bom  in  December  1840,  matriculated 
from  Oriel  College,  20  Oct.  1860,  and  gra- 
duated BA.  1865,  M.A.  1867.  He  was  at 
frst  chaplain  to  the  forces  at  Doyer,  from 
1673  to  1875  yvas  chaplain  to  the  mining 
companies  at  Linares,  and  was  then  sta- 
tioned as  chaplain  at  Jerez  and  Cadiz.  Tall 
and  dark  in  hair  and  eyes,  and  in  his  stately 
bearing  resembling  a  Spaniard,  he  corre- 
qK)nd«iforthe  *  Times '  on  social  8ub]ects  in 
Spain,  and  contributed  essays  to  'Temple 
Bar^onthesame  topics.  He  published  in  1875 
t^  Tolumes  on  *  Untrodden  Spain  and  her 
Black  Conntry.'  parts  of  which  nad  appeared 
ia  *  MacmiUan  8  Idagazine.'  They  were  ac- 
cepted as  the  best  books  in  English  on 
Snmish  peasant  life,  and  passed  through  two 
foitions.  His  rolnmes '  Among  the  Spanish 
People'  (1877)  were  the  result  of  travel 
tbrottgh  nearly  all  the  Peninsula,  liying  with 
tfae  peasants,  whose  dialect  he  had  learnt. 
About  1876  he  returned  to  England  in  deli- 
<^te  healtii,  and  died  at  Ghiild&rd  on  6  July 
1^78,  leaving  two  children.  He  was  buried 
by  his  fatJiers  side  at  Houghton  Conquest. 

[Men  of  the  Time,  8th  edit. ;  Foster'ji  Alumni 
0x00.;  Gaaidian,  6  Peb.  1873,  p.  163  ;  Burgon's 
Tvelre  Good  Men,  pjp.  116. 119, 189,272.284-95 ; 
Gonlbnm'flBorgon.  L  8, 91,  ii.  80->2  (with  nnme- 
rctii  letters  by  Burgoo  to  Archdeacon  Rose  and 
•lis  wife) ;  Bnker's  St.  John's  (ed.  Mayor),  i. 
314-15.  For  the  son  ef.  Foster^s  Alnmni  Oxon.  * 
Athoueam.  IS  July  1878,  p.  60;  Guardian, 
10  Jvly  1878,  p.  958 ;  Gonlburn's  Bnrgon,  ii. 
160.1.1  W.  P.  C. 


ROSE,  HUGH  HENRY,  Babon  Stbath- 
VAiBK  of  Strathnaim  and  Jansi  (1801-1885), 
field-marshal,  third  son  of  Sir  George  Henry 
Hose  [q.  y.]  and  of  his  wife  Frances,  daughter 
of  Thomas  Duncombe  of  Dunoombo  Park, 
Yorkshire,  was  bom  at  Berlin  on  6  April  1801* 
He  was  educated  at  Berlin,  and  receiyed 
military  instruction  from  the  commandant  of 
the  cadet  school  in  that  city,  and  from 
Prussian  ofticers  and  non-commissioned  offi- 
cers of  the  Berlin  garrison.  He  obtained  a 
commission  as  ensign  in  the  98rdfoot  (Suther- 
land hig[hlanders)  on  8  June  1820,  but  he 
neyer  jomed  the  regiment,  and  on  6  July  of 
the  same  year  was  transferred  to  the  19th 
foot,  whicn  he  joined  in  Ireland.  He  was 
promoted  lieutenant  on  24  Oct.  1821. 

In  the  spring  of  1824  Rose  was  detached 
with  a  small  party  of  his  re^ment  to  Carrick- 
on-Shannon,  on  'still-huntmg'  duties,  i.e.  he 
had  to  escort  and  protect  the  excise  officer  in 
the  seizure  of  illicit  spirits — '  potheen.*  He 
thus  came  into  frequent  collision  with  the 
people.  His  actiyity  led  to  his  promotion 
to  the  command  of  a  company  in  his  regi- 
ment. He  was  frequently  employed  in  giying 
aid  to  the  ciyil  power  in  Tipperar^,  which  waa 
at  that  time  the  scene  of  organised  Ribbon 
outrages,  and  gaye  so  much  satisfaction  to 
his  superior  officers  that  he  was  gazetted 
major  unattached  on  SO  Dec.  1826.  He  was 
brought  into  the  92nd  highlanders  as  a  regi- 
mental major  on  19  Feb.  1829.  On  26  June 
1880  he  was  appointed  equerry  to  H.R.H, 
the  late  Duke  of  Cambridge. 

The  92nd  highlanders  were  stationed  Id 
the  disturbed  ^stricts  in  Ireland  where  po- 
litical agitation  abounded,  and  in  July  1832 
Rose  was  selected  to  put  down  disaffected 
meetings.  Owing  to  nis  prompt  and  judi- 
cious action  in  dispersing  a  large  meeting  at 
Cullen  in  Tipjerary,  that  county  and  the 
adjoining  districts  were  soon  freed  from  se- 
ditious gatherings.  The  lord-lieutenant  of 
Ireland  made  him  a  justice  of  the  peace. 

Rose  accompaniedhis  regiment  to  Gibraltar 
in  1 838,  and  to  Malta  in  1 836.  D  nring  a  serious 
outbreak  of  cholera  at  the  latter  place  he 
zealously  exerted  himself  in  attending  to  his 
men,  in  conjunction  with  Dr.  Paterson,  the 
surgeon  of  the  regiment.  On  17  Sept  188^ 
he  was  promoted,  by  puTchase,  to  an  un* 
attached  lieutenant-colonelcy. 

In  1840  Rose  was  selected,  with  other  staff 
officers  and  detachments  of  royal  artillery  and 
royal  engineers,  for  special  seryice  in  Syria, 
under  the  orders  of  the  foreign  oiite.  They 
were  to  co-operate  on  shore,  under  Brigadieiw 
general  Edward  Thomas  Michell  J[a.  y.]  of 
the  royal  artiHery,  with  the  Turkisn  troops 
and  with  the  British  fleet,  in  effecting  the 


Rose 


234 


Rose 


expulsion  of  Mehemet  AliVs  Egyptian  army 
firom  Syria,  and  the  restoration  of  the  sultan  8 
rule  over  that  oountzy  and  Egypt.  One  of 
the  earliest  duties  which  Rose  haa  to  perform 
was  to  deliver  a  letter  sent  hy  Sir  Stratford 
Canning  from  Constantinople,  sicned  by  all 
the  powers  except  France,  to  Ibrahim  Pasha, 
ordering  him  to  retize  at  once  from  Syria. 
Rose  came  upon  the  rear  of  Ibrahim  Fasha't 
army  near  Rachel's  Well.  He  delivered  his 
letter,  and  Ibrahim  Pasha  directed  him  to 
inform  the  British  ambassador  that  he  was 
then  actually  retiring  on  Egypt.  Rose  waa 
next  attached,  as  deputy  adjutant-general, 
to  the  staff  of  Omar  Pasha,  who  landed  at 
Jaffa  with  a  large  division  of  Turidsh  troops 
from  the  British  fleet.  Rose  distinguished 
himself  in  a  skirmish  with  the  E^n^tian 
cavalry  at  El-Mesden  or  £1-Medjdel  on 
15  Jan.  1841^  when  he  was  twice  wounded. 
He  was  mentioned  in  despatches,  and  received 
from  the  sultan  the  order  of  Nishan  Iftihar 
in  diamonds  and  a  sabre  of  honour.  Shortly 
afterwards  Rose  succeeded,  on  the  deaths 
of  Brigadier-general  MicheU  and  Colonel 
Bridgeman,  to  the  command  of  the  British 
detachments  in  Syria,  with  the  local  rank 
of  colonel.  On  20  Au^.  1841  he  was  gazetted 
consul-general  for  Syria,  with  full  diplomatic 
powers. 

Rose's  duties  were  mainly  to  smooth  ani- 
mosities, to  arrest  the  horrors  of  civil  war, 
to  prevent  the  feuds  between  the  Maronites 
and  Druses  from  coming  to  a  head,  to  induce 
the  Turkish  authorities  to  respect  the  oaths 
of  Christians  in  Turkish  courts  of  law^  and 
ta  administer  justice  honestly  and  impartially. 
In  September  1841  he  jjrevented  an  out- 
break Detween  the  Maronites  and  the  Druses 
near  Deir-el-Khama,  the  capital  of  the  Le- 
banon. In  the  Ibllowinff  month  another 
outbreak  occurred  at  Deir-el-Khama,  where  a 
large  number  of  Druses  attacked  the  town. 
Af^  obstinate  fighting,  much  bloodshed, 
aad  the  destruction  of  property  valued  at 
70,000/.,  Rose's  personal  influence  on  the 
spot  was  again  successful  in  terminating  the 
conflict. 

On  23  Feb.  1842  Rose  was  made  a  C.B., 
and  Lord  Aberdeen,  the  minister  for  foreign 
afiairs,  stated  in  the  House  of  Lords  that  the 
British  agent  in  Syria,  although  England 
claimed  no  official  protection  of  any  sect  in 
Syria,  had  certainly  afforded,  under  the  influ- 
ence of  the  rights  of  humanity  and  of  the 
promises  aade  by  England,  a  protection 
which  had  effectually^  saved  from  destruction 
several  hundred  Chnstiana.  On  13  July  1842 
Rose  received  permission  to  accept  and  wear 
t)ie  gold  war  medal  conferred  upon  him  by 
the  sultan  for  his  services  in  the  Syrian 


campaign.  He  also  received  a  letter  from 
Major-general  von  Neumann,  adjutant-gene- 
ral to  the  king  of  Prussia,  conferring  vmn 
him  the  order  of  St.  John,  and  conveying 
his  majesty's  pleasure  on  hearing  that  '  an 
early  acquaintance'  had  so  gallantly  dis« 
tinguished  himselfl 

On  12  May  1846,  on  an  urgent  appeal 
from  the  American  missionaries  at  Abaye 
in  Mount  Lebanon,  Rose  hastened  thitlier, 
accompanied  only  by  two  kavasses.  He  found 
the  castle  in  flames  and  the  Druses  with 
drawn  swords  waiting  outside  to  despatch 
the  Christians  ajs  they  were  driven  out  by 
the  Are.  Rose  made  such  forcible  appals 
to  the  Druses  that  he  succeeded  in  inaucing 
them  to  allow  the  Christians  to  go  to  Bey- 
rout  under  his  escort.  As  the  Druses  were 
up  all  along  the  route,  the  march  was  one 
of  difficulty.  On  the  road  many  burning 
villages  were  passed,  at  one  of  which  there 
was  a  church  of  great  sanctity.  The  roof 
of  the  church  was  on  fire,  and  the  people 
were  anxious  to  save  the  picture  of  the  patron 
saint.  Rose  caused  himself  to  be  let  down 
from  a  window,  secured  the  picture,  and  had 
just  time  to  get  back  when  the  roof  fell  in. 
He  and  his  two  kavasses  gave  up  their 
horses  to  the  women  to  ride.  In  spite  of 
the  heat  in  the  narrow  defiles  in  the  month  of 
June,  and  of  the  threatening  attitude  of  the 
Druses,  Rose  brought  the  Chiistians,  with 
the  exception  of  two  of  the  Christian  emir's 
servants,  who  died  on  the  way,  in  safety  to 
Beyrout. 

Rose  left  Syria  on  leave  in  November 
1848^  on  which  occasion  he  received  tributes 
to  his  services  f^m  Captain  WalHs,  from 
Consul  Moore,  and  from  British  subjects  at 
Beyrout.  In  recognition  of  his  conduct 
Lord  Falmerston  brought  him  into  the  re^ 
gular  diplomatic  service  by  appointing  him 
on  2  Jan.  1851  secretary  of  embassy  at  Con- 
stantinople. He  was  promoted  brevet- 
colonel  on  11  Nov.  the  same  year.  On 
23  June  1862  Sir  Stratford  Canning  went 
on  leave  of  absence,  and  Rose  became  oharg6 
d'affaires.  In  this  capacity  he  had  to  deal 
with  a  crisis  of  the  '  holy  placed '  question. 
Russia  was  seeking  to  ootain  from  the 
sultan  a  secret  treaty  vesting  in  her  the 
actual  protectorate  of  all  the  subjects  of  the 
Porte  of  the  Oieek  Antiochian  persuasion ; 
and  Prince  Menchikofi;  the  Russian  ambas- 
sador, on  19  April  1858  demanded  that  this 
secret  treatv  should  be  signed  by  sunset  or 
he  would  demand  his  passports.  Rose  was 
immediately  eummmied  07  the  Turkish 
minister  and  informed  that  the  Porte  desired 
to  see  the  British  fleet  in  Turkish  waiters. 
He  pointed  out  that  as  oharg6  d'aflaires  he 


Rose 


a3S 


Rose 


had  no  power  to  order  the  British  fleet  to 
ConrtantiiiOple,  but  proposed  to  inform  the 
admizal  as  qnicJcly  as  possible  of  the  grayit^ 
of  the  litOAtiovi  at  Constaintinople,  and  tl» 
serious  responsibility  that  would  devolve 
opQB  him  were  he  to  decline  to  brin^  the 
fleet.    The  saltan's  ministers  were  satisfied 
with  Rose's  sagseetion,  and,  on  the  strength 
of  it,  dedtned  that  same  night  to  sign  the 
tmif,    Menchihoff  left  Constantinople  in 
May,  and  on  9  Julj  Russia  invaded  Turkey. 
On  5  Oct.  England  and  France  declared 
war  with  Russia,  and  on  8  March  1854  Rose 
was  appointed  aueen's  commissioner  at  the 
headquarters  oi  the  commander-in-ohief  of 
the  ranch  ani^,  with  the  local  rank  of 
brigadiep-generaL    Rose's  duty  was  to  act 
as  omn  of  communication  between   the 
fnoA  and  English  oommanders-in-ehief  in 
all  mattsa  relating  to  the  two  armies,  but 
espeeiaUy  in  carrying  communications  in 
aetioBS  nd  battlee.    He  was  instructed  to 
send  in  reports  on  the  operations  and  on  all 
eiiriunstanees  connected  with  the  campaign 
to  tlie  Swl  of  OlarendoiL,  British  foreign 
minister,  through  the  British  commander^ 
in-chisf,  for  the  information  of  the  govern- 
ment.   Rose  drew  up  a  plan  of  onerations 
for  the  invasion  of  the  Crimea  wnich  was 
rabmitted  to  Lard  Raglan  and  the  govenn 
ment,  and  later  to  the  emperor  of  the  French, 
who  expressed  entire  approval  of  it  when 
Rose  had  an  interview  with  him  in  passing 
through  Paris.  * 

Ro»  joined  the  French  headoniarters  at 
Kadi-Koi  on  the  Bosphoms.  Me  became 
Toy  intimate  with  Colonel  (afterwards  Gene- 
ral) Troehu,  first  aide-de-camp  to  Marshal 
St  Anand.  For  his  conduct  m  extinguisb- 
ing  a  fire  at  Vazna  in  some  buildings  in 
the  vicinity  of  an  old  tower  in  which  the 
French  8mall-«ini  ammunition  was  stored, 
fiose  was  reeommended  for  the  lenon  of 
honour.  At  the  battle  of  the  Ahna  he  took 
fart  with  Colonel  Cler  and  the  Ist  Zouavee 
la  the  attack  on  the  telegraph  position, 
«^h  was  carried  by  the  Frencn  with  great 
]?al]antry.  The  following  morning,  on  visit- 
m  La  Maison  Brfil^e  with  G(eneral  Can- 
robeit,  upon  which  a  violent  cannonade 
had  been  made  by  the  Russians,  Rose  was 
wonnded  by  the  splinter  of  a  shell  (Lond&n 
Gazette,  6  Feb.  18ft5).  At  Inkerman  he 
reoouBoitred  the  ffzoond  between  the  left 
of  Oamobert  and  tne  rk^ht  of  General  Penne* 
&ther,  riding  with  tne  greatest  sangfroid 
•ader  a  witheiing  fire  from  the  whole  une  of 
Hosdan  pickets  down  the  Tchemaya  road. 
The  Russians  were  so  struck  with  his  courage 
that  an  order  was  sent  along  the  line  to 
fifing  at  him.    Rose  had  aocomplished 


his  task.  Caniobert  was  desirous  to  obtain 
for  Rose  the  Victoria  Cross,  but,  as  Rose 
had  the  local  rank  of  brigadier^neral  and 
was  a  C.B.,  he  was  not  considerad  •  eligible. 
He  was,  however,  promoted  for  his  services 
to  be  muor-general  on  12  Bee  1864,  and  on 
16  Oct.  1856  he  was  made  a  KCB. 

Lord  Panmure,  in  moving  the  vote  of 
thanks  to  the  army  in  the  House  of  Lords  on 
8  May  1866,  spoke  with  high  approbation  of 
Rose's  service,  of  which  Lord  Clarendon  had 
already  written  to  him  in  terms  of  hi|(h 
praise  (6  June  1866)  and  Martial  Pdfissier 
had  expressed  warm  admiration.  Rose  was 
given  the  local  rank  of  lieutenant-general 
m  Turkey  on  80  July  1866,  and  on  ^  Aug. 
was  granted  the  royal  license  to  wear  the 
insignia  of  a  commander  of  the  legion  of 
honour  conferred  upon  him  by  the  emperor 
of  the  French. 

The  following  year,  on  the  outbreak  of  the 
Indian  mutiny,  Kose  rolimteered  for  service 
in  India,  and  was  given  the  command  of  the 
Pun£  division  in  the  Bombay  presidency. 
He  arrived  at  Bombay  on  19  Slept.  1867,  and 
was  brought  on  thegeneral  staff  of  the  army 
from  that  date.  H^  was  shortly  after  ap- 
pointed to  command  the  M&u  column  of  the 
force  acting  in  M&lwa,  called  the  Central  India 
field  force,  and  proceeded  with  Sir  Robert 
North  Collie  Hamilton  [q.  v.],  the  agent  to 
the  ^ovemoi^ffeneral,  to  Indtir.  The  force 
consisted  of  two  brigades  mainly  fmrmed  of 
native  troops ;  the  mrst  at  M&u,  imder  the 
command  of  Brigadier-general  C.  S.  Stuart 
of  the  Bombay  army ;  the  second,  at  Siher, 
commanded  by  Brigadier-general  C.  Stewart, 
14th  light  dragoons. 

Rose%  orders  were  to  march  from  Mftn 
through  Central  India  to  Eillpi,  about  one 
thousand  miles,  subduing  the  revolted  dis- 
tricts and  reducing  the  forts  on  the  vray 
until  he  joined  hands  with  the  commander^ 
in-chief.  He  was  not,  however,  to  start 
until  another  column  under  Brigadier-general 
Whitlock  of  the  Madras  army,  whose  base 
was  at  Jabalpnir  and  whose  auty  it  was  to 
clear  the  line  of  commtinication  with  AUa- 
hifo&d  and  Mirz&pdr  and  cross  Bandalkhand 
to  Bandft,  was  ready  to  move.  The  time  of 
waiting  was  not  thrown  away;  the  two 
brigades  were  organised,  and  the  men,  who 
had  already  had  hard  work  and  beaten  every 
enemy,  were  given  time  to  recruit  their  ener- 
gies. On  6  Jan.  Rose,  accompanied  by  Sir 
Robert  Hamilton,  started  from  M  &u  to  join  the 
second  brigade  at  Sihor.  On  10  Jan.,  rein- 
forced by  iubout  eight  hundred  Bhop&llevies, 
he  set  Out  for  R&tngarh,  a  strontf  fort  held 
by  the  rebels.  He  arrived  before  the  place  on 
1he34th,  and, -driving  the  rebels  from  th* 


1 


Rose 


25^ 


Rose 


outside  positions  which  they  had  occupied  in 
the  town  and  on  the  banks  of  the  river,  he 
invested  the  fort,  and  the  following  day 
constructed  his  breaching  batteries  and 
opened  fire.  By  the  night  of  the  28th  a 
breach  had  been  made,  when  the  raj4  of 
Banpur  advanced  to  the  relief  of  the  place. 
Hose  did  not  slacken  his  lire  on  the  fort,  but 
despatched  his  cavalry  to  attack  the  raja's 
force,  which  was  speedily  put  to  flight,  and 
in  the  night  the  disheartened  garrison 
evacuated  the  fort.  The  raja  of  Banpur,  re- 
inforced by  the  garrison,  took  up  a  position 
near  Barodia,  about  fifteen  miles  ofl*,  and 
Kose  attacked  him  on  the  80th  on  the  banks 
of  the  Bina,  where  he  had  made  preparations 
to  dispute  the  British  passage  of  the  river. 
The  raj&  was  completely  defeated,  and  Rose 
returned  to  Rathgarh. 

The  fall  of  K&thgarh  had  cleared  the 
country  south  of  S&gar  of  rebels,  reopened 
the  road  to  Indur,  and  made  it  possible  for 
Rose  to  march  to  the  relief  of  bagar,  now 
beleaguered  for  nearly  eight  months.  This 
he  dia,  and  entered  the  place  on  3  Feb.,  es- 
corted by  the  Europeans,  officers,  and  others 
who  had  gone  out  to  welcome  their  de- 
liverers. The  strong  fort  of  Garhakdta  lay 
twenty-five  miles  to  the  east  of  Sagar.  In 
1818  It  took  Brigadier-general  Watson,  with 
eleven  thousand  men,  three  weeks  to  take 
the  place.  Rose  sent  a  small  force  on  8  Feb. 
to  destroy  the  fort  of  Sanoda,  and  on  the  9th 
marched  towards  Garhakdta,  arriving  on  the 
afternoon  of  the  11th.  He  at  once  drove  in 
the  outposts,  and  next  day  opened  fire  with 
such  effect  that  on  the  night  of  the  12th  the 
rebels  evacuated  the  fort.  They  were  pur- 
sued, on  the  morning  of  the  ISth,  by  the 
cavalry,  and  some  ot  them  cut  to  pieces. 
Garh&lcdta  was  found  to  be  full  of  supplies, 
and,  after  destroying  its  western  face.  Rose 
returned  t-o  Sagar  on  17  Feb.  For  these 
operations  Rose  received  the  tiianks  of  the 
commander-in-chief  and  of  the  governor- 
general  in  council. 

Having  thus  opened  the  roads  to  and  from 
the  west  and  north,  Rose  set  himself  to  clear 
the  way  towards  the  east.  Eager  as  he 
was  to  press  on  to  Jansi,  he  was  forced  to 
remain  at  Sigar  until  he  should  hear  of 
Whitlock's  advance,  and  until  he  should 
obtain  supplies  and  transport ;  for  the  hot 
fteason  was  setting  in,  and  he  could  expect 
t-o  get  nothing  on  the  way.  He  set  forth  on 
the  evening  of  26  Feb.  He  took  the  fort  of 
Barodia  on  the  27th,  after  some  shelling. 
On  3  March  he  found  himself  in  firont  of  the 
pass  of  Maltiin.  It  was  of  great  natural 
strength,  had  been  fortified,  and  was  held  in 
force.    Rose  determined  to  feign  an  attack 


in  front,  while  with  the  bulk  of  his  column  he 
made  a  flank  movement,  and  attempted  the 
pass  of  Madanptir.  This  also  was  strongly 
occupied,  and  a  most  determined  defenoe 
was  made.  The  guns  of  the  Haidarab&d 
contingent  coming  up  at  the  critical  moment, 
and  opening  fire,  the  3rd  European  and  the 
Haidfljr&b&d  infantry  advanced  under  its  sup- 
port, and,  charging  the  position,  swept  aU 
before  them.  The  enemy  fled  to  the  town  of 
Madanpur  for  refuge ;  but  Rose  brought  up 
his  howitsers  and  opened  fire  upon  it.  The 
enemy  did  not  long  reply,  but  fled  to  the 
jungle.  They  were  pursued  to  the  walls  of 
the  fort  of  Sorai. 

The  eflect  of  this  victory  was  great;  the 
enemy  evacuated  the  formidable  pass  of 
Maltun  and  the  fort  of  Narut  in  rear  of  it. 
The  discomfiture  of  the  rebels  was  soon 
complete,  and  Sir  Robert   Hamilton,  the 

Xt  to  the  govemor-^neral,  annexed  the 
le  district,  the  British  flag  being  hoisted 
at  Sorai  for  the  first  time.  Chandairi  was 
assaulted  and  captured  by  Rose's  first  bri- 
gade, under  Brigadier-general  O.  S.  Stuart, 
on  17  March. 

Rose  now  continued  his  march  on  Jansi. 
So  impressed  were  the  governor-general  and 
the  commander-in-chief  with  the  strength  of 
Jansi,  and  with  the  inadequacy  of  S^^se's 
force  for  its  attack,  that,  notwithstanding 
the  importance  of  the  capture  of  this  strong- 
hold of  the  mutineers  in  Central  India,  Rose 
hod  been  authorised  in  February  to  pass  it 
by  and  march  in  two  divisions,  one  on  Kalpi 
through  Charkari,  and  the  other  on  Bands. 
Rose,  nowever,  declined  to  leave  in  his  rear 
so  strong  a  place,  with  a  garrison  of  eleven 
thousana  men,  under  one  of  the  most  capable 
leaders  of  the  mutiny.  In  March  the  Indian 
government  became  alarmed  at  the  perilous 
position  of  the  faithful  raj4  of  Charkari,  whs 
was  besi^ped  in  his  fort  by  Tantia  Topi  with 
the  Gwaliar  contingent,  and  the  viceroy  and 
the  commander-in-chief  sent  orders  that  the 
relief  of  Charkari  was  to  be  considered  para- 
mount to  the  operations  before  Jansi.  ^oth 
Rose  and  Sir  R.  Hamilton  replied  that  the 
order  for  the  relief  of  Charkari  would  be 
complied  with^  but  after,  not  before,  the 
siege  of  Jansi.    It  is  necessary  to  be  thus 
explicit,  as  it  has  been  stated  that  Rose  con- 
sidered himself  bound  to  execute  the  order 
of  the  government^  and  a^inst  his  own 
iudgment  to  attempt  the  relief  of  Chark4ri 
before  the  attack  on  Jansi,  and  that  Hamil- 
ton took  the  responsibility  of  directing  him 
to  proceed  to  J&nsi. 

The  fort  of  Jinsi  stands  on  a  high  rock 
overlooking  a  wide  plain,  with  numerous 
outworks  of  massive  masoniy,  and  commands 


Rose 


237 


Rose 


tlie  dty,bjwhich  it  is  sonounded  on  all 
sides  but  the  west  and  part  of  the  south  side. 
£o«e  snived  before  this  place  on  20  March, 
and  at  onoe  inveeted  it  and  commenced  siege 
operations.  By  the  SOth  the  enemy's  guns 
were  disabled.  Kose  had  made  arraoge- 
Bents  to  storm  the  city  the  next  day,  when 
Taatia  Topi^  with  twenty  thousand  men, 
guns,  and  war  material,  crossed  the  Betwa 
to  relieve  Jansi  from  the  north.  Rose  deter- 
mined to  fight  an  action,  and  at  the  same 
time  oontinoe  the  siege  and  investment  of 
JinsL  He  had  only  fifteen  hundred  men 
not  required  for  the  siege  available  to  fight 
Tantia  Topi*  and  of  these  only  five  hundred 
were  Europeans.  Nevertheless,  he  won  a 
great  victory  on  1  April,  caoturing  eighteen 
fpua  and  two  standards,  killing  upwards  of 
fifteen  hundred  of  the  rebels,  and  pursuing 
the  flying  enemy  for  sixteen  miles  from 
eamp.  Anxious  to  profit  by  the  diecoumge- 
ment  which  the  defeat  of  Tantia  Topi  mtd 
caused  the  besieged,  Rose  stormed  Jansi  on 
the  &d,  capturinsr  the  greater  part  of  the 
city,  and  on  the  fouowing  day  the  remainder. 
Hie  fort  was  abandoned  the  same  evening, 
and  on  the  6th  was  occupied  by  Rose  with- 
oat  furthw  resistance.  Tor  seventeen  days 
and  nights  Rose's  force  had  known  no  repose. 
To  this  constant  strain  was  added  exposure 
to  great  heat.  But  the  discipline  ana  spirit 
of  the  troops  enabled  them  to  defeat  a  large 
snny  and  take  the  strongest  fortress  of  Cen- 
tral India  with  a  loss  to  the  rebels  of  five 
thoueand  killed  alone,  and  to  the  British 
iotee  of  under  four  hundred  killed  and 
wounded. 

Leaving  a  small  portion  of  his  second  bri* 
Itade  to  garrison  Jansi,  Rose  marched  on 
35  April  ror  Kalpi,  102  miles  to  the  north- 
east. Tidings  soon  reached  him  that  the 
rebels  under  Tantia  Topi  had  occupied  in 
iofce  Kdnch,  a  town  ratner  more  than  half 
w^  to  Kilpi.  Rose  at  onoe  marched  on 
Kondb,  detailing  a  small  force  under  Migor 
Gall  to  attack  the  strong  fort  of  Lohart,  six 
miles  on  his  left  flank,  which  was  captured 
on  5  May  after  a  desperate  struggle.  ICunch 
was  a  difficult  place  to  attack,  on  account  of 
the  endosares  around  it,  and  owing  to  the 
western  quarter  and  the  J&nsi  gate  being 
eteoogiy  fortified.  On  the  niffht  of  6  May 
Rose  made  a  flank  march  of  rourteen  miles 
to  gain  the  less  protected  side  of  the  place 
on  the  east,  whence  also  he  threatened  the 
<memy's  line  of  retreat  to  Kalpi.  His  left, 
eonsisting  cf  the  first  brigade,  rested  on  the 
village  of  Nagnpom ;  the  centre,  formed  of 
the  second  brigade,  occupied  the  village  of 
Chomair,  while  Major  Onrs  Haidarab&d  force 
on  the  right  ooeupied  the  village  of  UmrL 


The  attack  took  place  on  7  May,  and  the 
fight  lasted  till  late  in  the  evening,  in  a 
temperature  of  110''  Fahr.  in  the  shade. 
Rose's  force  suffered  as  much  firom  sunstroke 
as  from  the  fire  of  the  enemy.  Rose  himself 
had  to  dismount  four  times  firom  excessive 
debility,  and  it  was  only  by  medical  treat- 
ment that  he  was  enabled  to  hold  out  until 
the  day  was  won,  while  many  officers  and 
men  were  either  lulled  or  prostrated  by  the 
intense  heat.  When  the  place  was  captured, 
pursuit  was  thus  rendered  impossible. 

Intelligence  reaching  Rose  of  a  combina- 
tion of  T&ntia  Topi  and  the  rani  at  Kalpi 
with  the  nawab  of  Banda  at  Nowgong, 
twenty  miles  to  .the  south-west  of  Kilpi,  to 
cut  him  ofi^,  he  made  forced  inarches  tows^s 
Kalpi.  The  troops  had  now  to  contend  not 
onlv  with  an  enemy  superior  in  numbers  and 
in  knowledge  of  the  country,  but  with  an 
Indian  sun  at  its  maximum  of  summer  heat. 
The  number  of  sick  increased  daily,  and 
added  to  the  difficulties  of  transport.  There 
was,  moreover,  scarcity  of  water  and  forage. 
On  15  Mav  Rose  established  himself  at  Go- 
laoli  on  the  Jamna,  out  of  the  direct  line 
between  Kiinch  and  Kalpi,  in  order  that  he 
might  turn  the  fortifications  thrown  up  by 
the  rebels  to  impede  his  advance,  and  that 
he  might  also  join  hands  with  Brigadier 
(afberwards  Sir)  George  Maxwell's  small 
lorce,  which  had  reached  the  left  bank  of  the 
Jamna  opposite  Gk>l£oli. 

ELalpi  was  occupied  by  the  nawab  of  Bands 
with  a  large  force.  Its  position  was  strongs 
being  protected  on  all  sides  by  ravines,  on 
its  front  by  five  lines  of  defence,  and  on  its 
rear  bjr  the  river  Jamna,  firom  which  rises  the 
precipitous  rock  on  which  the  fort  is  built. 
From  16  to  20  May  constant  skirmidlies  took 
place.  On  the  19th  a  mortar  battery  opened 
fire  from  the  right  firont  of  the  British  posi- 
tion. On  the  20th  part  of  Maxwell's  force 
crossed  the  river  ana  joined  Rose.  On  .the 
21st  Maxwell's  artillery  opened  on  the  place. 
On  the  22nd,  at  ten  o'clock,  the  rebels  marched 
out  in  masses  along  the  fiandii  road  to  attack 
the  British  left.  This  was  a  feint,  as  their 
main  body  was  stealing  up  the  ravines  to  at* 
tack  what  they  hoped  would  be  the  weakened 
right  of  Rose  s  force.  The  British  left  be- 
came seriously  engaged,  but  Rose  did  not 
move  a  man  from  his  right  to  assist  his  left. 
Suddenly  the  enemy  debouched  from  the 
ravines,  and  ascended  the  spurs,  pouring 
a  heavy  fire  into  the  British  right,  and,  ad* 
vancing  with  repeated  volleys,  pressed  it 
back  on  the  British  mortar  battery  and  field 
guns.  Here  a  st-and  was  made,  and  Rose 
brought  up  the  camel  corps,  and,  leading 
them  himselfi  charged  the  advancing  rebels. 


Rose 


938 


Rose 


They  itood  for  a  time,  wlien  a  slioat  and 
forward  morement  of  tke  whole  Britisli 
line  cauaed  them  to  waver  and  ran.  The 
viotoiy  waa  won.  JEtoee  fallowed  tfaem 
np  80-  closely  that  a  number  were  cat  off 
from  Kalpi.  The  fire  from  Maxwell's  bat- 
teries rendered  the  place  so  inseonre  to  the 
beaten  rebels  who  gained  it  that  they  eva- 
euated  it  during  the  night.  The  rest  of  the 
rebel  force,  pursued  by  the  horse  artillery 
and  cavalry,  lost  their  formation  and  dis- 
persed. This  fight  was  won  under  very 
trying  ciroumstanoes,  by  a  fbrce  exhausted 
by  hard  marching,  weakened  by  sickness,  in 
a  burning  sun,  with  a  suffocating  hot  wind, 
over  an  enemy  not  only  ten  times  as  nu- 
merous, but  who  attacked  with  a  resolution 
and  knowledge  of  tactics  not  hitherto  die- 

gw^ed.  Kalpi  was  occupied  the  following 
y.  The  Duke  of  Cambridge,  in  an  auto- 
graph letter,  oongmtulated  Itoee,  and  an- 
nounced the  intention  of  the  queen  to  confer 
upon  him  the  honour  of  G.O.B. 

The  oapture  of  K&lpi  completed  the  pro- 
mmme  agreed  upon,  and  Rose  obtamed 
leave  of  absence,  on  a  medical  certificate,  for 
a  mueh-needed  rest,  when  the  attack  upon 
Sindiaon  1  June,  the  defection  of  his  troops, 
and  the  consequent  occupation  of  GKw&bar 
by  T&ntia  Topi  and  the  r&ni  of  J4nsi  altered 
the  position  of  affairs.  The  news  reached 
Rose  on  4  June,  after  he  had  resigned  his 
command.  Brigadier-general  Bolwrt  Cor^ 
nelis  (afterwards  L(»d)  Napier  [q.  v.]  had 
been  i^pointed  to  succeed  him.  r9mer  was 
not  on  the  spot,  and  immediate  action  was 
necessary,  ttose  thereupon  at  once  resumed 
the  command  which  ne  had  resigned,  a 
breach  of  rules  for  which  he  was  reprimanded 
by  Sir  Colin  Campbell.  Leaving  a  garrison 
at  K&lpiy  Rose  started  on  6  June  with  a 
small  force  to  overtake  Stuart's  column, 
wUch  he  had  sent  in  the  direction  of  <^alfar 
IS  pursuit  of  the  rebels  from  K&lpi.  He 
overtookStuart  at  Indtirki  on  12  June.  Push- 
ing on,  he  reached  Bah&durptir,  five  miles 
to  the  east  of  the  Morar  cantonments,  at 
six  kji,  on  16  Jime.  Here  he  was  jomed 
by  Napier,  who  took  command  of  the  second 
Mgade,  the  larger  part  of  which  had  been 
left  at  K&ljDi.  In  the  meantime  Rose  had- 
sent  M  djor  Orr  to  Faniar  to*  cut  off  the  retreat 
of  l&e  rebels  to  the  south,  Brigadier-ffeneral 
Smithy  with  his  brigade  from  Chanlairi  to 
Kotftih'ki-^nii,  about  five  miles  to  thesouth* 
east  of  Qw61iar,  and  Colonel  Riddell  and  his 
column  to  escort  a  laige  supply  of  siege  guns 
by  the  Agra  and  Gwaii&r  roaa. 

On  his  arrival  at  Morir,  Rose  lost  no  ^me 
in  reconnoitring  the  position  of  the  enemy,' 
and  detanaiiiea  to  attack  without  de&ig^ 


FUcing  his  cavalry  and  guns  on  the  flanb 
and  the  infantry  in  the  centre.  Rose  himself 
led  the  fiistline,  while  the  second  line,  under 
Napior,  formed  in  Echelon  on  his  I^;  ths 
left '  refused,'  as  the  ravines  were  full  of  am- 
buscaded rebels.  But  the  latter  were  sldl- 
fnlly  dislodged  by  Napier  after  a  sharp  action. 
Rose  turned  the  enemy's  left,  and  the  victory 
was  completed  by  a  successful  pursuit  of 
the  rebels  by  a  wing  of  the  l4th  light 
dragoons  under  Captain  Thompson. 

£ose  had  now  gained  an  important  stnr 
tefpcal  position,  where  he  could  establish  hia 
hospital  and  park  in  the  cantonments,  with 
a  small  force  to  protect  them,  while  he  him- 
self joined  in  the  investment  of  Gwaliar. 
He  was  also  able  to  open  communication 
with  Brigadier-general  Smith  at  Kotah-ki- 
Serai.  On  18  June  Rose  was  reinforced  by 
the  arrival  of  his  Kal^i  garrison,  and,  leaving 
Napier  at  Mor&r  with  such  troops  as  he 
could  spare,  he  joined  Smith  in  tne  after^ 
noon  with  the  rest  of  his  fbrce.  The  distance 
was  long,  the  heat  terrible,  and  the  march 
most  harassing.  Rose  bivouacked  for  the 
night  between  the  river  Mor£r*and  Smith's 
position. 

On  the  morning  of  the  19th,  finding  his 
position  too  cramped,  and  observing  that  the 
enemy  were  makmg  preparations  to  attack 
him.  Rose  resolved  to  become  the  assailant. 
He  sent  Brigadier-general  Stuart  with  the 
8dth  regiment,  and  the  10th  Bombay  native 
infantry  in  support,  to  crown  the  heights 
beyond  the  canal,  to  the  left  of  the  Ghwaliar 
Rock,  and  to  attock  the  left  flank  of  the 
rebels.  Thiswas  gallantly  done.  The  rebels 
were  driven  back,  a  battery  of  three  nine- 
pounders  on  the  ridge  captured,  and  the 
rebels  pursued.  The  95th  regiment,  ad- 
vancing, turned  the  captured  guns  on  the 
enemy  m  the  plains  bek)W.  ThelOthBombaj 
native  infantry  cleared  the  neighbouring 
height,  and  captured  two  brass  &ld-pieces 
and  three  mortars.  Roee  ordered  a  general 
advance,  and  the  capture  of  the  LaaUrar,  or 
new  city^  followed,  crigadier-general  Smith 
meanwhile  had  taken  the  garaen  palace  of 
Phiil  B&gh,  and  followed  up  the  retreating 
enemy.  Rose  slept  in  Sindia's  palace  on  the 
night  of  19  June,  having  lost  only  eighty- 
sevdn  men  killed  and  wouiwied  in  retaking 
Qw<Ui&r,  the  formidable  iMrtresa  excepted. 

Directions  were  sent  to  Napier  to  pursue 
the  rebels  as  fS&r  and  as  closely  as  possible. 
On  the  morning  of  20  J\me  Rose  merved,  with 
Briffadier-general  Stuart's  bri^de,  to  the  left 
of  tne  Gwaliir  Rock,  to  turn  it  where  it  was 
not  precipitous,  and  commenced  to  ascend^ 
when  Lieutenant  Rose,  of  the  26tfa  Bombay 
native'  ishaaJ^,  discovsered  a.  gatewayi  and 


Rose 


»39 


Rose 


itonned  It  He  wa9  killed,  but  Gwaliar  waa 
won.  Sindja  letumed  to  his  cc^ital  lA 
trinmpli  the  foUoww  day.  Napier  gained 
a  sigMl  TictoKj  at  Qiora-iLlipur  oyer  four 
thousand  of  the  fugitive  rebels  on  the  22nd. 
A  royal  ealute  was  oideied  to  be  fired  at 
ereiy  principal  station  in  India  in  celebration 
of  the  yictozy. 

AfW  the  recapture  of  Ghwaliar  Boae  made 
OTer  the  command  of  the  Central  India  field 
force  to  NaoieTi  and  on  29  June  1868  pro- 
ceeded to  Bombay,  and  aaeumed  oommand 
of  the  Puna  division.  For  his  eminent  ser- 
vices he  WEB  ffasetted  a  G.O.B.  on  8  July, 
and  renmentaf  colonel  of  the  45th  foot  on 
the  2wi  of  the  eame  month.  He  was  enteiv 
tained  at  a  banquet  at  the  BycuUa  dub  on 
3  Aug.  The  thanks  of  both  houses  of  par^ 
liament  wen  voted  on  14  April  1869  to  Kose 
and  the  Central  India  field  force,  when  highly 
eul^ratie  speeches  were  made  in  reference 
to  Roaa  hy  Lord  Derby  and  the  Duke  of 
Cunhridge  in  the  House  of  Lords,  and  by 
Lords  Stanley  and  Palmerston  in  the  House 
of  CbninKuis.  It  cannot,  however,  be  said 
that  the  Central  India  field  force  was  par-' 
ticokrlyweU  treated.  They  were  not  al- 
lowed to  receive  a  silver  medal  with  six 
months*  batta,  which  Sindia  was  desirous 
to  giro  them;  they  were  only  allowed  the 
one  clasp  to  the  war  medal  given  to  all  troops 
employ^  in  Oeotand  India,  and  they  were 
prevented  from  sharing  the  Central  Indian 
prae-money  by  a  leffu  quibble,  after  pro- 
tracted litigation — a  umb  to  Rose  of  about 

Oa  28  Feb.  1860  Hose  was  promoted  lieu- 
tenant-general, and  on  29  March  1860  be 
VIS  aj^oiBted  commander-iiHshief  of  the 
Bombay  annj,  in  succession  to  Sir  Henry 
Somerset.  On  4  June  followiz^,  on  Lord 
d^s  departure  fiom  India,  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  succeed  him  as  commander-in- 
diief  in  India,  with  the  local  rank  of  general. 
During  the  five  yean  of  his  administration 
he  improved  the  discipline  of  the  army,  and 
on  the  occaaion  of  a  mutinous  spirit  show- 
m  itaelf  in  the  5th  Europeui  regiment, 
vaen  a  conrt^martial  convicted  a  private 
of  insubordination  and  sentenced  him  to 
death,  Bose  approved  the  sentence,  which 
was  carried  out,  and  disbanded  the  regiment. 
He  introduced  a  system  of  re^mentiJ  work- 
ihfips  and  soldiers'  nrdens  m  cantotoients, 
which  proved  very  beneficial.  One  of  the 
ao6t  tiying  and  mffieult  duties  which  fbll 
to  him  aa  oammander-in-ohief  in  India  was 
the  amalgamation  of  the  queen's  and  com- 
pany's forees.  He  was  on  terms  of  intimate 
mendsUp  with  the  vicer^,  Lord  Canning, 
vho  shaxadhiaviawa  [sea  CA]rXEV«|  Ohiblbs 


JoHjr],  so  that  notwithstanding  differenoes 
of  opmion  with  the  home  government,  tiie 
changes  were  ultimately  earned  out  without 
friction.  On  26  July  1860  Rose  issued  a 
general  order,  informing  the  army  that,  with 
a  view  to  promoting  its  efficiency  and  re- 
warding meritorious  officers,  he  intended  to 
confer  thei  apjpointments  in  his  gift  solely  on 
officers  of  tned  merit  or  of  good  promise, 
and  he  laid  down  that  all  applications  for 
appointments  must  come  through  the  appH- 
camt's  commanding  officer,  who  would  report 
fuUy  on  the  merits  and  antecedents  of  the 
applicant.  At  his  inspections  he  personally 
examined  offioem  of  tA  ranks  practically  in 
tactical,  and  if  possible,  strategical  move- 
ments ;  the  results  were  noted  by  his  stafi*, 
and  these  notes  were  consulted  on  all  occa- 
sions when  rewards  or  promotion  were  pro- 
posed. He  was  veiy  severe  on  neglect  of 
duty,  and  recommended  the  removal  of  two 
brigadiep-generals  £rom  their  commands  for 
having  omitted  to  visit  the  hospitals  during 
an  outbreak  of  cholera,  a  recommendation 
which  was  at  once  given  effect  to  by  the 

fovemment  of  India,  and  approved  by  the 
ome  government.  Rose  was  made  a  K.C.S.I. 
in  1861,  and  G.C.S.I.  on  the  enlargement  of 
the  order  in  1866. 

Rose's  tenure  of  the  command  in  India 
terminated  on  81  March  1865,  when  he  re- 
turned to  England.  He  was  made  a  D.C.L. 
of  Oxford  on  21  June,  and  appointed  one  of 
her  Majesty's  commissioners  for  the  lieu- 
tenancy of  the  city  of  London.    On  1  July 

1866  he  was  given  the  command  of  the  forces 
in  Ireland.  On  25  June  1866  he  was  trans- 
ferred to  the  colonelcy  of  the  92nd  foot,  and 
on  28  July  he  was  raised  to  the  peerage  aa 
Baron  Strathnaim  of  Strathnaim  and  finBi. 
In  November  he  was  appointed  president  of 
the  army  transport  committee.    On  4  Feb. 

1867  he  was  promoted  general.  During  1866 
and  1867  he  was  confronted  with  the  lenian 
conspiracy.  By  a  good  organisation  and  dis- 
position of  the  troops  under  his  command,, 
and  acting  in  complete  accord  with  the  Irish 
government,  he  succeeded  in  keeping  the 
country  imder  control^  and  preventing  tho 
conspiracy  from  growing  into  a  reb^lion. 
On  3  March  1869  Rose  was  gazetted  reffi* 
mental  colonel  of  the  royal  Jiorse-flniards,. 
which  carries  with  it  the  office  of  gold  stick. 
On  completing  five  years  in  the  Irish  com-* 
mand,  he  relinquished  the  appointment  on, 
30  June  1870.  He  was  made  an  .honorary 
LL.D.  of  Dublin  on  6  July.  He  had  somo 
large  estates  in  Hertfordshire,  but  he  lived 
generally  at  52  Berkelev  Square,  Loitdon, 
during  the^remainder  of  hia  life^  and  wa» 
promuent  tn  London  society.   He  was  pro- 


Rose 


240 


Rose 


noted  field  manhal  on  2  June  1877.  In  his 
later  years  he  spent  much  time  in  examining 
the  reli^ous  Questions  of  the  day  and  in 
denouncmg  atheism.  He  died  at  Paris  on 
16  Oct.  1885.  The  remains  were  huried  with 
military  honours  on  23  Oct.  1885  in  the 
family  hurial-plaoe  in  the  g^Teyard  of  the 
nriory  church  of  Christchurch,  Hampshire. 
He  was  unmarried.  His  brother  Sir  William 
Kose^  K.C.B.,  clerk  of  the  parliament,  sur- 
Tived  him  only  a  few  weeks. 

Rose  was  one  of  the  bravest  of  men.  He 
literally  knew  no  fear.  He  was  a  fine  soldier, 
and  among  the  many  commanders  brought 
to  light  by  the  Indian  mutiny  he  was  cer- 
tainly one  of  the  best. 

There  is  in  the  United  Service  Club,  Lon- 
don, a  painting  of  Lord  Strathnaim,  taken 
from  a  photograph  bv  Bassano.  There  is 
also  an  engravmg  by  Walton.  The  print  of 
him  which  serves  as  a  frontispiece  to  Sir 
Owen  Hume's  *  Clyde  and  Strathnairn'  is 
considered  a  fair  likeness.  An  equestrian 
bronze  statue,  by  Mr.  E.  Onslow  Ford,  B. A., 
was  erected  at  the  junction  of  Knightsbridge 
and  the  Brompton  Boad,  London,  by  his 
friends  and  comrades,  and  unveiled  in 
June  1895.  Strathnaim  is  represented  in 
the  uniform  of  a  field  marshal,  Indian  staff 
order,  but  at  a  period  of  life  when  he  was 
full  of  vigour.  The  statue  is  cast  from  guns 
taken  by  the  Central  India  field  force,  and 
presented  for  the  purpose  by  the  government 
of  India.  On  the  side  panels  are  the  prin- 
cipal battles,  &c.,  in  which  he  was  engaged : 
<  Syria  1842,  Ascalon,  £1-Mesden,  Der-£1- 
Kammar,  Abaye;  Crimea  1854,  Alma,  In- 
kerman,  Mamelon,  Sebastopol ;  India,  1858, 
Bathgur,  Saugor,  Gurrakota,  Mudenpore, 
Ohandari,  Betwas,  Jansi,  Koonch,  CaJpee, 
Morar,  and  Gwalior.' 

[War  Office  Beeords;  India  Office  Becords; 
Foreign  Office  Papers;  Despatches;  Malleson's 
Hist,  of  the  Indian  Mutinv;  Burne's  Clyde  and 
Strathnaim ;  Memoir  by  Burne  in  Asiatic  Quar- 
terly Mag.  1886 ;  Times,  17  Oct.  1855.1 

B  B.  V 

ROSE,  HUGH  JAMES  (1795-18S8), 
theologian, elder  son  of  William Bose(176S~ 
1844),  successively  curate  of  Little  Horsted 
and  Uckfield,  Sussex,  and  from  1824  until 
his  death  yicar  of  Glynde  in  the  same 
county,  was  bom  at  the  parsonage.  Little 
Horsted,  on  9  June  1795.  He  was  of  ancient 
Scottish  lineaj^,  his  grandfather,  who  fought 
on  the  Jacobite  side  at  Culloden,  being  a 
cadet  of  the  Boses  of  Kilrayock.  He  was 
educated  at  Uckfield  school,  of  which  his 
father  was  master,  and  at  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  where  he  went  into  residence  in 
Michaelmas  term  1813.    Ir  1814  he  gained 


the  first  Bell  scholarship  in  the  university, 
and  next  year  was  elected  scholar  of  his  col- 
lege.  He  graduated  B.A.  in  1817,  being 
first  chancellor's  medallist  and  fourteenth 
wrangler.    In  the  same  year  he  published 

*  Bemarks  on  the  first  Chapter  of  the  Bishop 
of  LlandaiTs  "  HorsB  Pelasgicss  "  [by  Bishop 
Marshy  which  attracted  some  notice;  in 
the  following  year  his  dissertation  on  the 
theme  *  Inter  Gnecos  et  Bomanos  Historin 
comparatione  fkcta  cujusnam  stylxis  Imita- 
tione  maxime  dignus  esse  videtur  gained  the 
middle  bachelors'  members*  prise.  Missing  his 
fellowship,  Bose,  who  was  ordained  deacon  on 
20  Dec.  1818,  took  a  cure  of  souls  at  Buxted^ 
Sussex,  on  16  March  1819.  He  received 
priest's  orders  on  19  Deo.  1819,  and  in  1821  was 
presented  by  Archbishop  Manners-Sutton  to 
the  vicarage  of  Horsham,  Sussex,  where  for 
two  years  he  laboured  with  great  devotion 
and  success.  At  the  same  time  he  won  some 
repute  as  a  controversialist  by  his  *  Critical 
Examination  of  that  part  of  Mr.  Bentham's 
**  Church  of  Englandism  ^  which  relates  to 
the  Church  Catechism,'  1820,  and  W  his 
article  on  Hone's  '  Apocryphal  New  Testa- 
ment' in  the  *  Quarterly  Ueview,' July  1821. 
For  a  year  from  May  1824  he  was  in  Ger- 
many for  the  benefit  of  his  health.  In  the 
course  of  his  travels  he  made  some  acquaint* 
ance  with  the  German  rationalistic  schools 
of  theology,  and  on  his  return  he  delivered, 
as  select  preacher  at  Cambridge,  four  dis- 
courses, intended  to  forewarn  and  forearm  the 
church  of  England  a^unst  the  rationalistic 
criticism  of  the  continent.  They  were  pub- 
lished in  the  course  of  the  year  under  the  title 

*  The  State  of  the  Protestant  Belij^ion  ia 
Germany^'  Cambridge,  dvo,  and  elicited  ad- 
verse criticism  both  in  England  and  Germany 
[see  Pi7S£T,  Edwabd  K>iryBBis].  To  his 
German  critics  Bose  replied  in  an '  Appendix 
to  the  State  of  the  Protestant  Beligion  m  Ger- 
many,' 1828, 8vo ;  and  to  Pusey  in  <  A  Letter 
to  the  Lord  Bishop  of  London,'  1829, 8vo,  and 
also  in  an  enlarged  edition  of  his  book  pub- 
lished the  same  year.    In  1828  appeared  his 

*  Commission  and  conse<]uent  Duties  of  the 
Clergy '  (four  sermons  in  exposition  of  an 
exalted  view  of  the  Christian  ministry,  de- 
livered by  him  as  select  preacher  at  Cambridge 
in  1826).  London,  8vo ;  2nd  edit.  1881.  Bose 
also  held  the  office  of  select  preacher  at  Cam- 
bridge in  1828, 1829,  1880, 1833,  and  1834, 
uniting  with  it  from  1829  to  1833  that  of 
Christian  advocate  (for  his  contributions  to 
apologetics  see  infra).  On  23  Feb.  1827  he 
was  collated  to  the  prebend  of  Middleton  in 
the  church  of  Chichester,  which  he  resigned 
in  1833.  In  1830  he  vacated  the  Horsham 
living  on  being  instituted  on  26  Jan.  to  the 


Rose 


241 


Rose 


TCCtoiy  of  Hadleieh,  Suffolk,  which  he  re- 
signed in  18SS.  In  1884  he  wae  instituted 
to  the  leetoij  of  Fainted,  Essex,  and  in  18S6 
to  the  perpetual  curacy  of  St.  Thomas's, 
SoDthwatfc.  The  former  living  he  resinied 
on  4  Jan.  1887,  the  latter  he  held  until  his 
death. 

Rose  WIS  a  firm  hut  cautious  high-church- 
nuin,  and  desired  the  restoration  of  the  ancient 
Anglican  doctrines  and  practices.  To  pro- 
pagate his  Tiews  he  founded  in  1832  the 
^British  Magazine  and  Monthly  Register  of 
Religions  and  Ecclesiastical  Information,'  of 
ifhich  he  was  the  first  editor,  and  he  helped 
Archdeacon  Lyall  [see  Ltall,  William 
Rows]  to  edit  the  'Theological  Library.' 
During  a  ristt  to  Oxford  in  quest  of  contri- 
botoTB  for  his  magazine,  he  established  rela- 
tions with  John  Henry  Newman  [q.  t.],  Wil- 
liam Palmer  (1803-1886)  [q.  v.l  of  Worcester 
College,  Richard  Hurrell  Froude  [q.  v.],  John 
Keble  [q.  t.^  and  Arthur  Philip  Percexal 
fq.  T.] ;  and  towards  the  end  of  July  1833 
Palmer,  Perceval,  and  Froude  visited  him  at 
MadJei^,  and  discussed  the  ecclesiastico-pol  i- 
tical  situation.  Though  no  definiteplan  was 
then  concerted, the  Association  of  Priends of 
the  Church  was  soon  afterwards  formed  by 
Froade  and  Palmer ;  and  hence  the  '  Haa- 
iogh  conference'  is  an  important  landmark 
in  the  early  history  of  the  Tractarian  move- 
ment In  the  movement  itself  Rose  took 
little  part,  though  in  its  earlier  phases  it 
commanded  his  sympathy.  He  contributed 
lea'lers  to  the '  British  Magazine,'  and  endea- 
voured by  correspondence  at  first  to  guide 
and  afterwards  to  moderate  its  course. 

In  the  autumn  of  1833  he  was  appointed 
to  the  chair  of  divinity  at  the  university  of 
DBTham,  which  ill-health  compelled  him  to 
^ign  in  the  following  year,  after  he  had 
delivered  no  more  than  three  lectures,  in- 
elading  his  inauflrural  address.  In  the  spring 
of  1834  Aichbiuiop  Howley  made  him  his 
^iomestic  chaplain.  In  1836  he  succeeded 
Cdvard  Smemey  as  editor  of  the  '  Encyclo- 
|ttdia  Metropolitana ; '  and  about  the  same 
time  he  projected  the  '  New  General  Bio- 
graphical Dictionary,'  the  first  volume  of 
▼hich  appeared  after  his  death  under  the 
^torship  of  his  brother,  Henry  John  Rose 
^q.  vA  in  1889.  Although  the  words  '  pro- 
>M!tea  and  partly  arranged  by  the  late  Rev. 
Hngh  James  Rose '  appear  on  each  of  the 
tv^Te  volumes  of  the  undertaking.  Rose 
^  not  actively  concerned  in  its  produc- 
^  It  proved  a  perfunctory  performance 
<ef.  BoiTOV  CoiurET's  caustic  tract  On  the 
yew  Bioffraphical  Dictionary,  18SR^.  On 
SI  Oct  1886  Rose  succeeded  Dr.  William 
Otter  as  principal  of  King^s  CoUegei  Lon- 
VQL  xvn. 


don.  He  had  hardly  entered  on  his  new 
duties  when  he  was  nrostrated  by  an  attack 
of  influenza,  from  the  effects  of  which  he 
never  rallied.  He  left  England  in  October 
1838  to  wint4)r  in  Italy^  reached  Florence, 
and  there  died  on  22  Dec.  Hii^  remains  were 
interred  in  the  protestant  cemetery  on  the 
road  to  Fiesole.  A  mural  tablet,  with  a 
relief  of  his  profile,  is  in  King's  CoUegechapel. 
No  good  portrait  of  Rose  exists  (but  see  a 

?rint  from  a  crayon  sketch  in  BtrBOON's 
dves  0/  Ttoelve  Oood  Men,  ed.  1891).  His 
preaching  is  described  by  admiring  contem- 
poraries as  peculiarly  impressive. 

Rose  married,  on  24  June  1819,  Anna 
Ouvler,  daughter  of  Captain  Peter  Mair  of 
Hill  House,  Richmond,  Yorkshire,  by  whom 
he  had  no  issue. 

Rose's  reputation  for  Greek  scholarship 
rests  upon :  1.  'Inscriptiones  Gnecie  Vetus- 
tissime.  CoUegit  et  Observationes  tum 
aliorum  tum  suas  adjecit  Hugo  Jacobus 
Rose,  M. A.,'  Cambridge,  1825,  8vo ;  a  work 
to  which  Boeckh  ('  Corpus  Inscript.  Graec.,' 
Berlin,  1828,  vol.  i.  pp.  xi,  xx,  xxvi)  acknow- 
ledges obligation.  2.  His  edition  of  Park- 
hurst's  <  Greek  and  English  Lexicon  to  the 
New  Testament/  London,  1829, 8vo.  8.  His 
edition  of  Bishop  Middleton's  '  Doctrine  of 
the  Greek  Article  applied  to  the  Criticism 
and  Illustration  of  the  New  Testament,' 
London,  1838, 8vo. 

His  contributions  to  Christian  apolo- 
getics are:  1.  'Christianity  always  Pro- 
gressive,'  London,  1829,  8vo.  2.  *  Brief 
ilemarks  on  the  Disposition  towards  Chris- 
tianity generated  by  prevailing  Opinions  and 
Pursuits,'  London,  1830,  8vo,  8.  'Eight 
Sermons  preached  before  the  University  of 
Cambridge  at  Great  St.  Mary*s  in  the  Years 
1830  and  1831.  To  which  is  added  a  Reprint 
of  a  Sermon  preached  before  the  University 
on  Commencement  Sunday,  1826,'  Cam- 
bridge, 1831,  8vo.  4.  '  Notices  of  the  Mo- 
saic Law  :  with  some  Account  of  the  Opi- 
nions of  recent  French  Writers  concemmg 
it,'  London,  1831,  8vo.  6.  *  The  Gospel  an 
Abiding  System.  With  some  Remarks  on 
the  New  Christianity  of  the  St.  Simonians,' 
London,  1832,  8vo.  He  also  printed  his  two 
Durham  divinity  lectures,  vis. :  (1)  '  An 
Apology  for  the  Study  of  Divinity ; '  (2)  *  The 
Study  of  Church  History  recommended,^ 
London,  1834. 

[Burgon's  Lives  of  Twelve  Good  Men ;  Gent, 
Mag.  1839  i.  319,  1844  ii.  216;  Rose's  New 
Blogr.  Diet. ;  Sassez  Archseolog.  Collect,  zii.  18, 
zz.  75,  86 ;  Mozley's  Reroiniiicences,  chiefly  of 
Oriol  College,  &c.,  chap,  zlriii. ;  Newman's  Apo- 
logia, chap.  ii. ;  Palmer^s  Narratire  of  Events 
connected  with  the  publication  of  Tracts  for  the 


Rose 


24/a 


Rose 


Times;  Church's  Oxford  Morement;  Liddon'i 
JaU  of  Fuse  J,  psssim  ;  Churton's  life  of  Joshua 
WatsoOf  i.  269;  Pfyme's  Autobiographic  Be- 
eoUect)ons»  p.  172;  Percevars  Collection  of 
B&pers  connected  with  the  Theological  Move- 
ment of  1833  ;  Maurice's  Life  of  F.  JD.  Maurice ; 
Abbey  and  Overton's  English  Church  in  the 
Nineteenth  Century.]  J.  M.  B. 

ROSE,  JOHN  (P)  AUGUSTUS  or  AU- 
GUSTE  (1767-1841),  usher  to  the  French 
national  convention  in  1793,  is  stated  to  have 
been  bom  in  Scotland  in  1757.  It  is  also 
•aid  that  he  was  in  America  during  the  war 
of  independence,  and  accomnanied  to  France 
the  FVenchmeoL  who  had  taken  part  in  the 
wa&  About  1790  he  obtained — by  what  in* 
fluenoe  is  not  known — a  post  as  uaher  to  the 
national  assembly.  There  he  appears  to  haye 
earned  the  regara  of  more  than  one  distin- 
floiehed  man,  and  specially  of  Mirabeau.  It 
IS  claimed  for  him  that  he  found  means  to 
warn  Louis  XVI  of  the  impending  insurrec- 
tion and  attack  on  the  Tuileries  before  10  Aug. 
1792,  that  he  paid  the  king  all  such  attentions 
as  weore  possible  during  his  trial,  and  that 
during  the  reign  of  terror  he  helped  several 
proecnbed  persons  to  escape.  On  the  9th 
lliermidor  (27  July  1794),  the  day  of  Robe»- 
merre's  arrest,  he  played  an  important  part. 
On  the  order  of  the  president  of  the  con- 
vention, Thuriot,  he  made  Robespieire  come 
down  from  the  tribune,  as  he  was  struggling 
to  speak,  and  afterwards,  'having  been  dis- 
tinguished bjthe  convention  among  the  other 
ushers  for  his  firmness  and  courage,'  he  was 
entrusted  with  the  duty  of  arresting  the '  two 
brothers  Bobespierre,  Couthon,  &int-Just, 
and  Lebas,'  and  taking  them  to  the  Comity 
de  SAret^  Gdn^rale.  liater  in  the  day  the 
convention,  hearing  that  the  commune  of 
Palis  was  in  a  state  of  rebellion,  directed 
Bose '  to  notify  to  the  central  administration 
of  the  Seine  and  the  municipality  of  Paris  a 
decree  summoning  those  two  authorities  to 
the  bar  of  the  convention. . . .  He  was  stopped 
at  the  H6tel  de  Ville  by  order  of  the  com- 
mune, and  led  as  a  prisoner  into  the  assembly- 
room  where  Robespierre  and  his  four  col- 
leagues, whose  arrests  had  been  ordered,  were 
then  sitting.  Kose  boldly  announced  his 
mission^  whereupon  *  the  president,  M.  Fleu- 
riot,  answered  him:  ''Return,  citixen;  tell 
the  national  convention  that  the  commune  of 
Paris  will  come  to  its  bar  with  their  arms  in 
their  hands.**  *  With  much  presence  of  mind 
Rose  took  this  as  a  dismissal,  and  went  off 
'  like  lightning,' was  nearly  killed  on  the  st^iurs 
by  two  armed  men — whom  he  seems  to  have 
disposed  of  in  British  fashion  with  his  fists 
— and  had  scarcely  left  the  H6tel  de  Ville 
when  an  order  was  given  for  his  rearrest. 


He,  however,  by  swiftness  of  foot  made  good 
his  retreat,  and  later  accompanied  several 
members  of  the  convention  who  went  to 
harangue  the  troopsandindnce  them  toretun 
to  their  duty  (memorandum  of  his  senrioes 
amonff  the  papers  of  Merlin  de  ThiouTille, 
publisned  in  voL  iL  20  of  the  Vie  et  Cvrre^- 
pondance  de  Merlin  de  ThhnmlU,  by  M. 
Jean  Reynaud,  Paris,  1860). 

Rose  retained  his  functions  as  usher  under 
the  '  council  of  the  ancients,'  who  presented 
him  with  a  'sword  of  honour'  for  his  firm- 
ness during  a  particularly  stormy  debate,  and 
in  1814  he  was  attached  by  M.  de  S^monTiUe 
to  the  French  chamber  of  peers.  He  re- 
tained his  office  till  forced  to  resign  through 
old  age,  and  died  in  Paris  on  19  March  1841. 
Rose  was  a  protestant.  Pasteur  Co<]uerel 
recapitulated  the  main  events  of  his  history 
in  an  eloquent  funeral  address. 

pTre  et  Correspondance  de  Merlin  de  Thioo- 
ville,  as  quoted  above ;  Biographie  UniTerselle. 
J.  Michaud ;  Anderson's  Scottish Kation  ,*  Alger's 
Englishmen  in  the  French  Revolution.] 

F.  T.  M. 

ROSS,  Sib  JOHN  (1820-1888),  Canadian 
statesman  and  financier,  eon  of  Willism 
Rose,  bv  his  wife,  Elizabeth,  daughter  of 
James  Fyfe,  was  bom  at  Turriff,  Aberdeen- 
shire, on  2  Aug.  1820,  and  educated  at  Udney 
acadeniy  and  other  schools  in  that  county,  and 
finally  King's  College,  Aberdeen.  In  1886  he 
went  with  nis  parents  to  Canada,  settled  at 
Huntingdon,  Quebec,  and  for  a  time  taught 
in  a  lo^  schooL  During  the  rebellion  of 
1837  he  enlisted  as  a  volunteer  under  the 
government,  and  at  the  close  of  the  insur- 
rection was  assistant  recorder  of  the  courtr 
martial  on  the  insurgents.  He  then  went 
to  Montreal  and  studied  law,  being  called  to 
the  bar  of  Lower  Canada  in  1842. 

Here  he  rapidly  made  his  wa^,  and  soon 
commanded  the  largest  commercial  practice 
in  Montreal,  while  his  conduct  of  several 
important  cases  for  the  government  brouffbt 
him  into  notice  politically.  In  1848  he  be- 
came Q.C.  He  resisted  all  temptation  to  enter 
a  political  career  until  he  had  assured  his  pri- 
vate fortunes.  On  26  Nov.  1867  he  joined 
the  Macdonald-Cartier  ministry  [see  Mao- 
DOKALD,  Sib  John  Albxandbb]  as  solicitox^ 
general  for  Lower  Canada,  entering  the  pro- 
vincial parliament  as  member  for  Montreal. 
The  abolition  of  the  usury  laws  is  the  chief 
measure  with  which  his  name  is  connected 
in  this  capacity.  From  10  Jan.  1858  to  June 
1861  he  was  minister  of  public  works,  and 
in  the  latter  year  undertook  the  arrange- 
ments for  the  reception  of  the  Pnnoe  0/ 
Wales  in  Canada. 


Rose 


«43 


Rose 


InlSBS  Bote's  health  compened  his  le- 
tireiiMift  ftom  office,  thoagh  he  contiiraed  to 
at  for  MontreaL  In  1864  he  wm  appointed 
hy  the  impeonal  ^Temment  oommianoner 
for  aiytiating  witih  the  United  States  the 
nttlemant  of  the  Oxeoon  elainie.  In  1867, 
at  the  London  oon&enoe  which  finally 
Mtded  the  detailt  of  Canadian  federation,  he 
roecially  xepieeented  the  protestant  interests. 
When  Uie  Dominion  was  actually  created,  he 
became  member  in  the  new  parliament  for  his 
old  home  of  Huntingdon,  and  first  minister 
of  finaoce  for  the  Dominion.  He  was  sworn 
of  the  prrvy  council  lor  Oanada  the  same  year. 
During  the  three  yean  that  he  held  office  he 
took  a  leading  part  in  the  settlement  of  the 
finazidal  system  of  the  Dominion  and  the 
oiffanisation  of  the  militia  and  defence.  In 
JiUy  1868  he  went  to  England  to  fioat 
the  loan  for  the  completion  of  the  inter- 
eoloaial  railway.  Soon  afterwards  he  re- 
signed office  and  settled  in  England.  In 
IS99  he  was  sent  to  Washington  as  special 
eonrniiiwioner  to  treat  on  the  question  of 
fisheries,  trade  arrangements,  and  the  Aia- 
bsma  elums.  He  thus  largely  aided  in  the 
eandnskm  of  the  important  treaty  of  Wash- 
ington Q870).  For  these  senrices  he  was 
made  a  Dsionet. 

In  London  he  joined  the  banking  firm  of 
Morton.  Bose,  ft  Ox,  and  he  became  a  sort 
of  anoffficial  representative  of  the  Dominion 
in  Sn^aad. 

Bose  was  made  a  KO.M.Q.  in  1872,  a 
G.CJLQ.  in  1878,  and  a  privy  councillor  in 
1886.  He  also  seorved  as  a  member  of  the 
royal  oommissions  on  oopyrifffat  in  1876  and 
extraction  in  1876,  lor  the  PSris  exhibition 
in  1879,  and  the  Fisheries,  Health,  and  €k>lo- 
nial  and  Indian  exhibitions  from  1883  to 
1886.  In  1883  the  Prince  of  Wales  ap- 
pointed him  receiver-geneml  for  the  duchy 
oi  Lancaster. 

Lattsriy  Rose  was  a  well-known  figure  in 
London  society.  He  had  a  fine  presence  and 
vaa  a  pleassnt  companion,  with  great  charm 
of  manner.  His  usual  residence  was  Losely 
Park,  near  Guildford,  Surrey,  and  he  rented 
Braham  Castle,  Boss-shire.  He  died  sudr 
denly  on  24  Aug.  1888,  while  a  guest  of  the 
Duke  of  Portlsnd,  at  LauflweU,  Caithness. 
He  was  buried  at  Ghitldford. 

Rose  married,  first,  on  8  July  1843,  Cluus 
lotte,  daughter  of  Biobert  Emmett  Temple 
of  Rotknd,  Vermont,  who  died  in  1883  (by 
her  he  had  five  childien,the  eldest  of  whom, 
WiQiam,  a  barrister,  succeeded  to  the  baro- 
netcy); seeondly,  on  24  Jan.  1887,  Julia, 
davbter  of  Keith  Stewart  Mackenzie  of  Sea- 
feitn,  and  widow  id  the  ninth  Marquis  of 
Tweeddala 


[Rosb's  Cydopndia  of  Ouiadlui  Biogr.; 
Toronto  Globe.  27  Aug.  1888;  Times,  27  Aug. 
1888 ;  Pope's  Momoixs  of  Sir  John  Maedoaald- 
Burke's  Peerage,  1898.]  C.  A.  H.  * 

.BOSE,  SAMUEL  (1767-1804),  friend  of 
Oowper,  the  poet,  bom  at  Chiswiok,  Middle- 
sex, on  20  June  1787,  was  the  second  and 
only  surviving  son  of  Dr.  William  Bosb 
(1719-1786). 

The  father,  eldest  son  of  Hugh  Rose  of 
Birse,  Aberdeenshire,  the  desc^dant  of  an 
old  Morayshire  family,  was  educated  at 
Marischal  College,  Aberdeen,  and  afterwards 
served  as  usher  to  the  Earl  of  Dunmore  at 
Dr.  Doddridge's  academy  at  Northampton. 
Thence,  shortly  after  his  marriage  (to  Sanh, 
daughter  of  Dr.  Samuel  Clark)7ne  moved  to 
Kew,  and  in  1758  to  Chiswick,  where  he 
conducted  a  prosperous  school  until  his 
death,  4  July  1786.  Besides  editing  Dodsle/s 
'  Preceptor '  (2  vols.  1748),  he  issued  a  trans- 
lation of  Sallust's '  Catiline's  Conspiracy  and 
Jugurthine  War '  (London,  1767,  8vo).  The 
work  was  commended  in  the  'Bibliographical 
Miscellany '  and  other  reviews,  and  a  fourth 
edition  was  edited  by  A.  J.  Valpy  in  1880. 
Though  a  'sectary'  and  a  Scot,  Rose  was 
much  liked  by  Dr.  Johnson;  but  Johnson 
blamed  his  leniency  with  the  rod, '  for,'  said 
he, '  what  the  boys  gain  at  one  end  they  lose 
at  the  other.'  Among  Hose's  pupils  was 
Dr.  Charles  Buzney  the  younger,  wbuo  mar- 
ried his  dau^ter  »uah.  Among  his  Mends 
was  Bishop  Xowth,  and  his  executors  were 
Cadell  and  William  Strahan,  the  publishers. 
£Us  classical  libraiy  was  sold  by  T.  Payne 
on  1  March  1787. 

Samuel  was  educated  for  a  time  at  his 
father's  school,  and  from  1784  to  January 
1787  at  Glasgow  University,  living  in  the 
house  of  Dr.  William  Richardson,  and  gain«- 
ing  several  prises.  He  also  attended  the 
courts  of  law  at  Edinburffh,  and  was  friendly 
there  with  Adam  Smith  and  Henry  Mac- 
kenzie, the  <  Man  of  feeling.'  On  6  Nov.  1786 
he  was  entered  as  a  student  at  Lincoln's  Inn, 
and,  after  reading  wit^  Serjeant  Praed  from 
1787  to  1700,  was  called  to  the  bar  in  1796. 
He  went  the  home  circuit,  attended  the 
Sussex  sessions,  was  '  encouragingly  noticed ' 
by  Lord  Kenyon,  and  appointed  counsel  to 
the  Duke  of  Kent.  Rose  was  delicate  from 
early  life,  and  on  11  Jan.  1804,  when  enr 
gaged  by  Hayley  to  defend  Williiun  Blake  at 
the  quarter  sessions  at  Chichester  horn  a 
charge  of  high  treason  brought  against  him 
by  two  solmers,  was  seised  in  court  by  a 
severe  cold.  In  spite  of  his  illness  he  gained 
the  case  by  a  vigorous  cross-examination  and 
defence^  but  ha  never  recovered  from  the 

b2 


Rose 


244 


Rose 


attack  (G1MHBI8T,  William  Blake,  1 193-S). 
He  died  of  consumption  at  his  residence  in 
Chancery  Lane,  London,  on  20  Dec.  1804, 
and  was  buried  in  the  church  of  St.  Andrew, 
Holbom;  some  lines  were  written  on  him 
by  Haylej.  He  married,  at  Bath,  on  3  Au^. 
1790,  Sarah,  elder  daughter  of  William  Farr, 
M.D.,  a  fellow  student  of  (Goldsmith.  She 
survived  him  with  four  sons.  Co wper  Rose, 
K.E.,  the  second  child  and  the  poet's  ffod- 
eon,  for  whose  benefit  Hayley  published  in 
1808  Cowper's  translations  of  the  'Latin 
and  Italian  Poems  of  Milton/ was  the  author 
of  <  Four  Years  in  South  Africa,'  1829,  8vo. 
The  youngest  son,  George  Edward  Rose,  born 
in  1799,  was  English  professor  at  the  Polish 
college  of  Krzemieniec,on  the  borders  of  the 
Ukraine,  from  1821  until  his  retirement  was 
compelled  by  the  persecution  of  the  Russian 
ofiicials  in  1824 ;  he  translated  the  letters  of 
John  Sobieski  to  his  queen  during  the  siefl^e 
t>f  Vienna  by  the  Turks  in  1683,  and  made 
researches  for  a  history  of  Poland.  He  died 
at  Odessa  on  22  Oct.  182o  {Gent.  Mag, 
1826,  i.  308). 

In  1787,  when  travelling  from  Glasgow  to 
London,  Rose  went  six  mues  out  of  his  way 
to  call  on  Cow  per  at  Weston,  the  main  ob- 
ject of  the  visit  being  to  give  to  the  poet  the 
thanks  of  some  of  the  Scots  professors  for  the 
two  volumes  which  he  had  published.  He 
"developed  a  strong  affection  for  the  poet,  and 
many  letters  passed  between  them  (of.  Addit. 
MS,  21556 ;  liotes  and  Queries,  1st  ser.  viii. 
383).  Rose  was  with  Cowper  in  August 
1788  (when  he  transcribed  for  the  poet  his 
version  of  the  twelfth  book  of  the  Iliad),  and 
paid  him  many  subsequent  visits,  the  last 
of  all  in  March  and  April  1800.  He  got 
many  names,  especiallv  from  Scotland,  as 
subscribers  to  Cowper s  'Homer,'  and  in 
October  1793  he  carried  Sir  Thomas  Law- 
rence to  Weston  Underwood,  in  order  that 
he  might  paint  the  poet's  portrait.  The  royal 
pension  of  300/.  per  annum  to  Cowper  was 
made  payable  to  Rose,  as  his  trustee,  and 
Canning,  so  late  as  December  1820,  called 
him  '  Cowper's  best  friend.' 

The  miscellaneous  works  of  Goldsmith 
were  collected  by  Rose  and  published  in 
1801, 1806,  1812,  and  1820  in  four  volumes. 
The  memoir  prefixed  was  compiled  under  the 
direction  of  Bishop  Percv,  but  numerous  ad- 
ditions were  made  to  it  by  Rose  and  others. 
Pen^  subsequently  accused  Rose  of  im- 
pertinently tampering  with  the  *  Memoir  * 
^FoBSTEB,  Life  of  Goldemithf  i.  14,  ii.  492). 

Rose  edited  in  1792  an  edition  of  the '  Re- 
ports of  Cases  by  Sir  John  Com3ms,'  and  in 
1 800  Sir  John  Comyns's  <  Digest  of  the  Laws 
of  England,'  in  six  volumes,  of  which  the 


first  was  dedicated  to  Lord  Thorlow  (cf. 
Temvle  Bar,  January  1896,  pp.  42--3).  Ha 
regulari^  contributed  to  the  ^  Montldy  Re- 
view,'chiefly  on  legal  subjects,  and  is  said  to 
have  assisted  Lord  Sheffield  in  editing  Gib- 
bon's miscellaneous  and  posthumous  works. 
Rose's  portrait  was  painted  by  Sir  Tho- 
mas Lawrence  in  1798,  and  was  engraved  in 
1836  by  H.  Robinson,  from  a  drawing  by 
W,  Harvey. 

[Nichols's  Lit  Anecd.iii.  887;  Nichols's  Illus- 
trations of  Lit.  vi.  583-4 ;  Prior  s  Goldsmith, 
vol.  i.  pp.  ziii,  153 ;  Panlkner's  Brentfbrd  and 
Chiswick,  pp.  849>54,  368-8  ;  Hayle/s  Cowper 
(1809),  iii.  449-08 :  Johnson's  Life  of  Hayley, 
i.  457-72 ;  Gent.  Mag.  1790  ii.  764,  1804  ii. 
1249;  Wright's  Cowper,  pp.  449-50,  484,  615» 
623,  631 ;  Boswell's  Johnson,  ed.  Hill,  i.  46  tt.; 
Thorn's  Environs  of  London,  p.  102.]  W.  P.  C. 

ROSE,  WHiLIAM  STEWART  (1775- 
1843),  poet  and  translator,  bom  in  1775, 
was  second  son  of  George  Rose  (1744-1818) 
[q.  v.],  and  was  educated  at  Eton,  where  he 
contributed  to  the '  Musse  Etonenses.'  Soon 
after  leaving  school  he  was  returned  to  par- 
liament in  conjunction  with  his  father  for 
the  borough  of  Christchurch  on  80  May  179G. 
In  April  or  May  1800  he  accepted  the  Cniltem 
Hundreds,  on  being  nominated  by  his  father 
reading  clerk  of  the  House  of  Lords  and 
clerk  of  the  private  committees.  Wrazall 
mentions  the  appointment  as  an  illustration 
of  George  Rose  s  success  in  providing  for  his 
fiiLmily  at  the  nublic  expense  (F&etkumoits 
Memoirs,  i.  148).  At  the  instigation  of  kis 
father  he  commenced  '  A  Navu  History  of 
the  late  War/  but  the  volume,  which  ap- 

Seared  in  1802,  was  the  only  one  published, 
tewart  Rose's  real  interests  lay  elsewhere. 
Like  his  schoolfellow,  William  Herbert 
(1778-1847)  [q.  v.],  he  had  caught  the  pre- 
vailing enthusiasm  for  mediieval  romance, 
and  in  1803  he  brought  out  a  rhymed  Tersion 
of  the  first  three  books  of  the  '  Amadis,'  as 
translated  into  French  bv  Herberay  des 
Essarts  at  the  instigation  of  Francis  L  The 
original  was  a  good  deal  condensed  in  Rose's 
translation,  but  he  added  a  considerable  body 
of  notes  in  imitation,  as  he  says  in  his  pre- 
face, of  the  method  adopted  in  Way's  edition, 
of  the  French  ftibliauz.  In  all  his  subse- 
ouent  writings  Rose  displayed  a  decided 
n>ndness  for  annotation. 

When  Scott  visited  London  in  1808,  be 
made  the  acquaintance  of  Rose,  and  a  cordial 
friendship  grew  up  between  them.  It  ^waa 
from  Rose  ttiat  Scott  learned  of  Pitt*a  admi- 
ration of  '  The  Lav  of  the  Last  Minstrel/ 
and  through  Rose  that  he  became  acouaiated 
with  the  Morritts  of  Rokeby.  In  1807  Scott 
visited  Rose  at  his  villa  of  Guudimore^  oq 


Rose 


us 


Roseingrave 


the  Ma  eout  near  Mudiford  in  Hampshire, 
at  the  time  *Marmion' was  on  the  stocks,  and 
Soott  addressed  to  his  host  the  introdaction 
TO  the  fint  poem,  ineertinff  in  the  concluding 
lines  an  allnsian  to  Bose^  translation  of  Le 
Gland's  vefsion  (in  modem  French)  of  ^  Par- 
tenopez  of  Bloia'  (1807),  which,  along  with 
a  baUad, '  TheRedKinff,'  was  printed  at  the 
BsUantyne  Press  a  little  hefore  '  Marmion.' 
R(^;er8  considered  '  Partenopez '  Hose's  best 
work,  but  the  author  was  accused  of  pla- 
giazism  from '  Marmion,'  a  char^  he  replied 
to  in  his  next  publication,  which  consisted 
of  two  ballads, '  The  Crusade  of  St.  Lewis ' 
and  <  Kinff  Edward  the  Martyr '  (1810). 

After  the  peace  of  1814  Rose  went  abroad, 
Tistting  Rome,  Naples,  and  Sicily,  and  sub- 
sequently Gonatantmople.  In  1817  he  settled 
down  for  about  a  year  in  Yenetia.    He  mar- 
ried a  Venetian  lady,  and  one  result  of  this 
aojoum  was  the  publication  of  two  volumes 
of  *  Letters  from  the  North  of  Italy,  ad- 
dressed to  Henry  Hallam,  Esq.'  (1819),  a 
form  adopted,  says  the  preface,  because  he 
was  'little  accustomed  to  habits  of  serious 
literary  composition/    The  main  interest  of 
the  letters  lies  in  the  account  of  the  chanffe 
for  the  worse  produced  in  Italy  by  the  sub- 
stitution of  Austrian  and  papal  goyemment 
!or  Napoleon's  rule.  Another  result  of  Rose's 
stay  in  Venice  was  his  increased  attention 
to  Ittlian  literature.    In  1819  he  brought 
out  a  free  rendering  of  the  '  Animali  Par- 
lanti'  of  Oasti,  each  canto  of  which  waa  in- 
trodoced  by  an  address  to  one  of  his  friends 
— Foscolo,  Frere,  Scott,  and  others.    Li  the 
same  year  Moore  mentions  in  his  '  Diary,' 
under 'the  date  of  14  April,  that  Murray  had 
oliered  Rose  2,000/.  for  a  yersion  of  Ariosto. 
Ar  Seotf  8  iDsti|nition  he  had  be|^  the  task 
r  f  turning  the '  Orlando Furioso '  into  Enfflish 
rerse  some  years  before.    Before  publisning 
the  first  instalment  he  issued,  by  the  adyice  of 
I»nl  Holland,  a  prose  analysis,  interspersed 
with  selected  passages  in  metre,  of  the  '  Or- 
Indo   Iimamorato    in  the  rifacimento  of 
BemL     The  first  yolume  of  his  translation 
r.f  Ariosto  appeared  in  1823.    With  the 
later  portions  he  made  comparatiyely  slow 
pro^g^reas  owing  to  failing  health.    In  1824  he 
retired,  on  the  plea  of  mfirmity,  and  with  a 
pension  of  1,000/.  a  year,  from  his  post  in 
The  House  of  Lords,  where  he  had  long  giyen 
irregolar  attendance.   He  suffered  from  pan^ 
iTsia ;  bat  this  did  notpreyent  him  from  fish- 
ioir  and  shooting,  with  the  help  of  his  servant 
IIinyefl,and  he  mored  about  a  good  deal. 
At  Abbotsford  Scott  fitted  up  rooms  on  the 
^Toond  floor  for  his  accommooation  (Lbbije, 
Autofdo^rapkicai  Beeollectionsy    He  com« 
batted  his  wease  by  dieting  himself  strictly. 


In  1831  the  final  yolume  of  his  translation 
of  Ariosto  came  out,  eight  years  after  the 
first.  Opinions  differed  a  good  deal  about  the 
merits  of  the  performance,  and  the  reviewers 
were  more  favourable  than  Bose's  friends. 
Moore,  in  his  'Diary,' records  (6  Sept.  1826) 
that  Lydia  White  told  him  that  L<Mrd  Holland 
had  agreed  to  contribute  a  canto  to  the  trans- 
latioD,  an  arrangement  which  she  thought 
imprudent  in  Rose  to  allow,  as  Lord  Hol- 
land's contribution  would  be  much  superior 
to  Rose's  own  work.  Rogers  sugsestea  that 
the  Italian  should  be  printed  on  tne  opposite 
page  to  enable  the  reader  to  understand  the 
English,  and  ridiculed  the  expression '  voided 
her  saddle,'  which  he  evidently  did  not 
know  was  borrowed  from  Sir  Thomas  Ma- 
lory. At  Rogers's  Crabb  Robinson  met  Rose 
in  1884,  *  a  deaf  and  rheumatic  man,  who 
looks  prematurely  old.  He  talks  low,  so  I 
shoida  not  have  guessed  him  to  be  a  man  of 
note.'  A  good  deal  of  Rose's  time  was 
latterly  spent  at  Brighton,  and  '  living  there 
in  hospitable  and  learned  retirement,'  he 
printea  privately  in  1884  an  'Epistle  [in 
verselto  the  Right  Honourable  Jonn  Hook- 
hapi  jPrere.'  IHlie  epistle  was  favourably 
noticed  in  the  *  Quarterly '  in  1836,  and^  en- 
couraged by  the  praise,  Kose  included  it  in 
a  yolume  of '  Rhymes '  which  he  published  in 
1837.  Among  these  pieces  was  a  description 
of  Qundimore,  in  which  the  visits  of  Scott 
and  Coleridge  to  his  sesside  cottage  were 
commemorated.  This  was  Rose's  last  pub- 
lication. His  faculties  decayed,  and,  ac- 
cording to  Rogers, '  he  was  in  a  sad  state  of 
mental  imbecility  shortly  before  his  death.' 
He  died  on  30  April  1843. 

[The  chief  authority  for  the  details  of  bia 
life  is  the  meagre  memoir,  by  the  Rev.  C.  Towns- 
end,  prefixed  to  the  reprint  of  his  'Ariosto,* 
issued  by  Bohn  in  1868.    Several  allusioDS  to^ 
Rose  are  to  be  found  in  Lockhart's  Life  of  Soott, 
and  two  or  three  in  Rogers's  Table>talk.    There*: 
is  an  interesting  notiee  of  his  stay  at  Abbotsford 
in  the  first  volume  of  0.  R.  Leslie's  Autobio- 
graphical Recollections.]  N.  MacO. 

ROSEBEBT,  Eabls  of.  fSee  Pbht— 
BOSS,  Abchibald,  first  earl,  1661-1723;* 
Fbimbose,  Abchibald  John,  fourth  earl,, 
1783-1868.] 

ROSEINGRAVE,  DANIEL  (1666  P- 
1727),  organist  and  composer,  bom  about 
1665,  was  a  child  of  the  chapcd  royal  ujideit 
Felham  Humphrey  [q.  v.]  In  1681  he 
became  organist  at  yvincHester  Cathedral, 
where  he  remained  till  1692 ;  in  1684  hia 
daughter  Ann  vras  buried  in  the  cathedraL 
In  1692  he  was  appointed  organist  at  Salis* 
bury  Cathedral,  wnence,  in  1698,  he 


Roseingrave 


246 


Roseingrave 


permitted  to  go  to  Dublin  '  to  look  after  an 
organist's  place.'  Some  further  leave  was 
granted  to  him,  but  eventually,  in  170Q, 
Anthony  Walkeley  was  elected  organist  in 
the  absence  of  Boseingrave  beyond  leave 
(Chapter-books  of  Salisbury).  In  the  mean- 
time Koseingrave  held  from  9  June  1698  the 
?ost  of  organist  to  St.  Patrick's  Cathedral, 
)ublin,  and  £rom  11  Nov.  the  same  office 
at  Christchurch  Cathedral  (Bbown).  After 
helping  to  found  the  Dublin  St.  Cecilia 
musicu  oelebratioui  he  resigned  his  appoint- 
ments in  favour  of  his  son.  He  is  beueved 
to  have  died  at  Dublin  in  May  1727. 

Few  of  Roseingrave's  works  have  survived, 
although  in  his  day  they  gained  for  him 
great  reputaticm  as  a  writer  of  vocal  music. 
There  exist  in  Chzist  Church,  Oxford,  col- 
lection an  anthem,  *  Lord,  Thou  art  become 
gracious,'  and  in  the  Bodleian  MS*  0«  1. 
*  Hsste  Thee,  0  God.' 

He  married  Ann,  the  daughter  of  Dr. 
Thomas  Washboume,  preben&ry  of  Glou- 
cester (<f.  1687).  Dr.  Wadibourne's  widow 
cut  off  her  daughter,  Ann  Boseingrave, 
with  '  a  guinney  of  twenty-one  shillingB  and 
sixsence,'  but  she  left  a  fourth  of  her  proper|;y 
to  her  fpandchild,  Dorotl^  Eoseingrave. 

Eosemgrave's  son,  Ealph  RoaeiKaB^TB 
(1695-1747),  musician,  bom  at  Salisbury  in 
X695(Baptib),  was  vicar-choral  of  St.  Pa^ 
trick's  in  1719,  uid  organist  of  St.  Patrick's, 
and  of  Christchurch,  Dublin,  from  1727 
(Bbown).  On  13  April  1742  he  took  part 
as  bass  soloist  in  the  production  of  the 
^  Messiah.'    He  died  in  October  1747. 

Thokab  RofiBiiTGBiVJB  (1690P-1765?),  oiv 
sninist  and  composer,  the  elder  son  of  Daiiiel 
Iloseingrave,  was  bom  about  1690.  In  1710 
he  was  sent  to  Italy,  where  he  met  Do- 
menico  Scarlatti;  his  vivid  imnressions  of 
the  master's  performance  on  the  narpsidhord 
were  confided  to  Bumey  (History,  iv.  263). 
In  1720  Boseingrave  was  m  London,  where 
he  produced,  at  the  Havmarket,  Scarlatti's 
^Narcisso,'  adding  to  the  score  two  songs 
and  two  duets  of  his  own.  The  learning  of 
Boseingrave  and  his  skill  on  the  harpsi- 
chord were  soon  widely  recognised.  His 
power  of  seizing  the  spirit  and  parts  of  a 
score,  and  of  executing  the  most  difficult 
music  at  sight,  extraordinary  as  it  was,  was 
equalled  by  the  ingenuity  o£  his  extempore 
playing.  After  exhibiting  his  talent  in 
competition  with  other  musicians,  Bosein- 
grave was  in  1726  elected  organist  to  the 
new  church  of  St.  George's,  Hanover  Square. 
Pupils  flocked  to  him,  among  them  Henry 
Carey,  John  Worgan,  Jonathan  Martin 
fwho  sometimes  deputised  for  him),  and 
Jehti  Christopher  Smith.    Hie  latter  took 


lodginffs  in  Boseingrave's  house  in  Wig- 
more  Street,  and  diuing  this  time  Boeain- 
grave  was  a  constant  guest  at  his  taULe,  Hhe 
only  recompense  which  he  would  receive' 
(AneodoteSf  p.  41).  When  his  reputation 
was  at  its  height,  Boseingrave's  prospects  (tf 
enduring  success  were  diattered  oy  a  partial 
mental  iulure,  the  result,  it  is  said,  of  a 
disappointment  in  love.  Neglecting  his 
pupus,  he  lived  on  his  organist's  salary  of 
50/.,  until,  in  1787,  lua  ecoentricitxes  neces- 
sitated his  resignation.  His  aucoessor,  John 
Keeble  [q.  v.],  shared  the  salary  with  the 
affiioted  musician  until  the  end  of  his  life. 
Boseingrave,  aftier  spending  some  time  at 
Hampstead,  retired  to  a  brother's  house  in 
Ireland.  Mrs.  Delany  writes,  12  Jan.  1753 : 
'  Mr.  Bosingrave,  who  .  •  .  was  sent  away 
Srom  St.  Gkiorge's  Church  on  account  of  his 
mad  fits,  is  now  in  Ireland,  and  at  times  can 
play  v^  well  on  the  harpsichord.  He  came 
to  the  Bishop  of  Derry's,  ne  remembered  me 
and  my  playing'  (Correspimdenee,  iii.  194). 
The  < Dublin  Journal'  of  80  Jan.  1753  an- 
nounced that  the  *  celebrated  opera ''  Phaedra 
and  Hippolitus '  composed  by  Mr.  Thomas 
Boseingrave,  lately  amved  from  London,  will 
be  penormed  at  the  great  musio^all  in 
Fisl^mble  Street,  and  conducted  by  himself, 
on  6  March.  Between  acts,  Mr.  B.  vnll  per- 
form Scarlatti's  Lesson  on  the  harpsiohord, 
with  his  own  additions,  and  will  conclude 
with  his  celebrated  Almand.'  Bosdngrave 
probably  died  soon  after  this  performance. 
Me  published  at  dates  which  cannot  be  ao- 
cuiatcdy  ascertained :  1. '  Additional  Son^ 
in  Scarlatti's  opera  "  Narcisso." '  2.  <  Six 
(Itidian)  Cantatas,'  inscribed  to  Lord  LovelL 
3.  '  Eight  Suits  of  Lessons  for  the  Harpsi- 
chord or  Spinet; '  they  are  dedicated  to  the 
Earl  of  Essex,  and  consist  of  an  overture  and 
suites  in  dance  measures.  4.  '  Voluntaries 
and  Fugues  (fifteen)  for  the  Organ  or  Harpsi- 
chord.'   5.  '  Forty-two  Suits  of  Lessons  for 


Fugues  for  the  Organ  or  Harpsichord,  and 
a  Lesson  in  B  fiat  by  Scarlatti,'  to  which  (as 
published  among  the  above  forty-two 
Lsssons)^  Boseingrave  appears  to  have  added 
twenty  bars  of  his  own.  7. '  Twelve  Solos 
(actually  Sonatas)  for  a  German  Flute, 
witJi  a  thorough-base  for  the  Harpsichord ; ' 
dedicated  to  Henry  Edseley  Ewer.  8.  A 
round,  'Jerusalem,'  published  in  Hullah's 
'Part  Music.'  9.  An  opera, ' Phaedra  and 
Hippolitus.' 

ni  manuscript  is  Boseingrave's  anthem, 
'  Arise,  shine,'  composed  in  1712  aft  Venice 
(Ttowat,  Harl  MS.  7342).     Hk  anthems, 


Rosen 


247 


Rosenberg 


^Gieat  if  the  Lord'  and  ' One  Generation/ 
an  at  the  Boyal  College  of  Muuc  (HtrsXi 
Cat) 

[XotM  from  the  Bodleian  LibraaT',  kindly 
fuelled  bj  Mr.  Arkwright;  from  Salisbury 
(H»ptaF4)ooka,  by  tlie  BeT.  S.  M.  Lakin ;  from 
GkoMsttf  CbaptezHoffiee,  by  the  Bey.  A.  (X 
flaadng;  Gxofe^e  Dict^iii  161 ;  Hnak's  Celebra- 
toH,  p.  106;  Baptie'B  Handbook;  Hawkine'a 
Hktoiy,  p.  824;  &own'8  Diet. ;  P.  0.  G.  ad- 
miniftzation  gfant^  /aly  1687 ;  P.  C.  C.  Begi* 
Men  of  WiUa,  Exton,  25 ;  anthoritiee  cited.] 

L.H.M. 

BOfiEN,  FBIEDRICH  AUGUST 
(1605-1887),  Saatskrit  aoholar,  «m  of  Fried- 
nth  Ballhozn  RoeeOy  a  legal  ^writeri  waa 
bom  at  Hanover  on  2  Sept.  1805.  Hia 
oriy  edooation  waa  conducted  at  the  Got- 
tingea  Gynmaaiiun,  and  in  1822  lie  entered 
the  luiiTBnity  of  Leinci^,  where  he  aban- 
doned law  in  favour  01  oviental  stndiea.  Re- 
loWiog  to  devote  hinuelf  specially  to  Sans- 
kdtyhe  removed  toBerlm  in  1824  to  enjoy  the 
adrantageofBopp'slectaieB.  The  results  are 


the  orifinality  and  importance  of  which  have 
beea  nilly  recognised  by  later  sehdlara. 
Bown's  desiie  for  a  post  in  the  Prussian 
legatkm  atConataotinople  not  heing  realised, 
b  went  in  18^  to  Paris  to  study  Semitio 
langnages  under  Silvestre  de  Sacy;  but  he 
bad  envealy  settled  there  when  he  received 
in  iaritation  to  fill  the  chair  of  oriental  lan- 
guid at  the  recently  (1826)  founded  Uni- 
▼enrty  College  of  London,  wluoh  waa  opened 
for  itodf  in  182H3.  For  two  yeara  he  {|er- 
serered  in  the  uncongenial  task  of  giving 
practical  alementaiy  iMons  in  Persian,  Ara- 
bic, and  Hini^^^fft^^^  to  the  students  at  the 
college.  Donaldson  says  that  to  Rosen  '  we 
Rally  owe  indirectly  Uie  first  application  of 
eompandve  philology  to  the  puoiio  teaching 
"^♦^t  flannirnl  ^^"g"*g**i  ^  "»<*^^*'-  whmh  h»» 
beeD  too  leadil  j  conceded  to  the  €hreek  and 
LatrnprofeasorSy  who  merelv  transmitted  • . . 
in&miation  derived  from  their  Glerman  col- 
league' (New  Oira^lw,Srd  edit.  p.  56).  His 
leoariDahle  lingnistie  powers  haia  attracted 
the  Botioe  of  Henrv  Thomas  Oolebrooke  [q*v.], 
by  whose  advice  he  afterwaords  brought  out 
the '  Algebra  of  Mohammed  ben  Muaa,'  in 
Aiabic  and  English,  in  the  publications  of 
the  Oriental  Tianslataon  Fund,  in  IdSl^a 
■ogalarillnstrationof  veraatili^.  Bdieving 
tbat  the  connectaoahe  was  forming  with  men 
^  learning  sad  isflnenoe  in  London  would 
procme  lum  1^  means  ci  continuing  his  re- 
eeaiehes,  he  reeiyned,  in  Julf  1890,  the  prOf 
^wotahip  at  Univaxaitj  College,  and  endear 


vouied  to  make  a  modest  income  b^  wiiting 
for  the  ^  Penny  Crydopiedia,'  revising  the 
volume  on '  The  Hindoos '  for  the  Lifanoy  of 
Entertaining  Knowledge  (to  which  he  oovtri- 
buted  an  original  sketch  01  Indian  literature), 
editing  Hau^ton's  'Bengali  and  Sansioit 
Dictionary,'  and  giving  lessons  in  German 
rsee  Hauorioh,  Sib  GsiLvss  OHAHPireTl. 
while  thus  strugglin([  to  maintain  himself 
he  never  lost  siglS  of  his  ambition  to  produce 
something  monumental  in  Sanskrit  scholar- 
ship. In  1830  he  issued  his' Rig-vedae  Speci- 
men,' and  his  spare  time  then(»forward  was 
devoted  to  preparing  a  text  and  Latin  trans- 
lation of  the  vRigveda,'  the  first  volmne  of 
which  ('Rigveda  Sanhita  lib.  piim.')  was 
published  by  the  Oriental  Translation  Fund 
m  1888— after  the  young  scholar's  premature 
death.  He  had  been  reinstated  at  Uni  varsity 
College  as  professor  of  Sanskrit  in  1836,  but 
recognition  came  too  late.  Overwork^  and  the 
strunle  for  bare  subsistence,  had  broken  his 
health.  At  the  last  he  decided  to  return  to 
his  family  in  Germanv,  but  died  in  'Maddox 
Street,  London,  on  12  Sept.  1887,  when  he 
had  only  just  reached  the  age  of  thirty-two. 
He  was  buried  in  JSensal  Green  cemetery, 
where  a  monument  -was  erected  to  him  by 
English  Mends  and  scholars.  There  is  also 
a  bust  of  him  in  the  *  large  room,'  behind  the 
reading  room,  of  the  Britiah  Museum.  Just 
before  his  death  he  had  helped  to  edit  the 
'  Miscellaneous  Essays'  of  H.  T.  Colebrooke, 
who  predeceased  him  bv  six  months ;  and  he 
was  also  assisting  in  the  preparation  of  the 
catalogue  of  the  Syriac  manuscripts  in  the 
British  Museum  ('  Cat.  Cod.  MSS. . . .  pars 
prima.  Codices  Syriaooaet  Carshunicos  am- 
plectens'  published  in  1888),  and  in  the 
'Catalogue  of  Sir  R.  Chambers's  Sanskrit 
ManusoriptS '  |[1888).  He  was  for  many  years 
honorary  foreiffn  and  Germanv  secretary  to 
the  Oriental  ^anslation  Fund  and  a  mem- 
ber of  the  committee. 

[Elatt  in  Allgem.  Deutseh.  Btogr.  8.T. ;  Ann. 
Report  of  Boyal  Asiatio  Society,  1888,  in  Joa»* 
nal  of  the  Boyal  Asiatic  Sooie^,  voL  v.  p.  vii, 
1839;  P.  von  Bohlen's  Autobiogmphie ;  Ann. 
Beg.  Ixziz.  207, 1837 ;  information  from  J.  M. 
Horabuxgh,  eeq.,  secretary  of  Uoivenity  GoUeffe, 
and  ProWir  Oedl  Bendall ;  Brit.  Mus.  CatI] 

S.  lu-P. 

ROSENBERG,  GEORGE  FREDERIC 
a82&*1869),  painter,  the  youngest  son  of 
Thomas  Elliot  Rosenberg,  a  miniature  and 
landscape  painter,  was  bom  at  Bath  on 
9  Marc£  1826.  Owing  to  the  early  death  of 
his  father,  he  was  almost  entirely  suf^Htnght. 
A  lover  and  dose  observer  of  natne,  he 
attained  such  proficiency  aaa  fiower^^ainter 
that  he  was  elected  an  assoeiata  of  toe  <  Old 


Rosenhagen 


248 


Rosenhagen 


Wfttei^-Colour'  Society  oa  14  June  1847,  at 
an  uxmsually  early  age.  He  never  became 
a  full  member.  He  continued  for  some  years 
to  paint  only  flowers,  fruit,  and  still  life. 
He  published  <  The  Guide  to  Flower  Paint- 
ing in  Water-Colours,'  with  illustrations,  in 
1868,  and  was  largely  employed  in  tuition  at 
Bath.  In  1855  he  exhibited  studies  of  build- 
ings in  Wales  and  Shropshire,  in  1856  a 
scene  in  Glencoe,  between  1857  and  1880 
views  in  Switzerland  and  the  Scottish  high- 
lands, in  1861  mountain  scenery  in  Norway. 
He  madeseveral  visits  to  that  country,duriiig 
the  last  of  which,  in  1869,  he  caught  a  chill 
by  sitting  down  when  overheated  to  sketch  a 
glacier.  He  died  soon  after  his  return  to 
Bath,  on  17  Sept.  1869.  The  drawings,  about 
three  hundred  m  number,  which  remained 
on  his  hands  at  his  death  were  sold  at 
Christie's  on  12  and  14  Feb.  1870.  He  had 
married,  in  July  1 856,  Hannah  Fuller  Jenner, 
by  whom  he  hiad  two  daughters  and  a  pos- 
thumous son.  The  elder  daughter,  Ethel 
Jenner  Boeenberg,  is  a  well-known  minia- 
ture and  landscape  painter. 

Two  of  Rosenberff^B  sisters  were  also  self- 
taught  but  acoom]^ished  artists.  Frances 
Elizabeth  Louisa  was  elected,  when  vety 
young,  a  member  of  the  New  Water-Oolour 
Society ;  she  married  John  D.  Harris,  jeweller, 
of  5  Queen  Square,  Bath,  and  died  on9Aug. 
1872.  Mary  Elizabeth,  who  married  Wil- 
liam Duffiefd  [q.  v.],  painter,  became  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Institute  of  Painters  in  Water 
Colours. 

[Roget's  Hist.  ofthe'Old  Water-Colour  *  So- 
ciety,  ii.  801 ;  Bath  Chronicle,  28  Sept.  1869  and 
15  Aug.  1872;  Athensenm,  26  Sept.  1869;  pri- 
vate information.]  G.  D. 

ROSENHAGEN,  PHILIP  (1737  P- 
1798),  suggested  author  of  'Junius,'  the 
descendant  of  a  Danish  family,  was  the  son  of 
Arnold  Rosenhagen  of  Middlesex,  and  was 
bom  at  laleworth  about  1737.  His  father 
probably  died  early,  for  when  admitted  at 
St  PauTs  school  on  22  June  1751,  at  the  age 
of  fourteen,  he  was  described  as  the  '  son  of 
Mrs.  Rosenhagen  of  leleworth.'  He  was 
captain  of  the  school  in  1754-5,  preceding 
Sir  Philip  Francis,  his  class-fellow  and  friend 
throughout  life,  in  that  position,  and  he 
was  contemporary  there  with  Woodfall  the 
printer.  In  1755  he  obtained  an  exhibition 
at  his  school,  and  was  admitted  sizar  at  St. 
John's  College,  Cambridge  (20  Oct.")  He 
graduated  B.A.  (being  nmth  wrangler)  in 
1760  and  M.A.  in  1763.  In  March  1761  he 
was  elected  to  a  Piatt  fellowship  at  his  ool"> 
lege,  and  held  it  until  July  1771. 

Rosoihagen  was  ordained,  and  in  1765 


was  elected  and  presented  by  the  university 
to  the  small  rectory  of  Mountnessing  in 
Essex,  the  patronage  of  which  belonged  to 
Lord  Petre,  a  Roman  catholic.  He  was  in 
1766  domestic  chaplain  to  the  Earl  of  Ches- 
terfield. Soon  afterwards  he  became  chap- 
lain to  the  8th  regiment  of  foot,  and  was  at 
once  '  the  gayest  man  in  the  mess.'  About 
1769  he  espoused  with  great  eagerness  the 
cause  of  Wilkes,  occasionally  wrote  in 
Woodfall's  paj^r,  the  <  Public  Advertiser,' 
and  published  in  1770  an  anonymous '  Letter 
to  Samuel  Johnson,  LL.D.'  in  reply  to  the 
'False  Alarm.'  It  contained  some  remarli- 
able  passages,  and  Parkes  believed  that  it 
was  stren^ened  by  Francis.  He  could  not 
restrain  himself  from  gambling,  and  his  ex* 
cesses  forced  him  to  nee  to  the  continent. 
In  the  spring  and  summer  of  1771  he  was  in 
Spain  and  the  south  of  France,  and  scandal 
reported  that  he  had  sojourned  at  Lyons  with 
Mrs.  Pitt,  wife  of  Greorge  Pitt  (afterward» 
Earl  Rivers).  When  at  Paris  in  November 
1772  he  was  described  as  'a  thorough  French- 
man.' He  was  staying  with  his  wife  at 
Orleans  in  1774. 

About  1780  Rosenhagen  returned  to  Eng- 
land and  resumed  his  acquaintance  with  hi» 
old  associates.  Lord  Maynard  appointed 
him  in  1781  to  the  rectory  of  Little  flaston 
with  the  donative  of  Tilty  in  Essex  {Cam-- 
bridge  Chrondole,  22  Sept.  1781).  Wraxall 
knew  him,  between  1782  and  1786, as  'a 
plausible,  well-informed  man,  imposing  in 
his  manner,  of  a  classic  mind  and  agreeable 
conversation,  living  much  in  the  world,  re* 
oeived  on  the  most  intimate  footing  at  Shel- 
bume  House,  and  possessing  very  consider- 
able talents'  {Memoirs,  ed.  1884,  i.  341). 
His  convivial  gifts  had  made  him  hj^  1764 
very  popular  in  the  circle  sunoundmff  the 
Prince  of  Wales,  who,  it  has  been  said,  en- 
deavoured to  induce  Rosenhagen  to  marry 
him  to  Mrs.  Fitzherbert,  but  the  price  offered 
for  this  dangerous  act  was  not  high  enoughs 
It  was  perhaps  in  consequence  of  this  refusal 
that  Rosenhagen  became  a  Pittite.  His  cha- 
racter, though  well  known  at  home,  did  not 
Srevent  his  being  sent  out  to  Ceylon  as  arch- 
eacon  of  Colombo.  He  was  now  a  martyr 
to  the  gout,  and  an  eironeous  rumour  of 
his  death  was  noised  abroad  in  1796  (Gent^ 
Mag.  1796,  ii.  1059).  He  died  at  Colomba 
in  September  1798  (i^.  1799,  L  252^. 

It  was  industriously  circulated  at  one 
time  that  Rosenhagen  was  the  author  of  the 
'Letters  of  Junius,'  and  in  the  hopes  of 

Setting  a  pension  to  write  no  more,  he  en- 
eavoured  to  instil  this  belief  in  the  mind  of 
Lord  North.  He  sent  Francis  several  com- 
munications on  Indian  afikirs,  and  Francia 


Rosewell 


249 


Rosewell 


forwuded  htm  at  least  one  long  letter.  He 
is  laid  to  have  left  hia  papers  to  Francisy 
inrliMJing  a  diaiTy  wliicli  was  amusing,  but 
'  too  pononal  to  be  published.'  Letters  from 
BotBDJugen  to  Wilkes  are  in  the  British 
Muieiim  (Addit  MSS.  80676  f.  28  and 
90677  C  186),  and  one  to  Woodfall  in  1707 
ia  in  the  same  collection  (27780,  f.  6).  It 
troeazs  from  these  that  he  had  three  sons, 
all  pfOTided  for  by  Lord  Bridport.  Two 
kcten  fipom  Elinbeth  Rosenhatfen,  probably 
hii  mother,  to  Wilkes  are  in  Aoditional  MS. 
:)0674  (ff.  M,  98).  They  are  dated  from 
Saffinm  Wslden,  May  1793,  and  refer  to  her 
graadMD,  Geoige  Arnold  Andrew  Eoeen- 


[Pkrkct  and  Merirale's  Sir  Philip  Francis,  i. 
8,  m-2, 261,  809-10,  ii.  222-4, 274-8 ;  Baker's 
SL  John'%  ed.  Mayor,  i  807-8,  ii.  1076 ;  Notes 
aodOMTMi^  2iid  ser.  z.  216,  816  (ginng  long 
otaet  from  Town  and  GoontxyMag.  1776,  p. 
680);  EdksU  and  Laing's  Anon.  LiUratore.  il 
14SM0;  esrdinec^s  8t  Faol's  School,  pp.  96, 
103, 197. 402 ;  Good*s  Joniiu,  ed.  1812,  L  121* ; 
iofbnutiQQ  from  Mr.  Soott,  buzsar,  St.  John's 
ColOMiihr.]  W.P.O. 

B06SWELL,  SAMUEL  (1679--1723), 
divias^  bom  at  Botherhithe  in  1679,  was 
eldest  son  of  Thomas  Boeewell  [a.  y.^  by  his 
fwmd  wile.  Owing  to  his  iaUier's  death 
'vhen  he  was  twelre,  Boeeweirs  education 
vu  unsettled,  bat  he  is  stated  to  haye  gra- 
diutsd  at  a  Scottish  uniTersity. 

He  wss  chosen  about  1701  as  assistant  to 
V^'iUiam  Harris  (1676P-1740)  [a.  v.]  atPo» 
Jewry  Lane  presbyterian  churcn,  and  con- 
tiooed  there  until  inyited  in  1706  to  assist 
Job  Howe  (1630-1706)  [q.  v.Jat  the  Silver 
Street  Chapel,  Wood  Street,  Gheapside.  On 
-  Aug.  1705  he  was  publicly  ordained,  and 
delirered  his  'Confession  of  faith,'  which 
^«A  printed  for  kis  friends  in  1706.  It  was 
s^terwsrds  reprinted  without  the  author's 
n&me.  After  Howe's  death,  in  1705,  Rose- 
Tell  continued  aa  assistant  to  John  Spade- 
^^^  [j-  T.l,  Howe's  successor.  At  the 
<uBe  time  £e  lectured  at  the  Old  Jewry  on 
SsndAy  evenings,  alternately  with  Benjamin 
^)?06Tenor  [q.v.],  and  after  the  lecture  was 
f^Ted  to  Founder's  Hall,  Lothbury,  in 
^'13,  he  was  sole  lecturer.  He  resigned  his 
prpfennent  from  ill  health  in  October  1719, 
&3d,  removing  to  Mare  Street,  Hackney,  died 
^!iere,sfter  a  lingering  illness,  on7  April  1722. 
His  demeanour  on  his  deathbed  excited  the 
(iiaintion  of  his  friend  Isaac  Watts  [q.  v.] 
He  was  buried  in  BunhiU  fields,  near  his 
'•^r's  grave.  His  wife,  his  mother,  and 
1^  listers  all  benefited  by  his  will  (P.  C.C. 
i05,  Msrlbro). 
He  marxiedi  first,  •  daughter  of  Richard 


Itussell,  by  whom  he  had  no  children ;  and 
secondly,  Lettice,  daughter  of  Richard  Bar- 
rett, who  died,  aged  75,  at  Hackney,  in  1762. 
By  his  second  wife  Rosewell  had  a  son 
Thomas,  and  two  daughters,  Lettice  and 
Susannah.  ^  A  portrait,  engraved  by  Van- 
derberghe,  is  ^ven  in  the  *  Protestant  Difr» 
senters'  Magasme '  for  May  1794 ;  another 
was  engpraved  by  Faber  after  J.  Woolaston 
(Bbohlet). 

Besides  sermons,  of  which  fifteen  were  sepa- 
rately published,  Rosewell  wrote :  1.  '  ^a- 
sonable  Instruction  for  the  Afflicted,  Lon- 
don, 1711, 12mo.  2.  'The  Protestant  Dis- 
senters' Hopes  from  the  Present  Govern- 
ment freely  declared,'  &c.,  London,  1710. 
8.  <  The  Life  and  Death  of  Mr.  T.  Rosewell ' 
[his  father],  London,  1718,  8vo.  Hiis  ia 
generally  prefixed  to  the  account  of  the  trial 
of  the  latter  [see  under  Rosbwbll,  Thomas]. 
He  contributed  the  commentaiT'  to  St. 
Paul's  Epistles  to  the  Ephesians  in  ther 
*  Commentary '  of  Matthew  Henry  [q.  v.} 
(PraL  Diia.Mag.  1797,  p.  472). 

[Wilson's  Hist,  of  Dissenting  Churches,  i.  76r 
iii.  49 ;  Watts's  Works,  ed.  1812,  i.  594 ;  Protos- 
taat  Dissenters^  Msg.  i.  177-83 ;  Funeral  Ser* 
mon  by  Jeremiah  Smith;  Life  and  Death  of 
Mr.  Thomas  Rosewell.]  C.  F.  S. 

ROSEWELL,  THOMAS  (16da-1692)» 
nonconformist  minister,  only  son  of  Richard 
Rosewell  {d,  November  lo40),  gentleman^ 
by  his  wife  Grace,  daughter  of  Thomss  Mel- 
bom  of  Dunkerton,  near  Bath,  was  bom  at 
Dunkerton  on  3  May  1680.  He  was  cousin 
to  Walter  Rosewell  (d,  I608),  the  Kentish 
puritan,  and  related  to  Humphrey  Chambers^ 
D.D.  (d.  1662),  one  of  the  Westminster  as- 
sembly of  divines.  He  lost  his  mother  in  in- 
fancy, and  was  early  left  an  orphan,  with  an 
only  sister,  Grace.  A  fine  property,  which, 
should  have  come  to  them,  was  wasted 
during  their  minority.  His  uncle  and  guardian^ 
James  Rosewell,  sent  him  to  school  at  Bath, 
and  on  12  June  1645  placed  him  in  the 
family  of  Thomas  Ashley,  London,  as  a  pre- 
paration for  business  life.  He  wss  first  with 
an  accountant,  afterwards  with  a  silk- 
weaver,  but  the  colours  of  the  silk  tried  his 
eyes,  and  the  preaching  of  Matthew  Havi- 
land  turned  his  thoughts  to  the  ministry.  In 
1646  he  was  put  under  the  tuition  of  Thomas 
Singleton  in  St.  Mary  Axe.  On  6  Dec.  1650 
he  matriculated  firom  Pembroke  College^ 
Chdbrd,  which  he  had  entered  in  March  1648, 
during  the  mastership  of  Henry  Langley. 
He  commenced  BA.  on  8  July  1661.  Leaving 
Oxford  in  1652,  he  obtained  from  John  Dod- 
dridge (1616-1666)  the  post  of  tutor  to  his 
nephew  (son  of  John  Levering  of  Exeter)  at 
Ware,  near  Bideford,  Devonshire.    In  th# 


Rosewell 


250 


Rosewell 


fipriag  of  1668  be  was  presented  by  Mar- 
garet, widow  of  Six  Edward  Hunfferford 
(1696-1648)  [q.  T.],  to  tbe  rectory  of  Koade, 
Somereet.  He  mrst  preached  there  on 
29  May  1663,  and  was  ordained  on  20  July 
1664  at  6t.  £dmnnd%  Salisbury,  by  John 
Strickland,  B.D.  (d.  1670),  the  rector,  and 
Peter  Ince,  *  praying  Ince,'  rector  of  Dun- 
head,  Wiltshire.  Haying  married  Strick- 
land's daughter,  he  exchanged  in  May  1667 
with  Gabriel  Sangar  [q.  v.],  rector  of  Sutton- 
MandeyHle,  Wiltshire,  in  order  to  be  nearer 
Salisbury.  The  arrangement  was  ratified  by 
liie  <  triers '  on  12  Dec.  1658.  He  did  not 
get  on  well  with  his  republican  parishioners 
m  Wiltshire.  He  never  prayea  for  Olirer, 
but  kept  80  Jan.  and  (after  the  Restoration) 
29  May. 

He  was  ejected  by  the  uniformity  act  of 
1662,  and  became  in  l668ohimlain  and  tutor 
in  Lady  Hungerford's  family  at  Oorsham, 
Wiltshire.  In  May  1671  he  left  his  situation, 
owing  to  slight  mental  disturbance.  Be* 
coyering,  he  became  tutor  in  the  family  of 
^omas  Grove  of  Fern,  Wiltshire,  but,  his 
malady  returning,  he  went  to  London,  and 
lived  m  the  house  of  Luke  Rugeley,  M.D., 
from  October  1678  to  February  1674,  when 
he  was  completely  restored.  In  March  1674 
he  became  domestic  chaplain  to  Hiilip  Whar- 
ton, fourth  baron  Wharton  [q.  v.]  On  5  May 
1^4  he  was  elected  by  a  majority  to  succeed 
James  Janeway[q.y.]  as  minister  orthepresby- 
terian  congregation  m  Salisbury  Street  (now 
Jamaica  Kow),  Rotherhithe.  The  troubles 
-of  the  times  compelled  him  to  abandon  the 
meeting-house,  but  he  preached  twice  each 
Sunday  to  conventicles  in  private  houses, 
having  audiences  of  three  or  four  hundred 
people.  It  is  remarked  that  more  men  than 
women  attended  his  ministry. 

On  28  Sept.  1684  he  was  arrested  by 
Atterbury,  the  messengeri  on  a  warrant  from 
Oeor^e  JefiBreys,  first  baron  Jeffineys  of  Wem 
[q.  v.],  the  chief  justice.  Asked  by  Jefireys 
where  he  preached,  he  answered  m  Latin. 
To  the  insolent  supposition  of  JeSsejB  that 
he  could  not  speaK  another  word  or  Latin 
■*  to  save  his  neck,'  he  replied  in  G^reek.  He 
was  kept  in  custody,  and  was  next  day  com- 
mitted to  the  gatehouse.  Not  till  ten  days 
after  was  his  wife  permitted  to  see  him.  She 
stayed  with  him  during  his  imprisonment. 
On  7  Oct.  a  true  bill  was  found  by  the 
•quarter  sessions  at  Kingston-on-Thames. 
Me  was  arraigned  at  the  king^s  bench  on 
26  Oct.,  and  tried  on  18  Nov.  The  charge 
against  him,  that  of  treasonable  preaching 
pointing  to  the  king's  death,  was  absurdly 
at  variance  with  the  whole  of  his  previous 
•cbaracter  Mid  known  opinions.    EvideBce 


affainst  him  was  tendered  by  three  women, 
Misabeth  Smith,  the  wife  of  Qetxtge  Wlton, 
and  Joan  Farrar.  The  first  two  were  com- 
mon informers  (one  had  been  pilloried^  the 
other  was  subse(|uently  whipped)  who  at- 
tended his  services  b^mreen  iT  Aug.  and 
14  Sept.,  to  collect  evidence  in  the  way  of 
business.  It  is  not  dear  from  their  sworn 
testimony  whether  they  wilftdly-  cUstorted 
his  words  or  mistook  his  meaning.  In  the 
face  of  dear  oounter-evidenoe,  the  jury,  di- 
rected byJeffireys,  found  him  guilty.  He 
came  up  for  sentence  on  24  Nov.,  and  then 
took  exception  to  the  indictment  as  insuf- 
fident.  Counsel  was  now  assigned  to  him, 
but  no  copy  of  the  indictment  was  allowed 
him.  On  27  Nov.  Je&eys  took  time  to  con- 
sider the  objection.  On  28  Jan.  1685 
Charles  II,  who  had  been  told  by  Sir  Joha 
Talbot, '  If  your  mkjes^  aufiers  this  man  to 
die,  we  are  none  of  ufi  safe  in  our  houses,' 
grafted  him  a  pardon,  on  his  givix^  bail  for 
200/.  and  findmg  sureties  for  2,(XX)/.  His 
bail  was  discharged  on  26  May  1687.  The 
whole  proceedings  at  his  trial  were  reported 
in  shorthand  by  Blaney,  and  partly  tran- 
scribed for  Jeffinys.  Bosewell  withhdd  the 
publication  of  the  report  during  his  lifetime. 

He  died  on  Sunday,  14  Feb.  1B93.  His 
body  was  on  view  in  Drapers'  Hall,  and  wajs 
buried  in  Bunhill  Fields  on  19  'Feb.,  the 
funeral  service  being  conducted  by  three 
presbyterian  and  thiree  independent  mini- 
sters. Matthew  Mead  [q.  v.T  preached  his 
funeral  sermon.  In  person  he  was  tall  and 
slender,  with,  a  piercm^  eye.  and  of  robnst 
constitution.  He  mamed,  first,  on  29  May 
1656,  Susannah  (d,  1661),  eldest  daughter 
of  John  Strickland  (see  above),  by  Susannah, 
daughter  of  Sir  Join  Pigffot,  knt.,  and  had 
three  daughters,  Stisannan,  Margaret,  and 
Elisabeth.  Hemarried,eecondly,  in  January 
1676,  Ann,  daughter  of  Andrew  Wanby  of 
Ayfordi  Gloucestershire!  and  widow  of  one 
€k>dsalve,  by  whom  he  had  issue  Susannah, 
Samuel  [q.  v.],  Rhoda,  and  Eliezer. 

He  published :  1. '  An  Answer  unto  Thirty 
Queeries  propounded  by  .  .  .  the  Quakers/ 
&c.,  1666,  4to  (publ.  on  7  Nov.)  2.  '  The 
Causes  and  Cure  of  the  Pestilence/  &c., 
1665, 4to. 

[The  Arraignment  and  Tr^l  irith  Lifo,  by  his 
son,  1718  (the  Trial  is  reprinted  in  Protestant 
Dissenters'  Magazine,  1794,  pp.  16d  sqj ;  Ret- 
liquise  Baxteriane,  1696,  iii.  199;  Calamy'a 
Account,  1713,  p.  7fi6 ;  Kennett*B  Compleat  His- 
tory, I7O6,  111.  428  sq. ;  Peircq*8  Vindication  of 
Dissenters,  1717.  p.  112;  Brook's  Lives  of  the 
Puritans,  1818,  iii.  534;  Wilson'ki  Dissenting 
Churches  of  London,  1814,  iv.  849  sq.;  Foster's 
Aluini  Ozoo.  1891»  iii.  1281.]  A.  Qv 


Rosier 


251 


Ross 


BOSnBR,  JAMES  (1576-1635)^  one  of 
the  earljBngliih  Toyagen  to  America,  bom 
in  1575,  aaifed  with  &rtholamew  Gk>Bnold 
fe.  T.l  OD  his  TC^age  to  New  England  in 
Maitii-Jnlj  16Q2,  and  with  Qeorge  Wey- 
mouth [q.  y.l  an  lua  Toyage  in  March-nJuiy 
1606.  Of  the  last  voyage  he  pnbliehed  in 
1005  <  A  True  Relation  of  Captain  Geoi^ge 
Waymonth  his  Voyaj|;e  made  thia  praeent 
Yesr,  ld06,  in  the  IKsco^ery  of  the  North 
Part  of  Yirginiak'  This  yoyage  waa  really 
made  to  the  coast  of  Maine.  Kosier's  account 
hM  been  three  times  remnted  in  America 
"-Wthe  Massachnaetts  historical  Society  in 
Idw.  by  G^eofge  Prince,  Maine,  in  1860,  and 
by  HeniT  Barrage  for  the  Qorffes  Society 
in  1887  (tlie  eompletest  edition).  Thou^n 
writing  aoenxately  and  carefully,  Hosier 
epttkasome  what  obscurely  of  the  localities 
Tuited  by  Weymouth,  in  order  that  foreig]a 
nayigaiorB  might  not  profit  too  mttch  by  his 
narration. 

Rosier  is  said  by  Pnrchas  (iy.  pp»  1646- 
165S)  to  haye  akio  written  an  acconnt  of 
Goenold's  yoyage  and  presented  it  to  Walter 
Sakigfa,  bat  t£s  is  a  mistake,  as  the  trea- 
tise in  qneettoii  was  by  John  Brereton  (Bim- 
BAOE,  p.  87).    He  died  in  1685. 

fRoner's  True  Relation,  1600,  as  cited,  re- 
pQblished  in  Pmchas  IV ;  ef.  Borrage's  edition 
of  1887 ;  Brown's  Genesis  ef  Xr.8.A.  pp.  26-7, 
36, 829,  088,  1009.]  0.  R.  B. 

BOSS,  ihjxs  (fF.  [See  Stewabt,  James, 
U76.M604,  archbishop  of  St.  Andrews.] 

BOSS,  Eabls  ot.  rSee  Macdoitald, 
BosALDf  ninth  earl,  d,  1420  P ;  MAODOiTAtD, 
AuzAiTDBB,  tenth  earl,  d,  1449;  Mac- 
DOVALD,  Jomr,  eleyenth  earl,  d,  1498  P] 

BOSS,  MOTHER  (1667-1789),  female 
soldier.    [See  DAyiBS,  Chbibtiav.J 

BOBS,  ALEXANDER  (1691-1664),  mis- 
cellaaeoQS  writer,  bom  at  Aberdeen  1  Jan. 
1990-1  {Shane  MS.  966,f.  192)^8eeps  to  haye 
entered  King's  College,  Aberdeei^  in  1604 
(Fasti  Merd.  Spalding  Qnb,  p.  460).  In 
1641  he  said  he  had  studied  diyinily  thirty- 
six  years.  About  1616  he  sncoeeded  Thomas 
Pkd[er  in  the  mastership  of  the  free  school 
It  Sonthampteii  (Wood,  Athena  Oxen,  ed. 
BJiflB,  u.  24l3f  an  appointment  which  he  owed 
to  Edward  Seymonr,  earl  of  Hertford.  By 
1623  he  had  been  appointed,  through  Land^s 
influence,  one  of  CSuirles  Fs  chaplains,  and  in 
that  year  appeared  'The  First  and  Second 
Bo(^  of  Questions  and  Answers  upon  the 
Book  of  GenestSy  by  Alexander  Ross  of  Abeiv 
(ieni,  preacher  at  St.  Muy's,  near  South- 
ampton, and  one  of  hia  ilinesty's  Cbaplains.' 
la  the  dedication  of  'Mel  Helioonium* 
(164^  to  William,  munpuB  cS  Hertford, 


Ross  spoke  of  that  nobleman's  grandfather 
as  'the  thie  Mttoenas  of  mj  young  Muse 
whilst  he  liyed.'  In  the  same  year,  in  the 
preface  to  a  sermon,  'God*s  House  made 
a  den  of  thieyes,'  preached  at  Southampton, 
he  said  he  had  spent  almost  twenty-six 
years  there,  diligently  and  inoffensiyely,  and 
was  now  about  to  depart  from  them.  He 
was  made  yioar  of  Oarisbrooke,  Isle  of  Wight, 
by  Charles  I,  being  the  last  yicar  presented 
before  the  patronage  passed  to  Queen's  Ck)l- 
le^e,  Oxford  (Woodwaud,  History  o/Hamp- , 
ehtre,  ii.  860),  In  '  Pansebeia,  or  a  View  of 
all  Religions  in  the  World  .  .  .  together 
with  a  discoyery  of  all  known  Heresies' 
(7  June  1668),  R^oss  gaye  a  list  of  his  books, 
past  and  to  come.  He  died  in  1654  at 
BramshilL  where  he  was  liying  with  Sir 
Andrew  Henley,  and  in  the  neighbouring 
Eyersley  church  there  are  two  tablets  to  his 
memory,  one  on  the  chancel  wall,  and  one 
on  the  floor  oyer  the  graye,  with  a  punning 
inscription  by  himself,  for  which  he  left  direc- 
tions m  his  will  (P.  C.  C,  98  Alchin),  made 
on  21  Feb.  1668-4.  Ross  left  to  the  town 
of  Southampton  62/.,  the  interest  to  go  to 
the  schoolmaster.  The  interest  of  60/.  was 
to  ^Q  to  the  poor  householders  of  All  Saints' 
pansh,  Southampton,  and  26/.  was  left  to 
the  parish  of  Carisbrooke  for  the  poor.  The 
senate  of  Aberdeen  Uniyersity  receiyed  200/. 
for  the  maintenance  of  two  poor  scholars, 
and  60/.  for  two  poor  men  in  the  hospital. 
Besides  small  legacies,  100/.  was  left  to 
each  of  his  brother  George's  four  daughters, 
and  700/.  to  his  nephew,  William  Ifoss,  to 
be  laid  out  on  Suffield  Parm.  The  uniyer^ 
sity  libraries  at  Oxford  and  Cambridge  re- 
ceiyed legacies,  and  Ross's  books  were  left 
to  his  friend  Henley,  who  was  an  executor 
and  guardian  to  the  nephew,  William  Ross. 
Ross  wished  his  sermons  and  manuscripts  to 
be  printed.  Echard  says  he  died  yery  rich. 
In  the  library  at  BramshiU  the  executor  is 
said  to  haye  found,  mostly  between  the  pages 
of  the  books,  1,000/.  in  gold  (Woop,  AthenxB 
Oxen,  ii  241). 

Among  Ross's  friends  and  patrons  were 
Lord  R(Kikingham,  the  Earl  of  Thanet,  the 
Earl  of  Arundel  and  Surrey^  and  John 
Eyelyn,  who  twice  mentions  the  old  '  histo- 
rian and  poet '  (Diary,  11  July  1649, 1  Feb. 
1662-8).  Two  of  his  letters  are  in  Byelyn's 
'  Correspondence '  (iii.  66-7) ;  and  his  corre- 
spondence with  Henry  Oxenden  IQ'V.I  in 
English  and  Latin,  is  in  the  British  Mu- 
seum (Addit.  MSS.  28001,  28008,  28009). 

Portraits  of  Ross  axe  prefixed  to  seyeral  of 
his  books.  One  by  P.  Lombart,  taken  at  the 
age  of  sixty-three,  is  in  'Pansebeia,  or  a  View 
of  all  Religions,'  1668;  another,  a  whole 


Ross 


aS« 


Ross 


length,  is  in  the  '  Muses'  Interpreter/  1647; 
and  a  third,  by  J.  Goddard,  in  the  *  Gontina- 
ation  of  Baleigh's  History/  fol.  1662. 

Boss  wrote  many  books,  mostly  Teij  smaU, 
in  Englifi^  and  Ijitin.  His  favourite  sub- 
jects were  theology,  history,  and  philosophy, 
and  he  produced  a  considerable  amount  pf 
verse.  He  is  now  remembered  best  by 
Butler's  couplet  {HudibrtUf  pt.  i.  canto  iL) : 

There  was  an  ancient  snge  philosopher 
That  had  read  Alexander  Boss  over. 

In  the  preface  to  the '  History  of  the  World,' 
Ross  said  that,  from  his  youth  up,  he  had 
been  '  more  conversant  amonff  the  dead  than 
the  living/  Unfortunately  for  himself,  he 
was  wont  to  pit  himself  against  greater 
writers,  including  Sir  Thomas  Browne,  Sir 
Kenelm  Digby,Hobbes,arid  Dr. Harvey;  and 
he  often  indulged  in  scurrility  in  his  argu- 
ments. His  most  ambitious  work,  *  The  His- 
tory of  the  World,'  the  second  part,  in  six 
books,  being  a  continuation  of  Sir  Walter 
Raleigh's  *  History  erf  the  World,'  1662,  fol., 
inevitably  invited  comparison,  not  to  Ross's 
advantage,  with  Raleigh's  book. 

Ross's  works  not  already  described  were : 

I .  *  Rerum  Judaicarum  Memorabilium  libri 
tres,'  1617-19,  12mo.  2.  'Tonsor  ad  cutem 
rasam,'  1627,  8vo.  S.  '  Three  Decades  of 
Divine  Meditations,  whereof  each  one  con- 
taineth  three  parts,  (1)  History,  (2)  an 
AUegoxy,  (3)  a  Praver.  With  a  commenda- 
tion of  the  private  Country  Life/ 1630, 12mo. 
4.  *  Rerum  Judaicarum  Memorabilium  libri 
quatuor/  1632,  4to.  6.  'Commentum  de 
Terra  Motu  Circulari/  1634,  4to.  6. 'Vir- 
gilius  Evangelizans '  (Christ's  history  in 
Virgil's  words),  1634,  8vo;  Lauder  ac- 
cused Milton  of  plagiarising  from  this  book. 
7.  'Poemata'  (in  Johnston's  'Delici®  Poe- 
tarum  Scotorum'),  1637,  12mo.  8.  'Mel 
Heliconium,  or  Poetical  Honey  gathered  out 
of  the  Weeds  of  Parnassus;  with  Meditations 
in  Verse/  1642, 12mo.  9.  '  The  PhilosoiM- 
cal  Touchstone,  or  Observations  upon  Sir 
Kenelm  Digby's  Discourses/  27  June  1646, 
4to.    10.  '  Medicus  Medicatus/  1646, 12mo. 

II.  'A  Centurie  of  Divine  Meditations  upon 
Predestination  and  its  Adiuncts/ 1646, 12mo. 
12.  '  The  Picture  of  the  Conscience  drawn  to 
the  Life/  20  Oct.  1646, 12mo.  13. '  GoUoquia 
Plautina  Viginti,'  1646,  12mo.  14.  'The 
New  Planet  no  Planet,'  1646-7, 4to.  16. '  Gno- 
mologicon  Poeticum/ 1647, 1 2mo.  16. '  Mys- 
tagogus  Poeticus,  or  the  Muses'  Interpreter/ 
1647,  8vo.  17.  <Isagoge  Grammatica,'  1648, 
12mo.  18. '  The  Alcoran  of  Mahomet  trans- 
lated (from  the  French  version  of  Andr6  da 
Ryer,  1649) ...  [at  end]  A  needful  Caveat  or 
Admonition/ by  Ross,  1649, 4to.  19.'Wolle- 


bius's  Abridgment  of  Christian  Divinity/ 
translated  by  Ross,  and  enlarged,  1660,  Svo. 

20.  *  Morellus's  Enchiridion  duplex.  Hoc  ab 
A.  Rossso  . . .  concinnatum/  £c,  1660,  8vo» 

21.  *  The  Marrow  of  History,  or  an  Epitome 
of  Sir  Walter  Raleigh/ 1660, 12mo.  22. « Ar- 
cana Microcosmi,  or  the  hid  Secrets  of  Man's 
Body  f  with  a  Refutation  of  Dr.  Browne  s 
Vulgar  Errors,' 3  June  1661, 13mo;  enlarged 
edit.,  with  replies  to  Harvey,  Bacon,  &c.y 
31  May,  1662,  8vo.  23.  '  Leviathan  drawn 
out  with  a  Hook/  26  Jan.  1663,  12mo. 
24.  'Animadversions  on  Sir  Walter  Ra- 
leigh's "  Hi8toi7,'"  (1663),  12mo.  26. /Pan- 
sel^Bia.  or  a  View  of  all  Religions  in  the 
World  . . .  together  with  a  Discovery  of  all 
known  Heresies/ 7  June  1663;  often  re- 
printed. 26,  'Huish's  Florilegium  Phrasi- 
con,  or  a  Survey  of  the  Latin  Tongue,'  en- 
laijged  by  Ross,  1659,  8vo.  27.  *  Virgilius 
Triumphans/  Rotterdam,  1661, 12mo,  with 
dedication  to  Charles  II  by  Ross's  brother, 
George  Ross.  The  exact  dates  of  publica- 
tion are  often  given  in  the  copies  in  the 
British  Museum. 

The  author  is  sometimes  confused  with 
Alexander  Ross,D.D.  (d.  1639),  an  episcopal 
minister  at  Aberdeen. 

[Authorities  cited;  James  Brace's  Lives  of 
Eminent  Men  of  Aberdeeo,  1841,  pp.  22d--5I  ; 
Lowndes's  Bibl.  Mao. ;  Granger'B  Biogr.  Hist. ; 
Park's  Censura  Literaria,  vol.  iv. ;  Thomson's 
Diet,  of  EmioeDt  Scotsmen ;  Kotes  and  Qaeriea, 
2Dd  ser.  viii.  344,  z.  112.]  G.  A.  A. 

ROSS  or  ROSE,  ALEXANDER  (1647?- 
1720),  bishop  of  Edinburgh,  second  son  of 
Alexander  Ross  {d»  1678),  afterwards  mini* 
ster  of  Monymusk,  Aberdeenshire,  was  bom 
at  Kinnaimey,  Aberdeenshire,  about  1647. 
His  father,  the  elder  brother  of  Arthur  Roes 

Sc^.  v.],  married  Anna,  second  daughter  of 
bhn^orbes of  BalflingCorsendae,  by  whom 
he  had  ten  children.  Rose  graduated  M.A. 
at  Kin^s  College,  Aberdeen,  on  2  July 
1667.  He  then  seems  to  have  gone  to  Glaa* 
gow,  where  his  uncle  Arthur  was  beneficed. 
Here  he  attended  (1669-1670)  the  divinity 
lectures  of  Gilbert  Burnet  [q.  v.]  He  was 
licensed  by  Glasgow  presbytery  in  1670, 
and,  having  been  ordained  in  October  1672^ 
he  was  admitted  on  14  Dec.  to  the  second 
charge  in  the  Old  Church  of  Perth.  In 
1678  he  was  translated  to  the  first  charge. 
He  was  poor,  and  had  to  aid  in  the  support 
of  his  father's  family,  seven  of  whom  were 
unprovided  for.  On  7  May  1683  he  was  de- 
mitted  from  Perth,  having  been  elected  to 
the  divinity  chair  at  Glasgow.  From  thia 
point  his  preferments  were  rapid.  He  was 
soon  promoted  to  be  principal  of  St.  Mary's 
College,  St.  Andrew's,  and  madeD.D.  On  the 


Ross 


^53 


Ross 


deatli  (11  Not.  1686)  of  Colin  Falconer, 
bishop  of  Moray,  Rose  was  nominated  by 
the  hng  (17  Dec.)  as  his  auooeasor.  The 
patent  was  issued  on  7  April  1687,  and  Rose 
was  consecrated  at  St.  Andrews  on  11  May. 
fie  held  m  eammendam,  as  Falconer  ^d 
done,  the  first  charge  in  the  collegiate  church 
of  Elgin.  The  see  of  Edinburgh  had  been 
Tscated  by  the  nomination  (21  Jan.  1687)  of 
John  Paterson  (1632-1708)  [q.  v.]  to  the 
srchbidiopric  of  Glasgow,  in  the  place  of 
Alexander  Caimcroes  [q.  ▼.]  arbitrarily  de- 
pHTed.  At  the  instance  of  Colin  Lindsa;^, 
third  earl  of  Balcarres  [q.  t.].  Hose  was  nomi- 
nated in  the  conffS  dTSlire  for  Edinburgh. 
When  the  chapter  met  (22  Dec.)  for  the 
election,  several  members,  headed  by  Andrew 
Cant  (d,  1730),  minister  of  Trinity  collegiate 
ohuTch,  and  grandson  of  Andrew  Cant  [q.  v.], 
declared  that  they  elected  Rose  only  in  com- 
pliance with  the  royal  mandate.  He  was 
appointed  on  22  Jan.  1688. 

With  the  fall  of  James  II,  Rose  became 
an  imnortant  figure  in  ecclesiastical  politics. 
On  «S  Aov.  1688  the  Scottish  bishops  met  at 
Edinburgh,  and  drew  up  a  loyal  address  to 
the  king.  A  month  later  they  commissioned 
Rose,  with  Andrew  Bruce  {d,  1700),  bishop 
of  Orkney,  to  go  up  to  London  in  support  of 
James*8  cause,  and  to  confer  with  Sancrofb  on 
the  position  of  aflairs.  Bruce*8  illness  caused 
some  delay.  Rose  took  the  journey  alone,  and, 
reaching  London,  found  that  James  had  fled. 

Rose  8  account  of  the  negotiations  that 
followed  is  ^venin  his  letter  of  October  1713 
to  the  nonjuring  bishop,  Archibald  Camp- 
bell {d.  1744)  (q.  v.]  He  acted  with  un- 
blemished propriety,  bat  he  was  not  the  man 
to  cope  with  the  crisis.  His  position  was 
isolated,  and  in  the  absence  of  instructions 
he  would  not  speak  for  bis  party.  The  pres- 
brterian  interest  was  in  the  strong  hands  of 
William  Carstares  [q.  v.],  whom  he  does  not 
Kem  to  have  approached.  Sancroft  told  him 
the  English  bisuops  were  too  much  perplexed 
about  their  own  situation  to  be  able  to  ad- 
Ti<e  others.  Francis  Turner,  bisliop  of  Ely, 
did  all  he  could  for  him.  William  Lloyd 
(1627-1717)  [q.  v.J  bishop  of  St.  Asaph, 
thoogh  a  personal  friend,  showed  him  no 
sympathy.  Hearing  of  the  Cameron ian  out- 
breaJE  at'Christmas  in  the  west  of  Scotland, 
Rose  sought  the  interposition  of  William, 
through  Burnet,  who  told  him  that  he  '  did 
not  meddle  with  Scottish  aflairs.'  Henry 
Compton  (1632-1713)  [q.  ▼.],  bishop  of  Lon- 
don, counselled  a  direct  address  to  William. 
The  same  advice  was  urged  by  George  &(ac- 
henzie,  riseonnt  Tarbat  [q.  v.],  and  other 
Scottish  peers.  It  would  have  been  neces- 
saiy  to  congratulate  William  on  coming  to 


deliver  the  country  from  '  poperr  and 
slavery.'  Rose  neither  felt  authorisejl  to  do 
this,  nor  did  it  fiall  in  with  his  own  scruples. 
After  the  vote  of  abdication  (28  Jan.  1689) 
he  was  for  returning  at  once  to  Scotland, 
when  he  found  a  pass  from  William  was 
neceasaiy.  Compton  undertook  to  introduce 
him  to  William.  He  was  accompanied  to 
Whitehall  by  Sir  (George  Mackensie  of  Rose- 
haugh  [q.  v.],  who  suggested  a  deputation 
from  the  Scottish  nobility  and  gentry  to 
wait  upon  William  in  the  episcopalian  in- 
terest. William  declined  to  see  more  than 
two,  lest  the  preebyterians  should  take  um- 
brage. At  the  same  time  he  intimated  to 
Rose,  through  Compton,  that  he  understood 
that  the  bulk  of  the  Scottish  nobility  and 
gentry  were  for  episcopacy.  Next  day  Rose 
was  admitted  to  see  WilUam,  who  hoped  he 
would  be  'kind'  to  him  'and  follow  the 
example  of  England.'  Rose  answered,  '  Sir, 
I  will  serve  you  so  far  as  law,  reason,  or 
conscience  will  allow  me.'  Upon  this, '  in- 
stantlv  the  prince,  without  saymg  any  more, 
turned  away  from  me  and  went  oack  to  his 
company.'  The  opportunitv  was  lost.  Wil- 
liam Douglas,  third  duke  of  Hamilton  [q.  v.], 
who  presided  at  the  Scottish  convention  of 
estates,  told  Rose  from  William  that 
'  nothing  should  be  done  to  the  prejudice  of 
episcopacy  in  Scotland,  in  case  the  bishops 
could  by  anv  means  be  brought  to  befriend 
his  interest.  At  the  opening  of  the  conven- 
tion (14  March  1689)  Rose  prayed  for  the 
safety  and  restoration  of  King  James,  a  pro- 
ceeding rebuked  by  resolution  of  the  house. 
He  did  not  sign  the  declaration  (16  March) 
that  the  convention  was  a  free  and  lawful 
meeting.  The  declaration  (11  April)  against 
prelacy  was  followed  (13  April)  by  the 
enactment  enjoining  all  ministers  to  pray 
for  William  and  Mary.  Refusing  to  transfer 
their  allegiance,  the  Scottish  bishops  no 
longer  took  their  seats  in  the  convention, 
which  became  a  parliament  on  5  June.  The 
act  for  the  abolition  of  prelacy  was  passed 
on  22  July  1689 ;  that  for  establishing  pres- 
byterian  government  on  7  June  1690. 

"  The  deprived  bishops  made  no  attempt  to 
maintain  their  diocesan  jurisdiction,  but 
they  remained  faithful  to  their  order,  with 
the  exception  of  John  Gordon  (1644-1726) 

iq.  v.],  the  last  survivor  of  the  deprived 
uerarchy,  who  left  the  country,  and  ulti- 
mately became  a  Roman  catholic.  Of  the 
thirteen  others,  only  five  were  left  at  the  death 
(18  June  1704)  of  the  primate,  Arthur  Ross. 
At  this  juncture  the  surviving  bishops 
(practically  four,  as  William  Hav  (^.  1707), 
bishop  of  Moray,  was  paralysed)  resolved 
upon  continuing  the  episcopal  order  by  con« 


Ro3S 


«54 


Ross 


seerating  t^wo  eleigyiiieii  selected  bj  then^ 
aelvety  and  without  eonveyaaee  ofTiuiBdio- 
tioa  or  aflsignmoiiii  of  dioeeflos.  It  seemfl 
doubtful  whetlier  Qwm  Haliburton  (1628- 
1715}  [q^  Y.^  bishop  of  Aberdeen,  took  any 
part  in  this  measure.  John  Sage  [q.  v.]  and 
John  FuUarton  {d.  1727)  were  c(Hisecrated| 
withgresA  privacy,  on  25  Jan.  1705,  hf  Arch- 
bishop Paterson,  Rose,  and  Sobetrt  Bouglas 
(1625-1716),  bidiop  of  Dunblane,  in  an  ora- 
tory within  Paterson's  house  at  Edinburgh. 
Bose^  in  the  deed  of  Sage's  consecration, 
describes  himself  as  vicaz^neral  of  St. 
Andrews  ('sedis  Sancti  Andre»  nunc  ya- 
cantis  vicarii'),  a  claim  which  was  not  in 
accordance  with  ancient  right.  The  yicarial 
powers  of  jurisdiction  were  exercised  during 
a  yacancy  by  the  dean  and  chapter  of  St. 
Andrews,  and  hy  statute  of  1617  the  bishop 
of  Dunkeld  was  yiear-general  iar  convening 
the  electing  clergy.  The  statement  that  Rose 
further  assumed  the  title  of  '  primus  Scotiie 
episcopus '  is  dismissed  by  Gmib  as  ground- 
less. On  Paterson's  death  he  had  precedence 
of  the  remaining  bishops,  and  the  death  of 
Douglas  left  him  the  sole  prelate  with  right 
of  jurisdiction.  Hence  he  virtually  possessed 
<  an  ecclesiastical  authority  in  his  own  com- 
munion unlike  anything  which  had  been 
known  in  Scotland  since  the  time  of  the  first 
successors  of  St.  Columba'  (Gwyi).  Hej^ur- 
sued  the  nolicy  of  consecrating  bisnops  with- 
out jurisoiction,  presiding  at  the  consecrar 
tion,  on  28  June  1709,  of  John  Falconer  (d. 
1723)  and  Henry  Christie  (A  1718)  in 
Douglas's  house  at  Dundee.  Tne  subsequent 
consecrations  of  Archibald  Campbell  (d, 
1744)  [q.  v.]  at  Dundee,  1711,  in  which  Rose 
took  part,  and  of  James  Gadderar  [q.  v.]  in 
London,  1712,  which  Rose  promoted,  exhibit 
his  strong  sympathies  with  the  English  non- 
jurors, ^ose  episcopal  succession  was  con- 
tinued by  help  of  Campbell  and  Qadderar. 
When  asked  by  Oxfora  divines,  in  1710, 
whether  the  Scottish  bishops  were  in  com- 
munion with  the  established  church  of  Ex^- 
land,  he  characteristicaUy  replied  that  he 
could  give  no  answer  *  without  a  previous 
conference  with  my  brethren.' 

Neither  on  occasion  of  the  union  (1707) 
nor  of  the  rebellion  of  1716  did  Rose  emerge 
into  public  politics.  His  quiet  life  was  &• 
voted  to  his  clerical  duties.  He  seems  never 
to  have  used  the  Book  of  Common  Prayer 
in  his  public  services,  though  its  use  was 
legalised  by  the  Toleration  Act  of  1712. 
James  Gbeenshields  (not  a  nonjuror),  who 
in  1710  incurred  a  prosecution  for  intro- 
ducing the  English  prayer-book  at  his  chapel 
in  ££nburgh,  was  not  licensed  by  Rose. 
When  consulted  by  Falconer  about   the 


validity  of  baptism  by  deigymea  not  ept* 
Bcopally  ordainedy  he  decliiMd  (July  1713) 
to  express  an  opinion,  reoommendinf  condi- 
tional baptism  if  any  doubted  the  validity  of 
their  previous  baptism.  In  the  admiaiBtrft- 
tion  01  theeuchanst  (held  usually  in  private) 
he  used  the  English  communion  office.  When 
in  1712  Geoige  Seton,  fifth  earl  of  Wintoiuif 
reprinted  the  Scottish  office,  and  introduced 
it  in  his  chapel  at  Tranent,  it  was  against 
the  strong  remonstrances  of  Rose.  Led  by 
Falconer  jhe  restored  the  rite  of  confirmation, 
practically  disused  in  Scotland  since  the  le- 
formation.  His  last  important  official  act 
was  to  preside  at  the  consecration  in  Edin- 
burgh (22  Oct.  1718)  of  Arthur  Millar  {i. 
1727)  and  WiUiam  Irvine  (d.  1725).  Rose 
died  of  apoplexy  at  Edinburgh  on  20  March 
1720,  in  his  seventy-'fourth  year,  and  was 
buried  amid  the  ruins  of  Restaln^  church, 
near  Edinbur^^h,  a  religious  ecUfice  dismantled 
by  authority  m  1560  as  a  monument  of  ido- 
latry, and  used  as  a  burial-place  b^  episco- 
palians, a  service  at  the  grave  being  pro^ 
hibited  in  the  city  churchyards. 

In  person  Rose  was  tall  and  graceful.  He 
was  a  man  of  character,  accomplishment,  and 
respectable  abilities,  but  of  no  great  sagacity. 
Perhaps  it  was  well  for  the  peaceful  conduct 
of  affairs  that  those  who  opposed  the  pres- 
byterian  settlemMit  had  no  more  formiaable 
ecclesiastic  than  Rose  to  direct  them.  So 
long  as  he  lived,  the  studious  moderation  of 
his  personal  bearing  preserved  the  waitj  of 
his  communion ;  but  his  policy  of  creating 
bishops  at  large,  dictated  no  doubt  by  a 
scrupulous  reverence  for  the  royal  right  of 
nomination  to  sees,  proved  a  legacy  of  divi- 
sion and  strife. 

He  published  only  'A  Sermon  [Acts  xxvi 
28]  preached  before  .  .  .  the  Lords  Com- 
missioners of  His  Majesties  •  .  .  Privy 
Counsel,  at  Glasgow,'  &c.,  Glasgow,  1684, 
4to. 

[Hew  Scott's  Fasti  Eccles.  Scotio.;  Keith's 
Historical  Cat.  (Russell),  1824;  Lathhury's 
Hist  of  thcNoDJuzors,  1846.  pp.  412-^6 ;  Grub's 
Eccles.  Hist,  of  Scotland,  1861,  iii.  284  seq.l 

A.  6. 

BOSS,  ALEXANDER  (1699-1784), 
Scottish  poet,  bom  on  13  April  1699  m  the 
parish  of  Kincardine  O'Neil,  Aberdeenshire, 
was  the  son  of  a  fSarmer,  Andrew  Boss. 
After  four  years'  study  at  the  parochial 
school  under  Peter  Beid,  Ross  obtamed  a 
bursary  at  Marischal  College  in  November 
17U,  and  in  1718  he  graduated  M.  A  For 
some  time  afterwards  he  was  tutor  to  the 
family  of  Sir  William  Forbes  of  Craigievar 
and  Fintray,  who  promised  him  his  help  if 
he  went  into  the  church.     Rosa  did  no^ 


Ross 


«5S 


Ross 


howetvtr,  fsel  himself  w<Mrthgr  of  fhe  office 
of  a  deimum^  and  on  leaving  Sir  William 
Forbea'f  mmilj  he  tau^t  in  me  schools  at 
Aboyoe  and  ijanrenoekirk.    In  1726  he  mar- 
ried Jane^  daughter  of  Charles  Catanach,  a 
iiroier  in  the  parish  of  Logie-Ooldstone. 
Thov^  a  Roman  oatholio,  she  allowed  all 
her  (£ildren  to  be  hrooght  m  as  protestants. 
Is  17S2y  by  the  help  of  Alexander  Garden 
of  Troupe  Ross  obtained  the  position  of  sehool- 
mastor  at  Lochlee,  An^»  where  he  spent 
the  r^nainder  of  his  life;    His  income  did 
not  exceed  20/.  a  year,  but  he  had  also  a 
glebe.    Besides  being  sohoolmaster,  he  was 
MBsion-elerky  precentor,  and  notary  public ; 
and,  in  spite  at  difficulties  of  which  he  com- 
pkuM,  he  made  many  interesting  notes  of 
psiish  incidents  in  the  Lochlee  regirters 
iJBKviBB,  Land  of  the  Lmdwys,  1862,  p.  76). 
Throuf^out  his  life  Ross  was  ^nd  of 
whting  Terse  for  his  own  amusement ;  and 
•t  lei^th  he  placed  in  the  hands  of  Dr. 
BsAttie,  whose  father  he  had   known  at 
Laaieneekirk,  a  number  of  manusoriptSi  of 
some  of  which  copies  had  been  widely  circu- 
latedy  chiefly  on  religious  subjects.    Beattie, 
who  compares  him  to  Sir  Richard  Black- 
more  for  yoluminousness,  describes  him  as 
'a  ffood-humouredi  socin!,  happy  old  man, 
mojest  without  dlownishness,  and   lively 
without  petulance '  (Fobbbb,  I^e  ofBeattiey 
L 119).    The  poems  which  Beattie  zecom- 
meudedfor  publication  were '  The  Fortunate 
Sh^erdeasy'  a  pastoral  tale  in  three  cantos, 
and  a  few  songs,  includinff  *  The  Rock  and 
the  wee  Pickle  Tow  *  and '  Woo'd  and  married 
sad  aV  and  these  appeared  at  Aberdeen  in 
1768,  by  subscription.    Ross  obtained  about 
20iL  profit  from  the  book,  a  much  larger  sum 
than  he  had  hoped  for.    Beattie  contributed 
to  the  iFolume  some  yonses  to  Ross  in  the 
Scottish  dialect,  and  wrote  a  letter  in  liie 
'Aberdeen  Journal'  to  draw  notice  to  the 
book. 

Ten  yearn  passed  before  a  seooiod  edition 
of  '  The  Fortunate  Shepherdess '  was  called 
in,  Ross  carefully  revised  the  poem ;  and 
whfle  it  waa  going  through  the  press  Beattie 
ient  the  anthor  an  invitation  from  the  Duke 
and  Duchess  of  Gtwdon  to  visit  them  at 
Gordon  Gastle.  The  poet,  now  eighty  years 
old,  accepted  the  invitation,  and  dedicated 
hia  new  edition  to  the  dudbess,  who  ffave 
him,  at  the  condnsion  of  his  visit,  apoocet- 
book  containing  fifteen  guineas.  The  Earl 
of  Xorthesk,  the  Earl  of  Fanmure,  and  other 
difitingniahea  persons  visited  Ross  when  in 
ths  nsd^boiuH^Ood.  His wifedied  on 5  May 
1779,  aged  77.  Ross,  tended  by  his  second 
daughte,  a  widow,  Uved  tai  20  May  1784. 
He  was  buried  at  Lochlee  on  26  May.   Two 


sons  had  died  young;  four  dau^t^a  anr- 
vived  him. 

Bums  wrote,  '  Our  true  brother  Ross  of 
Lochlee  was  a  wild  warlock,'  one  of  the 
'  suns  of  the  morning ; '  and  he  said  that  he 
would  not  for  anySiing  that  'The  Fortu- 
nate Shepherdess'  should  be  lost.  Dr. 
Blacklock  and  John  Pinkerton  were  loud  in 
their  praise,  and  the  poem  was  for  many 
years,  and  indeed  is  still,  very  popular  in 
the  north  of  Scotland.  The  Buchan  dialect 
in  which  it  is  written  will  repel  readers  of 
the  south  ;  and  the  text  of  most  editions,  in- 
cluding that  edited  in  1812  by  Ross's  ffrand- 
son — ^the  Rev.  Alexander  Thomson  of  Len- 
thrathan — ^is  very  corrupt.  The  poem  abounds 
in  weak  lines,  and  tne  plot  is  not  very 
happy.  But  though  the  whole  is  very  in- 
ferior to  its  model — Allan  Ramsay's '  Gentle 
Shepherd ' — ^it  contains  pleasant  descriptions 
of  country  life  and  scenery.  The  best  edition 
is  that  of  1866,  entitled  'Helenore,'  with 
introductory  matter  by  John  Longmuir, 
LLD. 

There  are  several  ehapbook  versions  of 
Ross's  work;  the  Dundee  edition  of  1812 
was  the  elffhth  in  number. 

Ross  left  several  manuscript  volumes  of 
verse,  several  of  which  seem  to  be  of  merit. 
They  include  *  The  Fortunate  Shepherd,  or 
the  Orphan,'  in  heroic  couplets;  'A  Dream, 
in  imitation  of  the  Oherry  and  Slae,'  1768 ; 
'Religious  Dialogues,'  1764;  a  translation 
of  Andrew  Ramsey's  'Creation;'  ^The 
Shaver,'  a  dramatic  piece ;  and  a  prose  '  Dia- 
logue of  the  Right  of  Government  among 
the  Scots.' 

[Lives  in  Longmuir's  edition,  1866,  and 
Thomson's,  1812;  Chambers's  Biogr.  Diet,  of 
Eminent  Scotsmen;  Campbell's  *  Introduction 
to  the  History  of  Poetry  in  Scotland,'  pp.  272« 
284 ;  JerFise's  Epitaphs  and  Inscriptions  in  the 
North-East  of  Scotland,  i.  127,  281,  289.] 

vT*   A.«   A* 

ROSS,  ALEXANDER  (174^-1827), 
general,  bom  in  Scotland  in  1742,  was 
the  youngest  of  the  five  sons  of  Ross  of 
Auchlossin.  He  entered  the  army  as  ensign 
in  the  60th  foot  (now  the  royal  West  Kent 
regiment)  in  February  1760.  Hewasgasetted 
lieutenant  in  the  l4th  foot  (now  the  West 
Yorkshire  regiment)  on  18  Sept.  1786.  After 
serving  in  Grermany  Ross  returned  to  Eng- 
Und  in  May  1776. 

Lieutenant  Ross  became  captain  on  SO 
May,  ttnd  served  with  distinction  throughout 
the  American  war  of  independence*  He  was 
aidende-camp  to  Lord  Gomwallts  [see  OoBir- 
WALLiSy  CHABLBSy  first  MABQiTisand  socond 
Eabl]  and  was  sent  home  by  him  with  the 
despatches  of  the  battle  of  Camden   on 


Ross 


256 


Ross 


16  Aug.  1780.  He  wu  made  major  in  the 
45th  foot  (now  the  Derbyshire  regiment)  on 
S6  Oct.  1780.  He  represented  Ix>rd  Gom- 
wallia  as  oommiasioner  in  arranging  the 
details  of  the  surrender  of  Yorktown.  In 
May  1782  he  was  sent  to  Paris  to  arrange 
for  the  exchange  of  Lord  Comwallis,  which 
was  only  effected  by  the  peace  of  20  Jan. 
1783.  In  August  1783  Ross  was  appointed 
deputy  adjutant-general  in  Sootlana,  with 
the  rank  of  lieutenant-colonel,  and  he  served 
in  a  similar  capacity  in  India  under  Lord 
Oomwallis.  He  became  colonel  on  12  Oct. 
17d3.  In  August  1794  he  went  with  Earl 
Spencer  and  Thomas  GreuTille  to  Vienna  on 
a  special  mission  to  arrange  that  Lord  Oom- 
wollis  should  command  the  allies  against  the 
French.  Their  efforts  were  unsuccessful. 
He  accompanied  Lord  Comwallis  as  major- 
general  to  Warley  camp  in  April  1795,  and 
two  months  later  was  nominated  surreyor- 
general  of  the  ordnance  in  succession  to  the 
Karl  of  Berkeley.  Koss,  who  was  promoted 
lieutenant-general  on  29  April  1802  andgene- 
rfd  on  1  Jan.  1812,  became  colonel  of  the  59th 
foot  (now  the  East  Lancashire  regiment) 
and  governor  of  Fort  George.  He  was  one 
of  the  most  intimate  friends  of  Lord  Corn- 
wallis,  whose  correspondence^  in  three 
^nolumeSi  was  edited  m  1859  by  his  son, 
Charles  Ross.  He  died  in  London  on  29  Nov. 
1827.  On  15  Oct.  1795  Ross  married  Isabella 
Barbara  Evelyn,  daughter  of  Sir  Robert 
Ounning,  hart. 

[Appleton'a  Cyc\.  vol.  v.;  Army  Lists;  Com- 
wallis CorrespoDdence.]  B.  H.  S. 

ROSS>  ALEXANDER  (1783-1856),  fur 
trader  and  author,  was  born  in  Nairnshire 
on  9  May  1783.  In  1S05  he  emigrated  to 
Canada,  and  was  for  some  years  engaged  in 
teaching  at  Glengarry,  Upper  Canada.  In 
1810  Ross  joined  the  first  expedition  for  pro- 
curing furs  which  was  sent  out  by  the  Pacitic 
Fur  Company.  This  company  was  founded 
by  J.  J.  Astor  to  contest  the  monopolv 
ill  therto  enjoyed  by  the  old-established  British 
North- West  Company.  It  was  agreed  that 
Ross  should  have  a  share  in  the  company 
At  the  end  of  three  years.  On  6  Sept.  he 
sailed  in  the  Tonquin  for  the  Columbia  river 
with  that  part  of  the  expedition  which  was 
to  proceed  by  sea.  During  a  dangerous 
voyage  the  Sandwich  Islands  were  visited 
for  provisions,  but  the  party  landed  safely 
in  Oregon  on  12  April  1811.  After  some 
ononths  spent  in  clearing  the  country,  As- 
toria was  founded  and  trading  operations 
commenced.  In  the  autumn  of  1811  Ross 
went  up  the  Columbia  river,  and  on  1 1  Sept., 
after  a  voyage  of  forty-two  days,  landed  at 


Oakinacken  in  the  region  of  Mount  Baker. 
He  was  left  in  charge  of  a  newly  founded 
settlement  there  for  188  days.  Thongh  he 
was  the  only  white  man  and  was  enrronnded 
by  Indians  of  very  uncertain  temperi  he  suc- 
ceeded in  procurinff  furs  and  peltries  to  the 
value  of  2,260/.  In  January  1812  he  was 
relieved,  and  on  6  May,  accompanied  by  a 
Canadian  and  an  Indian,  went  northwards; 
he  arrived  at  Astoria,  the  headquarters  of 
the  company,  on  14  June.  In  the  course  of 
the  year  he  had  travelled  3,355  miles. 

In  view  of  the  war  between  Great  Britain 
and  the  United  States,  and  the  neglect  and 
mismanagement  of  Astor,  it  was  determined 
to  abandon  the  enterprise,  of  which  Wash- 
ington Irving  published  in  his  '  Astoria '  an 
account  from  the  projector's  point  of  Tiew. 
On  12  Nov.  1813  Astoria  was  made  over 
to  the  old  North- West  Company,  "whose 
service  Ross  now  entered.  He  was  placed 
by  them  in  charge  of  his  former  post  at 
Oakinacken.  In  1818  he  was  given  command 
of  the  newly  established  fort  of  Nex  Percys. 
In  1821,  when  the  North- West  Company 
was  merffed  in  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company, 
he  joined  the  latter  for  two  jears.  In  1823 
he  visited  the  Snake  country  m  the  south-east 
of  the  Columbia  district,  and  reported  on  tbo 
trade  of  that  region.  He  returned  in  April 
1825,  and  in  the  summer  of  the  same  year 
obtained  a  g^ant  of  one  hundred  acres  in 
the  Red  River  Settlement  (now  Manitoba) 
by  the  influence  of  General  Simpson,  gover- 
nor of  Rupert's  Land.  Thither  he  mimited, 
and  was  followed  by  his  family.  When  in 
1835  the  Red  River  Settlement  was  acquired 
by  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company,  Ross  was 
named  one  of  the  council  and  sheriff  of 
Assiniboine,  the  capital  of  the  colony.  He 
took  a  prominent  part  in  its  organisation. 
He  died  at  Colony  Ghirdens  (now  in  Winni- 
peg, Manitoba)  on  23  Oct.  1856. 

K08S  published  in  England,  in  his  later 
years,  graphic  accounts  of  the  countries  he 
had  visited,  and  gave  much  valuable  infor- 
mation concerning  the  native  races.  The 
titles  of  Ross'spublications are :  1. '  Adven- 
tures of  the  First  Settlers  on  the  Oregon 
or  Columbia  River,  with  an  Account  of  some 
Indian  Tribes  on  the  Coast  of  the  Pacific,' 
1849.  2.  *Fur  Hunters  of  the  Far  West: 
a  Narrative  of  Adventures  in  the  Oregon 
and  Rockj  Mountains,'  1855,  2  vols. ;  and 
3. '  Red  River  Settlement :  its  Rise,  IVogress, 
and  Present  State,  with  some  Account  of  the 
Native  Races,'  &c.,  1856.  A  portrait  of 
Ross  is  prefixed  to  vol.  ii.  of  'The  Fur 
Hunters  of  the  Far  West.' 

His  son,  Jambs  Ross  (1835-1871),  bom  on 
9  May  1835,  was  educated  at  St.  John's 


Ross 


^57 


Ross 


College,  Bad  River,  and  at  Toronto  UniTer- 
sitTy  where  he  gradaated  with  honours  in 
18o7.  After  having  been  for  a  short  time 
assistant  master  in  Upper  Canada  Gollege, 
Toronto,  he  was  in  1869  appointed  post- 
master, 8heri£  and  governor  or  the  gaol  at 
Eed  River.  From  1800  to  1864  he  edited 
the '  Kor'-WesteT.'  He  also  for  a  time  con- 
ducted the  Hamilton '  Spectator/  contributed 
tothe Toronto*  Globe,'  and  was  admitted  to 
the  Manitoba  bar.  In  1870  he  was  chief- 
iustioe  of  Riel's  provisional  government  in 
Mulitobl^  and,  though  he  drew  up  the  peti- 
tion of  right,  exercised  a  moderating  in- 
fluence over  the  rebel  leader  [see  Kibl, 
Louis].    He  died  in  Winnipeg  on  20  Sept. 

[Washington  Ijmng^s  Astoria;  Alex.  Ross's 
Worb;  Appleton's  Gyd.  Amer.  Bto^r.  vol.  ▼.] 

0.  liB  G.  N. 

ROSS,  ANDREW  (1778-1812),  colonel, 
bom  it  the  manse  of  Soulseat,  inch,  near 
Stranzaer,  in  1778,  was  the  second  son  of 
Aninw  Boss  (1726-1787),  minister  of  Inch, 
of  tn  old  Wigtonahire  finmily,  by  his  first  wife 
ElixabeUi  (1744-1779),  daughter  of  Robert 
Conane,  provost  of  Dumfries.  Admiral  Sir 
John  Roai  [q.  v.]  was  a  vounger  brother. 
Andrew  Ross  was  educated  at  the  manse  by 
Peter  Fexgosson,  the  successor  of  his  father, 
who  died  on  14  Dec.  1787.  In  1783  an 
engigncy  in  the  60th  regiment  of  foot  had 
already  been  obtained  for  Andrew.  In 
Mftrch*  17^  he  was  ordered  to  join  the  66th 
K^nnent  as  ensign  at  Glasgow,  and  at  the 
end  of  December  1790  he  was  oitlered  to  the 
north  of  IreUmd,  where  serious  disturbances 
wens  imminent.  He  was  gazetted  lieutenant 
in  the  5oth  Westmorland  regiment  of  foot 
00  21  May  1791.  At  the  end  of  1792  he  was 
at  Stranraer  with  the  design  of  raising  an  in- 
de^dent  company  of  foot.  In  this  he  was 
uii^ted  by  Major  Alexander  Boss  (1742- 
lB27)rq.  v.],  an  officer  of  the  14th  regiment, 
vho  obtained  the  king's  consent  under  certain 
conditionB.  Gaptain  Ross  and  his  company, 
of  whichhe  wasg^azetted  captain  on  21  April 
1798,  were  then  attached  to  the  2drd  r^- 
QKnt  in  Ireland.  War  had  been  declared  with 
Fnnee  in  February  1793,  and  on  12  March 
^"^  George  III  issued  to  Boss  a  'beating 
^r/i.e. leave  to  enlist  recruits  'by  beat 
of  drums  or  otherwise.'  He  was  promoted 
JOMJjor  on  12  June  1794.  In  October  following 
^  was  appointed  to  a  company  in  the  95th 
Rgiment,  fiir  which  he  haa  raised  many  re- 
cnits.  He  was  one  of  the  first  volunteers 
ia  November  1794,  and  was  attached  to  the 
^  footat  Portamouth,  but  was  not  sent  on 
ictiye  service.  In  May  1795  he  accepted  the 

tOL  XVII. 


appointment  of  aide-de-camp  to  General  Sir 
Hew  Whitefoord Dalrymple  [q. v.Tin Guern- 
sey, but  resiffned  in  April  1797.  He  was  ap- 
pointed to  tne  Reay  fencibles,  and  was  sent 
to  Maynooth  and  Longford  in  view  of  the 
disturbances  in  Ireland.  Here  he  came  intb 
contact  with  Sir  John  Moore,  then  command- 
ing the  troops  in  Ireland,  and  a  warm  friend- 
ship ensued.  Ross  left  Ireland  in  the  winter 
of  1799  to  command  the  second  battalion  of 
the  54th  regiment,  which  was  present  at 
Aboukir.  He  wasgazetted  lieutenant-colonel 
on  1  Jan.  1800.  In  1802  his  regiment,  with 
several  others  which  had  been  in  action 
itfainst  Napoleon,  was  sent  to  Gibraltar* 
Here  Ross  rendered  great  service  in  sup- 
pressing the  mutinv  of  the  artificers,  the 
royals,  and  the  25th  regiment,  who  antici- 
pated the  passive  assistance  of  the  oueen's, 
the  8th,  and  the  23rd  regiments.  Tne  plot 
aimed  at  seising  the  person  of  the  Duke  of 
Kent,  then  commanding  the  garrison,  and  at 
taking  him  on  board  a  vessel.  The  attempt 
failed,  and  the  duke  wrote  on  SO  April  1806, 
on  the  eve  of  his  departure,  to  express  his 
high  appreciation  of  the  services  of  Colonel 
Ross  and  of  his  regiment,  the  54th,  which 
had  taught  the  world  that  Irishmen  could, 
after  all,  be  as  loyal  as  any  other  subjects  of 
the  king.  Ross  in  a  letter  to  Sir  John  Moore 
gave  the  most  complete  extant  account  of  the 
Gibraltar  mutiny.  In  September  1809  Ross 
was  obliged  to  take  a  vovage  to  Madeira  on 
account  of  ill-health.  On  25  Oct.  he  was 
made  colonel,  and  on  27  Oct.  the  Earl  of 
Suffolk  wrote  that  Sir  David  Dundas  had 
received  the  king's  command  to  appoint 
him  aide-de-camp  to  the  king.  Ross  aied  of 
fever  at  Garthagena  in  1812,  at  the  age  of 
thirty-nine. 

[Army  Lists ;  Andrew  Boss  Papers.] 

B.  H.  St 

ROSS,  ARTHUR  (<2.  1704),  archbishop 
of  St.  Andrews,  was  son  of  John  Ross  or 
Rose,  parson  of  Birse,  Aberdeenshire,  by 
Elisabeth  Wood;  his  grandfather,  one  of 
the  famous  'Aberdeen  doctors,'  was  de» 
scended  from  the  Roses  of  Kilravock,  Nairn- 
shire. Arthur  Rosss  brother,  minister  of 
Monymusk,  was  father  of  Alexander  Rose 
[q.  v.],  bishop  of  Edinburgh.     The  future 

Erimate  was  educated  at  St.  Andrews, 
censed  by  the  presbytery  of  Gariochin  1655, 
and  ordained  and  admitted  in  the  following 
year  to  the  charare  of  Kinemie,  a  parish  now 
annexed  to  Midmar  and  Cluny.  At  the 
Restoration  Ross  signed  the  declaration  of 
the  synod  of  Aberdeen  in  favour  of  the  re- 
establishment  of  episcopacy.  He  was  trans- 
lated to  Old  Deer  in  1663,  and  in  1664  to 

8 


Ross 


258 


Ross 


tlie  high  church  of  Glasgow.  The  petition  ' 
flent  by  the  sjnod  of  Glai^w  to  the  icing  in 
October  1669;  complaining  of  'the  indul- 
gence' as  illegal  and  likely  to  be  fatal  to 
the  church,  was  penned  by  him.  In  1676 
he  was  promoted  to  the  see  of  Argyll,  and 
was  consecrated  by  Archbishop  Leighton, 
Bishop  Young  of  Edinburffh,  and  another. 
He  was  idlowed  to  hold  tne  narsonage  of 
Glasgow  along  with  the  bishopric.  In 
September  1679  he  was  translated  to  the  see 
of  Chilloway,  and  in  October  of  the  same 
year  to  the  archbishopric  of  Glasgow  in 
succession  to  Dr.  Alexander  Burnet  [q.T.]f 
to  whom  he  was  indebted  for  his  promotion. 
In  a  letter  to  Archbishop  Sancroft,  dated 
25  Aug.  1684,  Ross  laments  Burnet's  death, 
and  contrasts  the  state  of  the  Scottish  church 
with  '  that  regularity  of  order,  and  that  har- 
mony that  is  in  the  constitution  and  devo- 
tions of  that  famous  church  in  which  your 
grace  doth  possess  the  highest  station.' 

In  October  1684  Ross  was  promoted  to 
the  archbishopric  of  St.  Andrews,  '  not  so 
much,'  writes  rountainhall,  'for  any  respect 
our  statesmen  bore  him,  as  to  remore  nim 
from  Glasgow,  where  his  carriage  had  made 
him  odious.'  Early  in  1686  R<ws  and  John 
Peterson  (1632-1708)  [q.v.],  bishop  of  Edin- 
burgh, went  to  London  to  confer  with  the 
king  on  his  proposed  repeal  of  the  penal 
laws  a^nst  Roman  catholics.  They  were 
willing  to  support  his  views  on  condition 
that  the  protestant  religion  should  be  secured 
by  the  most  effectual  laws  which  parliament 
could  devise,  and  that  the  act  of  1669, 
which  declared  that  the  power  to  change 
the  government  of  the  church  belonged  to 
the  sovereign  as  an  inherent  right  of  the 
crown,  should  be  abrogated.  When  par- 
liament met,  Ross  spoke  in  favour  of  the 
proposed  toleration,  but  it  was  strenuously 
opposed  by  several  of  the  bishops,  three  of 
whom  were  deprived  of  their  sees  in  conse- 
quence. The  primate  incurred  great  odium 
by  the  part  he  acted  in  this  matter,  but  in  a 
letter  to  Sancroft  he  sajs  that  the  conditions 
of  his  supjport  made  his  concessions  '  not  so 
very  criminal  as  they  had  been  represented.' 

when  news  of  the  expedition  of  William 
of  Onmge  reached  Scotland,  Roes  and  the 
other  bishops  assembled  in  Edinburgh,  and 
on  8  Nov.  1688  sent  up  a  loyal  address  to 
King  James,  in  which  they  described  him  as 
*  the  darling  of  heaven,'  and  declared  that  al- 
legiance to  him  was '  an  essential  part  of  their 
religion.'  After  the  landing  of  the  prince 
they  sent  Bishop  Ross  of  Edinburgh  to 
London  to  advise  with  the  English  bishops, 
while  early  in  1689  the  episcopal  party  in 
Scotland  sent  the  dean  of  Glasgow  to  London 


to  leam  from  the  prince  of  Oranffe  hit  inten* 
tions  regarding  tne  church.  William  de- 
clared that  he  would  do  all  he  could  to  pre- 
serve episcopacy  if  the  bishops  would  accept 
the  new  settlement  of  the  kingdom.  They 
seem  to  have  wavered  for  a  time,  and  the 
offer  was  renewed  a  few  days  before  the 
meeting  of  the  Scottish  estate  in  March  by 
the  Duke  of  Hamilton,  who  informed  the 
archbishop  of  St.  Andrews  and  Bishop  Ross 
of  Edinburgh '  that  he  had  it  in  special  charge 
from  Kinsr  William  that  nothing  should  be 
done  to  &e  prejudice  of  episcopacv  in  case 
the  bishops  coula  be  brought  to  oemend  his 
interests,  and  the  duke  prayed  them  *  to 
follow  the  example  of  England.'  Ross  replied 
that  '  both  by  natural  allegiance,  the  laws, 
and  the  most  solemn  oaths,  tnev  were  engaged 
in  King  James's  interest,  and  that  they  woald 
stand  to  it  in  face  of  all  dangers  and  losses.' 
The  die  was  cast ;  Graham  of  Olaverhouse  was 
about  to  take  the  field  on  behalf  of  King 
James,  and  they  determined  to  risk  all  on  the 
issue.  The  primate  and  other  bishops  were 
present  at  the  opening  of  the  convention, 
but  soon  ceased  to  attend.  In  April  prelacy 
was  declared  an  insupportable  grievance/ 
and  it  was  formally  abmished  by  act  of  par- 
liament, 22  July  1689.  After  living  the 
convention  the  bishops  disappeared  from 
In  a  letter  from  Lochaber  of  date 


view. 


27  June,  Olaverhouse  writes  that  they  were 
'the  kirk  invisible,'  and  that  he  did  not 
know  where  the  primate  was. 

After  his  deprivation  Boss  appears  to  have 
lived  in  great  seclusion  in  Eoinburgh  till 
his  death  on  13  June  1704,  and  to  have  been 
buried  at  Restalrig,  near  the  city.  Educated 
and  ordained  as  a  presbyterian,  he  firmly 
opposed  all  concessions  to  those  who  adhered  ^ 
to  the  covenants,  and  he  was  so  resolute  in  , 
his  Jacobitism  that  he  sacrificed  not  onlv 
his  personal  fortunes  but  the  interests  of  ' 
episcopacj  in  the  cause.    Bishop  Burnet  de-  | 
scribes  hmi  as  a  '  poor,  ignorant,  worthless 
man/  in  whom  ^  obedience  and  fury  were  so  ' 
eminent  that  they  supplied  all  other  defects,'  1 
and  secured  for  him  the  primacy  of  the  . 
church,  which,  he  adds,  was  '  a  sad  omen  as 
well  as  a  step  to  its  fall  and  ruin.'  He  seems  I 
to  have  been  a  man  of  blameless  life  and  of  1 
moderate  attainments,  who  was  unequal  to  < 
the  difficulties  which  he  had  to  encounter,  I 
and  made  no  adequate  attempt  to  overcome  j 
them  (Gbub).    He  was  esteemed  a  good 
preacher. 

Boss  married  Barbara,  daughter  of  A. 
Barday,  minister  of  Alford,  and  had  two 
sons:  John,  who  was  taken  prisoner  at 
Sherifiinuir,  1716 ;  and  Alexander,  who  pre*{ 
deceased  his  father;   also  two  daughters! 


Ross 


259 


Ross 


Barbara,  who  married  Golo&el  Jolin  Balfour; 
and  Anne,  who  became  the  second  wife  of 
John,  fourth  lord  Balmerino.     Their  son 
Arthur  Elphinstone,  sixth  lord  Balmerino 
[g.  T.J,  was  engaged  in  a  biography  of  the 
archbishop,  his  jprandfather,  and  had  collected  | 
valuable  materials  for  the  purpose,  including  j 
letters  from  Eang*  James  and  King  William, ! 
the  bishops  of  England  and  Ireland,  and  | 
many  other  leading  men  of  the  time;  but  his  I 
death  on  Tower  Hill  in  1746  put  an  end  to 
the  undertaking. 

Boss's  publications  were :  1. '  The  Certainty 
of  Death  and  Judgment :  a  Funeral  Sermon,' 
Glasgow,  1673.  2.  'A  Sermon  before  the 
Pmj  Council/  Glas^w,  1684.  A  number 
of  his  letters  appear  m  'Letters  of  Scottish 
Prelates,'  edited  by  W.  Nelson  Clarke, 
Edinbozgh,  1848. 

[Buroet'a  Hist,  of  his  own  Time ;  Wodrow's 
HttUny;  Keith's  Scottish  Bishops;  Lyon's  St. 
AodrawB ;  Grab's  History ;  Scott's  Fasti ;  Camp- 
bell's Balmerino ;  Macpherson's  Monymusk.l 
G.  W.  S. 

ROSS^DAVTD  (1728-1790),  actor,  the  son 
of  a  writer  t-o  the  si^et  in  Edinburgh,  who 
aetiled  in  London  in  1722  as  a  solicitor  of  ap- 
peals, was  bom  in  London  on  1  May  1728. 
newas  educated  at  Westminster  School,  and 
some  indiscretion  committed  there  when  he 
was  thirteen  years  old  lost  him  the  affection, 
oerer  regained,  of  his  father,  who,  in  his  will, 
left  instructions  to  Elizabeth  Boss  to  pay  her 
brother  annually,  on  his  birthday,  tne  sum  | 
of  U.  *  to  put  him  in  mind  of  his  misfortune  I 
he  had  to  be  bom.'    Against  this  will  Boss  | 
appealed  in  1769,  and,  alter  carrying  the  case  | 
to  the  Hoose  of  Lords,  obtained  near  QflOOl.  \ 
How  he  lived  after  his  father's  abandonment 
is  not  known.     He  played  Clerimont  in  the 
'Miser'  at  Smock  Alley  Theatre,  Dublin,  on 
6  May  1749,  and  remained  there  two  seasons 
longer.    Engaged  with  Mossop  by  Garrick, 
he  made  hie  tixst  appearance  at  Drury  Lane 
on  3  Oct.  1751  as  X  oung  Bevil  in  the  '  Con- 
•eious  Lovers.'    The  part  suited  him :  '  His 
peison  was  pleasing,  and  his  address  easy, 
Lis  manner  of  speaJcing  natural,  his  action 
well  adapted  to  the  gravity  as  well  as  grace 
of  the  character.    He  was  approved  by  a 
polite   and    distinfl^uishing   audience,  who 
•eexaed  to  congratulate  themselves  on  seeing 
■n  actor  whom  they  imagined  capable  of  re- 
storing to  the  stage  the  long-lost  character  of 
the  real  fine  gentleman '  (DAvms^  Life  of 
Qarrkk,  L  195,  ed.  1808).    He  sprai^  into 
immediate  faTOury  and  is  said,  with  ]Vu)ssop, 
to  have  inspired  some  jealousy  in  Qarrick 
[see  MosBOP,  HbvstI.    Castalio  in  the  '  Or- 
phan,' Carlos  in  the '  Uevenge,'  Shore  in '  Jane 
Shore,'  Dumont|  Lord  Townly  in  the  '  Pro- 


voked Husband,'  Altamont  in  the  'Fair 
Penitent,'  Young  Knowell  in '  Everv  Man  in 
his  Humour,'  George  Barnwell  in  the  '  Lon» 
don  Merchant,'  Palamede  in  the '  (])omical 
Lovers,'  Bomeo,  and  Essex  in  the '  Unhappy 
Favourite'  were  played  in  the  first  season 
by  Boss,  who,  on  31  March  1762,  recited  a 
eulo^ium  of  Shakespeare  by  Dryden,  oon- 
cludmg  with  Milton  s  '  Epitaph  to  the  Me- 
mory of  Shakespeare.'  Buckingham  in 
'Heniy  VIII,'  Banquo,  First  Spirit  in  '  Co- 
mus,'  Constant  in  the  '  Provoked  Wife,'  and 
Charles  in  the  '  Nonjuror '  were  given  in  the 
following  season.  On  10  Oct.  1768  he  ap- 
neared  as  Oroonoko,  playing  subsequently 
Moneses  in  'Tamerlane'  ana  Dorimant  in 
the  '  Man  of  the  Mode.'  On  25  Feb.  1764 
he  was  the  original  Icilius  in  Crisp's  tragedy 
of  '  Virginia.'  In  the  season  of  1754-^  he 
added  to  his  repertory  Carlos  in '  Love  makes 
a  Man,'  Pyrrhus  in  the  '  Distressed  Mother,' 
Hippolytus  in  '  Phasdra  and  Hi])polytus,'  Os- 
man  in  '  Zara,'  Macduff,  Valentine  in  '  Love 
for  Love,'  and  Edgar  in  *  Lear.'  On  27  Feb. 
17o6  he  was  the  original  Egbert  in  Br. 
Brown's '  Athelstan.'  He  also  played  Plume 
in  the  '  Becruiting  Officer,'  Cnarles  in  the 
'  Busy  Body,'  Juba  in '  Cato,'  Jupiter  in '  Am- 
phitryon,' Torrismond  in  the  '  Spanish  Friar/ 
and  Frankly  in  the  '  Suspicious  Husband.' 

On  3  Oct.  1757  he  made,  in  his  favourite 
character  of  Essex,  his  fijnst  appearance  at 
Covent  Garden.  Here  he  remained  until 
1767,  playing  leading  jparts  in  tragedy  and 
comedy,  the  most  conspicuous  being  Othello, 
Dioclee  in  the  '  Prophetess,'  Hamlet,  Archer 
in  the  '  Beaux '  Stratagem,'  Alexander,  Leo*- 
natus,  Macheath,  Sir  Charles  Easy  in  the 
'Careless  Husband,'  Nerval,  Tancred  in 
'  Tancred  and  Sigismunda,'  Ford  in  '  Merry 
Wives  of  Windsor,'  Don  Felix  in  the  *  Won- 
der,' Jaffier  in  '  Venice  Preserved,'  Macbeth, 
Tamerlane,  Prince  of  Wales  in  the  '  Second 
Part  of  King  Henry  IV,'  King  John,  Lord 
Hardy  in  the '  Funeral,'  Oakly  in  the '  Jealous 
Wife,'  Bertram  in '  All's  well  that  ends  well,' 
Loveless  in  *  Love's  Last  Shift,'  Worthy  in 
the  '  Belapse,'  Lear,  Fainall  in  the  '  Way  of 
the  World,'  Mark  Antony  in  '  Julius  CsBsar,' 
Comus,  Horatio  in  the  '  Fair  Penitent,'  Cato, 
and  Antonio  in  the  '  Merchant  of  Venice.' 
Few  origiual  parts  were  assigned  him  at 
Covent  Garden.  The  piincipaf  were  Si£roy 
m  Dodsle:^'B  '  Cleona '  on  2  Dec.  1758,  Lord 
Belmont  in  the  'Double  Mistake'  of  Mrs. 
Griffith  on  9  Jan.  1766,  and  Don  Henriques 
in  Hull's  'Perplexities,'  altered  from  the 
'  Adventures  of  Five  Hours '  of  Sir  Samuel 
TukCi  on  31  Jan.  1767.  At  the  end  of  the 
season  of  1766-7  he  left  Covent  Garden  for 
Edinburgh. 

02 


Ross 


260 


Ross 


In  1767,  after  popular  tumult  and  violent 
opposition,  a  patent  was  obtained  for  atheatare 
at  Edinburffn.  Ross  solicited  the  post  of 
patentee  ana  manager,  and,  although  ne  was 
personally  imknown  in  Edinburgh,  the 
theatre  was  made  over  to  him  in  the  autumn 
of  1767.  He  is  said  to  have  paid  a  rental  of 
400/.  a  year.  A  stroxig  and  influential  oppo- 
sition to  Ross  as  '  an  improper  person '  or^- 
nated,  and  led  to  a  P&per  warfare,  in  which 
Ross,  on  account  ox  his  heaviness,  was  de- 
rided as  Mr.  Opium.  He  nevertheless  opened 
the  '  old '  theatre  in  the  Oanonffate  on  9  Dec. 
1767,  playing  Essex  in  the  '  Earl  of  Essex,' 
which  is  noteworthy  as  being  the  first  play 
legally  performed  m  Scotland.  Ross  also 
recited  a  prologue  by  James  Boswell,  and  he 
played  the  lei^ng  business  through  what, 
though  it  began  unhappily,  proved  a  pro- 
sperous season.  Two  years  later,  on  9  Dec 
1769,  he  opened,  with  the  *  Conscious  Lovers,' 
a  new  theatre  at  Edinburgh.  He  had  suc- 
ceeded, in  spite  of  innumerable  difficulties 
including  an  indignant  protest  from  White- 
neld,  part  of  whose  former  preaching  ground 
was  covered  by  the  new  edifice),  in  raising 
the  building  by  subscription,  but  seems  to 
have  had  inadeq  uate  capital  to  work  it.  At 
the  close  of  a  disastrous  season  he  let  it  to 
Samuel  Foote  [({.  v.],  and  returned  to  Lon- 
don. At  the  time  of  his  death  the  'Scots 
Magazine '  described  him  as  still  holding  the 
titular  office  of  '  Master  of  the  Reveb  for 
Scotland '  {Notes  and  Queries,  8th  ser.  vols, 
viii.  and  ix.  passim). 

On  10  Oct.  1770  Ross  reappeared  at  Covent 
Garden  as  Essex,  this  being  announced  as 
his  first  appearance  for  four  years,  and  re- 
sumed at  once  his  old  characters.  After  a 
season  or  two,  during  which  he  was  seen  as 
Sciolto  and  A  leaner  in  '  Mahomet,'  his  name 
became  infrequent  on  the  bill.  After  the 
season  of  1777-^  he  had  the  misfortune  to 
break  his  leg,  and  he  did  not  reappear  on 
the  stage.  He  was  for  some  years  in  extreme 
poverty.  An  unknown  friend,  subsequently 
discovered  to  be  Admiral  Samuel  Barrington 
[q.  v.l,  made  him  an  annual  present  of  60^., 
which  was  continued  until  his  death.  He 
died  in  London  on  14  Sept.  1790,  and  was 
buried  three  days  later  in  St.  James's,  Picca- 
dilly, James  Boswell  beincp  chief  mourner. 
He  IS  said,  at  the  instance  of  Lord  Sp[encelr, 
to  have  married,  with  an  allowance  of  200/. 
a  year,  the  celebrated  Fanny  Murray,  who 
<had  been  debauched'  by  Lord  Spencers 
father. 

He  was  a  good  actor,  his  ereat  success 
being  '  in  tragic  characters  of  the  mixed  pas- 
sions.' He  was,  in  his  youth,  a  fashionable 
exponent  of  lovers  in  genteel  comedy,  but 


forfeited  those  characters  through  indolence 
and  love  of  pleasure.  His  best  parts  seem 
to  have  been  Oastalio,  Essex,  Toung  Knowell, 
and  G^eorge  Barnwell.  During  many  suc- 
cessive years  he  received  on  his  benefit  t«n 
guineas  as  a  tribute  from  one  who  had  been 
saved  from  ruin  by  his  performance  of  the 
last-named  character.  He  was  said  to  be 
the  last  pupil  of  Quin,  whose  Falstaffian  qua- 
lities he  perpetuated.  Churchill,  referring 
to  the  indolent  habits  of  Ross,  writes : 

Boss  (a  misfortime  which  we  often  meet) 
Was  ^t  asleep  at  dear  Statin's  feet. 

His  extravagance  kept  him  in  constant 
trouble.  He  was  a  good  story-teller  and 
boon  companion,  and  made  many  infiuential 
firiends  in  Scotland  and  in  England. 

A  portrait  of  Ross,  as  Hamlet,  by  Zofiany, 
and  one  by  an  unknown  j>ainter,  as  Kitely, 
are  in  the  Mathews  collection  in  the  (^arridc 
Club.  One,  by  Roberts,  as  Essex,  has  been 
engraved. 

[Genest's  Account  of  the  English  Stage ;  J.  G. 
Dibdin's  Edinburgh  Stage ;  Dibdin's  History  of 
the  English  Stage ;  Daries's  Life  of  Qarrick  and 
Dramatic  Miscellanies ;  Life  of  Gkkrrick,  by  pre- 
sent writer,  1894;  G^rgian  Era;  Theatrical 
Review;  Theatrical  Biography,  1772;  Ghent 
Mag. September  1790 ;  Gkrriek  Correspondence; 
Bernard's  Betrospections  of  the  Stage.  J  J.  K. 

ROSS,  GEORGE  (1814-1868),  legal  wri- 
ter, bom  17  Julv  1814,  was  grandson  of  Sir 
John  Lockhart  Itoss  [q.  v.],  and  third  and 
youngest  son  of  George  Ross  (1775-1861), 
udge  of  the  consistory  court  of  Scotland, 
and  author  of  'The  Lslw  of  Vendors  and 
Purchasers  of  Personal  Property,'  1816  (2nd 
ed.  by  S.  B.  Harrison  in  1826 ;  cf.  rejjrint 
in  Philadelphia  Law  Library,  vol.  xii.  in 
1886).  His  mother,  Grace,  was  daughter 
of  Andrew  Hunter,  D.D.,  of  Banarg,  Dum- 
friesshire. His  eldest  brother,  John  Lock- 
hart  Ross  (1811-1891)  (a  graduate  of  Oriel 
College,  Oxford,  B.A.  m  1838,  and  M.A.  in 
1886),  was  well  known  as  vicar  of  St. 
George's-in-the-East,  London  (1863-73), 
and  of  St.  DunstanVin-the-East  a873- 
1891),  and  published  many  theological 
tracts  and  handbooks. 

George  was  called  to  the  Scottish  bar  in 
1836,  and  practised  as  senior  oounsel,  making 
conve^ncmg  his  speciality.  He  acquired 
a  considerable  practice,  notwithstanding  his 
bad  health  and  small  talents  aa  a  pleader. 
His  knowledge  of  case  law  was  extensive. 
His  legal  woriis  secured  for  him  a  high  re- 
putation, and  he  was  appointed  in  1861  pro- 
fessor of  Scots  law  at  Eainburgh  University. 
He  was  an  able  lecturer.  He  died  of  diph- 
theria at  his  house,  7  Forres  Street,  Emu- 


Ross 


261 


Ross 


bttTgh,  a^  21  Not.  1863.    He  xuBrried,  in  ' 
184§)  Mazy,  daughter  of  John  Tod,  by  whom 
he  had  five  daoghten. 

Boss  published:  1.  'The  Law  of  Entail 
in  Seoclind  aa  altered  by  the  Act  of  1848' 
(1848,  8to).  2.  'Leading  Oasee  in  the 
Law  of  Scotland '  (8  toIb.  1849-51^ ;  re- 
printed in  the  'Philadelphia  Law  Library/ 
Tok  lxsd.-iy.  8.  '  T  leading  Gasea  in  the 
Commercial  Law  of  England  and  Scotland^ 
airtnged  in  STBtematic  Order  with  Notes ' 
(2  Tola.  8vOy  1853  and  1867) ;  a  third  yolume 
appeand  in  1868  as  '  Analysis  of  the  Titles 
toLand  AcU'  (21  and  22  Vict.  cap.  76). 
He  also  paWshed  in  1868-61  a  reyised  edi- 
tion, witn  additions,  of  W.  Bbll's '  Dictionary 
and  Digest  of  the  Laws  of  Scotland.' 

[Borke'i  Peenge,  &c,  1894;  Crockford's 
CleriealBirectozT,  1890;  Foater's  Alumni  Oxen. ; 
Seotsrats,  88  Nov.  1868 ;  Joamal  of  Juris- 
pndaeB  (Edin.),  December  1868 ;  Marvin's 
Legal  Bibliography;  Sweet's  Catalogue  of 
Modtro  Law  Books ;  Soule's  Lawyer's  Reference 
Maaoal ;  firit.  Mus.  Oat.]  G.  Ln  G.  N. 

EOflS,  Sib  HEW  DALRYMPLE  (1779- 
1868),  field-marshal,  third  son  of  Major 
Jdm  Boss  of  Balkail  in  the  county  of  GhiUo- 
way,  and  of  his  wife  Jane,   daughter  of 
Qeoige  Bttchan  of  Leatham  in  East  Lothian, 
was  born  on  6  July  1779.  Of  his  four  brothers, 
the  eldest^  a  elergyman,  was  lost  at  sea ;  the 
second  died  in  London;  Georffe,  a  captain  of 
the  royal  engineers,  was  killea  at  the  assault 
on  Cindad  RodriffO  in  1812 ;  the  youngest,  a 
aiidaiupman,  died  of  yellow  feyer  in  the  West 
Indies.    Hew  entered  the  Royal  Military 
Academy  at  Woolwich  as  a  cadet  in  1788^ 
and  obtained  a  commission  as  second  lieu- 
tenant in  the  rojal  artillery  on  6  March  1796. 
Haring  been  appointed  to  the  royal  horse 
artillery,  he  seryed  with  his  battery  in  Ireland 
daring  the  rebellion  of  1798.    He  remained 
in  that  country  until  1  Sept.  1803,  when  he 
vas  promoted  to  be  captain-lieutenant.    An 
application  fi>r  Rosa's  appointment  as  aide-de- 
camp to  his  godfather  and  cousin.  Sir  Hew 
^iutefoord  Daliymple  [q.y.]^  then    com- 
aanding  the  forces  in  the  Channel  Islands, 
having  been  refused,  he  was  ou  12  Sept. 
tppointed  adjutant  to  the  fiffch  battalion  of 
royal  artillexy  at  Woolwich.    On  19  July 
18(U  he  was  promoted  to  be  second  captain, 
ud  on  24  Jiuy  1806  to  be  captain,  where- 
^n  he  was  posted  to  the  command  of  'A' 
tioop  of  the  royal  horse  artillery — a  troop 
which  became  mmous  in  the  Peninsular  war 
as  the 'Chestnut 'troop.  The  troop  embarked 
at  Portsmouth  in  Noyember  1608  to  join  Sir 
John  Moore's  army  in  Spain,  but,  being  de- 
tained at  Portsmouth  by  contrary  winds,  the 


result  of  the  campaign  became  known  before 
the  transports  saued,  and  the  troop  was  dis- 
embarked and  marched  to  Chatham. 

On  11  June  1809  Ross  again  embarked 
with  his  troop  for  the  Peninsula,  this  time 
at  Ramsgate.  He  landed  at  Lisbon  on 
3  July,  and,  after  a  forced  march,  joined 
Wellington's  army  two  days  after  the  battle 
of  Talayera.  Ross  and  his  troop  accom- 
panied the  army  in  the  retreat.  In  Decem- 
ber he  was  attached  to  the  light  diyision, 
under  Brigadier^general  Robert  Craufurd 
[q.y.l  He  took  part  in  the  action  in  front 
of  Almeida  on  20  July  1810.  He  did  good 
sendee  at  the  battles  of  the  Ooa  on  24  July 
1810  and  of  Busaco  on  27  Sept.,  and  when 
the  allied  army  retired  behina  the  lines  of 
Torres  Vedras,  Ross's  battery  was  placed  on 
the  heights  looking  towards  Santarem. 

When  Mass6na  retreated,  Ross  and  the 
'  Chestnut '  troop  took  a  foremost  part  in  the 
pursuit,  and  were  engaged  in  the  actions  of 
Pombal  and  Redinha  on  11  and  12  March 
1811,  when  Ross  was  slightly  wounded  in 
the  shoulder ;  in  the  actions  of  Casal  Noya 
and  Foz  d'Aronce  on  13, 14,  and  16  March, 
when  he  was  slightly  wounded  in  the  le^ ; 
in  the  action  of  Sabuffal  on  3  April,  and  in 
the  battle  of  Fuentes  aOnoro  on  6  May.  The 
distinguished  conduct  of  the  battery  was 
noticed  by  Wellington  in  his  despatches  of 

16  March  and  2  April  1811.  On  Marmont's 
advance  in  September,  Ross  took  part  in  the 
affair  at  Aldea  de  Ponte  on  the  27th  of  that 
month.  On  31  Dec.  1811  he  was  promoted 
a  brevet  major  for  service  in  the  field. 

Ross's  services  of  1812  conunenced  with  the 
siege  of  Ciudad  Rodrigo  (taken  19  Jan.),  at 
which  his  last  surviving  brother,  George,  was 
killed.  At  Badajos  Ross  was  wounded  in 
the  forehead  in  the  assault  of  the  night 
of  6  April.  He  took  part  in  the  movements 
of  the  army  before  the  battle  of  Salamanca, 
in  the  capture  of  the  forts  at  Salamanca  on 
27  June,  in    the    action    of  Castrajon  on 

17  July,  in  the  affair  of  Canizal  on  the 
Guarena  on  19  July,  in  the  battle  of  Sala- 
manca on  22  July,  and  in  the  entry  to 
Madrid  on  12  Aug. 

Ross  remained  at  Madrid  until  November, 
when,  the  enemy  again  approaching,  his  troop 
moved  towards  Ciudad  Rodrigo.  He  took  part 
in  the  afiair  of  the  Huebra  at  San  Munoz  on 
17  Nov.  1812.  In  February  1813  he  was  at 
Aldea  de  Bispo,  and  in  May  at  Puebla  de 
Azava.  On  21  May  he  marched  with  the 
light  divisicns,  to  which  his  troop  remained 
attached,  towairds  Vittoria,  took  part  in  the 
affair  of  Hormaza,  near  Burgos,  on  12  June, 
and  on  18  June  was  with  the  division  when  it 
fell  upon  General  Maucune's  division  near  San 


Ross 


26a 


Ross 


Millan  and  Osina,  took  all  its  baggage  and 
three  hundred  prisoners,  and  proceeded  to- 
wards Yittoria,  halting  on  the  20th  near 
Pobes. 

On  21  June  1818  Ross  took  part  in  the 
battle  of  Vittoria,  and  pursued  the  enemy 
until  24  June  right  up  to  Pampeluna.  Wel- 
lington's despatch  of  24  June  referred  to 
Ross's  troop  haying  taken  a  foremost  part  in 
the  pursuit  of  the  enem j  and  the  capture  of 
their  sole  remaining  ffun.  Koss  was  promoted 
brevet  lieutenant-colonel  for  his  services  at 
Vittoria,  dated  21  June,  the  day  of  the  battle, 
and  participated  in  the  ^od  service  allow- 
ance granted. by  the  pnnce  regent  to  the 
officers  commanding  divisions  and  batteries 
of  artillery  (Ross  received  a  pension  of  five 
shillings  a  day). 

Ross  next  took  part  in  the  endeavour  to 
intercept  General  Clausel,  whose  rapid  move- 
ment, nowever,  baffled  the  attempt.  He 
then  followed  the  route  of  Hill's  con»,  but 
on  reaching  Traneta  turned  to  the  left  down 
the  valley  of  Bastan,  and  remained  near 
San  Estevan  from  10  to  25  July,  when  he 
marched  his  troop  to  Yanzi,  and  on  the  fol- 
lowing day  joined  Sir  Rowland  Hill  at 
Irueta.  Cm  the  27th  Ross  marched  to- 
wards Lans,  and  on  90  July  took  part  in  the 
battle  of  the  Jhrrenees.  On  8  Aug.  Ross 
went  to  Andonm,  near  Passa^,  to  obtain 
new  carriages,  wheels,  &c.,  and  on  20  Aug. 
was  able  to  report  all  his  carriages  repaired 
and  the  troop  fit  for  service. 

On  the  80th  the  horse  artillery  marched 
to  Iran,  and  on  the  following  day  Ross  took 
part  in  the  action  of  San  Marcial,  near  Irun. 
He  returned  to  Andonin,  where  he  remained 
until  6  Oct.,  when  he  received  orders  to  be 
at  Oyarzun  at  2  ▲.!(.  on  the  7th.  On  that 
day  ne  was  engaged  in  the  battle  of  the 
Bidassoa,  moving  to  the  attack  near  Irun  at 
7.80  A.M.,  and  in  less  than  two  hours  the 
river  was  crossed  and  the  enemy  beaten  from 
all  their  positions.  Ross's  troop  was  moved 
into  the  pass  of  Vera,  and  on  10  Nov.  was 
engaged  in  the  battle  of  the  Nivelle,  and 
took  part  in  the  attack  on  the  village  of 
Sarre  and  on  the  strong  redoubts  which  the 
enemy  had  constructed  on  the  heights  around 
it.  Clausel  was  strongly  posted  on  a  ridge, 
having  the  village  of  sarre  in  front,  covered 
by  two  formidable  redoubts — San  Barbe  and 
Grenada.  The  country  in  front  was  so  diffi- 
cult and  impracticable  for  artillery  that 
Clausel's  astonishment  was  great  when 
eighteen  British  guns  opened  upon  these  re- 
doubts at  daylight.  Under  the  eifect  of  the 
S>werful  artillery  fire  poured  upon  San 
arbe,  the  infantry  of  tne  fourth  division 
stormed  and  carried  that  redoubt.      Ross 


then  galloped  his  troop  to  a  rising  ground  in 
rear  of  the  Grenada  redoubt,  and  by  his  fire 
upon  it  enabled  the  infantry  to  storm  and 
carry  it  as  well  as  the  village  of  Sarre,  and  to 
advance  to  the  attack  of  Olausel's  main  posi- 
tion. Part  of  this  position  was  carried,  but 
Clausel  stood  firm,  covered  by  another  re- 
doubt and  a  powerful  battery.  These  were 
splendidly  silenced  by  Ross's  troop,  the  only 
battery  which,  after  passing  Sarre,  had 
been  able  to  surmount  the  difiicultiee  of  the 
ground.  The  British  infantry  then  carried 
the  redoubt,  drove  Clausel  from  his  position, 
and  forced  the  French  to  retire.  The  rout 
was  complete.  Wellington,  in  his  despatch 
of  18  Nov.  1819  from  St.  P6,  refers  to  this 
brilliant  incident.  It  was  also  mentioned 
in  a  debate  in  the  House  of  Commons  on 
the  ordnance  estimates  in  1845  bySir  Howard 
Douglas,  as  a  strong  reason  for  not  reducing 
on  the  ground  of  economy  so  splendid  a  corps 
as  the  horse  artillery. 

On  8  Dec.  Ross  received  orders  to  join  Sir 
Rowland  Hill  at  La  Reason,  and  on  the  fol- 
lowing morning  he  covered  the  brigades  of 
Generals  Prinze  and  Buchan  in  forcing  the 
fords  of  the  river  Nive,  opposite  that  place. 
On  the  10th,  the  enemy  having  retired  into 
their  entrenched  camp,  Ross  moved  his  troop 
to  the  village  of  St.  Pierre,  two  miles  firom 
Bayonne,  and  was  engaged  on  the  ISth  in 
the  battle  of  St.  Pierre,  where  his  horse  was 
killed  under  him.  Lieutenant-general  Sir 
William  Stewart  (afterwards  Marquis  of 
Londonderry)  [q.  v.],  under  whose  orders 
Ross  served,  in  a  letter  to  Sir  Rowland  Hill 
of  14  Dec.  1818  expressed  his  high  opinion 
of  the  services  of  Ross  on  this  occasion,  and 
recommended  him  for  brevet  promotion; 
while  Sir  Rowland  Hill  highly  commended 
him  to  Wellington. 

On  7  Jan.  1814  Ross  sailed  from  Passages 
on  two  months'  leave  of  absence,  arriving  at 
Falmouth  on  the  17th ;  owing  to  the  roads 
being  blocked  with  snow,  he  took  nine  days 
to  get  to  London.  The  peace  of  1814  led  to 
the  return  home  of  the  '  Chestnut '  troop, 
which,  after  Ross's  departure,  had  been  en- 
gaged at  the  passage  of  the  Adour  and  the 
battle  of  Orthez.  Ross  resumed  the  command 
at  Warley,  where  on  10  May  1816  he  re- 
ceived orders  to  again  prepare  it  for  service. 
On  27  May  he  marched  for  Ramsgate,  em- 
barked the  troop  on  the  dOth,  landed  at 
Ostend  on  1  June,  and  arrived  at  Perk  on 
the  18th.  On  the  16th  he  marched  through 
Brussels  to  join  the  reserve.  At  daybreak 
on  the  17th  he  marched  with  the  reserve  to- 
wards Gtemappe,  met  the  army  falling  back 
on  Waterloo,  and  retired  with  it. 

At  half-past  ten  o'clock  in  the  morning  of 


Ross 


263 


Ross 


18  June  Ross  moyed  liis  troop  to  the  rising 

ground  on  the  right  of  the  Gnaos^e,  placing 

two  guns  upon  the  Ohaus^e.    Between  11 

and  l2  A.1C.  the  enemy  advancedi  directing 

their  ooltxmnB  upon  the  heights  on  each  side 

of  the  Chaus6e  and  upon  a  orow  and  village 

upon  the  right  of  Ross's  position.   Ross  had 

two  hones  killed  under  him  and  one  wounded. 

Three  of  his  guns  were  disabled,  and,  when 

the  enemy  ffot  possession  of  La  Haje  Sainte, 

it  was  no  longer  possible  for  the  troop  to 

hold  its  originalposition,  and  it  took  ground 

to  its  right.      When  the  battle  was  won, 

with  the  three  of  his  guns  that  still  remained 

effectiTe,  Ross  joined    in   the  pursuit  to 

the  heights  beyond  La  BeUe  Alliance.    He 

halted  with  his  troop  for  the  night  with  the 

guards  near  La  Belle  Alliance,  and  marched 

the  following  day  for  Paris.    He  entered 

Pans  with  the  aJlied  army,  and  remained 

with  the  army  of  occupation  until  December 

1815,  when  he  returned  to  England.    For 

his  oerrices  in  the  Peninsula  and  at  Waterloo 

he  was  made  a  knight-commander  of  the 

fiath  and  a  knight  of  the  Tower  and  Sword 

of  Portugal ;  he  receiyed  the  second  class  of 

the  order  of  St.  Anne  of  Russia,  medals  for 

Busaoo,  Salamanca.  Badajos,  Vittoria,  Ni- 

Telle,  Kive,  and   Waterloo,  and  the  war 

medal  with  three  clasps  for  Fuentes  d'Onoro, 

Ciadad  Rodrigo,  and  Pprenees. 

Ross  continued  to  serve  with  the  '  Chest- 
nut '  troop,  first  at  Lewes  in  Sussex,  and  then 
at  Dublin  and  Athlone,  until  he*  was  pro- 
moted to  a  regimental  lieutenant-colonelcy 
on  29  July  1836.    In  1828  he  declined  Wel- 
lington's offer  of  the  post  of  brigade-major  of 
royal  artilleiy  in  Ireland.    On  his  promo- 
tion to  regimental  lieutenant-colonel  he  was 
posted  to  the  horse  artillery,  and  in  the  au- 
tumn of  1828  he  was,  as  a  horse-artillery- 
man, appointed  to  command  the  royal  artil- 
lery in  the  northern  district,  under  Sir  John 
Brng  (afterwards  Lord  Strafford)  [q.  r.], 
who  commanded  the  district.    Ross  resided 
at  his  own  house  near  Carlisle,  and  Byng 
^Te  him  a  delegated  command  of  the  troops 
m  the  four  northern  counties  of  the  district. 
In  March  1828  Ross  was  appointed  a  magi- 
strate for  the  county  of  Cumberland.    For 
nearly  sixteen  years  Ross  held  the  delegated 
command  of  the  troops  in  the  north.    The 
manufacturing  districts  were  in  a  disturbed 
condition  during  most  of  this  time,  and  the 
disafieetion  that  prevailed  entailed  much  re- 
sponsible work.     Ross  had  been  promoted 
bieret  colonel  on  22  July  1880,  and  regi- 
mental colonel  on  10  Jan.  1837,  and  was  con- 
tinned  in  the  horse  artillery.  He  was  made  a 
major-general  on  28  Nov.  1841,  a  colonel- 
commandant  of  the  twelfth  battalion  of  royal 


artillery  on  1  Nov.  1848,  a  lieutenant-general 
on  11  Not.  1861,  and  a  colonel-commandant 
royiJ  horse  artillery  on  11  Aug.  1862.  In 
April  1840  he  was  appointed  deputy  adju- 
tant-general of  artillery  at  headquarters,  in 
succession  to  Sir  Alexander  Dickson  [q.  t.], 
and  remained  in  this  post  until  2  May  1864, 
when  he  was  appointed  lieutenant-general 
of  the  ordnance,  the  master-general  of  the 
ordnance,  Lord  Raglan,  having  left  the  horse- 
guards  for  the  Crimea.  During  Ross's  tenure 
of  office  as  deputy  adjutant-general  the  horse 
artillenr  and  field  battery  establishments  were 
gradually  placed  on  a  more  efficient  footing, 
and  many  improvements  were  made  in  the 
means  of  instruction  both  for  officers  and 
men.  Ross  lent  his  hearty  support  to  the 
Royal  Artillery  Institution,  and  was  instru- 
mental in  the  appointment  of  an  officer  at 
Woolwich  as  instructor  of  young  officers  of 
the  royal  artillery  on  first  joming  the  service, 
an  appointment  which  later  developed  into 
the  department  of  artillery  studies.  On  his 
initiation,  classes  were  established  at  Wool- 
wich for  the  instruction  of  officers  in  the 
various  departments  of  the  royal  arsenal,  a 
gun-practice  range  was  made  on  Woolwich 
marshes,  and  about  1862  a  small  station  for 
artillery  was  formed  at  Shoeburyness  for 
experimental  practice,  which  has  smce  deve- 
loped into  the  school  of  gunnery. 

TO  Ross  fell  the  duty  of  preparinj^  the 
force  of  artillery  to  be  sent  to  the  Crimea ; 
and  he  had  the  satisfaction  of  seeinf  every 
battery  and  every  portion  of  a  oattery 
shipped  from  Enfflana  sent  to  its  destination 
complete  in  itself  and  in  a  high  state  of 
efficiency.  He  was  promoted  general  on 
28  Nov.  1864,  and  carried  on  the  duties  of 
the  appointment  of  surveyor-general  of  the 
ordnance  until  22  May  1865,  when  arrange- 
ments were  completea  for  amalgamating  the 
ordnance  and  war  offices,  and  the  appoint- 
ments of  master-general  and  other  offices  of 
the  board  of  ordnance  were  abolished.  Rosa 
was  then  placed  on  the  staff  of  the  com- 
mander-in-chief as  adjutant-general  of  artil- 
lery, and  continued  at  the  Horse  Guards  in 
that  appointment  until  his  retirement  on 
1  April  1868. 

Ross  received  the  grand  cross  of  the  Bath 
on  19  July  1865.  Aher  quitting  active  em- 
ployment he  continued  to  reside  in  London. 
A  public  dinner  was,  on  9  March  1868,  given 
to  him  and  to  Sir  John  Burgoyne,  on  the 
occasion  of  their  promotion  to  the  rank  of 
field-marshal  (1  Jan.  1868),  by  the  officers 
of  the  royal  artillery  and  royal  engineers 
at  Willis's  Rooms,  at  which  the  Dake  of 
Cambridge  presided,  as  colonel  of  the  two 
corps.    On  S  Aug.  1868  Ross  was  appointed 


Ross 


264 


Ross 


lieutenant-ffoversor  of  Chelsea  Hospital.  He 
died  on  10  Sec.  1868  at  his  residence,  34t  Rut- 
land Gate,  London.  The  confidence  reposed 
in  his  judgment  by  the  masters-general  of 
the  ordnance  and  the  commandera-in-chief 
under  whom  he  served,  and  the  friendly  and 
cordial  relations  which  he  maintained  with  a 
lar^e  number  of  the  best  officers  of  the  royal 
artillery,  had  a  beneficial  influence  upon  the 
public  service.  His  early  war  services  and 
his  soldierlike  character  had  given  him  a 
high  standard  of  efficiency,  which  he  ever 
strove  to  maintain  in  the  royal  regiment. 

In  1816  Ross  married  Elizabeth  Margaret, 
daughter  of  Richard  Graham,  esq.,  of  Stone- 
house,  near  Brampton,  Cumberluid. 

His  son  John  (1829-1906),  who  entered 
the  rifle  brigade  in  1846,  and  saw  much 
active  service,  was  a  general,  G.C.B.,  colonel 
of  the  Leicestershire  regiment,  and  D.L.  for 
Cumberland. 

There  is  a  portrait  of  Ross,  by  Sir  Francis 
Grant,  P.R.A.,  in  the  smoking-room  of  the 
royal  artillerv  mess  at  Woolwich;  and  a 
photograph  0/ him,  dat«d  1863,  in  the  Royal 
Artillery  Institution  at  Woolwich* 

[Deopatches ;  Napier's  Hist,  of  the  Peninsular 
War ;  I)unean'B  Hist,  of  the  Royal  Regiment  of 
Artillery;  Mercer's  Journal  of  the  Waterioo 
Campaign;  Sabine's  Letters  of  Colonel  Sir  A. 
Simon  Fraser  during  the  Peninsular  and  Waterloo 
Campaigns;  Siboroe's  Hist,  of  the  Waterloo 
Campaign;  Foys  Hist,  de  la  Guerre  de  la 
P^ninsule;  Dalrymple's  A£fairs  of  Spain  and 
Commencement  of  the  Peninsula  War ;  Memoir 
published  by  the  Royal  Artillery  Institution, 
1871.1  R.  H.  V, 

ROSS,  HORATIO  (1801-1886),  sports- 
man,  bom  at  Rossie  Castle,  Forfarshire,  on 
5  Sept.  1801,  was  son  of  Hercules  Ross,  a  large 
landowner  and  an  intimate  friend  of  Lord 
Nelson.  Nelson  was  one  of  Horatio  Ross's 
godfathers.  His  mother  was  Henrietta, 
daughter  of  John  Parish,  esq.,  of  Neinstaden. 
In  1819  he  joined  the  14th  light  dragoons ; 
but  barrack  life  proved  irksome  to  him,  and 
in  1826  he  retired  with  the  rank  of  captain. 
On  23  May  1831  he  was  returned  for  parlia- 
ment as  member  for  the  Aberdeen  boroughs ; 
from  December  1882  to  December  1834  he 
sat  for  Montrose,  but  after  the  dissolution 
be  did  not  seek  re-election.  In  December 
1834  he  married  Justine  Henriette.  daughter 
of  Colin  Macrae  of  Inverinate,  Ross-shire, 
chief  of  the  clan.  Until  1853  he  resided  at 
Rossie  Castle,  which  his  father  built  in  1805. 
In  1853  he  sold  Rossie  and  purchased  the 
estate  of  Netherley,  Kincardineshire. 

Between  1825  and  1830  Captain  Ross  was 
a  conspicuous  figure  in  the  world  of  sport, 
making  and  winning  many  matches  for  large 


sums  in  shooting  and  steeplechasing.  With 
his  best  steeplechaseri  Clinker,  whom  he 
bought  from  Mr.  Holvoake  for  about  1,000/., 
he  beat  Lord  Kiennedy's  Radical  in  a  match 
for  1,000/.  &  side  in  March  1826,  riding  him- 
self;  this  match  is  said  to  have  been  the 
first  steeplechase  held  in  this  country.  After- 
wards Clinker  was  matched  for,  it  was  said, 
1,500/.  a  side  against  Clasher,  the  property 
of  Captain  Ross's  intimate  friend,  George 
Osbaldeston  fq.  v.]  In  this  matcK  Clinker, 
ridden  by  Dick  Christian,  was  beaten,  falling 
at  the  last  fence,  as  his  rider  thought,  for 
want  of  condition.  Ross  also  won  a  sculling 
match  over  the  seven  nules  course  between 
Vauxhall  Bridge  and  Hammersnxith.  On 
another  occasion  he  walked  without  stopping 
from  the  river  Dee  to  Inverness,  a  distance 
of  ninety-seven  miles. 

One  of  the  most  remarkable  of  Captain 
Ross's  shooting  exploits  was  his  match  with 
Colonel  (afterwards  General)  George  Anson, 
on  1  Nov.  1828,  for  1,000/.  a  side.  They 
were  to  shoot  partridges  against  each  other, 
walking  without  dogs,  starting  at  sunrise 
and  finishing  at  sunset.  About  a  quarter 
of  an  hour  from  the  finish  Osbaldeston  rode 
over  and  told  Ross  that  his  opponent  was 
dead  beat,  and  immediately  after  Ix)rd  de 
Roos,  who  was  acting  for  Colonel  Anson, 
came  up  to  Ross  and  proposed  to  draw 
stakes.  Anson  was  then  one  bird  ahead,  but 
could  go  no  further.  Ross,  reflecting  that 
killing  two  birds  in  ten  minutes  was  hardly 
a  chance  on  which  to  risk  1,000/.,  accepted, 
and  stakes  were  drawn.  Anson  then  had 
to  be  lifted  into  a  carriage,  while  Ross 
offered  to  walk  any  one  present  to  London 
for  600/. 

For  nearly  thirty  ^ears  Ross  led  the  life 
of  a  quiet  Scottish  laird,  when  suddenly  the 
volunteer  movement  and  the  consequent  de- 
velopment of  rifle-shooting  in  1859  brought 
him  again  conspicuously  oefore  the  world. 
In  1861  a  Scottish  newspaper  editor  issued 
a  challenge  proposing  to  send  to  the  ap- 
proaching second  Wimbledon  meeting  a  team 
of  eleven  Scotsmen  to  shoot  against  a  like 
number  of  Englishmen  at  long  distances  for 
200/.  a  side.  Iloss  discouraged  the  scheme, 
thinking  it  impossible  to  find  eleven  repre- 
sentatives. But  in  1862  the  international 
match  for  the  Elcho  shield,  given  by  the 
present  Lord  Wemyss,  was  instituted,  to  be 
shot  for  bv  teams  of  eight.  Captain  Ross 
then,  and  lor  ten  ^ears  afterwards,  acted  as 
the  Scottish  captam.  He  himself  took  part 
in  the  match  nve  times,  and  in  1862  and 
1863  made  the  highest  score  for  Scotland. 
Perhaps  his  most  remarkable  feat  with  the 
rifle  was  performed  in  1867.    In  that  year 


Ross 


26s 


Ross 


be  won  the  cup  of  the  Cambridge  Long 
Baage  Bifle  Club  against  nearly  all  the  beet 
shots  of  the  three  kingdoms.  The  com- 
petition extended  up  to  eleven  hundred 
jrarde,  a  teet  of  nerve,  judgnaent,  and,  most 
of  all,  of  ejesight,  which  it  would  seem 
wholly  impoesible  for  any  man  in  his  sixty- 
sixth  year  to  stand  successfully. 

In  the  society  amid  which  Captain  Ross 
spent  his  youth  ohallenj^es  were  no  uncom- 
mon oecurrence.  He  lumself  never  appears 
tA  have  been  in  any  danger  of  figurmg  as 
principal  But  he  acted  as  second  no  less 
than  sixteen  times,  and  was  justly  proud  of 
thefiust  that  on  every  single  occasion  he  had 
perented  a  shot  being  fired.  This  was  stated 
by  him  in  his  latter  days  in  a  published 
letter  in  which  he  emphatically  condemned 
the  system  of  duelling. 

AVhen  well  over  seventy  Captain  Boss 
kept  all  the  activity  and  the  athletic  carriage 
of  his  yonth.  He  published  in  1880  an  in- 
troduction to  a  booh  on  *  Deer  Stalking  and 
FoffistSy'  by  Alexander  Macrae,  forester  to 
Lord  Eentf  Bentinck ;  he  had  long  contem- 
pUted  wiitmg  a  book  on  the  subject  himself. 

He  died  at  Rossie  Lodge,  Inverness-shire, 
on  6  Dec  1886,  being  succeeded  by  his 
eldest  son,  Horatio  Seftenberg  John  Ross. 

Three  of  Boss's  sons  inherit^  their  father*s 
skill  as  marksmen.  In  1860,  at  the  first 
Wimbledon  meeting.  Boss's  son  Edward, 
then  an  undergraduate  at  Cambridge,  won 
the  queen's  prise.  In  1863  they  lOl  took 
putvith  their  fSather  in  the  Elcho  shield 
iBMXcL  Edward  Boss  shot  in  it  fifteen  times, 
Colin  three,  and  Hercules  twice. 

[SpOTtasciapiaiiai  by  C.  H.  Wheeler,  includes 
ktcn  from  Oaptain  Koes  himself,  giving  fall 
<^iU  of  his  chief  sporting  performances ;  see 
«^  Field,  11  Dec.  1886;  Offlc.  fieU  Members 
Lf  Pariienient;  Bnrke'e  Landed  Gentry,  1894« 
ii.  1744;  Silk  and  Scarlet,  by  H.  H.  Dixon; 
piirite  information.]  J.  A.  D. 

.  ROSS,  JAMES,  M.D.  (1887-1892),  physi- 
dan,  third  son  of  John  Boss,  a  farmer,  was 
lum  at  Einffussie  in  the  highlands  of  Scotland 
^  11  Jan.  1837.  He  was  sent  to  the  parish 
school  of  Lajzgao,  and  thence  to  the  Normal 
CoIlegB  for  Teachers  in  Edinburgh,  but  soon 
^ent  to  study  medicine  at  Aberdeen,  where 
^  graduated  M.B.  and  CM.  with  the  highest 
^ours  in  1868,  and  M.D.  in  1864.  He 
lude  two  voyages  to  Greenland  in  a  whaler, 
?nctued  as  an  assistant  for  two  years,  and 
tben  began  general  practice  at  ^ewchurch 
^  RoflSRndale,  Lancashire.  He  attained 
c^derable  success  in  the  district.  He 
'vrote  articles  in  the  '  Practitioner,'  and 
|KibIished  in  1869  '  On  Counter  Irritation,' 
a  1872  <  The  Graft  Theory  of  Disease,  being 


an  Application  of  Mr.  Darwin's  Hypothesis 
of  Pangenesis  to  the  Explanation  of  the 
Phenomena  of  the  Zymotic  Diseases,'  and  in 
1874  <  On  Protoplasm,  being  an  Examination 
of  Dr.  James  Hutchinson  Sterling's  criticism 
of  Professor  Huxley's  Views,'  aU  essays  of 
considerable  ingenuity,  but  somewhat  in- 
Tolved  in  statement.  In  April  1876  he 
removed  to  Manchester,  and  in  August  was 
appointed  patholo^t  to  the  infirmary. 
Tnough  late  in  beffmning  the  practical  work 
of  pathology,  he  laboured  in  the  posUmor* 
tern  room  with  all  the  enthusiasm  of  youth, 
and  in  October  1878  was  elected  assistant 
physician  to  the  infirmary.  In  1881  he  pub- 
lished '  A  Treatise  on  the  Diseases  ot  the 
Nervous  System,'  in  two  large  volumes,  of 
which  a  second  edition  appeared  in  18iB8. 
He  begins  by  a  classification  of  these  diseases 
into  three  groups,  .^thesioneuroses,  Kinesio- 
neuroses,  and  l^phoneuroses,  or  changes  of 
sensation,  of  motion,  and  of  nutrition,  and 
then  describes  the  diseases  of  the  several 
regions  of  the  nervous  system  in  detail.  The 
book  contains  much  recent  information  on 
the  subject,  and  some  original  observations 
and  hypotheses.  It  was  the  first  large  mo- 
dem textbook  in  English  on  its  subject  and 
was  widely  read.  It  led  to  his  election  as  a 
fellow  of  tne  Boyal  College  of  Physicians  in 
1882.  In  1885  he  wrote  a  shorter  'Hand- 
book of  Diseases  of  the  Nervous  System,' 
which  appeared  in  America,  and  in  1887  an 
essay  on '  Aphasia.'  He  was  elected  professor 
of  medicine  in  Owens  College,  Manchester, 
in  1887 ;  and  in  1888  became  physician  to 
the  infirmary.  In  1890  his  last  illness,  which 

E roved  to  be  due  to  cancer  of  the  stomach, 
egan,  and  he  died  in  Manchester  on  25  Feb. 
1892.    Besides  numerous  papers  in  medical 

i'oumals  and  transactions  on  nervous  diseases, 
le  published  in  1888  an  address  on  evolution 
ana  in  1889  one  on  technical  education  He 
married,  in  1869,  Miss  Bolton,  niece  of  his 
predecessor  in  practice  at  Newchurch. 

rObitUAxy  notioe  in  Lancet,  12  March  1892 ; 
JnUus  Dreschf  eld's  Speech,  in  Manchester  Guar* 
dian,  27  Feb.  1892 ;  Works.]  N.  M. 

BOSS,  Sib  JAMES  OLARK(1800-1862), 
rear-admiral,  and  Arctic  and  Antarctic  navi- 
gator, third  son  of  Oeorge  Boss  of  Balsar- 
roch,  Wigtonshire,  and  nephew  of  Andrew 
Ross  [q.  v.]  and  Rear-admiral  Sir  John  Boss 
[q.  V.J,  was  bom  on  15  April  1800.  He 
entered  the  navy  in  April  1812  on  board 
the  Briseis,  with  his  uncle,  whom  he  fol- 
lowed to  the  ActfiBon,  Driver,  and,  in  1818, 
to  the  Isabella.  In  1819-20  he  was  in  the 
Hecla  with  William  Edward  Parry  [q.  v.], 
and  again  in  the  expedition  of  1821-^,  in 


Ross 


266 


Ross 


the  Fmy.  During  hu  Bbsenoe,  on  26  Dee. 
1822,  he  waa  promoted  to  be  lieutenant,  and 
as  such  sailed  in  the  Fury  in  Panr's  third 
voyage  in  1824-6,  and  was  still  in  her 
when  she  was  wrecked  in  Regent's  Inlet. 
In  1827  he  was  a^in  in  the  Hecla  with 
Parry  in  the  expedition  to  Spitsbergen  and 
the  endeayour  to  reach  the  pole  by  tra- 
velling over  the  ice.  On  his  return  he  was 
made  a  commander,  8  Nov.  1827.  In  the 
Felix  Booth  ejmedition  of  1829-88  he  accom- 
panied his  uncle  in  the  little  Y ictoiy,  had  a 
princij^al  share  in  carrying  out  the  sledging 
operations  on  the  coasts  of  Boothia  and  King 
William  Land,  and  was  the  actual  discoverer 
of  the  magnetic  pole  on  1  June  1881.  On 
28  Oct.  1884  he  was  promoted  to  post  rank, 
and  in  1886  commanded  the  Gove  in  a 
voyage  to  Baffin's  Bay  for  the  relief  of  some 
frozen-in  whalers.  In  1888  he  was  employed 
by  the  admiralty  on  a  magnetic  survey  of 
tne  United  Kingdom,  and  in  April  1889  was 
appointed  to  command  an  expedition  fitted 
out  for  magnetic  and  geographicaJ  discovery 
in  the  Antarctic 

The  two  ships  Erebus  aind  Terror  sailed 
from  England  in  September  1889.  They 
first  crossed  the  Antarctic  Circle  on  1  Jan. 
1841,  and  in  a  short  time  discovered  a  long 
range  of  high  land,  which  Boss  named  Vic- 
toria, a  volcano  upwards  of  twelve  thousand 
feet  high,  namea  Mount  Erebus,  and  the 
'marvellous  range  of  ice-clifis'  which  efieo- 
tually  and  to  tul  appearances  permanently 
barred  the  way  to  any  nearer  approach  to 
the  pole.  For  this  dbcovery,  in  1842  he  was 
awarded  the  gold  medal  of  the  Qeographical 
Societies  of  Condon  and  Pans.  The  expe- 
dition returned  to  England  in  1848,  having 
lost  only  one  man  by  illness  in  the  four 
years.  Ross  was  knighted,  and  in  the  fol- 
lowing year  was  made  an  honorary  D.O.L. 
of  Oxford.  In  1847  he  published 'A  Voya^ 
of  Discovery  in  the  Southern  and  Antarctic 
Seas'  (2  vols.  8vo).  In  1848-9  he  com- 
manded the  Enterprise  in  an  expedition  for 
the  relief  of  Sir  John  Franklin.  He  had  no 
further  service,  though  he  continued  to  be 
consulted  as  the  £rst  authority  on  all 
matters  relating  to  Arctic  navigation.  He 
died  at  Aylesbury  on  8  April  1862.  He 
married,  in  1848,  Anne,  daughter  of  Thomas 
Coulman  of  Whit^ift  Hall,  in  Yorkshire ;  she 
predeceased  him  in  1857,  leaving  issue  three 
sons  and  a  daughter.  It  was  said  that  an 
agreement  with  her  family  on  his  marriage 
prevented  his  acceptance  of  the  command  of 
the  Franklin  expedition  which  was,  in  the 
first  instance,  offered  to  him .  Ross  was  elected 
F.R.S.  on  11  Dec.  1828.  Stephen  Pearce 
twice  painted  his  portrait ;  one  picture  is  in 


the  Franklin  Museum  at  Greenwich,  the 
other  in  the  National  Portrait  Galleiy,  Lon- 
don, which  also  possesses  a  med^ion  hy 
Bernard  Smith. 

[CByme'B  Nav.  Bi<«r.  Diet ;  Ann.  Beg.  1862, 
p.  395;  Markbam's  Fifty  Years'  Work  of  the 
Royal  Geogr.  See.  p.  65;  Sir  John  Ross's  Nam- 
tiye  of  a  Second  Voyage,  &c. ;  his  own  Voyage  of 
Discorery,  &c.,  refenrad  to  in  the  text ;  infor- 
mation from  his  oousin,  Mr.  Andrew  Rose.] 

J.  K.  U 

BOSS,  JOHN  (1411  P-1491),  antiquary 
of  Warwick    [See  Bous.] 

ROSS  or  BOSSE,  JOHN  (;i71d-1792), 
bishop  of  Exeter,  bom  at  Boss  m  Hereford- 
shire, on  24  or  26  June  1719,  was  the  only 
son  of  John  Bosse,  attorney  in  that  town. 
So  late  as  1749  Qray  spelt  the  name  as 
*  Bosse.'  He  was  educated  at  the  grammar 
school,  Hereford,  was  admitted  a  pensioner 
at  St.  John's  Oollege,  Cambridge  (April 
1787),  and  on  the  following  22  June  becuDe 
a  Somerset  scholar  of  the  third  foundation 
at  his  college.  He  graduated  B.A.  1740-1, 
M.A.  1744,  BJO.  1751,  D.D.  1766,  and  on 
10  July  1744  was  incorporated  at  Oxford. 
From  March  1743-4  to  1770  he  held  a  fellow- 
ship at  St.  John's,  and  down  to  1768  he  dis- 
charged a  variety  of  college  duties. 

In  1757  Boss  was  appointed  to  the 
preachership  at  the  Bolls  ^aJthough  Hurd 
was  a  competitor  and  received  the  strong 
support  of  Warburton  and  Charles  Yorke), 
ana  in  the  same  year  became  a  king^s  chap- 
lain. Lord  Weymouth,  who  had  been  one 
of  his  private  pupils,  bestowed  upon  him 
in  1760  the  valuable  benefice  01  Frome, 
Somerset,  and  he  retained  it  until  his  death ; 
he  further  received  in  March  1769  the  twelfth 
canonry  in  Durham  OathedraL  He  waa 
consecrated  on  26  Jan.  1778  as  bishop  of 
Exeter,  and  held  with  the  bishopric,  as  was 
the  case  with  many  successive  occupanta 
of  the  see,  the  archdeaconry  of  Exeter,  a 
prebendal  stall  in  the  cathedral,  and  the 
rectory  of  Shobrooke  in  Devonshire.  He 
also  retained  the  vicarage  of  Frome,  but  re- 
signed the  canonry  at  Durham.  Though 
the  see  of  Exeter  was  meanly  endowed,  he  had 
the  good  fortune  to  receive  8,000/.  for  adding 
two  lives  on  a  lease  at  Cargoli  (Polwhel£) 
Btoffr,  Sketches,  iii.  157 ;  cf.  Cttewew,  Jcut' 
nalB,  pp.  162, 170). 

Boss  personally  examined  all  candidatea 
for  deacon's  orders,  and  was  very  hospi- 
table; his  conversation  abounded  in  plea- 
sant anecdotes  and  apt  literary  referencea. 
He  disapproved  of  the  introduction  of  Sun- 
day schools  (PoLWiuiLE,  BemmUcenoes,  L 
188-42),  but  in  a  sermon  before  the  House 


Ross 


267 


Ross 


of  Lords  on  30  Jan.  1779  he  advocated  an 
extension  of  toleration  to  the  dissenters 
(RovBf  Chtreh  0/ England,  i.  4S6-S).  John 
Wesley  attended  divine  service  in  Exeter 
Gsthedial  on  Sunday,  18  Anff.  1772,  and 
was  much  pleased  with  it.  The  l>idiop  there- 
apon  asked  him  to  dinner  (an  invitation 
winch  was  censured  by  some),  and  the  guest 
was  delighted  with  *the  dinner,  sufficient 
but  not  redundant,  plain  and  good,  but  not 
delicate/  and  with  nis  host's  '  genuine  un- 
affected courtesy '  (Joiamalf  iv.  2^ ;  Niohols, 
Lit,  AneceL  y.  2S0-1).  Dr.  Oliver  says  of 
him:  <Thia  learned  member  of  the  Royal 
Society '—he  was  elected  F.R.8.  on  28  reh, 
1758—'  ms  as  modest  as  he  was  learned ' 
(Bitkop$  of  Exeter,  p.  164).  Peter  Pindar 
acknowledged  Ross  to  be  '  a  man  of  sense, 
konest  and  just,'  but  sneered  at  him  for 
pleading  poverty  when  G^rge  lU  visited 
ivxeter,  tot  foisting  the  kinff  on  the  hos- 
pitality of  Dean  BiDler,  and  Sx  hoimling  his 
pence  ibr  the  sake  of  '  Old  Weymouth  of 
Longleat,'  his  early  patron  (Woloot,  WorhSj 
1812  edit.  i.  264-5,  iiu  470-2).  For  some  time 
before  his  death  his  faculties  were  ereatly 
impaired.  He  died  at  the  palace,  Exeter, 
on  14  Aug.  1792,  and  was  buried  on  18  Aug. 
in  the  south  able  of  the  choir,  the  nlace  being 
marked  by  a  flat  tombstone  and  the  inscrip- 
tion'J.  R.,  D.D.,  1702.'  A  tablet  in  the  same 
tiaie  bears  a  longer  inscription  (cf.  Oent, 
Mof,  1788,  p.  428).  The  bishop,  after  pro- 
Tidmg  liberally  for  his  servants  and  giving 
the  greater  part  of  his  library  to  the  chapter 
of  Eieter,  left  his  fortune  to  Miss  £iiza 
Maria  Qaiway,  a  distant  relative ;  she  was 
stepdaughter  of  Samuel  Oollett  of  Worces- 
ter, and  afterwards  married  Sir  Nigel  Bowyer 
Grealey  of  Drakelow,  Derbyshire  (Betham, 
Banmetaffe,  i.  97). 

When  MarUand,  who  was  unduly  scepti- 
eal  as  a  critic,  brought  out  a  volume  of '  Re- 
marks on  the  EpiaUes  of  Oicero  to  Brutus,' 
and  added  thereto  '  a  Dissertation  upon  Four 
Ontions  ascribed  to  Gioero '  (which  are  in- 
duded  in.  most  editions  of  Oicero),  Ross  pub- 
lished  an  ironical 'Dissertation  in  which  the 
Defence  of  P.  Sulla  ascribed  to  Cicero  is 
deariy  proved  to  be  spurious  after  the  manner 
of  Mr.  Markland.'  Gray  described  Ross's 
effort  as  ingenious,  although  the  irony  was 
'  not  quite  transparent'  {Lettersqf  Gray  and 
MoMm,  ed.  Mitford,  p.  204).  Ross  edited  in 
1749,  with  numerous  notes,  a  competent  edi- 
tion of  the  letters  of  Oicero  *  ad  familiares.' 
He  was  the  author  of  several  single  sermons, 
tad  revised  Pol wheWs '  English  Orator '  (PoL- 
WRBLB,  Traditions^  i.  158-9).  He  patronised 
George  Aahby  (1724-1808)  [q.  v.]  (Nichois, 
Ht  Anted,  i  677,  u.  186-9). 


A  poor  half-length  portrait  of  Ross  is  in 
the  hall  at  the  palace,  Exeter. 

[Baker's  St.  John's  College,  Oambr.  ed.  Mayor, 
i.  806.  308,  830,  337,  ii.  706,  716,  726-8 ;  Notes 
and  Queries,  6th  ser.  xii.  9, 117 ;  Gray's  Works, 
ed.  Goese,  iii.  82.  161,  336-8;  Nichols's  Lit. 
Illustrations,  ?i.  689,769;  Nichols's  Lit.  Anecd. 
vi.  477,  ix.  487;  Mrs.  Delany's  Autobiography, 
vol.  vi.  passim ;  Gent.  Mag.  1792,  ii.  774,  864; 
information  firom  Mr.  Arthur  Bareh  of  Exeter.] 

W.  P,  0. 

ROSS,  JOHN  (176S-1837),  musician,  was 
bom  at  Kewcastle-on-Tyne  on  12  Oct.  1763, 
and  studied  for  seven  years  with  Hawdon, 
organistof St. Nicholas'sChurch there.  From 
1783  to  1836  he  was  orsanist  of  St.  Paul's 
Episcopal  Qhurch,  Aberdeen,  and  was  for 
several  years  organist  to  the  Aberdeen  musi- 
cal society.  In  Aberdeen  he  was  long  the 
onlv  resident  musician  of  any  standing.  He 
diedon28  July  1837  at  GndgiePark,  a  subur- 
ban residence  which  he  had  purchased  and 
improved  at  a  cost  of  2,000/.  Ross  was  a  pro- 
lific composer  of  pianoforte  and  vocal  music, 
but,  witn  the  exception  of  one  or  two  songs, 
such  as '  The  Maid  of  Arranteenie '  and  'Keen 
blaws  the  wind  o'er  the  braes  o'  Gleniffer,' 
his  works  have  not  survived.  He  contri- 
buted several  airs  to  R  A.  Smith's  '  Scottish 
Minstrel,'  and  was  complimented  by  Bobert 
Tannahill  [<l;y.]  for  settmg  some  of  his  songs 
to  music.  He  edited  'Sacred  Music,  con- 
sisting of  Chants,  Psalms,  and  Hynms  for 
three  Voices,'  London,  1828,  the  tunes  in 
which  are  mostly  his  own.  His  anthem, 
'When  sculptured  urns,'  was  once  very 
popular. 

[Aberdeen  Journal,  9  Aug.  1837;  Anderson's 
Precentors  and  Musical  Professors  (Aberdeen, 
1876);  Diet,  of  Musicians,  London,  1824; 
Love's  Scottish  Church  Music ;  BapUe's  Musical 
Scotland,  where  a  list  of  his  irorks  is  ffiven.] 

J.  C.  S. 

BOSS,  SiB  JOHN  (1777-1866),  reaiw 
admiral  and  Arctic  navigator,  bom  on 
24  June  1777,  was  fourth  son  of  Andrew 
Ross  of  Balsarroch  in  Wigtonshire,  and 
minister  of  Inch,  by  his  wife  Elizabeth, 
daughter  of  Bobert  Oorsane,  provost  of 
Dumfries,  as  his  direct  ancestors  of  the  same 
name  had  been  for  seventeen  successive 
generations.  Andrew  Boss  [q.vj  was  an 
elder  brother.  Prom  November  1786  to  1789 
Boss  was  borne  on  the  books  of  the  Pearl 
in  the  Mediterranean,  and  in  1790  he  joined 
the  Impregnable  at  Portsmouth.  His  cap- 
tain. Sir  Tnomas  Byard,  advised  him  to  go 
to  sea  in  the  merchant  service,  promising  to 
keep  his  name  on  the  ship's  booKS.  He  ac- 
ooroingly  went  to  Greenock,  and  was  bound 


Ross 


268 


Ross 


apprentice  for  four  jears^  duringwhich  time 
he  made  three  voyages  to  the  West  Indies, 
and  three  to  the  Baltic.  In  1794  he  en- 
tered the  service  of  the  East  India  Com- 
pany. In  September  1799  he  returned  to 
the  navy  as  a  midshipman  of  the  Weasel  in 
the  North  Sea  and  on  the  coast  of  Holland ; 
he  was  afterwards  in  the  Clyde  frigate  with 
Captain  Charles  Cunningham  [q.  v.  J ;  and  on 
the  renewal  of  the  war  in  1803  joined  the 
Grampus,  bearing  the  flaff  of  Sir  James 
Saumareg  (afterwards  Lord  de  Saumarez) 
[q.  v.]  with  few  and  short  intervals  he 
continued  with  Saumarez  in  different  ships, 
as  midshipman  or  mate,  and,  after  his  promo- 
tion on  lo  March  1805,  as  lieutenant,  till 
1812.  In  1806,  while  serving  as  lieutenant 
of  the  Surinam,  he  was  severely  wounded 
in  cutting  out  a  Spanish  vessel  from  under 
the  batteries  of  Bilbao.  For  this  he  was 
granted  a  pension  of  5«.  a  day,  which  was 
afterwards  increased  to  150/.  a  year.  In 
his  old  age,  it  was  stated  in  his  presence, 
and  without  contradiction,  that  he  had  been 
woimded  thirteen  times,  and  had  been  three 
times '  immured  in  a  French  prison '  (Galloway 
Advertiser y  20  Nov.  1851).  It  must  have 
been  about  this  date,  but  the  details  have 
not  been  recorded.  In  September  1808, 
being  then  in  the  Victory,  he  was  for  a  short 
time  attached  to  the  staff  of  the  Swedish 
admiral,  a  service  for  which  he  was  well 
qualified  by  a  familiar  knowledge  of  Swedish. 
In  August  1809  he  was  creat^  a  knight  of 
the  order  of  the  Sword,  and  Saumarez  was 
requested  to  send  him  again  to  the  Swedish 
admiral ;  but  as  he  was  then  away,  in  acting 
command  of  the  Ariel,  the  request  could 
not  be  complied  with. 

On  1  Feb.  1812  Boss  was  promoted  to  the 
rank  of  commander,  and  in  March  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  Briseis  sloop,  which  he  com- 
manded in  the  Baltic,  North  Sea,  and  the 
Downs.  In  1814-16  he  commanded  the  sloop 
Actaoon  in  the  North  Sea,  and  for  a  short 
time  in  the  White  Sea,  where  he  sujrveyed 
part  of  the  coast,  and  determined  the  longi- 
tude of  Archangel  by  observing  the  eclipses 
of  Jupiter's  satellites.  In  1816-17  he  had 
command  of  the  Driver  on  the  coast  of  Scot- 
land, and  in  January  1818  he  was  appointed 
to  the  Isabella,  a  hired  whaler,  as  commander 
of  an  expedition,  which  with  the  Alexander, 
commanded  by  Lieutenant  William  Edward 
Parry  fq.  v.]  sailed  in  April,  to  endeavour  to 
make  the  North-West  Passage  through  Davis' 
Strait.  It  was  the  renewal  of  the  search 
which  had  been  laid  on  one  side  during  the 
long  war,  and  resulted  in  the  rediscovery  of 
Baffin's  Bay  [see  Bavun,  Williajc]  and  the 
identification  of  the  several  points  named  in 


Baffin's  map.  Boss  then  attempted  to  proceed 
westward  through  Lancaster  Sound,  but  being 
deceived,  presumably  by  a  mirage,  he  de- 
scribed the  passaffe  as  barred  by  a  range  of 
mountains,  which  he  named  the  Croker 
Mountains,  and  returned  to  England.  The 
report  was,  in  the  first  instance,  accepted  as 
conclusive,  and  Boss  was  promoted  to  post 
rank  on  7  Dec.  1818.  In  the  following  year 
he  published  '  A  Voyage  of  Discover]^  made 
under  the  orders  of  the  Admiralty,  in  His 
Majesty's  Ships  Isabell  and  Alexander,  for 
the  purpose  of  exploring  Baffin's  Bay,  and 
inquiring  into  the  probability  of  a  iN^orth- 
West  Passa^ '  (1619, 4to). 

The  admuralty  had  already  learned  that 
there  were  some  doubts  as  to  the  reality  of 
the  Croker  Mountains,  and  had  despatched 
another  expedition,  under  the  command  of 
Parry ;  but  the  issue  of  the  semi-official  ac- 
count of  the  voyage  brought  the  question 
before  the  public,  and  Captain  (afterwards 
Sir  Edwardj  Sabine,  who  nad  been  one  of 
the  scientific  stafi^  of  the  expedition,  pub- 
lished *  Bemarks  on  the  Account  of  the  late 
Voyage,'  &c.,  severely  controverting  the 
statement,  which  led  to  a  reply  by  Ross, 
entitled  'Explanation  of  Cantam  Sabine's 
Bemarks,'  &c.  (1819,  8vo).  The  matter,  as 
one  of  conflicting  evidence  and  opinion, 
could  not  be  decided  till  Parry's  return  in 
October  1820  brought  proof  that  Rose  had 
iudged  too  hastily,  and  led  to  an  undue  dis- 
paragement of  his  work*  He  was  naturally 
anxious  to  make  another  attempt,  but  the 
admiralty  declined  his  services ;  and  it  was 
not  till  1829  that  he  was  offered  the  com- 
mand of  the  Victory,  a  small  vessel,  fitted 
out  mainly  at  the  expense  of  Felix  Booth 
[q.v.].  Boss  himself  contributing  8,000/. 
towards  it.  In  searchiiig  for  a  passage  south 
from  Begent*s  Inlet,  the  Victory  was  stopped 
by  the  ice,  and  spent  the  winter  of  182&-30 
in  FeUx  Harbour.  In  the  summer  of  1880 
she  got  a  few  miles  further  south  and  win- 
tered in  Victoria  Harbour.  But  there  she 
remained,  fast  held  bv  the  ice,  and  in  May 
1882  was  abandoned,  Boss  and  his  men 
making  their  way  to  Fury  Beach,  where 
they  passed  a  fourth  winter  in  a  hut  built 
from  the  wreck  of  the  Fury.  In  the  summer 
of  1883  they  succeeded  in  reaching  a  whaler 
— ^Boss's  old  sMp,  the  Isabella —in  Lancaster 
Sound,  and  in  her  returned  to  England  in 
October. 

The  results  of  the  voyage,  remarkable  for 
the  length  of  time  spent  in  the  ice,  were  the 
survey  of  the  peninsula  since  known  as 
Boothia,  of  a  great  part  of  Kinff  Wiiliam 
Land,  of  the  Gulf  of  Boothia,  and  the  pre- 
sumptive determination  that  the  sought-for 


Ross 


369 


Ross 


passasedid  not  lie  in  that  direction;  and 
also  uke  discoTei^  of  the  magnetic  pole  by 
Ross's  nephew,  Lieutenant  James  Clark  Ross 
[q.  T.],  while  earryinff  out  a  series  of  eztensiye 
sudfle  journeys.  In  1884  Ross  was  knighted; 
the  Ueogrannioal  Societies  of  London  and 
Paris  awaroed  him  their  gold  medals,  and  on 
24  Dec  18S4  he  was  nominated  a  O.B.  In 
18S6  he  published  'Narratiye  of  a  Second 
Vojrage  in  search  of  a  North-West  Passage, 
and  of  a  Residence  in  the  Arctic  Regions 
daring  the  years  1829-1838,  with  Appendix ' 
(2  Tols.  4to}. 

In  March  1889  Ross  was  appointed  consul 
at  Stockholm,  and  held  that  post  till  the 
autumn  of  1846.  He  had  returned  to  Eng- 
land on  leare  in  February  1846,  on  hearing 
of  the  proposed  expedition  to  the  Arctic 
under  the  command  of  Sir  John  Franklin, 
bat  foond,  much  to  his  annoyance,  that  his 
opinion  was  not  asked,  and  when  offered, 
was  rejected  with  scant  courtesy.  Between 
hiniaea  and  Sir  John  Barrow  [q.  v.]  there 
was  a  Ottarrel  of  lon^  standing,  and  all  the 
men  m  Arctic  experience,  including  Parry, 
Richardson,  and  espedally  Ross's  nephew. 
Sir  James  Clark  Ross,  followed  Barrow's  lead. 
In  184yS£burrow  published  his  <  Voyages  of 
Discovery  and  Research/  in  which  he  de- 
voted two  chapters  to  a  yirulent  attack  on 
Rosa  Ross  replied  with  '  Observations  on 
a  Work  entitled  "Voyages  of  Discovery, 
&c  *  by  Sir  John  Barrow '  (1848,  8vo),  m 
wbch  be  fairly  met  his  adversary's  criti- 
aams,  bat  with  a  degree  of  rancour  which 
deprived  his  pamphlet  of  much  of  its  effect. 
In  1847  he  urged  on  the  admiralty  the  ad- 
visability of  at  once  despatching  an  expedi- 
turn  ^  the  reUef  of  Fninklin.  His  letter 
was  referred  to  Parry,  Richardson,  and  James 
Clark  Boss,  who  agreed  that  any  such  expe- 
dition would  be  premature.  Ross's  age  cer- 
tainly unfitted  him  for  the  service,  but  Ross 
ascribed  the  rejection  of  his  proposal  to  the 
personal  iU-wiU  of  Barrow,  who  was  still  at 
the  Admiralty. 

In  1849,  by  a  grant  from  the  Hudson's  Baj 
Oorapany,  snpp&mented  by  1,000/.  from  Sir 
Felix  Booth  and  by  public  subscription,  Ross 
was  able  to  fit  out  a  small  vessel  named 
the  Felix,  which  sailed  from  Stranraer  on 
23  May  1860,  under  the  flag  of  the  Northern 
Vaeht  Club.  In  this  he  went  into  Lancas- 
ter Sound,  and  returned  the  following  year. 
He  was  still  anxious  to  prosecute  the  search, 
but  die  admiralty  declined  to  entrust  the  task 
to  a  msa  of  seventy-five.  Ross  revenged 
himself  by  publishiiijg '  Rear-admiral  Sir  John 
Franklin :  a  Narrative  of  the  Circumstances 
and  Caoses  which  led  to  the  Failure  of  the 
Seaidiing  Ei]peditions  sent  by  Qovemment 


and  others  for  the  Rescue  of  Sir  John  Frank- 
lin '  (8vo,  1855),  a  work  of  considerable  in- 
terest, but  marred  by  the  strong  personal 
feeling.  He  died  in  London  on  80  Aug.  1856. 
He  was  twice  married,  and  left  issue  one  son, 
in  the  civil  service  of  the  East  India  Com- 
pany. 

Besides  the  works  already  mentioned  and 
some  unimportant  pamphlets,  Ross  wrote : 
1. '  A  Treatise  on  Navigation  by  Steam,'  4to, 
1828.  2.  'Memoirs  and  Correspondence  of 
Admiral  Lord  de  Saumarez,'  2  vols.  8vOy 
1888.  8.  '  On  Steam  Communication  to 
India,'  8vo,  1888.  4.  'A  Short  Treatise  on 
the  Deviation  of  the  Mariner's  Compass,'  8vo, 
1849.  5.  'On  Intemperance  in  tne  Royal 
Navy,'  8vo,  1862  (a  pamphlet  with  some 
interesting  autobiographic  reminiscences.) 

A  portrait,  by  Benjamin  Rawlinson  Faulk- 
ner [a.  v.],  is  in  the  National  Portrait  (Jallery, 
Edinburgh;  it  has  been  litho^phed  by  R.  J. 
Lane.  Another  portrait,  painted  by  James 
Green  in  1888,  in  which  he  is  wearing  the 
Swedish  order  of  the  Sword,  is  in  the  Na- 
tional Portrait  Gallery,  London ;  and  a  third 
belongs  to  the  Royal  Geographical  Society. 

[O'Byme's  Kav.  Biogr.  Bict. ;  Journal  of  the 
Hoyal  Geogr.  Soc  vol.  xx^dii.  p.  cxxx  ;  his  own 
works  and  others  referred  to  io  the  text ;  infor- 
mation ttom  Mr.  Andrew  Roes,  his  nephew.] 

J.  K.  L. 

ROSS,  JOHN  (1800  P-1865P),  biographer 
of  Chatterton.    [See  Dix.] 

BOSS,  Sib  JOHN  LOCKHART  (1721- 
1790),  vice-admiral,  fifth  son  of  Sir  James 
Lockhart,  hart.,  of  Carstairs,  by  his  wife 
Grixel,  third  daughter  of  William,  twelfth 
lord  Ross  [q.  v.],  was  bom  at  Lockhart  Hall, 
Lanarkshire,  on  11  Nov.  1721.  In  Septem- 
ber 1785  he  entered  the  navy  on  boaid  the 
Portland  with  Captain  Henry  Osborne  [q.  v.] 
In  1787-^  he  was  with  Captain  CWles 
Enowles  [q>v.1  in  the  Diamond  in  the  West 
Indies ;  in  1789  in  the  Romney  witii  Cap- 
tain Henry  Medlev,  and  in  1740  in  the 
Trial  sloop  with  Captain  Frogmere,  whom 
he  followed  to  the  Lively,  and  afterwards  to 
the  Ruby.  He  passed  his  examination  on 
28  Sept.  1748,  and  on  21  Oct.  was  promoted 
to  be  lieutenant  of  the  Dover  in  tne  North 
Sea,  and  afterwards  on  the  coast  of  North 
America,  where  he  was  moved  into  the 
Chester,  and  returned  to  England  in  the  end 
of  1746.  In  April  1747  he  was  appointed  to 
the  Devonshire,  the  flagship  of  Kear-admi- 
ral  Peter  Warren  [q.  v.]  m  the  action  off 
Gape  Finisterre  on  8  May.  He  was  after- 
wards appointed  to  command  the  Yulcan 
fireship,  m  which  he  was  present  in  Hawke's 
action  of  16  Oct.,  and,  on  the  suspension  of 


Ross 


370 


Ross 


Captain  Fox,  had  tlie  temporary  command 
of  the  Kent.  During  1748  he  was  first 
lieutenant  of  the  Invmcibley  g^uardship  at 
Portsmouth,  and  for  the  next  few  years  was 
on  half  pay  in  Scotland.  In  January  1765 
he  was  appointed  first  lieutenant  of  the 
Prince  witn  Captain  Charles  Saunders  [q.  v.], 
and  on  22  April  1755  was  promoted  to  com- 
mand the  Savage  sloop,  attached  during  the 
year  to  the  western  squadron  cruising  under 
the  command  of  Sir  Edward  Hawke  or  Vice- 
admiral  Byng. 

On  28  March  1756  Lockhart  was  posted 
to  the  Tartar,  a  firij^te  of  28  guns  and  180 
men,  in  which  during  the  next  two  years  he 
was  engaged  in  active,  successful,  and  hril- 
liant  cruising  in  the  Channel,  capturing 
several  large  privateers  of  equal  or  superior 
force,  among  them  the  Cerf  of  22  guns  and 
211  men,  the  Grand  Gideon  of  26  guns  and 
190  men,  the  Mont-Ozier  of  Roch^le  of  20 
guns  and  170  men.  In  engaging  the  last, 
on  17  Feb.  1767,  Lockhart  was  severely 
wounded,  and  obliged  to  remain  on  shore 
for  the  next  two  months.  He  had  only  just 
rejoined  his  ship  when,  on  16  April,  off  Dun- 
nose,  he  captured  the  Due  d'AiguiUon  of  St. 
Malo,  of  26  stuns  and  254  men;  and  on 
2  Nov.  the  Melampe,  of  36  suns  and  820 
men,  a  remarkably  fine  vessel,  which  was 
added  to  the  navy  as  a  86-gun  frigate.  The 
admiralty  acknowledged  uie  brilliant  ser- 
vice by  a  complimentary  letter,  and  by  pro- 
moting Lockhart  to  the  command  of  the  60- 
gun  ship  Chatham ;  by  promoting^  the  Tar- 
tar's first  lieutenant  to  the  rank  of  com- 
mander, and  desiring  Lockhart  to  name  one 
of  the  subordinate  otficers  to  be  promoted  to 
the  vacancy*  Lockhart  replied  that  imfor- 
tunately  none  of  the  young  ffentlemen  had 
more  than  four  years*  time,  ana  recommended 
that  the  promotion  should  be  given  to  the 
master,  ^miieh  was  done.  He  was  also  pre- 
sented by  the  merchants  of  London  and 
of  Bristol  with  handsome  pieces  of  plate  'for 
his  signal  service  in  supporting  the  trade ; ' 
and  by  the  corporation  of  Plymouth  with 
the  freedom  of  the  borough  in  a  gold  box. 

Lockhart's  activity  had  severely  tried  his 
health,  and  he  spent  the  next  few  months  at 
Bath,  waiting  for  the  Chatham  to  be 
launched.  This  was  done  in  April  1758,  and, 
as  a  further  mark  of  admiralty  favour,  the 
officers  and  most  of  the  men  of  the  Tartar 
were  also  appointed  to  the  Chatham.  By 
the  middle  01  May  she  was  ready  for  sea, 
and  from  June  to  September  was  in  the 
North  Sea,  cruising  in  quest  of  the  enemy's 
privateers,  but  without  any  marked  success. 
In  September  she  was  ordered  into  the  Chan- 
nel, and  through  the  following  year  formed 


part  of  the  fleet  under  Sir  Edward  Hawke ; 
she  was,  however,  detached  during  the  summer 
off  Havre  under  Rear-admiral  George  Bryd^es 
(afterwards  Lord)Ilodney [a. v.]  In Octo oer 
she  again  joined  Hawke,  and  was  sent  with 
Commodore  Duff  to  keep  watch  in  Qaiberon 
Bay,  which  the  small  squadron  left  on  the 
morning  of  Nov.  20,  on  the  news  of  the 
French  fleet  being  at  sea.  In  the  forenoon 
they  were  chased  oy  the  French  fleet,  which 
was  thus  delayed,  overtaken,  and  brought  to 
action  by  Hawke.  Four  days  later  Hawke 
appointed  Lockhart  to  the  Koyal  George  in 
tne  place  of  Captain  John  Campbell  (1720  ?- 
1790)  fq.  v.],  who  was  sent  home  with  the 
despatches.  In  the  end  of  January  1760 
the  Koyal  George  came  to  Spithead,  and  a 
month  later  Lockhart  was  appointed  to 
command  the  Bedford  of  64  guns,  forming 
part  of  the  fleet  under  Hawke  or  Boacawen 
(1760-1). 

By  the  death  of  his  brother  James  in 
September  1760  Lockhart  succeeded  to  the 
Boss  estate  of  Balnagowan,  the  entail  of 
which  obliged  him  to  take  the  name  of 
Boss ;  this  he  formally  did  in  the  following 
spring,  announcing  the  change  to  the  ad- 
miralty on  81  March  1761.  He  was  then  at 
Lockhart  Hall,  where  he  seems  to  have 
passed  the  winter  on  leave,  but  afterwards 
rejoined  the  Bedford  during  the  summer. 
In  September  he  applied  to  be  relieved  from 
the  command,  and  on  the  27th  was  placed 
on  half  pay.  In  the  previous  June  he  had 
been  elected  member  of  parliament  for  the 
Lanark  boroughs,  but  it  does  not  appear 
that  he  took  any  active  interest  in  parlia- 
mentary business.  He  devoted  himself  prin- 
cipally to  the  improvement  of  his  estates  and 
the  condition  of  the  peasantry,  and  became 
known  as  *  the  best  farmer  and  the  greatest 
planter  in  the  country ;  his  wheat  and  tur- 
nips showed  the  one,  his  plantation  of  a 
mulion  of  pines  the  other  *  (PwnXAST,  Tour 
thnmgh  North  Britain), 

In  1777,  when  war  with  France  appeared 
imminent,  Ross  returned  to  active  service, 
and  was  a]^pointed  to  the  Shrewsbury,  one  of 
the  fleet  with  Keppel  in  the  action  off  IJshant 
on  27  July  1778.  On  13  Aug.,  by  the  suc- 
cessive deaths  of  his  elder  brothers  without 
male  issue,  he  succeeded  to  the  baronetcy. 
On  19  March  1779  he  was  promoted  to  the 
rank  of  rear-admiral,  and  during  the  sum- 
mer, with  his  flag  in  the  Royal  QtooTm^  he 
was  fourth  in  command  in  the  Channel.  In 
September  he  was  sent  with  a  small  squa- 
dron into  the  North  Sea  to  look  out  for  John 
Paul  Jones  [^.  v.],  but  Jones,  after  capturing 
the  Serapis  m  1y79,  made  good  his  escape. 
Continuing  in  the  Channel  fleet,  Boss  ^svas 


Ross 


971 


Ross 


with  Rodney  at  the  defeat  of  Langara  and 
the  relief  of  Gibraltar  in  January  1780;  with 
Darby  at  the  relief  of  Gibraltar  in  April 
1781 ;  and  with  Howe  during^  the  earlv  sum- 
mer of  1782.  On  the  return  of  the  fleet  to 
Spithead  in  Anguat  he  resigned  his  command, 
and  had  no  further  employment  afloat.  He 
became  a  yioe-admiral  on  24  Sept.  1787,  and 
died  at  Balnagowan  Castle  in  Koss-shire  on 
9  June  1790.  He  married  in  1762  Elizabeth, 
daughter  of  Robert  Dundaa  the  younger 
rq.  T.I  of  Amiflton,  and  had  with  other  issue, 
cWle8(^.  1814),  seyenth  baronet  and  colo- 
nel of  the  86th  regiment,  the  grandfather  of 
the  ui'ooont  baronet,  and  George  Ross  (177&- 
1861),  fiither  of  George  Ross  [a.  y.]  Ross's 
jortrut  by  Reynolds,  painted  aoout  1760,  at 
Mhagowan,  has  been  engrayed. 

[Natal  Ononicle,  yi.  1,  yiii.  374;  Balfe's 
Baval  Biogr.  i.  108 ;  OflOeial  letters  and  other 
doeavMBta  in  the  Pnblic  Record  OflSce,  more 
eipeaaUy  the  record  of  his  service  in  the  Tar- 
tar aad  Chatham  in  the  logs  of  these  ships 
and  in  Captains'  Letters,  L.  12-15;  Foster^e 
Baronetage;  Burke's  Baronetage;  Douglas's 
Peerage  of  Scotland,  ii  421-3 ;  information 
from  the  lamilj.]  J.  K.  L. 

BOSS^  JOHN  MERRT  (1833-1883) 
Seottidi  writer,  was  the  only  chad  of  humble 
parents  in  Eilmamock,  where  he  was  bom 
on  21  April  1888.  He  was  educated  at  the 
academy  there,  and  in  1851  he  entered  the 
univetsity  of  Glasgow,  where  '  he  devoted 
more  time  to  ESngluh  literature  than  to  the 
Greek  and  Roman  classics,'  and  won  the  prize 
for  the  poem  in  the  class  of  logic  and  rhetoric. 
Whfle  at  the  nniyersity  he  wrote  an  essay 
on  Philip  Jamee  Bailey's '  Festus'  for  Hogsf  s 
'Instructor.'  On  leaying  the  uniyersity  he 
entered  the  divinity  hall  of  the  united  pres- 
brterian  ehmch,  but  at  the  dose  of  the  third 
Masion  discontinued  his  theological  studies, 
and  in  18(^  was  appointed  sub-editor  of 
Chambers's  *  EncyolopiBdia.'  He  also  at  the 
same  time  assisted  his  wife  in  the  manaffe- 
ment  of  a  school  for  young  ladies  in  Edm- 
Iraigfa,  aad  in  1866  he  was  appointed  by  the 
town  council  senior  English  master  of  the 
royal  high  school. 

Boss  contributed  liyes  of  Milton  (1866) 
and  of  Oowper  (1863)  to  Nimmo's  series  of 
English  poeta,  and  in  1872  published  an 
annotated  edition  of  selected  portions  of 
Milton  for  nae  in  secondary  schools.  He 
eontribaied  a  number  of  liyes  to  the  '  Im- 
perial Dictionary  of  Biography,'  and  also  nro- 
Kcted  and  edited  the  '  Globe  JBncyclop»aia,' 
1876-8.  la  1874  he  receiyed  the  degree  of 
LLJ).  from  the  nniyersity  of  Glasgow,  and 
in  1876  he  was  choeen  a  fellow  of  the  Royal 
Societyof  Antiquaries  of  Scotland.  He  died 


on  2  Feb.  1883.  During  the  later  years  of 
his  life  he  had  been  en^piged  in  the  preparar 
tion  of  a  work  on  '  Scottish  History  and 
Literature  to  the  Period  of  the  Reformation,' 
which  wsa  published  posthumously  in  1884, 
with  a  biographical  sketch  of  the  author  by 
James  Brown,  D.D.  Although  not  display- 
ing much  independent  research,  it  is  of  yalue 
as  a  summary  of  the  characteristics  of  the 
principal  Scottish  writers,  yiewed  in  relation 
to  the  history  of  the  nation. 

[Biographical  sketch  appended  to  his  Seottish 
Hist,  and  Literature ;  obituary  notices  in  Scots- 
man and  Academy.]  T.  F.  H. 

ROSS,  JOHN  WILSON  (1818-1887), 
author,  born  in  1818  at  Belmont,  St.  Vincent, 
was  a  son  of  John  Pemberton  Ross,  solicitor- 
general  and  speaker  of  the  House  of  A  ssembly 
of  that  island,  by  his  wife,  only  daughter  of 
Alexander  Anderson  the  botanist  [q.  y.j  He 
was  educated  in  England,  at  King^s  College, 
London.  During  his  early  years  he  liyed  in 
British  Guiana,  where  he  acted  as  secretary 
to  the  yendue-master  of  Berbice.  On  return- 
ing to  England  he  engaged  in  literary  work. 
He  edited  the  second  and  third  series  (1860- 
1863)  of  the  '  Uniyersal  Decorator,' writing 
for  it  memoirs  of  eminent  deoorators,  and  to 
a  similar  periodical,  entitled  'Paper  and 
Print,'  contributed  a  series  of  liyes  or  French 
and  Flemish  printers  of  the  fifteenth  and  six- 
teenth centuries.  In  1871  an  article  from 
his  pen,  under  the  title '  The  Doctrine  of  the 
Ohorizontes '  (i.e.  those  who  '  separate '  the 
authorship  of  the  'Iliad'  and  'Odyssey'), 
appeared  in  the  '  Edinburgh  Reyiew.'  Its 
object  was  to  show  that  the  '  Odyssey '  was 
composed  at  least  three  centuries  later  than 
the  '  Iliad.' 

Ross's  first  separate  publication  was 
'  Ninian,'  a  noem  in  three  cantos,  published 
at  Edinburgh  in  1839.  In  1846  he  produced 
a  translation  of  Paul  F6 val's '  Les  Amours  de 
Paris.'  In  1869  he  published  anonymously 
a  pamphlet  full  of  curious  learning,  but  de- 
fectiye  logical  power,  called  '  The  Biblical 
Prophecy  of  the  Burning  of  the  World :  an 
Attempt  to  fix  [in  60(^  A.D.]  the  date  of 
the  coming  Fire  that  is  to  destroy  us  all.' 
Ross's  chief  work, '  Tacitus  and  Bracciolini : 
the  Annals  forged  in  the  Fifteenth  Century ' 
(1878,  8yo),  combines  considerable  acumen 
with  somewhat  defectiye  scholarship.  Dedi- 
cated to  the  author's  brother,  Sir  Robert  Dal- 
rymple  Ross  fq.  y.],  the  book  endeayours  to 
show  that  Pogg[io  Bracciolini  forsed  the 
'  Annales '  of  Tacitus  for  Cosmo  de'  Medici  on 
the  suggestion  of  Piero  Lamberteschi.  The 
theory  is  based  partly  upon  the  long^noticed 
contnit  in  style  between  the  '  Annals '  and 


Ross 


872 


Ross 


the  'Histories'  and  upon  alleged  solecisms 
in  the  former,  but  mainly  on  forced  inter- 
pretations of  somewhat  mysterious  episodes 
in  the  life  of  Poggio.  In  a  digressional  note 
Bosselaborately  defends  the  Rowleian  author- 
ship of  the  Chatterton  poems.  Ross,  who 
wrote  also  much  in  popular  magazines,  died 
at  his  house  in  Holl)om  on  27  May  1887. 

[Times,  1  June  1887 ;  AtbensBum,  4  June ; 
Hen  of  the  Time,  11th  ed.;  Boss's  Works; 
Allibone's  Diet.  Engl.  Lit.  Suppl.  ii.  1298  ;  Brit. 
Mas.  Oat.]  G.  Lb  a.  N. 

ROSS,  PATRICK  (1740P-1804),  major- 
general,  chief  engineer,  Madras,  was  bom 
about  1740.  He  was  commissioned  as  ensign 
in  the  4th  king's  own  foot,  and  on  19  May 
1768  he  was  n^e,  by  royal  warrant,  prac- 
titioner-engineer and  ensign  in  the  corps  of 
engineers.  In  the  autumn  he  accompanied 
the  expedition  under  Qeneral  Hobson  and 
Captain  Hughes,  R.N.,  a^inst  the  French, 
to  die  West  Indies,  amying  at  Barbados 
in  January  1769.  He  took  part  in  the  attack 
upon  the  French  island  of  Martinique  and 
thecaptureof  Guadaloupe,where  he  remained, 
his  own  regiment,  the  king's  own,  beinff 
on  service  in  that  island.  He  was  promoted 
sub-engineer  and  lieutenant  on  I7  March 
1769,  and  lieutenant  in  the  4th  foot  on  27  Oct. 
1760.  He  was  invalided  home  m  1762.  He 
became  engineers-extraordinary  and  captain- 
lieutenant  on  8  June  1768,  and  on  12  Oct. 
of  that  year  ceased  to  be  connected  with  the 
4th  foot  on  reduction  of  the  establishment 
of  that  regiment.  In  1765  he  made  detailed 
reports  on  the  West  Indian  islands  of  Gre- 
nada, St.  Vincent,  and  Dominica.  He  was 
emnloyed  at  home  until  1770. 

On  28  March  of  this  year  the  court  of 
directors  of  the  East  India  Company  having 
decided  to  reorganise  the  engineer  establish- 
ment in  India  upon  an  entirely  military 
basis,  and  having  fixed  an  establishment  at 
Madias.  Ross  was  selected  for  the  appoint- 
ment of  chief  engineer  with  rank  as  lieu- 
tenant*colonel.  On  1 5  Sept.  1 770  he  arrived 
at  Madras,  where  he  was  stationed,  and,  be- 
came a  member  of  the  governor's  council 
or  board.  He  soon  saw  the  necessity  for  an 
arsenal,  and  sent  in  a  report,  with  an  esti- 
mate of  thirty-seven  thousand  rupees. 

On  16  Sept.  1771  an  army  was  assembled 
at  Trichinopoli  under  Colonel  Joseph  Smith 
to  act  against  Tanjore.  Ross  accompanied 
it  as  chief  engineer.  Yallam  was  besieged 
and  a  breach  made,  but  when  an  assault  was 
made  at  daybreak  on  21  Sept.  the  place  was 
found  to  have  been  evacuated.  On  the  28rd 
the  armv  encamped  before  Tanjore ;  ground 
was  broken  on  the  29thy  and  m  opuied  on 


2  Oct.  On  7  Oct.  Ross  was  wounded  intbe 
cheek  bj  a  musket-ball,  but  by  the  30th 
was  again  able  to  direct  the  siege  operations, 
which  were  carried  out  with  great  skill. 
Breaching  batteries  were  constructed  on  the 
20th  on  the  crest  of  the  glacis,  and  mining 
was  commenced  the  same  dav.  On  the  28th 
news  arrived  from  the  nabob  that  the  raja 
had  accepted  terms,  and  hostilities  ceased. 

Towards  the  end  of  November  Ross  went 
to  Vallam  to  report  on  the  works  necessary 
to  put  the  fort  in  a  proper  state  of  defence. 
In  March  1772  a  force  was  again  assembled 
at  Trichinopoli,  under  Smith,  with  Ross  as 
chief  engineer.  Ramnad  was  besieged  in 
Mav,  and  captured  in  June. 

The  intestine  commotion  of  the  Marathi 
state  in  1778  induced  Muhammad  Ali  to 
undertake  operations  a^inst  the  raja  of 
Tanjore,  and  the  British  joined  him.  In  J11I7 
Smith  assembled  a  force  at  Trichinopoli  for 
the  reduction  of  Tanjore.  Ross  was  again  in 
command  of  the  engineers,  and  directed  the 
siese.  He  reconnoitred  the  place  on  6  Aug., 
broke  ground  on  the  20th,  and  opened  fire  on 
the  26th.  On  17  Sept.  a  practicable  breach 
was  reported,  the  assault  was  made,  and  the 
place  captured.  Smith,  in  his  despatch,  ex- 
pressed his  high  sense  01  the  service  of  Ross, 
and  wrote  that  the  siege-works  were  the  best 
ever  seen  in  the  country.  Ross  was  at  the 
taking  of  Nagar  on  21  Oct.,  and  made  a  sur- 
vey of  the  place.  Tanjore  was  restored  to 
the  r&j&  by  order  of  the  court  of  directors 
in  March  1776. 

In  1776  Ross  sent  in  a  report,  plans,  and 
estimate  for  the  new  artillery  station  at 
St.  Thomas's  Mount,  and  in  April  1776  he 
destroyed  the  fortification  of  ValUm  by  min- 
ing. Having  for  some  vears  carried  out  the 
reconstruction  of  the  defences  of  Fort  Gteorffe, 
Madras,  Ross  reported  in  March  1778  tne 
satisfactory  progress  which  had  been  made, 
and  went  to  England  on  leave  of  absence. 

At  the  beginning  of  1781  Ross  accom- 
panied the  abortive  expedition,  under  Com- 
modore Johnstone,  RN.,  against  the  Dutch 
settlements  at  the  Cape  of  €k>od  Hope. 
He  was  then  sent  with  part  of  the  expe- 
dition to  reinforce  Sir  Edward  Hu^rhes  [q.  v.] 
in  the  East  Indies,  and  arrived  in  Madras  in 
May  1782. 

On  27  Dec.  Ross  was  ordered  to  proceed 
with  the  army,  under  Major^eneral  Stuart, 
against  Tipii,  sultan  of  Maisur,  'with  such 
a  number  of  engineers  'as  he  might  think 
necessary.'  The  army  marched  firom  Vallont 
on  26  Jan.  1788.  On  9  Feb.  Wandiwash  was 
reached;  Ross  demolished  its  defences  by 
mining  by  the  15th,  and  Karawili  was  de- 
stroyed by  tbe  19tk    In  Apru  Bo6s  was 


Ross 


273 


Ross 


promoted  colonel  in  the  company's  eeryice^ 
to  rank,  howerer,  junior  to  eolonela  in  the 
king's  aenrioe.  On  the  27th  of  this  naonth 
he  VIS  at  the  capture  of  Peramakal,  and  on 
6  Jane  eocampea  with  the  army  near  Caddsr 
k>re,  occupied  hy  the  French  under  De  Bussy. 
In  reconnoitring  the  place  Boss  had  a  narrow 
escape,  his  horse-keeper  and  one  of  his  escort 
being  killed.  On  the  13th  Ross  took  part  in 
theyictorious  attads  on  the  French  fortified 
Msition  about  a  mile  outside  Cuddalore. 
otoart,  who  in  a  general  order  complimented 
the  force  on  the  attack,  specially  expressed 
his  indebtedness  to  Ross.  On  the  capture  of 
the  position  it  was  fortified  by  Ross,  and  the 
siege  of  Cuddalore  was  commenced.  In 
Jane  1783  the  French  fleet  under  Sufiren 
arriTed  to  co-operate  in  the  defence  of  Cud- 
dsloie.  On  the  18th  Sufiren  landed  a  strong 
detachment,  and  on  the  25th  the  garrison 
made  an  attack  upon  the  British  entrench- 
ments, which  was  efiectually  repulsed. 
Stuart  in  a  general  order  conyey  ed  his  thanks 
to  Boss,'  to  whose  abilities  he  was  so  much 
indebted/  News  that  preliminaries  of  peace 
had  been  agreed  upon  caused  a  cessation  of 
hostilities,  and  Ross  returned  to  Madras. 

In  January  1784  a  proposal  of  Ross  to 
establish  a  corps  of  guides  for  the  Camatic, 
to  collect  accurate  information  about  the 
cootttiy,  its  roads,  &c.,  was  approyed.  For 
the  next  fiye  years  Ross  was  occupied  with 
the  ordinary  peace  duties  of  his  appointment. 
At  the  end  of  December  1789  Tipii  attacked 
Trayanoore,  and  Ross,  in  the  early  part  of 
1790^  made  the  necessai^  engineer  prepara- 
tions for  a  campaign,  which  was  carried  out 
under  Major-general  Sir  William  Medows 
Tq.  y.]  in  the  Coimbatore  district.  On  18  Noy. 
Koss  yisited  Chepauk  to  quiet  the  nabob's 
troops  there,  who  nad  become  unruly.  His 
mission  was  successful,  and  met  with  the 

Tyal  of  the  counciL 
the  spring  of  1791  Lord  Comwallis 
took  command  of  the  army,  and  besieged 
ind  took  Bangalore  from  Tipu  on  20  March. 
Before  the  end  of  the  month  Ross  joined  the 
snay  which  nursued  Tipii  to  Axakere,  nine 
miles  east  of  Seringapatam.  On  15  Mar 
ft  yictorioQs  action  was  fought,  in  which 
Ross  took  Pftrt,  and  the  army  advanced  to 
Csnambaddi.  But  neither  the  Bombay  army 
nor  the  Marathaarmy  haying  efiected  a  junc- 
tion with  Comwallis,  he  was  unable  to  pro- 
ceed for  want  both  of  proyisions  and  of 
transport  for  his  heavy  ffuns.  He  there- 
fore buried  or  destroyed  the  latter^  and 
relmquiabed  his  plan  of  campaign.  The 
allies  appMred  shortly  after,  and  the  armies 
haying  crossed  the  Kaveri  on  19  June,  Ross 
was  sent  with  the  22nd  battalion  of  coast 
▼OL,  xvu. 


sepoys  to  summon  Huliyardnig,  which  ca- 
pitulated the  following  day.  Its  defences 
were  destroyed  under  Koss's  direction.  On 
the  28th  and  29th  Ross  reconnoitred  Sayan- 
drtig,  but  it  was  considered  too  strong  to 
warrant  the  delay  which  would  be  necessary 
to  take  it.  Bangalore  was  reached  on  9  July. 
When  Usur  was  seised  on  the  16th,  and 
with  it  the  command  of  the  Palikdd  pass, 
Ross  repaired  its  defences.  After  the  cap- 
ture of  Kayakottai  and  the  hiU  forts  on  the 
way,  Ross  returned  to  Madras  to  make  the 
necessary  engineer  arrangements  for  the 
prosecution  of  the  campaign,  rejoining  the 
army  at  the  end  of  Noyember.  On  29  jN'ov. 
he  reconnoitred  the  formidable  fortress  of 
Sayandru^.  The  siege  was  commence  d  under 
his  direction,  and  on  17  Dec.  fire  was  opened, 
and  a  practicable  breach  made  by  the  21st, 
when  it  was  captured  by  assault.  On  24  Dec. 
Uttaradrug,  another  strong  place,  after  it 
had  been  reconnoitred  by  Ross,  was  carried 
by  assault. 

In  February  1792  the  allied  armies  ap- 
peared before  Seringapatam,  and  Ross,  with 
the  ouartermaster-general,  reconnoitred  the 
fortined  position  of  Tipu's  camp  on  the 
north  of  the  place.  On  the  night  of  6  Feb. 
an  attack  in  three  columns  was  made.  The 
fighting  lasted  till  daybreak  on  the  7th. 
Iu>8s  remained  with  Ck>mwallis  in  the  centre 
of  the  attack,  and  then  joined  the  column 
of  Colonel  Stuart,  whicn  had  establidied 
itself  on  the  island  of  Seringapatam,  where 
he  made  his  en^neer  park,  and  the  place 
was  inyested.  By  Ross's  adyice  the  siege- 
works  were  directed  against  the  north  side, 
and  ground  was  broken  on  the  19th,  after 
the  arriyal  of  the  Bombay  army  and  the 
natiye  allies.  On  the  24th  Tipu  asked  for 
terms,  hostilities  ceased,  and  a  treaty  of 
peace  was  signed  on  19  March. 

Early  in  1793  Ross  went  to  England  for 
the  benefit  of  his  health.  He  was  made 
local  breyet  colonel  in  India,  for  seryice  in 
the  field,  on  1  March  1794.  In  September 
1795  Ross  was  back  in  India,  and  brought 
to  notice  the  inadequacy  of  the  engineer 
corps,  with  the  result  that  in  January  1796 
that  corps  was  reorganised  on  a  larger  scale. 
He  was  promoted  breyet  colonel  in  the  army 
on  1  June  1796,  and  major-general  on  1  Jan. 
1797.  He  remained  at  Madras  during  the 
campaigns  of  1798  and  1799,  sending  for- 
wara  supplies  to  the  engineers,  and  generally 
superintending  the  operations  of  that  arm. 
On  28  July  1799  he  forwarded  to  the  council 
a  suryey  of  the  position  of  the  army  before 
Seringapatam  in  the  previous  May,  with  the 
plan  of  attack  and  section  through  tho 
breach,  and  a  report  from  Lieutenant-colonel 

T 


Ross 


274 


Ross 


Gent,  the  Benlor  engineer  officer  at  the 
siege.  In  August  he  reported  on  the  defences 
of  Seringapatani;  with  plans  and  estimates 
for  their  improrement. 

Roes  returned  to  England  in  1802,  and  on 
1  Jan.  1803  retired  mm  the  service  on  a 
pension.  Before  leaving  India  he  addressed 
a  letter  to  the  government,  urging  the  re- 
quirements of  the  engineer  and  public  works 
oranch  of  the  service,  the  necessity  for  ex- 
penditure in  order  to  adequately  maintain 
the  defences  of  fortified  places,  and  the 
economy  which  would  result  from  judicious 
expenditure.  He  represented  Horsham, 
Sussex,  in  parliament  from  1803  until  his 
death,  on  24  Aug.  1804,  at  Harley  Street, 
Oavendish  Square,  London.  His  wife  died 
there  on  7  Dec.  of  the  preceding  year. 

[Royal  Engineers'  Records;  War  Office  Re- 
cords ;  Despatches ;  Yibart*8  Military  Hist,  of 
the  Madras  EDgineera,  London,  1881;  Dodwell 
and  Myles's  Indian  Army  Lists  ;  Porter's  Hist, 
of  the  Corps  of  Roval  Engineers,  London,  1880 ; 
Munro's  Coromandel  War,  1784;  Dirom's  Nar- 
rative of  the  Campaign  in  India  which  termi- 
nated the  war  with  Tippoo  Stdtan  in  1792, 
London,  1798 ;  Lake's  Sieges  of  the  Madras 
Army,  1825 ;  FuUarton's  Narrative  of  Opera- 
U0D8  of  the  Southern  Army,  1788;  Qent.  Mag. 
1804,  ii.  885 ;  Beatson's  Conduct  of  the  War 
with  Tippoo  Sultan,  1800 ;  Beatson's  Naval  and 
Military  Memoirs,  London,  1804.]    R.  H.  V. 

ROSS,  ROBERT  (1766-1814),  major- 
general,  who  won  Bladenshurg,  and  took 
Washington,  bom  late  in  1766,  was  the  son 
of  Major  David  Koss  of  Rosstrevor,  an  officer 
who  served  with  distinction  in  the  seven 
years'  war.  His  mother  was  Elizabeth, 
daughter  of  T.  Adderley  of  Innishannon,  and 
hal^sister  of  James  Oaulfeild,  first  Earl  of 
Charlemont  [a .  v.] 

He  matriculated  at  Trinity  College,  Dub- 
lin, on  11  Oct.  1784,  at  the  age  of  seven- 
teen, and  was  commissioned  as  ensign  in 
the  26th  foot  on  1  Aug.  1789.  He  became 
lieutenant  in  the  7th  fusiliers  on  13  July 
1791,  and  captain  on  21  April  1796.  On 
28  Dec.  of  that  year  he  obtained  a  majoritv 
in  the  second  battalion  of  the  19th  regi- 
ment, but  the  battalion  was  soon  after- 
wards reduced.  After  being  for  some  years 
•on  half  pay,  he  became  major  in  the  20th 
foot  on  6  Aug.  1799.  The  regiment  was 
sent  to  Holland  immediately  afterwards 
to  form  part  of  the  Anglo-Russian  army 
under  the  Duke  of  York.  Three-fourths  of 
the  men  were  volunteers  from  the  militia; 
but  it  was  '  a  regiment  that  never  would  be 
beaten,'  and  at  Krabbendam  on  10  Sept.  it 
repulsed  a  vigorous  attack  by  the  central 
column  of  Brune's  army.    This  was  Ross's 


first  engagement.  He  was  severely  wounded, 
and  had  no  further  share  in  the  operations. 
In  the  following  year  he  went  with  the 
regiment  to  Minorca,  and  helped  to  persuade 
the  men,  who  were  engaged  for  service  in 


Europe  only,  to  volunteer  for  Egypt.  The 
regiment  landed  in  Egypt  in  July  1801, 
when    M6nou  was    stul    holding   out   in 


Alexandria ;  and  it  distinguished  itself  on 
26  Aug.  by  storming  an  outpost  with  the 
bayonet  only,  and  repelling  the  enemy's 
attempt  to  recover  it.  A  few  days  after^ 
wards  M6nou  capitulated ;  and  at  the  end  of 
the  year  the  20th  went  to  Malta. 

Ross  had  been  made  brevet  lieutenant- 
colonel  on  1  Jan.  1801  for  his  service  in 
Holland ;  but  he  was  still  regimental  major 
when  he  succeeded,  in  September  1803,  to 
the  actual  command  of  the  20th,  which 
was  now  reduced  to  one  battalion.  He  exei^ 
cised  the  regiment  indefatigably :  *  we  were 
repeatedly  out  for  eight  hours  during  the 
hot  weather ;  frequently  crossing  the  country, 
scouring  the  fields  over  the  stone  walls,  the 
whole  of  the  regiment  acting  as  light  in- 
&ntry ;  and  the  Mst  of  the  joke  was  that  no 
other  corps  in  the  island  was  similarly  in- 
dulged '  (Stbbvevb,  H&miniscenceSf  p.  89). 

In  November  1806  the  re^ment  went  to 
Naples  as  part  of  the  expedition  under  Sir 
James  Henry  Craig  fq.  v.j,  but  there  was  no 
fighting.   Two  months  an^erwards,  upon  the 
news  of  Austerlitz  and  the  approach  of  the 
French  in  force^  the  expedition  withdrew  to 
Sicily.  In  July  1806  the  British  troops,  now 
under  Sir  John  Stuart  (1761-1816)  [q.v.], 
landed  in  Calabria,  and  met  the  Frencn  at 
Maida.   The  20th  had  been  sent  up  the  coast 
to  make  a  diversion,  and  disembarked  in  the 
bay  of  St.  Euphemia  only  on  the  morning  of 
the  battle.    The  French  cavalry  and  skir- 
mishers were  turning  the  British  left,  -when 
Ross,  who  had  hastened  up  with  his  la- 
ment, issued  upon  them  from  a  wood.     He 
'  drove  the  swarm  of  sharpshooters  before  him ; 
gave  the  French  cavslry  such  a  volley  as  sent 
them  off  in  confusion  to  the  rear;  and,  passing 
beyond  the  left  of  Cole's  brigade,  wheeled  the 
20th  to  their  right,  and  opened  a  shatter- 
ing fire  on  the  enemy's  battalions.      The 
efrect  was  decisive.  Reynier  was  completely 
taken  by  surprise  at  the  apparition  of  this 
fresh  assailant;  he  made  but  a  short  and 
feeble  effort  to  maintain  his  ground '  f  Bmr- 
BUBT,  Narrative,  p.  247>.    Stuart,  m  hia 
general  orders,  spoke  of  Ross's  action  as  '  a 
piom^t  display  of  gallantry  and  judffment 
to  which  the  army  was  most  oriticaUY  in* 
debted.'    Ross  received  a  gold  medal   for 
this  battle.      The  20th   took  part  in  the 
storming  of  Scylla  Castle,  and  then  returned 


Ross 


275 


Ross 


to  Sicily.  In  the  following  yoar  it  was  in- 
dnded  m  the  force  under  Sir  John  Moore, 
which  WIS  meant  to  anticipate  the  French 
hi  Lisbon,  hut  which,  finding  itself  too  late, 
went  on  to  England. 

On  21  Jan.  ISOS  Ross  became  lieutenant- 
colonel  of  the  20th,  and  six  months  after* 
wirdfl  embarked  with  it  for  Portugal. 
Vimiera  had  been  fought  before  he  landed, 
thoo^  part  of  the  regiment  was  engaged 
there;  bat  he  was  with  Moore  during  nis 
adruice  into  Spain  and  subsequent  retreat 
to  Coruiia.  The  20th  formea  part  of  the 
reserre,  and  was  for  some  time  the  rear- 
guard of  the  armjr.  It  was  repeatedly  en- 
ppd,  bat  owing  to  its  excellent  discipline 
It  lost  fewer  men  than  any  other  regiment 
Ross's  knowledge  of  French  and  Spanish 
pfored  very  neeful  in  this  campaign.  As 
part  of  Paget*8  division  (the  reserve),  the 
20th  had  a  shure  in  the  turning  movement 
which  decided  the  battle  of  €k)runa.  Roes 
received  a  gold  medal  for  Coruna.  In  Au- 
gust 1609,  havinff  been  brought  up  to  its 
strength  by  large  drafts  from  outer  regiments, 
the  20th  was  sent  to  Walcheren.  It  was 
not  engaged;  veithin  a  month  two-thirds 
of  the  men  were  in  hospital,  and  on  its  re- 
tun  to  England  the  r^ment  had  to  be  once 
more  reformed.  To  restore  its  condition  it 
was  lent  to  Ireland.  There  the  men  were 
again  drilled  by  their  colonel  as  in  Malta, 
'erery  conceivable  contingency  of  actual 
warfare  being  carefully  and  frequently  xe- 
hearsed.'  About  1800  a  sword  was  pre- 
sented to  Ross  by  the  officers  of  his  regi- 
mffii  in  honour  of  Maida.  On  26  July  1810 
he  was  made  brevet  colonel,  and  m  the 
lame  year  aide-de-camp  to  the  king. 

At  the  end  of  1812  the  20th  was  again 
M3it  to  the  Peninsula,  and  was  brigaded 
with  the  7tli  and  23rd  fusiliers  in  the  rourth 
(Cole's)  division.  In  the  spring  of  1813, 
shortly  before  the  campaign  opened,  Ross 
yj»Ued  for  the  command  of  a  brigade, 
^ellinffton  gave  him  the  fusilier  brigade,  of 
whidi  nis  own  regiment  formed  part,  and 
tt|  4  Jane  he  was  made  major>general.  At 
Vittoria,  Cole's  division  was  in  support,  and 
pUjed  only  a  secondary  part;  but  it  was 
loremott  in  the  series  of  actions  by  which 
Soolfs  attempt  to  relieve  Pampeluna  was 
frosbated.  This  attempt  began  on  25  July 
with  a  direct  attack  on  Byng's  brigade, 
while  Beille,  with  sixteen  thousand  men, 
Boved  round  its  left  flank.  Ross's  brigade, 
twelve  miles  in  rear,  hurried  up  in  support 
of  ^yngf  amd  on  reaching  the  main  ndge 
of  the  Pyrenees,  above  Roncesvalles,  en- 
erantered  the  head  of  EeiUe's  column.  To 
Kcvie  the  advantage  of  ground,  Ross  ordered 


the  leading  troops  to  charge  at  once ;  and 
Captain  Tovey,  with  a  company  of  the  20th, 
dashed  at  the  6™*  Ugerwith  the  bayonet. 
Other  companies  followed ;  and  though  they 
were  soon  forced  back  by  overwhelming 
numbers,  time  enough  was  gained  for  the 
rest  of  the  brigade  to  form  up  and  secure 
the  pass.  In  tne  night  the  British  troops 
fell  back,  and  the  army  was  cpradually  con- 
centrated in  front  of  Pampeluna.  In  the 
battle  of  Sauraren  on  the  28th  (as  Welling- 
ton wrote  in  his  despatch  of  1  Aug.),  '  the 
gallant  fourth  division,  which  had  so  fre- 
quently been  distingished  in  this  army,  sur- 
passed their  former  ffood  conduct.  Every 
regiment  charged  with  the  bayonet,  and  the 
40th,  7th,  20th,  and  23rd  four  different 
times.  Their  officers  set  them  the  example, 
and  Major-general  Ross  had  two  horses  snot 
under  him.' 

Ross  was  at  the  battle  of  the  Nivelle 
(10  Nov.),  and  his  services  were  mentioned 
by  Cole  in  his  report.  At  the  battle  of 
Orthes,  27  Feb.  1814,  he  carried  the  village 
of  St.  Boes  on  the  French  right,  and  ^yq 
times  attempted  to  deploy  beyond  it  to  at- 
tack the  heights,  in  face  of  an  overwhelming 
fire  of  artilleij  and  musketry.  He  received 
a  wound  which  nearly  cost  him  his  life, 
but  of  which  he  wrote  cheerfully  a  fortnight 
afterwards :  '  You  will  be  happy  to  hear 
that  the  hit  I  got  in  the  chops  is  likely  to 
prove  of  mere  temporary  inconvenience.' 
it  disabled  him,  however,  for  the  rest 
of  the  campaign.  He  was  among  the 
officers  who  received  the  thanks  of  parlia- 
ment for  Orthes.  He  was  given  a  gold 
medal  for  Vittoria,  and  the  Peninsula  gold 
cross. 

The  war  was  hardly  at  an  end  when  the 
British  government  made  arrangements  to 
send  four  brigades  of  infantry  nom  Wel- 
lington's army  to  America ;  three  of  them  to 
Canada,  and  one  as  an  expeditionary  force 
against  the  coasts  of  the  United  States. 
iSoes  was  selected  for  the  command  of  the 
latter,  and  embarked  with  it  on  1  June  1814^ 
It  consisted  of  three  battalions,  to  which  a 
fourth  was  added  at  Bermuda,  bringingup  the 
strength  to  3,400  men.  Its  mission,  accord- 
ing to  the  chancellor  of  the  exchequer  (in  a 
speech  in  the  House  of  Commons  on  14Nov.)| 
was  *  to  retaliate  upon  the  Americans  for  the 
outrages  which  they  had  committed  upon 
the  frontiers.'  The  combined  naval  and 
military  force  entered  the  Chesapeake,  sailed 
up  the  Patuxent,  and  on  19  Aug.  the  troops 
were  landed  at  Benedict.  Including  a  strong 
battalion  of  marines,  their  total  number  was 
about  4,500  men ;  they  had  three  light  guns 
and  some  rockets. 

t2 


Ross 


276 


Ross 


An  American  flotilla  had  taken  refuse  in 
the  upper  water  of  the  Patuxent,  and  an 
attack  upon  this  flotilla  served  to  cover  an 
approach  to  the  capital.  While  the  boats  of  the 
fleet  moved  up  the  river,  the  troops  marched 
up  the  rig[ht  bank  to  Upper  Marlborough. 
The  American  commodore,  having  no  means 
of  escape,  blew  up  his  vessels.  Ross  then 
struck  inland,  and  marched  on  Washington 
by  way  of  Bladensburg,  a  distance  of  about 
twenty-eight  miles.  At  Bladensburg  he 
found  the  United  States  troops  drawn  up  on 
high  ground  behind  a  branch  of  the  Potomac — 
6,600  men,  mostly  militia,  with  twenty-«ix 
guns,  worked  by  the  sailors  of  the  flotiUa. 
There  were  about  five  hundred  dragoons; 
while  Ross  had  no  horsemen  except  some 
fifty  artillery  drivers  who  had  been  mounted 
on  such  horses  as  could  be  found.  His 
troops  had  to  defile  over  a  bridge  swept  by 
the  fire  of  the  enemy's  guns.  But  he  at- 
tacked without  hesitation.  After  three 
hours'  fighting  the  Americans,  jpressed  on 
both  flanks  as  well  as  in  front,  broke  and  fled, 
taking  shelter  in  the  woods,  and  leaving  ten 
of  their  guns  behind.  The  British  loss  was 
250  men,  and  Boss  himself  had  a  horse 
shot  under  him. 

The  same  evening  (24  Aug.)  he  pushed 
on  to  Washington.  On  his  approach  to  re- 
connoitre a  few  shots  were  fired,  and  he 
again  narrowly  escaped,  his  horse  being 
killed.  Otherwise  no  resistance  was  made. 
'  So  unexpected  was  our  entry  and  capture 
of  Washington,'  he  wrote^ '  and  so  conndent 
was  Madison  of  the  defeat  of  our  troops,  that 
he  had  prepared  a  supper  for  the  expected 
conquerors ;  and  when  our  advanced  party 
entered  the  President's  house,  they  found  a 
table  laid  with  forty  covers.'  In  the  course 
of  that  night  and  the  next  day  all  the 
public  buildings — ^the  halls  of  congress,  the 
supreme  court,  the  public  offices,  including 
the  national  archives  and  library — were 
burnt.  The  arsenal  and  dockyard,  with  the 
vessels  under  construction  in  it,  had  already 
been  set  on  fire  by  the  Americans  themselves. 
Their  destruction  was  completed  ;  and  the 
great  brid^  over  the  Potomac  was  also 
burnt.  Pnvate  property  was  scrupulously 
respected,  with  tne  exception  of  the  liouse 
from  which  the  shots  had  been  fired.  The 
following  night  the  troops  began  their  march 
back  to  their  ships.  It  was  not  interfered 
with,  and  they  re-embarked  on  the  dOth. 

Of  this  expedition  Jomini  wrote:  *To 
the  great  astonishment  of  the  world,  a  hand- 
ful of  seven  or  eight  thousand  English 
were  seen  to  land  in  the  middle  of  a  state  of 
ten  million  inhabitants,  and  penetrate  far 
enough  to  get  possession  of  the  capital,  and 


destroy  aU  the  public  buildings ;  results  for  a 
parallel  to  which  we  should  search  history 
in  vain.  One  would  be  tempted  to  set  it 
down  to  the  republican  and  unmilitaiy  apirit 
of  those  states,  if  we  had  not  seen  the  muitia 
of  Greece,  Bome,  and  Switzerland  make  a 
better  defence  of  their  homes  agiunst  far 
more  powerful  attacks,  and  if  in  this  same 
year  another  and  more  numeroua  English 
expedition  had  not  been  totally  defeat^  by 
the  militia  of  Louisiana  under  the  orders  oi 
General  Jackson '  (Des  JExpSditions  d'Outre- 
mer).  The  Unitea  States  government  had 
ample  warning  that  an  attempt  on  Wash- 
ington was  contemplated.  General  Arm- 
strong, the  secretary  of  war,  who  had  made 
light  of  it,  was  forced  by  the  public  outcry 
to  resign. 

It  was  decided  by  the  general  and  the 
admiral  that  the  next  stroke  should  be  at 
Baltimore.  The  troops,  now  reduced  to 
less  than  four  thousand,  were  landed  at 
North  Point  on  12  Sept.,  and  had  to  march 
through  about  twelve  miles  of  thickly 
wooded  country  to  reach  the  city.  About 
six  thousand  militia  were  drawn  up  to  pro- 
tect it,  and  skirmishing  soon  began  in  the 
woods.  Boss,  riding  to  the  front  as  usual, 
was  mortally  wounded,  a  bullet  passing 
through  his  right  arm  into  his  breast.  He 
died  as  he  was  being  carried  back  to  the 
boats.  The  advance  was  continued,  and  the 
militia  were  routed;  but  the  attack  on 
Baltimore  was  eventually  abandoned,  as 
(apart  from  the  irretrievable  loss  of  their 
commander)  the  navy  found  it  impossible 
to  co-operate,  and  the  troops  re-embarked  on 
16  Sept. 

The  British  reprisals  excited  great  in- 
dignation in  America.  Monroe,  the  secre- 
tary of  state  (afterwards  president),  wrote 
to  the  British  admiral:  'In  the  course  of 
ten  years  past  the  capitals  of  the  princi- 
pal powers  of  Europe  liave  been  conquered 
and  occupied  alternately  by  the  victorious 
armies  of  each  other ;  and  no  instance  of 
such  wanton  and  unjustifiable  destructioir 
has  been  seen.'  The  same  feeling  found 
voice  in  the  House  of  Commons,  but  Mr. 
Whitbread,  while  giving  expression  t.o  it 
in  the  strongest  terms,  acquitted  Boss  of  all 
blame,  and  said  that  'it  was  happy  for 
humanity  and  the  credit  of  the  empire  that 
the  extraordinary  order  upon  that  occasion 
had  been  entrusted  to  an  officer  of  so  much 
moderation  and  justice'  (^Hansard,  -xrr^x 
181). 

The  ministers  showed  their  satisfaction 
with  his  work  both  in  public  and  private. 
The  chancellor  of  the  exchequer  saia  in  the 
House  of  Commons  (14  Nov.) :  *  While  he 


Ross 


277 


Ross 


inlUcted  chasdsement  in  a  manner  to  con- 
vey, in  the  fullest  sense,  the  terror  of  the 
British  sims,  the  Americans  themselves 
could  not  withhold  from  him  the  meed  of 
praise  for  the  temper  and  moderation  with 
which  he  executed  the  task  assianied  to 
him.'  Loid  Bathurst  wrote  to  Wellington 
(27  Sept.) : '  The  conduct  of  Major-general 
li08s  does  credit  to  your  grace's  school.' 
Qoolboniy  one  of  the  commissioners  who 
were  treatinff  for  peace  at  Qhent,  wrote 
(21  Oct.) : '  We  owed  the  acceptance  of  our 
article  respecting  the  Indians  to  the  capture 
of  Washington;  and  if  we  had  either  burnt 
Baltimore  or  held  Plattsburg,  I  believe  we 
ehoald  have  had  peace  on  the  terms  you 
hare  sent  to  ua  in  a  month  at  latest.'  l)ord 
Uverpool  (on  the  same  date)  wrote  to 
Castlereagh  regretting  that  more  troops  had 
not  been  placed  under  Ross,  instead  of  being 
eent  to  (Canada,  adding:  'The  capture  and 
destmctioa  of  Washington  has  not  imited 
the  Americans;  quite  the  contrarv.  We 
hare  gained  more  credit  with  them  by  sav- 
ing private  property  than  we  have  lost  by 
the  destmction  of  their  public  works  and 
buildings.'  The  actual  damage  done,  as 
avesaed  by  a  committee  of  congressi  was  lees 
than  a  million  dollars. 

Combined  operations  have  too  often  failed 
from  friction  between  the  naval  and  mili- 
taiy  commanders ;  but  in  Ross,  the  admiral 
(Sir  A.  Cochrane)  said,  *  are  blended  those 
qoalities  so  essential  to  promote  success 
^here  co-operation  between  the  two  ser- 
viceg  becomes  necessary.'  Rear-admiral 
(eiierwaids  Sir  George)  Cockbum,  who  was 
with  him  when  he  fell,  wrote:  'Our 
eoontry  has  lost  in  him  one  of  its  best  and 
htiTeat  soldiers,  and  those  who  knew  him, 
u  I  did,  a  friend  most  honoured  and  beloved.' 
His  services  and  death  were  referred  to 
in  the  speech  from  the  throne  at  the  open- 
ing of  parliament  (8  Nov.),  and  a  public 
Bnnument  in  St.  Paul's  was  voted  for  him. 
It  is  placed  abowe  the  entrance  to  the  crypt. 
A  monument  was  also  raised  to  him  at 
HaU£u[,  Nova  Scotia,  where  his  body  was 
buried  on  29  Sept.  At  Rosstrevor,  his 
home,  his  old  regiment,  the  20th,  put  up  | 
a  memorial  to  him  in  the  parish  church,  and  ' 
in  1826  a  granite  obelisk,  one  hundred  feet 
^■^h^  was  erected  by  the  officers  of  the 
'"ii^Hipeake  force  and  the  ^ntr^  of  countv 
Ihwn,  '  as  a  tribute  to  his  private  worth 
^  a  record  of  his  military  exploits.' 

A  portrait  of  Ross  nresented  to  the  20th 

^ment  by  his  aide*de-camp,  afterwards 

^l^neral  FaUs,  has  been  reproduced  as  a  firon- 

ti-*piece  to  Smyth's  history  of  the  regiment. 

A  royal  warrant,  dated  2o  Aug.   1815, 


after  settin^f  forth  his  services  at  Maida,  in 
Spain,  and  m  America,  granting  fresh  armo- 
rial bearings,  ordained  that  his  widow  and 
descendants  might  henceforward  be  called 
Ross  of  Bladensburg  *  as  a  memorial  of  his 
loyalty,  ability,  and  valour.' 

Ross  married,  in  London,  on  2  Dec.  1802, 
Elisabeth,  daughter  of  W.  Glascock,  and 
had  several  children,  of  whom  two  sons 
and  one  daughter  survived  infancy.  His 
wife  nursed  him  at  St.  Jean  de  Luz  after 
his  wound  at  Orthes,  making  her  way 
over  snowy  mountains  from  Bilbao.  When 
he  went  to  America  three  months  after- 
wards he  promised  her  that  it  should  be  his 
last  campaign.    She  died  12  May  184^. 

[Gent.  Mag.  1814,  ii.  483  ;  United  Service 
Journal,  1820,  p.  414;  Colo's  Pen  insnlar  Gene - 
mis ;  Smyth's  History  of  the  Twentieth  Regi- 
ment ;  Steevens's  Reminiscences  of  my  Military 
Life ;  Bunbnry  8  Narratives  of  some  PassAges  in 
the  Greet  War,  pp.  8,  159,  247,  435;  Gleig's 
Washington  and  llew  Orleans;  Jamei's  Military 
Occurrences  of.  the  late  War  between  Great 
Britain  and  the  United  States;  Ingraham's 
Sketch  of  the  Events  which  preceded  the  cap- 
ture of  Washington ;  Welliogton  Despatches,  x. 
388,  582;  Wellington  Supplementiuy  Series, 
Tiii.  370, 693,  ix«  86,  137,  292,  366;  Castlereagh 
Correspondence,  z.  138,  &c. ;  Burke's  Landed 
Gentry;  and  information  furnished  by  M>\jor 
Boss  of  Bladensburg,  C.B.]  E.  M.  L. 

ROSS,  Sib  ROBERT  DALRYMPLE 
(1828-1887),  speaker  of  the  South  Austra- 
lian House  of  Assenably,  horn  in  1828  at  St. 
Vincent,  West  Indies,  on  one  of  his  father's 
estates,  was  son  of  John  Pemberton  Ross, 
speaker  of  the  House  of  Assembly  at  St.  Vin- 
cent, by  his  wife,  only  daughter  of  Alexan- 
der Anderson  [q.  y.l,  the  botanist.  He  was 
educated  in  England,  and  eventually  entered 
the  commissariat  department  of  the  army  as 
a  temporary  clerk  in  May  1866,  joining  the 
Turkish  cont  ingent  in  the  Crimea.  On  1  April 
1856  he  was  confirmed  in  the  department, 
and  at  the  close  of  the  war  he  was  thanked  for 
his  services  and  received  the  Turkish  medal. 
Shortly  afterwards  he  volunteered  for  ser- 
vice on  the  west  coast  of  Africa,  and  was 
senior  commissariat  officer  at  Cape  Coast 
Castle  from  August  1866  to  October  1869, 
becoming  deputy  assistant  commissary-gene- 
ral on  17  Sept.  1868.  During  this  period  he 
sat  as  a  member  of  the  legislative  council  for 
the  Gold  Coast  Colony,  and  for  a  short  time 
acted  as  colonial  secretary;  in  the  latter 
capacity  he  took  the  lead  in  putting  down  a 
ferious  rising  of  the  natives.  In  1860  ho 
went  on  active  service  to  China,  and  served 
through  the  war  of  that  year. 

In  January  1862  he  was  ordered  to  South 


Ross 


278 


Ross 


Australia,  and  for  a  short  time  in  1863  acted 
as  aide-de-camp  to  Sir  Dominic  Daly;  he 
already  seems  to  have  contemplated  perma- 
nent settlement  in  the  colony,  and  purohased 
the  estate  of  Higheroombe,  Gumeracha.  But 
in  1864y  on  hearing  of  the  outbreak  of  the 
war  in  New  Zealand,  he  obtained  a  transfer  to 
that  colony,  and  served  through  the  campaign 
of  1864-^.  From  July  1865  tiU  1869  he 
was  stationed  chiefly  in  Victoria.  In  1869, 
on  his  way  to  England,  he  was  requested 
to  go  to  India  and  discuss  the  question  of 
providing  in  South  Australia  a  remount  ser- 
vice for  tne  Indian  cavalry.  At  the  close  of 
the  same  year  he  was  attached  to  the  fliying 
colunms  which  dealt  with  the  fenian  scare  in 
Ireland;  on  12  Feb.  1870  he  became  com- 
missary-general and  was  placed  in  charge 
of  the  department  of  control  at  Manchester. 

On  1  Jan.  1871  Ross  retired  from  the  ser- 
vice and  returned  to  South  Australia.  After 
leading  a  comparatively  secluded  life  for  some 
time,  carry  ingon  experiments  at  Highercombe 
in  the  making  of  wine  and  cider,  he  came 
forwajrd  to  encourage  the  opening  of  fresh 
markets  for  Australian  proauce.  In  1875, 
after  being  defeated  for  nis  own  district  of 
Gumeracha,  Ross  entered  the  assembly  as 
member  for  Wallaroo.  From  June  1876  to 
October  1877  he  was  treasurer  in  the  Colton 
ministry.  In  1880  he  acted  for  some  weeks 
as  deputy-speaker,  and  on  2  June  1881  (sit- 
ting now  for  his  own  district,  Gumeracha) 
was  unanimously  elected  speaker  of  the  as- 
sembly ;  he  was  re-elected  session  by  session 
till  his  death,  winning  universal  approbation 
by  his  firmness,  courtesy,  and  go<Kl  humour. 
He  was  knighted  on  24  May  1886. 

Roes  was  president  of  the  Royal  Agricul- 
tural Society  of  South  Australia  and  a  mem- 
ber of  the  council  of  the  university  of 
Adelaide,  besides  being  chairman  of  the 
Adelaide  Steamship  Company  and  director 
of  other  commercial  companies.  He  died  at 
the  private  hospital,  Aoielaide,  on  27  Dec. 
1887,  and  was  accorded  a  state  funeral  at 
St.  George's  cemetery,  Woodforde,  on  29  Dec. 

Roes  married,  in  1864,  a  daughter  of  John 
Baker,  a  member  of  the  South  Australian 
assembly ;  his  wife  died  in  1867,  leaving  one 
son  and  one  daughter. 

[Mennell*8  Diet,  of  Australasian  Biogr. ;  South 
Australia  Advertiser.  28  Dec.  1887;  Adelaide 
Obsenrer,  28  Dec  1887 ;  official  information.] 

0.  A.  H. 

BOaS^  THOMAS  (1575P-1618),  libeUer, 
bom  about  1575.  was  the  third  son  of  John 
Ross  of  Oraigie  in  Perthshire,  and  his  wife, 
Agnes  Hepburn.  The  family  had  been  esta- 
blished at  Craigie  since  the  days  of  David 
Pruce  (N18BBT,  Heraldry t  i.  416).    Thomas 


studied  at  Edinburgh  University,  where  he 
graduated  M.A.,andwaslanreated  on  10  Aug. 
1595.  Having  resolved  to  enter  the  ministry, 
he  was  licensed  by  the  presbytery  of  Perth 
before  November  1602,  and  was  presented 
by  James  VI  on  26  July  1606  to  the  parish 
of  Cargill  in  Perthshire.    He  continued  to 
hold  this  charge  till  about  1615,  when  he 
resigned  it,  and  went  to  Encland,  beanng 
letters  from  some  of  the  lords  of  secret  oounm 
and  the  bishops,  recommending  him  to  James 
for  a  scholarahip  at  Oxford.    But^  he  was 
disappointed  in  nis  hopes,  and,  being  in  a 
state  of  ^preat  destitution,  and  perhaps  crazed 
by  his  misfortunes,  in  July  1618  he  affixed  a 
Latin  thesis  to  the  door  of  St.  Mary's,  Oxford, 
to  the  effect  ^  that  all  Scotsmen  ought  to  be 
expelled  from  the  court  of  England,  with  the 
exception  of  his  majesty  himself,  the  prince, 
and  a  very  few  others.'     This  main  thesis 
was  accompanied  by  ten  appendices  still  mors 
violent  in  their  wording.    The  paper  was  in- 
stantly taken  down  by  a  scholar  and  con- 
veyed to  the  vice-chancellor,  who   readily 
recognised  the  writing,  because  Boss  had  re- 
peatedly solicited  him  for  a  license  to  beg 
money  to  carry  him  to  Paris.    Rosa  was 
arrested,   and  by  James's  order  was  sent 
to  Edinburgh  to  be  tried.     His  trial  took 
place  on  ^  Aug.  1618,  and,  in  spite  of 
a  plea  of  insanity,  he  was  found  guilty,  and 
sentenced  to  have  his  right  hand  struck  off, 
and  afterwards  to  be  beheaded  at  the  market 
cross.    He  was  respited  till  James's  pleasuie 
was  known,  but,  as  no  reprieve  was  received, 
the  sentence  was  carried  out  on  11  Sept 
His  head  was  set  up  on  the  Nether  Bow 
Port,  and  his  hand  on  the  West  Port.    A 
copy  of  his  thesis,  translated  for  the  benefit 
of  James  I,  exists  in  the  Advocates'  Librarv 
at  Edinburgh  among  Sir  James  Balfour^s 
manuscripts. 

Ross  has  been  identified  with  Thomas  Rosa 
or  Ross  who  published  an  extremely  eulo- 
gistic work  on  James  I,  entitled  '  Idsea,  sive 
de  Jacobi  Magn»  Britannice  GallisB  et  Hy- 
bemisB  prsBStantissimi  et  augustissimi  Re^is, 
virtutibus  et  omamentis,  difucida  enarratio,' 
London,  1608,  12mo  (British  Museum  and 
Bodleian),  llie  evidence  as  to  the  identity 
of  the  two  cannot  be  considered  condosive. 

[Masson's  Reg.  of  the  Scottish  Priry  Council, 
1616-19,  p.  447;  Scott's  Fasti  Ecrles.  Scot.  ii. 
ii.  797 ;  Pitcaim's  Grim.  Trials,  iii.  445,  682 ; 
Galderwood'B  Hiit.  of  the  Kirk,  vii.  886 ;  Bid- 
four's  Historical  Works,  ii.  70 ;  Amot's  Crim. 
Trials,  p.  70.]  E.  I.  C. 

ROSS,  THOMAS  (6. 1676),  poet  and  poli* 
tician,  a  near  relative  of  the  writer  Alexander 
Boss  (1690-1654)  [(}.  v.],  may  have  received 
his  education  at  Christ's  College,  Cambridge, 


Ross 


279 


Ross 


where  onelliomasBoese,  son  of  James  Hosae, 
of  Richmond,  Surrey,  who  was  educated  at 
the  Charterhouse,  graduated  B.  A.  in  1642-8. 
He  adhered  to  CSuirles  II  in  his  exile,  was 
emplojed  in  political  intrigues  of  that  period, 
and  about  I008  became  tutor  to  James  Scott 
(afterwards  Duke  of  Monmouth)  [q.  t.],  the 
king's  natural  son.  James  II  in  his '  Memoirs ' 
charges  Ross  with  first  inspiring  his  pupil 
with  hope  of  the  throne.  The  youth  had  been 
originally  instructed  in  the  catholic  religion 
by  the  C^orians,  and  the  change  of  tutor 
ioTolTed  a  change  of  religion  by  Charles's 
order.  Ross  appued  to  Br.  Cosin,  and  told 
hhn  he  might  do  a  great  service  to  the 
church  of  England  in  keeping  out  popery 
if  he  would  sign  a  certificate  of  the  mar- 
riage of  Charles  II  with  his  pupil's  mother, 
Loe^  Walter,  who  was  one  of  the  doctor^s 
penitents.  Ross  promised  to  conceal  this 
certificate  during  the  doctor^s  lifetime. 
Goem  indignantly  rejected  the  proposal,  and 
afterwazds  acquainted  the  king  with  the 
traniaction.  Hm  majesty  thought  fit  to  keep 
the  matter  secret,  but  shortly  after  the  Re- 
storation removed  Ross  from  ms  situation  on 
another  pretezty  and  divulged  the  afiair  some 
jeaxs  later,  when  the  st^  of  the  'Black 
Box'  was  obtaining  credence. 

Bobs  was  then  appointed  to  the  ofiice  of 
eoostable  of  Laiinceston  Oistle,  which  he  re- 
Bgned  in  July  1661,  and  on  22  Aug.  in  that 
TOT  he  was  constituted  keeper  of  the  kixisf  s 
library,  with  a  salary  of  200L  a  year.  He 
▼as  created  M.  A.,  at  Oxford  on  28  Sept.  1668. 
In  the  following  year  he  acted  as  secretary 
to  Henry  Coventiy  (1619-1686)  [q.  v.],  when 
tbe  latter  was  sent  on  an  embassy  to  the  court 
of  Sweden.  In  Mav  1666  he  conferred  upon 
Richard  Pearson,  then  his  deputy,  the  re- 
version of  the  office  of  keeper  of  the  royid 
libnrr,  and  he  stated  that  he  '  is  now  at 
Krrice  in  the  fleet,  and  uncertain  of  subsis- 
tence for  his  fiimily  if  he  should  die.'  He 
died  ten  years  later,  on  27  Oct.  1676. 

He  was  the  author  of:  1.  'The  Second 
I^mick  War  between  Hannibal  and  the  Bo- 
Banes.  .  .  Englished  from  the  Latine  of 
^*ns  Italtcns;  with  a  Continuation  from 
the  Triumph  of  Scipio  to  the  Death  of  Han- 
nibal' [in  versel  London,  1661,  fol.  The 
d'^dication  to  the  king  is  dated  Bruges, 
18  Nov.  1667.  There  is  a  beautifully  written 
e<^y  of  this  book  in  the  Harleian  MS.  4233. 
••  'Advice  of  Mr.  Thomas  Ross  to  James 
Scott,  Duke  of  Monmouth  and  Bucdeugh, 
latural  Son  to  King  Charles  11,  by  Mrs. 
Bamh&m,  in  imitation  of  Tull^,  concerning 
Offices  or  humane  Duties,  unto  his  Son  Mark ' 
(Lambeth  MS.  931,  art.  66). 
Among  the  Ashmolean  manuscripts  at  | 


Oxford  is  a  poem  entitled  *Tlie  Ghost  of 
honest  Tom  Boss  to  his  Pupill,  D[uke]  of 
MTonmouth],'  and  beginning  *  Shame  of  my 
life,  disturber  of  my  tombe.^  It  was  written 
after  Ross's  death. 

[Black's  Cat.  of  AshmoloaD  MSS.  p.  86; 
Evelyn's  Diary,  1852,  ii.  229  n. ;  Foster^e  Alumni 
Oxon.  early  ser.  iii.  1281 ;  Roberts's  Life  of  the 
Duke  of  Monmoath,  i.  7i  8;  Cal.  of  State 
Papers;  Todd's  Cat.  of  Lambeth  MSS.  pp.  175, 
207;  Wood's  Fasti  Oxon.  ii.  274;  Rochester's 
Poems,  1707,  p.  122.]  T  C. 

*  EOSS,  WILLIAM,  twelfth  Lobd  Ross 
of  Hawkhead  (1666  P-1738),  o^  son  of 
G^rge,  eleventh  lord  Ross  of  l^wkhead, 
bv  Lady  Grisel  Cochrane,  only  daughter  of 

William,  first  earl  of  Dundonald,  was  bom 
about  1666.  The  Rosses  of  Hawkhead  claim 
descent  from  a  Norman  family  which  at  an 
early  period  possessed  the  lordship  of  Ros 
in  YoushireTsee  Ros,  Robert  j)B,d.  1227]. 
The  first  of  this  family  who  came  to  Scot- 
land was  Godfrey  de  Ros,  who  received  from 
Richard  de  MorviUe  the  lands  of  Stewarton, 
A^hire.  Sir  John  Ross,  first  lord  Ross 
of  Hawkhead,  mentioned  as  one  of  the 
barons  of  parliament  on  3  Feb.  1489-90,  was 
the  son  of  the  Sir  John  Ross  of  HawkJiead 
who  was  chosen  one  of  the  three  Scottish 
champions  to  fi^ht  in  1449  with  the  three 
Burgundian  knights  in  the  presence  of 
James  II.  Among  the  more  notable  members 
of  the  family  were  John,  second  lord  Ross, 
who  fell  at  Flodden  in  1618 ;  James,  fourth 
lord,  one  of  the  jury  for  the  trial  of  Both- 
well  in  April  166/,  and  subsequently  a 
strong  supporter  of  Queen  Mary  Stuart ;  and 
WiUiam,  tenth  lord,  who  w^  fined  SfiOOL 
by  Cromwell's  act  of  grace  in  1664. 

While  still  master  of  Ross,  William  (after- 
wards twelfth  lord)  had  a  charter  under  the 
sreat  seal,  10  Aug.  1669,  of  the  bu*onies  of 
Melville  and  Hawkhead.  He  took  a  pro- 
minent part  in  the  crusade  against  the  cove- 
nanters ;  and  on  10  June  1679  encountered, 
near  Selkirk,  a  pjartv  of  160  of  them  from 
Fife,  about  to  join  the  main  body ;  he  de- 
feated this  detachment  at  Beauly  Bog,  killing 
about  sixty  and  taking  ten  prisoners,  whom 
he  sent  to  Edinburgh  (Napieb,  Memoirs  qf 
Qraham  qf  Claverhouscy  u  280). 

William  succeeded  his  father  as  Lord 
Ross  in  1682.  In  April  1683  he  was  recom- 
mended by  the  Duke  of  Queensberry  to 
be  lieutenant-colonel  to  Graham  of  Claver- 
house,  but,  there  being  no  such  officer  in  the 
cavalry  regiments,  he  was  appointed  major 
instead  (tb»  ii.  S44\  He  was  one  of  the  wit- 
nesses to  Clavernouse's  marriage  in  1684, 
and  accompanied  him  on  his  wedding  day 
in  the  vain  pursuit  of  the  armed  conventiclers  , 


Ross 


280 


Ross 


in  Ayrshire  {ib.  pp.  389-40).  He  was  en- 
gaged in  the  pursuit  of  Argyll  in  1685,  and 
in  an  action  with  the  rebels  was  wounded  in 
the  neck(^M^.  MS8.  Comm.  12th  Rep.  App. 
pt.  yiii.  p.  22).  In  January  1686  he  was  maae 
a  member  of  the  Scottish  privy  council 
(Lattbeb  op  FouNTAiyHALL,  Aistoriool  N<H 
Hoes,  p.  695),  but  on  14  Sept.  he  was  dis- 
missed by  a  letter  from  the  kmg  (ii.p.  750) 

At  the  revolution  Ross  took  an  active  part 
in  supporting  the  claims  of  William  andMaiy 
to  the  Scottish  crown,  and  he  was  one  of 
the  commissioners  chosen  by  the  Scottish 
estates  to  proceed  to  London  to  give  the 
king  an  account  of  their  proceedings  (Mel- 
ville Papers,  p.  48).  On  tne  plea  of  attend- 
ing to  his  parliamentary  duties,  he  declined 
to  undertake  active  militaiy  service  against 
his  old  commander  Olaverhouse  (tb»  p.  195). 
and  disobeyed  an  injunction  re^uirmg  all 
officers  to  join  the  army  at  Stirling  on  pain 
of  escheating  (ib,  p.  228).  He  nevertheless 
appears  to  have  ultimately  obtained  exemp- 
tion, for  there  is  no  record  of  any  action 
bein^  taken  against  him;  but,  being  dis- 
appomted  with  the  recognition  of  his  politi- 
cal services,  he  eventuiuly  joined  the  mal- 
contents against  the  government,  and  be- 
came a  leading  member  of  the  society  known 
as  The  Club.  Along  with  Sir  James  Mont- 
gomery l^q.  v.],  he  went  to  London  to  present 
to  the  king  a  declaration  of  Scottish  griev- 
ances. He  was  also  one  of  the  main  con- 
trivers of  the  Montgomery  plot,  it  being 
understood  that,  if  the  plot  were  successful, 
he  would  be  created  an  earl  {Baharres 
Memoirs^  p.  62).  It  being,  however,  repre- 
sented to  nim  in  January  1690  that  he  was 
Xjo  be  imprisoned  for  designs  against  the 
government,  he  went  to  England  (Melville  \ 
Tapers,  pp.  446-7),  and  gave  some  informa- 
tion in  regard  to  the  plot,  but  refused  to  be- 
come evidence  against  any  one  {ib.  p.  449). 
In  July  1690  he  was  sent  to  the  Tower 
(LTrrTKELL,  Short  Belation,  p.  73),  but  was 
released  on  his  own  recognisances. 

After  the  accession  of  Queen  Anne,  Ross 
was  in  1701  appointed  lord  high  commis- 
sioner to  the  church  of  Scotland.  He  was 
also  one  of  the  commissioners  for  the  union 
between  England  and  Scotland,  of  which 
he  was  a  steady  supporter;  and  he  re- 
mained loyal  to  tne  government  during  the 
rebellion  of  1715.  At  the  general  election  of 
this  year  he  was  chosen  one  of  the  Scottish 
representative  peers.  He  died  on  15  March 
1788,  in  his  eigntynsecond  year.  He  was  four 
times  married.  By  his  first  wife,  Agnes, 
daughter  and  heiress  of  Sir  John  Wilkie  of 
Fouldean,  Berwickshire,  he  had  a  son  and 
three  daughten:   George,  thirteenth  earl; 


Euphemia,  married  to  William,  third  earl 
of  Kilmarnock;  Mary  to  John,  first  duke  of 
Atholl ;  and  Grizel  to  Sir  James  Lockhart 
of  Oarstairs,  Lanarkshire,  father  of  Sir  John 
Lockhart-Ross.  Byhis  second  wife,  a  daugh- 
ter of  Philip,  lord  Wharton,  he  haa  no  issue. 
By  his  third  wife,  Lady  Anne  Hay,  eldest 
daughter  of  John,  second  marquis  of  Tweed- 
dale,  he  had  a  daughter  Anne,  who  died  un- 
married. By  his  fourth  wife,  Henrietta, 
daughter  of  Sir  Francis  Scott  of  Thirlestane, 
he  had  no  issue. 

[Melville  Papers  and  Balcaires  Memoirs  (Ban* 
natyne  Club) ;  Lauder  of  Fountainball's  Histori- 
cal Notices ;  IiUttrell*s  Brief  Kelation ;  HisU  MSS. 
Comm.  12th  Rep.  App.  pt.  vilL ;  Napier's  Me- 
moirs of  Graham  of  ClaTerhouse ;  Douglas's 
Scottish  Peerage,  ed.  Wood,  ii  421-8.1 

T.  F.  H. 

ROSS,  WILLIAM  (1762-1790),  Gaelic 
noet,  was  horn  at  Broadford,  Skye,  in  1762. 
His  father,  a  pedlar,  settled  for  some  time 
at  Forres,  Morayshire,  where  Ross  was  well 
educated.  Afterwards  the  family  removed 
to  Gairloch,  Boss-shire,  his  mother's  native 
place.  Rosa  made  occasional  excursions  with 
his  father,  in  the  course  of  which  he  became 
proficient  in  the  Gaelic  dialects  of  the 
western  highlands,  and  received  impresaions 
from  scenery  and  character  that  stimulated 
his  poetic  powers.  An  accomplished  musi- 
cian, he  both  sang  well  and  ^ayed  with 
skill  on  several  instruments.  He  was  ap- 
pointed parish  schoolmaster  at  Gairlocn, 
where  he  was  popular  and  successful.  He 
died  at  Gairloch  m  1790,  broken-hearted,  it 
is  averred,  by  the  indifference  of  Marion  Boss 
of  Stornoway  (afterwards  Mrs.  Clough  of 
Liverpool^,  who  rejected  his  advances.  He 
celebratea  her  with  freshness  and  force  in  his 
*  Praise  of  the  Highland  Maid.'  His  poetic 
range  was  considerable,  and  Gaelic  scnolars 
claim  for  him  uncommon  excellence  in  pas- 
toral, descriptive,  and  anacreontic  verse.  Two 
volumes  of  his  Gaelic  poems  were  published 
— '  Grain  Ghae'lach '  (Inverness,  1830, 12mo) 
and  '  An  dara  cldbhualadh '  (Glasgow,  1834, 
12mo).  Translations  exlubit  spirit,  humour, 
and  depth  of  feeling. 

[Bibliotheca  Scoto^eltica ;  Rogers's  Modem 
SooUish  MinstreL]  T.  B. 

ROSS,    Sib    WILLIAM    CHARLES 

(1794-1860),  miniature-painter,  descended 
from  a  Scottish  family  settled  at  Tain  in 
Ross-shire,  was  bom  m  London  on  3  June 
1794.  He  was  the  son  of  William  Ross,  a 
miniature-painter  and  teacher  of  drawing, 
who  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy  from 
1809  to  1826.  His  mother,  Maria,  a  sister 
of  Anker  Smith  [q.  v.],  the  line-engraver| 


Ross 


281 


Rosse 


wu  a  poxtrait-painter,  who  exhibited  at  the 
Koy&l  Academy  between  1791  and  1814, 
and  died  in  London  on  20  March  1836, 
aged  70. 

At  an  early  age  youn^  Ross  evinced  great 
abiL'tT,  and  in  1807  received  from  the  Society 
of  Arts  the  lesser  silver  palette  for  a  copy 
in  chalk  of  Anker  Smiui's   engraving  of 
Northcote'a  *  Death  of  Wat  Tyler.'    In  1808 
he  was  admitted  into  the  schools  of  the  Boyal 
Academy,  where  he  received  from  Benjamin 
West  much  kind  advice,  and  in  1810  gained 
a  silver  medal  for  a  drawing  from  the  life. 
The  Society  of  Arts  also,  in  1808,  awarded 
to  him  a  silver  medal  for  an  original  draw- 
ing of  the  '  Jud^ent  of  Solomon,'  and  in 
18M99  the  larger  silver  palette  for  an  original 
miniature  of  '  Venna  and  Cupid,'  which  he 
exhibited  with  two  other  works, '  Mordecai 
Bewaided  *  and  ^  The  Jud^ent  of  Solomon,' 
at  the  Royal  Academy  m  the  same  year. 
For  aome  years  afterwards  his  exhibited  works 
were  mamly  of  a  classical  character,  and  in 
I82o  he  sent  to  the  Eoyal  Academy  a  large 
picture  representing  'Christ    casting    out 
bevils.'    Me  further  received  from  the  So- 
ciety of  Arts,  in  1810,  the  silver  medal  and 
twenty  guineas  for  an  original  drawing  of 
|C&ractacu8  brought  before  Claudius  Caesar; ' 
in  1811  the  silver  medal  and  twenty  guineas 
for  an  ori^nal  drawing  of '  Samuel  presented 
to  Eli;  *  in  1816  the  ^Id  Isis  meaal  for  an 
original  portrait  of  the  Dulte  of  Norfolk, 
president  of  the  society;  and  in  1817  the 
gold  medal  for  an  original  historical  painting, 
*  The  Judgment  of  Brutus.'    At  the  age  of 
twenty  he  became  an  assistant  to  Andrew 
fiobertaon  [q.  v.],  the  eminent  miniature- 
painter;   anil,  although  his  first  ambition 
^9A  to   excel    in    historical   painting,  he 
thought  it  advisable  to  abandon  the  mgher 
^nch  of  art  for  the  more  lucrative  one 
of  miniature-painting.     He  soon  obtained 
a  lar;ge  practice  in  the  hi^phest  circles.    In 
I937  Queen  Yiccoria  and  the  Duchess  of 
Kent  sat  to  him,  and  in  succeeding  years 
Qneen  Adelaide,  the  Prince  Consort,  the 
royal  children,  and  various  members  of  the 
royal  fiunilies  of  France,  Belgium,  Portugal, 
snd  Saxe-Coburg.    He  was  elected  an  asso- 
ciate of  the  Boyal  Academy  in  1888,  and  in 
1843  a  royal  academician,  and  was  knighted 
on  1  Jane  1842.    The  Westminster  Hall 
competition  of  1848  led  him  to  turn  his  hand 
once  naore  to  historical  composition,  and  he 
sent  a  cartoon  of  '  The  Angel  Raphael  dis- 
coursing  with  Adam,'  to  which  was  awarded 
an  extra  premium  of  100/.    He  continued, 
however,  to   hold   the   first  place  among 
miniatare-painters  until  1867,  when  he  was 
Etrack  down  by  paralysis  while  engaged  on 


portraits  of  the  Ouke  and  Duchess  of  Au- 
male,  with  their  two  sons.  He  never  en- 
tirely recovered,  and  died  unmarried  at  his 
residence,  88  Fitzroy  Square,  London,  on 
20  Jan.  1860.  He  was  buried  in  Highgate 
cemetery.  Courtly  and  unassuming  in  man- 
ners, amiable  and  cheerful  in  disposition,  and 
of  high  character,  he  won  general  esteem. 
There  is  a  portrait  of  him,  by  Thomas  Henry 
lllidge,  which  was  engraved  on  wood  for  the 
'  Art  Journal  *  of  1849,  and  a  miniature,  by  his 
brother,  Hugh  Ross  (see  below).  An  exhi- 
bition of  miniatures  by  him  was  held  at  the 
Society  of  Arts  early  in  1860,  and  in  June 
his  remaining  works  were  sold  by  Messrs. 
Christie,  Manson,  &  Woods.  A  miniature 
portrait  of  himself,  a  portrait  of  his  father 
m  red  and  black  chalk,  and  other  works  by 
him  are  in  the  South  Kensington  Museum. 

Ross  held  the  same  position  with  respect 
to  miniature-painters  that  Lawrence  did 
among  portrait-painters.  Others  have  sur- 
passea  him  in  power  of  expression,  but  in 
refinement,  in  purity  of  colour,  and  in  truth, 
he  had  no  rival.  His  portraits  of  men  are 
marked  by  a  strong  individuality^  while  his 
women  charm  by  their  grace  and  delicacy. 
His  miniatures  numbered  in  all  above  2,200. 
of  which  about  three  hundred  were  exhibitea 
at  the  Royal  Academy.  Those  of  Queen 
Victoria  and  of  the  Prince  Consort  have  been 
engraved  by  Henry  Thomas  Ryall  [q.  v.] ; 
that  of  the  Duchess  of  Nemours  by  Charles 
Heath,  for  the  *  Keepsake  *  of  1843 ;  that  of 
Prince  Louis  Napoleon  Bonaparte,  afterwards 
emperor  of  the  French,  by  F.  J.  Joubert; 
and  those  of  Charlotte,  duchess  of  Marl- 
borough, and  of  James,  third  marquis  of 
Ormonde,  by  W.  J.  Edwards. 

Hugh  Ross  (1800-1878),  younger  brother 
of  Sir  William  Charles  Koss,  was  also  a 
miniature-painter,  and  exhibited  at  the  Royal 
Academy  from  1814  to  1846.  Ma^alene 
Ross  (1801-1874),  a  sister,  who  likewise 
practised  the  same  branch  of  art,  exhibited 
at  the  Royal  Academy  between  1820  and 
1856;  she  married  Edwin  Dalton,  a  por- 
trait-painter. 

[RedgraTe's  Dictionary  of  Artists  of  the  Eng- 
lish School,  1878;  Athensum,  1860,  i.  136; 
Art  Joomal,  1S49  p.  48,  and  1860  p.  72 ;  Gent. 
Mag.  1860,  i.  518  ;  Sandby's  Hist,  of  the  Royal 
Academy  of  Arts,  1862,  11.  171-4 ;  Royal  Aca- 
demy Exhibition  Catalogues,  1809-69.] 

R.  E.  0. 

BOSSE,  Eabls  of.  [See  Pabsonb,  La.w< 
REircE,  second  earl,  1768-1841;  PabsoitSi 
William,  third  earl,  1800-1867.] 

BOSSE,  JOHN  DB  (dr.  1382),  bishop  of 

Carlisle.    [See  Ros.] 


Rosseter 


282 


Rossetti 


BOSSETEB,  PHILIP  (1575  P-1623), 
lutenist  and  stage-manager,  was  bom  about 
1675.  In  1601  he  published  *  A  Booke  of 
Ayres,  set  foorth  to  the  Lute,  Orpherian, 
and  Basse  VioU,'  containing  twenty-one 
songs  by  Dr*  Thomas  Caxnpion  [q.  v.],  and 
twenty-one  by  Rosseter.  The  songs  were 
provided  with  accompaniments  in  lute  tablar 
ture,  in  which,  as  well  as  in  the  preludes, 
simplicity  was  aimed  at,  Rosseter  observing 
that  *  a  naked  ayre  without  ^de,  or  prop, 
or  colour  but  his  owne  is  easily  censurod  of 
every  eare,  and  requires  so  much  the  more 
invention  to  make  it  please.'  On  8  Nov. 
1604  a  warrant  was  issued  to  pay  Philip 
Rosseter,  one  of  the  king's  musicians  for  the 
lutes,  20/.  per  annum  for  wages,  and  16/.  2s, 
6d.  for  apparel  (Ca/.  of  State  Papers,  Dom. 
James  I).  In  1609  he  brought  out '  Lessons 
for  Consort,  made  by  sundry  excellent 
authors,  and  set  to  . . .  the  treble  lute,  treble 
violl,  base  violl,  bandora,  citteme,  and  flute' 
(Gbovb). 

After  1609  Rosseter  seems  to  have  occu- 
pied himself  with  court  theatricals.  On 
4  Jan.  1609-10  a  patent  was  granted  to 
him,  Philip  Kingman,  Robert  Jones  (Jl,  1616) 
[q.  v.],  and  Ralph  Reeve,  'to  provide,  keepe, 
and  bring  up  a  convenient  number  of  chil- 
dren, ana  them  to  practise  and  exercise  in 
the  quality  of  playing,  by  the  name  of  Chil- 
dren of  the  Revels  to  the  Queene,  within  the 
Whitefryars  in  the  suburb  of  our  cittie  of 
London,  or  in  any  other  convenient  place. . . .' 
The  partners  made  a  house  in  Wnitefriars, 
which  Rosseter  held  by  lease,  their  head- 
quarters for  the  training  of  the  children.  It 
may  have  been  identical  with  Rosseter's  own 
dwellin?-hou8e,  which  was  described  as  '  in 
Fleete  Street  neere  the  Greyhound '  {Booke 
qf  Ayres\ 

In  1612  and  1618,  the  period  when  Ros- 
seter's  company  was  ]oined  by  the  Lady 
Elizabeth's  company,  the  performance  is  re- 
corded of  three  unnamed  plays  produced 
before  the  Prince  Palatine  by  children  under 
Rosseter's  direction.  For  each  performance 
he  was  granted  about  6/.  Their  repertory  in- 
cluded 'Cupid's  Reuing,'  Jonson's '  Enicoene,' 
Field's  *  Woman  is  a  Weathercock,'  Mason's 

*  Turk,*  Sharpham's  '  Fleire,'  and  Chapman's 

*  "Widow's  Tears '  (cf.  Lanobaike,  Dra- 
matick  Poets,  p.  65,  with  Oldys's  manuscript 
notes  in  Brit.  Mus.) 

The  same  four  patentees  were,  on  81  May 
1616,  granted  a  renewal  of  their  appoint- 
ments, but  the  lease  of  Rosseter's  nouse 
having  expired,  they  obtained  permission, 
under  the  privy  seal,  to  erect  a  new  playhouse 
at  their  own  charges,  to  be  at  the  use  of  the 
children,  the  prince's  players,  and  the  Lady 


Elizabeth's  players.  The  opposition  of  the 
corporation  of  London  ruined  the  scheme, 
and  late  in  1615,  when  the  building  was 
almost  completed,  the  king  ordered  its  demo- 
lition (CoLLiBSyi.  881  et  seq.) 

Rosseter  is  said  by  Collier  to  have  joined 
once  more  the  Lady  Elizabeth's  players,  but 
he  took  no  prominent  part  in  later  theatrical 
enterprise.  Campion  remained  his  friend, 
and  on  his  deathbed,  1  March  1619-20,  be- 
queathed '  all  that  he  had  unto  Mr.  Philip 
Rosseter,  and  wi^ed  that  his  estate  haa 
bin  farr  more.' 

Rosseter  died  on  5  May  1628,  as  stated  in 
a  nuncupative  will  proved  by  his  widow  on 
21  May.  His  brother  Hugh,  and  his  sons, 
Philip  and  Dudley,  survived  him.  Rosseter 
was  buried,  *  out  of  Fetter  Lane,'  on  7  May 
at  St.  Dunstan's  in  the  West. 

[arove*8  Diet  iii.  162 ;  Collier's  Hist,  of  Drar 
matic  Poetry,  i.  passim ;  Shakespeare  Society's 
Bevels  at  Court,  p.  zliii ;  Halliwell-Phillips's 
Outlines,  i.  311 ;  Collect.  Top.  et  Gen.  v.  378  ; 
Registers  of  St.  Bunstan  in  the  West ;  P.  C.  C. 
Registers  of  Wills,  Swan,  f.  41  (quoted  by  Mr. 
Goodwin  in  the  Academy,  zliii.  199} ;  Rosseter's 
Works ;  authorities  cited.]  L.  M.  M. 

BOSSETn,  CHRISTINA  GEORGINA 
(1880-1894),  poetess,  youxiger  daughter  of 
Gabriele  and  Frances  Mary  Lavinia  Rossetti, 
was  bom  in  Charlotte  Street,  Portland  Place, 
London,  on  6  Dec.  1880.  Some  account  of 
her  father  wiU  be  found  in  the  memoir  of  her 
brother,  Dante  Gabriel  Rossetti  [q.  v.]  She 
enjoyed  the  same  educational  advantaj^es  as 
the  rest  of  the  family,  and  manifested  similar 

Srecocity.  Her  first  recorded  verses,  ad- 
ressed  to  her  mother  on  the  latter's  birth- 
dav,  were  written  on  27  April  1842,  and  'were 
printed  at  the  same  time  by  her  maternal 
grandfather,  Gaetano  Polidori  (1764-1863), 
at  his  private  press.  A  little  volume  of  Terse 
was  prmted  in  the  same  manner  in  1S47,  and 
when  her  brothers  and  their  friends  estab- 
lished 'The  G^rm,'in  I860,  Christina,  though 
only  nineteen,  contributed  several  poems  of 
great  beauty,  under  the  pseudonym  of '  Ellen 
Alleyne.'  She  took  her  full  share  in  meeting 
the  distressed  circumstances  which  shortly 
afterwards  befell  the  family  through  the  dis- 
ablement of  its  head  bv  illness,  assisting  her 
mother  in  teaching  a  day  school  at  Camden 
Town  and  afterwards  at  Frome.  Like  her 
brothers,  she  composed  freely  in  Italian,  in 
which  language  several  of  her  poems  were 
written.  After  a  while  she  was  enabled  to 
devote  herself  to  domestic  duties  and  works 
of  charity. 

Miss  Rossetti's  temperament  was  pro- 
foundly religious,  and  she  found  much  con- 
genial occupation  in  church  work  and  tb.^ 


Rossetti 


283 


Rossetti 


oompotttion  of  devotional  manuals,  and  works 
of  religious  edification.     As  sympathizing 
(at  least  in  early  years)  with  the  Italian 
cause,  she  was  averse  from  Roman  Catho- 
licism; but  her  devotion  assumed  a  high 
Anglian  character.    This  had  the  unfortu- 
nate mult  of  causing  an  estrangement  be- 
tween herself  and  a  suitor  to  whom  she  was 
deeply  attached.   This  circumstance  explains 
ZDOch  that  would  otherwise  be  obscure  in 
her  poetij,  and  accounts  for  the  melancholy 
and  even  morbid  character  of  most  of  it. 
Few  have  expressed  the- agonies  of  disap- 
pointed and  hopeless  love  with  equal  poig- 
nancy, and  mucn  of  the  same  spirit  pervades 
her  devotional  poetry  also.    In  her  nrst  pub- 
lished volume,  '  Qoblin  Market  and  other 
Poems,'  with  two  designs  bv  D.  G.  Rossetti 
(Cambridge  and  London,  18o2),she  attained 
a  height  which  she  never  reached  afterwards. 
Her 'Goblin  Market'  is  original  in  concep- 
tion, style,  and  structure,  as  imaginative  as 
the  *  Aacient  Mariner,'  and  comparable  only 
to  Shakespeare  for  the  insight  shown  into 
unhuman  and  yet  spiritual  natures.    'The 
Prince's  Ptt)gress' (1860)  and' A  Pageant' 
(1881)  are  greatly  inferior,  but  are,  like '  Qob- 
lin Market,'  accompanied  by  lyrical  poems  of 
great  beauty.    In  man^  of  these — ^perhaps 
most — the  bought  is  either  inadequate  fat 
t  fine  piece  or  is  insufficiently  wrought  out ; 
but  when  nature  and  art  combine,  the  re- 
sult is  exquisite.  *  Dream  Love,' '  An  End,' 
[  L  £.  L.,'  'A  Birthday,'  <  An  Apple  Qathei^ 
ing/  may  be  cited  as  examples  of  the  per- 
fect lyric,  and  there  are  manv  others.    Bhe 
had  also  a  special  vocation  for  the  sonnet, 
and  her  best  examnles  rival  her  brother's, 
eiining  in  ease  and  simplicity  what  they 
Jose  in  statelv  magnificence.  Except  in  'Gk)l>> 
iin  Market,'  nowever,  she  never  approaches 
his  imaginative  or  descriptive  power.  Every- 
where else  she  is,  like  most  poetesses,  purely 
iubiective,and  in  no  respect  creative.    This, 
no  less  than  the  comnarative  narrowness  of 
her  sympathies,  sets  ner  below  Mrs.  Brown- 
ing, to  whom  she  has  been  sometimes  pre- 
ferred. At  the  same  time,  though   by  no 
means  immaculate,  she  greatly  excels  that 
TeiT  careless  writer  in  artistic  construction 
andi  purity  of  diction. 

Mn.  Browning,  however,  went  on  improv- 
ing to  the  laat  day  of  her  life,  and  the  same 
can  by  no  means  be  said  of  Christina  Rossetti. 
After  producing '  Commonplace'  (stories)'  in 
1870, '  Sin^  Song '  (nursery  rhymes)  in  1872, 
and'  Speaking Luceneeses  '(tales  for  children) 
in  1874,  she  devoted  hersialf  mainly  to  the 
composition  of  works  of  religious  edification, 
mentorious  in  their  way,  but  scarcely  affecting 
tobeUteratiue.  TheyobtainedtneverthelesSy 


a  wide  circulation,  and  probably  did  more  to 
popularise  her  name  than  a  second  '  Goblin 
Market'  could  have  done.  They  include 
'  Annus  Domini '  (prayers),  1874 ;  *  Seek  and 
Find,'  1879 ;  <  CaUed  to  be  Saints:  the  Minor 
Festivals,'  1881 ;  '  Letter  and  Spirit,'  notes 
on  the  Commandments,  1882;  'Time  Flies : 
a  Reading  Diary,'  1886 ;  '  The  Face  of  the 
Deep:  a  Commentary  on  the  Revelation,' 
1802,  and  <  Verses,'  1893. 

Christina  Rossetti  long  led  the  life  of  ah 
invalid.  For  two  years— from  1871  to  1873 
— ^her  existence  hung  by  a  thread,  from  the 
attack  of  a  rare  and  mysterious  malady, 
'  exophthalmic  bronchocele,'  and  her  health 
was  never  afain  good.  She  died  of  cancer 
after  a  long  illness  at  her  residence  in  Tor- 
rington  Square,  London,  on  29  Dec.  1894, 
ana  was  buried  at  Highgate  cemetery  on 
3  Jan.  1896.  Her  portrait,  with  that  of  her 
mother,  drawn  in  tinted  crayons  by  Dante 
Gbbriel  Rossetti,  is  in  the  National  Portrait 
Gallery,  London. 

Her  unpublished  poems,  with  many  coU 
lected  from  periodicids,  were  printed  by  her 
surviving  brother,  Mr.  W.  M.  Rossetti,  in 
1896  as  '  New  Poems.'  Prefixed  is  a  por- 
trait of  her  at  the  age  of  eighteen,  from  a 
pencil  sketch  by  her  brother  Dante.  These 
verses  are  in  most  cases  too  slij^ht  in  theme 
or  too  unfinished  to  add  anything  to  her  re- 
putation. But  few  of  Christina  Rossetti's 
even  most  unimportant  lyrics  are  devoid 
of  some  touch  of  genius  worthy  of  preserva- 
tion. At  the  same  time  her  reputation  would 
certainly  have  stood  higher  if  she  had  j^ro- 
duced  less  or  burned  more.  No  excision, 
however,  could  have  removed  the  taint  of 
disease  which  clings  to  her  most  beautiful 
poetry,  whether  secular  or  religious, '  Goblin 
Market'  excepted.  Her  complete  poetical 
works  were  edited  by  W.  M.  Rossetti  m  1904. 

Her'  sister,  Mabia  Franoesca  (1827- 
1876),  the  oldest  of  the  family,  was  bom  on 
17  Feb.  1827.  She  was  apparently  the  most 
practical  of  the  group,  and  the  most  attentive 
to  domestic  concerns.  She  had  a  remarkable 
gift  for  educational  work,  and,  besides  two 
small  Italian  manuals^ublished  'Letters  to 
my  Bible-Class  on  lldrtj-nine  Sundays,* 
1872.  She  was  withheld  in  her  early  years 
from  the  religious  life  only  by  a  strong  sense 
of  duty.  According  to  her  brother  William 
she  was  *  more  warmly  and  spontaneously  de- 
votional than  any  person  I  have  ever  known.' 
In  1873,  the  year  preceding  her  brother  Wil- 
liam's marriage,  she  felt  at  liberty  to  follow  her 
inclination  by  entering  a  religious  [Anglican] 
sisterhood  at  All  Saints'  Home,  Margaret 
Street.  Her  health  soon  failed,  and  she  died 
there  on  24  Nov.  1876,  leaving,  however,  an 


Rossetti 


284 


Rossetti 


adequate  memorial  of  herself  in  'A  Shadow 
of  Dante:  being  an  Essay  towards  studying 
himself,  his  World,  and  his  Pilgrimage' 
(1871),  a  manual  highly  valued  by  Dante 
scholars. 

[Very  much  information  respecting  Christina 
Bossetti  is  to  be  found  in  theMena.oirs  and  Letters 
of  Dante  Kossetti,  and  most  writers  upon  him 
notioe  her.  Miss  Ellen  A.  Proctor,  who  knew 
her  in  her  latter  years ,  wrote  a  miniature  bio- 
graphy (1896),  and  Mr.  Mackenzie-Bell  pub- 
hshed  a  full  memoir  (1898).  See  also  obituary 
notice  in  Athenseum,  5  Jan*  1895,  by  Theodore 
Watts-Dunton.]  R.  G. 

BOSSETTI,  DANTE  GABRIEL  (1828- 
1882),  painter  and  poet,  eldest  son  of  Gabriele 
Rossetti  and  of  Frances  Mary  Lavinia  Poli- 
dori  (1800-1886),  was  bom  on  12  May  1828, 
at  S8  Charlotte  Street,  Portland  Place.  His 
full  christian  name  was  Qabriel  Charles 
Dante,  but  the  form  which  he  gave  it  has 
become  inveterate.  Charles  Lyeil  [q.  v. ] ,  the 
father  of  the  geologist,  was  his  godfather. 
His  father,  bom  at  Vasto  in  the  kingdom  of 
Naples  on  28  Feb.  1783,  had  been  successively 
librettist  to  the  opera-house  and  curator  of 
antiquities  in  the  Naples  museum,  but  had 
been  compelled  to  fly  the  country  for  his 
share  in  the  insurrectionary  movements  of 
1820  and  1821.  After  a  short-  residence  in 
Malta  he  came  over  to  England  in  1824,  and 
established  himself  as  a  teacher  of  Italian. 
In  1826  he  married  the  sister  of  John  William 
Polidori  [q.  v.]  In  1831  he  was  appointed 
professor  01  Italian  in  King's  College.  He 
was  a  man  of  high  character,  an  ardent  and 
also  a  judicious  patriot,  and  an  excellent 
Italian  poet ;  but  he  is  perhaps  beet  remem- 
bered by  his  attempts  to  establish  the  esoteric 
anti-panal  significance  of  the  *  Divine  Comedy.' 
He  published  several  works  dealing  with  this 
question,  namely  a  commentary  on  tne  *  Divina 
Commedia,'  1826-7  (2  vols.),  'La  Beatrice  di 
Dante,'  1842,  and  '  Sullo  Spirito  Antipapale 
che  produssela  riforma,'  1832  (placed  on  the 
pontifical  index  and  translated  into  English 
by  Miss  0.  Ward,  1834,  2  volsV  He  died  on 
26  April  1864,  leaving  four  cnildren,  Maria 
Francesca  [see  under  Rosssm,  CHRisTnrA. 
GBOBaiirA],  Dante  Gabriel,  William  Michael, 
and  Christina  Georgina  [q.v.]  Mr.  W.  M. 
Rossetti  alone  survives  (1909). 

Dante  Rossetti's  environment — political, 
literary,  and  artistic — was  such  as  to  stimu- 
late his  precocious  powers.  At  the  age  of 
five  or  six  he  composed  three  dramatic  scenes 
entitled  '  The  Slave,'  childish  in  diction,  but 
correct  in  spelling  and  metre.  At  the  age  of 
eight  he  went  to  a  preparatory  school,  and  at 
nine  to  ELing's  College,  which  he  left  at  thir- 
teen! having  made  lair  progress  in  the  ordi- 


nary branches  of  knowledge.  His  reading 
at  home  was  more  important  to  him;  his 
imagination  was  powerfully  stimulated  by  a 
succession  of  romances,  though  he  does  not 
appear  to  have  been  then  acquainted  with  any 
English  poets  except  Shakespeare,  Byron,  and 
Scott.  The  influence  of  the  last  is  visible  in 
his  boyish  ballad  of  *  Sir  Huffh  the  Heron,' 
written  in  1840,  and  printed  three  years  later 
at  his  maternal  grandfather's  private  i>ress. 
Of  artistic  attempt  we  hear  comparatively 
little;  he  was,  however,  taught  drawing  at 
King's  College  by  an  eminent  master,  John 
Sell  Cotman  [q.  v.l,  and  upon  leaving  school 
in  November  1 841  he  selected  art  as  his  profes- 
sion. He  spent  four  years  at  F.  S.  Cary's  draw- 
ing academy  in  Bloomsbury  Street,  where  he 
attracted  notice  by  his  readiness  in  sketching 
*  chivalric  and  satiric  subjects.'  Neither  there 
nor  at  the  antique  school  of  the  Royal  Aca- 
demy, where  he  was  admitted  in  1846,  was 
his  progress  remarkable.  The  fact  appears 
to  have  been  that  in  his  impatience  for  great 
results  he  neglected  the  slow  and  tiresome 
but  necessary  subservient  processes.  His 
literary  work  was  much  more  distinguished, 
for  the  translations  from  Dante  and  his  con- 
temporaries, published  in  1861,  were  com- 
menced as  early  as  1845.  Up  to  this  time 
he  seems  to  have  kuown  little  of  Dante, 
notwithstanding  his  father's  devotion  to  him. 
By  1860  his  translation  of  Dante  was  suf- 
ficiently advanced  to  be  shown  to  Tennyson, 
who  commended  it,  but  he  advised  careful  re- 
vision, which  was  given.  His  poetical  faculty 
received  about  this  time  a  j)owerful  stimulus 
from  his  study  of  Browning  and  Poe,  both 
of  whom  he  idolised  without  imitating  either. 
He  would  seem,  indeed,  to  have  owed  more  at 
this  period  to  imaginative  prose  writers  than 
to  poets,  although  he  copied  the  whole  of 
Browning's  *  P&uline '  at  the  BritishMuseum. 
<  The  Blessed  Damozel,'  '  The  Portrait,'  the 
splendid  sonnets  'Retro  me  Sathana'  and 
'The  Choice,'  with  other  remarkable  poems, 
were  written  about  1847.  They  manifest 
nothing  of  younff  poets'  usual  allegiance  to 
models,  but  are  aosolutely  original — the  pro- 
duct, no  doubt,  of  the  unparalleled  conflu- 
ence of  English  and  Italian  elements  in  Lis 
blood  and  nurture.  The  result  was  as  ex- 
ceptional as  the  process. 

The  astonishing  advance  in  poetical  powers 
from  '  Sir  Hugh  the  Heron '  to '  The  Blessed 
Damozel '  had  not  been  visibly  attended  by 
any  corresponding  development  of  the  pic- 
torial faculty,  when  in  March  1848  Rossetti 
took  what  proved  the  momentous  step  of 
for   instruction   to  Ford  Madox 


HTOwn.   His  motive  seems  to  have  been  ini- 
patience  with  the  technicalities  of  academj 


Rossetti 


285 


Rossetti 


tnimngand  the  hope  of  finding  a  royal  road 
to  painting;  great,  therefore,  was  his  dis- 
appoiatment  when  his  new  instructor  set  him 
to  paint  pickle-jars.  The  lesson  was  no  doubt 
salutaiy,  although,  as  his  brother  says,  he 
never  to  the  end  of  his  life  could  be  brought 
to  care  much  whether  his  pictures  were  in 
perspective  or  not.    More  important  was  his 
mtroduction  through  the  school  of  the  lioyal 
Academy  to  a  circle  of  young  men  inspired 
by  new  ideas  in  art,  by  a  resolve  to  aban- 
don the  conventionalities  inherited  from  the 
eighteenth  century,  and  to  revive  the  detailed 
elaboration  and  mystical  interpretation  of 
nature  that  characterised  early  medice val  art. 
Goethe  and  Scott  had  already  done  much  to 
unpregnate  modem  literature  with  mediseval 
•entiment.    A  renaissance  of  the  like  feel- 
ing was  visible  in  the  pictorial  art  of  (Ger- 
many.   But  what  in  Germany  was  pure  imi- 
tation became  in  England  re-creation,  partly 
because  the  English  artists  were  men  of 
higher  powers.  Little,  however,  would  have 
resulted  but  for  the  fortune  which  brought 
Rossetti,  Madox  Brown,  Woolner,  Holman 
Hunt,  and  Millais  together.  The  atmosphere 
of  enthusiasm  thus  engendered  raised  all  to 
peater  heights  than  any  could  have  attained 
pj  himself.    By  1849  the  student  of  pickle- 
jus  had  paintea  and  exhibited  at  the  tree  ex- 
oibition,  Hyde  Park  Corner,  a  picture  of  high 
merit,  *  The  Girlhood  of  Mary  Virgin/  which 
sold  for  80/.     One  inevitable  drawback  was  a 
spirit  of  cljquishness ;  another,  which  might 
have  been  avoided,  was  the  assumption  of 
the  onlucky  bad^fe  of  '  pre-Raphaelite,'  in- 
dicative of  a  feelmg  which,  though  Rossetti 
sbaied  in  early  years  to  a  marked  degree,  he 
V617  soon  abandoned.    No  one  could  have 
less  sympathy  with  the  ugly,  the  formal,  or 
the  merely  edifying  in  art,  and  his  reproduc- 
tion of  nature  was  never  microscopic.     The 
Tirtties  and  ftbilings  of  the  *  Pre-Raphaelite ' 
school  were  well  displayed  in  the  short-lived 
periodical '  The  Germ,'  four  numbers  of  which 
imared  at  the  beginning  of  1850,  under 
the  editorship  of  Rossetti's  brother  William 
Michael,  and  to  which  he  himself  contri- 
buted 'The  Bleaaed  Damozel '  and  the  only 
imaginative  work  in  prose  he  completed,  the 
delicate  and  spiritual  story  *  Hand  and  Soul.' 
In  November  1852  Rossetti,  who  had  at  first 
shared  a  studio  yvith  Holman  Hunt  in  Cleve- 
land Street,  and  afterwards  had  one  of  his 
own  in  Newman  Street,  took  the  rooms  at 
14  Chatham  Place,  Blackfriars  Bridge,  which 
he  amtinued  to  occupy  until  his  wife's  death. 
The  street  i«  now  pulled  down.    From  1849 
to  his  Other's  death  in  1854  his  history  is 
one  of  steady  progress  in  art  and  poetry, 
Tarted  only  by  the  attacks,  now  incompre- 


hensible in  their  virulence,  made  by  the  press 
upon  the  pre-Raphaelite  artists,  and  oy  a 
short  trip  to  Paris  and  Belgium,  which  pro- 
duced nothing  but  some  extremely  yivid  d^ 
scriptive  verse.  It  is  astonishing  that  he 
should  never  have  cared  to  visit  Italy,  but 
so  It  was.  The  years  were  years  of  struggle ; 
the  hostile  criticisms  made  his  pictures  diffi- 
cult to  sell,  although  'The  Aiinnnciation ' 
was  among  them.  He  eschewed  the  Royal 
Academy,  and  did  not  even  seek  publicity 
for  his  poems,  albeit  they  incluaed  such 
masterpieces  as  *  Sister  Helen,'  '  Stafl*  and 
Scrip,'  and  *  The  Burden  of  Nineveh.'  These 
alone  proved  that  Rossetti  had  risen  into 
a  region  of  imagination  where  he  had  no 
compeer  among  the  poets  of  his  day.  Ros- 
setti did  not  want  lor  an  ^eria ;  he  had 
fallen  in  love  with  Elizabeth  Eleanor  Siddal, 
daughter  of  a  Sheffield  cutler  and  herself  a 
milhner's  assistant,  a  young  lady  of  remark- 
able personal  attractions,  who  had  sat  to 
his  friend  Walter  Deverell  as  the  Viola  of 
*  Twelfth  Ni^ht,'  and  came  to  display  no 
common  ability  both  in  verse  and  water- 
colour  painting.  Her  constitution,  unhappily, 
was  consumptive,  and  delicacy  of  healtn  and 
scantiness  of  means  long  deferred  the  con- 
summation of  an  engagement  probably  formed 
about  the  end  of  1851.  She  sat  to  him  for 
most  of  the  numerous  Beatrices  which  he 
produced  about  this  time.  A  beautiful  por- 
trait of  her,  from  a  picture  by  herself,  is  re- 
produced in  the  'Letters  and  Memoirs '  edited 
by  his  brother. 

Rossetti's  partial  deliverance  from  his  em- 
barrassments was  owing  to  the  munificence 
of  a  man  as  richly  endowed  with  genius  as 
he  himself,  and  much  more  richly  provided 
with  the  gifts  of  fortune.    In  spite  of  some 

Srevalent  misconceptions,  it  may  be  confl- 
ently  affirmed  that  Mr.  Ruskin  had  nothing 
whatever  to  do  with  initiating  the  pre- 
Raphaelite  movement,  and  that  even  his 
subsequent  influence  upon  its  representa- 
tives was  slight.  It  was  impossible,  how- 
ever, that  he  should  not  deeply  sympathise 
with  their  work,  which  he  generously  de- 
fended in  the '  Times ; '  and  the  personal  ac- 
quaintance which  he  could  not  well  avoid 
making  with  Rossetti  soon  led  to  an  arrange- 
ment by  which  Ruskin  agreed  to  take,  up  to 
a  certain  maximum  of  expenditure,  what- 
ever work  of  Rossetti's  pleased  him,  at  the 
same  prices  as  Rossetti  would  have  asked 
from  an  ordinary  customer.  The  comfort 
and  certainty  of  such  an  arrangement  were 
invaluable  to  Rossetti,  whose  constant  alter- 
cations with  other  patrons  and  with  dealers 
bring  out  the  least  attractive  side  of  his 
character.    The  arrangement  lasted  a  con- 


Rossetti 


286 


Rossetti 


Biderable  time:  that  it  should  eventually 
die  lay  in  the  nature  of  things.  Huskin 
was  bound  to  criticise,  and  Rossetti  to  resent 
criticism.  Before  its  termination,  however, 
Mr.  Buskin,  by  another  piece  of  generosity, 
had  enabled  Kossetti  to  publish  (1861)  ms 
translations  of  the  early  Italian  poets.  An- 
other important  friendship  made  in  these 
years  of  struggle  was  that  with  Sir  Edward 
Bume-Jones,  who  came  to  Bossetti,  as  he 
himself  had  gone  to  Madox  Brown,  for  help 
and  guidance,  and  repaid  him  by  introducing 
him  to  an  Oxford  circle  destined  to  exercise 
the  greatest  influence  upon  him  and  receive 
it  in  turn.  Its  most  important  members 
were  Mr.  Swinburne  and  William  Morris. 
Other  and  more  immediately  visible  results 
of  the  new  connection  were  the  appear- 
ance of  three  of  Rossetti's  finest  poems  in 
the  'Oxford  and  Cambridge  Magazine,'  to 
which  Morris  was  an  extensive  contributor, 
and  his  share  ri867)  in  the  distemper 
decorations  of  tne  Oxford  Union,  which 
soon  became  a  wreck,  *  predestined  to  ruin,' 
says  Mr.  W.  M.  Rossetti,  'by  fate  and 
climate.'  About  the  same  time  '  The  Seed 
of  David,'  a  triptych  for  LlandafF  Cathedral, 
Hossetti's  only  monumental  work,  repre- 
senting the  Infant  Saviour  adored  as  Shep- 
herd and  King,  with  pendants  depicting 
David  in  both  characters,  was  undertaken, 
though  not  completed  for  some  time  after- 
waxds.  It  is  most  difficult  to  date  Rossetti's 
pictures  from  the  variety  of  forms  in  which 
most  of  them  exist,  and  the  uncertainty 
whether  to  adopt  as  date  that  of  the  ori&^inal 
sketch,  or  of  some  one  of  the  completed 
versions.  Generally  speaking,  however,  his 
most  inspired  work  may  be  referred  to  the 
decade  between  1860  and  1860,  especially 
the  magnificent  drawings  illustrative  of  the 
*  Vita  Nuova.'  *  Mary  Magdalen,'  *  Monna 
Rosa,'  'Hestema  Rosa,'  'How  they  met 
themselves,'  'Paolo  and  Francesca,'  'Cas- 
sandra,' and  the  Borffia  drawings  may  be 
added.  These  were  the  pictorial  worlis  in 
which  Rossetti  stands  forth  most  distinctly 
as  a  poet.  He  may  at  a  later  period  have 
exhibited  even  greater  mastery  m  his  other 
predominant  endowment,  that  of  colour; 
out  the  achievement,  thouj^h  great,  is  of  a 
lower  order.  Another  artistic  enterprise  of 
this  period  was  his  illustration  of  Tennyson, 
undertaken  for  Edward  Moxon,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  Millais  and  other  artists  (18d7). 
The  fine  drawings  were  grievously  marred 
by  the  carelessness  and  mechanical  spirit  of 
the  wood-engravers.  He  succeeded  better  in 
book  illustration  at  a  somewhat  later  date, 
especially  in  the  matchless  frontispiece  to  his 
sister's '  Goblin  Market '  (1862).  He  was  also 


labouring  much,  and  not  to  his  satisfaction, 
on  his  one  realistic  picture,  'Found,'  an 
illustration  of  the  tragedy  of  seduction, 
occupying  the  place  among  ms  pictures  which 
'  Jenny '  holds  among  his  poems.  It  was  never 
^uite  completed.  Somewhat  later  he  became 
interested  in  the  undertaking  of  William 
Morris  and  Madox  Brown,  for  that  revival 
of  art  manufacture,  which  produced  im- 
portant results. 

During  this  period  he  wrote  little  poetry, 
designedly  homing^  his  poetical  gift  in  abey- 
ance for  the  undivided  pursuit  of  art.  The 
'  Early  Italian  Poets,'  however,  went  to  press 
in  1861,  and  was  greeted  with  enthusiasm 
by  Mr.  Coventry  Patmore  and  other  excel- 
lent judges.  The  edition  was  sold  in  eight 
years,  leaving  Rossetti  9/.  the  richer  aner 
the  acquittal  of  his  obligation  to  Mr.  Bus- 
kin, it  was,  however,  reprinted  in  1874 
under  the  title  of  'Dante  and  his  Circle, 
with  the  Italian  Poets  preceding  him:  a 
collection  of  Lyrics,  edited  and  translated  in 
the  original  metres.'  The  book  is  a  garden 
of  enchanting  poetry,  steeped  in  the  Italian 
spirit,  but,  while  faithful  to  all  the  higher 
omces  of  translation,  by  no  means  so  sera- 
pulously  literal  as  is  usually  taken  for  granted. 
The  greatest  successes  are  achieved  in  the 
pieces  apparently  most  difficult  to  render,  the 
ballate  and  eansMrd,  That  these  triumphs 
are  due  to  genius  and  labour,  and  not  to  the 
accident  of  Rossetti's  Italian  blood,  is  shown 
by  the  fact  that  he  evinced  emial  felicityin 
his  renderings  [of  Fran9ois  Villon.  The 
'Early  Italian  Poets'  comprised  also  the 
prose  passages  of  the '  Vita  Nuova,'admirably 
translated. 

Rossetti's  marriage  with  Miss  Siddal  took 
place  at  Hastings  on  28  May  1860.  He  had 
said,  in  a  letter  written  a  month  previously, 
that  she '  seemed  ready  to  die  daily.'  He 
took  her  to  Paris,  and  on  their  return  they 
settled  at  his  old  rooms  at  Chatham  Place. 
No  lenffth  of  days  could  have  been  antici- 
pated for  Mrs.  Rossetti,  but  her  existence 
closed  prematurely  on  11  Feb.  1862,  from 
the  effects  of  an  overdose  of  laudanum,  taken 
to  relieve  neuralgia.  Rossetti's  grief  found 
expression  in  a  manner  most  characteristic 
of  him,  the  entombment  of  his  manuscript 
poems  in  his  wife's  coffin.  They  remained 
there  until  October  1869,  when  he  was  for- 
tunately  persuaded  to  consent  to  their  dis- 
interment. Chatham  Place  had  naturally 
become  an  impossible  residence  for  him,  and 
he  soon  removed  to  Tudor  House,  Cheyne 
Walk,  a  large  house  which  for  some  time 
harboured  tmree  sub-tenants  as  well — ^his 
brother.  Mr.  Swinburne,  and  Mr.  George 
Meredith.    He  occupied  it  for  the  rest  of  lufl 


Rossetti 


287 


Rossetti 


life.  For  the  seven  jean  following  his  wife's 
death  Sonetti  was  an  ardent  collector  of 
old  ftmitiire,  bine  china,  and  Japanese  brio- 
l-fane.  The  same  period  proved  one  of  great 
pictorial  prodoctiyeness,  and  his  nartialitv  for 
ffingle  figiires,  generallyinore  or  less  idealised 
portraitSy  iner^ised.    The  place  in  this  de- 
pATtment  which  had  been  held  by  his  wife  and 
the  beautifal  actress,  Miss  HerMrt,  was  now 
to  a  laise  extent  filled  bj  Mrs.  William 
Morris;  oat  many  beauties  in  all  ranks  of 
aodety  were  proud  to  sit  to  him,  as  appears 
from  the  list  given  by  his  brother  {Letters 
nd  Memoir$f  i.  242-3).     He  hardly  ever 
attempted  ordinary  portraiture,  except  of 
himseu  or  some  very  intimate  friend  or  near 
connection.   Among  the  most  famous  of  the 
single  figures  painted  about  this  time  may 
be  mentioned    '  Beata   Beatrix,*    '  Monna 
Vanna,'  <  Monna  Pomona,' '  H  Ramosoello,' 
'Venua  Verticordia,'  and  'Sibylla  Falmi- 
fenu'   Of  work  on  a  grander  scale  there  is 
little  to  notice,  though  some  previous  works 
were  repeated  with  imraovements.    'The 
Betun  of  Tibullns  to  j>elia,'  one  of  the 
most  dramatic  of  his  productions  of  this 
period,  exists  only  as  a  drawing;   and  he 
nerer  carried  out  the  intention  he  now  en- 
tertained of  making  a  finished  picture  from 
his  magnificent  drawing  of '  Cassandra.'    A 
work  of  still  more  importance  fortunately 
WHS  accomplished,  the  publication  of  his 
eoUected '  Poems'  in  1870  (new  edit.  1881). 
llie  new  pieces  fully  supported  the  reputation 
of  those  which   had  already  appeared  in 
nugasines ;  and  the  entire  volume  gave  him, 
in  the  eyes  of  competent  judges,  a  repu- 
tation second  to  that  of  no  contemporary 
English  poet  after  Tennyson  and  Browning. 
Much  of  the  Temainder  of  Rossetti's  life 
11  a  tragedy  which  may  be  summed  up  in 
anhrase :   *  chloral  and  its  consequences.' 
Weak  in  health,  suffering  from  neuralgic 
•gony  and  consequent  insomnia,  he  had  b^n 
introduced  to  the  drug  by  a  compassionate 
imt  injudicions  friend.     Whatever  Rossetti 
did  was  in  an  extreme,  and  he  soon  became 
entirely  enslaved  to  the  potion,  whose  ill 
efiects  were  augmented  by  the  whisky  he 
took  to  relieve  its  nauseousness.    His  con- 
duct under  the  next  trouble  that  visited  him 
attested  the  disastrously  enfeebling  effect  of 
the  drug  upon  his  character.     In  October 
1871  an  article  entitled  <  The  Fleshly  School 
of  Poetry,'  and  signed  Thomas  Maitland 
(toon  ascertained  to  be  a  pseudonym  for 
Mr.  Robert   Buchanan),  appeared  m   the 
*  Contemporary  Review,     ta  this  some  of 
Rossetti's  sonnets  were  stigmatised  as  in- 
decent.    Rossetti  at  first  contented  himself 
with  a  calm  reply  in  the '  Athenaeum/  headed  [ 


<The  Stealthy  School  of  Criticism,'  and  with 
a  stinging  'nonsense-verse'  hurled  at  the 
offender  when  he  discovered  his  identity. 
But  the  republication  of  the  article  in  pam- 
phlet form,  with  additions,  early  in  1872, 
threw  him  completely  off  his  balance.  He 
fancied  himself  the  subject  of  universal 
obloquy,  and  detected  poisoned  arrows  in 
<  Fifine  at  the  Fair'  and  the  ^  Hunting  of  the 
Snark.'  On  2  June  his  brother  was  com- 
pelled to  question  his  sanity,  and  he  was 
removed  to  the  house  of  Ihr.  Hake,  'the 
earthly  Providence  of  the  Rossetti  family  in 
those  dark  days.'  <  Left  alone  at  night,  he 
swallowed  laudanum,  which  he  had  secretly 
brought  with  him,  and  his  condition  was  not 
ascertained  until  the  following  afternoon. 
Rossetti's  recovery  was  due  to  the  presence 
of  mind  of  Ford  Madoz  Brown,  who,  when 
summoned,  brought  with  him  the  surgeon, 
John  Marshall  (1818-1891)  [q.  v.],  who  saved 
Rossetti's  life.  He  was  stQl  in  the  deepest 
prostration  of  spirits,  and  suffered  from  a 
partial  paralysis,  which  gradually  wore  off. 
He  sought  change  and  repose,  first  in  Scot- 
land, afterwards  with  William  Morris  at 
Eelmscott  Manor  House  in  Oxfordshire,  and 
on  other  trips  and  visits.  The  history  of 
them  all  is  nearly  the  same  sad  story  of 
groundless  jealousy,  morbid  suspicion,  fitful 
passion,  and  what  but  for  his  irresponsible 
condition  would  have  been  inexcusable  selfish- 
ness. At  last  he  wore  out  the  patience  and 
charity  of  many  of  his  most  faithful  friends. 
Those  less  severely  tried,  such  as  Madox 
Brown  and  Marshall,  preserved  their  loyalty ; 
Theodore  Watts-Dunton,  a  new  friend, 
m*oved  himself  invaluable ;  William  Sharp, 
Frederick  Shields,  and  others  cheered  the 
invalid  by  frequent  visits;  and  his  own  family 
showed  devoted  affection.  But  the  chloral 
dosing  went  on,  forbidding  all  hope  of  real 
amendment. 

The  most  astonishing  fSact  in  Rossetti's 
history  is  the  sudden  rekindling  of  Hs 
poetical  faculty  in  these  dismal  years,  almost 
m  greater  force  than  ever.  'Chloral,' says 
his  brother,  'had  little  or  no  power  over 
that  part  of  his  mind  which  was  purely 
intellectual  or  inventive.'  The  magnificent 
ballad-epLC  of '  Rose  Mary '  had  been  written 
in  1871,  just  before  the  clouds  darkened 
round  him.  To  this,  in  1880,  were  added, 
partly  under  the  friendly  pressure  of  Mr. 
Watts-Dunton, '  The  White  Ship'  and  '  The 
King's  Tragedy,'  ballads  even  superior  in 
force,  if  less  potent  in  imagination.  The 
three  were  published  towards  the  end 
of  1881,  together  with  other  new  poems, 
chiefly  sonnets,  in  a  volume  entitled  '  Bal- 
lads and  Sonnets,'  which  was  unanimously 


Rossetti 


288 


Rossetti 


recognised  as  equal  in  all  respects  to  that 
of  1870.  Some  of  its  beauties,  indeed,  were 
borrowed  from  its  predecessor,  a  number  of 
sonnets  being  transrerred  to  its  pages  to  com- 
plete the  century  entitled  'The  House  of 
Life/  the  ^p  thus  occasioned  in  the  former 
volume  bem^  made  good  by  the  publication 
of  the  'Bride's  Prelude,'  an  early  poem  of 
considerable  length.  About  the  same  time 
Rossetti,  who  had  been  a  contributor  to  the 
first  edition  of  Gilchrist's  *  lafe  of  Blake ' 
in  1868,  interested  himself  warmly  in  the 
second  edition  of  1880.    His  letters  of  this 

gBriod  to  Mr.  Hall  Caine,  Mr.  William 
harp,  and  others  show  excellent  critical 
judgment  and  undiminished  enthusiasm  for 
literature.  He  also,  very  shortly  before  his 
death,  completed  the  still  unpublished  '  Jan 
van  Hunks,'  a  metrical  tale  of  a  smoking 
Dutchman  (originally  composed  at  a  very 
early  date).  His  painting,  having  never 
been  intermitted,  could  not  experience  the 
same  marvellous  revival  as  his  poetry,  but 
four  single  figures,  'La Bella  Mano'  (1^76), 
*  Venus  Astarte '  (1877),  and,  still  later,  <  The 
Vision  of  Fiammetta'  and  *  A  Day  Dream,' 
rank  high  among  his  work  of  that  class.  His 
last  reaUy  great  picture,  'Dante's  Dream,' was 
painted  in  oil  in  1869-71,  at  the  beginning  of 
the  hapless  chloral  period ;  he  had  treated 
the  same  subject  in  watercolour  in  1865. 

Mr.  HaU  Caine  was  an  inmate  of  Ros- 
setti's  house  from  July  1881  to  his  death, 
and  did  much  to  soothe  the  inevitable  misery 
of  the  entire  break-up  of  his  once  powerful 
constitution.  One  last  consolation  was  the 
abandonment  of  chloral  in  December  1881, 
under  the  close  supervision  of  his  medical 
attendant,  Mr.  Henry  Maudsley.  He  died 
at  Birchington,  near  Marsate,  9  April  1882, 
attended  by  his  nearest  relatives,  Mr.  Watts- 
Dunton,  Mr.  Caine,  and  Mr.  F.  Shields.  He 
was  interred  at  Birchington  under  a  tomb 
designed  by  Madox  Brown,  bearing  an  epitaph 
written  by  his  brother. 

Rossetti  is  a  unique  instance  of  an  Eng- 
lishman who  has  obtained  equal  celebrity  as 
a  poet  and  as  a  painter,  it  has  been  dis- 
puted in  which  class  he  stands  higher ;  but 
as  his  mastery  of  the  poetic  art  was  con- 
summate, while  he  failed  to  perfectly  acquire 
even  the  grammar  of  painting,  there  should 
seem  no  reasonable  doubt  that  his  higher 
rank  is  as  a  poet.  His  inability  to  grapple 
with  the  technicalities  of  painting  was  espe- 
cially unfortunate,  inasmuch  as  it  encouraged 
him  to  evade  them  by  confining  himself  to 
single  figures,  whose  charm  was  mainly 
sensuous,  while  his  power,  apart  from  the 
magic  of  his  colour,  resided  principally  in 
his  representation  of  spiritual  emotion.   The 


more  spiritual  he  was  the  higher  he  rose, 
and  highest  of  all  in  his  Dante  pictures, 
where  every  accessary  and  detail  aids  in 
producing  the  impression  of  almost  super- 
natural pathos  and  purity.  More  eartbly 
emotion  is  at  the  same  time  expressed  with 
extraordinary  force  in  his  '  Cassandra '  and 
other  productions;  and  even  when  he  is 
little  else  than  the  colourist,  his  colour  is 
poetry.  The  same  versatility  is  conspicuous 
in  his  poems,  the  searing  passion  of  '  Sistor 
Helen  or  the  breathless  agitation  of  the 
'  King's  Tragedy '  being  not  more  masterly 
in  their  way  than  the  intricate  cadences  and 
lingering  daUiance  with  thought  of  '  The 
Portrait'  and  'The  Stream's  Secret,'  the 
stately  magnificence  of  the  best  sonnets,  and 
the  intensity  of  some  of  the  minor  lyrics. 
Everywhere  he  is  daringly  original,  intensely 
passionate,  and '  of  imagination  all  compact.' 
His  music  is  as  perfect  as  the  music  can  be 
that  always  produces  the  efiect  of  studied 
artifice,  never  of  spontaneous  impulse ;  his 
glowing  and  sumptuous  diction  is  his  own, 
borrowed  from  none,  and  incapable  of  buo- 
cessful  imitation.  Than  him  young  poets 
can  find  few  better  inspirers,  and  few  worse 
models.  His  total  inaifference  to  the  poli- 
tical and  religious  struggles  of  his  age,  if  it 
limited  his  iimuence,  had  at  all  events  the 
good  efiect  of  eliminating  all  unpoetical 
elements  from  his  verse.  He  is  a  poet  or 
nothing,  and  everywhere  a  poet  almost  fault- 
less from  his  own  point  of  view,  wanting  no 
charm  but  the  highest  of  all,  and  the  first 
on  Milton's  list — simplicity.  Notwithstand- 
ing this  defect,  he  must  be  placed  very  hifj^h 
on  the  roll  of  English  poets. 

Rossetti  the  man  was,  before  all  things, 
an  artist.  Many  departments  of  human  ac- 
tivity had  no  existence  for  him.  He  was 
superstitious  ingrain  and  anti-scientifio  to 
the  marrow.  Bus  reasoning  powers  were 
hardly  beyond  the  average ;  but  his  instincts 
were  potent,  and  his  perceptions  keen  and 
true.  Carried  away  by  his  impulses,  he  fre- 
quently acted  with  rudeness,  inconsiderate- 
i  ness,  and  selfishness.  But  if  a  thing  could 
be  presented  to  him  from  an  artistic  point  of 
view,  he  apprehended  it  in  the  same  spirit  as 
he  would  have  apprehended  a  subject  for  a 
painting  or  a  poem.  Hence,  if  in  some  re- 
spects his  actions  and  expressions  seem  de- 
ficient in  right  feelinff,  he  appears  in  other 
respects  the  most  self-denying  and  disinte- 
rested of  men.  He  was  unsurpassed  in  the 
filial  and  fraternal  relations ;  he  was  abso- 
lutely superior  to  jealousy  or  eiMry,  and  none 
felt  a  keener  delignt  in  noticing  and  aiding  a 
youthful  writer  of  merit.  His  acquaintance 
with  literature  was  almost  entirely  confined 


Rossetti 


289 


Rossetti 


to  worlcB  of  imarination.  Within  these  limits 
his  critical  fSacofty  was  admirable,  not  deeply 
penetzative,    but    always    embodying    the 
soundest  oommon-eense.    His  few  critical 
essays  are  excellent.  His  memory  was  almost 
pietematural,  and  his  knowled^of  &yourite 
writers,  such  as  Shakespeare,  jDante,  Scott, 
Dumas,  ezhaustiye.    It  is  lamentable  that 
lus  eoundnees  of  judgment  should  have  de- 
serted him  in  his  own  case,  and  that  he 
should  haye  been  unable  to  share  the  man 
of  geaioa's  serene  confidence  that  not  all 
the  uowers  of  dnlness  and  malig^nity  com- 
biuea  can,  in  the  lone-  run,  deprive  him  of 
a  particle  of  his  real  due.    He  altered  son- 
nets in  '  The  House  of  Life '  in  deference 
to  what  he  knew  to  be  unjust  and  even 
absurd  strictures,  and  the  alterations  re- 
main in  the  En^ish  editions,  though  the 
original  readings  have  been  restored  in  the 
beautifol  Boston  reprint  of  Messrs.  Cope- 
land  k  Bay.     His  aistaste  for  travel  and 
indiffeieiiee  to  natural  beauty  were  surprising 
chazacteristies,  the  latter  especially  so  in  con- 
sideration of  the  gifts  of  observation  and  de- 
M^iption  so  frequently  evinced  in  his  poetry. 
All  the  extant  pictorial  likenesses  of  Ros- 
setti, mostly  by  nimself,  have  been  pub- 
lished by  his  brother  in  various  places.    One 
of  th»e  of  himself,  aged  18,  is  in  the  Na- 
tional Portrait  Gbdlery,  London.    No  por- 
trait so  accurately  represents  him  as  the 
photograph  by  W.  and  E.  Downey,  pre- 
nxed  to  Mr.  Hall  Caine's  'Recollections.' 
A  posthumous  bust  was  sculptured  by  Madox 
Brown  for  a  memorial  fountain  placed  oppo- 
site Rossetti's  house  in  Chevne  Walk.    An- 
other portrait  was  painted  by  G.  F.  Watts, 
R.A.     A  drawing  by  Rossetti  of  his  wife 
belongs  to  Mr.  Barclay  Squire.   Exhibitions 
of  his  pictures  have  been  held  by  the  Royal 
Academy  and  by  the  Arts  Club.    His  poeti- 
eal  works  have  been  published  more  than 
once  in  a  complete  form  since  his  death. 

The  National  GhiUery  acquired  in  1886  his 
oil-paintinff  '  Eoce  Ancilla  Domini '  (1850), 
in  whichniB  sister  Christina  sat  for  the 
Viigin.  Hia  *  Dante's  Dream '  (1869-71)  is 
in  the  Walker  Art  Gallery  at  LiverpooL 
But  with  very  few  exceptions  his  hnest 
works  are  in  private  hands. 

[It  vas  long  expected  that  an  authentic  bio- 
graphy of  Rossetti  woold  be  given  to  the  world  by 
Air.  Theodore  Watts-Dunton,  who  contributed 
cibitoaiy  notices  of  Dante  Gabriel  and  Chris- 
tina Rossetti  to  the  Athenseam.  The  apparent 
<iisappoiiitment  of  thb  anticipation  led  Mr.  W.  M. 
R-issetti  to  publish,  in  1896,  the  Memoir  (accom- 
panying the  Letters)  of  his  brother.  The  letters 
M«  entirely  funSbf  letters,  and  exhibit  Rossetti 
to  nraeh  less  sdrantage  as  a  correspondent  than 

TOL.  XTU. 


do  the  letters  addressed  on  literary  and  artistic 
subjects  to  private  friends.  Mr.  Rossetti  had  pre* 
viously  (1889)  published  '  Bante  Gabriel  Ros 
setti  as  Designer  and  Writer/  The  record  of  Ros- 
selti's  squabbles  with  picture-dealers  and  other 
customers  is  not  always  edifying,  but  the  chro- 
nological list  of  his  works  is  indispensable.  Mr. 
Rossetti  subsequently  issued  in  1899  *  Ruskin, 
Rossetti  and  Preraphaelitism '  [papers  1854-62], 
in   1900  'Prseraphaelite  Diaries  and  Letters ' 
[early  correspondence  18;(5-54];  and  in  1903 
*  Rossetti  papers,  1862-70.'    Mr.  Joseph  Knight 
has  contributed  an  excellent  miniature  biography 
to  the  Great  Writers  series  (1887),  and  Mr.  F.  G. 
Stephens,  an  old  pre-Raphaelite  comrade,  has 
written  a  comprehensive  and  copiously  illustrated 
account  of  his  artistic  work  as  a  monograph  in 
the  Portfolio  (1894).    The  reminiscences  of  Mr. 
William  Sharp  and  Mr.  Hall  Caine  refer  exclu- 
sively to  his  latter  years ;  but  the  first-named 
gentleman's  Record  and  Study  (1882)  may  be  re- 
garded as  an  excellent  critical  handbook  to  his 
Uteraiy  work,  especially  the  sonnets ;  and  the 
]atter*s  Recollections  (1882)  include  a  number  of 
interesting  letters.  The  best,  ho  werer,  of  all  Ros- 
setti's  letters,  so  far  as  hitherto  published,  are 
those  to  William  Allingham,  edited  by  Dr.  G. 
Birkbeck  Hill  and  published  in  London  in  1897. 
The  autobiographies  of  Dr.  Gordon  Hake  and  "NLt. 
William  Bell  Scott  contain  much  important  in- 
formation, though  the  latter  must  be  checked  by 
constant  reference  to  Mr.  W.  M.  Rossetti's  bio- 
graphy. Much  light  is  thrown  on  Ro6setti*s  pre- 
Raphaelite  period  by  Mr.  Holman  Hunt's  Pre-Ra- 
phaelitism  and  theP.R.  Brotherhood,  1905.  Esther 
Wood's  Dante  Rossetti  and  the  Pre-Raphaelite 
Movement  (1891)  deserves  attention,  but  is  of 
much  less  authority.    See  also  Sarrazin's  Essay  in 
his  Pontes  Modernes  de  TAngleterre  (1885) ;  Mr. 
Watts-Dunton's  article  in  Nineteenth  Centuty 
(<  The  Truth  about  Rossetti '),  March  1883,  and 
communication  to  the  Athenenm,  23  May  1896 ; 
RobertBuchanan'sFleshlySchoolofPoetry(1872), 
with  the  replies  by  Rossetti  and  Swinburne;  Co- 
ventry Patmore's  Principle  in  Art;  Mr.  Hall  Caine 
inMiles's  Poets  of  the  Century ;  Hueffer's  Life  of 
Ford  Madox  Brown,  1896 ;  and  A.  C.  Benson's 
RossettiAnEnglishMen  of  Letters,  1904.]  R.  G. 

ROSSETTI,  LUCY  MAJX)X  (1843- 
1894),  painter,  was  the  only  daughter  of 
Ford  M^dox  Brown  by  his  first  marriage, 
and  half-sister  of  Oliver  Madox  Brown  [q .v.] 
Her  mother's  maiden  name  was  Bronuey. 
Lucy  was  bom  at  Paris,  19  July  1843 ;  her 
parents  brought  her  to  Exigland  in  1844,  and, 
after  her  mother's  death  in  1846,  her  father 
definitely  established  himself  in  England. 
She  showed  no  special  aptitude  for  art  until 
in  1868  the  failure  of  one  of  Madox  Brown's 
pupils  to  execute  a  piece  of  work  led  her  to 
volunteer  to  supply  his  place,  and  her  success 
induced  her  father  to  pre  her  regular  in- 
struction. A  waterco&ur  drawixig, '  Apr^ 
le  Bal/  exhibited  at  the  Dudley  Gallery  in 

V 


Rossi 


290 


Rost 


1870,  attracted  much  attention,  and  was 
followed  by  '  Romeo  and  Juliet  in  the 
Vault  *  (1871) ;  '  The  Fair  Geraldine'  (1872) 
in  water-colours,  and  *  Ferdinand  and  Miranda 
playing  Chess  *  (1872),  and  *  Margaret  Roper 
receiving  the  Head  of  her  Father  ^f  1878).  In 
March  1874  she  married  Mr.  W.  M.  Rossetti, 
and  thenceforth  her  appearances  as  an  artist 
were  infrequent ;  but  she  gave  some  atten- 
tion to  authorship,  contributing  a  life  of 
Mrs.  Shelley  to  the '  Eminent  Women  Series ' 
in  1890,  and  a  memoir  of  her  father  to  the 
'Magazine  of  Art'  in  1889.  Literature, 
howeveri  was  not  her  vocation ;  she  was  a 
genuine  artist,  who  would  have  obtained  an 
eminent  place  among  painters  but  for  the 
interruption  of  her  career  occasioned  by 
domestic  cares.  She  died  at  San  Remo  in 
April  1894,  after  a  long  illness. 

E!31ayton's  English  Female  Artists,  vol.  ii. ; 
eDSBum  and  Art  Journal  for  1894  ;  Hueflfer's 
life  of  Ford  Madox  Brown;  personal  know- 
ledge.] B.  e. 

ROSSI,  JOHN  CHARLES  FELIX 
(1762-1839),  sculptor,  was  bom  at  Notting- 
ham on  8  March  1762.  His  father,  a  native 
of  Siena,  was  a  medical  practitioner  at  Not- 
tingham, and  afterwards  at  Mountsorrell, 
Leicestershire,  though  not  a  qualified  mem- 
ber of  the  profession.  Young  Kossi  was  sent 
to  the  stumo  of  Giovanni  Battista  Locatelli, 
an  Italian  sculptor  in  London.  On  complet- 
ing his  apprenticeship  he  remained  with  his 
master  ror  wages  01  eighteen  shilllnffs  a 
week,  till  he  found  more  lucrative  emmoy- 
ment  with  Messrs.  Coade  &  Seeley  at  Lam- 
beth. Heentered  the  schools  of  the  Royal 
Academy  in  1781,  and  gained  the  silver 
medal  in  November  of  that  year  In  1784 
he  gained  thegold  medal  for  a  group/ Venus 
conducting  E^len  ta  Paris.'  In  1785  he 
won  the  travelling  studentship,  and  went  to 
Rome  for  three  years.  During  that  time  he 
executed  a  *  Mercury '  in  marble^  and  a  re- 
cumbent figure  of  *  Eve.'  On  his  return  to 
London  in  1788  he  obtained  ample  employ- 
ment on  monumental  work,  succeeding  to 
much  of  the  practice  of  John  Bacon,  RA.  He 
became  an  associate  of  the  Royal  Academy 
in  1798,  and  a  member  in  1802.  His  chief 
works  are  the  monuments  of  military  and 
naval  heroes  in  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  includ* 
ing  those  of  Marauis  Comwallis,  Lord  Rod- 
ney, Lord  Heathneld,  General  Le  Marchant, 
and  CapUiu  Faulkner.  The  Earl  of  Egre- 
mont  commissioned  Rossi  to  execute  several 
works  for  Petworth ;  among  others,  'Oeladon 
and  Amelia '  and '  Tlie  Boxer.'  He  execnted 
a  colossal  ^Britannia'  for  the  Exchange  at 
liveipool,  and  a  statue  of  the  poet  Thomson 


for  Sir  Robert  Peel.  The  bust  of  Loid  Thur- 
low  at  Burlin^on  House  and  a  bronxebustof 
James  Wyatt  in  the  National  Portrait  Galleiy 
are  bj  Rossi.  The  prince  regent  appointea 
Rossi  his  sculptor,  and  emj^oved  him  in  the 
decoration  of  Buckingham  Palace,  where  one 
of  the  pediments  and  the  firiese  of  *  The  Sea- 
sons'beneath  it  are  his  work.  He  was  also 
sculptor  in  ordinary  to  William  IV.  His 
works  were  in  the  classical  style,  as  the 
taste  of  that  time  conceived  it.  The  monu- 
ments in  St.  Paul's  are  overloaded  with 
mythological  details,  inappropriate  to  tbeii 
surroundings.  Rossi  was  uninfluenced  by 
the  examples  of  Banks  and  Flaxman,  who 
introducea  a  purer  Hellenic  style.  His  em- 
plojnnent  of  Italian  carvers  took  much  of 
the  individuality  out  of  his  work.  In  the 
later  years  of  his  life  he  suffered  from  ill- 
health  and  straitened  means.  He  did  not 
exhibit  at  the  academy  after  1834,  and  in 
1836  the  works  which  remained  at  his  studio 
in  Lisson  Grove  were  exhibited  prior  to  their 
sale  by  auction.  He  retired  frcm  the  Roval 
Academy  with  a  pension  shortly  before  his 
death,  which  took  place  at  St.  John's  Wood 
on  21  Feb.  1839.  He  was  twice  married, 
and  had  eight  children  by  each  wife. 

[Redgrave's  Diet,  of  Artists;  Chnt.  Bfag. 
1839,  i.  647  ;  Sandb/s  Hist,  of  Royal  Academy, 
i.  377-9 ;  Brown's  Nottinghamshire  Warthiea ; 
English  Cydopsedia;  Royel  Aeademy  Cata- 
logues ;  Smith's  Nollekens  and  his  Times,  ed. 
Gosse,  pp.  19,246,  399.]  C.  D. 

ROSSLYN,  Eakls  of.  [See  Wbdi>ib- 
BTTBK,  ALBXiiKBEE,  first  earl,  1733-1805; 
Ebsione,  Sib  James  St.  Claib,  second  earl, 
1762-1837.] 

ROST,  REINHOLD  (1822-1896),  orien- 
talist, was  son  of  Charles  F.  Host,  a  Lutheran 
minister,  who  held  a  position  in  that  church 
akin  to  the  office  of  archdeacon  in  this 
country.  His  mother  was  Eleonore  von 
Glasewald.  Bom  at  Eisenburg  in  Sazen- 
Altenburg  on  2  Feb.  1822,  Host  was  edu- 
cated at  tne  gvmnasium  in  his  native  town, 
and,  after  studying  under  Professors  Stickel 
and  Gildemeister,  graduated  PhJ).  at  the 
university  of  Jena  in  1847.  In  the  same 
year  he  came  to  EnglancL,  to  act  as  a 
teacher  in  German  at  the  King's  School, 
Canterbury.  After  an  interval  of  four  years 
(7  Feb.  1851)  he  was  appointed  oriental 
lecturer  at  St.  Augustine^  Missionary  Col- 
lege, Canterbury,  an  institution  founded  by 
royed  charter  to  educate  young  men  for  mis- 
sion work.  This  post  he  held  until  his 
death  (7  Feb.  1896),  a  period  of  nearly  half 
a  century. 

During  his  residence  in  London,  while 


Rost 


291 


Rosworme 


pTUSoiiig   and    considerably  extending  his 
studies,  oe  was  fortunate  enoagh  to  attract 
the  attention  of  Sir  Henry  Creswicke  Raw- 
liBiOD  [q.  T.],  on  whose  recommendation 
Host  was  elected,  in  December  1868,  secretary 
to  the  Royal  Asiatic  Society.    This  poet  he 
held  fbr  six  years.    He  was  thenceforth  in 
dose  and  intimate  relations  with  Rawlinson, 
who  fomied  so  high  an  opinion  of  his  learn- 
ing that  (1  July  1869)  he  secured  for  him 
the  coveted  position  of  librarian  at  the  India 
office,  on  the  retirement  of  Br.  FitzEdward 
IlalL    He  Ibnnd  the  library  a  scattered  mass 
of  priceless  but  unexaminea  and  unarranged 
manuscripts,  and  left  it,  to  a  large  extent,  an 
orsanised  and  cataloged  collection,  second 
oidy  to  thatat  the  British  Museum.  Further- 
more, Roet  secured  for  students  free  admis- 
sion to  the  library,  and  save  them  full  o^ 
portunities  01  consulting  the  works  imder  his 
chane.    More  than  one  secretary  of  state 
for  &^  gave  practical  proof  of  appreciation 
of  his  nal  and  alulity  by  increasing  his 
salaiy;  said  in  1898,  on  lus  retirement — a 
sl^  necessitated  by  a  somewhat  strained  in- 
teirpfrBtation  of  the  Ciyil  Service  Superannuar 
tion  Act — a  special  pension  was  granted  him. 
Many  distinctions  were  conferred  on  him  at 
homeand  abroad, includinji^  honorary  member- 
ship of  many  learned  societies,  and  the  com- 
panionship of  many  foreipi  orders.    He  was 
created  Hon.  TJj.D.  of  Edmburgh  in  1877,and 
a  companion  of  the  Indian  Empire  in  1888. 

Host's  power  of  assimilating  oriental 
tongues  bius  been  rarely  equalled ;  ahd  it  is 
perhaps  no  exaggeration  to  affirm  that  he 
stood  second  only  to  Sir  William  Jones  QJ^6- 
1794)  [q.  T.]  as  a  universal  ling^ust.  There 
was  scarcely  a  language  spoken  in  the  Eastern 
Hemispliiare  with  which  Rost  was  not,  at 
least  to  some  extent,  familiar.  Nor  did  he 
confine  himself  to  the  widely  disseminated 
oriental  tongues.  He  pursued  his  researches 
into  un&mOiar,  and  in  many  cases  almost 
entiieW  unknown,  dialects  which  are  usuallv 
unheeoisd  by  philologists.  At  St.  Augustine  s 
Oolkge,  in  addition  to  his  ordinary  lectures 
in  Sanscrit,  Tamil,  Telugu,  Arabic,  and  Urdu, 
he  at  times  gave  lessons  in  the  dialects  of 
Afriea,Ghina,  and  Polynesia.  Rost  was  fami- 
liar with  some  twenty  or  thirty  languages  in 
slL  With  some  of  them  his  acquaintance, 
although  invariably  competent,  was  not  pro- 
found. But  his  masterv  of  Sanskrit  was 
oomplste^  and  the  breadth  of  his  oriental 
lasminf  led  oriental  scholars  throughout 
the  wmd  to  oonsnlt  him  repeatedly  on  points 
of  diifiealty  and  doubt.  Rost  died  at  Can- 
terbury on  7  Feb.  1896.  He  married,  in 
1663,  Minna,  daughter  of  Chief-justice  J.  F. 
of  Msgdebu^,  and  left  issue. 


His  published  works  are:  1.  'Treatise 
on  the  Indian  Sources  of  the  Ancient  Burmese 
Laws,'  1860.  2.  <  A  Descriptive  Catalogue 
of  the  Palm  Leaf  MSS.  helouAng  to  the 
Imperial  Public  Libraiy  of  St.  Petersburg,' 
1862.  8. '  Revision  of  Specimens  of  Sanscrit 
MSS.  published  by  the  Paleographical 
Society/  1876. 

He  edited  Professor  H.  H.  Wilson's  '  Es- 
says on  the  Religions  of  the  Hindus  and  on 
S^iscrit  literature,'  6  vols.  1861>^ ;  Hodg- 
son's *  Essays  on  Indian  Suhjects,'  2  vols. 
1880;  and  misoellaneous  papers  on  Indo- 
China  (Tnibner's  'Oriental  Series,'  4  vols. 
1886-^).  The  last  three  volumes  of  Tnib- 
ner's valuable  '  Oriental  Record '  were  pro- 
duced imder  his  supervision,  and  he  edited 
Triibner's  series  01  'Simplified  Grammars. 
He  contributed  notices  of  books  to  Lusac's 
'  Oriental  List,'  the  articles  on  '  Malay  Lan- 
guage and  Literature,'  '  Pali,'  '  Rajah,'  and 
'  Thugs '  to  the  ninth  edition  of  the  '  Ency- 
clopaedia Britannica,'  and  he  was  a  contri* 
butor  to  the  'Athenaeum'  and  'Academy.' 

[Personal  knowledge;  Atheneeum,  15  Feb. 
1896  (by  Professor  Cecil  Bendall);  Academy, 
16  Feb.  1896  ;  memoir  by  Mr.Tawney  in  Asiatic 
Quarterly  of  April  1896  ;  information  from  Dr. 
Madear,  the  warden  of  St.  Angustine^s  College, 
Canterbury.!  A,  N.  W. 

ROSWORME  or  ROSWORM,  JOHN 
{Jt.  16d0-1660),engineer-generalof  the  army 
of  the  Commonwealth,  was  a  Qerman  by 
birth,  and  had  served  as  a  military  engineer 
on  the  Continent  and  in  Lreland,  previous  to 
the  outbreak  of  the  Irish  insurrection  in  1641, 
after  which  he  left  Ireland,  and  in  the  spring 
of  1642  settled  at  Manchester. 

On  the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war,  Rosworme 
entered  into  a  contract  with  the  principal 
citizens  of  Manchester  to  defend  the  town 
against  James  Stanley,  lord  Strange  (after- 
wards Earl  of  Derby)Tq.  v.lfor  the  next  six 
months  for  a  sum  of  SOL  The  day  after  the 
contract  was  signed  Lord  Strange  sent  a 
present  of  160/.  to  Rosworme,  but,  'valu- 
mg  honesty  more  than  gold,'  Rosworme 
returned  it. 

In  September  the  royalist  troops,  four 
thousand  strong,  mustered  under  Strange  at 
Warrington,  ana  Rosworme  set  up  posts  and 
chains  in  Manchester  to  keep  out  the  enemy's 
horse,  and  barricaded  the  ends  of  the  streets 
with  mud  walls.  He  completed  his  provi- 
sional fortification  by  28  Sept.  1642.  Lord 
Strange  arrived  before  Manchester  on  the 
following  day,  and  the  riege  began.  After  a 
vigorous  defence  Strange,  who  had  become 
Earl  of  Derbybyhis&iher^B  deathon29SM»t., 
finding  his  losses,  especially  of  distinguished 
adhereBts,  heavy,  raised  the  siege  on  1  Oct. 

V2 


Rosworme 


293 


Rosworme 


On  24  Bee  1642  Rosworme  took  part  in  a 
eally  to  prevent  Lord  Derby  making  head 
and  again  attacking  Manchester.  They  broke 
the  royalist  force  at  Ohowbent  and  captured 
Leigh|  returning  within  three  days.  Man- 
chester was  thus  secured  to  the  parliamenti 
and  confidence  was  given  to  the  parliamen- 
tary cause  throughout  Lancashire  and  the 
adjoining  counties.  On  2  Jan.  1648  Lord 
Wharton  appointed  Boswonne  lieutenant- 
colonel  of  Alton's  regiment  of  foot,  and  in 
Pebruary  he  joined  the  regiments  of  Sir  John 
Seaton  and  Colonel  Holland  in  an  attack  on 
Preston.  It  was  captured  by  assault  on  the 
9th,  and  Rosworme  remained  to  fortify  the 
place. 

On  the  termination  of  his  half-year*s  en- 
pLgemeat  with  Manchester,  Rosworme  was 
mduced  to  execute  a  new  contract  by  which 
in  return  for  a  yearly  salary  of  60/.,  to  be  paid 
quarterlvi  durm^  the  life  of  himself  and  his 
wife,  he  hound  hmiself  to  finish  the  fortifica- 
tions of  Manchester  and  to  carry  out  all  mili- 
tary affiurs  for  the  safety  of  the  town  on  all 
occasions.  He  further  agreed  to  foreffo  his 
position  as  lieutenant -colonel  in  Asnton's 
regiment,  and  to  accept  instead  the  command 
of  a  foot  company  ot  the  garrison  of  Man- 
chester. 

On  1  April  1643,  having  finished  the  fortifi- 
cations of  Manchester,  I&>sworme,  although 
it  was  outside  his  contract,  accompanied  a 
force  to  attack  Wigan.  A  gallant  assault, 
chiefly  by  Ashton's  regiment,  took  the  town 
in  less  than  an  hour ;  but  the  enemy  held  the 
church,  which  surrendered  after  a  desperate 
stm^le.  While  Rosworme  was  receiving  the 
garrison's  arms  and  making  preparations  for 
their  convoy,  he  found  that  Colonel  Holland, 
the  parliamentary  commander,  had  marched 
away,  leaving  only  one  company  to  convoy 
four  hundrea  prisoners,  arms,  and  ordnance 
through  a  hostile  town.  There  was  nothing 
left  for  him  but  to  escape  as  auickly  as  pos- 
sible to  Manchester.  Holland  s  conduct  was 
investigated  by  a  committee  in  London  on 
16  Apru,  and  Rosworme  and  others  attended 
to  give  evidence.  Holland's  influence  and 
his  many  friends  in  parliament  saved  him 
from  punishment.  Thenceforth,  however, 
he  became  Rosworme's  enemy,  and  succeed- 
ing in  stopping  his  pay  as  a  captain  for  a 
year,  on  the  pretext  that  Rosworme  had 
not  taken  the  covenant. 

Rosworme  took  part  in  the  unsuccessful 
attack  on  Warrington  on  5  April  1043.  In 
May  he  fortified  Liverpool.  On  6  July  the 
Earl  of  Newcastle,  having  defeated  the  par- 
liamentarians at  Wiekea  Hill,  Adwalton 
Moor,  Yorkshire,  and  havingtaken  Bradford, 
Bummoned   Manchefter.    The  town   sent 


Rosworme  to  reconnoitre  and  strengthen  the 

r'tions  of  Blackstone  Edge  and^adkgate, 
which  Lord  Newcastle  must  approach 
Manchester.  Considerable  works  of  oefence 
were  erected,  two  pieces  of  ordnance  mounted, 
and  strong  garrisons  posted.  Newcastle, 
hearing  that  the  positions  were  impregnable, 
relinquished  the  project,  and  went  to  the  siege 
of  HulL  In  January  1644  Rosworme  aocom- 
nanied  Sir  Thomas  Fairfax  to  raise  the  siege  of 
Nantwich,  and  was  present  at  the  battle  of 
the  25th,  returning  later  to  Manchester.  In 
August  he  accompanied  Sir  John  Meldrum 
[q.  v.]  to  the  siege  of  Liverpool ;  the  town 
had  been  captured  by  Prince  Hupert  the 
month  before.  Rosworme  was  master  of  the 
ordnance  and  director  of  the  siege,  which 
lasted  ten  weelcs ;  the  town  ci^ituiated  on 
INov.  In  1646  the  royalists  agam  attempted 
to  bribe  Rosworme  mto  surrenaering  Man- 
chester, and  thus  divert  the  parliamentary 
forces  from  the  siege  of  York.  Having 
learned  all  the  details  of  the  royalists' 
design,  Rosworme  disclosed  it  to  the  chief 
men  of  the  town,  who  made  '  deep  protestsr 
tions  and  promises'  to  give  him  pensions 
amounting  in  all  to  100/.,  according  to  their 
means,  when  peace  should  come.    Kosworme 

Sut  the  town  in  such  an  efficient  state  of 
efence,  and  showed  so  bold  a  front,  that  the 
royalists  left  it  alone.  He  was  now  in  great 
favour,  and  the  town  sent  an  importunate 
petition  to  the  House  of  Commons  for  the 
payment  of  the  arrears  due  to  him,  and  of  *  a 
handsoifie  gratuity  for  his  desert.'  An  order 
of  council  dated  4  Sept.  directed  the  pay- 
ment of  the  arrears,  but  admonished  the 
Manchester  people  for  the  non-payment  of 
the  stipulated  pension  I 

Durmg  the  plague  which  broke  out  in  the 
summer  Rosworme  refused  to  quit  Man- 
chester, and  with  a  dozen  of  his  men  rendered 
invaluable  assistance  to  the  sick,  and  main- 
tained order  among  the  inhabitants.  He 
received  scant  reward.  His  pension  was 
unpaid  and  his  pay  allowed  again  to  fall  into 
arrear  because  ne  refused  to  si^  the  cove- 
nant. In  1648  his  reduced  circumstances 
compelled  him  to  visit  London  to  endeavour 
to  obtain  redress.  There  he  publLdied  a 
pamphlet,  dated  9  May,  containing  a  violent 
attack  upon  the  twenty-two  men  who  ugned 
the  agreement  with  him  on  behalf  of  the 
town  of  Manchester.  The  Scots  were  ad- 
vancing south.  The  town,  anticipating 
danger,  therefore  recalled  Rosworme,  ana 
paid  him  the  arrears  of  his  military  pay,  but 
not  his  pension.  Towards  the  end  of  the 
vear  the  town  was  again  in  his  debt,  and 
he  went  to  London  to  petition  the  House  of 
Commons.    He  also  wrote  a  bitterly  worded 


Rosworme 


«93 


Rothe 


nmphlst  addrened  to  the  house  and  to 
Fairax,  Biadflhaw,  and  Cromwell,  entitled 
*  Good  Service  hitherto  Bl-Bewaided,  or  An 
I&toriedl  Relation  of  Eight  Years  Serrice 
for  King  and  Parliament  in  and  about  Man- 
chester and  those  parts/  London,  1649.  It 
WIS  reprinted  by  John  Palmer  in  his  *  Hie- 
toy  of  the  Sie^  of  Manchester '  in  1822. 
Biadshaw's  adyice  to  the  town  council  topay 
him  (7  July  1649)  was  not  followed.  In  July 
1651  Uoswonne  again  petitioned  parliament 
(see  hiosdsidein  Brit.  Mus.  I%e  Case  o/Lieut.' 
OolLSo$ioinrme)j  and  stated  that  his  wife  and 
children  had  to  be  relieyed  by  strangers. 

On  the  19th  of  the  following  month 
(Angost  1661)  Rosworme  was  appointed 
eogiuMMeneral  of  all  the  garrisons  and 
foits  in  TSigland,  with  10s.  a  day  for  himself 
aad  2f.  for  hia  clerk.  He  went  to  New 
Yirmooth  to  report  on  the  'fittest  places 
for  some  fortification  to  prevent  the  landing 
of  foreisn  forcee/  and  in  September  to  the 
Isle  of  Man  to  report  whether  any  defences 
wen  desirable  there.  On  17  Apnl  1665  an 
Older  in  council  increased  his  pay  by  10s.  a 
dsy  when  actually  on  duty,  ana  he  was  pro- 
moted to  be  coloneL  On  26  June  1659  he 
attended  the  committee  of  safety,  and  on 
19  July  he  was  nominated  engineer-general 
of  the  aimy,  a  change  of  title.  There  is  no 
Anther  record  of  him.  He  probably  died  in 
exile  after  the  Restoration. 

[Cal.  State  Papers,  Dom.  1649-59;  Ormorod*8 
Tiscto  Tttlating  to  the  Military  Proceedings  in 
Uncasfaire  during  the  Great  Civil  War  (Chatham 
i^):  Iter  LaneaBtreose  (CSietham  See.) ;  Diary 
of  the  Ber.  Henry  Newcombe  (Ghetham  Soe.) ; 
A  Diseonne  of  the  Warr  in  Lancashire,  1655 
(Cbetham  See);  Vicars'  England's  Parliamen- 
unr  Chronicle,  God  in  the  Mount,  God*s  Arke 
udtheBoming  Bosh;  Professional  Papers  of 
^  Corps  of  Royal  Engineers,  Occasional  Papers 
"^les,  ToL  xiii.  1887,  Military  Engineering  aur- 
ogthe  Great  Civil  War.  1642-9,  by  Lieutenant- 
oc4ooel  W.  a.  Ross,  R.E. ;  Rnshworth's  Histori- 
^  Collections ;  James  Wheeler's  Manchester, 
IS36 ;  Gardiner's  Great  Ciril  War,  1642-9.1 

R.H.V. 

BOTELANDE,  HUE  db,  or  EUT- 
Uin[>,HUOHor(/K.  1185;),  Anglo-Nor- 
nua  poet,  was  connected  with  the  Eng- 
lish district  on  Uie  Welsh  border.  In  his 
'Ipomedon'  (1.  10669)  he  says,  <A  Gre- 
dehulle  a  ma  meisun.'  The  reference  is  no 
doubt  to  Oredenhill,  near  Hereford,  but  De 
U  Roe  sa^s  wrongly  Credenhill  in  Com- 
Wf  and  thia  nustahe  has  been  followed  by 
Wright  and  others.  It  is  questionable 
whether  Botelande  can  mean  Rutland,  and 
^.  Ward  conjectures  that  possibly  Rhudd- 
Ian  is  intendeo.    From  an  allusion  in  the 


'  Ipomedon '  it  is  clear  that  Hugh  wrote  it 
after  1174  The '  Prothesilaus'  contains  lines 
in  honour  of  Gilbert  FitzBalderon,  who  died 
in  1190-1,  and  was  lord  of  Monmouth  and 
father  of  John  de  Monmouth  [O*  v«l  In  another 
nassage  of  the  'Ipomedon'  Hugh  refers  to 
Walter  Map  as  a  romance  writer  like  him- 
self [see  under  Map,  Waltbb].  Hugh  was 
the  author  of  two  Anglo-Norman  romances 
in  verse :  1.  '  Ipome£>n,'  a  poem,  of  about 
ten  thousand  lines,  printed  at  Breslau  in 
1889  from  Cotton.  MS.  Vesp.  A.  vii.  and 
Egerton  MS.  2515  in  the  British  Museum, 
and  a  fragment  in  Rawlinson  MS.  Misc. 
1370  in  the  Bodleian  Library.  Hugh  pro- 
fesses to  translate  from  the  Latin.  It  is 
possible  that  he  used  the  *  Fabulte '  of  Hygi- 
nus.  An  account  of  the  romance,  with  some 
extracts,  is  eiven  in  Ward's  '  Catalogue  of 
Romances.'  A  critical  study  of  the  text  was 
published  b^  Signer  Adolfo  Mussafia  in  1890. 
2.  '  Prothesilaus,'  a  romance,  by  Botelande, 
which  is  a  continuation  of  the  '  Ipomedon,' 
is  preseired  in  a  manuscript  at  the  Biblio- 
th^ue  Nationale  at  Paris. 

[De  La  Rue's  Bardes,  ii.  285-96  ;  Wright's 
Biogr.  Brit.  Litt.  ii.  838 ;  Ward's  Cat.  of  Ro- 
mances in  the  Brit.  Mna  i.  728-84 ;  Ipomedon, 
ein  f ransosischer  Abenteuerroman,  ed.  £.  Kolbing 
nnd  £.  Kosehwitz ;  Sulla  critica  del  testo  d^ 
romanzo  in  franoese  antico  Ipomedon.  Studio 
di  Adolfo  Mussafia  (Kaiserlidie  Academie  der 
Wissenschaften,  Sitzungsberichte  .  .  .  Philo- 
sophisch-historische  dasse,  Vienna,  1890).] 

C.  LK. 

ROTHE,  BERNARD  (1696-1768),  Irish 
Jesuit.    [See  Routh.] 

ROTHE  or  ROTH,  DAVID  (167a-1650), 
Roman  catholic  bishop  of  Ossbry,  son  of 
John  Rothe,  was  of  an  Anglo-Irish  family 
long  settled  in  Kilkenny,  where  he  was  born 
in  1673.  Roth,  who  appears  in  Latin  writings 
as  RothsBus,  was  educated  chiefly  at  Douay, 
wlieio  he  gii;idiiated  in  divinitj;  and  he  i^^ 
turned  to  Ireland  about  1609  (&ncileffium 
OMorien&ey  i.  236).  He  entered  the  Roman 
catholic  priesthooa,  and  in  a  list  of  ex-students 
of  Douay  fumidied  to  the  archdukes  in  1613 
Roth  is  mentioned  as  '  saoerdos  B.D.'  (Col. 
qf  Carew  M88.  tL  286V  In  1616  he  pub- 
lished the  first  part  of  his  '  Analecta  Sacra' 
(the  second  part  appeared  in  1617 ;  they  were 
probably  written  1610-11).  Two  dedications 
are  prefixed  to  the  first  part— one  to  the 
emperor  and  other  orthodox  princes,  the  other 
to  the  Prince  of  Wales,  afterwards  Oharles  I, 
as  the  possible  halcyon  during  whose  tender 
years  (nidulatio)  IBLing  James  might  be  in- 
duced to  give  peace  to  the  church.  The 
second  part  was  dedicated  to  Coxneliua 
O'Devany  [q.  v.} 


Rothe 


394 


Rothe 


In  1019  Both  published  a  third  part,  under 
the  title  '  De  ProoesBu  Martyrlali/  and  the 
entire  work  remains  as  an  impeachment  of 
English  ecdesiastieal policy  in  Ireland  under 
Elisabeth  and  Jamee  I.  An  answer  was  pub- 
lished in  16^  by  Thomas  (afterwards  Sir 
Thomas^  Rjres  [q.  v.]  This  was  the  period 
of  Roth  8  greatest  literary  actiyit^. 

Roth  was  appointed  bishop  of  Ossory  by 
Pope  Paul  lY  in  September  or  Octob^ 
1618.  The  consistorial  act  describes  him  as 
'a  priest  of  Ossory,  forty-five  years  old, 
master  in  theology,  protonotar^  apostolic, 
vicar-general  of  Armagh,  in  which  post  he 
has  conducted  himself  well  for  several  years, 
and  worthy  of  promotion  to  the  episcopate ' 
(Hibenda  Domvnicana,  p.  669 ;  Brast).  He 
oioubtless  virtually  rulea  the  diocese  of  Os^ 
sory  for  some  years  previously,  as  well  as 
actmg  as  deputy  of  Peter  Lombard,  the 
primate  of  Ireland,  who  never  visited  his 
see  of  Armagh.  On  4  Sept.  1624  commenda- 
tory letters,  signed  by  Roth  as  vice-primate, 
were  sent  from  Ireland  to  all  whom  they 
might  concern  in  favour  of  the  Irish  Oollege 
at  Paris,  and  of  the  Capuchin  order  {^^U- 
ffiian  Osaarienaef  i.  183-6).  In  a  letter  to 
Peter  Lombard,  dated  17  Sept.  1626  (ib.  p. 
137),  he  says  that  all  in  Ireland  lived  in 
dread  of  the  plague,  and  that  'few  or  no 
catholics  die  among  so  many  that  are  on 
every  side  carried  to  their  graves.'  The 
puritans,  however,  gave  out  tluit  the  plague 
was  a  judgment  for  the  non-execution  of 
laws  against  recusants. 

In  February  1629-30  Roth  was  one  of 
seven  Irish  bishops  who  petitioned  the  Ro- 
man court  for  an  increase  of  the  hierarchy 
in  England  (ib,  p.  164).  Roth  was  no  longer 
vice-primate,  but  he  was  senior  bishop  of 
Ireland,  and  was  allowed  a  kind  of  leader- 
ship (ib,  pp.  190-1).  On  16  Nov.  1634  the 
bishop  of  Terns  wrote  that  Roth,  though 
somewhat  infirm,  acted  as  a  sentinel,  keep- 
ing bishops,  priests,  and  friars  in  order. 
'  l£>me  censure  him  as  being  over  lealous, 
but  in  truth  we  stand  in  need  of  such  a 
monitor  in  these  regions  of  license  and  li- 
berty '  (ib,  p.  199).  In  May  1636  Roth  was 
allowed  to  appomt  Dr.  Edmund  O'Dwyer, 
afterwards  bishop  of  Limerick,  to  represent 
his  diocese  at  Rome  {ib»  p.  200).  In  July 
1641  he  felt  the  weight  of  years,  and  asked 
for  a  coadjutor  (ib,  p.  211);  but  he  found 
time  to  attend  to  the  diocese  of  Ferns,  then 
vacant  by  the  death  of  his  friend  and  relative. 
Dr.  Roche.  Between  September  1637  and 
1639  Roth  had  been  seeking  to  make  peace 
in  the  diooese  of  Killaloe,  wnere  the  clergy 
were  on  bad  terms  with  their  bishop.  '  Enow^ 
ing,'  he  wrote,  *  that  the  jars  and  strifes  of  my 


countrymen  among  themselves  have  £rom 
ancient  times,  at  Home  and  abroad,  every- 
where and  always  injured  the  whole  nation, 
I  have,  during  some  thirty  years'  wrestlings 
in  this  arena,  notoriously  made  it  my  chief 
work  to  make  an  and  of  useless  altercations ' 
(tA.  p.  286). 

Until  l&il  Roth  lived  quietly  at  Kilkenny. 
The  Irish  rebellion  tooke  out  on  23  Oct.  of 
that  year ;  the  protestant  clergy  were  ex- 

Selled,  and  Roth  took  possession  of  the 
eanery,  which  he  retains  till  just  before 
his  death.  In  1643  the  portreeve  of  Irish- 
town  was  sworn  to  him  according  to  ancient 
custom.  Kilkenny  became  the  capital  of  the 
confederate  catholics,  and  Roth  was  one  of 
the  bishops  who  signed  the  decrees  of  the 

Seat  ecclesiastical  congregation  held  there  in 
ay  1642  (t^.  i.  262,  inLatin ;  Cof^ederation 
and  War,  ii.  34,  in  English).  In  June  he  signed 
a  letter  calling  upon  Clanricarde  to  make 
common  cause  witn  his  coreliffionista  (Cbn- 
federation  and  War,  voL  i.  p.  li).  In  Jnl^r  he 
was  one  of  those  who  petitioned  the  king, 
through  Ormonde,  for  an  audience,  and  bemed 
him  to  construe  their  acts  as  those  of  foyal 
men  against  'the  puritan  party  in  England, 
who  seek  in  all  things  to  limit  ^u,  our 
king,  and  govern  us,  your  people '  (xb.  iL  48). 
When  the  confederates  formed  their  general 
assembly,  Roth  sat  as  a  peer ;  but  his  age 
prevented  him  from  being  one  of  the  supreme 
council,  which  was  elected  in  October,  and 
which  directed  everything  until  Rinucdni 
came.  According  to  John  Lynch  [(|.  v.J,  he 
was  the  person  chiefly  instrumental  in  giving 
form  ana  order  to  the  confederacy  (GRiiVSs 
and  PsiM,  p.  295).  After  the  cessation  of 
arms  with  Ormonde  in  1643,  tliere  was  a 
meeting  of  bishops  at  Waterford  for  the  par- 
pose  of  announcing  their  full  adhesion  to  the 
decrees  of  the  council  of  Trent.  Rotli  did 
not  attend,  but  in  January  1643-4  he  signed 
the  act  of  adhesion  for  himself  and  for  the 
clergy  of  his  diocese  (Spicilegium  Osioriense^ 
ii.  l7).  In  this  year  Koth  presented  a  silver- 
gilt  monstrance,  which  still  exists,  to  his 
cathedral  of  St.  Canice  (Gra^ves  and  Pbim  , 
p.  40),  and  also  erected  a  handsome  tomb  for 
nimself  in  the  lady-chapel,  with  an  inscription 
recording  that  he  had  restored  the  church 
to  its  proper  use  and  whipped  heresy  out 
of  it.  T1  e  reference  to  heresy  was  chiselled 
out  by  Bishop  John  Parry  (<d.  1677)  [q.  v.], 
but  the  rest  of  the  memorial  remains  (tJ. 
p.  293). 

The  nuncio  Rinuocini  reached  Kilkenny 
on  12  Nov.  1646,  and  was  met  by  the  aged 
Roth  at  the  door  of  St.  Oanice*s.  <  He  of* 
fered  me  the  aspersorium  and  incense,*  says 
Rinuccini,  *  and,  conducting  me  to  the  high 


Rothe 


»9S 


Rothe 


altar,  dfllivered  an  address  snitable  to  the 
ceraDOoj'  (Ai^oMy,  p.  91).    There  was 
neTertheiesB  a  certain  antagonism  between 
the  nimdo  and  the  bishop  of  the  diocese, 
whose  catholiciBm  wlu  rather  Anglo-Irish 
than  ultramontane  {c£,Sjncilefftum  Ossoriensef 
i.  294).    In  the  internecine  straggle  between 
noneio  and  council,  Roth  was  generally  for 
the  native  notables  and  against  the  Italian 
emittary.   He  seldom  left  his  honse,  but  was 
much  oonsnlled,  and  was  against  extreme 
courses.  In  January  1648  Rinuccini  reported 
to  Pope  Innocent  X  that  lloth  was '  extremely 
old  and  inefficient,  and  no  longer  able  to  f ulA. 
any  of  his  duties'  ( Embassy,  p.  865),  but  he 
found  a  few  months  later  that  Koth  had  vigour 
enoDgh  to  take  the  lead  in  nullifying  the  in- 
terdict fulminated  by  the  nuncio  on  27  May 
agaixiat  all  who  were  willing  to  treat  with 
Inchkniin  (t5.  p.  899).    As  soon  as  Rinuccini 
▼as  clear  of  Ireland,  he  urged  the  suspen- 
sion of  Both,  as  *  the  first  to  refuse  obedience 
totheinterdict,  as  though  he  were  the  supreme 
judge  and  owned  no  superior'  {Sf.  p.  467). 
Too  late  to  be  of  any  real  use,  peace  was 
made  between  Ormonde  and  the  confederates. 
On  17  Jan.  1648>9,  with  other  An^lo-Irish 
prelates,  Roth  signed  a  letter  protestmff  their 
lajtlty,  and  their  satisfaction  at  being  mends 
with  the  king's  lieutenant.    '  The  substance 
of  the  peace,'^they  say, '  as  to  the  concessions 
for  reli^on,  is  better  than  the  sound '  (Oon-* 
federatwn  and   War,  vii.  218).    In  March 
Koth  was  one  of  four  bishops  who  addressed 
the  pope  in  &your  of  the  Capuchins  (Spici- 
Ifipim  Ossoriensef  i.  822^.  In  August  follow- 
ing he  describes  himseli  as  'old  and  bedrid' 
(mmtPHT,  p.  812),  but  was  carried  about  in 
a  litter  to  minister  to  sufferers  from  the  plague 
{A.)    At  the  beginning  of  March  1650,  when 
Cromwell  was    approachixig  Kilkenny,  he 
was '  carried  out  m  a  vehicle  prepared  for 
flight,  stripped  of  his  raiment,  wrapped  in 
a  common  cloak  hopping  with  yermm,  and 
put  away  in  some  wretched  place  where 
ne  died  in  the  following  month'  (Sptcil&' 
$nan  Osaoriense,  i.  841).    This  was  written 
on  6  June  by  Archbishop  Fleming,  Roth's 
metropolitan,  who  was  in  Ireland  at  the  time. 
'  Locus  aljectus '  does  not  mean '  loathsome 
dongeon/  as  Father  Murphy  assumes.    Bi- 
shop Lynch,  who  wrote  from  Clonfert  be- 
tween three  and  four  months  after  Roth's 
death,  says  he '  attempted  to  escape,  but  was 
brought  back  by  the  enemy,  stripped  of  his 
raiment  and  mocked  [illusus],  but  allowed 
to  enter  the  nearest  house,  where  he  died.' 
IVobably  the  aged  bishop  was  harboured  by 
poor  but  faitlmil  firiends  in  some  squalid 
tenement  (GSAyBS  and  Pbhc,  p.  296).    Ax- 
telTs  regiment  was  quartered  m  the  cathe- 


dral, where  Roth  had  prepared  his  tomb. 
His  remains  were  consequently  laid  in  St. 
Mary's  church  with  the  usual  ceremonies^ 
and  without  interference  by  the  conquerors. 
A  portrait  of  Roth,  perhaps  by  an  Italian  in 
Rinuccini's  suite,  is  preseryed  at  Jenkins- 
town,  CO.  Kilkenny,  and  reproduced  by 
(>rayes  and  Prim,  who  mention  other  relics. 

Of  Roth's  mat  learning  there  can  be  no 
doubt,  thougn  he  was  not  free  from  the  ere- 
dulitjr  whicn  besets  hagiologists.  Thomas 
Messingham,  moderator  of  the  Irish  seminary 
at  Paris,  describes  him  as  'doctissimus  et 
accuratissimus.'  It  is  still  more  to  the  point 
that  he  corresponded  with  the  protestant 
champion  Ussher,  who  acknowledges  con- 
siderable obligations,  and  calls  him  learned, 
illustrious,  and  'a  most  diligent  inyestiffator 
of  his  country's  antiquities.  He  was  all  his 
life  more  or  less  occupied  wit^  an  eccleaas* 
tical  history  of  Ireland ;  but  no  such  work 
was  published,  and  the  only  part  known  to 
exist  is  a  fragment  on  the  diocese  of  Ossory, 
of  which  there  are  manuscript  copies  in  tne 
British  Museum  and  in  Trinity  OoUege, 
Dublin.  It  has  been  accurately  descried 
by  Grayes,  and  partly  printed  in  the  'Irish 
Arohffiological  (Kilkenny)  Society's  Journal' 
for  1869,  and  adversely  criticised  by  John 
Ho^an  in  the  same  journal  for  1871.  Roth's 
'  Hierographia  Hibemies,'  an  account  of  the 
Irish  saints,  was  neyer  printed,  but  was  used 
and  quoted  by  Ussher. 

Besides  the  ^  Analecta,'  of  which  Cardinal 
Moran  published  a  complete  edition  in  1884, 
Roth  published :  1.  *Brigida  Thaumaturga, 
siye  d  issertatio  partim  encomiastica  in  laudem 
ipsius  sanct®,'  &c.,  Paris,  1620.  2. '  Hibemia 
resurg^\n8,  siye  refrigerium  antidotale  adyer* 
sus  mor^um  serpentis  antiqui,'  &c.,  Rouen, 
1621 ;  and  another  edition  at  Cologne  in  the 
same  year.  His  '  De  Nominlbus  Hibemiw 
tractatus'  and  '  Elucidationes  in  Vitam 
S.  Padricii  a  Joscelino  scriptam '  are  printed 
in  Messingham's  'Florilegium  Insulce  Sano- 
torum,'  Puns,  1624. 

[Journal  of  the  Hist,  and  Archseolog.  Assoc, 
of  Ireland,  4th  ser.  vii.  601,  620;  Moran'a 
Spioilegium  Ossorieose,  yols.  i.  and  ii. ;  Gbaves 
and  Prim's  Hist,  of  St.  Ganice'a  Cathedral; 
Binuedni's  Embassy  in  Ireland,  English  transL ; 
Ware's  Bishops  (art.  *  Griffith  Williams ')  and 
Writers  of  Ireland,  ed.  Harris;  Contemporaiy 
Hist  of  Afiairs  in  Ireland,  and  Hist,  of  Con- 
federation and  War  in  Ireland,  ed.  Gilbert;  Brnd/s 
Episcopal  Succession;  Murphy's  Cromwell  in 
Ireland;  Walsh's  Hist,  of  the  Remonstrance, 
1674,  to  which  the  Kilkenny  queries  and  Roth's 
answers  are  appended ;  Catalogue  of  the  Loui^h 
Fea  library,  p.  294,  where  Ussher's  references 
to  Roth  are  collected ;  Brennan's  Eoclesiastical 
Hist,  of  Ireland ;  fiogan's  Kilkenny  (Kilkeai^, 


Rothe 


396 


Rothe 


1884);  Healy'8  Hist,  of  Kilkenny  (Kilkenny, 
1893) ;  cf.  arts.  Binnedni,  Gioyanni  Battista, 
and  Walflh,  Peter.]  B.  B-l. 

ROTHE,  MICHAEL  (1661-1741),  Irieli 

Seneral  in  the  French  service,  bom  at  Kil- 
enny  on  29  Sept.  1661,  was  the  second  son 
of  Edward  Bothe  (<  FitzPeter '),  the  creat- 
grandson  of  John  Kothe  of  Kilkenny,  father 
of  David  Rothe  fq-^'lt  bishop  of  Ossory,  by 
Catherine  (Archaekin\  In  1686  the  army 
in  Ireland  wasremodeUed  and  increased,  and 
Michael  Rothe  received  a  commission  as 
lieutenant  in  the  kinff*s  royal  Irish  regiment 
of  footguards,  of  which  the  Duke  of  Or- 
monde was  colonel.  At  the  revolution 
the  regiment  maintained  its  allegiance  to 
James  11,  under  the  command  of  its  lieu- 
tenant-colonel, William  'Dorrington  (by 
whose  name  it  afterwards  became  known), 
and  Rothe  was  promoted  captain  in  the  com- 
mand of  the  first  or  king's  own  company. 
By  James's  charter  he  was  named  an  alder- 
man of  Kilkenny.  He  served  with  his  re- 
giment throughout  the  campai^  of  1689-91, 
and  fought  at  the  battle  of  the  JBoyne  (1  July 
1690),  where  his  kinsman,  Thomas  Rothe  of 
the  fnsh  lifeguards,  lost  his  life.  After  the 
treaty  of  Limerick  his  regiment  elected  to 
enter  the  French  service,  and  set  sail  for 
France  in  the  autumn  of  1691.  For  his  ad- 
hesion to  the  Stuart  cause,  Rothe  was  at- 
tainted and  his  estate  forfeited;  his  large 
brick  mansion  in  Kilkenny  was  sold  at  Chi- 
chester House,  Dublin,  in  1708,  and  pur- 
chased for  45/.  by  Alderman  Isaac  Mukins 
(cf.  O'Habt,  Landed  Gentry ,  p.  518 ;  Led- 
WICH,  Antiquities  0/  Irithrtown^  p.  487; 
H06AN,  Kilkennjf),  On  their  arrival  in  France 
the  Irish  regiments  were  mustered  at  VanuBs 
in  the  south  of  Brittany,  and  were  there  re- 
viewed by  James  II  in  January  1692.  •  Kothe's 
re^ment  was  incorporated  with  the  Irish 
brigades  in  the  service  of  France,  and  was 
stationed  in  Normandy  as  part  of  the  army 
destined  for  the  invasion  of  England.  This. 
design  was  frustrated  by  the  English  victory 
off  Gape  La  Hog^e ;  but  in  169§  Rothe  saw 
active  service  in  Flanders  under  the  Marshal 
de  Luxembourg,  taking  part  in  the  capture 
of  Huy,  the  battle  of  Landen,  where  Wil- 
liam ni  and  the  allies  were  defeated  on 
29  July  1698,  and  the  taking  of  CQiarleroi  in 
the  following  October.  In  1694  he  served 
with  the  army  of  Germany,  and  in  1696 
with  the  arm^r  of  the  Moselle.  After  the 
peace  of  Ryswick,  Kin?  James's  regiment  of 
lootffuards  was  formed,  b^  an  order  dated 
27  Feb.  1698,  into  the  regiment  of  Dorring- 
ton,  and  Rothe  was  made  its  lieutenant- 
colonel  by  commission  of  27  April.  Pro- 
moted colonel  in  May  1701,  he  served  during 


that  year  with  the  anny  of  Germany  under 
the  Duke  of  Burgundy  and  Marshal  de  Ca- 
tinat.  In  1703  he  joined  the  army  of  Villara 
in  the  Voeges,  and  took  part  in  the  capture 
of  Kehl,  the  storming  of  Homberg  in  the 
Black  Forest,  the  combat  of  Mund^kinge% 
and  the  first  battle  of  Hochstadt,  in  which 
the  French  ^[ained  the  day ;  he  did  not  fol- 
low Villars  m  1704  in  his  campaisn  against 
the  Camisards,  but  served  imder  his  succes- 
sor, Marshal  Marsin,  and  shared  in  the  rout 
of  the  French  at  Blenheim,  where  his  r^- 
ment  had  the  good  fortune  to  escape  bein^ 
captured.  Created  brigadier,  by  brevet  datea 
18  April  1706,  he  was  again  attached  to  the 
army  of  the  Rhine  under  ViUars,  and  was 
present  at  the  reduction  of  Drusenheim,  of 
Lauterburgh,  and  of  the  He  de  Marquisac 
[M6m,  de  Marshal  Viliart,  ed.  Vogu6, 1887^ 
ii.  202,  218).    In  1707,  under  the  same  gene- 
ral, he  was  at  the  canying  of  the  lines  of 
Stolhoffen,  the  reduction  of  Etlingen,  of 
Pfortzeim,  of  Winhing,  of  Schomdor^  at  the 
defeat  and  capture  of  General  Janus,  the 
surrender  of  Suabsffemund,  and  the  afiair  of 
Seckingen,  while,  by  order  of  31  Oct.,  he 
was  employed  during  the  winter  in  Alsace. 
He  continued  with  the  army  of  the  Rhine 
imder  Berwick  until  June  1709,  when  he  was 
transferred  to  Flanders  and  highly  distin- 
guished himself  at  the  battle  of  Maiplaquet. 
In  the  absence  of  Dorrington  he  commanded 
his  regiment,  which  was  engaged,  in  the 
centre,  in  the  veiy  hottest  of  the  battle. 
TVhen  the  left  of  tne  French  army  recoiled 
before  the  tremendous  fire  of  the  British 
right,  Villars  brought  up  the  Irish  brigade 
to  its  support.    Rothe  and  Cautillon  led  a 
successful  charge,  crying  'Forward,  brave 
Irishmen!    Long  live    King   James  HI!' 
Thirty  officers  of  his  regiment  were  killed. 
Appointed  mar6chal-de-camp  or  major-g^ie- 
ral  hj  brevet  of  29  March  1710,  and  being 
next  m  command  to  M.  du  Puy  de  Vauban 
in  the  remarkable  defence  of  Bethune  against 
the  Duke  of  Marlborough,  he  so  distinguished 
himself  that  Louis  XI V,  by  brevet  of  15  Dec., 
named  him  for  the  second  commandership  of 
the  order  of  St.  Louis  that  should  become 
vacant  (see  Bbodbick,  Mist,  of  the  late  War, 
1718,  p.  334).    After  serving  another  sixteen 
months  in  Flanders,  he  obtamed  this  honour 
on  9  April  1712,  and  served  during  the  fol- 
lowing summer  at  the  taking  of  Douay, 
Quesnoy,  and  Bouchain.    In  1713  he  took  a 
prominent  part  under  Villars  in  the  reduc- 
tion of  Friburg  and  Landau  by  the  army 
of  the  Rhine.     Uj^n  the  deatih  of  Lieu- 
tenant-general Dorrington  on  11  Dec.  1718, 
by  commission  dated  the  following  day  the 
command  of  the  regiment  was  transferred  to 


Rothe 


297 


Rothe 


Jlothe,  and  hence  became  known  as  the '  re- 
nment  of  Rothe/  a  name  which  it  bore  for 
rortj-eight  years ;  during  the  whole  of  this 
period  it  continued  to  wear  the  ecarlet  and 
blue  uniform  of  the '  King's  Own  Footguards' 
(British).  In  1719  Rothe  joined  the  army  of 
Spain  under  the  Duke  of  fierwick,  and  com- 
manded his  regiment  at  the  reduction  of 
Fontsrabia  and  San  Sebastian,  and  the  siege 
of  Rosas  (cL  WiuboiTi  Duke  of  BerwiSc^ 
^fankal  of  JFWmesi  pp.  480  sq.)  At  the  end 
of  the  campaign  he  was  created,  on  IS  March 
1720,  lieutenant-general  of  the  armies  of  the 
king.  His  military  skill  and  dauntless  courage 
had  attracted  attention  in  England  as  well 
as  on  the  continent.  The  author  of  'A 
Letter  to  Sir  Robert  Sutton  for  disbanding 
the  Irish  Regiments  *  (Amsterdam,  August 
1727)  speaks  of  Rothe*s  '  memorable  actions ' 
and  *  immortal  reputation '  for  courage,  and 
in  a  letter  to  Lord  Bolingbroke,  dated 
firom  Scotland  in  1716,  the  Pretender  wrote, 
*  I  should  hsTe  mentioned  before  that  Rothe 
or  DilloD  I  must  have ;  one  1  can  spare  yon, 
but  not  both ;  and,  maybe,  Dillon  would  be 
useful  in  Ireland.'  Rothe  could  have  gone 
only  at  the  expense  of  the  commission  he 
held  from  the  French  king,  and  prudently 
lefosed  to  make  the  sacrifice.  He  continued 
colonel-Qroprietor  of  his  regiment  until  May 
1783,  when  he  made  over  the  command  to 
his  son.  He  died  at  Paris,  in  his  eightieth 
year,  on  2  May  1741.  He  married  Lady 
batherine  (1685-1768),  youngest  daughter 
of  Charies,  second  earl  of  Middleton  [q.y.], 
by  Lady  Catherine,  daughter  of  Robert 
BmdeaA,  first  earl  of  Garcugan.  By  her  he 
left  an  only  son,  Charles  Edward  Route,  bom 
2S  Dec  1710,  who  was  granted  a  commission 
in  his  iather*s  regiment  as  captain  en  second 
on  28  May  1719,  took  over  tne  colonelcy  on 
1!B  May  1788,  was  made  brigadier  on  20  f'eb. 
1748,  senred  at  Dettingen  and,  with  much 
distinction,  at  Fontenoj,  and  was  made  lieu- 
tenant-general of  the  Irish  and  Scottish  troops 
in  the  aenrioe  of  France  on  31  March  1759. 
Hemet  his  death  by  an  accident  while  residing 
at  hisehiteau  of  fiaute-Fontaine  in  Picardy 
on  16  Aug.  1766  (see  PuE,  OccurrenceSf  6  Sept. 
17661  He  married  Lucie  (1728~1804\  only 
dangnter  of  Lucius  Henry  Cary,  fiftn  yis- 
ooottt  Falkland,  by  his  second  wife,  Laura, 
daughter  of  lieutenant-general  Arthur  Dil-  | 
km,  and  by  her  left  a  daughter  Lucie  (<f. 
1782),  who  married  in  1769  (as  his  first , 
wife)  her  cousin.  General  Arthur  Dillon, 
cbHouA  of  Dillon's  r^ment,  and  one  of  the 
yictims  of  '  the  Terror '  (14  April  1794). 

[Journal  of  the  Hist,  and  AicbsBolog.  Assoc. 
cf  Irahyid,  4th  aer.  yii  501,  620  ^a  yaluable 
paper  on  the  Bothe  family,  by  Mr.  G.  D.  Burt* 


chaell) ;  O^CallaghaB's  Hist  of  the  Irish  Bri- 
gades, pp.  94-6 ;  O'Hart's  Irish  pedigrees,  p.  666, 
and  Landed  Gentry,  p.  661 ;  O'Conor's  Militaiy 
Hist,  of  the  Irish  Nation ;  D'Alton's  King  James's 
Irish  Army  Lists;  Mdmoire  Hist,  conoemant 
rOrdre  Boyal  et  Militaire  de  St.  Lonis,  Paris, 
1786;  Dictionnaire  Historiqne,  Paris,  1769; 
Journal  de  Marquis  de  Bangean,  1869,  xiii. 
181,  208,  xviii.  169,  260;  Campagnes  de  diyers 
Mar^chals  de  France,  Amsterdam,  1773,  Table, 
S.T.  Ro6th ;  Memoires  du  Mar^cfaal  de  Yillars, 
ed.  Vogii^.  1887,  ii.  80.  104,  119;  Pelet's  M^ 
moires  Militaires,  vols.  iii.  iv.;  Hist.  MS8. 
Comm,  2nd  Rep.  App.  p.  257.]  T.  S. 

ROTHE,  ROBERT  (1650-1622),  anti- 
quary, bom  on  28  April  1550,  was  eldest  son 
of  David  Rothe, '  sovereign '  of  Kilkenny  in 
1541,  and  commissioner  for  the  county  in 
1558,  by  his  wife  Anstace,  daughter  of  Patrick 
Archer  of  Kilkenny.  Davia  Rothe  [q.  v.\ 
bishop  of  Ossory,  was  his  first  cousin,  and 
Michael  Rothe  [q.  v.l  the  general  was  lineally 
descended  from  the  bishop's  father.  Robert 
was  a  Dublin  barrister,  and  at  an  early  age 
became  standing  counsel  and  agent  to  £s 
kinsman,  Thomas  Butler,  tenth  earl  of  Or- 
monde [q.  v.]  In  1574  he  went  to  London 
on  Ormonde's  business,  and  obtained  for  him- 
self a  confirmation  of  arms  from  William 
Dethick,  York  herald.  He  was  elected  M.P. 
for  the  county  of  Kilkenny  in  1585.  He 
was  exempted  in  1587  from  the  composition 
levied  on  the  county ;  and  '  in  consloeration 
of  his  services  and  great  losses  in  the  time  of 
the  late  rebellion  [of  Tyrone  in  1598],  and  to 
encourage  him  in  his  loyalty,'  he  was  granted 
by  Queen  Elizabeth  m  1602  part  of  the 
possessions  of  the  priory  of  Kells.  The 
grant  was  confirmed  m  1607. 

In  the  charter  creating  Kilkenny  a  city 
(1609)  he  is  named  as  first  alderman  and 
recorder.  He  was  also  the  first  mayor.  Be- 
sides his  residence  in  the  city  of  Kilkenny, 
he  had  places  at  Kilcreene  and  Tullagh- 
maine.  At  the  latter  he  built  bridges,  and 
left  directions  for  keeping  them  in  repair. 
He  was  elected  a  bencher  of  the  King's  innsy 
Dublin,  and  served  as  treasurer  in  1620.  He 
died  on  18  Dec.  1622,  in  his  seventy-third 
year. 

Rothe  was  author  of  two  valuable  histo- 
rical works,  still  remaining  in  manuscript, 
vis. :  1. '  A  Register  containing  the  Pedigree 
of  the  Honourable  Thomas,  late  Earl  of  Or- 
mond  and  Ossory,  and  of  his  ancestors  and 
cousins,  both  lineal  and  collateral,  as  well 
since  the  Conquest  as  before.  .  .  .  UoUected 
and  gathered  out  of  sundry  Records  and 
evidences.  ...  in  1616.'  This  manuscript, 
numbered  F.  8. 16.  No.  13  in  Trinity  College 
Library,  Dublin,   revised   by  the  writer's 


Rothe 


998 


Rotheram 


grandson^  Sir  Robert  Rothe,  was  extennTely 
used  by  Carte  in  his  '  Life  of  Ormond.'  A 
copy  is  in  the  possession  of  The  O'Conor 
Don  (^Hi$t  MSS.  Comm,  2nd  Rep.  j.  224). 
2.  '  A  Register  or  Breviat  of  the  Antiquities 
and  Statuts  of  the  towne  of  Kilkenny,  with 
other  antiquities  collected  by  me,  Robert 
Rothe,  esquier,  as  well  out  of  severall  books, 
charters,  evidences,  and  rolls,' &c.|  the  earliest 
compilation  extant  in  connection  with  local 
Irish  history.  It  is  fully  described  by  Mr. 
J.  T.  Gilbert,  of  the  Public  Record  Office, 
Dublin,  in  the  Second  ReiK>rt  of  the  Histo- 
rical Manuscripts  Commission,  1871,  pp.  257- 
268.  It  is  at  present  in  the  library  of  the 
Royal  Irish  Academy. 

A  third  evidence  of  Rothe's  antiquarian 
and  genealogical  learning  is  his  will,  which 
covers  twenty-nine  sheets  of  parchment,  and 
sets  out  the  limitations  in  descent  of  his  estate 
to  the  sixteenth  degree.  In  it  he  directs 
the  building  of  a  chapel  at  Tullaghmaine, 
the  maintenance  of  the  Rothe  chapel  at  St. 
Mary's  Church,  Kilkenny,  and  the  enlarge- 
ment of  the  poorhouse  built  bv  his  grand- 
father, Robert  Rothe  (^d.  1543),  m  the  city  of 
Kilkenny. 

Rothe  was  twice  married :  first,  to  Mar- 
garet, daughter  of  Fowke  Comerford  of  Cal- 
Ian,  and  sister  of  Gerald  Comerford,  M.P.  for 
Callan  in  1584,  attorney-general,  and  baron 
of  the  court  of  exchequer  1604,  by  whom 
he  had  three  sons — David,  Richard,  and 
Piers— and  four  daughters.  By  his  second 
wife,  Margaret  Archer,  he  had  no  issue. 

Rothe's  eldest  son,  David,  was  father  of  Sir 
Robert  Rothe  {d.  1664),  who  was  knighted 
by  the  lord-lieutenant,  Ormonde,  in  1648-9, 
and  forfeited  his  estates  in  Kilkenny  on 
Cromwell's  reduction  of  Ireland,  but  was 
restored  by  Charles  II  in  1668.  Sir  Robert's 
grandson,  Robert  Rothe  of  Tullaghmaine, 
became  lieutenant-colonel  in  Lord  Mount- 
cashel's  regiment ;  he  afterwards  entered  the 
French  service,  and  was  killed  in  Flanders 
in  1709,  when  the  senior  branch  of  the  Rothe 
family  became  extinct. 

Rothe's  second  son,  Richard,  was  grand- 
father of  William  Rothe  or  Routh,  a  captain 
in  the  French  service,  who  was  killed  in 
Flanders  in  August  1710.  This  Captain 
Rothe  was  father  of  Bernard  Routh  (1695- 
1768)  [q.  v.],  the  Jesuit. 

[The  Family  of  Rothe  of  Kilkenny,  by  G.  D. 
Bnrrchaell,  LL.B.,  in  the  Journal  of  the  Boy. 
Hist,  and  Archseol.  Association,  Ireland  (origi* 
nally  the  Kilkenny  Archseol.  Soc.),  vii.  501-37, 
620-54,  with  a  pedigree;  Cal.  of  Fiants,  ed. 
Korrin,  also  in  Rep.  of  Deputy-Keeper  of  Re- 
cords in  Ireland ;  Ware's  Ireland,  ii.  101,  102 ; 
Carte's  Life  of  Ormond,  introdnction,  passim ; 


Oal.  of  the  Carew  MSS.;  Book  of  Howth;  RuMell 
and  Prendeigast's  Oal.  of  Irish  State  BaperSp 
1606-8 ;  O'Hart's  Irish  Pedigrees,  ii.  379,  and 
his  Landed  Gentry,  pp.  263,  S56 ;  O'CaUa^flian's 
Irish  Brigades  in  the  Service  of  Franoe,  p.  91; 
Gilbert's  Hist.  Manuscripts  of  Ireland,  p.  308 ; 
information  from  the  "Rev.  J.  K.  Abbott,  librarian 
of  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  and  from  J*.  T.  Gil- 
bert, LLJD.,  librarian  of  Uie  Royal  Irish  Aca- 
demy.] 0.  F.  S. 

ROTHERAM,  CAXEB,  D.D.  (ie94r- 
1762),  dissenting  minister  and  tutor,  ivas 
bom  on  7  March  1694  at  Qreat  Salkeld, 
Cumberland.  He  was  educated  at  the  gram- 
mar school  of  Qreat  Blencow,  Cumberland, 
under  Anthony  Ireland,  and  prepared  for 
the  ministry  m  the  academy  01  Tfaomas 
Dixon,  M.D.  [q.  v.]  at  Whitehaven.  In  1716 
he  became  mmister  of  the  dissenting*  oon- 

S'egation  at  Kendal,  Westmoreland.  After 
izon's  death  (1729)  he  took  up  the  work  of 
a  dissenting  academy  (1738)  at  Kendal, 
where  he  educated  about  one  hundred  and 
twenty  laymen,  including^  Jeremiah  Dyson 
[q.  V.J,  and  fifty-six  divinity  students,  of 
whom  the  most  distinguished  was  George 
Walker  (1736  P-1807)  Xq.  v.]  In  1748  he 
visited  Eainburgh,  where  he  was  admitted 
M.  A.,  and  gained  Uie  decree  of  D.D.  by  pub- 
lic disputation  on  27  Ma^.  His  theology, 
and  that  of  most  of  his  divinity  pupils,  'was 
Arian.  In  1761  his  health  &ilMi ;  leaving 
his  congre^tion  and  academy  in  charfire  of 
Kichard  Smipson,  he  went  to  Hexnam, 
Northumberland,  to  stay  with  his  eldest  aon, 
a  physician.  He  died  at  Hexham  on  8  June 
1762,  and  was  buried  in  the  south  aisle  of  the 
abbey  church,  where  is  a  mural  monument  to 
his  memory.  His  second  son  was  in  the 
army.  His  third  son,  Caleb  (1788-1796), 
educated  at  Kendal  (the  academy  ceased  in 
1763)  and  Daventry,  was  ordained  minister 
of  Kendal  on  21  April  1766 ;  he  was  a  firiend 
and  correspondent  of  Priestley,  and  was  ap* 
parently  tne  first  unitarian  minister  "who 
officiated  (1781)  in  Scotland  [see  Crbistib, 
William][.  The  elder  Botheram  nuhUahed 
'Dissertatio  •  .  .  de  Religionis  Cnristisaise 
Evidentia,'  &c.,  Edinburgh,  1743,  4to. 

[Tuneral  Sermon  by  James  Daye,  1762  ;  Me- 
moir, with  biographical  list  of  divinity  studenta 
[by  William  Tomer],  in  Monthly  Repository, 
1810,  pp.  217  sq.;  Turner's  Lives  of  EUnln«>nt 
Unitarians,  1840,  i.  359  eq. ;  manuscript  recorda 
of  Provincial  Meeting  of  Cumberland  and  West- 
moreland.] A.  Q-. 

BOTHERAM,  EDWARD  ( 1758  P-1 880), 
captain  in  the  navy,  son  of  John  Rotherain, 
M.I).|  was  bom  at  Hexham  in  Northumber- 
land, probably  in  1763.  His  father  shortly 
afterwards   moved  to  Newcastle-on-Tyne, 


Rotheram 


999 


Rotheram 


where  he  was  physician  of  the  infirmary  for 
many  yean.  Professor  John  Rotheram  {d. 
1804)  fq.  r.]  was  his  elder  brother.  He  is 
Slid  to  otT6  first  gone  to  sea  in  a  collier.  In 
April  1777  he  entered  the  navy  as  able  sea- 
man on  board  the  Centaur  in  the  Channel.  He 
was  in  a  very  short  time  rated  a  midshipman 
andmaste/s  mate.  After  three  years  in 
theCeatanr  he  was  moved,  in  April  1780,  to 
the  Barfleur,  carrying  the  flag  of  vice-admiral 
Barrinffton,  and  on  13  Oct.  1760  was  ap- 
pointed acting-lieutenant  of  the  Monarcn, 
one  of  the  ships  which  went  out  to  the  West 
Indies  with  Sir  Samuel  (afterwards  Viscount) 
Hood  [q.  v.],  was  with  Hood  in  the  actions 
off  Martinique  on  29  April  1781,  off  the 
Chesapeake  on  5  April  1781,  at  St.  Kitts  in 
Jannsfy,  and  in  the  actions  of  9  and  12  April 
1782.  In  1783  she  returned  to  England, 
and  on  19  April  Rotheram  was  confirmed  in 
the  rank  of  ueutenant.  In  1787  he  was  in 
the  Bombay  Castle  ]  in  1788  in  the  CuUoden ; 
in  1790in  the  Vengeance,  all  in  the  Channel. 
In  October  1790  he  was  a^n  appointed  to 
the  C^oden,  and,  continuing  in  her,  was 
present  in  the  action  of  1  June  1794.  When 
the  Ftoch  ship  Vengeur  struck,  Rotheram 
▼u  sent  in  command  of  the  party  which 
took  possession  of  her,  and  when  it  was  clear 
that  the  ship  was  sinking,  Rotheram  by  his 
energy  and  cool  self-possession  succeeded  in 
ttving  many  of  her  crew  {Naval  Chron, 
117.  409;  Cabltlb,  MUcell,  Essays,  'The 
Sinkinjf  of  the  Vengeur ').  On  6  July  1794 
Hotheram  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of 
comnaader.  In  1795  and  1796  he  com- 
manded the  Camel  store-ship  in  the  Mediter- 
nnean,  and  from  1797  to  1800  the  Hawk 
m  the  North  Sea  and  the  West  Indies.  In 
the  summer  of  1800  he  brought  home  the 
Lapwing  as  acting-c:p(ain,  and  was  con- 
finned  in  the  rank  on  27  Aug.  In  December 
i^  he  was  appointed  to  the  Dreadnought 
M  flag-captain  to  Vice-admiral  CuthMrt 
(ifterwards  Lord)  OoUingwood  [q.  v.]  On 
10  Oct.  1805  he  followed  Collingwood  to  the 
Hoyal  SoToreign,  and  commanded  her  in  the 
^  of  TrafaW,  21  Oct.  It  is  said  that 
pnor  to  the  battle  there  was  some  bitterness 
oetween  him  and  Collingwood  which  Nelson 
'^eoioyed,  nrin^  that  in  the  presence  of  the 
eaemy  all  iWlishmen  shoula  be  as  brothers. 
On  4  Not.  ^llingwood  appointed  him  to 
'ite  Bellerophon,  vacant  l^  the  death  of 
Oiptaitt  Jomi  Ootoke ;  he  commanded  her  in 
the  Channel  till  June  1808,  when  she  was 
put  ont  of  commission.  Rotheram  had  no 
I'Qither  senrioe,  but  was  nominated  a  O.B. 
ifi  1816,  and  in  1828  was  appointed  one  of 
tbecaptuns  of  Ghneenwich  Hospital.  He  died 
<f  apoplexy  on  2  Not.  1880,  in  the  house  of 


his  friend  Richard  Wilson  of  fiildeston  in 

Suffolk. 

[Marshall's  Roy.  Nav.  Biogr.  iii.  (toI.  ii.)  298 ; 
Senrice-book  in  the  Poblic  Record  Office;  Naval 
Chronicle,  xiv.  469 ;  Qent.  Hag.  1830.  ii.  665.] 

J.  E.  L. 

ROTHERAM,  JOHN  (1725-1789), 
theologian,  second  of  the  three  sons  of  the 
Rev.  William  Rotherham— as  the  father 
spelt  his  name — master  of  the  free  grammar 
school  of  Haydon  Bridge,  Northumberland, 
was  bom  there  on  22  June  1725,  and  was 
educated  at  his  father's  school.  He  was 
entered  at  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  as  bader, 
on  21  Feb.  1744-5,  being  partly  maintained 
by  his  older  brother,  the  Kev.  Thomas  Ro- 
theram, professor  in  Codrington  College, 
Barbados.  He  graduated  B.A.  in  1748-9, 
and  then  proceeded  to  Barbados  as  tutor  to 
the  two  sons  of  the  Hon.  Mr.  Frere,  arriving 
in  the  island  on  20  Jan.  1749-50.  In  1751 
he  accepted  the  post  of  assistant  in  Codring* 
ton  College. 

While  dwelling  with  the  Frere  family 
Rotheram  wrote  his  first  work :  ^  The  Force 
of  the  Argument  for  the  Truth  of  Chris- 
tianity drawn  from  a  Collective  View  of 
Piophecy,'  1762,  which  was  prompted  by  a 
controversy  between  Sherlock,  bishop  of 
London,  and  Dr.Conyers  Middleton  [q.T.J  His 
increased  leisure  when  connected  with  the 
college  enabled  him  to  produce  the  larger 
volume :  '  A  Sketch  of  the  One  Great  Ar^- 
ment,  formed  from  the  several  concurring 
Evidences  for  the  Truth  of  Christianity' 
(1754  and  1763).  For  these  '  services  to  re- 
ligion' he  was,  though  absent  in  the  colonies, 
created  M.A.  on  11  Dec.  1753  by  special  de- 
cree of  Oxford  University.  In  1757  he  re- 
turned to  England. 

Rotheram  accepted,  on  arrivixig  in  Lon- 
don, the  curacy  of  Tottenham  in  Middlesex, 
and  held  it  until  1766.  From  1760  to  1767 
he  enjoyed  a  Percy  fellowship  at  University 
CoUege,  Oxford,  and  he  was  also  one  of  the 

freachers  at  the  royal  chapel,  Whitehall, 
[is  talents  attracted  the  attention  of  Rtohard 
Trevor  [q.  v.],  bishop  of  Durham,  who  be- 
stowed on  him  the  rectory  of  Ryton,  where 
he  remained  from  February  1766  to  1769.  On 
30  Oct.  1769  he  was  appointed  by  the  same 
patron  to  the  valuable  rectory  of  Houghton- 
le-Spring,  which  he  continued  to  hold  until 
his  death,  and  from  1778  to  1788,  when  he 
resigned  the  benefice  in  favour  of  his  nephew, 
Richard  Wallis,  he  was  vicar  of  Seaham. 
He  was  chaplain  to  Bishop  Trevor,  on  whom 
he  preached  a  funeral  sermon  at  Newcastle 
on  27  July  1771,  and  to  Trevor^s  successor 
in  the  see;  he  was  elected  proctor  in  eon* 


Rotheram 


300 


Rotherham 


vocation  in  1774,  and  he  was  a  trustee  of 
Lord  Crewe's  charity. 

His  health  declining  after  the  death  of  his 
brother  Thomas  at  Houghton  in  1782,  he  was 
struck  by  palsy  at  Bambuigh  Castle,  when 
visiting  Archdeacon  Sharp,  and  died  there  on 
16  July  1789.  His  remains  were  laid  near 
the  grave  of  his  brother,  in  the  chancel  of 
Houghton  church,  and  a  marble  tablet  was 
erected  to  his  memory. 

Besides  the  two  works  noticed  and  single 
sermons,  Rotheram  published :  1.  '  An 
Apology  for  the  Athanasian  Creed  '(anon.), 
1760;  2nd  edit,  with  his  name  in  1762. 
This  was  answered  anonymously  in  1773, 
probably  by  the  Rev.  William  Adams  (1700- 
1789)  [q.  v.]  2.  <  An  Essay  on  Faith  and  its 
Connecfaon  with  Good  Works,'  1766  (4th 
edit,  corrected,  1772 ;  new  edit.  1801),  the 
substance  of  a  course  of  sermons  before  the 
university  of  Oxford;  the  portion  dealing 
with  'Hie  Origin  of  Faith '^  was  published 
separately  in  1761  and  1763.  3. '  Three  Ser- 
mons on  Public  Occasions  before  the  Uni- 
versity of  Oxford,*  1766,  all  previously 
published  separately.  4.  '  An  Essay  on 
Establishments  in  Keligion,  with  Remarks 
on  the  Confessional' (anon.),  1767;  reprinted 
in  the '  Churchman  Armed,'  1814,  i.  183-276, 
and  answered  by  the  Rev.  Caleb  Fleming  and 
others  (^Gent.  Mag.  1780,  p.  508).  6.  '  An 
Essay  on  the  Distinction  between  the  Soul 
and  Body  of  Man,'  1781.  6.  'An  Essay  on 
Human  Liberty,'  1782. 

[Foster's  Alumni  Ozon. ;  Nichols's  Lit.  AnecKl. 
viii.  193-5,  ix.  247-9, 687 ;  Gent.  Mag.  1789,  ii. 
764 ;  Radcliffe  Letters  (Oxford  Hist.  Soc.  ix.)  p. 
27 ;  Surtees's  Durham,  i.  177-8,  271.] 

W.  P.  C. 

ROTHERAM,JOHN(1760P-1804\pTo- 
fessor  of  natural  philosophy  at  St.  Andrews, 
son  of  John  Rotheram,  M.D.,  and  elder  bro- 
ther of  Edward  Rotheram  [q.  v.],  was  pro- 
bably bom  at  Hexham  about  1750.  He 
received  the  rudiments  of  his  education  at 
Newcastle  grammar  school,  his  mathematical 
and  philosophical  studies  being  directed  by 
his  father,  assisted  by  Charles  Hutton  [q.  vj, 
who  was  then  a  tutor  in  the  school.  He 
pursued  his  education  at  the  university  of 
tlpsala,  Sweden,  eraduating  there,  and  be- 
coming a  pupil  of  Linnasus  and  Bergmann. 
He  returned  to  Newcastle  previous  to  1770, 
and  some  years  afterwards  he  settled  in  Edin- 
burgh. When  William  Smdlie  published 
his  '  Philosophy  of  Natural  History'  (2  vols. 
1790-5),  he  attacked  the  botanical  system  of 
LinnasuSy  and  Rotheram  replied  to  smellie's 
strictures  in  a  pamphlet  which  attracted 
some  notico*    In  1793  he  became  coadjutor 


to  Professor  Joseph  Black  in  the  chemistry 
chair  at  Edinburgh  University.  In  Novem- 
ber 1795  he  was  elected  professor  of  natural 
ghilosophy  at  St.  Andrews  University.  Here 
e  discharged  his  duties  with  diligence  and 
credit.  He  died  at  St.  Andrews  of  apoplexy 
on  6  Nov.  1804.  He  is  described  as  '  a  man 
of  very  extensive  learning.'  His  published 
works  were:  1.  'A  Philosophical  Inquiry 
into  the  Nature  and  Properties  of  Water,' 
1770.  2.  '  Sexes  of  the  iWts  Vindicated, 
against  William  SmeUie's  Philosophy  of 
Natural  Histojy,'  1790.  3.  *  Edinbui^h  New 
Dispensatory,'  1794.  He  edited  in  1797,  from 
a  manuscript  in  St.  Andrew's  University 
Library,  George  Martine's  'Reliquiae  Di^i 
Andrese.' 

[Gent.  Mag.  1804  ii.  1079, 1830  ii.  56/S ;  ScotJ 
Mag.  Ivii. 760,  Ixvi.  888;  AUibone'sDiet.ii.  1877; 
Dundee  Advertiser,  23  Nov.  1804.]    A.  H.  M. 

ROTHERHAM,  Sib  JOHN  (1630- 
1696  P),  lawyer,  son  of  Thoznas  Atwood 
Botherham,  vicar  of  Pirton,  Hertfordshire, 
and  of  Boreham,  Essex,  was  baptised  at 
Luton,  Bedfordshire,  on  21  Oct.  1680.  He 
belonged  to  the  ancient  house  of  Rotherham 
of  Farleigh,  near  Luton,  and  was  admitted 
fellow  of  Lincoln  College,  Oxford,  as  of  kin 
to  its  second  founder,  Archbishop  Bother- 
ham,  in  1648.  He  matriculated  on  9  Feb. 
1648-9,  graduated  B.A.  on  5  June  1649,  and 
proceeded  M.  A.  on  6  May  1652.  In  1653  he 
was  incorporated  at  Cambridge. 

On  2  Aug.  1647  Botherham  was  admitted 
a  member  of  Gray's  Inn,  where  he  was 
called  to  the  bar  on  18  May  1655,  was  elected 
ancient  in  November  1671,  and  treasurer  in 
1685-6.  Botherham  was  the  draughtsman 
of  the  plea  put  in  by  Algernon  Sidney  [q.  v-l 
on  his  trial  lor  high  tre'Lson,  7  Noy.  I680 ;  and 
was  one  of  the  counsel  retained  by  Henry 
Ashurst  [q.  v.]  for  the  defence  of  Bichard 
Baxter  [q.  v.]  on  80  May  1685.  The  indict- 
ment was  for  seditious  libel,  grounded  on  the 
animadversions  on  episcopacy  contained  in 
the  '  Paraphrase  of  the  New  Testament.' 
Botherham  attempted  to  ar^e  that  Baxt«r*8 
attack  was  directed  exclusively  against  tlie 
prelates  of  the  church  of  Borne,  but  the  ab- 
surd contention  was  laughed  out  of  court  by 
Jeffreys.  In  Januan^  lo87-8  he  was  made 
high  steward  of  Guidon,  under  the  new 
charter  granted  by  James  II;  he  was  made 
serjeant-at-law  on  18  June,  and  baron  of  the 
exchequer  on  7  July  of  the  same  year.  He 
was  knighted  six  days  later^  and  on  23  Oct. 
following  he  took  the  oath  and  test. 

He  carried  his  hatred  of  episcopacy  on  to 
the  bench,  and  on  the  acquittal  of  the  seven 
bishops  sneered  at  them  as  writers  of  bad 


Rotherham 


301 


Rotherham 


BnglUb,  tnd  fit  to  be  '  corrected  by  Dr. 
Busby  for  false  grammar/  On  the  revolutiozi 
he  lesttmed  hiB  practice  at  the  bar.  Rother- 
luim  wu  a  friend  of  Bobert  Boyle  [q.  y.Ji 
who  made  him  one  of  the  trustees  of  his 
lectors  (cL  Etbltit,  Diary ^  May  1696).  He 
died  aboQt  1696.  He  was  lord  from  1684  of 
the  rectory  manor  of  Waltham  Abbey,  to 
which  succeeded  his  soni  John  Rotherham, 
recorder  of  Maldon. 

[LjKDs's  Magna  Britannia,  i.  113;  Morant's 
Eeiex,  ii.  88 ;  Foster's  Alumni  Oxoa.  and  Gray's 
lira  Adm.  JEt^. ;  Wood's  Fasti  Oxon.  (Bliss),  ii. 
130,170 ;  Ciatterbnck's  Hertfordshire,  iiL  126; 
Cobbett's  flute  Trials,  ix.  822,  xi.  498 ;  Sir 
John  Bramston's  Autobiogr.  (Camden  See.), 
pp.  S04, 311 ;  Lnttrell's  Brief  Relation  of  State 
Affiufi.  i.  444,  446,  450,  470 ;  Haydn's  Book 
of  Dignities,  ed.  Oekerby ;  Evelvn's  Diary, 
13  Feb.  \m,  2  May  1696 ;  Foss's  LiTes  of  the 
Jndgfls.1  J.  H.  K 

BOTHKRHAM,  THOMAS  (1423- 
1500),  archbishop  or  York,  otherwise  known 
as  Thoiob  Soot,  was  bom  on  24  Aug.  1423 
at  liotherham  in  Yorkshire,  and  was  son 
of  Sir  John  Rotherham,  by  his  wife  Alice. 
The  origin  of  the  alternative  surnames  is 
obscure.  The  archbishop  is  fiven  the  name 
of  Soot  coimled  with  that  of  Rotherham  in 
Hatcfaer's'Beffiaterof  Eing'sGollege '  (1566- 
1562);  in  Bishop  Wrenn's  manuscript  at 
Pembroke,  and  almost  all  early  notices  of 
hiffl.  The  Scotta  of  Ecclesfield  were  related 
to  him,  and  received  from  him  the  Barnes 
Hall  estate.  The  name  of  Rotherham,  which 
he  used  without  any  alternative  in  all  official 
documents,  was,  nowever,  borne  by  his 
paieotfl,  and  his  brother,  John  Rotherham, 
of  Someries,  Bedfordshire.  The  genealogical 
history  of  *  Scott  of  Scot's  Hall '  very  doubt- 
A1II7  claims  the  archbishop  as  the  son  of  Sir 
i(m  Sootte  of  Braboume  in  Kent,  a  knight 
▼ho  held  distinguished  offices  under  £d- 
waid  IV,  and  traced  his  descent  from 
William,  youngest  brother  of  John  Baliol 
[kc  Soon,  Sib  William,  d,  13501  These 
contentions  cannot  be  sustained  {Ifotes  and 
^^tieriu^  5th  ser.  vols,  vii.-ix.  passim). 

Kotheriiam  spent  his  earlier  years,  as  he 
teQ  US  in  his  will,  at  Rotherham.  He  re- 
ttirsd  his  first  education,  along  with  some 
''thers  '  who  reached  higher  stations/  fiom 
t  teacher  of  grammar  who  settled  in  the 
'ovB.  Anthony  k  Wood,  on  the  evidence  of 
&  letter  addressed  to  a  bishop  of  Lincoln, 
probably  John  Ghedworth  (OjdTord  Univ. 
Archives,  F  4, 264),  claims  him  as  an  Oxford 
Ban  {AthauB  Oxommaea.  ed.  Bliss,  iL  683). 
It  isMsible  that  he  was  during  1443  at  Eton* 
In  1444,  at  the  age  of  twenty-one,  he  was 
elected  on  the  foundaticHi  at  nang's  College, 


Cambridge.  King's  Colleffa  nlaced  in  his 
hands  and  that  of  Walter  Fiela  the  appoint- 
ment to  the  benefice  of  Kingston  in  1457, 
when  he  was  still  probably  one  of  its  fellows. 
In  1463  he  was  admitted  to  the  degree  of  B.D. 
at  Oxford,  having  previously  token  it  at 
Cambridge.  From  1461  until  1465  he  was 
rector  of  Ripple  in  Worcestershire  (Nash, 
Woroegtershire,  ii.  299).  In  1462  he  was 
collated  by  Bishop  Cheaworth,  his  contem- 
porary at  Kin^s,  to  the  prebend  of  Wel- 
ton  Brinkhall  in  Lincoln  (Cathedral.  He  also 
held  apparently  in  plurality  the  provostship 
of  Wingham  in  Kent,  resigning  it,  according 
to  Leland,  in  1468.  In  1465  he  was  made  pre- 
bendary of  Netherhaven  in  the  cathedral  of 
Salisbury,  and  later  in  that  year  rector  of  St. 
Vedast's,  Foster  Lane,  London.  In  1467  he  was 
archdeacon  of  Canterbury  (William  of  Wtb- 
0E8TBB,  Annales,  ii.  50§),  being  apparently 
appointed  on  the  death  of  Thomas  Cnichley. 

Some  time  before  1461  the  staunch  Lan- 
castrian Earl  of  Oxford  [see  Ysbe,  John 
DB,  thirteenth  Earl]  bed  made  Rother- 
ham his  chaplain;  and  in  the  earl's  suite 
he  may  first  have  seen  at  court  his  future 
patroness,  Elizabeth  Wydeville,  then  wife  of 
Sir  John  Grey,  and  lady  of  the  bedchamber 
to  Queen  Margaret.  Doubtless  to  her,  now 
queen  of  England,  Rotherham  owed  his  ap- 
pointment in  1467  as  keeper  of  the  privy  seal 
to  Edward  IV,  at  an  annual  pension  of  360 
marks  {Fat,  BolU,  7  Edw.  iV).  He  rapidly 
gained  the  king's  confidence.  In  146o  he 
was  made  bishop  of  Rochester,  and  appa- 
rently (PovLSOK,  Beverlae,  p.  653)  provost 
of  the  college  of  Beverley,  holding  the  latter 
post  until  1472.  In  1468  he  was  appointed 
sole  ambassador  to  treat  with  Louis,  long  of 
France  (Rtmeb,  FoDdera,  xi.  625).  In  1471 
he  was  ambassador,  along  with  Hastings  and 
others,  to  Charles  of  Burgundy  (t^.  xi.  737), 
and  immediately  afterwards  was  translated 
to  the  bishopric  of  Lincoln  in  succession  to 
John  Chedworth  [q.  v.],  who  died  on  23  J^ot. 
1471  after  nearly  nineteen  years'  tenure  of 
the  see.  The  temporalities  were  restored  to 
Rotherham  on  10  March  1471-2. 

Early  in  1474  he  was  made  chancellor  of 
England,  and  he  prorogued  parliament  in 
that  capacity  on  28  May  of  that  year.  The 
Croyland  continuator  contrasts  Rotherham's 
skill  in  managing  the  parliament  with  that 
of  his  two  predecessors,  and  the  large  sup- 
plies voted  for  war  with  France  were  said 
to  be  due  to  his  diplomacy.  After  the  dis- 
solution of  this  parliament  in  1476  Edward 
desired  that  Rotherham  should  accompany 
him  on  his  French  expedition,  and  an  ar- 
rangement was  made  by  which  the  chancel- 
lorsnip  was  temporarily  entrusted  to  Aloock, 


Rotherham 


302 


Rotherham 


bishop  of  Rocheeter,  who  used  the  privy 
seal  M  chancellor  between  27  April  and 
28  Sept.  1476  (Foea).  Rotherham  was  pre- 
sent at  jBdwazd  IVs  celebrated  interview  with 
Loais  XI  at  Peo^aigny  (Philip  de  Comines 
styles  him  by  mist&e  bishop  of  Ely),  and 
received  from  Loois  an  annnai  pension  of 
two  thousand  crowns  for  his  gooa  offices  in 
the  negotiation  of  the  peace.  The  rolls  of 
parliament  contain  miamt  outlines  of  Ro- 
therham's  addresseswhen  opening  the  parlia* 
ment  of  1477  (in  which  Clarence  was  at* 
tainted)  and  Edward's  last  pariiament  (1462). 
Lord  Campbell  (Lives  of  the  Lord  Ckanr 
cellore),  commenting  on  the  advance  of  equity 
at  this  period,  considers  Rotherham  'the 
greatest  equity  lawyer  of  his  age.'  Mean- 
while he  had  been  translated  (1480)  to  the 
archbishopric  of  York,  and  his  register  at 
York  styles  him  at  that  time  legate  of  the 
apostolic  see. 

Rotherham's  fidelitrto  Elizabeth  led  to 
the  forfeiture  of  the  chancellorship.  At  the 
death  of  Edward  IV  (9  April  148S)  the  van- 
tage of  power  seemed  in  the  queen  and  her 
kindred.  Before  the  month  closed  the  Ix^ 
king  was  in  Gloucester's  hands,  the  queen  s 
brother.  Lord  Rivers,  and  her  son,  Lord 
Ghrey,  were  imprisoned,  and  the  queen  her- 
self was  seeking  sanctuary.  Lord  Hastings 
assured  Rotherham  that  there  was  no  danger 
to  the  youn^  ^gy  <uid  that  all  would  be 
well.  '  Be  It  as  well  as  it  will,'  was  Ro- 
therham's replj, '  it  will  never  be  as  well  as 
we  have  seen  it.'  He  hastened  with  his  re- 
tinue of  servants  in  the  middle  of  the  night 
to  the  queen,  and  found  her  sitting  on  the 
rushes  among  the  trunks  and  household  stuff 
for  her  use  in  sanctuary.  Rotherham  assured 
her  of  his  loyalty,  declared  that  if  anythiufi^ 
should  happen  to  the  young  king  he  would 
crown  the  next  brother,  the  Duke  of  York, 
who  was  still  with  the  queen,  and,  as  the 
greatest  proof  of  faithfulness  he  could  give, 
put  the  great  seal  into  her  hands.  This  sur- 
render was  of  course  indefensible,  and  after 
a  few  hours'  reflection  he  sent  for  the  seal 
again.  But  for  his  action  that  night  he  was 
depriTcd  of  office  before  the  end  or  May,  and 
on  18  June,  concurrentlv  with  the  hurried 
and  brutal  execution  01  Hastings,  he  was 
thrown  into  prison.  In  some  editions  of 
the  'History  of  Richard  III '  assigned  to  Sir 
Thomas  More,  and  in  Holinshed'sandStowe's 
'  Chronicles,'  Rotherham  appears  as  a  con- 
senting party  to  the  next  move  of  the  Duke 
of  Qloucester,  bv  which  he  gained  the  de- 
livery of  the  litue  Duke  of  York  out  oi  his 
mother's  hands  in  sanctuary  through  Bour* 
chier  the  archbishop  of  Caoterbiiry ;  but  tiie 
actual  date  of  that  tnmsaotum  (Id  June) 


given  by  the  Croylaad  eontinuator  proves 
that  Rotheriiam  was  thai  in  prison.  After 
the  coronation  of  Richard  at  the  beginning 
of  July  he  was  released.  But  he  took  no 
share  in  the  splendid  reception  of  the  king 
and^ueen  shortly  afterwards  at  Yoik.  Ao- 
eordinff  to  the  York  register,  although  Ri- 
chard lodged  at  the  ardibishop's  palace^  Ro- 
therham himself  was  not  present,  the  bishop 
of  Durham  being  the  officiating  prelate 
(BvowvB,Si8t.o/ the  Metropolitan  Ckureh 
of  York,  pn.  260-1).  He  did  not  wholly 
withdraw  from  public  afiairs.  He  apjpeara  as 
one  of  the  commissioners  at  Nottingham  for 
managmg  a  marriage  '  between  the  Prince  of 
Scottes  and  one  of  the  Einge's  blood'  (1484), 
and  was  among  the  triers  of  petitions  in  the 

farltaments  of  Richard  and  Henry  VII  until 
496.  He  attended,  although  'not  in  ponti- 
ficals,' the  creation  of  Henry  (afterwards 
Henry  VIII)  as  Duke  of  York,  and  at  the 
three  days'  jousts  which  i<^owed  (1494) 
rQiiBDiTER,  Letters  .  .  .  iUus^ruHve  of  the 
lUi^ns  of  Richard  and  Henry  VIL  pp.  64, 
898,408). 

Rotherham  ranks  among  the  great  bene- 
factors of  the  two  English  uni versitiee.    Ox- 
ford lay  within  his  diocese  of  Lincoln,  and 
he  was  visitor  of  Lincoln  College.     At  the 
time  of  his  first  visitation  (1474)  the  cdilege 
was  in  great  distress.    Through  the  carelesa- 
ness  of  a  scribe  the  charter  it  had  received 
from  Edward  IV  about  twelve  years  before 
had  been  so  drawn  that  the  crown  claimed 
to  resume  its  grants  to  it.    In  the  oourae  of 
a  sermon  before  the  bishop,  the  rector,  or  one 
of  the  fellows,  described  the  desolate  <soii- 
dition  of  the  college,  and  appealed  to  him 
for  help.    Rotherham's  response  was  imrne* 
diate  and  thorough.    For  tne  present  needs 
of  the  college  he  made  it  an  annuid  frant 
of  5/.  for  his  life.    He  afterwards  built  the 
southern  side  of  the  quadrangle.    He  impro- 
priated the  benefices  of  Long  Combe  and 
Twyford  to  the  endowment ;  obtained  £rom 
Edward  IV  a  larger  charter,  which  confirmed 
the  college  perpetually  in  its  old  rights  of 
propertv,  and  in  1480  gave  the  college  a  new 
boay  of  statutes.    For  these  great  services 
he  was  styled  the  second  founder  of  laneoln ; 
his  portrait,  now  removed,  was  placed  in  the 
Bodleian  among  the  benefSaetors  of  Oxford ; 
and  another  portrait,  in  cope  and  mitre,  'with 
a  crosier  in  his  hand — ^the  gift,  acccardin|^  to 
tndition,  of  Bishop  Saunderson— hangps  in 
the  college  hall  at  Lincoln  (Cljjbx,  Tks  Ool^ 
leffss  of  Oafordy  pp.  171-6).     Cambridge, 
Rotherham's  own  university,  diose  him  aeve« 
ral  times  her  chancdlor  (1469, 1478,  1475 
1478,  1488),  and  petitioned  Gloucester  to 
release  him  from  captivity  in  1488,     The 


Rotherham 


303 


Rothery 


eompletkm  of  the  schoola,  which  had  been 
prooeediikg  slowhr  for  several  years,  was 
due  to  his  mimi^ceiice.  The  eastern  front, 
with  its  noble  gateway,  and  the  library  on 
its  fiist  floor,  enriched  by  him  with  two 
hundred  Tolnmes,  were  his  special  work.  His 
inu  tiflo  are  still  visible  on  the  tower  of  St. 
Maxy's,  whidi  he  helped  to  repair  (Gitbst, 
Botkerkamj  p.  94 ;  Robbbt  Wilijs,  Archi- 
tectural Siit.  of  Cambridge,  ed«  Clark,  iii. 
13-15).  He  was  elected  also  master  of 
Pembroke  Hall  (1480),  and  held  the  office 
for  six  years,  and  perhaps  longer  (Wrenn 
M8.) 

Dorinff  his  tenure  of  the  see  of  York,  Ro- 
therh^^  affection  turned  strongly  to  his 
Yorkshire  Inrthplace.  Tradition  ascribes  to 
him  the  stately  spire  and  the  splendid  deve- 
lopment of  the  spacious  cruciform  church  at 
Rotherbam.  The '  very  fair  colleee '  of  Jesus, 
*  sumptuously  builded  of  brike  (Lelaitd), 
which  he  founded  at  Rotherham  in  1482,  and 
endowed  hy  impropriation  of  the  benefices 
of  LaztOD  and  Almondbury  and  b^r  his  own 
bounty,  is  a  good  illustration  of  his  love  of 
learning  as  well  as  piety.  The  provost  and  the 
threefeUows  were  not  only  to  say  masses  for 
him,  and  attend  in  the  choir  of  the  church 
at  festivals,  but  topreach  the  word  of  God 
in  Rotherham  and  iScdesfield,  and  in  Laxton 
and  Almondbury;  to  teach  nammar  as  a 
memorial  of  the  ^ammar  teacher  of  his  boy« 
hood ;  to  train  six  choristers  in  music,  that 
the  parishioners  and  people  from  the  hills 
mi^t  love  the  church  worshin ;  and  teach 
writing  and  reckoning  to  laas  following 
mechanical  and  worldly  callings.  The  col- 
lege fell  with  the  Chantries  Act  of  Ed- 
ward VI,  but  part  of  the  endowment  was 
saved  for  the  grammar  school  at  Rotherham. 

Rotherham  died  (according  to  most  autho- 
ritieB,  of  the  plague^  at  Gawood  in  1600, 
and  was  bnriedmxorK  Minster.  The  present 
monument  tiiere  is  a  restoration  (at  the  cost 
of  Lmeoln  CoUege,  Oxford)  of  the  original 
one  eiectedbyRodierham  himself,  which  had 
been  mudi  wnaged  by  fire.  His  elaborate 
will,  flUed  with  bequests  not  only  to  his 
iamfly  and  domestics,  but  to  his  college  at 
Rotherham,  and  the  benefices  and  bishoprics 
he  had  filled  ^a  mitre  worth  five  hundred 
marks  bong  his  legacy  to  York),  is  said  by 
Canon  Raine  to  be '  probably  the  most  noble 
and  atriking  will  m  a  mediaeval  English 
iHsh^in  existence '  ( Te$tamenta  Eboraeennay 
IT.  1^  OS.)  Meet  of  its  provisionB  are  given 
in  SeoU's  '  Scott  of  SeotV  HalL'  The  most 
towsbmg  trait  in  it  ia  his  deep  sense  of  his 
own  uBworUiiness. 

[Wrenn  USS.  Pembroke  OoU.  Cambridge; 
Haiehcr  aad  ASen  M^.  King's  ColLOsmbridge; 


Godwin,  DePraesulibns;  Guest's  Hist,  of  Rother^ 
hnm;  Scott*s  Scatt  of  Scot's  Hall,  1876,  pas- 
sim.! H.  L.  B. 

ROTHERY,  HENRY  CADOGAN 
(^1817-1888),  wreck  commissioner,  was  bom 
in  London  in  1817.  Hid  father,  Wiluah 
RoTHBBT  (1776-1864),  was  chief  of  the 
office  6f  the  king's  proctor  in  Doctors'  Com- 
mons. In  1821  he  was  appointed  by  the 
treasury  the  admiralty  referee  on  slave-trade 
matters,  and  held  the  appointment  until  his 
retirement  in  1860.  In  1880-2  he  was  en- 
gaged with  some  eminent  lawyers  and  civi- 
itans  in  framing  rules  for  the  guidance  of 
the  vice-admiralty  courts  in  the  colonies,  the 
excesses  of  which  had  become  notorious.  In 
1840  he  was  associated  with  Sir  Henrv 
Lytton  Bulwer  in  settling,  with  two  FrencK 
commissioners,  the  amount  of  compensation 
to  be  paid  to  some  British  subjects  for  the 
forcible  interruption  of  their  trade  by  the 
French  at  Portendic  on  the  coast  of  Africa ; 
and  in  1844,  in  conjunction  with  the  judge 
of  the  court  of  admiralty,  Admiral  Joseph 
Denman,  and  James  Baudinel,  he  prepared 
a  code  of  instructions  for  the  guiaance  of 
naval  officers  employed  in  the  suppression 
of  the  slave  trade.  He  married  Frances, 
daughter  of  Br.  Cadogan  of  Oowbridge, 
Glamorganshire  (cf.  Oent  Mag,  1864,  i. 
798-9).     • 

The  son  Henrv  was  educated  at  St.  John's 
OoUege,  Cambriclge,  where  he  graduated  B.  A. 
in  18&,  as  nineteenth  wrangler  in  the  mathe- 
matical tripos,  and  M.A.  in  1845.  After 
leaving  the  university  he  entered  at  Doctors' 
Commons,  and  from  1842  was  employed  in 
the  ecclesiastical  and  admiralty  courts.  On 
26  Nov.  1868  he  was  appomted,  by  Dr. 
Stephen  Lushington  [q.  v.j,  registrar  of  the 
old  admiralty  court,  and  not  long  after  he 
became  registrar  of  the  privy  council  in  eccle- 
siastical and  maritime  causes.  In  1860  he 
was  made  leval  adviser  to  the  treasurv  in 
questions  ana  nroceedings  arising  out  of  the 
slave  trade.  On  account  of  his  large  expe- 
rience gathered  in  the  court  of  admiralty, 
he  was  in  1876  appointed  by  her  majesty's 
government  their  commissioner  to  inquire 
into  the  causes  and  circumstances  of  wrecks, 
and  to  conduct  investigations  into  casualties 
at  sea.  He  entered  on  his  duties  towsrds 
the  close  of  1876.  His  inquiries  indicated 
many  preventible  causes  01  maritime  losses 
(Timesj  3  Aug.  1888  p.  10,  6  Aug.  p.  9, 
8  Aug.  n.  9).  His  judgments  on  fire  at  sea 
in  coal-laden  yessels,  on  certain  modes  of 
stowing  grain,  on  stabilitT,  and  on  overload- 
ing were  especially  valuable.  He  retired  in 
the  early  summer  of  1888,  and  died  at  Ribs- 
den,  Bagshot,  Surrey,  on  2  Aug.  1868.    He 


Rothes 


304 


Rothschild 


mamed,  in  1861,  MadeUna,  daughter  of  Dr. 
Gtarden  of  Calcutta,  bat  had  no  lasuc. 

Mr.  T.  F.  Sqoaiey  issued  in  1882  *  A  Digest 
of  the  Judgments  in  Board  of  Trade  In- 
quiries into  Shipping  Casualties,  deliTered 
by  H.  C.  Bothery  fiom  1876-1880,  with  a 
Chapter  on  the  Procedure  of  the  Court/ 

Rotherj  was  author  of:  1.  '  Suf^gestions 
for  an  Improved  Mode  of  Pleading,  and 
of  taking  Oral  Depositions  in  Causes  con- 
ducted by  Flea  and  Responsive  Allegation,' 
1863.  2.  'Return  of  aU  Appeals  in  Cases 
of  Doctrine  or  Discipline  made  to  the  High 
Court  of  Delegates,' 1868.  This  was  print^ 
by  order  of  the  House  of  Commons,  and  is 
cited  in  modem  ecclesiastical  cases  as 
' Rothery's Precedents/  3.  'A  Defence  of 
the  Ride  of  the  Admiralty  Court  in  Cases 
of  Collisions  between  Ships,'  1873. 

[Law  Times,  1  Sept.  1888,  p.  308;  Times, 
3  Aug.  1888,  p.  10 ;  information  from  Israel 
Davis,  eeq.,  M.A,  barriste]>-at*Uw.]    G.  C.  B. 

ROTHES,  Dttke  of.  [See  Leslie,  John, 
1630-1681.] 

ROTHES^  EiJtLS  OF.  [See  Leslib, 
Gboboe,  fourth  earl,  d.  1658 ;  Leslie,  Av- 
DBEW,  ^flbh  earl,  d.  1611 ;  Leslie,  John,  sixth 
earl,  1600-1641:  Iasue,  John,  seventh 
earl  and  first  duke,  1630-1681;  Leslie, 
John,  eighth  earl,  1679-1722;  Lbbue,  John, 
ninth  earl,  1698  P-1767.] 

ROTHES,  Masteb  of.  [See  Leslie, 
Norman,  d,  1664.] 

ROTHESAY,  Duib  of.  [See  Stewabt, 
David,  1378  P-1402.] 

ROTHSCHILD,  LIONEL  NATHAN 
DB  (1808-1879),  banker  and  philanthropist, 
eldest  son  of  Nathan  Meyer  Rothschild 
[q.  v.],  by  his  wife  Hannah,  daughter  of 
Levi  Burnet  Cohen,  was  bom  in  New  Court, 
St.  Swithin's  Lane,  London,  on  22  Nov. 
1808.  After  beinff  educated  at  GK>ttingen, 
he  entered  his  fatner*s  business,  and  on  his 
father's  death,  in  1836,  succeeded  to  the  chief 
management  of  the  Rothschild  banking- 
house  in  England.  On  16  June  1838  he 
assumed,  bv  royal  license,  the  dimity  of 
baron  ol  the  Austrian  empire,  which  had 
been  conferred  on  his  father.  He  possessed 
much  of  his  father's  ability.  Although  his 
three  brothers  were  associated  with  him  in 
the  firm,  he  chiefly  directed  the  firm's  affairs, 
and  under  his  guidance  the  London  house 
maintained  its  mfluence  in  both  England 
and  Europe.  During  his  lifetime  his  firm 
brought  out  as  many  as  eighteen  govern- 
ment loans.  In  1847  he  negotiated  the  Irish 
famine  loan,  and  in  his  omce  was  formed 
the  British  Relief  Association  for  the  Irish 


!  peasantry.  In  1856  he  raised  16,000,000/. 
for  the  English  government^  to  meet  the 
expenses  of  the  Crimean  war,  and  in  1858 
he  took  up  a  Turkish  loan  of  5,000,000/.  on 
the  joint  security  of  the  French  and  Eng- 
lish governments.  He  also  played  a  promi- 
nent part  in  the  operations  tor  the  fdndinf]: 
of  the  United  States  national  debt,  and 
brought  out  several  large  loans  for  the  Rus- 
sian government.  But  he  declined  to  take 
up  the  Russian  loan  of  1861,  owing  to  his 
disapprobation  of  Russia's  attitude  to  Poland. 
He  actively  co-operated  with  the  Yienneee 
branch  of  his  firm  in  directing  the  finances 
of  the  Austrian  empire,  and  with  his  oouain, 
Baron  James  of  Paris,  assisted  in  the  con- 
struction of  the  Great  Northern  Railway 
of  France.  He  was  for  many  years  a  director 
of  that  company,  as  well  as  of  the  Lombardo- 
Venetian  railway.  At  the  close  of  theFranoo- 
Oennan  war  in  1871  Rothschild,  at  the  head 
of  a  group  of  financiers,  guaranteed  the  main- 
tenance of  the  foreign  exchanges,  and  thus 
facilitated  the  payment  of  the  French  indem- 
nity. In  1876  his  house  advanced  to  the  Eng- 
lish government  4,080,000/.  for  the  purchase 
from  the  khedive  of  his  Sues  Canal  shares ; 
the  firm  is  said  to  have  made  100,000/.  by 
the  transaction. 

Meanwhile  Rothschild  took  an  active  part 
in  political  and  social  life.  Devoted  to  his 
race  and  reli^on,  he  continuously  exerted 
his  influence  m  behalf  of  his  co-religiomsts, 
seeking  for  them  freedom  from  persecution 
abroad  and  the  full  privileges  of  citizenship 
in  England  In  1843  he  co-operated  'with 
Sir  Moses  Montefiore  [q.  v.]  in  nis  efiTorts  to 
ameliorate  the  condition  of  the  Russian  and 
Polish  Jews.  He  did  what  he  could  to  im- 
prove the  position  of  the  persecuted  Jews  of 
ftoumania,  and  a  letter  from  him  in  their 
behalf  was  read  at  the  Berlin  congress  of 
1878.  He  wes  a  generous  benefactor  of  the 
Jews  of  Jerusalem.  In  London  he  was  a 
munificent  supporter  of  Jewish  institutions, 
and  was  for  some  time  preiBident  of  the 
great  sjmago^e.  But  his  cbaritv  was  never 
confined  to  his  co-religionists,  and  he  showed 
practical  sympathy  with  all  manner  of  philan- 
thropic movements. 

The  most  striking  incident  in  his  personal 
history  centred  in  his  efibrts  to  enter  the 
House  of  Commons.  In  1847  he  was  elected 
one  of  the  whig  members  for  the  city  of 
London,  having  Lord  John  Russell  as  a 
colleague,  but,  owing  to  his  refusal  as  a  Jew 
to  accept  the  words  '  on  the  true  fiuth  of  a 
Christian'  in  the  parliamentary  oath,  he  w^ls 
not  allowed  to  take  his  seat.  Since  ISSO 
the  House  of  Commons  had  five  times  passed 
a  bill  enabling  Jews  to  take  the  oath   in  a 


Rothschild 


30s 


liothschild 


fonn  they  could  conscientiouslj  accepti  but 
on  each  occasion  the  House  of  Lonis  had 
thrown  it  oiut.    Soon  after  Rothschild's  re* 
turn  to  pariiamenti  Lord  John  Rossell  ear- 
ned tlurou^  the  commons  a  new  oaths  bill 
for  the  reuef  of  the  Jews,  1&.  Qladstone 
and  Mr.  Disraeli  both  supporting  it,  but  it 
was  r^eeted  by  the  House  of  Lords  in  June 
18^.    Rothschild  applied  for  the  Chiltem 
HondiedSy  and,  coming  forward  again,  was 
fs-elected  hj  the  city  of  London  by  an  im- 
nieiise  majority  oyer  his  opponent.  Lord  John 
Maimers.   Encouraged  by  the  support  of  the 
city,  he  on  36  July  1850  presented  himself 
St  the  htix  of  the  house  and  demanded  to  be 
fwom  on  the  Old  Testament.  On  his  with- 
drawal  the    attomey-ffeneral  moyed  that 
Bothschild  Should^  bne  heard  at  the  bar  in 
support  of  his  ajyplication.    The  motion  was 
earned  by  a  majority  of  fifl^*fottr ;  but,  after 
Bothschild  had  pleaded  his  case,  the  house 
<m  5  Aug.  reeolyed  that  he  could  neither  sit 
nor  yote  without  taking  the  oath  in  the 
usual  form.     He  was  re-elected  in  1852,  in 
1854,  and  twice  in  1857  (in  March  and  in 
July  after  accepting  the  Chiltem  Hundreds), 
hut  was  still  refused  permission  to  take  part 
in  the  proceedings  of  the  house.     Although 
an  unsworn  member,  he  was  allowed  to  sit 
below  the  bar,  and  to  remain  there  when 
noiiee  was  taken  of  strangers.  Further  oaths 
bills  enabling  Jews  to  take  the  parliamentary 
oath  were  pused  by  the  House  of  Commons 
in  1861, 1858,  and  1857,  and  rejected  by  the 
Inda.  At  length,  early  in  1858,  for  the  tenth 
time,  an  oaths  bill,  introduced  by  Lord  John 
Russell,  passed  through  the  House  of  Oom- 
TheH( 


House  of  Lords  accepted  it  after 
rejecting  the  clause  affecting  the  Jews.   The 
lower  house  disagreed  with  the  lords'  amend- 
ment, and,  on  the  motion  of  Thomas  Dun- 
combe,  Rothschild  was  nominated  a  member 
ef  Uie  commons*  committee  appointed  to 
dimw  up  reasons  for  disagpreeing  with  the 
iords  (11  May  1858).   Before  the  conflict  be- 
tween the  two  houses  went  further,  Lord 
Betby,  the  prime  minister,  accepted  a  bill 
dznwn  up  by  Lord  Lucan  enabling  each  house 
of  perliament  to  determine  the  form  in  which 
tiie  oath  should  be   taken  by  its   mem- 
toa.    This  was  hastily  carried  through  both 
lioasesy  and  in  acooroance  with  its  terms, 
Botbsduld,  on  26  July,  was  permitted  by 
TCec^otion  of  the  House  of  Commons  to 
•wear  the  oath  of  allegiance  in  the  Jewish 
tern,  and  to  take  his  seat.    The  successful 
issue  of  the  ekren  years'  struggle   was 
lamly  doe  to  the  peneyeranoe  of  Lord 
Jolai  RosselL     In  commemoration  of  his 
final  triumph  Rothschild  endowed  a  scholar- 
ship at  the  Oi^  of  London  school.    He  snb- 
rou  xviT. 


seauently  took  no  actiye  part  in  politics, 
altnough  he  long  retained  his  seat  in  the 
House  of  Commons.  He  was  re-elected  by 
the  City  of  London  in  1859  and  1865.  At 
the  general  election  of  December  1868  he  was 
defeated,  but  was  re-elected  at  a  by-election 
in  the  following  February.  In  1874  he 
again  lost  his  seat,  owing  chiefly  to  his  op- 
position to  the  abolition  of  the  income  tax 
then  contemplated  by  Mr.  Gladstone.  He 
himself  adyocated  new  property  taxes  and 
license  duties,  such  as  those  recently  imposed 
in  Austria. 

Rothschild  was  popular  in  social  life,  and 
was  on  terms  of  intimacy  with  a  long  suc- 
cession of  statesmen.  Benjamin  Disraeli, 
whose  Sidonia  in  'Coningsby'  is  an  idea- 
lised portrait  of  him,  was  a  close  friend 
firom  an  early  period.  Rothschild  dispensed 
a  generous  hospitality  at  his  houses  m  Pic- 
cadilly and  Qunnersbury.  In  1872  he  pur- 
chasea  the  Tring  Park  estate,  Hertfordshire, 
and  acquired  much  property  in  Buckingham- 
shire. He  formed  a  pack  of  staghounds, 
with  which  he  hunted  imtil  his  health  failed, 
and  he  owned  a  few  racehorses,  but  was  not 
a  member  of  the  Jockey  Club.  He  raced  in 
the  name  of  Mr.  Acton,  and  he  won  the 
Derby  with  Sir  Bevys  in  1879. 

For  many  years  bcdfbre  his  death  rheumatic 
ffout  deprived  Rothschild  of  the  use  of  his 
le^,  but  his  aotiyibr  was  otherwise  unim- 
paired. He  died  after  an  epileptic  seizure 
at  his  house,  148  Piccadilly,  on  3  June  1879, 
and  was  buried  at  Willesaen. 

He  married,  15  June  1886,  his  flrst  cousin 
Charlotte  (1819-1884),  daughter  of  Baron 
Charles  de  Rothschild  of  Naples.  She  pub- 
lished '  Addresses  to  Young  Cluldren '  (T858^ 
1859,  and  1861),  and  actively  interested  her-* 
self  in  Jewish  and  other  charities  until  her 
death,  at  Qunnersbury,  in  March  1884.  By 
her  Baron  Lionel  had  three  sons  and  two 
dauffhters.  The  eldest  son,  Nathaniel  Meyer 
de  Rothschild  (6. 1840),  was  created  a  baron 
of  the  United  Kingdom  in  1885.  The  second 
son,  Alfred  (6.  1842),  was  consul-ffeneral  for 
Austria  and  a  director  of  the  Bai&  of  Eng- 
land. Leopold  (b,  1845),  the  third  son,  is  a 
well-known  owner  of  racehorses.  Of  the 
daughters,  Leonora  married  at  Gunnersbuiy, 
on  4  March  1857,  her  cousin  Alphonse, 
eldest  son  of  Baron  James  de  Rothschild  of 
Paris.  The  younger  daughter,  Evelhia,  mar^ 
ried,  7  June  1865,  Baron  Ferdinand,  son  of 
Anselm  de  Rothschild  of  Vienna ;  die  died 
on  4  Dec.  1866.  The  Eyelina  Hospital  for 
sick  children  in  Southwarkwas  founded  in 
her  memory  by  her  husband,  who  was  flrom 
1885  till  1898  M.P.  for  Aylesbury  [see  Sttf- 
plembnt]. 

X 


Rothschild 


506 


Rothschild 


[Boeyes'f  The  Bothscliilds  (wi^  portxait); 
the  Hon^fiore  Diaries,  ed.  Loewe,  1890;  Wal- 

S>le'B  Life  of  Lord  J.  Enssell,  ii.  02,  307-8; 
lack's  Jocb^  Club;  Times,  Jane  1879;  Ann. 
Reg.  1870 ;  Walford's  County  Families.] 

BOTHSOHILD,  NATHAN  MEYER 
(1777^1886),  financier  and  merchant,  bom 
at  Erankfurt-am-Main  on  16  Sept.  1777, 
was  the  third  eon  of  Meyer  Amschel  Both- 
<ehild  (1746P-1812).  Tfa^  surname  <Iloth- 
fiohild'  came  ^m  the  sign  ('  ziun  rothen 
Schilde/  i.e.  the  red  shield^  of  the  house,  foi^ 
merly  148  Juden^^asse  at  Iirankfurt,in  which 
the  nimily  long  lived.  The  dwelling,  which 
was  restored  in  1886,  still  surviyes,  though 
the  rest  of  the  street,  now  known  as  the 
Borne  Strasse,  has  been  rebuilt.  Seyeral 
members  of  the  family  were  distinguished 
rabbis  in  the  seventeenth  and  early  part  of 
the  eighteenth  centuries  (LawrsoHN,  aechzig 
J^taphienzu  Worms). 

Nathan  Meyer's  grandfather,  Amschel 
Hoses,  was  a  merchant  and  banker  in  a 
small  way  of  business  at  Prankfurt.  There 
Meyer  Amschel,  Nathan  Meyer^  father,  was 
bom  about  1745.  Meyer  Amschel  was  edu- 
cated for  the  Jewish  rabbinate  at  Fiirth  in 
Hesse,  but  was  ultimately  placed  by  his 
father  with  the  Hanoverian  banking  firm  of 
Oppenheim.  After  spending  three  years  at 
Hanover,  where  he  develcnDed  much  financial 
aptitude,  he  returned  to  Pfankfurt  and,  his 
&tibier  being  now  dead,  set  up  for  himself 
at  his  father's  house,  148  Judengasse.  His 
business  combined  the  characteristics  of  a 
small  bank  and  money-changer's  office  with 
an  agency  for  the  distribution  of  general  mer- 
chandise and  curiosities.  His  reputation  for 
i*ust  dealing  attracted  the  attention  of  Wil- 
iam  IX,  landgrave  of  Hesse  Cassel  (known 
after  1803  as  Elector  William  I),  who  in- 
herited on  his  father's  death  in  1785  a  private 
fortune,  reputed  to  be  the  largest  in  Europe. 
The  landgrave  consulted  Rothschild  as  to  his 
investments,  bought  many  works  of  art  of 
him,  and  oilen  came  to  his  house  to  play  a 
game  of  chess.  In  1801  the  landgrave  ap- 
pointed Bothschild  his  court  agent.  To 
this  oQonection  Rothschild  mainly  owed  his 
success  in  life.  At  his  patron's  suggestion, 
and  with  his  support,  RothschUd  soon  took 
the  first  step  in  that  career  of  loan  contractor 
to  European  governments  which  his  suc- 
cessors have  pursued  on  an  unparalldkd 
scale.  In  1803  he  lent  twenty  million  francs 
to  the  government  of  Denmark.  The  trans- 
saction  was  repeated  several  times  within 
the  following  nine  years,  and  during  that 
period,  th^  fi^uioes  ox  Denmark  were  largely 
regulated  by  Rothschild's  advice,  After  tfa!e 
battle  of  Jena  in  1806  the  landgrave  fled  to 


Denmark,  leaving  in  Rothschild's  hands  a 
large  part  of  his  fortune,  variously  estimated 
at  250,000/.  and  600,000/.,  besides  a  great 
many  of  his  works  of  art.  Rothschild  showed 
himself  worthy  of  the  trust    When  French 
commissioners  demanded  of  Rothschild  the 
whereabouts  of  the  treasure,  neither  threats 
of  violence  nor  offers  of  bribes  could  induce 
him  to  reveal  the  secret  (Mabbot,  MemauVf 
1891,  i.  310-11).    The  whole  sum  of  money, 
with  interest,  and  the. works  of  art  were 
restored  to  the  landgrave  by  Rothschild's 
sons  on  hia  resettlement  in  Hesse  in  1815. 
Napoleon  left  Rothschild  unmolested,  and 
Napoleon's  nomine^,  Prince  Dalbeig,  prince- 
primate  of  the  confederation  of  the  Rhine, 
to  whose  dominions  IVankfurt    had   been 
annexed,  made  him  in  1810  a  member  of 
the  electoral  college  of  Darmstadt.    Meyer 
Amschel  Rothschild  died  at  Frankfurt  on 
13  Sept.  1812.    By  his  wife  Ghidule  (b. 
23  Aug.  1753),daughter  of  Bamch  Schnappje, 
a  FraiiKfurt  tradesman,  whom  he  married  in 
1770,  he  had  ten  children,  of  whom  five  were 
sons.    His  widow  inhabited  the  ancestral 
dwelling  at  Frankfurt  till  her  death,  on 
7  May  1849,  at  the  age  of  ninety-siz.  Heina, 
in  '  Ueber  Borne,'  gives  an  attractive  picture 
both  of  the  house  and  of  its  early  inhabitants. 
Greville,  when  he  visited  Frankfurt  in  June 
1843,  caught  a  glimpse  of  *  the  mother  of  the 
Rothschifis'  (Diary,  1888,  v.  177).    The 
eldest  son,  Amschel  (6, 12  June  1773,  d,  6  Dec 
1855),  was  kept  at  home  to  assist  his  father, 
but  the  four  younger — Solomon  (6.  9  Sept. 
1774,  d,  27  July  1855),  Nathan,  the  sulyect 
of  the  present  notice.  Earl  (b.  24  April  1788, 
d,  10  March  1856),  and  Jacob  or  James  (b. 
9  May  1792,  d.  15  Nov.  1868)— were  sent 
abroad,    and   each    ultimateljr  established 
branches  of  their  father's  business  in  other 
countries.  Solomon  went  first  to  Berlin,  and 
afterwards  to  Vienna;  Nathan  finally  settled 
in  London ;  Earl  settled  in  Naples^  and  Jacob 
or  James  in  Paris.    This  dispersion  of  forces 
confirmed  and  increased  the  family's  infioence 
and  prosperity*    By  his  d^iuff  instructions 
the  elder  Rothschild  ecgolnea  his  children 
to  live  at  peace  with  one  another,  find  to  act 
strictly  in  concert  in  all  business  transac- 
tions.   The  sons  and  their  descendants  not 
only  faithfully  obeyed  those  injunctions,  but 
strengthened  their  union  by  repeatedly  isi- 
termarrying  among  themselves.   The  Naples 
house  was  closed  in  1861,  after  the  creation 
of  the  kingdom  of  Italy,  but  the  four  other 
firms  continue  their  influential  careeca  at 
liondon,  Paris,  Vienna,  and  Frankfurt. 

The  third  son,  Nathan  Meyer,  founder  of 
the  London  branch,  first  came  to  England  in 
1797 1  he  was  sent  by  his  father  to  Maneheatex 


Rothschild 


307 


Rothschild 


to  \sai  eotton  goods  for  the  G^erman  market, 
and  toon  ha  remained  till  1805.    He  was 
nttnnliaed  as  a  firitkh  mibiect  on  12  June 
1804,  tad  next  year  settled  at  St.  Helenas 
Haoa^  London,  in  order  to  undertake  business 
in  association  with  his  father.    He  soon  re- 
moTed  to  New  Court,  St.  Swithin's  Lane, 
whidi  is  still  his  descendants*  place  of  busi- 
neea   Although  for  a  time  he  acted  as  a 
general  merchant  as  well  as  a  financier,  he 
coneentrated  his  attention  on  finance.    On 
amiing  in  London  he  bought,  for  ezohantfe 
parpoBe%  at  an  auction  of  the  East  India 
Company,  a  quantity  of  gold  which  had  just 
arriTod  mmi  Calcutta.    The  broker  of  the 
English  goyemment  asked  him  to  re-sell  it  to 
the  gorenunent  with  a  view  to  nayingwith 
it  the  subsidies  of  their  German  allies.  Koth- 
BchUd  dedined.   Thereu^n  the  secretax^  of 
thetteaaury  summoned  him  to  fn  interview, 
and,  impiesaed  by  Kothschild^s  ability  and 
foresight  invited  him  to  undertake  himself 
the  payniont  of  the  foreign  subsidies.    Roth- 
sehiid  aasented,  and  for  nearly  ten  years  was 
setirely  engaged  in  this  service,  which  gave 
him  a  commanding  position  in  the  city  of 
London.    In  some  cases  the  foreign  princes, 
instead  of  having  the  money  remitted  to  them, 
desired  it  to  be  invested  in  English  consols 
—an  siTSZigement  which  greatly  fiacilitated 
Rothschild^  operations.    As  agent  for  the 
Englidi  goremment  he  likewise  forwarded 
funds  to  Wellington  throughout  the  Penin- 
sular war,  and  rendered  especially  valuable 
financial  assiBtSLnce  to  England  and  to  Europe 
in  their  strangle  with  Napoleon  in   1813, 
by  paying  inbehalf  of  the  jBnglish  govern- 
ment the  Imr^  sums  due  to  England  s  allies 
—Prussia,  Bosaia,  and  Austria — under  the 
terms  of  the  treatjr  of  TopHts.     The  king  of 
I^nssia,  in  recognition  of  the  aid  rendered 
to  the  eoalitioii  by  Rothschild  and  his  bro- 
tbers,  made  them  all  members  of  the  council 
of  commerce. 

Rothschild  realised  the  importance  of  ob- 
taining news  of  pablic  events  at  the  earliest 
possibfe  moment.  He  not  only  employed  a 
ataflr  of  oouiiers  on  the  continent,  but  or- 
ganised a  pigeon  post,  which  the  firm  long 
maintaaaecL  One  of  Rothschild's  agents,  a 
man  named  Roworth,  seems  to  have  been 
at  Ostead  aw^itiiig  news  of  the  result  while 
the  battle  of  Waterloo  was  in  progress.  Pro- 
coring  an  early  copy  of  the  Dutch  '  Gacette,' 
which  piomptlj  announced  the  victory  of 
the  allies^  he  nurried  across  the  Channel,  and 
was  the  ttist  to  bring  the  news  to  London, 
whsn  he  arrived  early  on  the  morning  of 
"20  June.  In  tliis  way  Rothschild  was  in 
poeaeaeion  of  the  intelligence  before  an^ 
one  else  in  London,  and  at  once  communi- 


cated it  to  the  Ehglish  government.  The 
ministers  received  it  with  incredlklity ;  but 
Rothschild's  news  was  confirmed  in  Downing 
Street  from  another  source  a  few  hours  later 
— on  the  afternoon  of  dO  June.  Major  Henry 
Percy  (1786-1825)  [q.  v.]  reached  London 
with  Wellington's  despatch  next  day.  The 
story  th%t  ]£:>thschild  himself  brought  the 
news  from  Waterloo,  and  was  in  exclusive 
possession  of  the  information  for  a  suffi- 
ciently long  period  to  enable  him  to  operate 
largely  befere  it  was  generally  known,  is 
mythical  (Notes  and  Queries,  2nd  ser.  vi. 
434, 448,  601,  4th  ser.  ii.  114,  283,  876,  7th 
ser.  V.  486).  After  the  peace  of  1816  he,  with 
his  brothers,  received  a  patent  of  nobility 
from  the  emperor  of  Austria,  on  the  recom- 
mendation of  Count  Mettemich;  and  on 
29  Sept.  1822  the  title  of  baron  of  the  Aus- 
trian empire  was  conferred  on  each  of  the 
brothers.  Nathan  himself  never  assumed  the 
title.  In  1622,  however,  he  became  consul- 
general  of  Austria  in  England. 

After  the  war  the  London  house  made 
rapid  progress  under  Rothschild's  astute 
guidance.  The  deaths  in  1810  of  both  Sir 
Francis  Baring  \q»  v.]  and  Abraham  Gold- 
smid  [q.  v.]  left  mm  without  any  very  for- 
midable competitor  in  the  London  money- 
market.  In  1818  he,  with  representatives 
of  the  London  firms  of  Baring  and  Hope, 
was  present  at  the  congress  of  Aix-la-Oha- 
pelle,  when  arrangements  were  made  for  the 
evacuation  of  France  by  the  allied  troops, 
before  the  French  government  had  Ailly  paid 
the  war  indeninity  (AlxbOK,  Ckmtinuation  <rf 
History,  voL  i.  chap.  vi.  §  61).  In  1819  he 
undertook  a  loan  of  12,000,000/.  fbr  the 
English  government,  and  during  the  follow- 
ing years  he,  with  his  brothers,  rendered 
similar  assistance  to  France,  Prussia,  Russia, 
Austria,  Brazil,  Belj^ium,  and  Naples.  Na- 
than Meyer  contrived  to  make  foreini 
loans  popular  in  England  by  arranging  lor 
the  payment  of  interest  in  London  in  sterling 
coin,  thus  avoiding  all  fluctuations  in  ex- 
change, and  by  makmg  private  advances  when 
the  debtors  were  temporarily  unable  to  remit 
payment.  Most  of  his  loans  proved  eminently 
successful,  and  in  the  less  fortunate  transac- 
tions the  losses  were  very  widely  distributed. 
The  greatest  actual  loss  incurred  by  Roth- 
schild was  probablj  that  in  connection  with 
the  scheme  of  Nicholas  Vansittart  (after- 
wards Lord  Bexley  [q.  v.]),  chancellor  of  the 
exchequer  in  Lord  LiverpooVs  administra- 
tion, for  the  funding  of  exchequer  bills  in  a 
new  3^  per  cent,  stodc ;  Rothschild  was  re- 
ported to  have  lost  half  a  million  by  his 
efforts  to  float  the  scheme.  During  the 
speculative  fever  and  commercial  panic  in 

z3 


Rothschild 


3o3 


Rothschild 


London  in  1825,  the  Duke  of  Wellington 
consulted  Rothschild  as  to  the  best  means 
of  meeting  the  crisis,  and  his  advice  was 
followed  by  Lord  LiTerpooVs  goyenunent. 
In  1828  he  was  commissioned  bj  Wellington 
to  send  a  sum  of  money  to  Dom  Miguel, 
who  was  just  appointed  regent  of  Portugal 
in  behalf  of  his  niece,  Donna  Ma^a.  Roth- 
schild was  doubtful  of  Dom  Miguel's  inten- 
tion of  honestly  respecting  his  niece's  claim 
to  the  throne  or  of  goyeming  the  country 
constitutionally  in  accordance  with  the 
wishes  of  England  and  France.  Instead, 
therefore,  of  forwarding  the  money  to  the 
regent,  Rothschild  sent  it  to  Sir  Frederick 
Lamb,  the  British  minister  at  Lisbon.  When 
the  ship  with  the  gold  arrived  at  its  destina- 
tion, Dom  Miguel  had  violently  seized  the 
throne  in  defiance  of  the  powers,  and  the 
money  was  restored  to  the  English  govern- 
ment. In  1835  Rothschild  and  his  brother- 
in-law  Montefiore  contracted  with  the  Eng- 
lish government  to  raise  16,000,000/.  to  be 
applied  to  the  compensation  of  slave-owners 
in  the  West  Indies.  Doubts  were  freely  ex- 
pressed as  to  the  advisability  of  undertaking 
so  large  a  loan  in  time  of  peace,  but  Roth- 
schild^  confidence  in  the  wisdom  of  the  ope- 
ration was  fully  justified  by  the  event,  for  the 
slave-owners  lar^ly  invested  in  consols  the 
moneys  they  received. 

Such  a  series  of  operations  impressed  the 
public  imagination.  Byron,  writmg  in  1828 
m  <  Don  Juan'  (canto  xii.  st.  v.  and  vi.),  in 
reference  to  the  collective  power  of  Roth- 
schild and  Baring,  declared  that 

every  loan 
Is  not  a  merely  speculative  hit, 
Bat  seats  a  nation  or  upsets  a  throne. 

Besides  floating  foreign  loans,  Rothschild 
dealt  in  all  existing  stocks,  and  often  pur- 
chased larffely  of  securities  which  appeared  to 
be  unsaleable.  He  was  often  employed,  too, 
in  converting  stocks  bearing  a  high  rate  of 
interest  into  those  bearing  a  lower  rate,  and 
he  operated  extensively  and  with  singular 
judgment  in  bullion  and  foreign  exchanges. 
In  1824  he  took  a  leading  part  in  the  ?or- 
mation  of  the  Alliance  Insurance  Company, 
but  he  generally  avoided  connection  with 
joint-stock  companies.  His  most,  successful 
mercantile  enterprise  was  in  1832,  when  his 
eldest  son,  Lionel,  who  was  in  Madrid  on 
business  with  the  bank  of  Spain,  purchased 
by  tender  of  the  Spanish  government  the 
whole  product  of  the  Spanish  quicksilver 
mines  for  a  term  of  jeam.  The  Rothschilds 
already  held  the  control  of  the  Idria  mines 
from  the  Austrian  government,  and  they 
thus  obtained  a  monopoly  of  mercury. 


Rothschild  be^^  business  with  a  firm 
belief  in  the  stability  of  England's  resources. 
He  never  doubted  that  her  triumph  over 
Napoleon  would  ultimately  be  complete. 
Faith  in  England's  power  was  thus  the 
dominant  note  of  his  conduct  of  business. 
He  formed  his  decisions  rapidly,  and  his 
judgment,  on  which  smaller  capitalists  placed 
imj^cit  reliance,  was  rarely  at  fnult.  His 
memory  and  calculating  power  were  excep- 
tional, and  without  taking  any  notes  he  could 
dictate  to  his  clerks  with  perfect  accuracy 
an  account  of  all  the  transactions  undertaken 
during  the  day. 

Rothschild  took  a  leadinff  part  in  the  eflforts 
to  abolish  the  political  disabilities  of  English 
Jews.  With  Sir  Moses  Montefiore  he  pre- 
pared a  petition  to  the  House  of  Commons 
in  1829.  He  entertained  supporters  of  the 
projected  measure  at  his  house  in  Picca- 
dilly, and  had  frequent  interviews  with  W^- 
lington,  Lyndhurst,  Brougham,  and  other 
statesmen.  In  1884  he '  advised  Wellington 
to  form  a  liberal  government  and  consent 
to  some  reforms,'  telling  him  '  that  he  must 
go  with  the  world,for  the  world  would  not  go 
with  him'  (Montefiore  DiarieSf  ed.  Loewe, 
L98-4). 

Rothschild  removed  in  middle  life  from 
his  business  premises  in  New  Court  to  Stam- 
ford Hill,  and  afterwards  to  No.  107  Picca- 
dilly; he  acquired  a  country  house  at 
Qunnersbury  in  the  year  of  his  death, 
but  never  lived  there.  He  died  on  28  July 
1886  at  Frankfurt,  whither  he  had  gone  to 
attend  the  marriage  of  his  eldest  son. 
Montefiore  was  with  him  at  his  death  (id. 

L103).  His  body  was  brought  to  Eng- 
d,  and  buried  in  the  Jewish  cemetery  at. 
Mile  End  on  8  Aug.  The  funeral  was  at- 
tended by  most  of  the  foreign  ambassadors. 
His  will,  a  ve^  lengthy  document,  waa 
printed  in  the  ori^nal  Oerman  in  Von  Tres- 
kow's  '  Biographische  Notisen'  (Leipzig, 
1837),  and  in  Enfl4ish  in  the  <  Annual  Obi- 
tuary '  for  1887.  He  gave  each  of  his  seven 
children  100,000/.,  but  left  the  residue  of  his 
estate  at  the  disposal  of  his  widow.  A  por« 
trait  of  him  was  engraved  by  Penny,  and  a 
characteristic  whole-length  was  etched  by 
Diffhton.  He  married,  on  32  Oct.  1806,  HJm- 
nan,  third  daughter  of  Levi  Burnet  Cohen, 
a  London  merchant.  Her  sister  married 
Sir  Moses  Montefiore.  She  is  said  to  have 
had  (preat  business  capacity,  and  her  husband 
left  mstructions  that  his  sons  were  to  engage 
in  no  nndertaking  of  moment  without  her 
consent.  She  was  also  widely  known  by 
her  munificent  charities ;  she  died  on  5  Bept. 
1660,  and  was  buried  beside  her  hnsbaud. 
The  issue  of  the  marriage  was  four  sons  and 


Rothschild 


309 


Rothwell 


three  danghtert.  Of  the  latter^  Ohailotte 
(i,  1869)  manned  her  fint  cooern  Amachel 
or  Aaedm,  eon  of  Baron  Amechel  of  Frank- 
fort; Hannali  (dL  1864)  married  the  Hight 
Hon.  HeniT  Fitnoy  (1807-1669)  [<]•  y.] ; 
Louifle  {d,  1894)  married  her  cousin,  JBaron 
Mejer  Charles  of  Frankfort,  well  known  as 
tn  trt  collector  (d,  1866).  Lionel  Nathan, 
the  ddeet  son,  is  separately  noticed.  Na- 
thaniel (1813-1870),  the  third  son,  married 
his  eonsin  Charlotte,  daughter  of  James 
Bothadiild  of  Paris. 

Sa  Ahthoht   db  IU>th8chili>  (1810- 
167ff^,the  second  son,  horn  at  New  Court 
in  May  1610,  steadily  applied  himself  to 
bnsmess  under  the  guidance  of  his  ahler 
brother  LtoiieL    He  was  created  a  baronet 
on  12  Jan.  1647,  on  the  recommendation  of 
Sir  Bobert  Peel,  with  remainder  to  the  sons 
of  his  hiother  Lionel,  and  was  appointed 
AnstiisQ  oonsul-genend  in  1866.     But  he 
soon  Bojoirod  the  tastes  of  a  country  gentle- 
man, aim  in  1661  purchased  the  estate  of 
Astoa  Clinton,  Buckinghamshire.     He  re- 
built the  mansion-house,  and  entertained 
many  diBlingoished  yisitors  there ;  Matthew 
Arnold  was  among  his  wife's  intimate  friends. 
He  was  highly  popular  with  his  tenants,  and 
kept  his  labourers  at  work  all  through  the 
winter.  He  waB  high  sheriff  of  Buckingham- 
slure  in  1661.     At  the  same  time  he  took  an 
tctiye  part  in  the  affairs  of  the  Jewish  com- 
monity  in  London.    From  1856  to  1876  he 
wu  presiding  warden  of  thegreat  synagogue, 
and  m  1670  became  the  £st  president  of 
the  newij  instituted  united  synagogue  in 
London.    He  also  took  a  zealous  interest  in 
the  Jews'  free  school  at  Spitalfields,  of  whose 
eommittee  he  acted  as  president.    His  bene- 
factions were  not,  howeyer,  bestowed  solely 
on  his  co-religionists.    He  died  at  Weston 
Gxoye,  Woolston,  near  Southampton,  where 
he  was  reading  temporarily  for  the  benefit 
of  his  health,  on  8  Jan.  1876,  when  the  baro- 
netcy passed,  according  to  the  patent,  to  his 
o^hew,  the  first  Lord  Rothschild.      Sir 
Anthony  was  buried  in  the  Jewish  cemetery 
at  WiUesden.     By  his  wife  Louisa,  daughter 
of  Abraham   Montefiore,  esq.  (a  younger 
brother  of  Sir  Moses),  whom  he  married  in 
Xarch  1840,  he  left  two  daughters:  Con- 
stance, wife  of  C^inl  Flower,  first  lord  Batter- 
sea  {d,  1906),  and  Anne,  wife  of  the  Hon. 
Eliot  Gonstantine  Torke  (d.  1878). 

MbTBQR  AJCeCHBL  DB  ROTHSOHILD  (1818- 

1874),  fourth  son,  known  .as  Babok  Mbtbb, 
was  bom  at  New  Court  on  29  June  1818. 
He  took  little  part  in  the  afiairs  of  the  firm, 
bat  became  widely  known  as  a  sportsman 
and  colleetor  of  art  treasures.  In  1851  he 
acquired  land  in  Buckinghamshire  (formerly 


part  of  the  Duke  of  Buckingham's  estate), 
and  commenced  building  his  mansion  of 
Mentmore,  which  was  soon  celebrated  alike 
for  its  hospitality  and  works  of  art.  In 
the  neighbouring  hamlet  of  Grafton  he  set 
up  his  stud*farm,  where  he  bred  many  fieunous 
horses.  Baron  A^^^r  was  a  poj)ular  member 
of  the  Jockey  Club.  He  thrice  won  the 
One  Thousand  Guineas— in  1853  with  Ment- 
more Lass,  in  1864  with  Tomato,  and  in 

1871  with  Hannah.  He  won  the  Goodwood 
Gup  twice — ^in  1869  with  Restitution,  and  in 

1872  with  Fayonius  (Black.  Joekey  Club,  p. 
269).  In  1871  he  won  the  Derby  with 
Fayonius^  the  One  Thousand,  the  Oaks,  and 
the  St.  Leger  (all  with  Hannah),  and  the 
Gesarewitch  with  Gorisande ;  the  year  was 
called  'the  baron's  year.'  He  represented 
Hythe  as  a  liberal  from  1859  to  1874.  He 
died  on  6  Feb.  1874,  and  was  buried  in  the 
Jewish  cemetery  at  WiUesden.  He  married, 
on  26  June  1850,  his  first  cousin  Juliana, 
eldest  daughter  of  Isaac  Gohen,  esq. ;  she 
died  on  board  her  yacht  (Gsarina)  at  Nice  on 
9  March  1877,  leayiuf  an  only  child  Hannsh, 
who  msrried,  on  20  March  1878,  Archibald 
Philip  Primrose,  fifth  earl  of  Rosebery ;  the 
Oountess  of  Rosebery  died  at  Dalmeny  Park 
on  19  Noy.  1890,  and  was  buried  in  the 
Jewish  cemetery  at  WiUesden. 

[No  authentic  record  of  Nathan  Meyer  Roth- 
schild or  of  his  family  exists.  The  published 
accounts  abound  in  inaccuraci es.  Reeyes's  *  The 
Rothsdiilds/  1887,  which  is  ill-informed  and 
uncritical,  is  mainly  founded  on  an  obituary 
notice  in  Gent.  Mag.  1886,  ii.  823,  and  I^e- 
ciotto*s  Anglo-Jewish  Sketches;  it  giyes  por- 
traits. Other  traditional  details  of  the  fiunily's 
early  history  appear  in  Das  Hans  Rothschild, 
s^ine  Geschichte  und  seine  Geschafte,  Prague  and 
Leipzig,  1857;  in  Franz  Otto's  Das  Buch 
beriihmter  Eaufleute  (Leipzig  and  Berlin,  1868), 
pp.  638-00,  with  portraits  and  yiews  of  the 
Frankfurt  house ;  in  Ehrentheil's  Familien- 
Bttch,  1880  ;  in  Harper's  Magazine,  1873,  xlriii. 
209-22 ;  in  Nou7elle  Biographie  G^n^rale ;  in 
Allgemeine  dentsche  Biographie ;  in  the  Jewish 
World,  5  April  1878 ;  and  in  F.  E.  yon  ScherVs 
Geschichte  des  Hanses  Bothschild,  1898.  See 
also  A.  yon  TreskoVs  Biographische  Notixen 
Uber  N.  M.  Bothschild,  nebst  semem  Testament, 
Qnedlenbarg  and  Leipaig,  1887 ;  Francis's 
Chronicles  and  Chazacters  of  the  Stock  Ex- 
change, 1849,  pp.  296-811 ;  Dlostrated  London 
News,  14  and  21  Feb.  1874,  and  22  Jan.  1876 
(with  portraits) ;  Diaries  of  Sir  Hoses  and  Lady 
Montefiore,  ed.  Loewe,  1890,  toI.  i.] 

BOTHWELL,  EDWARD  {d.  1781), 
dissenting  minister,  was  bom  in  the  Parish 
of  Buiy,  Lancashire.  On  30  Aug.  I€i89  he 
entered  the  acadeiny  of  Richard  rainkland 
[q.  T.]  at  Rathmiell,  Yorkshire.    Here  he  was 


Rothwell 


Sio 


Roubiliac 


ordained  on  7  June  1693  as  minister  for 
Poulton-in-the-Fylde^  Lancashire,  bj  Frank- 
land,  Oliver  Heywood  [q.  y.],  and  others. 
From  Poulton  he  removed  to  Tunley,  near 
Wigan.  He  lived  at  Wrightington,  near 
Wi^Ui  and  had  divinity  Students  as  his 
pupils.  From  1711,  still  retaining  the  charge 
of  Tunley  (where  he  wss  living  inl718),  he 
ministered  also  in  Bass  House,  Walmersley, 
near  Bury,  Lancashire,  to  a  congregation 
originally  gathered  by  Henry  Pend&bury 
[q.  v.]  Kothwell,  who  had  nronerty  in  the 
district,  cave  land  at  Holcombe  lor  a  noncon- 
formist chapel ;  this,  since  known  as  Dundee 
Chapel,  was  opened  on  6  Aug.  1712,  though 
not  conveyed  to  trustees  till  1722.  Here 
in  1717  Kothwell  had  five  hundred  and 
seventy  hearers,  including  twenty-three 
cotmty  voters.  Many  of  his  congregation 
lived  m  Bury,  and  for  their  accommoaation 
a  diapel  was  built  (1710)  in  Silver  Street, 
Bury.  Eothwell,  assisted  by  Thomas  Brad- 
dock  (1695-1770),  who  had  been  his  pup'd, 
served  both  cha]>els.  He  still  continued  to 
take  pupils  in  philosophy  and  theology.  He 
died  on  8  Feb.  1781,  and  was  buned  on 
10  Feb.  in  his  chapel  at  Holcombe. . 

He  published:  1.  ^ Peedobaptismus  Yin- 
dicatus,'  1693,  4to;  answered  oy  Benjamin 
Keach  [q.v.1  2.  'A  Vindication  of  Pres- 
byterian Ordination  and  Baptism,'  1721, 
8vo:  a  curious  treatise,  occasioned  by  the 
recent  rebaptising  of  dissenters  at  Bury  parish 
church  ana  elsewhere ;  Rothwell  argues  (p. 
58)  that  'either  preebyterian  baptisms  are 
good  or  King  Charles  was  no  Christian.' 

[Hunter's  Oliver  Heywood,  1842,  p.  879; 
Dickeneoo's  Register  (Tamer),  1881,  p.  308; 
Toner^s  Olirer  Heywood's  Diaries,  188«^,  iv.  816 ; 
Nightingale's  Lancashire  Nonoonformity[1892], 
iii.  168  sq.,  iv.  26  sq.;  Elliott's  Country  and 
Church  of  the  Cheexyble  Brothers,  1898,  pp. 
196  sq.]  A.  O. 

ROTHWELL,  RICHARD  (1800-1868), 

?ainter,  was  bom  at  Athlone,  Ireland,  in 
800,  and  received  his  art  training  in  Dublin, 
where  he  worked  for  a  few  years.  On  the 
incorporation  of  the  Royal  Hibernian  Aca- 
demy in  1826  he  was  nominated  one  ci  the 
origmal  associates,  and  in  the  same  year  was 
elected  a  full  member.  Soon  afterwards  he 
removed  to  London,  where  he  became  Sir 
Thomas  Lawrence's  chief  assistant.  On  the 
death  of  Lawrence,  Rothwell  was  entrusted 
with  the  completion  of  his  commissions,  and 
had  a  fair  prospect  of  succeeding  to  his 
practice ;  but  he  was  unable  to  sustain  the 
r^utation  which  his  early  works,  painted 
in  the  manner  of  Lawrence,  gained  tot  him. 
From  18d0  to  1849  he  was  a  frequent  ex- 
hibitor at  the  Royal  Academy  of  portraits 


and  fimcy  subjects,  the  former  class  include 
ing  the  Ducness  of  Kent,  the  Prince  of 
Leiningen,  Viscount  Beresford,  William 
Hnskisson,  and  other  distinguished  permms. 
During  the  same  period  he  contributed  also 
to  the  Royal  Hibernian  Academy.  A.boat 
1846  Rothwell  returned  to  DabUn,  where, 
having  resigned  in  18S7,  he  was  re-elected 
RH.A.  inl847.  Froml849  to  1864he  was 
again  in  London,  and  then  removed  to  Lea^- 
mington,  whence  he  sent  to  the  Royal  Aca- 
demy in  1858  *  A  Remembrance  of  the  Car- 
nivsl ; '  in  1860  two  portraits,  and  in  1862 
*  The  Student's  Aspiratiim.'  The  last  years 
of  his  life  were  passed  abroad,  first  in  nris 
and  then  in  Rome,  where  he  diea  in  September 
1866.  Rothwell's  portraits  of  Hnskisson  aad 
Lord  Beresford  are  in  the  National  Portrait 
Gallery,  London,  and  those  of  himself  and 
Matthew  Kendrick,  R.H.A.,  in  the  National 
Qallery  of  Ireland.  Three  of  his  fancy  sub- 
jects, *  The  Little  Roamer,' '  Novidate  Men- 
dicant,' and  ^  The  very  Picture  of  Idleness,' 
are  in  the  South  Kensington  Museum.  His 
'  Fisherman's  Children'  was  engraved  by  S. 
Sangster  for  the  Irish  Art  Union. 

[Bedgnve's  Diet,  of  Artists ;  Bryan's  Diet,  of 
Painters  and  Engrarers,  ed.  Armstrong;  Art 
Journal,  1868,  p.  245;  Royal  Academy  Cata- 
logues; information  kindly  famished  hj  8. 
Catterson  Smith,  esq.,  R.H.A.}      F.  M.  0*b. 

EOTIER.    [See  Roetxi^b.] 

ROUBILIAC  or  ROUBILLAO,  LOUIS 
FRANQOIS  (1806-1762),  sculptor,  was  bom 
at  Lyons  in  1696.  He  is  said  to  have  studied 
under  Nicolas  Coustou,  and  was  subsequently 
a  pupU  of  Balthazar,  sculptor  to  the  elector 
of  Saxony.  He  is  sometimes  alleged  to  have 
migrated  to  this  country  as  early  as  1720 ; 
but  as  he  is  not  definitely  heard  of  in  Eng- 
land until  1788,  and  as  he  gained  a  second 
Grand  Prix  from  the  Academic  Royale  de 
Peinture  et  de  Sculpture  at  Paris  in  1780, 
it  is  probable  that  his  permanent  settlement 
here  is  subsequent  to  the  last-named  date. 
According  to  Northoote  (Lif4  of  MeynoldB^ 
Idld,  j>.  2§),  his  first  employment  in  Ei^land 
was  with  Thomas  Carter  of  Enightsbridge, 
whose  -work  was  chieflv  monumental,  and 
who  perhaps  made  use  of  his  French  assistant 
as  a  '  botcher  of  antiques.'  Soon  after  he  wae 
lucky  enouffh  to  find  in  Vauxhall  Gerdena 
(not  opened  until  1782)  a  valuable  pocket- 
book  oelonsing  to  Horace  WalpoWa  bro- 
ther Edward,  who  .subsequently  became  his 
patron  and  ijrotector  {%b,)  By  Edward  Wal- 
pole  he  was  introduced  to  Cheere  (afterwards 
Sir  Henry),  who  had  at  Hyde  Park  Comer 
a  &mous  stone-yard  of  statues  and  leaden 
figures  for  gardens,  which  is  often  mentioned 


Roubiliac 


3" 


Roubiliac 


in  eicliteentli-centiiry  literature,  e.g.  in  Ro- 
bert Lloyd's  *  Cii*a  Country  Box '  and  Qarrick 
and  Golman's  *  Clandestine  Marriage.'  What 
sUy  Soubiliac  madewithCheere  is  unknown; 
bat  it  seems  to  bare  been  Oheere  who  recom- 
mended him  to  Jonathan  Tyers  [q.  v.]  of  Vaux- 
hall,  then  engaged  in  decoratinff  the  gardens 
witb  ptetorea  and  statues,  as  a  fitting  person 
to  carve  a  statue  of  Handel.  This,  for  which 
Tren  paid  SOW.,  was  erected  in  May  1788, 
and  for  many  years  was  the  chief  glory  of 
the  popuhir  pleasure-ground  by  the  Thames. 
After  many  vicissitudes  it  finally  found  its 
way  into  the  collection  of  Mr.  Alfred  H.  Lit- 
tletoa,formerly  of  No.  1  Berners  Street.  The 
model,  which  once  belonged  toNoUekens,  was 
last  in  the  possession  of  Hamlet  the  silyer- 
flmith.  For  l^ers  Roubiliac  also  executed 
a  Milton  in  lead,  *  seated  on  a  rock,  in  an 
attitode  listening  to  soft  music,'  as  he  is  de- 
scribed in '  II  Penseroso.* 

Before  the  Handel  was  carred,  Boubiliac 
must  have  set  up  for  himself,  for  he  is  repre- 
sented in  the  journals  of  the  day  as  engaged 
upon  the  irork  in  his  own  studio  at  St. 
Peter's  Court,  St.  Martin's  Lane,  the  room 
afterwards  occupied  bythe  St.  Martin's  Lane 
Academy.  What  wereKoubiliac's next  works 
is  exceecungly  doubtAil.  Edward  Walpole  is 
Baid  by  Horace  Walpole  {Anecdotes  of  Paint' 
inffj  ei  Dallaway,  1828,  iv.  192)  to  naye  re- 
commended him  for  half  the  busts  at  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  and  he  certainly  did  a  bust 
of  Swift  which  is  copied  as  the  frontispiece 
to  Dr.  Graik's  hiography,  and  is  mentioned 
in  Wilde's  *  Closing  Years  of  Dean  Swift's 
Life' (1849,  p.  87)  as  hayingbeen  executed 
in  1746.     He  aJso  did  for  jBolingbroke  in 
1741  a  bust  of  Pope,  the  clay  model  of  which 
belongs  to  Mr.  Hallam  Murray  of  Newstead, 
Wimbledon,  and  the  finished  marhle  of  which 
had  m  1848  passed  into  the  possession  of 
Sir  Robert  Peel,  who  in  that  year  purchased 
at  the  Stowe  sale  {Illustrated  London  NewSf 
S6  Au^.)  anotber  bust  of  Prior,  rejjuted  to 
be  by  the  same  sculptor.   To  this  penod  may 
therefore  belong  the  busts  of  Chesterfield, 
Bentley,  Mead,  Folkes,  WUloughby,  and  Ray, 
the  models  and  casts  of  which,  now  in  the 
^lass  and  ceramic  gallery  of  the  British 
Moseum,  were  j^resented  to  that  institution, 
soon  after  Bonbiliac's  death,  by  Chesterfield's 
biographer.  Dr.  Matthew  Maty[q.y.]    Six 
of  the  nnisnc^  marbles  from  these  are  now  in 
the  library  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge ; 
and  some  of  the  others  presented  to  Pope  by 
Frederick,  prince  of  Wales,  were  bequeathed 
bj  the  poet  to  Lord  Lyttelton.    Bonbiliac's 
first  definite  monumental  work,  howeyer, 
belonga  to  1748,  being  the  tomb  of  John 
(^peell,  second  dulra  of  Argyll,  in  the 


south  transept  of  Westminster  Abbey,  a 
commission  also  attributable  to  Edward 
Walpole.  and  notable  for  a  much-praised 
fiffure  oi  'Eloquence.'  Other  monuments 
fulowed:  to  Marshal  Wade,  to  Qeneral 
Fleming,  and  to  General  Harrys— per- 
sonages, as  Gk>ldsmith  hints  {CttizeH  eftke 
World,  Letter  cix),  not  wholly  deserying  6f 
the  elaborate  mural  medleys  compiled  in  their 
memory.  The  next  datable  record  of  Rou- 
biliac^ work  is  the  monmnent  in  1761  to 
Henry  Ohichele,  founderof  All  Souls',  Oxford. 

Of  personal  records  there  are  but  few,  and 
those  doubtful.  In  June  1760  Tyers  lent 
him  20/.  (Skith,  Nollekens,  1828,  ii.  94). 
This  looks  as  if  be  were  needy,  unless  the 
fact  that  in  this  same  year  (81  March)  he 
had  been  robbed  in  Dean  Street,  Soho 
{Wheatlbt,  London,  1891,  i.  49S)^caai  be 
held  to  account  for  his  necessity.  Then,  in 
January  1762,  his  marriage  was  reported  in 
the  'Qeneral  Adyertiser'^and  other  papers 
to  Miss  Crosby  of  Deptford,  '  a  celeorated 
beauty,'  with  10,000/.  But,  beyond  this  an- 
nouncement, which  is  repeated  by  Fielding 
in  the  'Ooyent  Garden  Journal'  for  11  Jan. 
1762,  there  seems  to  be  no  further  reference 
whateyer  to  the  circumstances.  Moreoyer, 
late  in  the  same  year  Roubiliac  was  trayiel- 
ling  alone  in  Italy,  for  in  October  Reynolds 
met  him  with  Pond  and  Hudson,  making  his 
first  expedition  to  Rome,  where  he  found 
little  to  admire  in  ancient  sculpture,  and 
frankly  preferred  the  modems.  By  the  work 
of  Bemmi,  indeed,  he  seems  to  haye  been 
profoundly  impressed.  All  he  had  done  pre- 
yiously,  he  tola  Reynolds,  after  a  reinspection 
on  his  return  of  his  own  efforts  in  Westmini- 
ster Abbey,  seemed  *  meagre  and  staryed,  as 
if  made  of  nothing  but  tobacco  pipes '  (Nosth- 
OOTE,  Beynolds,  1818,  p.  44). 

In  1763  Roubiliac  completed  another  great 
sepulchral  trophy  in  Westminster  Abbey  to 
Admiral  Sir  Peter  Warren.  The  next  im- 
portant statue  he  executed  was  the  Ml- 
length  of  Shakespeare  (1768),  now  in  the 
entrance  hall  of  the  British  Museum.  This 
was  a  commission  from  Garrick,  who  placed 
it  in  a  special  temple  at  Hampton,  and  gaye 
the  sculptor  816/.  After  the  Shakespeare 
came  a  second  statue  of  Handel,  now  aboye 
his  graye  in  Poet's  Comer ;  but  what  is  per- 
haps Roubiliac's  most  popular  efibrt  belonffs 
to  1761.  This  is  the  famous  Nightingale 
monument  at  Westminster,  whereafleshless 
and  shrouded  Death  menaces  with  his  dart  the 
figure  of  a  young  wife  who  is  sinking  in  her 
husband's  arms.  Besides  l^hese,  there  are 
many  scattered  works  which  it' is  not  always 
easy  to  date.  At  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
is  his  celebrated  statue  of  Newton  (1766)— 


Roubiliac 


312 


Roucliffe 


With  bis  prism  and  silent  face, 
The  marble  index  of  a  mind  for  ever 
Voyaging  through  strange  seas  of  Thought, 
alone — 

'whichWordAworth(firom  whose  ^  Prelude' the 
lines  are  taken)  used  to  watch  on  moonlight 
niffhts  £N>m  his  window  at  St.  John's ;  and  in 
WoroesterCathedral  there  are  notable  monu* 
ments  to  Bishops  Hough  and  Hurd.  In  the 
church  of  Walton-on-Thames  is  a  monument 
to  Richard  Boyle,  second  lord  Shannon,  who 
died  in  1740.  and  there  are  many  scattered 
busts,  e,g.  Mead  (College  of  Physicians), 
Hogaxth  (National  Portrait  GhiUery),  Garrick 
(Qarrick  Club),  Handel  (Foun<nmg  Hos- 
pital), Wilton  (Boyal  Academy),  and  so 
forth.  But  the  N ightin^le  monument  must 
haye  been  practic&y  his  last  worl^  for  on 
11  Jan.  17o2  he  died,  and  was  buried  four 
days  later  in  St.  Martin's  churchyard, '  under 
the  window  of  the  Bell  Bagnio.'  His  funeral 
was  attended  by  Hogarth,  Reynolds,  Hay- 
man,  and  the  leading  members  of  the  ot. 
Martin's  Lane  Academy.  Although  he  must 
haye  had  a  fair  amount  of  worK,  he  died 
poor,  and  his  effects,  when  all  needful  ex- 
penses were  discharged,  produced  to  his  cre- 
ditors no  more  thim  eighteenpence  in  the 
pound  (Smith,  NoUekem,  1828,  ii.  99^. 

Roubiliao  is  said  to  haye  been  a  friendly, 
loquacious,  gesticulating  little  man,  who 
neyer  shook  off,  eyen  after  long  residence  in 
England,  his  diaracteristics  as  a  foreigner. 
He  sometimes  dabbled  in  yerse  (Frencn,  of 
course),  a  specimen  of  which  is  to  be  found 
in  the  *  St.  James's  Chronicle '  for  1761.  He 
was  well  known  to  the  artist  community  of 
St.  Martin's  Lane,  and  was  an  kabitui  of  Old 
Slaughter's  and  co^ate  houses  of  cdl.  Seye- 
xal  anecdotes  of  him  are  related  in  Smith's 
<  NoUekens '  (pp.  89-99).  As  a  sculptor  he 
bears  the  stamp  of  his  French  training  in  a 
certain  restless  and  theatric  treatment  of  his 
subjects.  But  although  his  style  is  man- 
nered and  somewhat  iSfected,  it  is  ako  full 
of  grace,  spirit,  and  refinement.  Character 
rather  than  beauty  seems  to  haye  been  his 
aim,  and  his  busts  from  the  life  or  masks  are 
his  best,  e.g.  Pope,  Mead,  Hogarth  (though 
Hogarth  is  a  little  gallici^).  Of  his 
sepulchral  efforts  the  monuments  to  the 
Duke  of  Argyll  and  the  Nightingales  are 
most  notable;  of  his  statues,  the  ^^wton  at 
Cambridge  has  perhaps  the  largest  number 
of  admirers. 

A  portrait  of  Roubiliac  by  his  Swiss  friend, 
Adnen  Carpentiers,  was  exhibited  in  the 
Spring  Garden  exhibition  of  9^  May  1761, 
and  is  now  in  the  National  Portrait  Qallery , 
London.  This  was  engiayed  in  menotint,  m 
1766,  bjDayid  Martin.  The  same  exhibition 


also  contained  a  portrait  of  Roubiliac  hr 
himself,  described  as  his '  first  attempt '  in  oil 
(afterwards,  according  to  Walpole,  in  the 
possession  of  Mr.  Smith  of  Crown  Courts 
\ye8tminster),  and  there  was  also  a  bust  of 
him  by  Wilton,  the  mask  of  which  was  sold 
at  Wnton's  sale  (t».  ii.  184). 

[The  chief  authority  for  Roubiliae's  life  is  the 
rare  Vie  et  OuTzages  de  L.  F.  Bonbillae,  Sculp> 
tear  L^onnais,  1882,  by  Le  Royde  Saiate-Otoiz* 
who  died  in  the  year  of  its  publication.  There 
is  a  copy  in  the  Art  Library  at  South  Kensing- 
ton. Among  other  sonrces  of  information  axe 
Northcote's  Keynolds,  HilFs  Boswell,  Porster^s 
Goldsmith,  Redgrave,  and  Allan  Canningham.] 

A.  D. 

ROUCLITFB,  Sib  BRLLN  (d.  1494), 
judge,  was  eldest  of  the  four  sons  of  Guy  Rou- 
cli&,  by  his  wife  Joan,  daughter  of  l!liomas 
Burgh  of  Eartlington,  Nottinghamshire.  His 
grandfather  was  Sir  Robert  de  Roucliffe  (dL 
1881),  and  his  father  was  recorder  of  York. 
Brian  adopted  the  legal  profession,  and  pro- 
bably practised  in  the  court  of  exchequer,, 
though  his  name  does  not  appear  in  the  year- 
books. On  2  Noy.  1458  he  was  raised  to  the 
bench  as  third  baron  of  the  exchequer.  His  ju- 
dicial functions  did  notpreyent  Ips  undertak- 
ing other  legal  work,  anahe  frequently  acted  as 
counsel  to  Sir  William  Plumpton  fq.  v.]  His 
appointment  was  confirmed  on  Edwara  IV's 
accession  in  1461,  and  affain  on  Henry's  re- 
storation in  1470.  He  officiated  at  the  coro- 
nation of  Richard  HI  on  26  June  1488,  and 
was  on  that  occasion  promoted  second  baron 
of  the  exchequer.  His  commission  as  aecond 
baron  was  renewed  on  24  Sept  1486,  and  on 
12  Oct.  following  he  was  granted  custody  of 
the  manor  of  'Forset,'  Yorkshire.  He  died 
on  24  March  1494.  Through  his  mother  he 
acquired  the  manor  of  Cowthorp,  Yorkshire, 
which  he  made  his  seat.  In  145o  he  founded 
and  built  the  parish  church,  where  he  lies 
buried.  A  cunous  monument,  representing 
Roucliffe  and  his  wife  holding  the  model  of 
a  church  between  them,  was  extant,  though 
much  defined,  in  1840  (Archaol.  Journal,  u 
60).  Roudiffe's  will,  which  shows  him  to 
haye  been  a  man  of  wealth  and  intelligenoe, 
as  well  as  piety,  is  printed  in  '  Testaments 
Eborac6nsia,'iy.  102-7.  Seyeral  of  his  letters 
are  printed  in  the '  Plumpton  Correspondence.^ 
He  married  Jane,  daughter  of  Sir  Richard 
Hamerton,  and  his  son.  Sir  John  Roucliffe 
(joL  1631),  married  Margaret,  grfmddaughter 
and  heir  of  Sir  William  Plumpton,  and  was 
thereby  inyolyed  in  the  protracted  litigation 
oyer  the  Plumpton  estates  [see  PltthptdKj 
Sib  Williak]. 

[Plnmnton  Corr.  (Camden  Sec.)  passim ;  Testa- 
ments Eboracensia  (Sortees  Soc.),  yols.  i  iL  it. 


Rough 


313 


Rough 


«adT.puBii;  Ifaterialfl  for  Hut.  of  Henij  VII 
(BoUs  Bu.\  I  47.  84,  239,  669 ;  FostAr's  York- 
•hire  Ptdjmes ;  Astiqiiariaii  Bepotitoiyt  L  52 ; 
CaL  fiot  Bat. ;  Bjmer's  F<Bd«ra,  orig.  ed.  zi. 
663,843;  Dngdale's  Chzonica  Series;  Foss's 
Liree  of  the  Judges.]  A.  F.  P. 

BOUGH.    [See  also  Bow.] 

BOUGH,  JOHN  (d,  1557),  Scottish  prp- 
testant  nuutyr,  is  stated  to  AaTe  heea  Dom 
in  1510,  bat  as  he  was  incorporated  in  St. 
Leonard's  Golleffe  in  the  university  of  St 
Andrews  in  1621,  he  was  prohahlj  bom  a 
few  yean  earlier.    He  left  his  parents  when 
ahont  BSTenteeQ  years  of  age,  on  account  of 
baring  been  deprived  of  some  property  to 
which  he  thought  himself  entitled,  and  en- 
tered a  monaatery  at  Stirling.    According 
to  his  own  statement,  his  opposition  to  the 
papacy  was  aroused  or  confirmed  hj  two 
viata  to  Rome,  when  he  saw  '  with  his  own 
eyes  that  the  pope  was  anti-Christ,'  inas- 
much ai  more  reverence  was  given  to  him 
in  the  pioceeaion  than  to  the  sacrament 
(Fon^  AeU  and  ManumentSf  ed.  Townsend, 
Tiil  448).    He  acquired  such  reputation  as 
a  preacher  that  in  1548,  after  the  arrest  of 
Caidinal  Beaton,  the  regent  Arran  procured 
a  dispensation  for  him  to  leave  the  monas- 
terj  that  he  might  become  one  of  his  chap- 
lains.   Ihe  entzy  in  the  treasurer's  accounts 
of  payment  for  a  gown,  doublet,  hose,  and 
boimet  for  him  as  chaplain  of  the  lord- 
pTenor,  probably  indicates  the  date  when 
ne  fint  entered  on  his  duties  (note  by  Laing 
in  Eiox's  WorkSf  L  187).    At  their  r^uest 
the  governor  allowed  him  and  Thomas  Gwil- 
liam  or  Williams  to  preach  publicly  against 
conent  errors.    Botn  were  ver^  effective. 
Bough,  although  aocordinff  to  Knox  '  not 
so  leanted '  as  Williams,  being  '  yet  more 
ample  and  Tohement  against  all  impiety' 
(>i.  p.  96).    The  preaching  roused  the  spe- 
cial mdignation  of  the  Greyfiriars,  who,  ac- 
CQidiog  to  Knox,  *  rouped  as  they  had  been 
lavens,  vea,  rather  they  yrelled  like  devils 
in  hell  '*  heresy  1  heresy  I  uwiUiam  and  Rough 
»ill  cany  Uie  governor  to  the  devil " '  (ib:  p. 
^).   On  aooount  of  the  advice,  as  is  sup- 
poeed,  of  John  Hamilton,  abbot  of  Arfaroatn, 
ud  David  Panter  [q.  v.l  (afterwards  bishop  of 
Bom),  whohad  amved  nom  France,  they  were 
both  pK^hited  from  preaching ;  and  Kou^h 
took  refuge  in  the  wud  districts  of  Kyle  m 
Ayrshire,  where  he  remained  until  after  thi 
onuder  of  Cardinal  Beaton  in  1546.    After 
the  murder  he  came  to  St.  Andrews,  and, 
bttides  acting  aa  chaplain  to  the  garrison  in 
the  castle,  began  to  preach  in  the  parish 
chnreh.    Here  he  met  John  Knox,  whom  in 
a  aermon  he  puWdy  exhorted  to  undertake 


the  office  of  a  preacher ;  and  Knox,  who  had 
been  a  disciple  of  Wishart,  and  who  at  this 
time  had  brought  the  aid  of  his  vigorous  pen 
to  the  support  of  the  teaching  of  Bough  in 
opposition  to  Dean  Annand  m  8U  Andrews, 
was  at  last  induced  to  preach  in  the  parish 
Idrk  his  first  sermon  against  ihe  *  corruptions 
of  the  papistry '  (Kkox,  i.  188-91).  Knox's 
irre^^ular  call  was  approved  by  the  congre- 
gation. Knox  and  &ugh  were  soon  sum- 
moned beforeWinram,  the  vicar-general  of  St. 
Andrews,  but  their  defence  was  conducted 
by  Knox  with  such  skill  as  completely  to 
confound  their  adversaries  (ib,  pp.  200-1). 

Hough  managed  to  leave  for  England  be- 
fore the  surrender  of  St.  Andrews'  castle,  thus 
escaping  being  taken  prisoner  bv  the  French. 
He  went  first  to  Carlisle  and  thence  to  Uie 
lord-protector  Somerset,  who  assi^ed  him 
a  stipend  of  20L  steTlxag,  and  appomted  him 
to  preach  at  Carlisle,  ^Berwick,  and  New- 
castle.   After  his  'marria^  to  a  country- 
woman of  his,'  he  was  appomted  by  Holgate, 
archbishop  of  York,  to  a  benefice  near  Hull, 
where  he  continued  until  the  death  of  Ed* 
ward  VI  in  1553,  when  he  fled  with  his 
wife  to  Norden  in  Friesland.    There  he  and 
his  wife  maintained  themselves  by  knitting 
caps,  stockingB,  and  other  hosiery.    Having 
on  10  Nov.  1557  come  to  London  to  buy 
some  yam  for  his  business,  he  was  induced 
to  become  minister  of  a  secret  society  of 
protestants.  His  ministry  was  not,  however, 
of  long  duration ;  for,  on  the  information  of 
a  traitor  firequenting  the  meetings,  he  was 
on  12  Dec.  apprehended  at  the  Saracen's 
Head,  Islington,  where  the  congregation  was 
in  the  habit  of  assembling.    Alter  examina- 
tion before  the  privy  council  on  the  15th,  he 
was  sent  a  prisoner  to  New^te,  and  a  letter 
was  also  sent  by  the  council,  together  with 
the  minutes  of  his  examination,  to  Bonner, 
bishop  of  London,  requiring  him  to  proceed 
against  Houffh  (Acts  0/  tka  Frioy  Cotmcil, 
1556-8,  p.  216).     From  Newgate  Hough 
wrote  two  letters  to  his  friends  (Foxs,  eA. 
Townsend,  viii.  448-9).    After  long  exami- 
nations on  doctrinal  matters  on  18    and 
19  Dec.,  he  was  on  the  20th  brought  into 
the  consistory  and  condenmed  to  death.  On 
the  22nd  he  was  burned  at  Smithfield  along 
with  Margaret  Mearyne,  one  of  his  congre- 
ffation,  who  had  visited  him  in  prison  and 
Drought  him  a  change  of  linen« 

[Knox's  Works ;  Calderwood*8  History  of  the 
Church  of  Scotland;  Foze's  Acts  and  Monu- 
pents.]  T.  F.  H. 

BOUGH,  WILLIAM  (d.  1888).  lawyer 
and  poet,  only  son  of  William  Hough,  of  the 
pariah  of  St.  James,  Middlesex,  was  b<Hm  on 


Rough 


314 


Roumare 


21  Aug.,  probably  in  1772.  He  was  admitted 
at  Westminster  School  on  28  Jan.  1786»  and 
became  a  king's  scholar  in  1789.  Having 
been  elected  to  a  scholarship  firom  West- 
minster at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  in 
1792,  he  matrictuated  on  6  June  in  that 
year,  and  proceeded  B. A.  1796,  M.A.  1799. 
At  Westminster  he  is  said  to  haye  contri- 
buted to  Southey's  school  periodical,  ^The 
Flagellant.'  In  Noyember  179S  he  became  a 
member,  with  S.  T.  Coleridge,  C.  V.  Le  Qrice, 
and  Christopher  Wordsworth,  of  a  small 
literary  society  at  Cambridge,  and  he  seems 
to  have  been  one  of  the  projectors  of  the 
short-lived  ^University  Magazine'  of  1796 
(WoBDBWOBTH,  Ufiiv,  L^t  m  Eighteenth 
Century,  pp.  689-98).  While  at  Trinity  Col- 
lege he  made  the  acquaintance,  as  a  fellow- 
sympathiser  with  William  Trend  [q.  v.],  of 
Copley,  afterwards  Lord  Lyndhurst.  Rough 
was  admitted  at  Ghray's  Inn  on  9  Feb.  1796, 
and  called  to  the  bar  at  the  Inner  Temple 
on  18  June  1801.  He  went  the  Midland 
circuit,  and  on  80  May  1808  became  a  ser- 
jeant-at-law. He  married,  on  26  June  1802, 
Harriet,  aged  28,  a  natural  daughter  of  John 
Wilkes.  Crabb  Robinson,  who  made  their 
acquaintance  in  the  summer  of  1810,  and 
described  Mrs.  Rough  as  '  a  woman  of  some 
talents  and  taste,  who  could  make  herself 
attractive,'  met  at  dinner  at  their  house 
Mrs.  Abington  and  Kean,  and  many  dis- 
tinguished uiwyers,  including  Copley.  Rough 
was  always  in  pecuniary  difficulties,  and  lor 
some  years  he  was  hindered  by  illness  from 
the  energetic  prosecution  of  his  profession. 
In  April  1816  he  accepted  Earl  J^athurst's 
ofier  of  the  post  of  president  of  the  court  of 
justice  for  the  united  colony  of  Demerara 
and  Essequibo.  He  remained  there  for  five 
years,  but  on  6  Oct.  1821,  after  a  long  dis^ 
agreement,  he  was  suspended  by  the  acting 
governor,  Lieutenant-general  John  Murray, 
for  having,  as  supreme  judge,  usuiped  '  the 

Privileges  and  functions  01  the  executive.' 
le  returned  to  England,  and  appealed  to 
the  priv]^  council,  which  in  April  1826  gave 
its  decision  in  ms  favour.  He  forthwith 
applied  for  a  firesh  appointment,  but  it  was 
not  imtil  after  1880  that  he  was  appointed 
a  puisne  judge  at  Ceylon.  In  this  position 
he  served  with  distinction,  and  on  18  March 
1886  was  promoted  to  be  chief  justice  of  the 
supreme  court.  Next  year  (7  Aug.  1887)  he 
was  knighted .  Rough  died  at  N  uwara  EUya, 
Ceylon,  on  19  May  1888.  He  had  four  chil- 
dren by  his  wife,  who  died  in  Demerara 
about  1820. 

Bou^h  was  the  author  of:  1.  'Lorenzino 
di  Medici '  (a  drama),  and  other  poems,  1797 ; 
dedicated  to  William  Roscoe.   2. '  The  Con- 


spiracy of  Gowrie,'  a  tragedy  (anon.),  1800. 
8.  '  Lmes  on  the  Death  of  Sir  Ralph  Abe> 
cromby '  (anon.),  1800.  These  jpieces  were 
collected  together  in '  Poems,  Miscelianeoiu 
and  Fugitive,  now  first  collected  by  tha 
Author,  on  bis  preparing  to  leave  England/ 
1816.  Rough  also  ecuted,  aaonymoittly, 
*  Letters  from  the  Year  1774  to  the  Year 
1796,  by  John  Wilkes,  esq.,  addreosed  to  his 
daughter,  the  late  Miss  Wilkes ;  with  a  col- 
lection of  miscellaneous  Poems;  to  which 
is  prefixed  a  Memoir  of  the  Life  of  Mr. 
Wilkes,'  London,  4  vols.  1804.  He  contri- 
buted poetry  to  the '  Gentleman's  Magazme' 
and  the  *  Monthly  Magasine.' 

[Gent.  Haff.  1639,  i.  211 ;  H.  Crabb  Bobin. 
son's  Diary,  1.  800-416,  ii.  3,  42 ;  Barker  and 
StenniDg's  Westm.  School  Reg.  p.  199 ;  Welch's 
Alamni  Westm.  pp.  428, 486, 486 ;  Kiohol^s  Lit. 
Anecd.  ix,  479  ;  Kirke  White's  Remains,  1808, 
i.  127-4,  166-9,  179-82;  fonecal  sermon  bj 
Bm^'amin  Bailey,  Colombo,  1838;  informattou 
firom  Mr.  Aldis  Wright]  W.  P.  C. 

BOUMARE,  WILLIAM  bb,  Eabl  of 
LxvcoLV  (/?.  1140),  was  son  of  Roger  Fiti- 
gerald  and  grandson  of  Gerald,  steward  of 
Duke  William  of  Normandy,  who  about  1064 
obtained  a  fief  in  the  Roumois  on  condition  of 
Tendering  service  at  Neufmarch6-en-Lion« 

SBD.  ViT.  ii.  118);  Roger  Fitzgerald  held 
rfe  at  the  time  of  Domesday.  William's 
mother,  Lucy,  was  daughter  and  heiress  of 
Iyo  de  Taillebois,  and  heiress,  through  her 
mother,  Lucia,  of  that  Thorold  who  was  sheriff 
of  Lincoln  in  the  reign  of  Edward  the  Con- 
fessor; it  has,  however,  been  contended  that 
theore  was  only  one  Lucy,  and  that  Williams 
mother  was  widow  of  Ivo  Taillebois  and 
da\ighter  of  Thorold  {Oenealogiet,  v.  60-75, 
&c. ;  cf.  art.  Rahdulp  lb  Mbbohiit).  After 
Roger's  death  Lucy  remarried  Randulf  le 
Meschin,  earl  of  Chester  (Ord.  Vit.  iv.  422). 
In  1118-19,  during  the  rebellion  of  Hugh 
de  Goumay,  William  de  Roumare  remained 
faithful  to  Henry  I,  and  fought  for  the  king 
at  the  battle  01  Br^mule  on  20  Aug.  lU^ 
(lb.  iv.  822,  846,  867).  In  November  1120 
he  was  one  of  the  Kni|^ht8who  refused  to 
cross  over  to  England  m  the  '  White  Shin ' 
because  it  was  overcrowded  (^,  iv.  412).  In 
1122  he  claimed  the  lands  or  his  mother  in 
England,  which  his  stepftither  Randulf  hftd 
surrendered  to  the  kiny ;  Henry  refused  hia 
epnsent,  and  William  withdrew  to  Normandy. 
There,  after  a  while,  he  rebelled  and  waged 
war  from  Neufmarch6  during  two  years.  In 
1127  he  was  one  of  the  supporters  of  Wil- 
liam Olito,  hut  after  that  prmce's  death,  on 
2S  July  1128,  was  the  first  to  be  reconciled 
to  the  king  (ib.  iv.  442,  478, 484-5).  Henry 
gave  him  as  his  wife  Hawisia  (trhom  Orde- 


Roumare 


31S 


Roupell 


rieu  callB  Matilda),  dftoffhter  of  Richard  de 
Bedven,  aad  took  him  lato  his  friendship 
[mo  Ridtbs,  Faxilt  oy].  William  had 
ncovered  bis  English  lands  before  1180-1. 

Ob  HeuT's  death  he  was  one  of  the  barons 
who  wwe  tent  to  take  charge  of  the  frontiers 
of  Nofoiandy  in  December  1186^  and  in  1187 
wtt  oae  of  the  justiciars  to  whom  Stephen 
eatnurtcd  the  dachv  {ib.  ▼.  62,  91).  About 
1138  Stolen  made  nimEarl  of  Lincoln.  But 
in  lUl  William  and  his  half-brother  Ran- 
dal^ earl  of  Chester,  seised  Lincoln  bj  a  trick, 
and  held  it  against  Stephen  {ib,  t.  125 ;  Johk 
Of  fiiXHAii,  L  134).  William  was  perhaps 
recoDCLled  to  the  kmg  in  the  spring  of  1142 
(BouTD,  Oeofi  dc  MandeviUe,  p.  159),  but 
afterwards  he  seems  to  hare  been  depriyed  of 
his  etrldom.  whieh  was  conferred  on  Gilbert 
de  Qasd,  who  had  married  a  sister  of  Earl 
Randoll  William  appears  as  witness  to  a 
charter  gnated  by  Henry  11,  when  Duke  of 
Nannaadj,  to  Earl  Bandulf  of  Ohester ;  and 
ia  his  later  years  went  on  a  pilgrimage  to 
CofflBoetelk  (Obmbboi),  Ch^hire,  i.  25). 
He  died  before  1168,  perhaps  about  1153. 
His  obit  wu  observed  on  6  Aug.  at  Bajeuz, 
to  which  he  gave  the  chuisch  of  Ver  in  the 
Bessin;  but  at  Lincobii  where  he  oon- 
fimed  his  fitther^s  foundation  of  the  pre- 
beadof  Asgarby,  it  was  kept  on  11  Sept. 
(Imtoln  06ififa7y,ap.  Gib.  Oambb.  rii.  161). 
William  deBoumare  founded  the  Cistercian 
abbey  of  RoTesby  in  1142  or  1143  (Duodals, 
M<ma$t,  JngL  y.  453 ;  Chrcn,  Louth  Fork 
Abbtf/^  p.  81) ;  he  also  made  a  bequest  to 
liouea  Cathedral  for  the  souls  of  himself 
and  bis  £ainil7.  Ordericus  Vitalis  says  that 
he  WIS  dissolute  in  his  youth,  but,  after  a 
eeme  illness,  and  at  the  instance  of  Arch* 
bishop  Geoffrey  of  Rouen  {d.  1128),  mended 
^  ways  and  established  monks  at  Neuf* 
3weh6  in  1132  (ir.  465,  ▼.  207-8). 

He  had  one  son,  William  Elias,  who  died 
ia  116^  haling,  by  Agnes,  sister  of  William, 
^ad  of  Albemarle,  two  sons  rRoBBSt  bb 
ToBisvL  ap.  CJ^rofiu  Stephen,  sc,  ii.  137, 
KoUs  8er.),  of  whom  one,  WUliam  IH  of 
Honmare,  is  often  styled  Earl  William  de 
^^oomaie,  thoogh  he  never  held  the  earldom 
of  Lincoln;  he  died  before  1198,  without 
laoe. 

The  dabioos  reference  to  a  William,  earl 
3f  Cambridge,  under  date  1180  {Monaet, 
'^l.  n.  048),  most  probably  is  intended  for 
WiUiaa  de  Boomare  (Rovnp,  Feudal  Eng* 
iwd,p^  184-7). 

[Oidericns  Titalis  (Soe.  de  I'Hiet.  de  France). 
Ifa«  aotiees  ia  the  GoDtinBatioB  of  the  pseudo- 
Isgulph  ap.  Vulman's  Scriptores  are  notrust- 
vvthy.  Stapkton's  Bot  Seaoc.  Norm.  toL  i 
p.  exxxriii,  voL  iL  pp.  di-clx;  Ck>liectanea  Top. 


et  Gen.  riii.  165-8 ;  Topographer  and  Qeoea- 
logist,  i.  17-28  (1846);  Qenealogist,  y.  60-75, 
163-73,  vi.  129-39.  vii.  62,  178-9,  Til  1-6, 
81-91,  148-60 ;  Nichols  and  Bowles's  Antio.  of 
Lajrcock,  pp.  66-79 ;  Round's  Geol&ey  de  Man- 
deville  and  Feudal  England ;  O.  £.  C[olLa)ro6]'s 
Complete  Peerage,  r.  84-8.]  C.  L.  K. 

ROUPELL,  GEORGE  LEITH,  M.D. 
(1707-1854),  physician,  eldest  son  of  George 
Boon  RoupelT  of  Chartham  Park,  Sussex, 
and  his  wife  Frances,  daughter  of  Robert 
MH]!ulloch  of  Ohartham,a  master  in  chanoery, 
was  bom  on  18  Sept.  1707.  The  first  of  the 
family  who  settled  in  England  spelt  the  name 
Riipeil,  and  was  an  officer  in  William  IIFs 
army,  and  a  native  of  Hesse-OasseL  G^rge 
Leith  was  sent  to  Dr.  Barney's  school  at 
Greenwich,  and,  having  obtained  a  Tanored 
studentship  in  medicine,  entered  at  Gonville 
and  Cains  College,  Cambridge,  in  1816.  He 
took  no  degree  m  arts,  but  {graduated  M.B. 
in  1820^  became  a  licentiate  in  medicuie  in 
1824,  and  M.D.  in  1826,  and  on  SO  Sept. 
1826  was  elected  a  fellow  of  the  College  of 
PhTsicians.  He  was  a  censor  in  1820, 1887, 
ana  18^,  gave  the  Croonian  lectures  in  1882 
on  general  pathology,  and  in  1838  on  cholera. 
The  latter  course  was  published  in  the  same 
year.  After  some  practice  as  physician  to 
the  Seamen's  Hospital  Society  and  to  the 
Foundling  Hospital,  he  was  appointed  phy- 
sician to  St.  JBartholomew's  Hospital  on 
10  Jime  1884,  in  succession  to  Dr.  Edward 
Roberts.  He  published  in  1888 '  Illustrations 
of  the  EfiPects  of  Poisons,'  a  series  of  notes 
upon  drawings  made  by  George  McWhinnie,  a 
demonstrator  at  St.  Barthokmiew'B  HospitaL 
In  1887  he  read  before  the  College  of  Phy- 
sicians, and  afterwards  published,  'Some 
Account  of  a  Fever  prevalent  in  the  year 
1881.'  He  proposed  the  name  '  febris 
typhodes  rubeoloida '  for  this  epidemic  dis- 
ease, of  which  twelve  out  of  seventy-five 
cases  were  feital,  and  which  seems  to  have 
been  what  is  nowknownas  epidemic  cerebro- 
spinal meningitis,  a  disease  rare  in  England, 
but  well  known  in  Germany.  He  publiahed 
in  1880  <  A  Short  Treatise  on  Typhus  Fever,' 
based  on  observations  made  in  tne  wards  of 
St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  but^xmtaining 
more  extracts  from  other  writers  than  notes 
of  what  he  had  seen  in  his  own  practice.  The 
piost  interesting  observation  is  m  relation  to 
the  infection  oftyphus  being  conveyed  by  a 
corpse.  He  mentions  that  186  students  ot 
anatomy  at  St.  Bartholomew's  minutely 
dissected  seventeen  bodies,  in  which  the 
cause  of  death  was  typhus,  while  only  two 
took  the  disease,  and  these  were  auo  ex« 
posed  to  contact  with  living  patients.  In 
1888  he  sacceeded  to  his  father's  estates, 


Rous 


316 


Rous 


and  thenceforward  was  leas  active  in  prac- 
tice. He  contracted  cholera  at  Boulogne,  and 
died  in  Welbeck  Street,  London,  after  twenty- 
six  liours'  illness,  on  29  Sept.  1854.  He  was 
immarried.  He  bequeathed  some  ^rtraits 
and  books  to  St.  Bartnolomew's  Hospital,  and 
his  portrait  hangs  in  the  hall  of  its  college. 

[Gent.  Mag.  1854.  ii.  520-1 ;  Hunk's  Coll.  of 
Phys.;  Lancet,  October  185 4;  manuBcript records 
Bt.  Bartholomew's  Hospital ;  Works.]   N.  M. 

ROUS,  FRANCIS  (1679-1669),  puritan, 
fourth  son  of  Sir  Anthony  Kous  of  Halton 
St.  Dominick,  Cornwall,  by  his  first  wife, 
Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Thomas  Southcote, 
was  bom  atDittisham,  Devonshire,  in  1679. 
He  matriculated  from  Broadgates  Hall  (after- 
wards Pembroke  College),  Oxford,  on  6  July 
1693,  and  graduated  BA.  on  31  Jan.  1696-7. 
While  there  he  contributed  aprefatory  sonnet 
to  Charles  Fitz-Getfrey's  '  Sir  Francis  Drake 
his  Honourable  Life's  Commendation '  (1696), 
and  composed,  in  imitation  of  Spenser,  a  poem 
in  two  books,  entitled  'Thide,  orVirtue's  His- 
tory,' London,  1698,  4to.  A  facsimile  reprint 
of  this  very  rare  book  was  edited  for  the 
Spenser  Society  by  the  late  J.  Crossley,  Man- 
chester ,1878,  4to.  Rous  alsograduated  at  the 
uniTersity  of  Leyden  on  10  Feb.  1698-9.  In 
1601  he  entered  the  Middle  Temple,  but  soon 
afterwards  retired  to  Landrake,  Cornwall,  and 
occupied  himself  with  theological  study.  The 
first-fruits  of  his  labours  were  '  Meditations 
of  Instruction,  of  Exhortation,  of  Reprofs: 
indeavouringthe  Edification  and  Reparation 
of  the  House  of  God/  London,  1616, 12mo ; 
and  *  The  Arte  of  Happines,  consisting  of 
three  Parts,  whereof  the  first  searcheth  out 
the  Happinesse  of  Man,  tbe  second  particu- 
larly discovers  and  approves  it,  the  third 
sheweth  the  Meanes  to  attayne  and  increase 
it/  London,  1619  (also  1631),  12mo,  by 
which,  with  his  '  Diseases  of  the  Time  at- 
tended by  their  Remedies,'  1622,  8to,  and 
his  ^Chrl  of  Scorpions,'  1623,  8vo,  he  esta- 
blished among  the  puritans  the  reputation  of 
a  sound  divine.  In  1626  he  issued  a  reply 
to  Richard  Montagu's  '  AppeUo  Csesarem,' 
entitled  *  Testis  Yeritatis.  The  Doctrine  of 
King  James,  our  late  Soveraigne  of  Famous 
Memory,  of  the  Church  of  England,  of  the 
Catholicke  Church  plainly  shewed  to  be  one 
in  the  points  of  Irsedestination,  Freewill, 
Certaintie  of  Salvation.  With  a  Discovery 
of  the  Grounds  both  Natural  and  Politicke 
of  Arminianisme,'  London,  4to ;  and  in  1627 
a  hortatory  addrass  to  the  nation  at  large, 
entitled  'The  only  Remedy  that  cltn  Cure 
a  People  when  sll  other  Itemedies  Faile,' 
Ixmdon,  12mo. 

In  the  first  parliament  of  Charles  1, 1626- 


1626,  Rous  represented  Truro,  and  in  the 
second,  1628-9,  Tregony.  In  the  latter  he 
distinguished  himself  by  the  violence  of  his 
attacks  on  Dr.  Roger  Manwaring  [q.v.], 
Arminianism,  and  popery.  He  alro  repre- 
sented Truro  in  the  Short  parlianKsnt  of  1640, 
in  the  Long  parliament,  and  in  that  of  1654. 
In  the  Little  or  Barebones  parliament  of 
1668  he  sat  for  Devon^re,  and  in  the  pBr> 
liament  of  1666  for  Cornwall. 

In  the  Long  parliament  Rous  opened  Uie 
debate  on  the  legality  of  Laud's  new  canons 
on  9  Dec.  1640,  and  presented  the  articles  of 
impeachment  against  Dr.  Cosin  on  16  March 
1640-1.  On  the  constitution  of  the  West- 
minster assembly,  12  June  1643,  he  was 
nominated  one  of  its  lay  assessors,  and  on 
23  Sept.  following  he  took  the  covenant 
(RusHWOBTH,  BMorkal  CdUeetumSy  pt.  iii. 
vol.  ii.  pp.  837-480).  On  10  Feb.  1643-4he 
was  appointed  provost  of  Eton  CoUeffe.  He 
was  also  chairman  of  the  committee  for  ordi- 
nation of  ministers  constituted  on  2  Oct 
following,  and  a  member  of  Uie  committee 
of  appeab  appointed  under  the  ordinance  for 
the  visitation  of  the  university  of  Oxford  on 
1  May  1647.  On  16  July  1648  he  was 
sworn  of  the  Derby  house  committee. 

So  far  Rous  had  been  a  staunch  adherent 
of  the  presbyterian  party,  but  in  the  course 
of  1649  he  went  over  to  the  independents; 
and  in  1661-2  (February-March)  ne  served 
on  the  committee  for  propagation  of  the  gos- 
pel, which  framed  an  aoortive  scheme  for  a 
state  church  on  a  congregational  plan.  This 
project  was  revived  by  the  Little  parlia- 
ment, of  which  he  was  speaker  (6  July- 
12  Dec.  1663),  but  with  no  better  success. 
On  that  assembly  voting  its  own  dissolution, 
Rous  was  sworn  of  the  Protector's  council 
of  state.  On  20  March  1663-4  he  was  placed 
on  the  committee  for  approbation  of  public 
preachers ;  he  was  also  one  of  the  oominitt«e 
appointed  on  9  April  1666  to  discuss  the 
question  of  the  kingship  with  Oromwell,  by 
whom  he  was  created  a  lord  of  parliament 
in  December  1667.  He  died  at  Acton  in 
January  1668-9,  and  was  buried  on  the  24tb 
of  that  month  with  great  state  in  Eton 
College  chapel.  Portraits  of  him  are  at 
Pembroke  College,  Oxford,  and  Eton  Col- 
lege (cf.  Catalogue  Fint  Loan  Exhibition  at 
South  Kensington,  p.  182).  An  engraving 
by  Faithome  is  prefixed  to  the  1667  edition 
of  his  .'Treatises  and  Meditationa.'  By  his 
will,dated  18Marchl667-8,he  founded  three 
scholarshi]^s  at  Pembroke  College. 

Rous's  piety  was  of  an  intenaelT  subjectiTe 
cast,  as  appears  by  his  *  Myetioal  Marriage : 
or  Experimental  Discourses  of  the  Heavenly 
Marriage  betweene  a  Soule  and  her  Saviour^' 


Rous 


317 


Rous 


London,  1686,  18mo,  1658,  12mo;  and 
*Heft?eiily  Academie/  London,  1638,  IQmo, 
Both  thMe  tncts  were  reissued  in  a  Latin 
traaslttion  with  a  third,  entitled  '  Gbande 
Oracniiim,'  under  the  title  *  Literiora  B^iu 
DeVLimdon,  1655, 12mo ;  reprinted  in  1674, 
and  is  English,  in  a  collective  edition  of  his 
'l^tiMsand  Meditations,'  London,  1657, 
fol.  Other  works  hy  Rous,  all  of  which 
appeared  in  London,  are  the  following : 
1.  'Oitholicke  Charity:  complaining  and 
maintaining  that  Rome  is  uncharitable  to 
aondiy  eminent  Parts  of  the  Oatholicke 
Chaidi,'&c.,  London  1641,  4to.  2.  'The 
Ftebnes  of  David  in  English  Meeter/  1643, 
34nio;  1646, 12mo ;  a  version  approved  by 
the  Westminster  assembly,  autnorised  by 
parisament  for  general  use,  and  adopted  by 
the  committee  of  estates  in  Scotland,  where 
it  ttLU  retains  its  popularity.  8. '  The  Balme 
of  Love  to  heal  Divisions,'  &c.,  1648. 
4.  'The  Lawfulness  of  obeying  the  Present 
Goremment,'  &c.,  1649.  5.  <  The  Bounds 
and  fionda  of  Publick  Obedience,'  &c., 
1649,  4to.  6.  '  Mella  Patrum,'  &c,  1650, 
8to;  an  inaccurate  compilation  from  the 
iatherB.  His  more  important  parliamen- 
tary speeches  (partly  printed  in  Rushworth's 
'Bjstorical  Couections,*  pt.  i.  pp.  586  et  seq. 
ttui  645  et  seq.,  pt.  ii.  pp.  1362  et  seq.,  pt. 
iii.  ToL  i.  pp.  208  et  seq. ;  Oobbett's  'Par- 
liamentary History,'  ii.  448  et  se^.  and  in 
pamphlet  form)  are  preserved  with  other 
papers  by  or  concerning  him  in  manuscript 
at  the  British  Museum,  the  Cambridge  Uni- 
versity, and  the  Bodleian  Libraries. 

By  his  wife  Philippe  (bom  1575,  died 
^  Bee.  1657,  and  buned  in  Acton  church), 
Roaa  had  issue  a  son  Francis,  bom  at  Salt- 
ash  in  1615,  and  educated  at  Eton  and  Ox- 
ford, where  he  matriculated  on  17  Oct.  1634, 
and  was  elected  to  a  postmastership  at  Mer- 
ton  College  the  same  year.  He  afterwards 
mij^rated  to  Gloucester  Hall.  About  1640 
he  settled  in  London,  where  he  practised 
nedicine  until  Ids  death  in  or  about  1648. 
He  contributed  to  *  Flos  Britannicus  veris 
ooviaiimi  6liola  Carolo  et  Maryae  nata  xvii. 
Martii,'Oxford,  1686 ;  and  compiled  'Archaeo- 
logis  AtticiB  LibriTres,'  Oxford,  1637, 1645, 
4to;  third  edition,  with  four  additional  books 
bj  Zachary  Bogan  [q.  v.],  under  the  title 
'  AichasoloffiflB  Attics  Libri  Septem,'  Oxford, 
1649,  and  frequent  reprints,  the  last  (9th) 
edition  at  London,  1688, 4to. 

[FoBter's  Alumni  Oxon. ;  Nichols's  Progr. 
J&mea  I,L218;  Lyaons's  Magna  BritaDnia,  iii. 
78,  and  Environs  of  LoDdon,  ii.  6 ;  Wood's 
Mhnm  Oxon.  ed.  Bliss.  iiL  467 ;  Thule,  or  Vir- 
t^98  Historie  (Spenser  See.  1878),  Introduction ; 
Fitz-Otfiey'B  Affania,  1601,  pp.  69,  121,  167; 


Peacock's  Index  of  Eoglish-speaking  Students  at 
the  Leyden  University;  Manninghana's  Diary 
(Camd.  Soc),  p.  104 ;  Qaidiner's  HisL  Engl.  vii. 
35,  ix.  248  ;  Pari.  Hist.  ii.  377,  444,  726  ;  Cob- 
betfs  State  Trials,  iv.  23 ;  Wood's  Annals  of  Ox- 
ford, ed.  Gutch,  vol  ii.  pt  ii.  p.  604 ;  Baillie's  Let- 
ters (Bannatyne  Club),  ii.  198,  237,  iii.  07.  632, 
648;  Cal.  State  Papers,  Dom.  1648-9,  pp.90, 
130 ;  Whitelocke's  Mem.  pp.  81,  660, 666 ;  Auto- 
biography of  Sir  John  Bramston  (Camden  Soc.), 
LOO;  Somers  Tracts,  vi.  248;  Clarendon's 
bellion.bk.  xiv.§§  18-'21 ;  Burton's  Diary,  i. 
860 ;  Thurloe  State  Papers,  i.  338 ;  Noble's  Pro- 
tectoral  House  of  Cromwell,!.  400-2 ;  Granger's 
Biogr.  Hist,  of  Enriand,  2nd  edit.  iiL  107; 
Hanrood  8  Alumni  Etonenses ;  Diary  of  John 
Boos  (Can^en  Soc),  p.  5;  Brydges's  Besti- 
tuta,  ii.  240,  iii.  189,  ir.  7,  426-6;  Tig^e's 
Annals  of  Windsor,  iL  184;  Notes  and  Queries, 
Ist  ser.  ix.  440  ;  Lords'  Jbumals,  vi.  419,  yiii. 
277  ;  Hist.  MSS.  Comm.  4th  Rep.  App.  pp.  467, 
466,  6th  Bep.  App.  p.  6,  7th  Bep.  App.  p.  19,  8th 
Bep.  App.  pt.  i  p.  96 ;  Bayle/s  Catalogue  of 
Portraits  in  the  possession  of  Pembroke  College, 
Oxford;  Masson's  Life  of  Milton;  Carlyle's 
Oliver  Cromwell's  Letters  and  Speeches ;  Man- 
ning's lives  of  the  Speakers ;  Neal's  Puritans ; 
Chalmers's  Biogr.  Diet. ;  Rose's  Biogr.  Diet. ; 
Boase  and  Courtney's  Bibliotheca  Comubiensis.] 

J.  Ml  Xv. 

ROUS,  HENRY  JOHN  (1795-1877), 
admiral  and  sportsman,  bora  on  23  Jan.  1795, 
was  second  son  of  John  Rous,  first  earl  of 
Stradbroke,  by  his  second  wife,  Catherine 
Maria,  daughter  and  heiress  of  Abraham 
Whittaker,  esa.  Having  been  educated  at 
Westminster  School,  which  he  left  in  1607, 
he  entered  the  royal  navy  on  28  Jan.  1808 
as  a  first-class  volunteer  on  board  the  Royal 
William,  under  Captain  Courtenay  Boyle, 
the  flagship  of  Sir  George  Montague  at  Ports- 
mouth. Ill  February  1809  he  chanffed  to 
the  Repulse,  under  Captain  Arthur  £eg^; 
and  in  the  following  November,  after  having 
joined  in  the  Flushing  expedition,  he  be- 
came midshipman  on  board  the  Victory, 
bearing  the  flag  of  Sir  James  (afterwards 
Lord)  Saumarez  [q.  v.]  In  March  1811  he 
joinea  the  Tonnant,  under  Captain  Sir  John 
Gore,  and  in  the  same  year,  and  until  pro- 
moted to  the  rank  of  lieutenant  on  18  May 
1814,  he  served  in  the  Mediterranean  in  the 
Bacchante,  with  Captain  Sir  William  Hoste. 
On  the  night  of  31  Aug.  1812  he  joined  in  the 
cutting-out  boat  expedition  on  the  Istrian 
coast  to  seize  seven  Venetian  timber  vessels 
protected  by  the  French  cruiser  La  Tisi- 
phone  and  by  a  French  gunboat ;  both  these 
vessels  were  captured.  On  6  Jan.  1813  he 
took  part  in  a  boat  attack  made  by  the 
Bacchante  and  Weasel  on  five  gun-vessels 
ofl  Otranto.  The  same  year,  on  10  June,  he 
was  highly  commended  for  his  gallant  con« 


Rous 


StS 


Rous 


duet  wben  eommanding  the  Bacchante  yawl, 
which  attadced  teTeral  large  gunboats  lying 
under  the  g^una  of  Gela  NoTa.  Although 
exposed  to  a  very  heavy  fire  of  |frape  and 
musketry,  the  yawl  never  stopnea  until  she 
got  alongside  tne  enemy's  vessels^  which  her 
crew  boarded,  driving  oat  their  defenders 
with  great  loss.  In  1814  he  was  concerned 
in  the  taking  of  Bovigno,  and  of  the  strong 
fortresses  of  Gattaro  and  Rag[usa.  On  2  Aug. 
1817  he  was  appointed  to  his  first  indepen- 
dent command,  that  of  the  Podaiyus.  Ue 
removed  to  the  Mosquito  on  26  Jan.  1818, 
returning  in  her  to  England,  where  he  was 

faid  off.  His  next  appointments  were  in 
621  to  the  Sappho,  and  m  1822  to  the  Hind, 
and  in  April  1823  he  attained  the  rank  of 
post-captain.  From  July  1825  until  August 
1829  he  commanded  the  Rainbow,  from 
November  1834  until  the  end  of  1836  he 
was  commander  of  the  P^Que.  a  36-gan 
frigate,  which  ran  ashore  on  tne  coast  of 
Labrador  in  1835,  affording  him  an  oppor- 
tunity of  lowing  his  courage  and  resource. 
Writing  from  the  Pi^ue,  13  Oct.  1835,  to  the 
secreta^  of  the  admiralty,  he  stated  that  he 
'  left  Quebec  on  17  Sept.  1836,  and  stood  over 
on  the  22nd  to  the  Labrador  coast  to  avoid 
the  islands  on  the  opposite  side.  At  10.20  P.ic., 
while  the  officer  of  the  watch  was  reefing 
topsails,  the  master  and  myself  on  the  look- 
out|  the  ship  struck.  At  2  A.H.  the  wind 
freshened,  and  she  struck  again  very  heavily. 
.  .  .  Next  morning  found  us  in  full  sail  for 
England,  biit  on  the  27th  we  lost  our  rudder.' 
The  rudder,  which  had  been  damaged  when 
the  Pique  struck,  was  renewed  several  times 
after  being  carried  away,  until  at  last  on 
13  Oct.  the  Pique  anchored  at  St.  Helen's, 
having  run  fifteen  hundred  miles  without  a 
rudder,  and  requiring  to  be  pumped  every 
hour.  On  24  Oct.  1835  a  court-martial  was 
held  on  board  the  Victory,  and  Rous's  letter 
was  read.  The  j^roceedmgs  of  the  court- 
martial  fully  acquitted  Rous  and  Hemsley, 
the  master  (7¥me#,  27  Oct.) 

This  was  Kous's  last  cruise,  and  his  with- 
drawal £K>m  the  sea  left  him  at  liberty  to 
enjoy  the  one  sport  which  from  boyhood  to 
old  age  afforded  him  the  greatest  delist — 
horse-racing.  From  1836  until  he  died  no 
great  race  meeting  took  place  at  which  he 
was  not  present.  In  1821  he  and  his  elder 
brother  were  elected  membsrs  of  the  Jockey 
Club.  In  1838  he  became  a  steward  of  the 
club,  a  position  which  he  repeatedly  filled, 
and  for  which  no  man  was  better  fitted.  In 
strength  of  will  and  fearlessness  of  purpose 
he  hM  Yery  few  equals ;  his  one  aim  wss  to 
keep  the  turf  pure  and  awe  offenders.  During 
the  laat  thirty  years  of  his  long  life  he  was 


universally  regarded  as  dictator  of  the  turf. 
William  Day  says:  'The  admiml'a  bold  and 
manly  form,  erect  and  stately,  dressed  in 
a  pea-jacket,  wearing  long  bbiGk  boota  or 
leggings,  with  dog-'vniip  in  hand,  ready  to 
mount  his  old  bay  horse  for  the  course,  no 
matter  what  the  weather  might  be,  was  an 
imposing  si^t  at  Newmarket.'  Abont  1855 
his. assumption  of  the  post  of  pnblio  handi- 
capper  was  greeted  with  acclamation,  and 
throughout  Uie  racing  season  he  wa«  to  be 
seen  posted  on  the  top  of  the  stand  on  eveiy 
racecourse,  taking  notes  of  the  running  and 
condition  of  horses,  which  on  returning 
home  he  wrote  into  a  big  book,  posting  it  np 
as  strictly  as  a  merchant  keeps  his  ledjKer. 
The  first  notable  instance  of  his  being  called 
in  to  handicap  two  famous  horMS  for  a 
matdi  was  on  the  occasion  of  Lord  Eglin- 
ton's  Flying  Dutchman,  five  years,  meeting 
Lord  Zetland's  Voltigeur,  four  years,  at  York 
spring  races  in  1861,  when  the  admiral  made 
toe  older  horse  give  the  younger  8^  lb. 
Durinff  the  larger  portion  of  nia  racing 
career  ne  managed  and  made  all  the  matcbes 
for  the  Duke  of  Bedford's  sUble  at  New- 
market. For  many  years  he  wrote  letters 
to  the '  Times '  upon  racing  subjects,  which 
were  read  with  great  interest. 

Kous  entered  the  House  of  Commona  ad 
conservative  member  for  Westminster  in 
1841,  when  the  closeness  of  the  contest,  and 
the  fact  that  the  same  constituency  had  for 
half  a  century  returned  radicals,  showed  that 
his  election  was  due  to  his  personal  popu- 
larity. In  1846  he  was  appomted  a  lord  of 
the  admiralty  by  Sir  Robert  Peel,  but  retired 
from  parliament  in  the  same  year.  He  was 
promoted  rear-admiral  of  the  blue  on  17  Dec. 
1862,  of  the  white  (mil  Sept.  1854,  and  of 
the  red  on  12  April  1862 ;  admiral  of  the 
blue  on  26  Jan.  1863^  and  of  the  white  on 
16  June  1864.  He  died  on  19  June  1877, 
aged  82.  On  2  Jan.  1836  he  married  Sophia, 
daughter  and  heiress  of  James  Ramsay  Uuth- 
hart.    She  died  in  1871,  leaving  no  issue. 

[O'Byme's  Naval  Biogr.  Diet.;  Navy  List; 
R^.  Westminstfir  School,  ed.  Barker  and  Sten- 
niog ;  Black's  Jockey  Club ;  Field,  23  June  1877; 
Times,  20  June  1877  :  Daily  Telegraph,  20  June 
1877;  Day's  Turf  Celebrities;  A»tley'a  Fifty 
Years  of  my  Life  ;  Baily's  Magazine.]   F.  L. 

ROUS  or  ROSS,  JOHN  (1411P-1491>, 
antiquary  of  Warwick,  bom  at  Warwick 
about  1411,  was  son  of  Geffrey  Rous,  a  de- 
scendant of  the  Rowses  or  Rouses  of  Brinke- 
low,  Warwickshire.  His  mother  Margaret 
was  daughter  of  Richard  Fyncham.  He  was 
educated  at  Oxford.  He  numbered,  he  tells 
us,  among  his  fellow-students  there  John 
Tiptoft,  earl  of  Worcester,  and  John  Sej- 


Rous 


519 


Rous 


mour,  tfterwsrds  maater  of  the  works  of  the 
eollego  of  Windsor  {ffiatariOf  ed;  Heame, 
p.  5).   Bat  there  is  no  endence  for  Wood's 
statement  that  he  was  a  member  of  Balliol 
Colkg^f  or  that  he  became,  on  leaving  Ox- 
fonl,  eaaon  of  Oseney.    About  1445  he  was 
ippointed  a  priest  or  chaplain  of  the  ohantrj 
or  chapel  at  Uuy's  Qiffe,  formerly  called  Gihr 
cliff,  near  Warwick,  which  Richard  Beaur 
champ,  earl  of  Warwick  [q.  v.l,  biult  in  1423. 
There  Boos  resided  untO  his  death.  He  ocea- 
sionallj  left  his  hermitage  on  visits  to  neigh* 
boonng  towns  or  London.    In  1459  he  pre- 
sented to  the  parliament  sitting  at  Oov^iry 
a  petition  on  the  state  of  country  towns  and 
their  pillage  by  the  nobility,  but  it  failed  to 
attract  much  attention.    He  studied  the  re- 
cords at  the  Guildhall  in  London,  and  saw 
the  ekphsnt  brought  thither  by  Edward  lY. 
He  once  went  to  North  Wales  and  Anglesey 
to  consolt  Welsh  duronides.     History  and 
antiooitiesinterefited  him  firom  anearl^period, 
and  he  coDected  manuscripts  on  historical 
subiteta;  one  on  the  subjection  of  the  crown 
of  ooothuid  to  that  of  England  he  lent  to  his 
fiieod  John  fox«  bishop  of  Exeter. 

As  8  writer,  Rous  proved  more  laborious 
than  honest.  He  sought  to  make  his  re- 
SMTches  satisfy  the  political  party  in  power, 
Of  his  aeoonnt  of  the  earls  of  WarwioK— his 
patron's  ancestors — he  prepared  at  least  two 
TerBions,one  in  English  and  the  other  in 
Latin.  They  are  both  written  on  rolls  of 
puchment,  and  are  elaborately  illustrated 
with  the  portraits  and  heraldic  badges  not 
only  of  the  earls  of  Warwick,  bat  of  many 
British  and  English  kings  anterior  to 
Heiuy  VIL  The  texts  of  the  two  copies 
<iifier  in  their  political  complexion.  The 
esrlier  English  version,  which  was  prepared 
between  1477  (the  date  of  the  Duke  or  Clar 
leoce'a  death)  and  the  accession  of  Henry  VII 
in  1485,  is  strongly  Yorkist  in  tone,  and 
Richard  III  is  highly  commended ;  the  ori- 
^^  copy  of  the  version,  with  thirty-two 
lUastrationa,  now  belongs  to  the  Duke  of 
^Chester,  aadj  after  being  privately  printed 
as 'the  Rows  BoV  in  18^  was  published, 
with  sa  introduction  by  William  Goort- 
bope,  in  1859.  An  imperfect  copy  >is  in 
Lansdowne  MS.  882,  from  which  Heame 
printed  extracts  in  an  appendix  to  his  ^  Hie* 
toria  Ric«rdi  II '  (1 729).  A  better  transcript 
^  Robert  Glover  is  among  the  Ashmolean 
HSS.  8d9,  No.  8.  The  second  version  (in 
Latin),  ^epared  after  1486,  is  pronouicedly 
Uncastrian  in  tone,  and  was  intended  to 
attTaci  the  favour  of  Henry  VII.  It  has 
been  since  1786  in  the  Heralds'  CoUeoe  in 
Ixmdon,  and  some  of  the  drawinffs  have  been 
leproduced  from  it  iu  Dallaway^s  *  Heraldic 


Researches.'  Two  appear  in  Spicef  *s  *  Histoiy 
of  Warwick  Castle,  and  that  of  Richard  III 
in  Halstead*s  biOjlH^phy  of  that  king.  A 
tiamscript,  made  m  1636,  by  Bugdale,  who 
freely  used  all  Rouses  extant  collections  in 
his  '  Antiquities  of  Warwickshire,'  is  in  the 
Bodleian  Library  (Ashmol.  M8.  G.  2).  Some 
portions  are  printed  in  the  notes  to  Oourt- 
hope's '  Rows  Rol.* 

jRous's  'Historia  Reg^um  Anglisa'  was 
written  at  the  request  of  his  old  col^e  firiend, 
John  Seymour.  Seymour  was  anxious  to 
learn  the  exploits  of  kings  and  princes  who 
were  founders  of  churches  and  cities,  so  that 
he  mig^ht  select  subjects  for  statues  to  fill 
niches  in  St.  Georg^e's  Chapel,  Windsor,  then 
in  course  of  erection  unaer  Seymoui's  di- 
rection. Rous  dedicated  the  ^  Historia ' 
with  fuUome  flattery  to  Henrjr  VII.  It  is 
extant  in  manuscript  in  the  Bntish  Museum 
(Cotton.  MS.  Vesp.  A.  xii\  A  transcript 
supposed  to  have  been  maae  for  Archbishop 
ParJcer,  is  in  the  librarv  of  Corpus  Christi 
College,  Cambridge,  and  another  transcript, 
made  by  Ralph  Jennings,  is  now  in  the  Bod- 
leian Library.  The  latter  was  printed  by 
Heame  in  1716  (2nd  edit.  1746).  Rous 
brings  the  history  of  the  kinffs  of  England 
from  the  beginning  of  the  worla  to  the  birth  of 
Arthur,  eldest  son  of  Heniy  VII,  in  1486. 
He  displayed  no  critical  faculty.  In  his 
account  of  Britain  he  rejproduces  with  imagi- 
native embellishments  the  myths  of  Geo£Erey 
of  Monmouth.  Much  space  is  devoted  to 
the  early  history  of  his  own  university  of 
Oxford.  While  aasi^ing  the  oriffin  of  the 
dity  to  a  legendary  kmg  Mempric,lie  credits 
Kin^  Alfred  with  the  foundation  of  the  uni* 
versity. 

Rous  also  wrote  a  life  'of  Richard  Beau- 
champ,  earl  of  Warwick,  which  is  now  in 
Cotton.  MS.  J  ul.  E.  iv.  It  is  adorned  by  fiffcy- 
three  drawings  of  the  earl's  advraitures,  fol- 
lowed by  two  pages  of  pedigree  ornamented 
with  half-length  flg[ures  of  the  persons  men- 
tioned. All  the  designs,  with  Rous's  text,  are 
engraved  in  Strutt's '  Manners  and  Customs,' 
VOL  ii.  The  text  alone  figures  in  Hejime's 
'  Historia  Rioardi^'  1729,  if:  869-71.  Rous 
also  wrote  a  treatise,  'De  Epiacopis  Wi- 
gomisB,'  a  few  extracts  from  which  are  in 
Ashmolean  MS.  770,  f.  83.  The  work  is  lost ; 
but  a  quotation  from  it  is  preserved  in  Plot's 
'Natural  Histoiy  of  Staffordshire'  (p.  407). 
Leland  also  ascribes  to  him  works  on  the  an- 
tii^uity  of  the  town  of  Warwick,  on  the  anti- 
quity of  Guy's  Cliffe,  against  a  false  history 
of  the  university  of  Cambridge,  an  unfiniahed 
account  of  the  antiq^uities  of  the  En^lsh 
universities,  a  chronicle  which  he  entitled 
'  Verovicum,'  and  a  tract  on  giants,  especially 


Rous 


320 


Rous 


of  those  who  lived  after  the  flood  (Lbllbtd, 
CoUeetanea,  iy.  110, 211, 221).  None  of  these 
compontions  have  survived.  Hearne  states 
that  in  Queen's  CoUepe  Begister  H  [at  Ox- 
ibrd]  is  Dr.  Barlow^  memorandum  from 
Roes  of  Wtrwick's  hook,  entitled  '  Quatuor 
ifitates  Mundi/  <  which  hook  [Barlow]  does 
not  tell  us  where  to  he  found  '^  {Collectanea, 
Ozf.  Hist.  Soc.  ii.  44). 

Bous  died  on  24  Jan.  1491,  at  the  reputed 
•geof  eight7-one,andwas  huriedinSt.  Mary's 
Church,  Warwick.  He  left  his  library  to  that 
church,  and  seems  to  have  built  a  room  to  hold 
it  within  the  church's  •  precincts.  A  fine 
Uluminated  portrait  of  Bous — ^his^  dress  ap- 
pears to  he  that  of  a  canon — is  introduced 
into  his  roll  of  the  earls  of  Warwick  at  the 
hack  of  the  portrait  of  Edward  the  Confessor. 
Some  Latin  lines,  rehearsing  the  chief  &ct6 
in  his  career,  are  appended.  The  portrait  is 
reproduced  in  colours  in  the '  Bows  Bol,'  and 
in  black  and  white,  from  the  manuscript  <of 
the  Latin  version  in  the  Heralds'  CoUege,  in 
the  '  Qentleman*8  Magazine/  1845(pt.  i.  475). 

[Art  by  J.  G.  NiehoU  in  Gent.  Mag.  1845, 
pt.  i.  475  sq. ;  W.  Courtbope's  introduction  to 
the  Bowa  Bol,  1859 ;  lieland;  Bale;  Pita;  Tan- 
ner ;  Nicolaon'a  Hiatorical  Library.]        8.  L. 

ROUS^  JOHN  (1684>1644),  diarist, 
younger  son  of  Anthony  Rous  (1651-1631^, 
rector  of  Hessett,  Suffolk,  by  his  first  wife, 
Margery  (d,  1688),  was  baptised  at  Hessett 
on  S)  April  1584.  Admitted  pensioner  at 
Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  in  1598,  he 
graduated  M. A.  m  1607.  From  1601  Rons 
acted  as  amanuensis  to  his  father,  who  was 
yreeented  in  1600  to  the  joint  rectories  of 
Weeting  St.  Mary  and  Weeting  All  Saints, 
Norfolk.  Even  after  his  own  presentation, 
on  21  Sept.  1623,  to  the  adjoining  small  living 
of  Stanton-Downham,  Suffolk,  and  his  mar- 
riage, Rous  continued  with  his  &ther  unlal 
the  latt^s  death  in  June  1681. 

He  probably  passed  the  rest  of  his  life  at 
Brandon,  two  miles  from  Downham.  He 
paid  at  least  two  visits  to  London,  preached 
in  St.  Paul's  Cathedral  on  17  Nov.  1640,  and 
before  or  about  1638  was  at  (Geneva.  From 
1625  till  1641  he  kept  a  full  diary,  which  is 
alive  with  news  both  foreign  and  domestic, 
and  is  interspersed  with  comments  on  the 
weather,  the  crops,  and  the  affiurs  of  the 
petty  sessions,  where  he  sat  as  a  magistrate. 
He  copied  into  it  many  popular  smts  and 
eatirical  verses  of  the  time.  Many  of  these 
have  only  survived  in  Rous's  pages.  Not  a 
warm  partisan  on  either  side,  he  leaned 
lather  towards  the  cause  of  the  parliament. 

Rous  died  and  was  buried  at  Downham 
on  4  April  1644.    By  his  first  wife,  Susanna, 


he  had  three  dauchters,  baptised  between 
1615  and  1623  at  Weeting ;  by  his  second, 
Hannah,  two  more  daughters,  baptised  at 
Downham. 

Bous's  journal  was  edited  by  Mrs.  Everett 
Green  for  the  Camden  Society  in  1856.  llie 
manuscript  was  purchased  by  the  trustees  of 
the  British  Museum  in  1859  (Addit.  MS. 
22960).  Li  1871  another  and  earlier  portion 
of  a  manuscript,  unknown  to  Mrs.  Qreen, 
was  acquired  by  the  BritishMuseum,  and  was 
bound  with  the  former.  It  contains  entries 
made  in  1616  and  1617,  with  letters,  verses, 
and  prophecies  up  to  Uie  death  of  James  I 
in  1625.    There  is  little  in  strict  diary  form. 

[Boua'a  Biaiy,  1856.]  C.  F.  & 

ROUS,  JOHN  Qf.  1656-1695V  quaker, 
was  son  and  heir  of  Lieutenant-coloiielTho* 
mas  Rous,  a  wealthy  West  Lidian  planter, 
of  the  parish  of  St.  Philip,  Barbados,  and 
one  of  the  principal  landholders  in  the  island 
(Cat,  State  Papers,  Col.  Ser.,  America  and 
the  West  Indies,  1660-74,  p.  1101).  FaVher 
and  son  both  joined  the  quakers  before  Oc- 
tober 1656,  when  the  son  wrote  '  A  Warn- 
ing to  the  Inhabitants  of  Barbadoes,'  1656, 
4to.  The&ther  entertained  Ceorge  Fox  at 
his  house  for  three  months  in  1671,  and  mar- 
ried,for  his  second  wife,  a  Barfoadosqnakeress. 
He  was  fined  several  thousands  of  pounds 
weiffht  of  sugar  for  not  bearing  anna  and  not 
fumishinff  horse  and  man  to  the  troop  of 
island  miQtia.  He  died  before  October  1602. 

John  Rous  proceeded  to  Rhode  Island, 
America,  at  the  beffinning  of  October  1657 
to  preach  and  prosuytise.  The  laws  against 

Quakers  were  most  stringent.  Roua  and 
lumphrey  Norton  [q.  v.J  went  to  New- 
haven,  Plymouth,  to  plead  for  tolerance. 
They  were  arrested,  and  Rous,  for  reftiaing 
the  oath  of  allegiance,  was  flogged.  As 
soon  as  he  was  released  he  went  to  GoTemor 
Winthrop  at  Hartford,  Connecticut,  and 
there  disnuted  publicly  with  Samuel  Stone 
[q.  vj  Rous  says  (New  EtMkuute  Enaigny 
p.  5o) :  '  Amonff  all  the  colonies  found  we 
not  the  like  mo&ration  as  in  this.' 

About  the  beginning  of  July  1658  Rous 
and  Norton  arrived  at  Boston,  the  dav  after 
an  aged  quaker,  William  Brend,  had  been 
beaten  nearly  to  death  with  pitched  cords. 
They  were  thrown  into  prison,  but  Rous 
was  at  first  leniently  treated,  because  hia 
fa^er  was  known  and  respected.  He  was 
twice  flogged,  however,  berore  a  public  sub- 
scription to  pay  his  fine  settled  the  dispate. 
Five  weeks  later  Rous  returned  to  Boaton 
to  take  ship  for  Barbados,  but  he  was  imme- 
diat^y  arrested  and  carried  before  Governor 
Endecott,  who  sent  him  to  prison  (letter  to 


Rous 


J2I 


Rousby 


Mn.  FeO  from  Boston  prison,  S  Sept.  1668). 
On  the  7th  he  was  sentenced  to  liaye  lus 
light  ear  cat  off.  Contrary  to  law,  this  was 
done  not  in  a  public  place,  but  in  prison. 
After  six  weeks'  confinement  he  was  released 
on  7  Oct.  He  visited  the  islands  of  Nevis  and 
BarbedoBy  and  sailed  for  England  about  April 
i6S9L  Qnthevoyagehe  wrote,  with  Norton, 
'New England's  Ensign/  London,  1659, 4to. 
He  had  corresponded  with  Maroaret  Fell 
fq.vjfor  some  time,  and  now  made  her  ao- 

C'  anoe.    In  March  1661  he  married,  at 
hmore  HaU,    Ulrerston,    her   eldest 
daughter,  Margaret.    Settling  in  London, 
he  carried  on  business  as  a  "Vfeat  India  mer- 
chant St  the  Bear  and  Fountain,  Lothbury. 
His  familj  lived  at  Mile  End  until  he  built 
a  handaome  house  at  Kingston,  Surrey,  con- 
rerted  later  into  a  union-house,  and  since 
demoMed.    Gteorge  Fox  frequently  visited 
Hooahsre,  and  the  latter  managed  all  the 
monej  matters  of  Mrs.  Fox  and  the  Fell 
aisten.   He  visited  Barbados  in  1671,  and 
while  on  his  homeward  journey  was  taken 
prisoner  by  a  Dutch  privateer  and  carried  to 
opain,  whiere  he  bought  a  ship  to  bring  him 
home.   In  1678  he  took  his  wife  on  a  visit 
to  Barbados.    He  left  the  island,  with  the 
merchant  fleet,  about  February  1696,  and 
was  lost  at  sea  in  a  heavy  storm.    By  his 
TriU  (P.  C.  0.,  Irby,  103),  dated  20  Oct. 
1692,  and  proved  1695,  Rous  bequeathed  his 
Weat  Indian  estates  to  hb  widow,  and  after 
her  to  his  only  surviving  son,  Nathaniel 
(1671-1717),  who  marriea  Hannah,  daugh- 
ter of  Caleb  Woods  of  Guildford. 

Rons  wrote  a  few  pamphlets  in  oonjimo- 
^nwith  others  (Smith,  CatalogutofFrvrndi 
Booh,  iL  612) ;  but  it  was  less  as  a  writer 
md  preacher  than  as  a  man  of  wealth  and 
pnetical  judgment  that  he  exercised  an  in* 
fioenee  upon  the  early  organisation  of  the 
Society  of  Friends. 

[WebVs  Fells  of  Swarthmore,  pasaim ;  Bease's 
Safferinn,  ii.  917,  S81,  388,  852  (and  pp.  187, 
188,  and  180  for  his  father,  Thomas  Kona); 
Fox's  Journal,  ed.  1891,  ii.  131,  141,  146,  169, 
m  896,  896,  404,  418,  440,  468,  489 ;  Ply- 
moQth  Colony  Beeords,  iii.  140 ;  Boirden'a  Hiat 
c4  Friends  in  America,  i.  98,  117,  188 ;  BoyleTs 
£q|L  in  Aaaenca,  ii.  137;  Bishop's  Neir  Eng- 
iiBd  Judged,  pp.  68,  71,  72,  91,  92, 179,  226; 
^tii^B  IVnth  and  Innocence  Defended,  an 
Aosver  to  C.  Mather,  pp.  28,  26,  118,  150, 
187;  KmTa  Hist,  of  New  England,  i.  297; 
Ctow's  Hist,  of  Qnakera,  bk.  ii.  p.  134; 
S^el'a  Hist,  of  the  Rise,  &&,  i.  254-6; 
^varthmore  MBS.,  Devonshire  House,  where 
Buj  of  his  letters  are  preserred.  Among  the 
Bia&aseripts  of  the  Meeting  for  Snfforings  at  the 
laaM  plaee  is  a  letter,  datMt  Barbados,  16  Sept. 
l<Si6,  signed  by  Boos  and  othen,  to  General 

TOI*.   XVII« 


William  Staplton,  governor  of  the  Leeward 
Islands,  which  asked  for  toleration  for  qaakera, 
and  accompanied  a  considerable  parcel  of  the 
works  of  Fox,  Mn.  Fell,  Parnell,  and  others, 
for  distribution  among  the  governors  of  the 
West  India  and  other  islands.]  0.  F.  S. 

BOUSBY,  OLARA  MARION  JESSIE 
(1862  P-1879),  actress,  fourth  daughter  of 
Dr.  Dowse,  inspector-general  of  hospitals, 
was  bom  in  1852,  or  perhaps  two  or  three 
years  earlier,  at  Parkhurst  in  the  Isle  of 
Wight.  Her  father  was  an  Irishman,  and 
her  mother  a  Welshwoman.  After  Dr. 
Dowse's  retirement  he  lived  in  Plymouth, 
where  his  daughter  went  much  to  the  theatre, 
and  where  she  met,  and  early  in  1868  married, 
with  Roman  catholic  rites,  Mr.  Wybert  Rous- 
by, a  Jersey  manager  and  actor  of  some  re- 
pute in  the  provinces.  Husband  and  wife 
were  seen  acting  in  Jersey  by  Mr.  W.  P. 
Frith,  R.A.,  and  recommended  by  him  to 
Tom  Taylor  [q.  v.],  by  whom  they  were  in- 
duced to  come  to  London.  In  Taylor's  adap- 
tation of  *  Le  Roi  s'amuse,'  entitled  *  The 
Fool's  Revenge,'  they  made  at  the  Queen's 
Theatre,  Long  Acre,  their  first  appearance 
in  London  on  19  Dec.  1869,  Mrs,  Kousby  a& 
Fiordelisa,  and  Mr.  Rousoy  as  Bertuccio 
(Triboulet).  Mrs.  Rousby's  youth  and  good 
looks  won  speedy  recognition,  and  she  was 
immediately  and  generally  known  as  '  the 
beautiful  Mrs.  Rousby,'  obtaining  consider- 
able social  popularity.  Her  artistic  equip- 
ment scarcely  extended  beyond  food  Iooks 
and  a  musical  voice,  backed  up  oy  a  plea- 
sant girlishness  and  naturalness  of  style. 
On  22  Jan.  1870  she  was  at  the  Queen's 
the  original  Princess  Elizabeth  to  the  Ooup- 
tenay  of  her  husband  in  Taylor's  histori- 
cal adaptation  from  Mme.  Birch-Pfeiffer^ 
'Twixt  Axe  and  Grown.'  The  gentle  and 
graceful  aspects  of  the  character  she  fuUy^ 
realised,  and  she  exhibited  some  power  in  the 
stronger  scenes,  without,  however,  showinjBp 
the  nobler  aspects  of  the  heroine  Elisabeth^ 
character.  On  10  April  1871  she  was,  at  the 
Queen's,  Joan  of  Arc  in  Taylor's  play  so 
named.  In  this  she  looked  very  handsome 
in  armour,  and  came  on  the  stage  on  horse- 
back. Her  impersonation  of  the  character 
was  lacking  in  dignity.  A  scene  in  which 
she  was  shown  tied  to  the  stake,  the  faggots 
being  lighted,  caused  bv  its  painful  realism 
much  protest.  On  IS  Nov.  1873,  at  the 
Princess's,  she  was  the  first  Griselda  in  Miss 
Braddon's  play  so  called.  On  28  Feb.  1874, 
at  the  same  house,  she  was  the  original  Mary 
Stuart  to  the  John  Knox  of  her  husband,  in 
W.  G.  Wills's  <  Marv  Queen  of  Scots.'  At 
the  Olympic,  on  21  F^b.  1876,  she  reappeared' 
as  Mary  Btuart  in  '  The  Gascoui  or  Love  and 


Rouse 


3«» 


Rousseau 


liQfjit^/  ma  ftdaptatioii  from  tha  French  of 
Bttnite^  hj  W.  Mutkerry.  In  addition  to 
tbeM  p«tt8»  she  played  at  the  Qaeen's,  in 
f^ikiQary  1871,  Koaalind  in  'As  you  Uke 
ity*  in  April  1873,  at  Dnury  Lane,  Cordelia 
to  her  husband's  Lear,  and  in  May  1876 
MMwmwa^  in  a  revival  of  the  '  Wife'  of  She- 
ridan Enowlee.  In  Jersey,  where  her  hus* 
hand  was  lessee  of  the  theatre,  she  played, 
in  addition  to  the  pa^  named,  Ophelia  and 
Desdemona.  She  alaa  acted  with  her  husband 
in  Wales  and  in  tlie  north.  Her  last  per* 
formance  was  at  the  Queen's,  as  the  heroine 
of '  Madelaine  Morel,'  ui  adaptation  from  the 
G^erman  of  D.  E.  Bandmann,  first  produced 
on  20  April  1878,  and  speedilv  withdrawn 
after  gi vmg  rise  to  some  scandal  and  to  legal 
proceedings.  Shortly  afterwards  Mrs.  Bousby, 
whose  health  had  been  seriously  impaired, 
left  England,  under  medical  advice,  for  Wies- 
baden, where  she  died,  on  19  Sept.  1879. 
As  an  actress  she  never  acquired  firnmess  of 
touch. 

[Personal  knowledge;  private  information; 
Sunday  Times,  various  years;  Era,  27  April 
187d;  Faacoe's  Dramatic  List;  Datton  Cook's 
flights  at  the  Play;  Scott  and  Howard's  £.  L. 
Blancbard;  Era  Almanac,  ?arioas yean;  Notes 
and  Queries,  8th  ser.  ix.  18,  38,  231.]    J.  £. 

ROUSE  or  RUSSB,  JOHN  (1574-1652), 
Bodley's  librarian,  bom  in  Northampton- 
-shire  in  1574,  matriculated  at  Oxford  in  1591, 
•and  graduated  B.A.  from  Balliol  College  on 
81  Jan.  1599.  He  was  elected  fellow  of  Oriel 
College,  in  1600,  proceeding  M.A.  27  March 
1604  (Fo0T£B,  Alufnni  Oxoiu  early  ser.  iii. 
1290;  Oxf,  Univ.  Jteg.y  Oxf.  Hist.  Soc.,  vol. 
<ii.  nt.  ii.  p.  212,  pt.  iiL  p.  212). 

On  9  May  1620  he  was  chosen  chief  li- 
'brarian  of  the  Bodleian  Library,  at  which 
time  he  occupied  *  Cambye's  lodgmgs,'  once  a 
part  of  St.  Frideswide's  Priory.  He  after- 
wards sold  the  house  to  Pembroke  College  as 
«residencefor  the  master.  About  1635  ^use 
formed  a  friendship  with  Milton.  He  impor- 
tuned the  poet  for  a  complete  copy  of  his 
works  for  the  library,  and  Milton  in  1647  sent 
two  volumes  to  Oxford,  the  prose  pamphlets 
carefully  inscribed  in  lus  own  hand  '  to  the 
most  excellent  judge  of  books,'  and  a  smaller 
volume  of  poems  which  was  stolen  or  lost 
on  the  way.  To  this  circumstance  we  owe 
Milton's  mock-heroic  ode  to  House  (dated 
28  Jauu  1646-7)  inserted  in  a  second  copy, 
still  preserved  at  the  Bodleian  [cf.  art. 
Randolph,  Thoxas,  1605-1635]. 

Rouse's  leaning  was  towards  the  parlia- 
ment, but  he  was  not  a  strong  politician.  On 
one  occasion  his  prudent  measures  restrained 
acme  turbulent  spirits  who  were  bent  on 
breaking  open  Bodley's  ohest|  presumably 


for  the  use  of  the  parliament.  When  Crom- 
well visited  Oxford  in  1649,  Rou|»  made  a 
speech  at  the  banquet  in  the  library.  . 

He  appean  '  to  nave  dischaiged  his  trust 
in  the  IiDranr  with  faithfulness '  (Mi^OB^T, 
p.  56).  In  1645  he  refused  to  lend  King 
Charles  the  '  Histoile  Universelle  du  Sieur 
d'Aubiffn^,'  becsuse  the  statutes  fbrbfide  the 
removiu  of  9ttch  a  book  {ib,  p.  99).  The  Oer* 
man  professor  of  history  at  Nurembei^, 
Christopher  Arnold,  who  visited  Oxford  in 
August  1651,  call^him  inaletter  to  a  friend 
'a  man  of  the  truest  politeness.'  He  was 
also  praised  by  Lambecius  for  his  honesty 
and  truthfulness.  He  died  on  8  April  1652, 
and  was  buried  in  Oriel  College  ChnpeL  His 
portrait  in  clerical  dress  hangs  in  the  libraiy, 
to  which  he  beoueathed  ^/.  by  his  will. 
Rouse  wrote  a  dedicatorv  preface  to  a  collec- 
tion of  verses  addressed  to  the  IMnish  pro- 
consul, Johan  Cirenberg  (Oxford,  1681,  sm. 
4to).  He  also  issued  an  appendix  to  the 'Bod- 
leian OaUlogue'  in  1635  (ib.  pp.  56,  82-3). 

[Macray's  Annals  of  the  Bodleian  Library, 
pessim  ;  Shadwell'sBegistr.  Qrielanse;  Lalaaas 
ItiDerarv,  ed.  Beame,  v.  288 ;  Wood's  Athene 
Ozon.  ed.  Bliss,  ii.  68 1,  iii.  38,  iv.  834,  and  Fasti, 
ii.  1 17 ;  Masson's  Life  of  Milton,  i  626, 7S8ii.,  iiL 
644>50,  iv.  850,  ri.  689;  Foster's  Alnmni  Ozon. 
early  ser.  iii.  12,  90 ;  Burrows's  Visitation  of  Ox- 
ford, p.  536;  Wood's  Hist.  Univ.  Oxford,  ed. 
Gutch,  ii.  205,  565,  611.620,625,  713,  944,  951, 
and  his  Antiq.  of  the  Colleges  and  Halls,  pp. 
135, 623 ;  Hearne's  Collections,  i.  291,  iii.  18,  89, 
856,  864.]  C.  F.  S, 

ROUSSEAU,  JACQUES  (1626-1694), 
painter,  bom  in  raris  in  1626,  was  inatructed 
m  landscape-painting  by  Herman  van  Swane- 
velt,  the  famous  Dutch  painter,  then  resident 
in  Paris,  who  was  connected  with  him.  bv 
marrisge.  At  an  early  age  he  went  to  Rome 
and  acQuired  great  skill  in  the  fashionable 
style  ot  combining  classic  arehitectnre  and 
landscape.  On  his  return  he  was  eLscted  a 
member  of  the  French  academy,  and  em- 
ployed by  Louis  XIV  at  Marly ;  but  on  the 
revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes,  being  a 
protestant,  he  left  France  for  Switzerland, 
and  declined  the  overtures  of  Louvois  to  re- 
turn and  complete  his  work.  He  then  went 
to  Holland,  and  thenoe  to  Enffland,  at  the 
invitation  of  Ralph,  duke  of  Montagu,  for 
whom,  in  conjunction  with  De  la  Fosse  and 
Monnoyer,  he  decorated  Montagu'  House, 
Bloomsbury  (afterwards  the  British  Museum). 
For  this  work  he  received  an  annuity  from 
the  duke.  Rousseau  was  employed  by  Wil- 
liam ni  at  Hampton  Court,  where  some  of 
his  decorative  panels  still  remain.  He  was  a 
prominent  member  of  the  French  refugee 
I  settlement  in  London,  and  on  his  death,  which 


Rousseau 


3«3 


Routh 


took  vhboe  in  Soho  Sqnaie,  London,  in  1694, 
he  left  wMnj  charitable  beaefactiona  for  the 
benefit  of  nia  fellow-refugees.  He  etched 
Mine  of  hia  own  landscapea  in  a  spirited 
fashioiL  A  portrait  of  Kousseau,  by  Claude 
Lefebre,  wma  formerly  in  the  possession  of 
the  Earl  of  Burlington. 

[WakK^e**  Anecdotes  of  Painting,  ed.  Wor- 
oam ;  £iedg;niT6'8  Diet,  of  Artists ;  De  Piles's 
LiTM  of  Uie  B^iiiteiB ;  Dussieax's  Artistes  Fran- 
9aJs  i  r^tntnger ;  Law's  Gatalogoe  of  the  Pic- 
toref  St  Hampton  Goart.]  L.  0. 

BOVSSKAXJ,  SAMUEL   (1768-1620), 

frinter  and  orientalist,  bom  in  London  in 
76S,  waa  the  eldest  son  of  Philip  Rousseau, 
St  (me  tine  a  fellow-workman  with  John 
Kichoia  aft  Bowyer's  raess.  At  the  end  of 
kis  life  Philip  waa  a  oowyer  annuitant  of 
the  Company  of  Stationers  (Nichols,  Lit 
AneodotUf  iii.  288).  He  was  a  cousin  of 
Jean  Jaeques  Rousseau,  who  refers  to  him 
as  being  'eonnu  pour  bon  parent  et  pour 
honnte  homme '  {Carreapondanoef  1826,  iii. 
317).  Bamnel  Rousseau  serred  his  appren- 
ticeship in  Nichols's  printing  office,  and 
taught  himself  Latin,  Greek,  Hebrew,  Syriac, 
Pernan,  and  Ajrabio,  as  well  as  several 
modem  langua^pBs.  A  few  years  after  the 
expiration  of  his  apprenticeship  he  started  a 
pnnting  ofiSce  in  Tieather  Lane,  Holbom, 
sad  afterwards  remoyed  to  the  '  Arabic  and 
Peraian  Press,'  Wood  Street,  Spa  Fields, 
where  most  of  his  oriental  books  were 
printed.  For  a  short  time  he  was  master  of 
Joy's  charity  school  in  Blackfiriars.  £fe 
taught  Peraian.  As  a  printer  he  was  un- 
saoceasfnl,  and  towards  the  end  of  his  life 
did  Hterarr  hack-work  for  the  booksellers. 
Bouaseaa  died  in  Ray  Street,  Clerkenwell, 
on  4  Dec.  1820,  aged  67. 

His  chief  publications  were:  1.  'The 
FlowciB  of  Penian  Literature,  containing 
extracts  from  the  most  e^ebrated  authors/ 
London.  1 801 ,  4to.  2. '  Dictionaiy  of  Moham* 
andan  Law,  Bengal  Revenue  l^rms,  Shan- 
scrit,  Hindoo,  and  other  Words  used  in  the 
East  Indies,'  1802, 8vo.  3.  'yocabular:^  of  the 
Peraiaa  Language,'  1802, 8vo ;  issued  in  1808 
with  a  nerw  title-nage,  *  of  use  to  those  who 
cannot  obtain  the  larger  work  of  Richardson ' 
(see  A.  GLaKKB,  BibL  Afiac,  1 283).  4. '  The 
Book  of  Knowledge  or  Grammar  of  the  Per- 
san,'  1805, 4to  ('contains  a  great  variety  of 
iiaefiilinfi»nnation,'CLABXB,i.281).  6.'Puno- 
toation,  or  an  Attempt  to  facilitate  the  Art 
of  Pointing/ 1813,  sul  8vo  ;  said  to  be  taken 
without  acknowledgment  from  Robertaon's 
WDfk  am  the  same  subject  (see  JBuwr.  Diet 
^LMmg  Autk^s,  1816,  p.  301).  6. '  Essay 
on  Punctuation/  1815,  sm.  8vo.    7.  '  Prin- 


ciples of  Punctuation,'  1818, 8vo,    8.  'Prin« 
ciples  of  Flooution,'  1819,  8vo. 

[NiehoWs  inustr.  Lit  Hist  1868,  viu.  49i- 
495  ;  Gent  Mag.  1820,  ii.  669.]        H.  R.  T. 

ROUSSBBL,  THEODORE  (1614-1689), 
portrait-painter.    [See  Rus8BL.j 

ROUTH,  BERNARD  (1695-1768),  Irish 
Jesuit,  son  of  Captain  William  Rothe  {d. 
1710)  by  Margaret  O'Dogherty,  was  bom  at 
Kilkenny  on  11  Feb.  1694-5.  His  father 
was  great-grandson  of  Robert  Rothe  [q.  v.], 
the  antiquary.  Bernard  entered  the  Society 
of  Jesus  on  1  Oct.  1716,  and  was  professed 
of  the  four  vows  on  2  Feb.  1733-4.  He  de- 
voted himself  to  the  career  of  teaching,  and 
for  manv  years  he  was  a  professor  in  the 
Irish  College  at  Poitiers,  where  he  composed 
several  works  which  prove  his  erudition  and 
critical  discernment.  His  superiors  after- 
wards summoned  him  to  Paris,  and  from  1739 
to  1743  he  was  on  the  editorial  staff  of  the 
'  Journal  de  Tr^vouz.'  With  the  assistance  of 
Father  Castel,  one  of  his  religious  brethren,  he 
administered  to  Montesquieu  the  consolations 
of  rdiffiott,  but  the  charge  that  he  attempted, 
after  the  death  of  Mont^uieu,  to  obtain  pos- 
session of  his  manuscripts  is  baseless.  Suard, 
who  was  present  on  theoocaaion,  directly  con- 
tradicted this  story.  On  the  suppression  of 
the  Society  of  Jesus  in  France  in  1764,  RouUx 
withdrew  to  Mens  in  Belgium,  where  he  be- 
came confessor  of  the  Prmcess  Charlotte  de 
Lorraine.  He  died  at  Mons  on  18  Jan.  1768. 
His  works  are :  1.  '  Ode  k  la  Reine,'  4to, 
This  is  in  the  collection  of  poems  published 
by  the  Collie  Louis  le  Grand  on  the  oc- 
casion of  the  marriage  of  Louis  XY  in  1725. 
2.  '  Lettres  Critiques  sur  "  les  Voysfes  de 
GyruB  " '  of  Andrew  Michael  Ramsay  [q.v.l 
Paris,  1728, 12mo.  3.  '  Suite  de  la  nouvelle 
Oyrop6die,  ou  Reflexions  de  Cyrus  sur  ses 
Voyages,'  Amsterdam,  1728, 8vo.  4. '  Lettres 
critiques  it  M'  le  oomte  *  *  *  sur  le  Paradis 
Perdu  et  Reoonquis  de  Milton  nar  R.  *  *,' 
Paris,  1731 ;  this  work  is  reprintea  at  the  end 
of  the  French  translation  of '  Paradise  Lost ' 
by  I>upr6  de  Saint-Maur,  3  vols,  1775.  5.  *  Re- 
lation fidMe  dea  troubles  arrives  dans  Tern- 
§ire  de  Pluton,  au  sujet  de  Fhistoire  d^ 
ethos,  en  quatre  lettres  6crites  des  Champs 
61is6e8  k  M.  rabb6  *  *  [Terrasson]«  auteur  de 
cette  histoir^,' Amsterdam,  1731,  8vo,  Paris 
[1743  P].  6.  'Recherches  sur  la  mani^re 
ainhumer  des  Anciens  k  I'occasion  des  Tom- 
beaux  de  Civaux  en  Poitou,'  Poitiers,  1738^ 
12mo,  a  rare  and  intereetixig  dissertation. 
7. '  Noticia  de  la  muerte  de  M!pi;iteschiu '  ma- 
Auscript  (Fe*  75)  in  the  library  at  Madrid. 
8.  *  Lettre  sur  la  trag^die  d'Osarpnia/  in  the 
collected  works  of  the  Abb6  NaoaL  voL  iii, 

t2 


Routh 


324 


Routh 


Bouth  WAS  entrusted  with  the  task  of 
continuing  Catrou  and  Rouill6's  'Histoire 
Romaine,  but  he  wrote  onljvoL  xzL  (Paris, 
1748, 4to). 

[De  Backer^B  BibU  da  la  Gompagniade  J^ns, 
(1872)  iL  1080,  (1876)  iii.  400;  Dreox  de 
RadiCT^s  BibL  HJstoriqiie  at  Critiq[ne  dn  Poitou 
(1842-40),  it  891 ;  Hogan's  Chronologieal  List 
of  Irish  Jesuits,  p.  67;  NooTella  Biogr.  Qin^ley 
xlii.  787.]  T.  a 

BOUTH,  Mbs.  MARTHA  (174S-1817), 
quakeress,  youngest  child  of  Henry  and  Jane 
Winter  of  Stourbridge,  Worcestershire,  was 
bom  there  on  25  June  1743,  and  early  adopted 
the  dress  and  bearing  of  the  quakers.  At 
seyenteen  she  became  teacher  in  a  Friends' 
boarding-school  at  Nottingham,  and  at  the 
age  of  twenty-four  succeeded  to  the  poet  of 
principal.    After  a  mental  struggle  she  first 

J>reached  four  years  later,  and  was  '  acknow- 
edged  a  minister'  in  1778.  She  married 
Richard  Routh  of  Manchester  on  7  Aug. 
1776  at  Nottingham,  relinquished  her  school, 
and  deyoted  herself  to  the  ministry.  Before 
1787  she  trayelled  through  Wales,  Scotland, 
the  north  of  England,  and  to  the  Land's 
End.  Two  years  after  she  passed  six  months 
in  Ireland.  On  21  July  1794  she  embarked 
from  London  on  a  protracted  missionary 
tour  to  America.  Not  content  with  yisiting 
all  places  inhabited  by  Friends  in  the  New 
England  states,  she  trayelled  through  Vir- 
ginia and  North  Carolina,  crossed  the  Al- 
leghany mountains,  and  trayersed  parts  of 
Ohio  and  Kansas.  In  little  oyer  three 
years,  she  says,  she  trayelled  eleyen  thou- 
sand miles,  and  neyer  failed  at  a  single  ap- 
pointed meeting,  although  the  difficuuies  of 
crossing  riyers  and  driyin^  oyer  rough  un- 
bro^n  country  seyerely  tried  her  strength. 
On  the  yoyage  home  in  the  winter  of 
1797,  the  ship  was  boarded  hj  French  pri- 
yateers.  In  1804,  after  sixty-six  days'  pas- 
sage, she  again  reached  New  York  with  her 
husband.  The  latter  died  there  shortly 
afterwards,  and  at  the  end  of  a  year  Mrs. 
Routh  returned  to  England.  Her  last 
journeys  were  made  in  1808  and  1809, 
throu^n  Wales,  Somerset,  and  the  northern 
counties  of  England  She  still  preached  with 
power.  After  attending  the  yearly  meeting 
in  London,  she  died  at  Simon  Bailey's  house 
in  Spitalfields  on  18  July  1817,  and  was 
buried  at  Bunhill  Fields. 

Martha  Routh  edited  <  Some  Account  of 
a  Diyine  Manifestation '  in  Christopher  Tay- 
lor's school  at  Waltham  Abbey,  Essex;  Phila- 
delphia, 1797, 8vo  (reprinted,  London,  1799, 
12mo).  In  her  seyenty-first  year  she  com- 
menced to  write  her  journal,  portions  of  which, 
with  a  memoir,  were  published  at  Yoric  in 


1822, 12nio  (2nd  ed.  1824;  reprinted  in  yoL 
xiL  CKf  the  *  Friends'  Libraiy,'Philadelphia, 
1848). 

[Memoir  aboye  mentioned;  Smith's  Catalpgne, 
ii.  518.]  C.  F.  8. 

BOUTH,  MARTIN  JOSEPH  (1765- 
1854),president  of  Magdalen  College^  Oxftxd, 
the  eldest  of  the  thirteen  children  of  Peter 
Routh  (1726-1802),  rector  of  St.  Peter's  and 
St.  Margaret's,  South  Elmham,  Suffolk,  was 
bom  in  his  fatiier's  rectory  on  18  Sept.  1755 
(Efbooit).  His  mother  was  Mary,  daughter 
of  Robert  Reynolds  of  Harleston,  Suffolk,  and 
a  descendant  of  Dr.  Richard  Baylie  (d,  1667)^ 

S resident  of  St.  John's  OoUege,  Oxford,  and 
ean  of  Salisbury,  who  mairied  a  nieoe  of 
Archbishop  Laud.  When  Martin  was  about 
three  years  old  his  father,  who  was  an  excel- 
lent scholar,  mipated  to  Beccles,  Suffolk,  and 
there  kept  a  pnyate  school,  at  which  Routh 
receiyed  his  early  education.  Peter  Routh 
was  subsequently  appointed  master  of  the 
Fauconberge  grammar  school  at  Becdea. 

Martin  entered  Queen's  College,  OidTord, 
as  a  commoner,  and  on  24  July  1771  was 
elected  a  demy  at  Magdalen  College  on  the 
nomination  of  the  president.  Dr.  Georse 
Home  [q.  y.]  He  graduated  B.A.  on  5  Fen. 
1774,  and  was  elected  to  a  fellowship  at 
Magdalen  on  25  July  1775.  He  continued 
to  reside  there,  and  did  some  tutorial  work. 
He  proceeded  M.A.  on  28  Oct.  1776,  reoeiyed 
deacon's  orders  on  21  Dec.  1777,  was  ap- 

Sointed  college  librarian  in  1781,  was  junior 
ean  of  arts  1784r-5,  and  senior  proctor  in 
1784,  and  in  1786  took  the  degree  of  BJ). 
His  learning  in  ecclesiastical  matten  was 
recognised  outside  the  uniyersi^.  H^  had 
acted  as  tutor  to  one  of  Lora-chaneellor 
Thurlow's  nephews,  and  when  the  American 
delegates  came  to  England  in  1783  with 
ntference  to  the  foundation  of  a  natiye  epi- 
scopate, the  chancellor  adyised  them  to  con- 
sult Routh.  He  dissuaded  them  from  ap- 
plying to  the  Danish  bishops,  and  reoonk* 
mended  them  to  seek  episcopal  auooennoa 
from  the  bishons  of  the  disestablished  chnrch 
of  Scotland  (BuBeov,  Lives  qf  Twelve  Oood 
Men,  App.  C,  2nd  edit.)  In  1784  he  pub- 
lished an  edition  of  the  'Euthydemus'  and 
'  Gorgias '  of  Plato,  with  notes  and  yarious 
readings,  and  then  turned  his  attention 
mainly  to  patristic  learning,  beginning  to 
prepare  his '  ReliquisB  Sacrse,'  a  collection  of 
the  fragmentary  writings  of  the  less  known 
ecclesiastical  fiuthors  of  the  second  and  third 
centuriee.  This  work  was  interrupted  about 
1790,  taken  up  again  in  1805,  and  then  par- 
sued  imtil  the  appearance  of  the  first  tw^o 
yolumes  in  1814. 


Routh 


335 


Routh 


Heme,  the  prendent  of  Magdalen,  having 
been  oonsecrated  to  the  see  of  Norwich  in 
1790^  rnigned  the  presidentehip  in  April 
1791,  tad  on  the  S8th  Roath  was  dected 
pnodent,  and  graduated  D.D.  on  6  Jnl  J.  Hie 
TOungMt  eister,  Sophia,  came  to  liye  with 
Win  1708,  and  kept  hie  house  until  her  mar- 
ritge  to  Dr.  Thomea  Sheppaid.   He  was  hoe- 
pitaUeandsoeiahle.  Among  his  friends  were 
osnniel  Than  [j.  y.}  and  Porson,  and  he  took 
aaaetifeptrt  in  raising  suhecriptions  for  the 
ben^ofooth.  He  caused  Parrs  books  to  he 
reoeiTed  and  kept  in  safety  at  Magdalen  when 
the  BirminghaTn  people  threatened  to  bum 
then.  In  1810  he  was  instituted  to  the  valu- 
ihle  rectory  and  yicarage  of  Tilehurst,  near 
Beeding,  Rerkahire,  in  succession  to  his  friend 
Baehud  Cliandler  (1788-1810)  [q.  rX  on 
the  meentatioii  of  his  brother-m-la w,  Shep- 
paid, end  on  36  Aug.  veoeired  priest's  orders, 
thirty-three  years  sifcer  he  had  oeen  ordained 
deeoon.  It  was  said  that  this  delay  was  caused 
by  ooneeieDtioiis  scruples  on  his  part,  but  he 
attnbnted  it  to  his  not  haying  before  accepted 
toy  church  preferment.  He  resided  at  Tile- 
hunt  daring  three  months  of  the  Oxford  ya- 
catioBB  in  each  year,  and  made  no  secret  of 
•Iwiye  preaching  there  from  Townson's  ser> 
noDs,  iHiieh  he  used  to  abridge  to  a  quarter 
of  tn  hooi's  length,  telling  his  nephew,  who 
yru  his  curate,  that  there  were  no  better  sei^ 
moBs,  and  that  the  people  could  not  hear  them 
too  often  [see  TowmoN,  Thoxab]. 

In  old  age  his  mental  powers  remained 
uniopsired.  Although  for  many  yean  be- 
fore his  dei^  he  did  not  appear  in  public  at 
Ozfoid,  hia  hodily  powers  were  slow  to 
deesy;  in  his  ninety-fourth  year  he  could 
viJk  six  miles.  Keyer  ahoye  the  middle 
height,  hia  frune  had  then  shrunk  to  a  small 
axe,  and  he  was  much  bent.  In  1846  he  had 
Ueome  slightly  deaf.  He  died  after  a  few 
dsTs*  illness  in  hia  lodgings  at  Magdalen,  in 
fw  possession  of  his  mental  faculties,  in  his 
hundredth  year,  on  22  Dec.  1864,  haying 
heea  president  of  the  college  for  sixty-three 
feus.  He  was  huried  in  the  college  chapel, 
vhere  there  is  a  portrait  of  him  in  a  brass. 
On  18  Sept.  1^0  he  married,  at  the  age  of 
iixty-fiye,  at  Walcot  church,  Bath,  Eliaa 
Agaes,  daughter  of  John  Bliupraye  of  Calcot 
Paik,  Tilehoist,  aged  80.  He  left  no  chil- 
dfen,  and  died  intestate,  not  haying  signed 
«  will  that  he  had  caused  to  be  prepared. 
Hie  wife  auryived  him,  and  died  on  z8  March 
1369.  In  1847  Queen's  College,  Oxford, 
o&ied  him  10,000/.  for  his  library,  but  he 
Tefbeed  to  part  with  his  books  during  his 
lifetime.  In  pursuance  of  a  deed  of  gift 
executed  in  1852  his  printed  books — chiefly 
theokgical  or  historical— which   included 


many  rarities,  with  a  fine  collection  of  pam- 
phlets of  the  seyenteenth  and  eighteenth 
centuries,  passed  on  his  death  to  the  uniyer- 
sity  of  Duniam.  His  manuscripts  wwe  sold 
by  auction  in  July  1866,  Sir  Thomas  Phil- 
lippB  [q.y.]  buying  many  of  the  most  y^uable. 
Routh  was  pre-eminently  a  man  of  learn- 
ing ;  hia  life  was  spent  in  painstaking  research. 
When  requested  in  1847  to  giye  a  younger 
man  some  precept  which  should  represent 
the  experience  of  his  long  and  studious 
career,  ne  replied  'Always  yeriiy  your  re- 
ferences' (BuBGOK,  p.  78).  His  works  are 
distinguished  by  profouna  erudition,  critical 
ability,  sagacity,  accuracy,  and  deamess  of 
expression.  lus  opinions  were  strictly  or- 
thodox ;  his  sympathies  were  with  the  hi(^- 
church  party ;  he  admired  J.  H.  Newman  and 
Pusey,  and  rejoiced  in  the  reyiyal  of  diurch 
feeling  with  which  they  were  connected. 
But  he  yiewed  ecclesiastical  matters  as  a 
scholar  rather  than  as  a  partisan,  and  though, 
after  a  long  absence  from  public  fimctions, 
he  appeared  in  1886  in  the  Sheldonian 
theatre — where  he  was  greeted  with  general 
applause — at  a  meeting  of  conyocation  to 

Sttition  against  the  appointment  of  Dr.  Renn 
ickson  Hampden  ^q.  r.l  to  the  regius  pro- 
fessorship of  diyinity,  he  did  not  take  a 
prominent  part  in  the  religious  questions 
that  agitated  the  uniyersity.  In  early  life, 
while  stron^i^l^  loyal,  he  professed  a  theo- 
retical jacobitism ;  practically  he  was  a  tory^ 
so  far  as  he  caiea  for  pohtics.  He  was 
kindly,  courteous,  and  oieerful,  ouick  at 
repartee,  and  with  much  quiet  numour. 
His  temper,  thouffh  choleric,  was  generous, 
and  he  was  libend  in  his  gifts.  A  loyer  of 
old  ways,  he  always  clung  to  his  wig  and  to 
the  fashion  in  dress  of  his  youn(|[er  days. 
He  was  deeply  grieyed  hy  the  umyersities 
commission  of  1864. 

Portraits  of  Routh,  besides  the  one  in 
brass,  are  (1)  by  Thompson,  without  sit- 
tings, as  he  appeared  in  the  college  chapel, 
engrayed  by  Lucas,  in  the  college  school; 
(2)  hy  Thompson,  from  sittings,  for  Dr.  J.  R. 
Bloxam ;  (8)  by  Thompson,  in  possession  of 
the  president  of  Magdalen ;  (4^  by  Thomp- 
son, in  the  Bodleian  Gallery ;  (6)  by  Hartt- 
man,  in  1860,  engrayed,  inpriyate  possession ; 
(6}  by  W.  H.  Pickersgill,  in  1860,  in  the 
college  hall,  engrayed  by  Cousins;  (7)  a 
crayon  drawing,  from  a  daguerreotype 
(19  Sept.  1864)  in  possession  of  Baroness 
Burdett-Goutts,  unsatisfactory  ;  (6)  the 
sketch  for  Pickersgill's  picture,  obtamed  by 
Bloxam,  and  used  for  the  engraying  in  Bur- 
gon's '  Liyes  of  Twelye  Grood  Men'  (Bloxam). 

Routh's  published  works  are :  1.  His  edi- 
tion of  the  *  Euthydemus  *  and  '  Gorgias '  of 


Routh 


3«6 


Rdutledge 


Plato,  8yo,  Oxford,  1784.  2.  *  BeliquuB 
jacrtB  aiyo  suetonim  fero  jam  perditoruQi 
aecundi  tertiiqueseculi  post  Ghiiatum  natum 

?ue  supersont/  4  vols.  Svo,  Oxford,  1814r- 
818 ;  Uie  first  two  ia  1814,  tho  third  in 
1815,  the  fourth  in  1818.  Routh  added  a 
4ifth  volume  in  1848,  and  brought  out  a 
jseoond  edition  of  the  first  four,  the  whole 
in  6  vols.  8yo,  1846-8.  3.  An  edition  of 
Burnet's  '  Histoir  of  his  own  Time,'  with 
,notee  hj  the  Earls  of  Dartmouth  and  Hard- 
wicke,  and  obserrations,  6  toIs.  8yo,  Ox- 
ford, 1828 ;  a  second  edition,  1888.  4.  'Scrip- 
torum  eoclesiasticorum  opuscula  pnecipua 
quedam,'  2  vols.  8vo,  Oxford,  1882 ;  a  second 
•edition,  1840,  re-edited  (anonymously)  by 
Dr.  WilUam  Jacobson  m.  v.],  bishop  of 
Chester,  1868.  5.  An  edition  of  Burnet's 
'History  (xf .  the  Reign  of  James  II,'  with 
additional  notes,  8vo,  Oxford,  L852.  6.  'Tres 
breves  Tractatus,'  containing  '  De  primis  epi- 
soopis,'  '  S.  Petri  Alexandnni  episoopi  firag- 
menta  quaadam,'  and  'S.  Iren»i  illustrata 
PTcrtf ,  in  qua  ecdesaa  Romana  commemo- 
ratur,'  8vo,  Oxford,  1868.  He  wrote  a  large 
number  of  Latin  inscriptions,  four  of  whidi 
are  given  in  the  pages  of  Burgon's  'Life' 
and  twenty-five  in  an  appendix. 

[Burgon's  Lives  of  Twelre  Good  Meo,  founded 
on  art.  in  Quarterly  Eeview,  No.  146,  July  1878; 
,Bloxam's  Register  of  Presidents,  &&,  of  Magd. 
Coll.  vol.  vii. ;  Moeley's  Reminiaeenees  ;  Times, 
^5  Dec.  1864, 1  Jan.  1865.]  W.  H. 

ROUTH,  Sib  RANDOLPH  ISHAM 
(1786  P-1868),  commissary-general  in  the 
army,  son  of  Bichard  Routh,  chief  justice  of 
Newfoundland,  was  bom  at  Poole,  Dorset, 
apparently  in  1786,  and  educated  at  Eton. 
He  had  intended  to  go  up  to  Cambridge,  but 
on  the  sudden  death  of  his  father  entered 
the  commissariat  defMirtment  of  the  army,  in 
November  1806,  being  stationed  first  in 
Jamaica.  He  was  engaged  in  the  Waloheren 
expedition  in  1809.  He  served  afterwards 
through  the  Peninsular  war;  became  deputy 
<»)mmis8ary-general  on  9  March  1812,  and 
was  senior  commissariat  officer  at  Waterloo 
in  1816.  After  the  peace  he  was  on  the 
•Mediterranean  station,  and  from  1822  in  the 
Weet  Indies,  spending  some  time  in  Jamaica. 
On  16  Aug.  1826  he  was  made  commissary- 
general,  and  was  at  once  sent  to  Ganad[a, 
where  he  did  good .  service  in  the  rising  of 
18d7--8 ;  he  was  a  member  of  the  executive 
^council,  and  was  knighted  for  his  general 
services  in  March  l&l.  He  returned  to 
England  on  half-^ay  in  February  1848. 
From  November  lB46  to  October  1848  he 
was  employed  in  Ireland  in  superintending 
the  distribution  of  relief  during  the  &mine ; 
for  this  service  he  was  created  K.C.B.  on 


29  April  1848.  He  died  in  London,  at 
19  Dorset  Square,  on  29  Nov.  1868.       . 

Routh  married,  first^  on  26  Dec  1816,  at 
Parii^  Ad^e  Josephine  Lamini^re,  daughter 
of  one  of  Bonaparte's  civil  officers ;  secondly, 
in  1880,  a«  Quebec,  Marie  Louise  (1810- 
1891),  daughter  of  Judge  Tascherean  and 
sister  of  Oarainal  Tascherean  (Timu,  6  Jan. 
1892). 

He  was  the  author  of  ^  Observations  on 
the  Commissariat  Field  Service  and  Home 
Defences '  (1846,  and  2nd  ed.  London,  1862), 
which  has  been  described  as  a  vadd  mMum 
for  the  commissariat  officer,  and  is  quoted  as 
an  authority  by  Eanglake  in  his '  Invasion  of 
the  Crimea,' 

[Gent.  Mag.  1869,  i.  82;  Ann.  BegiBter,  1868 ; 
Appleton's  Qrelop.  of  American  Biogr,;  Alii- 
bone's  Dictionary  of  Authors ;  Arm j  lists  after 
1819 ;  official  infom^ation.]  C.  A  H. 

BOUTLSDGE,  GEORGE  (181^1888), 
publisher,  was  bom  at  Brampton  in  Cam<v 
berland  on  28  Sept.  1812,  and  from  June 
1827  to  8  Sept.  1888  served  his  spnrentioep 
ship  with  Charles  Thumam,  a  weU-knowm 
bookseller  in  Carlisle.  In  October  1883  he 
came  to  London  and  found  employment  with 
Baldwin  &  Cradock  at  Paternoster  Row.  On 
the  failure  of  that  firm  in  September  1836, 
he  commenced  business  as  a  retail  bookseller 
at  11  Ryder's  Court,  Leicester  Square,  having 
for  his  assistant  William  Henry  Wame,  then 
aged  fifteen,  whose  sister  he  had  married. 
His  chief  business  was  in  remainders  of 
modem  books.  For  four  years  (1887-41)  he 
supplemented  his  income  by  holding  a  small 
situation  in  the  tithe  office,  Som^net  House  % 
and  he  made  some  money  by  supplying 
stationery  to  that  establishment.  In  1848 
he  started  as  a  publisher  at  86  Soho  Smiare. 
His  first  publication,  brought  out  in  1886^ 
'  The  Beauties  of  Gilsland  Spa,'  was  a 
failure.  He  then  began  reprinting  the 
'Biblical  Commentaries'  of  an  American 
divine,  the  Rev.  Albert  Barnes,  and  had  the 
sagacity  to  enga|[e  the  Rev.  John  Cummin^, 
D.D.,  who  was  rising  into  popularity,  to  edit 
them.  The  volumes  had  an  enormous  sale. 
In  1848  he  took  his  brOther-in-law,  W  H. 
Wame,  into  partaeiship,  and  in  1851  a  second 
brother-in-law,  Frederick  Wame.  In  1852 
the  firm,  then,  styled  *  Routledge  &  Co*/  r^ 
moved  to  2  Famngdon  Street. 

Routledge's  career  as  a  publisher  of  cheap 
literature,  on  which  .his  reputation  mainly 
depends,  opened  in  1848.  In  that  year  he 
issued  at  a  shilling,  as  the  first  volume  of 
a  series  of  volumes  to  be  entitled  *  The  Rail^ 
way  Library,*  Fenimore  Cooper's  'Pilot.' 
The '  Railway  Library  *  was  rapidly  extended^ 
ultimately,  numbering  1,060  volumes,  'mos^ 


Routledge 


3«7 


Row 


of  whkli  lehieved  a  vAst  cixeulatioii.    Of 

*  Unole  Tom's  Oftbiiiy'  which  wm  soon  in- 

dvded  i&  it,  five  hnndxed  thousand  copies 

weie  iold;  m  W.  EL  Bvssell's  'Nanratiye  of 

the  GMmeaB  War '  twenty  thousand ; .  of 

Soyer^s  'ShDling  Cookeiy  for  the  People' 

two  hnndred  and  fifty  thousand ;   and  of 

'  Bsnjon  Hone-Traming '  one  hondred  and 

fifty  thousand  eopies.    As  an  example  of 

Bootlsdge^s  eneigjyit  is  stated  that  the  copy 

of  Miss  Wotharoll's  'Queechy'   (for   the 

'lUilway    Lifamy')    was    received   from 

Amerioa  i^^  one  Monday  mornings  when 

it  wu  at  oneenlaoed  in  the  printer's  hands ; 

on  ThaisdM^  the  sheets  were  at  the  binder'Sy 

sttdon  thellondayfoUowing  twantr  thousand 

eonsswwsdiflqposedof  tothetraae.    Bout- 

letffs'tiBpiintB  of  the  works  of  Washington 

IrrmgyFetiimMeOooper,  Miss  MariaSusaima 

CuDiunSy  and  other  ionericans  were  not 

always  wdertakes  with  the  sanction  of  the 

snthon  or  tkeir  lepresentativesi  and  Kouft- 

ledge  was  move  than  once  inrolTed  in  legal 

proeMdings  for  inMagements  of  copyiup^t. 

He  psid|  boweTsiv  liuge  sums  to  authors 

for  msny  of  the  *  lUilway  Library '  Tplumee. 

On  27  Dea  1663  he  contracted  with  Sir 

Bttlwcr  Lytton  (afterwards  Baron  L^on) 

to  indnde  nineteen  oi  his  noyels  in  the 

*  lihiary.'    The  terms  were  20,000/.  lor  ten 

yean  (lB6^M\  and  the  venture  in  the  end 

poveainrofitalMe.    He  also  arranged  for  the 

pabhcaoon  in  cheap  form  of  all  the  writings 


of  Beniamin  Dianeli,  W.  H.  Ainsworth, 
Howara  BnaaMt  and  G.  P.  R.  James. 

BeaidssoheApworiKRy  Routledoe  issued  some 
expeasiTe  ▼olnmes,  iUustraitea  by  capable 
aitjsts^  Among  these  were  'ShsJiespesre/ 
edited  Inr  Howard  Staunton  (who  reoeired 
IfifiOL  foi  his  laboilrsX  with  illustrations 
by  Sir  John  QUheit,  1868;  Wood's  'Natural 
Histo^  '1869, 8  vols. ;  Wood's  'NaturalHis- 
tory  of  Man/  1870, 2  vqIs^  ;  and  a  series  of 
'British  Poet*' (1863-8) in  24 Tolumes.  A 
QQsrto  161108  of  illustrated  works  included 
LoDflfsUow'a '  Poems.'  of  which  twelve  thou« 
MDa  eopiea  w«se  sold.  He  also  brought  out 
oiiginal  works  by  James  Gh^nt,  Mayne  Beid, 
LoogfeUowy  Presoott,  and  Canon  R.  W. 
Dixon,  the  ohuroh.  hiatorian,  who  married 
oBe  of  hia  daughters.  A  laige  number  of 
ilia  puUicationa  bear  his  own  name  as  part 
of  the  title,  as  in  the  case  of  '  Boutledge's 
American  Handbook/  1864,  but  there  is  no 
n«ord  that'  he  wrote  anything  himself. 
'Kontledffe'a  Uniyaraal  libraij/  edited  by 
Henry  Morley  [q.  y.],  was  commenced  in' 
April  1888,  in  shiuing  monthly  volumes^  and 
nn  to  sixty  Tohimes. 

In  1864  Boutiedge  yisited  America  and 
published  a  branck  of  his  business  in  New 


York.  On  0  Nov.  1868  his  son,  Bobert 
Wame  Boutiedge,  was  admitted  a  partner, 
and  the  firm  took  the  style  of  Boutiedge, 
Wame,  &  Boutiedge.  In  Jkfay  1869  W.  H. 
Wame  died,  and  in  1866  R  Wame  left  the 
firm  and  established  a  new  businessat  16Bed- 
ford  Street,  Oovent  Gkunden.  Another  of 
Boutledffe's  sons,  Edmund,  became  a  partner 
in  July  1866,  and  the  style  was  cfaanjped  to 
Q^oKfg^  Boutiedge  ft  Sons;  the  premises  in 
Farringdon  Street  bem^  required  for  railway 
improvements,  tlie  biisuiess  was  removed  at 
the  same  time  to  7  Broadway,  Lndgate  Hill, 
where  it  aa  still  carried  on. 

In  later  life  Boutiedge  liyed  much  in 
Cumberland^  where  he  bought  land  tod  was 
appointed  a  justice  of  the  peace  and  a  depn^- 
lieutenant,  serring  as  hiffn  dieriff  in  1882^. 
He  did  not  retire  from  business  until  1887,. 
and  on  the  following  13th  of  January  waa 
entertained  at  a  farewell  dinner  at  the  Albion 
Tavern.  He  died  at  60  Bussell  Square,  Lon«^ 
don,  on  18  Dec.  1888.  His  fiiat  wift,  Maria 
Elisabeth  Wame.  died  on  26  March  1866,. 
aged  40;    and   he   married,  secondly,  on 

11  May  1866,  Mary  Grace,  eldest  daurbter 
of  Alderman  Bell  of  Newcastle-upon-Tyne. 
By  both  marriagea  he  left  issue. 

[Pablishers*  Circnlar,  16  Jan.  1888,  p.  6». 
16  Dee.  p.  1748,  81  Dee.  p.  1705,  with  portrait;. 
Bookseller,  June  1865  pp.  868-4,  January  1889 
p.  7;  Corwen'a  Bistozy  of  Booksellen,  1878, 
pp.  437-40;  Literary  Opinioa,  1  Feb.  1888  pp.. 
878-80,  1  Jan.  1889  p.  841,  1  Feb.  p.  848,  irith 
portrait ;  Times,  15  Dec  1888,  p.  10 ;  Atheueum, 
7  Jan.  1888  p.   18,  16  Dee.  p.  814,  22  Dee. 

L860:   Monthly  Chronicle  ol  North-Countzy 
re,  Februaxy  1889 ;  lUustRited  London  News,.. 

12  Jan.  1880,  pp.  38,  40,  with  portrait] 

G.  C.  B» 

BOW.    [See  also  Rough.] 

BOWi  JOHN  (16a6P-1680),  Scottish 
reformer,  was  descended  from  a  family  sup- 
posed to  have  been  of  Engliah  origin.  Bom 
about  1625  at  Row— prooably  a  ftrm — be- 
tween Stirling  and  Dunblane  (Appendix  to- 
Row'a  History  qf  the  JKrk,  Wodrow  Soc. 
p.  447),  he  was  educated  at  the  grammar 
school  of  Stirling,  and  in  1644  matricu- 
lated at  St.  Leonard's  GoUeffe,  St.  Andrews.- 
He  devoted  himself  speoially  to  the  studjr- 
of  t|ie  ciyil  and  canon  law,  and  sfaortl3r 
after  taking  the  degree  of  M.A.,  commenoed 
to  practise  as  an  adyocate  in  the  consis- 
torial  court  of  St.  Andrews.  In  1660  he 
was  9ent  to  Rbme  specially  to  represent  the 
interests  of  John  Hamilton,  ardibidliop  of 
St.  Andrews,  at  the  papal  court;  ana  hi 
various  letters  to  the  pope  he  is  referred  to 
as  procurator  of  the  see  of  Bt. 


Row 


328 


Row 


(Notes  PP  in  M'Cbis's  lAfe  of  Knox),  one 
;p«rt  of  his  miesion  being  to  obtain,  in  oppo- 
sition to  the  archbishop  of  Glasgow,  the 
confirmation  of  the  powers  of  the  anshbishop 
of  St.  Andrews  as  primate  and  Ugatu»  naiu8 
of  Scotland.  The  ability  with  which  he 
discharged  the  duties  of  his  commission  com- 
mended him  to  the  special  notice  of  Guido 
Ascanio  Sfona,  cardinal  of  Sancta  Flora,  as 
well  as  to  Julius  IH  and  his  successor, 
Paul  lY.  On  20  July  1566  he  was  made 
licentiate  of  laws  of  the  university  of  Rome, 
and  subsequently,  at  the  request  of  Car- 
dinal Sforza,  he  accepted  the  degree  of  LL.D. 
from  the  unirersity  of  Padua.  He  seemed 
marked  out  for  high  preferment  in  the 
Romish  church  when,  his  health  showing 
symptoms  of  failing,  he  determined  to  re- 
turn to  Scotland,  and  was  therefore  named 
papal  nuncio  to  examine  into  the  cause 
of  the  spread  of  heretical  opinions  in  Scot- 
land, and  to  advise  as  to  the  best  means 
of  checking  them.  His  in<]uiry  resulted  in 
his  conversion  to  protestantism.  He  arrived 
in  Scotland  on  29  Sept.  1558,  and  returned 
to  Rome  some  time  prior  to  11  May  1559. 
But  shortly  afterwards  he  was  induced  by 
James  Stuart,  afterwards  Earl  of  Moray,  to 
leave  Rome  for  Scotland. 

Row  was  first  led  to  entertain  doubts  re- 
garding the  old  opinions  by  discovering-^ 
through  the  information  of  John  Oolville  of 
deish,  known  as  Squire  Meldrum — a  fraud 
practised  by  the  priests  at  the  chapel  of  Our 
Lady  at  Loretto,  Musselburgh,  in  pretending 
to  have  restored  the  sight  01  a  bov  who  they 
falsely  affirmed  had  b^n  bom  blmd.  Some 
time  afterwards  Row  began  to  attend  the 
preaching  of  Knox,  which  finally  confirmed 
nim  in  the  new  doctrines ;  and  having  for- 
mally joined  the  reformers^  he  was  in  April 
1560  admitted  minister  of  Kennoway  (not 
Kilconquhar,  as  sometimes  stated)  in  Fife. 
He  also  held  the  vicarage  of  Kennoway,  but 
demitted  it  some  time  before  28  Jan.  1578. 
When  the  appointment  of  ministers  and 
superintendents  to  the  chief  towns  and  dis- 
tricts of  Scotland  was  made,  in  July  1560, 
Row  was  appointed  minister  of  the  Old  or 
Middle  Church,  Perth.  He  entered  upon  his 
duties  there  prior  to  20  Bee,  when  he  was 
present  as  minister  of  Perth  in  the  first 
meetinff  of  the  general  assembly  of  the  church 
of  Scotland  (Calbebwood,  ii.  41). 

While  on  the  continent.  Row,  besides  ac- 
quiring a  knowledge  of  French  and  Italian, 
had  mastered  Greek  and  Hebrew.  He  is 
supposed  to  have  been  the  first  to  teach  the 
Hebrew  language  in  Scotland,  and  he  also 
instructed  the  master  of  the  grammar  school 
of  Perth — ^then  one  of  the  most  famous  in 


Scotland — ^in  Greek.  Sevwral  of  the  sons  of 
noblemen  and  gentlemen  attending  the  aca- 
demy were  bourded  in  Row's  house,  and  he 
instructed  them  in  Greek,  Hebrew,  and 
French.  The  last  was  the  only  language 
used  in  conversation  in  Row's  house,  and 
the  Scriptures  were  read  in  Hebrew,  Greek, 
Latin,  French,  and  English  (Appendix  to 
Rowb'8  History  of  the  Kirk  of  ScotUmd). 

Row  was  one  of  a  commission  of  six  ap- 
pointed in  April  1560  to  draw  up  the  sum 
of  the  doctnne  'necessary  to  be  believed 
and  received  within  the  realm,'  the  result 
being  the  '  Confession  of  Faith,'  ratified  by 
the  estates  in  July  1560,  and  printed  in 
1561.    After  the  meeting  of  the  estates  the 
same   commission  was   appointed  to  draw 
up  *  the  form  of  chuieh  polity '  known  as 
the  'First  Book  of  Discipline.'    He  sup- 
ported the  proposal  to  deprive  Queen  Mary 
of  the  mass  in  1561  (Kvoz,  ii.  291).    In 
1564  he  was  appointed  one  of  a  committee 
of  ministers  to  nold  a  conference  with  the 
lords  as  to  the  advisability  of  the  ministers 
moderating  their  language  in  their  reference 
to  the  queen  in  prayers  and  sermons ;  but 
the  conference  was  without  result  (ti^.  p. 
424).    Shortly  before  the  queen's  marriage 
to  Daml^,  Row  was,  at  a  meeting  of  the  as- 
sembly (25  July  1565),  appointeaa  commis- 
sioner to  present  to  the  queen  at  Perth  cer- 
tain articles  in  reference  to  religion,  that  she 
might  ratify  them  in  parliament;  and  in 
December  he  was  appointed  by  the  assembly 
to  pen  a  reply  to  the  queen's  answers  (printed 
in  Calderwood's  Xstory,  ii.  296^91    After 
the  marriage  he  was  also,  with  otner  com- 
missioners, sent  to  request  the  queen  and 
king  to  take  steps  for  securing  that  the  third 
of  the  benefices  should  be  paid  to  the  mini- 
sters, and  that  the  mass  and  all  *  idolatry ' 
should  be  abolished  (Kkoz,  ii.  517).     In 
1566  he  was  appointed,  along  with  the  super- 
intendent of  Liothian,  to  take  steps  that  the 
gift  of  the  third  of  the  benefices,  which  the 
queen  had  promised, '  might  be  despatched 
through  the  seals '  (ib,  p.  5818).    In  December 
of  this  year  he  also  subscribed  the  letter  sent 
to  the  bishops  of  England  regarding  the 
wearing  of  the  surplice  (Caldbbwood,  ii. 
885).     He  was  chosen  moderator  of   the 
assembly  which  met  at  Edinburgh  on  20  July 
1567,  shortly  after  the  queen's  imprisonment 
at  Loch  Leven,  and  also  of  the  assembly 
which  met  at  Perth  in  the  following  I>e- 
cember.    By  the  latter  assembly  he  wsls 
named  a  commissioner  to  treat  on  the  affiiir? 
of  the  kirk  (ib.  p.  896).    On  6  July  1568  lie 
was  appointed  bv  the  general  assembly  to 
visit  Galloway  while  the  bishop  of  Ghdloway 
was  imder  censure  (ib,  p.  424),  and  in  March. 


Row 


329 


Row 


1570  lie  is  styled  oommiMioner  of  GkiUoway 
{ib,  iil  S8).    On  the  petition  of  the  kirk  in 
yeteoM  to  henefioes  being  rejected  by  the 
puiiimeiit  of  the  king's  perty  st  Stirling,  in 
Afl|fiiitl571,  Rowypreacning  on  the  Sunday 
foUowiiigy '  denounced  judgments  against  the 
loids  for  their  coyetousness '  («&.  iii.  188). 
At  tlie  sasembly  oonyened  at  Edinbuigh  on 
6  Manh  1673  complaint  was  laid  against 
him  for  having  a  plurality  of  benefices^ 
•ad  for  aolemniaing  a  marriage  betwixt  the 
mister  of  Crawfcvd  and  the  daughter  of 
Lord  Drummond  '  without  proclaiming  the 
btans  and  out  of  due  time '  {i6,  iiL  278).    In 
saswerto  the  ftwt  charge  he  admitted  that 
he  liid  two  vicarages,  but  affirmed  that  he 
reaped  no  profit  from  them.    These  yicarages 
were  Twynam  and  Terreffles,  in  the  stewaitry 
of  Kirkoidbright.  On  the  second  charge  he 
wu  found  ffuilty y  and  commissioners  were  ap- 
pointed to  deal  with  him  and  his  session  (iS), 
Row  m  1574  was  appointed  one  of  a 
eommimn  to  *  oonrene  and  write  the  articles 
wlijeh  eoBcem  the  jurisdiction  of  the  kirk ' 
(i^.  p.  S07)f  and  in  the  following  year  was 
aimed  one  of  a  commission  to  confer  with 


of  these  and  other  commissions  of  which 
Bow  continued  to  be  a  member  was  the 
coostmction  of  the  '  Second  Book  of  IXa- 
dpliiie.'  At  •  meeting  of  a  commission  of 
the  assembly  in  July  1676,  when  the  ques- 

tioD  was  raised  '  whether  bishops^  as  now 
sUowed  in  Scotland,  had  their  function 
from  the  Word  of  God/  Row  was  chosen, 
with  three  others,  to  argue  in  fayour  of  epi- 
scopacy ;  but  he  was  so  impressed  with  tne 
ailments  urged  in  fayour  of  presbytery 
that  he  afterwards  'preached  down  prelacy 
an  his  days.'  He  was  chosen  moderator  of 
the  assembly  which  met  at  Edinburgh  on 
9  July  1676,  and  also  of  that  which  met  at 
Sdrimg  on  11  June  1678.  He  died  at  Perth 
<n  16  Oct.  1680.  By  his  wife  Margaret, 
dsQgbter  of  John  Beaton  of  Balfour  in  Fife, 
he  Ind  eight  sona  and  two  daughters :  James, 
minister  of  Kilapindie ;  William  fq.  y.]»  mini- 
ster of  Foreanoenny ;  Oliyer ;  Jonn  (1668- 
1646^  [o.  T^  minister  of  Gamock ;  Robert ; 
Aichibud,  minister  of  Stobo;  Patrick;  Colin, 
minister  of  St.  Quiyoz ;  Catherine,  maxried 
to  William  lUgg  of  Athemie ;  and  Maiy  to 
Bobert  Kynd,  minister  of  Longforgan. 

Galderwood  describes  How  as  *  a  wise  and 
giaye  iather,  and  of  good  literature  according 
to  the  time,'  and  states  that  'he  thundered 
out  inifihtQy  against  the  estate  of  the  bishops, 
howbeit  in  the  time  of  blindness  the  pope 
was  to  him  as  an  angel  of  God'  (t6.  p.  479). 


He  is  credited  in  the  memoir  by  his  son 
with  the  authorship  of  a  book  on  the  '  Signs 
of  the  Sacrament,'  no  copy  of  which  is 
known  to  be  extant. 

[Biography  in  Appendix  to  his  son  John's 
Hiitozy  of  the  Kirk  of  Scotland;  Histories  of 
Knox,  Galderwood,  and  SpotisWod;  Notes  in 
Appendix  to  M'CMe's  life  of  Knox  and  Lifs  of 
MelTiUe ;  James  MelviUe's  Diary  ( Wodrow  Soc)] 

T.  F.  H. 

ROW,  JOHN  (1668-1646),  historian  of 
the  kirk  of  Scotland,  third  suryiying  son  of 
John  Bow  (1636P~1680)  [q.y.1,  Scottish  ze- 
former,  and  Marsaret  Beaton  of  Balfour,  was 
bom  at  Perth  aoout  the  end  of  December 
1668,  and  baptised  on  6  Jan.  1668-9.  He 
receiyed  his  early  instruction  from  his  father, 
and  such  was  his  precocity  that  at  the  age 
of  seyen  he  had  mastered  Hebrew,  and  was 
accustomed  to  read  daily  at  dinner  or  su^pei 
a  chapter  of  the  Old  Testament  in  the  origi- 
nal. On  being  sent  to  the  grammar  school 
of  Perth,  he  instructed  the  master  in  Hebrew, 
who  on  this  account  was  accustomed  to  call 
him  Magister  John  Row.  On  the  death  of 
his  father  in  1680,  Row,  then  about  tweWe 
years  of  age,  receiyed,  as  did  his  brother 
William  [q;y.lt  &  friar's  pension  from  the 
Kin^s  hospital  at  Perth.  Subsequently  he 
obtained  an  apnointment  as  schoolmaster  at 
Kennoway,  and  tutor  to  his  nephews,  the 
sons  of  Bieaton  of  Balfour,  whom  he  accom- 
panied in  1686  to  Edinbuigh,  enrolling 
nimself  as  student  in  the  lately  founded 
uniyersity.  After  taking  his  M. A.  degree  in 
Augfust  1690,  he  became  schoolmaster  of 
Aberdour  in  Fife,  and,  haying  continued  his 
studies  in  diyinity,  he  was  towards  the  close 
of  December  1692  ordained  minister  of  Car- 
nock,  in  the  presbytery  of  Dunfermline. 

Row  signed  on  1  July  1606  the  protest  of 
parliament  against  the  introduction  of  epi- 
scopacy ;  ana  he  was  also  one  of  those  who, 
the  same  year  met  at  Linlithgow  with  the 
ministers  who  were  to  be  tried  for  holding 
an  assembly  at  Aberdeen  contrary  to  the 
royal  command.  In  1619,  and  again  in  1^2, 
he  was  summoned  before  the  court  of  high 
commission  for  nonconformity  to  the  articles 
of  Perth,  and  required  to  confine  himself 
within  the  bounds  of  his  parish  (Caldbb- 
wooD,  Huttcry^  y ii.  619, 643).  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  general  assembly  of  1688,  when  he 
was  named  one  of  a  committee  of  certain 
ministers  '  come  to  years '  to  inquire — ^from 
personal  knowledge  of  the  handwriting  of  the 
clerks  and  their  own  memory  of  eyents— into 
the  authenticity  of  certain  registers  of  the 
general  assembly  which  had  been  for  some 
time  missing  ^Robbbt  Bailub,  Letten  and 
Journals,  i.  129;  Qobdov,  Soat$  Afmn,  u 


Row 


;3»> 


Row 


147)^  the  retult  being  thftt  their  authen- 
ticity was  e«tabliah«d.  By  the  same  general 
aaaemhly  he  was  alao  named  one  of  a 
committee  to  construct  such  con8titatioo8 
and  laws  aa  might  prevent  corruptions  in 
the  future  like  those  which  had  troubled 
the  kirk  in  the  past  (t^.  u.  127).  He  died 
on  26  June  .16^,  and  was  buried  in  the 
family  burial-place  at  the  east  end  of  the 
churcn  of  Oaraock,  where  there  is  a  laige 
monument  to  his  memory.  By  his  wife 
Grisel,  daughter  of  David  Ferguson  [q.  y.l 
minister  of  Dunfermline,  whom  he  himseu 
describes  as  'a  verr  comely  and  beautiful 
younff  woman/  he  had,  with  three  daogh- 
tersy  four  sons :.  David,  a  minister  in  Ireland ; 
John  (1698F-1672  P)  fo.  v.] ;  Bobert,minister 
of  Aberoom^  and  Wiluamy  minister  of  Ceres. 
In  his  later  years  Row  was  led  to  compile 
a  memorial  of  'some  thinffs  concerning  the 
government  of  the  Churcn  since  the  Kefor- 
nuition.' .  For  the  earlier  years  of  his  *  Me- 
morial' he  made  use  of  the  papers  of  his 
£EitheF-in-law,  David  Ferguson.  The  work 
found  its  way  into  circulation  in  manuscript, 
and  many  copies  of  it  were  made.  In  1842 
it  was  printed  for  the  Wodrow  Society, 
chiefly  from  a  manuscript  in  the  universif^ 
of  Edinburffh,  under  the  title  'Historie  of 
the  Kirk  oi  Scotland,  from  the  year  1668 
to  August  1687,  by  John  Bow,  Minister  of 
Camodi,  with  aContinuation  to  Juljr  1689,  by 
his  son,  John  Row,  Principal  of  Kmg's  Uol- 
lege,  Aberdeen.'  Ajdl  edition  was  also  printed 
in  the  same  year  by  the  Maitland  Club. 

[Pr«^iee  and  notes  to  Bow's  *  History ; '  Cal- 
derwood's  History  of  the  Kirk  of  Scotland; 
BobeztBaiUie's  Letters  and  Jonroals  (Baonatyne 
Club);  eoidoa's  Soots  Aflairs  (Spalding  Qab) ; 
Hew  Scott's  Fasti  Bodes.  Scoticane,  ii.  578-^.1 

T  F  H 

ROW,  JOHN  (1698P-1672P),  principal  of 
King's  College  in  the  uniyersity  of  Aberdeen, 
the  second  son  of  JohnRow|[166S-1646)rq«T.l, 
minister  of  Gamock,  Fixeshire,  by  (irise^ 
daughter  of  David  Ferguson  [q.  v.l,  minister 
of  Dunfermline^  was  li^cn  about  l698.  He 
was  educated  at  St.  Leonard's  College  in  the 
university  of  St.  Andrews,  where  ne  took 
the  degree  of  M.A.  in  1617.  Subsequently 
he  acted  as  tutor  of  George  Hay  (afterward 
second  Earl  of  Kinnotdl) ;  and  on  2  Nov. 
1619,  at  the  instance  of  the  kirk  seB8ioa,con- 
£rmed  by  the  town  council,  he  was  appointed 
master  of  the  grammar  school  of  KurKcaldy. 
In  June  1682,  on  the  recommendation  of 
the  lord  chancellor,  he  was  appointed  rector 
of  the  grammar  school  of  Perth,  at  that  time 
probably  the  most  important  scholastic  ap- 
pointment in  the  country,  with  which  he 
.had  also  hereditary  assoeiatiDns. . 


Like  his  faihfir  and  grandfathes,  Btfw  wife 
an  accomplished  Hebrew  scholar;  and  in 
1684  he  published  a  Hebrew  grammar,  ap- 
pended to  which  were  ooameAdatory  Latm 
verses  by  AndrewHenderson,8amue]  Bnthcr- 
ford,  and  other  eminent  divines.   A  aeeond 
edition,  together  with  a  vocabulary,  appeared 
at  Glau;ow  in  1644.  He  held  the  reotorafaip 
of  Perth  academy  until  1641,  when,  at  the 
instance  of  Andrew  Cant  [q.  v.],  one  of  the 
ministers  of  Aberdeen,  he  was  on.  16  Nov. 
elected  minister  of  St.  Nicholas  Church  in 
that  citv,his  admission  takingplaceoa  14  Dee. 
On  28  Not.  1642  .he  was  abo  appointed  by 
Um  OM^istratee  of  Aberdeen  to  give  weekly 
lessons  m  Hebrew  in  MarischalC^ege;  and 
in  1648  he  published  a  Hebrew  lazioMi,  which 
he  dedicated  to  the  town  council,  receiving 
from  them '  for  his  services  four  hund  red  merks 
Scots  money.'    Row  proved  to  be  a  sealous 
co-operator  with  Cant  in  exercising  ari^ 
ecclesiastical  rule  over  the  CLtiaens  (Spaxd- 
iFe,  Memorialli,  passim) ;  andshow»d  special 
seal  in  requiring  subscription  to  the  solemn 
league  and  covenant  (t5.  li.  288-9)..    On  the 
approach  of  Montrose  to  Aberdeen  in  the 
spring  of  1646,  both  he  and  Cant  fled  south 
and  took  refuge  in  the  castle  of  Dunottar 
(Pateiox  G^obdon,  BritaneB  Dittetnper,  p. 
112;  SPAU^ive,  Memariatis,  p.  469),  but 
returning  at  the  end  of  March,  after  Mont- 
rose's departure^  they  denounoea  him  in  their 
pulpits  with  unbridled  vehemence  {ib,  p.  464). 
Ontheapproachof  Montrose  in  thebeguining 
of  May  they  again  fled  (ib,  p.  469),  but  when 
Montrose  had  passed  beyond  Aberdeen  thev 
returned,  and  <m  the  10th  warned  tiia  inhabv- 
tants  to  go  to  the  support  of  General  Baillie. 

By  the  assembly  of  1647  Bow  was  ap- 
pointed to  revise  a  new  metxieal  venion  of 
the  Psalms,  from  the  90th  to  the  L20th 
Psalm.  Ll  1648  he  was  named  one  of  a 
committee  to  revise  the  proceedings  of  the 
last  commission  of  the  assembly,  and  on 
28  Jidy  1649  one  of  a  commission  for  visit- 
ing the  umversity  of  Aberdeen.  He  was 
one  of  the  six  ministers  appointed  to  assist 
the  committee  of  despatches  in  drawing  up 
instructions  to  the  commissioners  sent  to 
London  to  protest  against  the  hasty  pro- 
ceedings taken  against  the  life  of  Charles  I 
(Sib  JiJCBS  Balioits,  AnnaU,  iii.  885). 
Shortlv  afterwards  he  separated  from  the 
kirk  of  Scotland)  and  became  minister  of  an 
independent  church  in  Edinburgh. 

It  was  probably  his  independ^t  principles 
that  commended  Row  to  the  notice  of  Orom* 
well's  parliament,  1^  vrhom  he  was  in  1652 
appointed  principal  of  King's  College,  Aber- 
deen. It  was  during  his  term  of  ^SSiot  that 
the  college  was  rebiwt,  and  for  this  purposa 


Row 


331 


Row 


•he  nt  wfui  jenAj  a  handled  merkB,  eon- 
tribotiiic  in  ail  two  hundred  and  fifty  merks 
(JbfA'iSer.p.  582).    Notwithstanding  his 
prariom  tatl  aa  a  corenanter,  and  the  fact 
<1jo  that  he  had  heen  specially  indebted  to 
CronnrsU,  Bow  at  the  Kestoration  endea- 
Toued  to  seeuB  the  fftyoor  of  the  new  au- 
tfaoritieB  hj  the  jniblication  of  a  poetical  ad- 
dms  to  tibue  kin^  in  Latin  entitled  E^xop*^^*' 
jSoffiXijDjy  in  which  he  xeferred  to  (>omwell 
u  s  'erael  vile  worm*'    But  this  late  re- 
peataoce  proved  of  no  avaiL    In  1661  he 
wtt  d^oied  from  Uie  priacipalship  of  King's 
College,  and  rarious  writings  which  he  had 
penned  agaiuBt  the  kinff  were  taketi  finun  the 
college  to  the  cross  of  Aberdeen,  where  they 
wen  hanied    by  the   common   hangman. 
HsTing  sayed  no  money  while  he  held  the 
prinripalship,  Bow  now  found  himself  in  his 
old  age  eoopelled  io  laamtain  himself  by 
keeping  a  school  in  New  Aberdeen,  some  of 
his  oM  fijeads  also  contributing  to  his  neoes- 
•itiai  b^  priyate  donations.    lAtterly  he  re- 
tired to  the  house  of  his  son*in«law,  John 
Meioer,  minister  of  Einellar,  where  he  died 
•boot  1672.    He  was  buried  in  the  church^ 
Tud  of  Kinellar.    B^des  other  dhildren, 
ne  had  a  son  John  Row,  minister  first  at 
Stranachar  in  Galloway,  and  affcerwards  at 
Dalgetty  in  Fife. 

now  wrote  a  oontinuatioo  of  his  father's 
luitory,  which  is  included  in  the  edition  of 
that  histoxT  published  hv  the  Wodrow  So- 
cie^  and  the  Maitknd  Uub  in  1843.  It  is 
qoaintly  entitled  <  Supplement  to  the  His- 
toiieof  the  Kirk  of  Scotland,  firom  August 
Anno  1687,and  thence  forward  to  July  1639 ; 
oraoeHandfnll  of  Gkwte's  Haire  for  the  fur- 
tberinff  of  the  building  of  the  Tabemade ;  a 
Short  Table  of  Princinall  Things  for  the  proy- 
iagitf  the  moat  excellent  EBstorie  of  this  late 
BleieedWork  <rfltefonnation.' 

[StMkMiig'a  HemoriaUsof  the  Trebles,  and 
Fub  Aberdonenees  (Spalding  Club);  Bobert 
Bnllie'sLittean  and  Jonmals  (Baanatjrne  Club)  ; 
Sir  Jamta  fialfour^s  Annals;  Memorials  of  the 
F4nily  of  Bow»  1827 ;  Hew  Scott's  Fasti  Eccles. 
SeoUcanft,  iii.  471.]  T.  F.  H. 

fiOW,  THOMAS  (1786-1864),  hymn- 
WBter,  bom  in  1786,  was  educated  fi>rthe 
Uptist  miniatrj.  He  liyed  first  at  Hadleigh, 
Sttoblh,  and  became  known  to  all  the  Gal* 
nnistie  baptist  congregations  in  East  AngHa 
as  a  trayeUinfi^  preacher.  Before  1888  he  was 
settled  as  nutuflter  of  a  baptist  church  at 
litUe  Gbansden,  Cambridgeshire,  and  eon- 
tributin^  T^gnlariy  to  the  *  Gospel  Herald.' 
His  wntingSy  chiefly  hymns  ttsd  religious 
papers,  were  first  signed '  A  Labourer.'  He 
oied  on  8  Jan.  1864  at  Little  Ghransden. 

He  published  two  yolvmes  of  hymniiy  with- 


out  much  poetical  merit,  many  of  iwhjch 
haye  passea  into  well-known  colleotions. 
They  are  <  Concise  Spiritual  Poems,' &c^, 
Londoni  1817, 12mo^  containing529  hymns 
and  'Original  and  Eyangelical  Hymns  .  .  . 
forpriyate  and  public  worship,'London,.1822, 
12mOy  containing  543  hymns. 

[Julian's  ]>iet.  of  Hymnology,  p.  979 ;  Oospel 
Herald,  1838-64.]  0.  F.  a 

BOW,  Wn^LIAM  (1663-1634),  Scottish 
Presbyterian  diyine,  bom  in  1663,  was  second 
son  of  John  Row  (1626P-158e)  fq.  y.l 
minister  of  Perth.  He  studied  at  the  uni- 
yersity  of  St.  Andrews,  where  he  graduated 
in  1587.  Two  or  three  years  afterwards  he 
was  appointed  minister  at  Forgandenny,  in 
succession  to  one  of  his  own  name,  probably 
a  relatiye,  and  on  6  March  1689,  by  act  of 
priyy  council,  he  was  one  of  five  charffod 
with  the  maintenanoe  of  the  true  religion 
throughout  the  bounds  of  Perth,  Stormont, 
and  Dunkeld  (Masson,  JReg,  P.  C.  SootL  iy. 
466).  On  occasion  of  the  '  Gbwrie  conspi- 
racy'  Row  was  one  of  the  ministers  who  re- 
fused to  give  thanks  publicly  for  the  king's 
deliyery  until  the  fact  of  the  conspiracy 
should  be  proyen,  and  he  was  consequently 
cited  to  appear  at  Stirling  before  the  king  and 
council.  On  the  plea  that  his  life  was  in 
danger,  an  effort  was  made  to  deter  him  from 
obegrin^  thesummons.  Neyertheless,  he  went 
to  Stirling  and  boldly  defended  higri^lf,  argu- 
ing that  Andrew  Henderson,  the  £^1  of 
Gk>wrie's  chamberlain,  and  alleged  would-be 
assassin  of  the  kinff,  had  been  not  punished 
but  rewarded.  He  was  a  memb^  of  the 
assembly  held  in  1602,  and  also  joined  in  the 
protest  against  the  proposed  restoration  of 
episcopacy,  which  wss  presented  at  the  first 
session  of  the  parliament  which  met  at  Perth 
on  1  July  1606.  In  1607  he  was  moderator 
of  the  synod  held  at  Perth,  to  which  James  VI 
sent  the  captain  of  his  guards,  Lord  Sfxme,  to 
compel  the  acceptance  of  a  permanent  mod^ 
rator.  Scone  threatened  Row  that  if  he  op- 
posed the  scheme  ten  or  twelye  of  his  guaxos 
would  discharge  their  culyerins  at  him.  Row, 
nothing  daunted,  preached  from  ten  till  two, 
bitterly  inyeighing  affainst  the  proposed  ^ 
pointment.  &one  did  not  understand  Latin, 
but,  on  being  informed  of  Row's  meaning, 
seyerely  rebuked  him.  He  was  ultimate^ 
put  to  the  horn,  and  summoned  before  the 
privy  council.  Failing  to  appear,  in  June 
1607  he  was  anested  aod  imprisoned  in  Black- 
ness Castle  (ib,  yii.  349fi.,  350fi.,  385<91, 622, 
yiii.  7, 421, 434,  ix.  258).  On  the  petition  of 
the  assembly  he  was  released  in  June  1614y 
and  in  1624,  through  thefayour  of  Alexander 
Lindsay,  bLshop  (»  Dunkeld|  patron  of  the 


Rowan 


33« 


Rowan 


paricih,  and  an  old  feUowHstudent  of  Bow,  his 
flon  William  was  appointed  his  assistant  and 
sncoessor.  It  is  said  that  he  refused,  even 
under  these  circumstances,  to  recognise  the 
ecclesiastical  supremacy  of  his  old  friend, 
placing  their  former  regent,  John  Malcolm, 
now  minister  of  Perth,  at  the  head  of  his 
tahle,  instead  of  the  hishop.  Bow  died  in 
October  1634. 

[Fasti  £od.  Scot. ;  Melville's  Autobtogr. ; 
Bow's  and  Calderwood's  Hist.]  W.  Qt, 

BOWAN,  ABCHIBALD  HAMILTON 
^1761-1834),  United  Irishman,  only  son  and 
heir  of  Gkiwin  HamQton  of  Killyleagh 
Castle,  CO.  Down,  a  lineal  descendant  of 
flans  Hamilton,  yicar  of  Dunlop  in  Ayr- 
flhire,  father  of  James  Hamilton,  viscount 
Olaneboye  (1550-1648)  [^.  v.],  was  bom  in 
Ratlibone  Place,  London,  m  the  house  of  his 
maternal  grandfather,  William  Bowan,  on 
12  May  1751.  His  education  was  sunerin- 
tended  by  his  grandfather,  who  placea  him 
at  a  priyate  school  kept  by  a  Mr.  Fountain 
in  Marylebone.  When  he  was  sixteen  his 
grandfather,  a  man  of  considerable  wealth, 
died,  leaving  him  his  entire  property,  on 
condition,  first,  that  he  adopted  the  name 
of  Bowan  in  addition  to  his  own ;  secondly, 
that  he  was  educated  at  either  Oxford  or 
Cambridge ;  and,  thirdly,  that  he  refrained 
^m  visiting  Ireland  till  he  attained  the  age 
of  twenty-nve,  under  penalty  of  forfeiting 
the  income  of  the  estate  durinff  such  time  as 
he  remained  there.  Accordin^y,  he  entered 
Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  where,  having 
fallen  into  a  fast  set,  he  speedily  became  more 
remarkable  for  his  do^  and  hunters  and  feats 
of  strength  than  for  his  love  of  learning, '  and 
60,'  according  to  a  contemporary, '  after  coolly 
attempting  to  throw  a  tutor  into  the  Cam, 
after  shaking  all  Cambridge  from  its  pro- 
priety by  a  night's  frolic  (in  which  he 
climbed  the  signposts  and  changed  the  prin- 
cipal signs),  he  was  rusticated,  till,  the  good 
humour  of  the  university  returning,  he  was 
readmitted,  and  enabled  to  satisfy  his  grand- 
fether's  will.' 

After  spending  a  few  months  in  America 
as  private  secretary  to  Lord  Charles  Mont- 
ague, governor  of  South  Carolina,  and  pay- 
ing some  secret  visits  to  Ireland,  Bowan, 
through  the  influence  of  the  Duke  of  Man- 
chester, obtained  a  commission  as  captain  of 
the  grenadiers  in  the  Huntingdon  militia. 
In  consequence  of  his  extravagant  manner  of 
living,  he  was  about  this  time  compelled  to 
sell  out  of  the  funds  a  considerable  quantity 
of  stock  inherited  from  his  grandfather ;  but 
far  from  learning  prudence  by  his  misfor- 
tunes^  he  hired  a  house  on  Hoimslow  Heath, 


in  addition  to  his  lodgings  in  London,  where 
he  indulged  his  fancy  for  horses  and  hunt- 
ing to  the  top  of  his  bent.  In  1777  he  was 
induced  by  Lord  Charles  Montague  to  accept 
a  lieutenant-colonelcy  in  the  Portagnese 
army.  On  arriving  at  Lisbon,  however,  he 
found  that  the  Marquis  of  Pombal,  through 
whose  influence  the  English  officers  had  been 
appointed,  had  lost  power.  Accordingly, 
after  visiting  Tangier,  he  returned  to  £ig- 
land,  and  joined  his  regiment  at  Southsea, 
but  on  the  camp  breaking  up  he  resigned  his 
commission  and  went  to  reside  at  his  mother'd 
house  in  London. 

H«:e  he  made  the  aoqnaintanee  of  his 
future  wife,  Sarah  Anne  Dawson,  the  daugh- 
ter of  Walter  Dawson  of  Lisanisk,  near  (>r- 
rickmacioss,  co.  Monaghan.  Thev  were  mar- 
ried in  the  following  vear  (1761)  in  Paris, 
where  they  resided  till  1784,  when,  in  com- 
pliance with  his  mother's  wiah,  he  removed 
to  Ireland,  and  took  a  cottage  near  Naas 
in  00.  Kildare,  till  the  requirementa  of 
his  rapidly  increasing  fSsmily  obliged  him 
to  purchase  the  estate  of  Bathcoffey  in  the 
same  county.  He  at  once  began  to  display 
great  interest  in  the  political  affiiirs  of  his 
country,  and,  enlisting  as  a  private  in  his 
fiEtther's  company  of  Killyleagh  volunteers, 
he  was  chosen  a  delegate  for  co.  Down  to 
the  volunteer  convention  that  met  at  Dublin 
on  25  Oct.  1784.  In  May  1786  he  succeeded 
his  father  in  the  command  of  the  fiall^leaffh 
volunteers;  but  it  was  his  conduct  in  the 
case  of  Mary  Neal,  two  years  later,  that 
brought  his  name  fixst  prominently  before 
the  public.  Mary  Neal  was  a  young  ^rl 
who  nad  been  decoved  into  a  house  of  ill- 
fame  and  outraged  by  a  person  in  high 
station.  The  case  was  complicated  by  a 
cross  charge  of  robberv,  while  tne  woman  by 
whose  connivance  the  outrage  was  com- 
mitted, after  being  sentenced  to  death,  was 
pardoned  by  the  viceroy  at  the  instigatbn, 
it  was  supposed,  of  the  girl's  seducer.  Kowan 
thereupon  published  '  A  brief  Investigation 
of  the  Sufferings  of  John,  Anne,  and  Mary 
Neal,'  and  ofiered  a  strong  but  ineffectual 
opposition  to  what  he  and  man^  others  con- 
sidered an  abuse  of  the  prerogative  of  mercy. 
Failing  in  his  object,  he  took  the  unfortunate 
girl  into  his  own  house,  and  finally  appren- 
ticed her  to  a  dressmaker ;  but  *  her  subse- 
quent character  and  conduct  were  not  auch 
as  could  requite  the  care  of  her  benefactor 
or  justify  the  interest  she  had  excited  in  the 
pubUo  mind'  (AtUobtoffr,  p.  108  n.;  cf. 
BABBureroir,  Permmal  J&etekef,  i.  S27\  In 
1790  there  was  established  at  Beliast  a 
Northern  Whi^Club,  of  which  Bowan  was  ad- 
mitted an  original  member.    In  October  of 


Rowan 


333 


Rowan 


the  foUowinffjear  he  made  the  aoquaintance 
of  Theobftld  Wolfe  Tone  [q.t.],  and  was  by 
him  poraiaded  to  join  the^cietj  of  United 
IriduDoi.     Shortly  afterwards,  in   oonse- 
qaenoe  of  the  arrest  of  the  secretary  of  the 
eociety,  James  Napper  Tandy  [q.T*]'  ^^  ^^ 
fixed  upon  by  Tone,  on  account  of  his  re- 
spectability and  repatation  for  personal  bra- 
Tery,  to  assist  him  in  preventing  the  society 
from  'fSidling  into  disrepute '  by  calling  out 
any  member  of  parliament  who  ventured  to 
speak  disrespectfully  of  them.    He  waa  at 
the  nms  time  appointed  secretary  to  the 
Dablin  committee.  Their  determination  and 
appeinnce  in  the  ffallery  of  the  house  '  in 
their  whig-dub  uniforms,  which  were  rather 
gaody,'  had  the  effect  of  drawing  upon  them 
ue  attention  of  government ;  and  in  Decem- 
ber 1703  Bowan  was  arrested  on  a  charge  of 
diitributinff  a   seditious  paper,   beginning 
'Citizen  soldiers,  to  arms  1 '  at  a  meeting  oi 
Tolimteenheld  in  Dublin  to  protest  against 
a  goreniment  proclamation  tending  to  their 
diawlution.    As  a  matter  of  fact  1m  was  not 
the  author  of   the  pamphlet,  nor  was  he 
on  the  oocaaion  in  question  g^lty  of  dis- 
semioatinj^  it  (cf.  Gra.tian,  ^fa  of  Henry 
GraUoHf  iv.  166).    He  gave  bail  for  his  ap- 
peaianoe  when  wanted,  but  it  was  not  till 
29  Jan.  1794  that  he  waa  brought  up  for 
trial  in  the  court  of  king's  bench.    In  the 
mesawhile  he  further  affgravated  the  govern- 
ment by  acting  as  the  bearer  of  a  clullenge 
on  the  part  of  the  Hon.  Simon  Butler  to  the 
lord-chanoellor,  Lord    fltsgibbon    (subse- 
quently Earl  of  Clare),  and  by  goin^  shortly 
afterwards    himself  to  Scotland  m  order 
to  challenge  tiie  lord-advocate  for  certain 
dtfpsrsffing  words  used  in  regard  to  him. 
His  defence,  at  his  trial  in  Dublin,  was  con- 
ducted hv  Curran,  whose  speech  on  that  oc- 
casion is  by  many  regarded  as  his  finest  effort 
in  oratory.     8ut  being  found  guilty,  he  was 
sentenced  to  a  fine  ofSiOL,  imprisonment  for 
two  years,  and  to  find  security  himself  in 
2,0OOL  and  two  others  in  1,000/.  each  for 
biflgood  behaviour  for  seven  years. 

Wb  imprtsonment  in  the  Dublin  Newgate 
was  rendered  aa  little  irksome  as  possible  by 
the  visits  of  his  wife  and  friends,  and  in  order 
^0  while  away  the  time  he  occupied  himself 
in  drawing  up  areport  of  his  own  trial  (printed 
bv  P.  Byrne  of  GnfUm  Street ;  another  report 
was  published  about  the  same  time  by  W. 
M*Kenxie  of  College  G^reen).  Three  months 
liad  thus  elapsed  when  he  received  a  visit 
^m  theRey.wOliam  Jackson  n7d7P~1796) 
\  T.]  and  a  oovemment  spy  oi  the  name  of 
Cockayne.  Jackson's  object  was  to  obtain  a 
report  of  the  state  of  affairs  in  Ireland  for 
the  Comity  de  Saint  Pubyc.  A  report  such  as 


he  wanted  was  accordingly  drawn  ^ip  by 
Tone,  copied  by  Rowan,  and  betrayed  by 
Cockayne,  in  consequence  of  which  Jackson 
was  arrested.  Cockayne,  with  the  conni- 
vance, it  is  suggested,  of  Lord-chanoellor 
Eitigibbon  (Wills,  Iriek  Nation),  bionght 
the  news  of  Jackson's  arrest  to  Rowan,  who 
at  once  concerted  measures  for  his  own  escape. 
Nor  was  the  danger  that  threatened  him  an 
imaginary  one ;  for  it  appears  from  a  letter 
from  Marcus  Beresford  to  his  father,  written 
on  the  very  day  of  Jackson's  arrest,  that  go- 
vernment had  determined  to  hanff  Rowan,  if 
possible  {Bere^ord  Corrup,  ii.  25).  Accord- 
ingly, two  days  later,  having  succeeded  in 
bribing  theunder-gaoler  to  allow  him  to  visit 
his  house  in  Dominick  Street,  for  the  osten- 
sible purpose  of  signing  a  deed,  he  managed 
to  slip  out  of  a  back  window,  and  to  escape 
to  the  house  of  a  Mr.  Sweetman  at  Sutton, 
near  Baldoyle,  where  he  lay  concealed  for 
three  days.  With  Sweetman's  assistance  a 
boat  was  found  to  carry  him  to  France,  and 
though  before  it  sailed  the  sailors  were  aware 
who  their  passenjrar  was,  and  that  rewards 
amounting  to  2fiSoi,  had  been  offered  for  his 
^prehension,  they  refused  to  betray  him,  and 
a  few  days  later  landed  him  safely  at  Roscoff, 
near  Morlaix  in  France.  On  landing,  how- 
ever, he  was  immediately  arrested  as  a  spy, 
and,  being  taken  to  Brest,  was  for  some  time 
imprisoned  in  the  hospital  there,  till,  orders 
for  his  release  arriving,  he  was  taken  to  Paria. 
Hardly  had  he  arrived  there  when  he  was 
attacked  by  fever,  which  confined  him  to  his 
bed  for  six  weeks.  On  his  recovery  he  was 
examined  before  the  Comit6  de  Saliit  Public, 
and  had  apartments  assigned  to  him  at  the 
expense  of  the  state.  He  resided  in  Paris 
for  more  than  a  year,  during  which  time  he 
formed  an  intimate  acquaintance  with  Mary 
WoUstonecraft  [q.  v.] ;  but  finding  that  after 
the  death  of  Robespierre  all  parties  in  France 
were  too  much  occupied  with  their  own  con- 
cerns to  pay  attention  to  Ireland,  he  obtained 
permission  to  go  to  America,  and,  after  a 
wearisome  voyage,  reached  Philadelphia  on 
18  July  1786.  His  departure  from  France 
wasnotifiedto  the  Earl  of  Clare,  who  through- 
out had  evinced  extraordinary  kindness  to 
him  and  his  fiimily,  and  the  earl  now  exerted 
his  influence  to  prevent  the  seouestration  iji 
Rowan's  estates,  and  thus  enabled  his  wife 
to  remit  him  300/.  annually. 

Quitting  Philadelphia,  Rowan  settled  down 
at  Wilmington  on  the  Delaware,  and  was 
shortly  afterwards  joined  there  by  Tone  and 
Tandy.  But  the  scenes  he  had  witnessed  vol 
Ptois  during  the  reign  of  terror  had  ma* 
terially  modified  his  political  opiliions,  and, 
declining  to  take  any  part  in  Tone's  enter- 


Rowan 


534 


Rowan 


prise,  Re  eetablislied  himself  as  a  calico 
printer.  After  a  year's  experience  he  gave 
the  business  up,  having  lost  considerably  by 
the  experiment.  When  the  news  of  the  con- 
templated le^slative  union  between  Qraat 
Britain  and  Ireland  reached  him, he  expressed 
his  satisfaction  in  unequivocal  terms.  'In 
that  ^measure/ he  wrote,  'I  see  the  down- 
ffljl  of  one  of  the  most  corri^t  assemblies, 
I  believe,  ever  existed,  and  mstead  of  an 
em^ty  title,  a  source  of  inditistrious  enter- 
prise for  the  people  and  the  wreck  of  feudal 
anstocracy/  llolding  such  opinions,  though 
unable  to  gratify  his  friend,  Richard  Ghriffith 
(17^^1820)  [see  under  Qbiffith,  Richabb, 
d.  1768],  by  admitting  the  error  of  his  former 
ways  as  a  ground  of  pardon,  the  Irish  ffovern- 
ment,  influenced  by  Lord  Clare,  made  little 
difficulty  in  grantinff  him  permission  to  re- 
turn to  Europe,  with  the  prospect  of  pardon 
when  peace  was  concluded  witn  France^  He 
sailed  on  8  July  1800,  and  on  17  Aug.  ar- 
rived at  Hamburg,  but  immediately  quitted 
that  'emporium  of  mischief,' as  he  calls  it, 
for  Liibeck.  After  being  joined  there  by 
his  wife  and  family,  he  removed  to  Altona. 
In  July  1802  he  formally  petitioned  for  his 
pardon,  but,  in  consequence  of  the  death  of 
the  Earl  of  Clare,  it  was  not  until  April 
1803  that  he  was  informed  that  he  might 
safely  return  to  England,  provided  he  gave 
security  not  to  go  to  Ireland  till  expressly 
permitted  to  do  so.  His  applications  to  be 
permitted  to  return  to  Ireuuid  met  with  no 
response  till  the  viceroyalty  of  the  Duke  of 
Bedford.  His  outlawry  was  then  reversed 
in  the  same  court  that  had  pronounced  his 
punishment,  and  Rowan,  in  a  few  manly 
words  which  did  not  compromise  his  prin- 
ciples, publicly  thanked  thelkin^  for  the 
clemency  shown  to  him  and  hil^family  during 
his  exile.  The  death  of  his  fafher  occurring 
about  this  time,  he  established  his  residence 
at  Killyleagh  Castle,  where  his  liberality  and 
interest  in  their  welfare  speedily  endeared 
him  to  his  tenantry,  and  renaered  him  popular 
in  the  district.  Not  considering  that  hb 
pardon  had  enforced  silence  upon  him,  he 
continued  to  take  an  active  hiterest  in  the 
politics  of  his  country,  and  he  was  one  of 
the  first  persons  to  whom  Shelley  addressed 
himself  on  his  memorable  visit  to  Dublin  in 
1812.  Rowan  probably  gave  the  poet  little 
encouragement.  He  was,  however,  a  warm 
supporter  of  catholic  emancipation,  and  a 
suoecriber  to  the  Catholic  Association.  In 
February  1826  his  conduct  was  severely  ani- 
madverted upon  in  parliament  by  Peel,  who 
spoke  of  him  as  an  '  attainted  traitor,'  and 
by  Qeorge  Robert  Dawson,  M.P.  for  Derry, 
who  called  him 'a  convicted  traitor.'  He  was 


warmly  defended  b^  Brougham  and  Chris-' 
topher  Helv-Hutohinsoh ;  but  deeming  some 
further  apology  necessary,  he  insisted,  though 
in  his  seventy-fourth  year,  on  challengiog 
Dawson,  but  was  eatiraed  by  an  explana- 
tion. He  attended  a  meeting  of  the  mends 
of  civil  and  religious  liberty  m  the  Rotunda 
on  20  Jan.  1829,  when  his  appearance  on  the 
platform  was  greeted  with  tumultuous  ap- 
plause. On  26  Feb.  1834  his  wife,  to  whom 
he  was  tenderly  attached,  died  in  her  seven- 
tieth year,  and  was  shortly  afterwards  fol- 
lowed to  the  grave  by  her  eldest  son,  Gawin 
William  Rowan  Hamilton,  on  17  Aug.  The 
shock  proved  too  much  for  Rowan.  He  died 
on  I  Nov.  following,  and  was  buried  in  the 
vaults  of  St.  Mary's  Church,  Dublm. 

A  portrait  of  hmi  from  an  original  litho- 
^phic  drawing,  taken  when  well  advanced 
m  years,  forms  the  frontispiece  to  hla  auto- 
biography, and  there  is  another  copy  of  the 
same  m  Madden's  *  United  Irishmen '  (2nd 
ser.  L  828).  According  to  his  firiend.  Dr. 
Drummond,  he  was  in  his  youth  a  aingularlj 
handsome  man,  of  '  a  tail  and  commanding 
person,  in  which  agility,  streo^hy  and  grace 
were  combined.'  His  besetting  fault  was 
vanity,  which  rendered  him  an  easy  tool  in 
the  hands  of  clever  men  like  Wolfe  Tone,  and 
there  can  be  little  doubt  that  for  the  promi- 
nent place  he  holds  in  the  history  of  the 
United  Irish  movement  he  was  mdebted 
rather  to  his  position  in  society  and  to  a 
readiness  'to  go  out'  than  to  any  special 
0  ualification  as  a  poUtidao.  Of  his  ten  chil- 
dren, the  eldest  son, 

Qawjs  William  Rowajt  HAiOLTOir  (1783- 
1834),  captain  in  the  royal  navr,  bom  in 
Paris  on  4  March  1788,  entered  the  navv  in 
1801,  and  was  present  at  the  captnre  of  St 
Lucia  and  Tobago  in  1803.  He  took  part 
in  the  capture  of  Alexandria  in  1807,  and 
on  SO  Mardi  that  year  commanded  a  party 
of  blue-jackets  at  the  assault  on  Rossitta, 
when  he  was  severely  wounded  in  recovering 
a  gun  which  had  fallen  into  the  hands  of 
the  enemv.  He  was  promoted  lieutenant  in 
1809,  ana  two  years  later  was  appointed  to 
the  Onyx.  In  1812  he  was  raised  to  the  rank 
of  post-captain  in  command  of  the  Terma- 
gant. After  seeing  active  service  on  the 
coasts  of  Spain  and  Italy,  he  was  tran^erred 
to  the  North  American  station.  In  1817  he 
married  Katherine,  dauffhter  of  Lieutenant- 
general  Gockburn,  by  iniom  he  had  an  only 
child,  Archibald  Rowan  Hamilton,  father  of 
the  first  Marchioness  of  Dufieiin.  In  1820 
he  was  appointed  to  the  Oambrian,and  until 
1824  was  principally  employed  in  the  Levant 
in  protecting  the  Greeks,  in  whoss  cause  he 
spent  much  of  his  ^private  property.-    His 


Rowan 


335 


Rowan 


veml  wiA  lost  shortly  after  the  battle  of 
Nayarino  by  numing  foul  of  the  Isis,  and 
strikiog  on  the  island  of  Carabonsa.  He 
WIS  sabjected  to  a  conrt-martiali  but  honour- 
iUy  aeqaitted^  and  afterwards  appointed  to 
the  Bnud  on  the  South  American  station ; 
but  being  eompelled  by  ill-health  to  resign, 
be  returned  to  Killyleagh,  where  he  died  on 
17  Aug.  1834,  of  water  on  the  chest. 

[Doug  Ilia  reddenoe  at  Wilmington,  Rowan 
coBpiJed  s  dimt  aoconnt  of  his  own  life,  which 
be  •abeequently  committed  to  the  care  of  his 
fnead.  T.  JL  Lowiy,  0.0.,  editor  of  the  HamU* 
too  JK8S.,  foor  publication.  But  Mr.  Lowiy'e  pro* 
ffiflaonal  dotiee  learing  himlittle  time  for  literary 
Toric,  the  manuscript  was  entrosted  to  the  aev. 
W.  Hamilton  Drummond,  and  accordingly  pub- 
lubed  St  Dublin  in  1840.  The  life,  written  in 
anmple  and  disingenuous  fashion,  characteristic 
ci  the  inthor,  though  somewhat  defldent  in  the 
matter  of  dates,  is  the  basis  of  Thomss  Mac- 
BeTin^iIiTee  and  Trials  of  Archibald  Hamilton 
Boven . . .  sad  other  Smineot  Irishmen,  Dublin, 
1846;  of  the  life  in  WiUs*e  Irish  Nation,  iii. 
330^;  sad  of  that  in  WsbVs  Compendium  of 
Ifiifa  fiiogmphy.  Other  soorees  of  information 
are  HoveU'e  State  Trials,  zxii.  1084-1190; 
Grattan's  Life  of  Henry  Grattan,  iy.  162^7 ; 
Wolfe  Tone's  Autobiogtspby;  b'iUpatrick's  Se- 
Qtt  Semce  vnder  Pitt,  pp.  169  seq. ;  Gurran'e 
lib  of  Cnrran,  i.  306-18;  Barrington's  Per- 
soaal  8ketchee,  i.  327-34;  Madden's  United 
Iriihmeo,  passim ;  B^wsford's  Gorreep.  ii.  26, 
39;  Corresp.  of  Lord  Comwallis,  ii.  382;  Lady 
Morgan'!  Memoirs,  iL  148-51,  381 ;  Phillips's 
Corno  and  his  Contemporaries,  pp.  185-200 ; 
CloDceny's  Pers4>nsl  Becollectione,  pp.  159-63 ; 
Fittpatnck's  belaud  before  the  Union,  4th  edit 
pp.  118-21 ;  CBailly'e  Beminiscences  of  an 
Eaigiaat  MUesiftu,  iii.  87*98;  M'DovgalVs 
Sketcbee  of  Irish  Politioal  Chsracters,  pp.  27  U 
273;  Lecl^'s  Hist,  of  Englaad;  information 
kisdly  iuEDithsd  by  T.  K.  Lowiy,  esq.,  of  Dun- 
droB  Castle,  co.  Dublin.]  R.  1>. 

BOWAN,  ABTHUE  BLENNER- 
HASSBTT,  D.D.  ri800.1861),  antiouarian 
vnteTi  bom  probably  in  Tralee  in  October 
1800,  was  only  son  of  William  Bowan, 
'formerly  of  Arbela,  co.  Kerry,  and 
for  msny  years  prorost  of  Tralee,'  by  his 
oomin  Letitia,  daughter  of  Sir  Barry  Denny, 
birt,  of  Tralee  Castle.  He  was  educated 
at  Dr.  Kiag^B  school,  Ennis,  and  at  the  ajge 
of  nxteen  entered  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
giaduating.B.A«  in  1821,  M.A.  1627,  B.D. 
and  D.D.  1854.  He  was  ordained  in  1824, 
^eo  he  reeetred  the  curaoy  of  Blennerrille 
ia  his  native  eovUi^.  He  held  that  position 
tor  thirty  yean.  Li  1840  he  went  on  a  visit 
to  Oxford,  whence  he  wrote  some  lively 
letters  upon  the  traetarian  motement.  These 
be  a^rwaids  pablished  under  the  signature 
of '  Ignotosu'    In  1849  he  made  the  tour  of 


the  continent,  publisUng  the  record  of  his 
travels  on  his  return.  One  of  the  most  dili- 
gent antiquaries  in  the  south  of  Ireland,  he 
projected  and  edited  the  '  Kerry  Magazine/ 
a  periodical  which  ran  for  two  or  three  years, 
and  chiefly  dealt  with  local  history  and  an- 
tiquities. In  1854  he  was  appointed  rector 
of  Eilgobbin,  Clonfert,  and  on  81  Maibfa 
1866  was  promoted  arohdeacon  of  ArdJbrt. 
He  died  at  Belmont,  near  Tralee,  12  Aug. 
1861,  and  was  buried  in  Ballyseedy  church- 
yard; He  mamed  Alicia,  daughter  of  Peter 
Thompson,  esq.,  and  had  issue  one  son, 
WilILam,now  of  Belmont,  co.  Kerry  (Muoell. 
Genealoff,  et  Seraidiea,  new  ser.  iii.  116). 

His  published  works indaded  :  1.  'Spare 
Minutes  of  a  Minister,'  poems  (anon.),  12mo, 
1887.  2.  *  Letters  from  Oxford,'  with  notes 
by  Ignotus,  8vo,  DuUin,  1848.  8.  '  Roman- 
ism m  the  Church,  illustrated  by  the  case  of 
the  Rev.  £.  G.  Browne/ 8vo,  London,  1847. 
4r  'Newman's  Popular  FaUades  considered,' 
in  six  letters,  with  introduction  and  notee 
from  the  'Spectator,'  8vo,  Dublin,  1862. 
6.  '  Lake  Lore,  or  an  Antiquarian  Guide  to 
some  of  the  Ruins  and  Recollections  of 
Killamev,'  8vo,  Dublin,  1863.  6.  'First 
Fruits  ot  an  Early  Gathered  Harvest,'  edited 
^  A.  B.  R.,  8vo,  1864.  7.  '  Casuistry  and 
Coiiscienoe,'  two  discourses,  8vo,  Dublin, 
1864.  8.  '  Gleanings  after  Grand  Tourists ' 
(anon.),  8vo,  1866.  9.  ^  Brief  Memorials  of 
the  Case  and  Conduct  of  T.  0.  D.,  a.d.  1686- 
1690,  compiled  f^m  the  College  Records,' 
4to,  Dublin,  1868.  10.  '  Life  of  the  Blessed 
Franco,  extracted  and  englished  fW>m  a 
verie  anciente  Chronicle,'  8vo,  London,  1668. 
11.  'The  Old  Countess  of  Desmond,  her 
identitie,  her  portraiture,  her  descente,  &c., 
4to,  1860.  He  left  unfinished  at  his  death  a 
'History  of  the  Earl  of  Strafibrd'  and  a 
'  History  of  Kerry.' 

[Gent.  Mag.  1861,  il  565 ;  Burke's  Peerage, 
s.v.  Denny;  Mem<^>rial  Pages  to  Archdeacon 
Rowan,  Dublin,  1862;  Brit.  Mus.  Cat.;  Alli- 
bone's  Diet,  of  Engl.  Lit]  D.  J.  O'D. 

ROWAK,  Sib  CHARLES  (1782P-1862), 
chief  commissioner  of  uolice,  bom  about 
1782.  was  fifth  son  of  Robert  Rowan  (1764- 
1882)  of  MuUans,  co.  Antrim,  and  of  North 
Lodge,  Carrickfttrgus,  by  Elisa,  daughter  of 
Hill  Wilson.  His  brother,  Sir  William 
Rowan,  and  his  niece,  Frederics  Maclean 
Rowan,  are  separately  noticed.  Charles  en- 
tered the  army  as  an  ensign  in  the  6^d  foot 
in  1797,  was  appointed  its  paymaster  on 
8  Nov.  1796,  ana  a  lieutenant  on  16  March 
1799,  serving  with  that  regiment  in  the  ex« 
peditidn  to  Fenol  in  1800.  AfW  becoming 
captain  on  26  June  1808,  he  saw  service  in 


Rowan 


336 


Rowan 


Sicily  in  1806-7,  and  with  Sir  John  Moon's 
expedition  to  Sweden  in  1808.  He  joined 
the  anny  in  Portugal  two  days  after  the 
hattle  of  Vimierai  and  served  from  that  time 
with  the  reserve  forces  of  Sir  John  Moore, 
and  in  the  hattle  of  Corona.  In  1809  he  was 
appointed  briffade-major  to  the  light  brigade 
tafen  out  by  Major-general  Robert  Craumrd 
[q.  v.]  to  join  the  army  in  Portugal,  and  he 
was  present  with  the  light  division  in  several 
afiairs  near  Almeida  and  at  the  battle  of 
Busaco.  On  9  May  1811  he  became  major  of 
the  62nd  regiment,  was  appointed  assistant 
adjutant-general  to  the  b^t  division,  and 
was  present  at  the  battle  of  Tuentes  d'Onoro, 
the  siege  of  Ciudad  Rodrigo  and  at  Badajoz, 
where  he  was  wounded  in  the  assault.  He 
was  promoted  to  the  brevet  rank  of  lieutenant- 
colonel  on  27  April  1812,  and  was  afterwards 
present  at  the  battle  of  Salamanca.  He  served 
m  the  campugn  of  1815,  and  commanded  a 
wing  of  the  62nd  at  Waterloo,  when  he  was 
again  wounded.  On  4  June  1815  he  was 
appointed  a  companion  of  the  Bath ;  he  also 
received  a  medal  with  two  clasps  for  Ciudad 
Rodrigo,  Badajoz,  and  Salamanca ;  and  the 
silver  war  medal  with  three  clasps  for  Coruna, 
Busaco,  anjd  Fnentes  d'Onoro.  His  portrait 
occurs  in  the  well-known  pictures  'Water- 
loo Heroes  *  and  *  The  Waterloo  Banquet.' 

On  the  institution  of  the  metropolitan 
police  force  in  1829,  he  wss  appointed  the 
chief  commissioner,  an  office  which  he  filled 
with  great  credit  and  ability.  To  his  skil- 
ful guidance  were  mainly  owing  the  speedy 
removal  of  the  initial  prejudices  against  the 
new  police  and  the  lasting  success  of  the  mea- 
sure. On  26  Dec.  1 848  he  was  advanced  to  be 
a  K.C.B.,  and  retired  firom  the  public  service 
in  1850.  He  died  at  Norfolk  Street,  Park 
Lane,  London,  on  8  May  1852. 

[Gent.  Mug.  July  1852,  p.  91 ;  Burke*!  Lnnded 
Gentry,  1895,  ii.  1760;  Royal  Military  Calendar, 
1820,  iv.  414;  Dod's  Peerage,  1852,  p.  433; 
IlluBtr.  London  News,  22  May  1852,  p.  403J 

ROWAK,  FREDERICA  MACLEAN 
(1814-1882),  author  and  translator,  was  bom 
in  the  West  Indies  on  22  April  1814.  Her 
father,  Frederick  Rowan,  a  brother  of  Sir 
Charles  Rowan  [q.  v.]  and  Sir  William 
Rowan  [q.  v.],  was  a  brevet  major  in  the  4th 
West  India  regiment,  and  died  on  19  Oct. 
1814.  Her  mother,  whose  maiden  name  was 
Prom,  came  from  Bergen  in  Norway,  and 
after  Major  Rowan's  death,  while  stiU  a 
very  young  widow,  went  to  live  in  Copen- 
hagen, moving  thence,  with  her  two  daugh- 
ters, to  Weimar,  where  Goethe  still  resided, 
thence  to  Paris,  and  ultimately  to  Xjondon. 
Miss  Rowan  thus  possessed  full  mastery  of 


four  languages,  and  acquired  a  very  varied 
culture.  In  1844  she  published  a  *  History 
of  the  French  Revolution:  its  Causes  and 
Consequences,' and  about  the  same  time  con* 
tributed  to  Chambers's '  Tracts  for  the  People.' 
In  1847  she  published  a  volume  of  selections 
from  modem  French  authors,  and  in  1851 
short  popular  histories  of  England  and  Scot* 
land.  Alter  this  she  mainly  restricted  herself 
to  translations:  'The  Educational  Institn- 
tions  of  the  United  States'  from  the  Swedish 
of  Siljestrom  (1853),  « The  Life  of  Schleier- 
macher '  from  tne  German  (1860),  two  or  three 
political  pamphlets  on  German  affairs,  and  a 
good  deal  of  work  for  the  public  departments. 
But  the  most  noteworthv  of  her  translationB 
were  the  two  volumes  01  selections  from  the 
'Stunden  der  Andacht,' generally  attributed 
to  Zschokke.  Zschokke'a  book  nad  been  & 
favourite  with  the  prince  consort,  and  after 
his  death  the  queen  made  a  selection  from  it, 
commissioning  Miss  Rowan  to  translate  the 
selected  passsges,  and  herself  revising  the 
translation.  At  first  the  book  was  printed  for 
private  circulation  only,  but  afterwards  the 
queen  authorised  its  publication,  and  the  first 
volume,  entitled  '  Meditations  on  Death  and 
Eternity,' appeared  with  this  prefatory  note; 
*■  The  Meditations  contained  m  this  volume 
form  part  of  the  well-known  German  devo- 
tional work,  **  Stunden  der  Andacht,"  pub- 
lished in  the  beginning  of  the  present  century, 
and  generally  ascribed  to  Zschokke.  They 
have  oeen  selected  for  translation  by  one  to 
whom,  in  deep  and  overwhelming  sorrow, 
they  have  formed  a  source  of  comfort  and  edi- 
fication.' This  volume  appeared  in  1862.  In 
the  following  year  appeared  a  further  volume 
of  selections  from  Zschokke,  entitled  *  Medi- 
tations on  Life  and  its  Religious  Duties,' 
the  selections  being  again  made,  in  port  at 
least,  by  the  queen. 

Miss  Rowan  acted  for  some  years  as  secre- 
tary to  Sir  Francis  Henry  Goldsmid  j]q.  ▼.], 
and  was  of  assistance  to  him  in  his  parUamen- 
tary  and  philanthropic  work.  She  had  great 
social  gifts,  and  her  friends  were  many  She 
was  not  an  advocate  of  the  political  emanci- 
pation of  women.  During  the  later  years  of 
her  life  she  became  a  Swedenborgian.  She 
died  at  20  Fulham  Place,  London,  on  23  Oct. 
1882. 

[Obituary  notice  signed  J.  J.  G.  W.  (J.  J. 
Gfl^h  Wilkinson^  in  Morning  Light,  26  Nov. 
1 882,  and  private  information ;  Ath«n»iim,  1 882» 
ii.  566 ;  Burke's  Landed  Gentzyy  1894,  iL  1 750  ; 
Mrs.  Andrew  Crosse's  Bed  Letter  Days,  1892» 
ii.  317.]  F.  T.  M. 

ROWAN,  Sib  WILLIAM  (1789-1879)^ 
field-marshal,  son  of  Robert  Rowan  of  Muf- 
lans,  00.  Antrimi  was  bom  in  the  Isle  of 


Rowan 


337 


Rowbotham 


Mta  OB  18  June  1789.  He  received  a  oommi»* 
sioa  ts  eosign  in  the  62nd  light  infantry 
4  Not.  1803,  a  regiment  in  which  hia  uncle, 
GIuiIm  fiowan,  and  hie  brothers,  Sir  Charles 
Bowitt  [q.  y/Jand  Robert  Rowan,  also  senred. 
He  becune  Iieatenant  on  15  June  1804,  and 
•erved  with  the  62nd  regiment  in  Sicily  in 
1806-7,  and  in  Sweden  in  1808,  and  on  19  Oct. 
1806  got  Us  companjr  in  the  second  battalion 
of  the  legiment,  which  formed  part  of  the 
force  led  bj  Crmifurd  to  Vi«[0.    in  1809  he 
lenred  at  the   capture  of  Flushing,  and 
retoned  to  the  Peninsula  in  1811,  and  on 
2  Anil  fought  with  both  battalions  of  the 
52na  in  the  battle  of  Sabugal,  described  by 
^'ellington  as  one  of   the  most  glorious 
actions  British   troops   ever    enffaced   in. 
From  January  1813  to  the  end  of  the  war 
he  lerrad  in  the  Peninsula  and  in  France^ 
and  fought  at  Vittoria  on  21  June  1813,  at  the 
battles  of  the  Pyrenees  in  July  1813,  in  the 
attadt  on  the  caaap  at  Vera,  in  the  battles 
St  tlie  Bidsflsoa  on  31  Aug.  1818,  of  Nivelle 
on  10  Nor.  1818,  and  Nive  on  9  Dec  1813, 
and  at  Aieanguei  on  10  Dec  1813,  and 
was  in  the  hard  fightinff  in  the    marsh 
which  decided    the  battle   of  Orthez  on 
27  Feb.  181^  and  in  the  battle  of  Toulouse 
(n  10  April  1814,   besides   several  inter- 
mediate combats.      He  was  made  brevet 
major  for  his  conduct  at  Orthes.    In  the 
affair  with  Qeneral  Reille  at  San  Millan  in 
the  Tallej  of  Boreda  he  had  been  in  battle 
for  the  second  tinae  on  his  birthday,  and  two 
Tean  later  at  Waterloo,  as  he  used  to  relate 
m  his  old  ajpB,  he  was  for  the  third  time  in  a 
general  action  on  that  anniversary.   He  was 
▼ith  the  62nd  re«ment  and  took  part  in  Sir 
John  Colbome's  fiamous  charge  against  the 
imperial  guard  [see  Couiobvb,  Sib  Johv]. 
When  the  armv  occupied  Paris,  he  was  given 
cha{ge  of  the  mvt  arrondissement.     He  was 
guetted  lieutenant-colonel  21  Jan.   1819. 
from  1823  to  1829  he  was  civil  and  military 
•eoetanr  in  Gannda,  and  commanded  the 
forces  there  from  1849  to'  1866.    He  became 
eolonel  10  Jan.  1837,  major^neral  9  Nov. 
1B46,  lieutenant-general  20  June  1854,  gene- 
ttl  13  Aug.  1862,  and  field-marshal  2  June 
1877.  Hewasoolonelof  the  19th  foot  from 
1654  to  1861.     He  was  created  G.C.B.  in 
l^,and  had  the  war  medal  with  six  clasps. 
iWig  the  latter  part  of  his  life  he  resided  at 
Bath,attdth0i«died  26  Sept.  1879.    He  was 
mieent  on  the  sul^ect  of  his  own  services, 
>sd  asdtod  some  memoranda  which  he  left 
<tt  the  subject  of  his  camnaigns  *  strictly 
prifate ; '  bat  he  always  apolce  with  admira- 
tion of  Sir  John  Moore  (1761-1809)  [q.  v.]  and 
of  Sir  J<^n  Oolbome  [q.  v.],  to  whom  he  was 
at  one  time  military  secretary,  and  who  was 
Tou  xvn. 


oneof  his  gfreatest  friends.  His  field-marshal's 
b&ton  is  at  Mount  Davys,  co.  Antrim,  the 
seat  of  his  gfreat-nephew,  Colonel  Rowan. 

[Army  Lists;  infbrination  from  Devonshire 
Bowan,  esq.,  and  f^m  Colonel  Rowan ;  Wellington 
Despatches,  ed.  Garwood,  1688 ;  Napier's  History 
of  the  War  in  the  Peninsula,  ed.  1860 ;  Sibome's 
Waterloo  Letters,  1891  ;  Cranlbrd's  General 
Granftird  and  his  Light  Dirision;  Moore*s  Nar- 
rative of  Moore's  Campaigns  in  Spain,  2nd  ed. 
1809.]  N.  M. 

ROWBOTHAM,  THOMAS  CHARLES 
LEESON  (1828-1875),  landscape  painter  in 
watercolours,  son  of  Thomas  Ddeson  Row- 
botham (1783-1858),  professor  of  drawing  at 
the  Royal  Naval  School,  New  Cross,  was 
bom  in  Dublin  on  21  May  182S.  He  was 
instructed  in  art  by  his  father,  a  master  of 

Serspective,  whose  skill  at  the  same  time  as  a 
elineator  of  marine  subjects  inspired  his  son 
with  his  taste  for  river  and  coast  scenery. 
His  first  serious  work  in  art  was  done  in 

1847  on  a  sketching  tour  in  Wales,  which 
was  followed  in  succeeding  years  bv  visits 
to  Scotland,  Oermany,  and  Normandy.    In 

1848  he  was  elected  an  associate  of  the  New 
Society  (now  the  Royal  Institute)  of  Fsinters 
in  Water-colours,  of  which  in  1861  he  became 
a  full  member,  and  he  contributed  to  its 
exhibitions  no  less  than  464  works.  He  sue* 
ceeded  his  father  as  professor  of  drawing 
at  the  Royal  Naval  School,  collaborated 
with  him  in  '  The  Art  of  Painting  in  Water- 
colours,'  and  illustrated  his  book  of  '  The 
Art  of  Sketching  from  Nature.'  He  was  a 
skilful  artist,  apt  at  catching  the  salient 
beauties  of  picturesque  or  romantic  scenerv, 
and  fond  oi  introducing  figures,  generally 
large  enough  to  form  a  prominent  part  of 
the  composition.  He  was  not,  however,  a 
ffood  painter  of  figures,  and  these  in  his  later 
drawings  were  often  the  work  of  his  eldest 
son,  Cluirles.  In  his  later  years  his  love  for 
sunny  effects  led  him  to  restrict  himself  to 
Italian  subjects,  especially  those  of  sea  or 
lake,  although  he  had  never  been  in  Italy. 
He  was  sIbo  a  good  musician  and  chess- 

E layer.  His  health  was  never  strong,  and 
e  died  at  Percy  Lodffe,  Campden  Hill,  Ken- 
sington, on  30  June  1875,  leaving  a  widow 
ana  eight  children  almost  entirely  unprovided 
for.  He  vras  buried  in  Kensal  Green  ceme- 
tery. His  remaining  works  were  sold  by 
auction  by  Messrs.  Christie,  Manson,  &  Woo^ 
on  21  April  1876,  together  with  a  number  of 
sketdies  and  drawings  contributed  by  his 
professional  friends  to  the  fund  raised  for  the 
benefit  of  his  &mily.  There  are  four  draw- 
ings by  him  in  the  South  Kensington  Museum 
—'Lake  Scenery,'  'St.  Qodard, Rouen," The 
Wrecked  Boat,'and' Rouen  from  the  Heights 


Rowe 


333 


Rowe 


of  9t.  Gatharine/  Ruakin  pnused  his  work, 
and  in  1858  aaid  he  had  the  making  of  a 
good  landscape-painter,  in  spite  of  his  '  arti- 
ficialnesa '  (RusKnr,  Notes  on  the  Royal  Asa- 
demsf,  &o,,  1858  p.  48, 1859  p.  47). 

]^whotham  published  in  1876  small  to* 
lumes  of '  Tnwgl«>»  Lake  Soenerr '  and  '  Flo* 
turesqne  Scottish  Scenery/  and  a  series  of 
chromolithographio  'Views  of  Wicklow  and 
Eillamey/  with  descriptiye  text  by  the  Rev. 
W.  J.  Loftie.  He  also  contributed  illustra- 
tions to  CasseU's '  Picturesque  Europe.'  He 
published  many  other  chromolithographs; 
a  series  entitled  'T.  L.  Rowbotham's  Sketch 
Book '  was  issued  after  his  death. 


[Redgrave's  Dictionary  of  Artists,  1878; 
Biyan's  Dictionaiy,  ed.  Graves  and  Armstrong, 
1888-9,  ii  420  ;  Algernon  Gmves's  Dictionary 
of  Artists,  1895  ;  Academy,  1875,  ii.  101 ;  Art 
Joomal,  1875,p.  280  ;  Catalogues  of  the  Institute 
of  Painters  in  Water-colours,  1849-75;  infor- 
mation from  Claude  H.  Bowbotham,  esq.] 

R.  KG. 

BOWE.    [See  also  Row.] 

ROWB,MBfl.ELIZABETH(1674-1787), 
author,  bom  at  Ilchester,  Somersel^on  11  Sept. 
1074,  was  eldest  of  the  three  daughters  of 
Walter  Singer,  a  nonconformist  miniater, 
by  his  wife,  Elisabeth  PortnelL  The  father, 
who  had  a  competent  estate  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  Frome,  had  been  in  prison  at 
Hchester  in  early  life  for  nonconformity, 
and  first  met  his  wife  while  she  was  visit- 
ing the  prisoners  as  an  act  of  charity.  He 
died  on  18  April  1719.  Elizabeth,  although 
educated  religiously,  practised  music  and 
drawing  with  much  success,  and  wrote  verse 
from  a  youthful  age.  In  1696  she  published 
*  Poems  on  several  occasions  by  Philomela ' 
(reissued  in  1709  and  1737).  The  effort 
attracted  favourable  notice.  The  familv  of 
Lord  Weymouth  at  Longleat  patronised  her, 
£[enry  Thynne,  Lord  Weymouth's  son,  taught 
her  rrencn  and  Italian,  and  at  the  request  of 
Lord  Weymouth's  chaplain.  Bishop  Ken^  she 
afterwards  paraphrased  in  verse  the  thirtv- 
eighth  chapter  of  Job.  Ken  paid  a  weeklpr 
visit  to  her  Other's  house  in  order  to  culti- 
vate her  society.  Matthew  Prior  was  also 
attracted  hj  her  poetry.  Not  only  did  he 
print  with  his  own  collected  poems  her  'Love 
and  Friendship,  a  pastoral,  but  appended 
to  it  verses  declarmg  himself  desperately 
in  love  with  her.  At  the  same  period  she 
became  known  to  Dr.  Isaac  Watts,  who,  on 
19  July  1706,  wrote  some  lines '  on  her  divine 
poems.'  In  1709  she  was  introduced,  while 
at  Bath,  to  an  accomplished  and  serious- 
minded  young  man,  Thomas  Rowe,  and  next 
year  she  muTied  hun. 

Thoiub  Rowb  (1687-1716)  was  his  wife's 


junior  by  thirteen  vears,  having  been  bom 
m  London  on  25  April  1687.    His  father, 
Benoni  Rowe,  son  of  John  Rowe  (1626- 
1677)  [q- v.l,  and  brother  of  Thomas  Rowe 
(1667-1706)  [q,  v.],  was  a  nonconformist 
minister  of  Devonshire  origin.    Thomas  had 
studied  classics  first  at  Epsom,  afterwards 
under  Dr.  Walker,  master  of  the  Charter- 
house,and  finally  at  the  university  of  Leyden. 
He  combined  with  his  scholarship  an  udent 
love  of  political  and  religious  liberty,  and,  to 
gratify  simultaneously  ms  literary  and  poli- 
tical predilections,  he  designed  a  series  of 
lives  of  classical  heroes  who  had  been  over- 
looked by  Plutarch.  He  completed  eight  bio- 
graphies (^neas,  Tullus  Hostilius,  Aristo- 
menes,  Tiuquin  the  elder  and  Junius  Brutus, 
Qelo,  Cyrus,  and  Jason),  and  his  work  was 
published,  with  a  pre&ce  by  Samuel  Chandler, 
in  1728,  after  his  death.   A  life  of  Thrasybn- 
lus,  which  he  sent  for  revision  to  Sir  Richard 
Steele,  was  never  heard  of  again.    A  French 
translation  of  his  lives  by  Abb6  Bellen^r 
was  appended  to  Dacies's  French  translation 
of  Plutarch  in  1734,  and  was  frequently  re- 
published with  it.    Rowe  also  wrote  some 
English  poems,  both  original  and  translated 
from  the  classics.    The  former  included  some 
fingid  'Odes  to  Delia.'    Howe's  verse  was 
published  in  the  collected  edition  of  his  wife's 
works  in  1789.    He  died  of  consumption  at 
Hampsteadon  18  May  1716,  and  was  buried 
in  Bunhill  Fields. 

Mrs.  Rowe  wrote  an  elegv  on  her  husband 
which  was  at  the  time  CTMUted  with  almost 
infinite  pathos,  although  the  rhyming  heroics 
in  which  it  is  pennedgive  it  in  modem  ears 
a.  somewhat  conventional  ring.    Bope  did 
Mrs.  Rowe  the  honour  not  only  of  imitating 
some  lines  in  his  own  poems,  but  of  print- 
ing the  elegy  in  1720  as  an  appendix  to  his 
'  Eioisa  and  Abelard '  (2nd  edit.)  Mrs.  Rowe 
never  completely  recovered  from  the  grief  of 
her  bereavement.  Retiring  to  Frome,  where 
she  inherited  a  small  property  from   her 
father,  she  devoted  herself  to  pious  exercises, 
occasionally  varied   by    literary  work    or 
sketching.   She  seldom  left  home  except  to 
visit  her  friend,  the  Countess  of  Hertford, 
afterwards  Duchess  of  Somerset,  at  Marl- 
borough (the  daughter  of  her  early  patron, 
Henry  Thynne  of  Longleat),  but  she  main* 
tained  intimate  relations  with  many  other 
friends  and  acquaintances  through  a  volu* 
minous  correspondence.  Her  corre8ponden.tft 
included  the  Earl  of  Orrery,  James  Theobald , 
and  Mrs.  Elisabeth  Carter.     She  died    of 
apoplexy  on  20  Fdl>.  1796-7,  and  was  buxied 
in  tne  meeting-house  at  Frome.   Mrs.  Elizar> 
both  Carter,  among  others,  wrote  eulogistic 
venes  to  her  memory. 


Rowe 


339 


Rowe 


Mm.  Ro Ws  most  popular  literary  com- 
positioDi  to(^  an  e]^0tolary  form,  which  she 
employed  with  much  skill.    In   1728  she 

KUiflhed  '  FHendship  in  Death,  in  twenty 
tiers  from  the  DetMl  to  the  Living '  (3ra 
edit  1738,  6th  edit.  1788,  and  many  other 
editions  until  1816).  Here  she  gave  a  ouzi- 
ousIt  realistie  expression  to  her  faith  in  the 
BooA  immortality.  '  Thoughts  on  Death, 
tnndsted  from  the  Moral  Essays  of  Messieurs 
de  Port  Royal,'  was  appended.  A  seeond 
episkohffy  Tsntuze,  '  Letters  Moral  and  En- 
tertaimng'  (pt.  i.  1729,  pt.  ii.  1781,  and  pt 
iiL  17®),  was  undertaken  with  tiie  pious 
intention  of  dxciting[  religious  sentiment  in 
the  esrebss  and  dissipatea.  But  the  frank* 
DeiB  with  which  Mrs. llowe's  imaginary  cha^ 
ncten  sequaint  each  other  with  their  pro* 
fane  experieiMet  lends  her  Tolomes  some 
fieealar  mterast.  Dr.  Johnson,  while  com* 
flMnding  Iba  Bowe*s '  brightness  of  imagery ' 
and  'purity  of  sentiment '  in  this  work,  de- 
scribes the  aathor  as  the  earliest  English 
writer  to  employ  with  suocess '  the  ornaments 
of  iDmsaee  in  the  decoration  of  religion.' 
'The  only  writer,'  Dr.  Johnson  adds,  who  had 
msdea  like  endeaTour  was  Robert  Boyle,  in 
the  *  Msrtjidam  of  Theodora ; '  and  he  fuled 
(BoswBLL,X(/»<//o;bMon,i.S12).  Inl7a6 
die  pnblidbed  '  The  History  of  Joseph,'  a 
poem  which  she  had  written  in  her  younger 
yean  (4th  edit.  1744 ;  Boston,  U.S.A.  l&ffl). 
After  her  death  Isaac  Watts,  in  aocordanoe 
with  her  request,  revised  and  published  in 
1737  prayers  of  ner  composition,  under  the 
title  ot  '  bevont  Exercises  of  the  Heart  in 
Meditation  and  Soliloquy,  Praise  and  Prater.' 
A  lecond  edition  was  called  for  within  a 
year,  and  many  others  appeared  in  Ixmdon 
mitil  1811.  Outside  Lonaon,  editions  were 
icsmd  at  Newry  (1762),  Edinburgh  (1766and 
1781),  Dublin  (1771),  and  Windsor,  U.3.A. 
(17ft2).  In  1789  Mrs.  Rowe's  *  Miscellaneous 
Worn  in  Prose  and  Veree'  were  published 
in  2  Tols.  8to  ;  a  full  account  oz  her  life 
•od  writings  by  her  brother^in-<law,  Theo* 
pkilos  Rowe,  was  prefixed,  and  her  htisband's 
poems  were  printdd  in  an  appendix.  A  por- 
tait  of  Mrs.  Bowe,  engraved  by  Vertue, 
ibnned  the  frontispiece.  These  Yolumee 
were  reissued  in  17^,  1760  (with  '  History 
of  Joseph*),  1766,  and  1772.  A  completer 
eoUeetion  appcMured  in  4  vols,  in  1796.  Mrs. 
Hove  is  represented  in  '  Poems  by  Eminent 
Lidiee,'  I7669  ii.  271.  '  Hampden,'  an  un* 
pohlidied  poem  by  her,  is  in  the  British  Mu* 
Mam  (Addit.  MS.  29600  f.  112). 

Dr.  Johnson  declared  that  human  eulogies 
of  two  siMsli  saintly  writers  as  Mrs.  Rowe 
and  Dr.  Watts  were  vain;  'they  were  ap- 
plaoded  by  angels  and  numbered  with  the 


just.'  Abroad  Mrs.  Rowe  excited  hardly 
less  enthusiasm.  Two  French  translations 
of  her '  Friendship  in  Death  *  were  published — 
at  Amsterdam  in  1740  and  at  Qeneva  in 
1763.  Her  poems  were  translated  into 
German  in  1746,  and  achieved  much  popu* 
larity.  The  Qennan  poets  Klopstock  and 
Wieland  vied  with  each  other  in  the  praises 
they  lavished  on  her  poetic  fervour  and  de- 
votional temperament.  '  Die  eSttliche  Rowe ' 
and  '  Die  himmlische  und  iromme  Singer  * 
are  phrases  to  be  frequently  met  with  in 
ELopstock's  private  correspondence. 

[The  fall  life  preflxed  to  Mrs.  Bowo's  Miscel- 
laneous Works  (1739)  was  issued  separately  in 
1769,  and  was  included  in  Thomas  Jackson's 
Library  of  Christian  Biocy.  183 7,  voL  x.  It  is 
summarized  in  Cibber^s  Lives  of  the  Poets  and 
in  Noble's  Biogr.  Hist.  iii.  309-10.  The  most 
scholarly  biography  is  Die  gottliehe  Rowe  von 
Tfaeodor  Velter.Zarieh,  1894 ;  see  also  Plamptre's 
Thomas  Ken,  ii.  172seq..and  Oonespondence  of 
John  Hughes,  esq.»  1773,  i  1«6, 177.]     S.  L. 

ROWE,  GEORGE  ROBERT  (1792- 
1861),  physician,  was  bom  in  1792,  and  pur- 
sued nis  medical  studies  at  St.  Bartholomew's 
Hospital.  He  vras  admitted  a  member  of 
the  London  College  of  Surgeons  on  12  March 
1812,  and  he  subMquently  entered  the  army^ 
where  he  served  as  surgeon  during  the  later 
years  of  the  Peninsular  war.  He  at  length 
settled  at  Chigwell  in  Essex,  and  there  prao- 
tksed  for  many  years.  He  was  admitted  a 
member  of  the  Royal  College  of  Physicians 
in  1840,  and  in  1846  he  moved  into  Gk>lden 
Square,  though  he  still  continued  to  practise 
in  Essex.  He  relinquished  his  ooimt^  wor]f 
about  1848,  when  he  took  the  house  in 
Cavendish  Square  in  which  he  died  on  26  Jan. 
1861.  He  was  an  honorary  physician  to  the 
Royal  Dramatic  College  ana  a  member  of 
the  London  Medical  Society. 

He  wrote :  1.  *  A  Practical  Treatise  on  the 
Nervous  Diseases  which  are  denominated 
Hypochondriasis,'  2nd  edit.  1841 ;  16th  edit. 
1860.  2.  'On  some  Important  Diseases  of 
Females,'  London,  1844  (2nd  edit.  1857). 
This  work  reached  a  second  edition.  He  also 
eontributed  to  the '  Lancet ' '  Observations  on 
Cancer  cured  by  Calcium  Chloride '  (1843, 

E.  687^  and  *  The  Abemethian  Oration  de- 
verea  as  President  of  the  Abemethian  So- 
ciety '  (1849,  p.  390). 

[Obituary  notices  in  the  Lancet  and  Medical 
Times  and  Gasette  for  1861.]  D'A.  P. 

ROWE,  HARRY  (1726-1800),  'emen- 

,  dator  of  Shakespeare/  the  son  of  poor  parents, 

was  bom  at  York  in  1726.    He  served  as 

trumpeter  to  the  Duke  of  Kingston's  light 

^  i2 


Rowe 


340 


Rowe 


horse,  and  was  present  at  the  battle  of  Cul- 
loden  in  1746,  after  which  he  attended  the 
high  sheriffs  of  Yorkshire  in  the  capacity  of 
trumpeter  to  the  assizes  for  upwards  of  forty 
years.  He  eked  out  a  scanty  subsistence^  as 
a  puppet  showman,  travelling  far  and  wide 
in  Scotland  and  the  north  of  England.  His 
devotion  to  his  old  parents  commended  him 
to  the  notice  of  John  Croft  [q.  v.l  the 
popular  wine  merchant  and  virtuoso  of  York, 
who  got  up  a  subscription  for  him,  and  caused 
to  be  printed  for  his  benefit  *  Macbeth,  with 
I^otes  by  Harry  Rowe,  York,  printed  for  the 
Annotator,  1797,  8vo.'  The  edition  was 
grate^Uy  dedicated  to  those  patrons  who 
had  *  raised  the  puppet-master  from  abject 
poverty  to  ease,  comfort,  and  content.'  A 
second  edition,  with  a  portrait  of  Rowe,  ap- 
peared in  1799.  The  so-called  'emenda- 
tions '  were  probably  inspired  by  Croft,  and 
were  intended  to  raise  a  laugh  at  the  ex- 
pense of  the  accredited  commentators.  The 
alterations  are  based,  the  reader  is  informed, 
upon  '  a  careful  perusal  of  a  very  old  manu- 
script in  the  possession  of  my  prompter,  one 
of  whose  ancestors,  by  the  mother's  side, 
was  rush-spreader  and  candle-snuffer  at  the 
Globe  Play-house,  as  appears  from  the  fol- 
lowing memorandum  on  a  blank  page  of  the 
MS. :  this  day^  March  the  fwrth^  1598f  r&» 
eeived  the  mm  of  seven  shillings  and  fwT' 
pence  for  six  bundles  of  rushes  and  ttoo  pairs 
of  brass  snuffers,' 

In  1797  also  appeared,  in  Rowe's  name, 
*  No  Cure  No  Fay ;  or  the  Pharmacopolist, 
a  musical  farce,' York,  8vo,  in  which  some 
amusing  sarcasm  is  levelled  against  empirics, 
^th  diplomas  both  sham  and  genuine,  who 
are  represented  by  Drs.  Wax,  Potion,  and 
Motion,  and  the  journeyman  Marrowbone. 
Prefixed  is  an  engraved  portrait  of  Rowe, 
which  is  reproduced  in  Chambers's '  Book  ot 
Days.'  In  some  copies  Rowe  is  represented 
with  a  copy  of  '  Macbeth '  in  his  hand,  and 
a  puppet-show  in  the  background,  with  the 
legena  'A  manager  tumM  author.'  The 
annotations  were  again  furnished  by  'a 
friend/  probably  Croft,  who,  shortly  after 
Rowe's  death  in  York  poorhouse,  on  2  Oct. 
1800,  issued  '  Memoirs  of  Harry  Rowe,  con- 
structed from  materials  found  in  an  old  box 
after  his  decease,'  the  profits  of  which  were 
devoted  to  the  York  Dispensary.  A  copy 
of  Rowe's  *  Macbeth,'  in  the  Boston  Public 
Library,  contains  some  manuscript  notes  by 
its  former  owner,  Isaac  Reed  [q.  v.],  inclua- 
ing  an  erroneous  ascription  01  the  annota- 
tions to  Dr.  Andrew  Hunter  [q.  v.] 

[R.  Davies's  York  Press,  1868,  p.  809 ;  Boyne's 
Yorkshire  Library;  Gent.  Mag.  1800.  ii.  1010; 
Baker's  Biogr.  Dramadca,  1812,  L  607;  Kotos 


and  Queries,  6th  ser.  xi.  317*  398 ;  Chamben't 
Book  of  Days,  iu  436 ;  Lowndes's  BiU.  Jtfam 
(Bohn),  p.  2136.]  T.  S. 

BOWE,   JOHN   (1626>ie77),  nonoon* 
formist  divine,  son  of  John  Rowe  (1688- 
1660),  and  grandson  of  Lawrence  Rowe,wss 
bom  at  Crcoiton,  Devonshire,  in  1626.    His 
religious  biography  of  his  father,  published  in 
1678,  is  included  in  Clarke's  '  Lives,'  1683. 
Chi  1  April  1642  he  entered  as  a  batler  at 
New  Inn  Hall,  Oxford.    Next  year,  Oxford 
being  garrisoned  for  the  king  and  New  Iod 
Hall  used  as  a  mint,  he  removed  to  Em- 
manuel College,  Cambridge,  where  he  gra- 
duated B.  A.  in  1646.   On  8  Dec.  1648  he  was 
incorporated  B.  A.  at  Oxford ;  on  12  Dec.  he 
was  admitted  M.A.,and  on  11  Oct.  1640  was 
made  fellow  of  Corpus  Christi  College,  Ox- 
ford, by  the  parliamentary  visitors.    He  was 
a  good  patristic  scholar,  well  read  in  philo- 
sophy and  jurisprudence,  and  versed  m  the 
scnoolmen.    From  his  ^outh  to  the  last  he 
made  a  practice  of  keepmg  a  diary  in  Greek. 
Hi«  first  preferment  was  a  lectureship  at 
Witney,  Oxfordshire ;  this  had  once  been  s 
puritan  place,  but  Rowe's  congregation  was 
thin.    On  3  Feb.  1653  the  '  most  pleaaant 
comedy  of  Mucedorus '  was  acted  in  a  room  of 
the  inn  at  Witney,  before  three  hundred  or 
four  hundred  spectators,  by  a  company  of 
amateurs  from  Stanton-Harcourt.  After  the 
second  act  the  floor  broke  down,  and  fiTe 
persous  were  killed.    Rowe  made  this  cata- 
strophe the  tonic  of  a  series  of  sermons.    He 
soon  became  lecturer  at  Tiverton,  Devon- 
shire, vacating  his  fellowship,  and  was  made 
assistant-commissioner  to  the  '  expurgatora' 
(August  1654)    for   Devonshire,  but  can 
hardlv  have  acted  as  such,  for  in  the  same 
year  he  succeeded  William  Strong  (d,  June 
1654)  as  preacher  at  Westminster  Abbey  and 
pastor  of  an  independent  church  which  met  in 
the  abbey.    Among  its  members  was  John 
Bradshaw  (1602-1659)  [q.  v.],  the  regieide, 
whose  funml  sermon  was  preached  by  Bowe. 
On  14  March  1660  he  was  appointed  one  of 
the  approvers  of  ministers. 

TheRestoration  deprived  him  of  his  offices. 
He  mimted  with  his  church  to  Bartholo- 
mew Close,  and  afterwards  to  Holbom  (pro- 
bably Baker's  Court),  where  Theophilos 
G^e  [q.  v.l  was  his  assietant.  He  died  on 
12  Oct.  1677,  and  was  buried  in  Bonhill 
Fields.  In  person  he  was  tall  and  dignified, 
with  a  pleasmg  manner.  He  left  two  sons — 
Thomas  [q.  v/1  and  Benoni  [see  under  Rows, 
ThomasT.  Eus  sister  became  the  mother  of 
Henry  Grove  [q.  v.][ 

He  published,  besides  a  sermon  before  par* 
liament  (1656)  and  his  father^e  life  above 
noted :  1. '  Tragi-^lJomoedia  •  •  •  a  Brief  RelSf 


Rowe 


341 


Rowe 


tioiiofthe...Huid  of  €h>d...  at  Witney... 

^th . . .  three  Sermons/  &c.,  Oxford,  IQSS, 

4ta  S. '  Heavenly-mindedness  and  EartUv- 

ZDiodedneai,'  &c.,  1^72, 16mo,  2part8.  8.  <  The 

Sftints'  Temptation .  . .  also  the  Saints'  Great 

Fence,'  Ac.,  1675,  8to.     Posthumous  was 

4.  'Emmanuel,  or  the  Love  of  Christ/  &;c., 

1680^  Qyo,  thirty  sermons,  edited  hy  Samuel 

Lee  [q.  ▼.!     I^  edited  works  hy  William 

Strang  (1666  and  1667,  12mo)  and  hy  £. 

Pesrae  (1674  and  1688,  Byo).    Gakmy  gives 

a  list  or  his  unpublished  manuscripts. 

[Lee's  preface  to  Emmanuel,  1680;  Wood's 
AlbensB  Ozoa.  (Bliss),  iii.  1128  sq.;  Wood's 
Fiisti  (Bli»),  ii.  108  sq. ;  Foeter's  Alumni  Ozon. 
1891,  in.  1284;  Galamy's  Aeeonnt,  1713,  pp. 
39  aq.;  Galamy's  ContinuatioD,  1727,  i  59; 
WilMft'e  Dissenting  Churches  of  London,  1810, 
iii.  166  sq. ;  Jones's  Bunhill  Memorials,  1840,  p. 
245.]  A.  Gh. 

BOWE,  JGHN  (1764-1832),  unitarian 
minister,  sixth  child  of  William  Rowe  of 
Speneeoomh,  near  Orediton,  Deyonshire,  was 
bora  on  17  April  1764.  He  was  educated 
at  Exeter  under  Joseph  Bretland  [q.  ▼.] ;  at 
Hoxton  Academy,  and,  after  its  dissolution, 
atthenewc<dlege,  ultimately  fixed  at  Hack- 
ney, but  then  conducted  (September  1786- 
June  1787)  at  Dr.  Williams's  Library,  Red 
Cross  Street,  Ori^plegate.  He  preached  oe* 
casionally  for  his  tutors,  Andrew  Kippis 
[q.  T.l,  at  Westminster,  and  Richard  Irice 
(i72$-1791)  [q.  T.]  at  Hackney.  On  14  Oct. ; 
1787  he  became  ooUcAgue  with  Joseph 
Fownes  (1714-1789)at  mgh  Stieet  Chanel, ' 
SInewsbury,  and  on  JPownes's  death  (7  Not. 
1789)  was  elected  sole  pastor.  His  congre- 
gation bnflt  (1790)  a  new  *  parsonage-house  * 
for  him ;  and  at  luchaelmas  1793  gave  him 
an  assistant,  Arthur  Aikin  [q.  ▼.],  who  left 
the  ministry  in  June  1795.  In  January  1798 
Coleridge  preached  some  Sundays  as  candi- 
date lor  the  place  of  assistant,  but  withdrew 
in  eoaaeqnenoe  of  an  offer  of  an  income  from 
Thonaas  wedge  wood  (see  letter  of  Coleridge, 
19  Jan.  1798,  in  CkrisHan  Stfomter,  1834, 
p.  838).  Bowe  left  Shrewsbury  in  May  1798 
to  become  colleague  with  John  Prior  Estlin 
[q.  ▼.}  at  Lewin's  Mead  Chapel,  BristoL  He 
was  mm  impressiye  extempore  preacher,  and 
became  a  power  in  Bristol,  both  in  chari- 
table and  in  political  movements.  He  was  a 
ibuader  of  the  Western  Unitarian  Society, 
which  was  established  in  1792,  on  principles 
which  maOTof  hiscongre^tion  thought  too 
aaziow.  He  held  a  doctnne  of  concufdonal 
immortality.  In  January  1881  he  was  seised 
with  pualysis.  He  resigned  his  chaige  in 
1832,  and  wait  to  Italy.  He  died  at  Siena 
on  2  July  1882,  and  was  buried  in  the  protes- 
taai  oemeteiy  at  Leghorn.    In  1788  he  mar- 


ried his  cousin  Mary  (d,  1835),  daughter  of 
Richard  Hall  Clarke  of  Brio  well,  Devon- 
shire. His  only  son,  John,  died  in  Mexico 
on  17  Dec.  1837,  a^ed  twenty-nine. 

Hepublished,  besides  sermons  (1799-1816), 
^  A  Letter  to  Dr.  Ryland,  in  refutation  of  a 
note  contained  in  his  Sermon,  entitled  **  The 
First  Lye  refuted," '  1801,  8vo. 

[Memoir  (by  Robert  A8pland)in  Christian  Re- 
former, 1884, pp.  266  sq.;  March's  Hist.  I^resb. 
and  Gen.  Bapt.  Churches  in  West  of  Engl.  1885, 
pp.  llftsq.  131  sq.;  Astley*s  Hist.  Fresb.  Meet* 
mg-Honse,  Shrewsbury,  1847,  pp.  21  sq.] 

A  a. 

BOWE,  NICHOLAS  (1674-1718),  poet 
laureate  and  dramatist,  bom  in  the  house  of 
his  mother's  father  at  Little  Barford,  Bed- 
fordshire, in  1674,  was  baptised  there  on 
80  June  (  Oenealofftca  Be^ordienstSf  ed.  1890, 
F.  A.  Blaydes,  p.  16;  Gent.  Mag.  1819,  ii. 
230).  He  was  son  of  John  Rowe  (1647- 
1692),  who  married  Elisabeth,  daughter  of 
Jasper  Edward,  at  Little  Barford  on  25  Sept. 
1673.  His  father's  family  was  long  settled 
at  Lamerton,  Devonshire,  and  one  of  his  an- 
cestors is  said  to  have  been  distinguished 
as  a  crusader.  His  father  was  a  London 
barrister  of  the  Middle  Temple  and  a  ser- 
jeant-at-law, who  published  in  1689  Benloe's 
and  Dalison's  'Reports  in  the  Reign  of 
James  II,'  and,  dying  on  80  April  1692, 
was  buried  in  the  Temple  Church.  Rowe's 
mother  was  buried  at  Little  Barford  on 
25  April  1679.  After  attending  a  private 
school  at  Highgate,  Nicholas  was  in  1688 
elected  a  king's  sdiolar  at  Westminster,  where 
Busby  held  sway ;  but,  destined  for  his  father's 
profession,  he  was  soon  removed  from  school, 
and  was  entered  as  a  student  at  the  Middle 
Temple.  He  was  called  to  the  bar,  and  Lord- 
chie>ju8tice  Sir  George  Treby  noticed  him 
favourably.  Law  proved  uncongenial.  From 
youth  he  had  read  much  literature,  especially 
dramatic  literature,  both  classical  and  mo- 
dem, and  he  was  soon  fired  with  the  ambi- 
tion to  try  his  hand  as  a  dramatist.  His 
father's  death  in  1692,  which  put  him  in 
possession  of  an  income  of  SOO/.  a  year,  en« 
abled  him  to  follow  his  own  inclinations. 

Forsaking  the  bar,  although  still  residing 
in  the  Temple,  Rowe  early  in  1700  saw  his 
blank-verse  tragedy, '  The  Ambitious  Step- 
mother,' produced  at  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields. 
The  scene  was  laid  in  Persepolis.  Hie  cha- 
racters, which  were  supposed  to  be  Persian, 
were  not  drawn  with  much  distinctness,  but 
the  piece  vras  well  acted  by  Betterton,  Mrs. 
Bracegirdle,  Mrs.  Barry,  and  others,  and  an* 
swered  the  company's  expectations  (Dowites, 
Jio9cius  AngUcanusj  170o,  p.  45).  Oongreve 
described  the  play  as  *  a  very  good  one,  and 


Rowe 


34» 


RoT^'C 


it  was  published  in  full — it  was  somewhat 
curtailed  on  the  stage — with  a  dedication 
addriM»ed  to  the  Earl  of  Jersey.  According 
to  Gibher,  Rowe  fell  in  love  with  Mrs.  Brace- 
girdle,  who  helped  to  make  the  piece  a  suc- 
cess. Thenceforth  Rowe  was  for  some  years 
a  prof^sional  playwright,  and  soon  gained  the 
acquaintance  of  the  leaden  of  literary  society, 
inciudinfi^  Po^e  and  Addison.  In  1702  ne 
producea,  again  at  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields,  his 
second  tragedy,  *  Tamerlane,*  on  which  '  he 
vidued  himself  most '  (Cibbsb).  The  hero 
was  intended  as  a  portrait  of  William  III, 
and  was  endowed  with  the  most  amiable 
virtues,  while  his  villainous  rival,  Bajajiet, 
was  a  caricature  of  Louis  XIV.  Gibbon  and 
Prescott  both  note  Howe's  eccentricity  in 
crediting  Tamerlane  with  '  amiable  moderar 
tion  *  (Decline  and  Fall,  cap.  Ixv.  n. ;  Mexico, 
ed.  1856,  ii.  162  n.^  Althoujs^h  the  plot  is 
somewhat  con^tea,  the  political  tone  of  the 
play  rendered  it  popular.  It  at  once  became 
a  stock  piece,  and  was  played  annually  at 
Drury  Lane  Theatre  on  5  ^v.,  the  anniver- 
sary of  William  IITs  landing  and  of  the '  Gun- 
powder Plot/  until  1816.  Howe  dedicated 
it,  when  published,  to  William  Cavendish 
(afterwards  first  Duke  of  Devonshire), 

In  1708  he  completed  his  'Fair  Penitent,' 
a  highly  sentimental  tragedy  adapted  from 
Massinger's  '  Fatal  Dowry.'  This  was  pro- 
duced at  Lincoln's  Inn  fields.  The  printed 
piece  was  dedicated  to  the  Duchess  of  Or^ 
monde.  Downes  pointed  out,  when  deeorifoing 
the  first  representation^  that  the  interest, 
which  was  well  maintained  in  the  first  three 
acts,  failed  in  the  last  two.  Sir  Walter  Scott 
justly  noticed  that  Howe's  effort  fell  as  far 
below  Massinger^s  *  as  the  boldest  translation 
can  sink  below  the  most  spirited  original ' 
{Essay  on  Drama).  Dr.  Johnson  gave  it 
unstinted  praise :  '  There  is  scarc^y  any 
work  of  any  poet  at  once  so  interesting  by 
the  fable  and  so  delightful  in  the  language.' 
The  play  going  public  emphatically  approved 
its  pathos.  The  villain,  'the  gallant,  gay 
Lothario,'  acquired  a  proverbial  reputation. 
The  heroine,  Oalista,  was  a  favourite  cha- 
racter with  the  chief  actresses  of  the  century. 
Howe's  Lothario  and  Calista  su^^ested  Love- 
lace and  Clarissa  Harlowe  to  Hicuardlton,  the 
novelist.  Howe  was  less  successful  in  his 
classical  tragedy  of  *  Ulysses'  (1706),  though, 
'  being  all  newcloathed  and  excellently  well 
performed,'  it  had  a  successful  run  at  the 
Queen's  Theatre  in  the  Haymarket.  Better- 
ton  took  the  title-'r61e.  Howe  dedicated  the 
published  play  to  Sidney,  lord  Godolphin. 

Howe's  *Hoyal  Convert,'  based  on  early 
British  history,  was  produced  at  the  Hay- 
XfLarket  on  26  Nov.  1707.    Booth  appeared 


asHengist,  Wilks  as  Aribert,  and  Mrs.  Old* 
field  as  Ethelreda.  The  final  lines  spoken  by 
£thelreda  described  the  blessixig  antieinated 
from  the  union  of  England  and  Scotlana,  and 
panegyrised  Queen  Anne.  It  waa  dedicated 
to  Charles,  lord  Halifax.  Of  '  Jane  Shore,' 
which  Rowe  professed  to  write  '  in  imitation 
of  Shakespeare's  st^le,'  Pope  justlv  remaorked 
that  the  only  resemblanee  to  ShaKeepeare  he 
could  detect  was  the  single  borTOWed  line— 

And  80  good  morrow  t'ye,  good  master 
lieatenant! 

When  first  produced  at  Drury  Lane,  2  Feb. 
1718-14,  it  ran  for  nineteen  nights,  and  long 
held  the  stage.  Howe  dedicated  it  to  the 
young  Duke  of  Queensberry,  and  eulogised 
the  young  duke's  father,  who  had  been  a 
useful  patron. 

On  20  April  1716  Howe's  last  tragedy^ 
*  Lady  Jane  Grey,'  saw  the  light  at  Drury 
Lane.  It  appears  that  Edmund  Smith  [q.v.l 
had  designed  a  piece  on  the  same  theme,  and 
on  his  death  Howe  examined  his  materials, 
but  owed  nothing  to  them.  Smidi  merely 
projected  an  adaptation  of  Banks's  'Lady 
Jane  Grey.'  Howe  dedicated  his  play  to  the 
Princess  of  Wales.  Pope  wrote  an  epilogue 
to  be  spoken  by  Mrs.  Oldfield,  who  created 
the  part  of  Lady  Jane  (Pop£,  Works,  ed. 
Elwin  and  Courthope,  iv.  419). 

Howe's  intimacy  with  Pope  exposed  him 
to  venomous  attadu  from  the  piratical  pub- 
lisher Curll,  and  from  Ourll's  hapeks.  In 
1706  there  appeared  some  caustic  *  Oritieai 
Hotnarks  on  Mr.  Howe's  last  Play,  call'd 
Ulysses,'  and  in  1714  Chaxles  GKidon  put 
forth  his  'New  Hehearsal,  or  Baya  the 
Yonnffer,  containing  an  examen  of  Seven  of 
Howe^  Plays '  (an  appen^tiz  denounced  Pope's 
'Hape  of  the  Lock'^).  In  1715  there  was 
issued  under  like  auspices '  Remarks  on  the 
Tragedy  of  Lady  Jane  Grey.'  Pope  aubee- 
guently  made  Curll  remark  in  his  '  Barbarous 
Revenge  on  Mr.  Curll,'  that  Gildon'a  on- 
slaught on  Howe  '  did  more  harm  to  me  than 
to  ]£:.  Rowe,  for  I  paid  him  double  fbr  abusing 
him  and  Mr.  Pope '  (Pope,  Works,  x.  466-6). 

MeanwhileHowe  made  endeavours  in  other 
departments  of  literature.  In  1704  he  ven- 
tured on  a  comedy  called  'The  Biter/  which 
was  acted  at  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields.  Although 
some  of  the  songs  were  sprightly,  it  was  *  a 
foolish  farce,'  wrote  Gongreve,  'and  wns 
damned.'  But  it  pleased  the  author,  who  sat 
through  the  first  and  only  representation^ 
'  laughing  with  great  vehemence '  at  his  own 
wit.  The  prologue  was  spoken  by. Betterton, 
and  the  epUogue  by  Mrs.  Btseeglrdle*  It 
was  published  by  Tonson  in  1705,  but  was 
not  included  in  Ko  ire's  collected  works.  He 


Rowe 


343 


Rowe 


ibodvreclj  adapted  eome  odes  of  Hoface  to 

cuRflBt  afiain,  and  published  many  poems  on 

poUioooeaaions.  Tnese  included 'fintannia's 

Ckne  to  the  Sons  of  Ereedom'  (170S,  s. 

iL  mJ),  *  the  late  glorious  successes  of  her 

Xtjetl^s  aims/  humbly  inscribed  to  the  Earl 

of  Qodolphjii,  1707  (foL),  and  <  Msecenas,' 

veises  oocasioned  bv  the  honours  conferred 

on  the  Earl  of  Haliiiut,  1714  (fol.)    Hecon^ 

tnlrated  a  memoir  of  Boileau  to  a  translation 

of  fiotleau's  *  Latria'  (1706),  took  some  part 

in  s  eolleetiTe  rendering  of  Ovid's  '  MetSr 

morphoBes/  viefized  a  translation  of  Pytha* 

govirs  'Golaen  Veiees '  to  an  English  edition 

of  Daeiar'a  *  Li&  of  I^hagoras  ^(1707),  and 

pahhfliBBd  translations  of  De  la  Bruy^re's 

^ChsractaiB'  (1708)  and  Quillet's  <G^* 

psdia*  (1710). 

One  of  Bowe's  chief  acfaierements  was  an 
edition  of  Shakespeare's  works,  which  he 
published  in  1709,  with  a  dedication  to  the 
bukeof  Somerset  (6  vols.)   This  is  veckoned 
the  first  attempt  to  edit  Shakespeare  in  the 
modom  sense.    In  the  prefatory  life  Rowe 
embodied  a  series  of  traoitiona  wfaieh  he  had 
commissioned  the  actor  Betterton  to  collect 
for  him  while  on  a  visit  to  Stxatford-on* 
Avon;  manj  of  them  were  in  danger  of 
periahing  without  a  record*  Howe  displayed 
much  sagacity  in  the  choice  and  treatment 
of  hia  biograpnio  materials^  az^  the  memoir 
is  eonssqueiitlT  of  penuansnt  value.    As  a 
textual  editor  his  services  were  less  notable^ 
but  tkey  deserve  commendation  as  the  labours 
ef  a  pioneer.    His  text  followed  that  of  the 
fourtn  folio  of  1685 ;  the  pkiys  were  printed 
in  the  same  order,  but  the  seven  spurious 
pUys  were  transferred  &om  the  banning 
to  the  end.    Bowe  did  not  compare  his  text 
with  that  of  the  first  folio  or  the  quartos,  but 
inthaoase  of  *  Bomeo  and  Juliet'  he  met  with 
an  earlv  quarto  while  his  edition  was  passing 
through  toe  press,  and  inserted  at  the  end  of 
the  niay  the  prologue  which  is  only  met  with 
in  the  quartos.   He  made  a  few  happy  emen- 
dariona,  some  of  which  coincide  acadeatall^ 
with  the  readings  of  the  ftrst  folio ;  but  his 
t«;zt  ia  deformed  by  msay  palpable  errors. 
Hia  practical  experience  as  a  play  wright  in- 
duced hin^  however,  to  pieu  tor  the  first 
time   a  list  of  dratnatii  perunuB  to  each 
play,  to  divide  and  number  acts  and  scenes 
on  rational  principles,  and  to  mark  the  en* 
trancesaad  exits  of  the  oharaotexs.  Spelfing, 
ponctuation,  and  gnunmar  he  corrected  and 
modermsed  {Cambridge  Skaketpeote^  prefl 
p.  xxv).   For  his  labouia  Rowe  received  the 
sum  of  86iL  10«.  (Nichoib,  Lit  Anecdotes, 
T.  607).    A  new  edition  ef  his  Shakespeare 
appeared  in  1714  (8  vols.  12mo).  By  way  of 
completing  this  eoitidn,  CuiiiLl  issued  anun- 


authorised  ninth  volume,  containing  Shake> 
speare's  poems  and  an  essay  on  the  drama 
by  Gildon.  Rowe  is  said  to  have  projected 
an  edition  of  Massinger's  works,  but  appa- 
rently contented  himself  with  pla^axismg 
Msssmger*s  ^Fatal  Dowry'  in  his  ^Fair 
Penitent.' 

Rowe  interested  himself  in  politics,  as  an 
ardent  whig.  On  5  Feb.  1706-9  he  became 
under-secretazy  to  the  Ihike  of  Queeoaeberry , 
secretary  of  state  for  Scotland,  and  held  office 
till  the  duke's  death  in  1711  (XiUirBBLL,  vi 
404).  Although  it  is  stated  tnat  Rowe's  de- 
votion to  the  whigs  was  so  great  that  he  de- 
clined to  converse  with  men  of  the  opposite 
S party,  Pope  relates  the  anecdote  that  lie  ap^ 
lied  to  Lord  Oxford  for  employment,  that 
xford  advised  him  to  leam  Spanish,  and 
that  after  Rowe  had  at  much  pains  followed 
the  advice,  he  received  &om  Oxford  only  the 
remark, '  Then,  sir,  I  envy  you  the  pleasure  of 
reading  ''Don  Quixote''  in  the  original' 
{QvBSCEfAneod^teef  n.  178).  At  the  accession 
of  Qeorffe  I,  Rowe  ootained  the  reooffnition 
he  sougnt.  On  1  Aug.  1716  he  was  made'poet 
laureate  in  succession  to  I^ahum  Tate.  He 
was  also  appointed  in  October  one  of  the  land 
surveyors  of  the  customs  of  the  port  of  Lon- 
don. The  Prince  of  Wales  chose  him  to  be 
clerk  of  his  council,  and  in  May  1718,  when 
Thomas  Parker,  first  earl  of  Maoclesfidd 
[q.  v.],  became  lord  chancellor,  he  appointed 
Rowe  clerk  of  the  presentations. 

His  Hterary  work  in  later  life  included  a 
tame  series  of  official  new  year  odes  addressed 
to  the  king ;  '  Verses  uuon  the  Sickness  and 
Reoovery  of  Robert  Walpole '  in  a  volume 
called  '  State  Pbems '  (1716,  not  collected) ; 
an  epilogue  for  Mrs.  OentUvre's  *  Cruel  Gift ' 
(pnuj  Lane,  17  Dec.  1716) ;  and  a  proloffue, 
in  which  he  denounced  Jacobitism,  for  Colley 
Gibber's  < Nonjuror'  (Drury  Lane,  6  Oct. 
1717).  At  the  same  time  ne  completed  a 
verse  translation  of  Lucan's '  Pharsatia.'  The 
ninth  book  he  had  already  contributed  to 
Tonson's  <  Miscellanies '  (vol.  vi.)  in  1710  (cf. 
PoPB,  Works,  vL  68  et  seq.)  The  whole  was 
published  immediately  after  his  death,  with 
a  laudatory  memoir  by  Dr.  Welwood  and  a 
dedication  to  George  I  by  Rowe's  widow. 
The  translation  exhibits  much  of  *  the  spirit 
and  genius  of  the  original,'  although  it  is  a 
paraphrase  rather  thmi  a  Hteral  translation. 
Warton  deemed  Rowe's  version  superior  to 
the  originaL  Rowe  died  on  6  Dec.  1718,  and 
was  buried  thirteen  days  later  in  the  Poet's 
Comer,  Westminster  Abbey.  Rysbrack  exe^' 
cuted  the  bust  which  adorns  tne  elaborate 
monument.  Pope  wrote  an  epitaph,  which 
is  extant  in  two  forms.  In  Pope's  published 
*Miseel1ftuies'  it  fills  eight  lines  f  that  on  the 


Rowe 


S44 


Rowe 


abbey  tomb  extends  to  fourteen  (cf.  Pope, 
Works  J  yiii.  82).  Rowers  will,  which  Pope 
witnessed,  is  printed  in  the  'Gentleman's 
Magazine,'  1822,  i.  208.  He  distributed  his 
property  among  his  wife,  son,  daughter,  and 
sister  (Sarah  Peele).  Elegies,  by  Charles 
Beddngham,  Nicholas  Amhurst,  Mrs.  Gent- 
liyre,andT.Newcombwere  collected  by  Ourll 
in  a  volume,  entitled  '  Musarum  Laduymsd, 
or  Poems  to  the  Memory  of  Nicholas  Iu)we,' 
Esq.'  (1719) ;  there  was  a  dedication  addressed 
to  CSongreve,  and  a  memoir  by  Hales. 

Howe  is  described  by  Welwood  as  graceful 
and  well  made,  his  nice  regular  and  of  a 
manly  beauty.  Lewis  says  he  was '  a  comely 
personage  and  a  very  pretty  sort  of  man' 
(Sp£N€E,  p.  267).  His  portrait  was  twice 
painted  by  Kneller ;  the  pictures  are  now  at 
EInole  Park,  Seyenoaks,  and  at  Nuneham 
respectively.  A  mezzotint  by  Faber  is  dated 
1716. 

He  was  married  twice :  first,  to  Antonia 
(d,  1706),  daughter  of  Anthony  Parsons,  one 
of  the  auditors  of  the  reyenue ;  and  secondly, 
in  1717,  to  Anne,  daughter  of  Joseph  De- 
venish  of  Buckham,  Dorset.  By  his  first 
marriage  he  had  a  son  John ;  by  his  second  a 
<Ukughter,  Charlotte  (1717-1789),  wife  of 
Henry  Fane,  youngest  son  of  Vere  Fane, 
fourth  earl  of  Westmorland.  Rowe's  widow 
married,  on  21  Jan.  1724,  Colonel  Alexander 
Deanes,  a  step  which  ofiended  Pope,  and  led 
him  to  pass  some  seyeie  strictures  on  the 
-fickleness  of  widows  (Pope,  Dialogueii.  1738). 
George  I  granted  her  on  8  May  1719  a  pen- 
.sion  of  40/.  a  year  in  consideration  of  Rowe's 
translation  of  Lucan.  She  died  on  6  Dec 
1747,  and  was  buried  in  Westminster  Abbey. 

Howe  was  a  cultiyated  man,  well  ac- 
quainted with  the  classics,  and  with  French, 
Italian,  and  Spanish  literature.  Mrs.  Old- 
field  used  to  say  the  best  school  she  had 
•eyer  known  was  '  only  hearing  Rowe  read 
her  part  in  his  tragedies  ^(Rtchardaoniana^ 
p.  77 ;  Spenoe,  p.  ^O).  Me  was  a  charm- 
ing companion,  always  witty  and  yiyacious. 
Pope,  wno  called  him  *  the  best  of  men,'  de- 
lignted  in  his  society  both  in  London  and  on 
excursions  to  the  country.  Rowe  would  laugh 
(Pope  declared)  all  day  long  (Spbnce,  p.  284). 
In  a  '  Farewell  to  London,' dated  1716,  Pope 
spoke  of  Rowe  as  often  drmkine  and  dioUing 
*  till  the  third  watchman's  toll'  (  Works,  iy. 
482).  Addison  credited  him  with  too  much 
leyity  to  render  it  possible  for  him  to  become 
a  sincere  friend,  an  opinion  with  which  on  one 
occasion  Pope  expressed  agreement  (Rttff- 
UEAD,  Life  of  Pope).  The  blank  yerse  in  his 
tragedies  is  suaye,  but  he  showed  little  power 
of  characterisation.  Pope  coupled  him  with 
Southern  as  a  delineator  of  the  passions. 


Smollett  called  him  a  '  solid,  florid,  and  de- 
clamatory '  playwright.  '  He  seldom  pierces 
the  breast,'  says  .k^hnson,  'but  he  always 
delights  the  ear,  and  often  improyes  the 
understanding.' 

Seyeral  of  Rowe's  tragedies  long  held  the 
stage.  Besides  the  annual  performance  of 
'  Tamerlane '  at  Drury  Lane,  at  the  last  of 
which  (6  Noy.  1815)  JLeaJi  was  Biyazet,  the 
piece  was  often  performed  at  Ooyent  Garden ; 
there,  on  9  Isoy.  1819,  Macready  played 
Bajazet,  and  Oharles  Kemble  Tamerlane.  Of 
the  '  Fair  Penitent,'  Oenest  notices  twenty- 
three  reyiyals  up  to  1824 ;  at  Drury  Lane, 
on  29  Noy.  1760,  Qarrick  played  Lothario 
with  Mrs.  Yates  as  Calista ;  at  Ooyent  Gar- 
den, on  6  Noy.  1808,  J.  P.  KemUe  played 
Horatio,  Oharles  Kemble  Lothario,  Mrs. 
Siddons  Oalista,  and  Mrs.  Henry  Siddons 
Layinia ;  on  2  March  1816  Oharles  Kemble 
played  Lothario  with  Miss  O'Neill  as  Oalista. 
Of  'Jane  Shore'  G^est  describee  twenty- 
two  performances.  Mrs.  Yates  and  Mrs. 
Siddons  both  acquired  much  fame  in  the 
part  of  the  heroine.  '  Lady  Jane  Grey '  was 
occasionally  repeated  till  the  end  of  the 
eighteenth  century.  Rowe's  tragedies  figure 
in  Bell's  and  Inchbald's  *  Theatrical  OoUec- 
tions.'  J.  P.  Kemble  edited  reyised  yer- 
sions  of  'The  Fair  Penitent'  (1814)  and 
'  Jane  Shore '  (1816).  <  The  Fair  Penitent,' 
'Tamerlane,'  and  'Jane  Shore'  obtained 
some  yogue  in  France  through  French  trans- 
lations. The  first  two  are  to  be  found  in  the 
'Th6&treAnglob'(1746).  'The  Fair  Peni- 
tent '  was  again  rcmdered  into  French  by  the 
Marquis  de  Maupri6  (Paris,  1760),  and '  Jane 
Shore,'  after  appearing  in  French  veme  (Lon- 
don, 1797),  was  translated  by  Andrieux  for 
'  Ohefs  d'oeuyre  des  Th6&tres  6tranger8 ' 
(1822,  yol.  ii.),  and  waa  freely  adapt^  by 
Liadidres  in  1824. 

Eight  editions  oi  his  Lucan  (2  yols.  12mo) 
appeared  between  its  first  issue  m  1718  [1 7 19] 
and  1807.  Among  the  Royal  manuscnpts  in 
the  British  Museum  is  a  presentation  copy 
of  Lucan,  fairly  transcribed,  though  not  in 
the  poet's  auto^ph. 

Oolleeted  editions  of  Bowels  works — ^his 
plays  and  occasional  poems — appeared  in 
3  yoU.  12mo  in  1727  (with  portrait  and 
plates),  and  in  2  yols.  in  1786,  1747, 1756, 
1766,  and  1792.  His  poems  and  translations 
are  included  in  Johnson's,  Anderson's,  Ohal- 
mers's,  Park's,  and  Sanford's  collections  of 
British  Poets. 

[Johnson's  Liyes  of  the  PoetSi  ed.  Cunning- 
ham, 1864,  iL  105-16;  BosweU's  Life  of  John- 
son, ed.  Hill,  !▼.  80  (notes  8  and  4);  Pope's 
Works,  ed.  Elwin  and  Goorthope ;  C3oUey  Gib- 
ber's Autobiography;  Genest's  Hist.  Account 


Rowe 


345 


Rowe 


«rtlM8Ug«;  Austin  and  Balph's  Liyes  of  the 
LniMtM,  1858  ;  Walter  Hamilton's  PoeU 
Liinite;  Yman'e  Visitation  of  Devon,  1896, 
p. MS;  OaL  of  Bowe'e  Libnrj,  1719.]    S.  L. 

fiOWE  or  BOE,  OWEN  a593P-1661), 
regicide,  bom  probably  in  1598,  was  the  son 
of  John  Rowe  of  Bickldy,  Oheehiri^eoman. 
He  was  apprenticed  on  11  Anff.  1609  to  Ed- 
ward Piekering,  citizen  of  London  and  baber- 
dssher  (registers  of  the  Haberdashers'  Com* 
panji  qeotod  in  the  Herald  and  Cfeneahgut^ 
ii.  61).  In  1617  Rowe.  who  is  described  in 
the  lieenee  as '  of  All  Iiallows,  Honey  Lane, 
haberdnaher/  married  Mary,  daughter  or 
John  Teomant,  merchant  taylor  (Chbstbb, 
hmiom  Marriage  Lkencetf  p.  1161\  His 
age  was  given  as  twenty-four  in  the  license, 
wtaA  is  probably  more  correct  than  the 
inquest  taken  at  ms  death  in  1661 ;  the  in- 
quest states  lus  age  as  then  seyenty-three. 
Kowe  was  a  strong  puritan,  and  took  part 
in  the  foundation  of  the  colonies  of  Massa- 
chusetts and  the  Bermudas.  He  thought 
of  emigrating  himself,  and  wrote  to  John 
Winthrop  on  18  Feb.  1635  announcing  hie 
coming  to  New  England :  'I  have  now  put 
off  my  trade^  and  as  soon  as  it  shall  please 
God  to  send  in  my  debts  that  I  may  pay 
what  I  owe  ...  I  am  for  your  part.'  The 
Bostop  records  of  20  June  1686  order  that 
Mr.  Owen  Roe,  ^  haying  a  house  and  town 
lota  amongst  us,  and  certain  cattle,  shall 
have  laid  out  for  him  200  acres  of  ground  at 
Mount  Wollaston '  {HvtMnmm  Bapere^ 
Prince  Soc  i.  65 ;  WnrrHBOP,  History  of 
New  Buffkmdy  ed.  1858,  i.  475).  In  spite  of 
these  preparations  Rowe  remained  in  Enff- 
landL  In  1642  he  was  captain,  and  in  the 
foUowing  year  sergeant-major,  of  the  green 
regiment  of  the  London  tramed-bands  (JDiL- 
LDV,  Lkt  of  Ogicers  of  the  London  Tramed 
Bamde  m  IS^S,  1800,  p.  10).  On  6  Sept. 
1 613  the  House  of  Lords  passed  an  ordinance 
authorising  Lientenant-colonel  Owen  Roe  to 
eootniet  for  arms  to  the  yalue  of  5,000/.  for 
the  sapplr  of  Essex's  army  {Lordi  Jhumahf 
vL  207,  ct.  tL  622).  Rowe  became  colonel 
about  1646,  and  was  one  of  the  militia  com- 
mittee of  London  appointed  28  July  1647 
(RvanwoKTHf  vi.  6841  ■  He  was  a  member 
of  the  high  court  ot  justice  which  tried 
Charles  I,  attended  wnen  judgment  was 
given,  and  signed  the  death  warrant  (Nal- 
sov,  Trial  of  C^rle$  7,  1684).  Rowe  also 
sat  in  the  court  which  sentenced  the  Duke  of 
Hamilton  to  death  {Hiet.  M8S,  Ckmm,  7th 
fiep.  p.  71).  On  9  Sept.  1658  parliament 
oramd  its  commissioners  in  Ireland  to  set 
out  lands  fot  Rowe  to  the  ralue  of  5,065/.- 
17«.  64.  in  satisfaction  of  the  debt  he  had 
contncted  for  the  service  of  the  state  (^Omn- 


mmu^  Journals,  y'u.  817).  It  is  doubtful,  how- 
ever, whether  the  order  was  actually  carried 
out  (  Oal.  StaU  Papen,  Dom.  1656-7,  p.  245 ; 
Bawlinson  M88,  A.  xvi.  115,  Bodleian  Libr.) 

Throughout  the  protectorate  Rowe  seems 
to  have  taken  no  part  in  English  politics, 
but  vras  actively  concerned  in  the  manage- 
ment of  the  IBiennuda  company.  He  luid 
been  deputy-governor  of  that  company  in 
England,  but  was  put  out  in  1647,  and  was 
succeeded  by  Colonel  R.  Sandjs  (Lefbot, 
Memoriali  of  the  Bermudas,  i.  628).  On 
25  June  1658  the  council  of  state  reorganised 
the  company,  appointing  Rowe  and  others 
a  commission  for  its  government,  but  the 
government  in  the  Bennudas,  which  repre- 
sented the  old  company,  refused  to  acknow- 
ledge their  authority.  He  si^ed  letters  as 
deputy-governor  in  1655  {ib,  li.  22,  42,  61 ; 
Oal.  State  Papere,  CoL  1574-1660,  pp.  404, 
449).  He  possessed  lands  in  the  islands  re- 
presenting five  shares  which  were  granted 
after  his  attainder  to  Henry  Killigrew  and 
Robert  Dongan  (ib.  1675-6,  p.  142 ;  Lbfbot, 
u.  164,  726). 

In  1659  Rowe,  who  was  reappointed  by 
the  Long  parliament  colonel  of  the  green 
regiment  of^the  trained  bands,  and  also  one 
of  the  London  militia  commissioners,  took 
the  side  ofthe  army,  and  acted  with  Monck's 
opponents  {Commons*  Journals,  vii.  747 ;  A 
true  Narrative  of  the  Proceedings  in  Parlia- 
ment, 4^.,  from  22  8spt.  to  16  iVov.  1659, 
4to,  pp.  65, 70)*  Hence  at  the  Restoration 
he  luid  no  extenuating  circumstances  to 
plead  in  his  favour.  On  9  June  1660  the 
House  of  Commons  voted  that  he  should  be 
excepted  from  the  Act  of  Indemnity.  On 
18  June  his  surrender  was  announced  to  the 
house.  Thanks  to  this  surrender,  he  was 
included  in  the  list  of  those  regicides  whose 
execution,  in  case  they  were  attainted,  should 
be  suspended  till  a  special  act  should  pass 
for  that  purpose  {Common^ Journals^ym.  61, 
66, 189).  At  his  trial  on  16  Oct.  1660  Rowe 
pleaded  not  guilty,  but  confessed  that  he 
had  sat  in  the  court  which  condemned  the 
king,  and  pleaSied  his  penitence.  ^It  was 
never  in  my  heart  to  contrive  a  plot  of  this 
nature.  How  I  came  there  I  do  not  know. 
I  was  very  unfit  for  such  a  business,  and  I 
confess  I  did  it  ignorantly,  not  understanding 
the  law.  ...  I  was  not  brought  up  a 
scholar,  but  was  a  tradesman,  and  was 
merely  ignorant  when  I  went  on  in  that 
business.  •  .  .  I  do  whoUy  cast  myself  upon 
the  King's  mercy'  {Trial  </  the  Regicides, 
p.  258).  Rowe  was  convicted ;  but,  as  the 
mil  brought  in  for  the  execution  of  the 
regicides  who  surrendered  themselves  never 
got   beyond   its   second   reading,   he  was 


Rowe 


346 


Rowe 


allowed  to  end  hiB^days  in  prison  {Oam/mmii 
JoumdU,  yiiL  819).  He  died  in  the  Tower 
on  26  Dec.  1661,  and  was  buri^  on  27  Dec. 
at  Hackney. 

Howe  married  three  timea :  (1)  Mary  Yeo- 
mant  (mentioned  above) ;  (2)  Dorothy, 
daughter  of  —  Hodges  of  Briatowi  who  diea 
in  September  1660  \  (8)  Mary,  daughter  of 
Bowland  Wiseman  of  London,  and  widow  of 
Dr.  Crim)  {HenMand  Cfenealogiaty  ii.  61, 
166).  His  son,  Samuel  Bowe,  was  a  fallow 
of  All  Souls'  College,  Oxford  (Fostbb,  Aiumni 
Oxon.  1st  ser.  p.  1284).  Anthony  Wood 
appears  to  confuse  Owen  Rowe  with  his 
brother  Francis  {Fcutif  iL  136).  Francis 
Howe  was  bound  apprentice  to  Francis  Lane, 
clothworker,  of  London,  on  28  Jan.  1618, 
became  captain  in  the  green  reffiment  of 
London  trained  buids,  and  in  16&  colonel 
of  a  DBgiment  emnloyed  in  Lseland.  He 
served  in  GromweU's  expedition  as  soont- 
master-general,  and  died  at  You^^ud  about 
December  1649.  On  22  June  1660narliament 
granted  his  widow  a  pension  of  1/.  a  week 
{Common^  JaumeUe,  vi.  428 ;  Iteport  on  the 
Duke  qfF&rtUauPs  MSS.  i.  06;  But.  MSS, 
Comm.  6th  Reo.  pp.  126,  161,  168,  7th  Rep. 
p.  78).  Probably  ne  was  the  author  tif  tiie 
^  Military  Memoirs  of  CoL  John  Birch,' 
printed  by  the  Oamden  Society  in  1873 
(preface,  p.  v). 

Bot;h  Francis  and  Owen  Rowe  are  fre- 
quently confused  with  William  Rowe,.  who 
also  hdd  the  post  of  scoutmaster-geneml  for 
a  time  (OaL  State  Papers,  Dom.  1660,  p. 
238\  ana  was  subsequently  secretary  to  the 
Irish  and  Scottish  committees  of  the  comunl 
of  state  (ti^.  1668-4,  p.  469).  Many  letters 
£rom  him  to  Oromwell  are  printed  by 
NickoUs  {Ordinal  Letters  and  Papers  of 
State  addressed  to  Oliver  CromweU,  1743, 
foL)  He  married  Alice,  daughter  of  Thomas 
Scott,  the  regicide  (ib,  p.  27;  Biogr,  Brit. 
p.  8628). 

[Noble's  Layes  of  the  RegieidM,  17eS»  ii. 
160;  Herald  and  Chenealogiit,  ii.  61,  166,  1864 ; 
Reoordfl  of  St.  Stei^en's,  Coleman  Street,  Ar- 
chieolagia,  1.  28-6 ;  other  authorities  mentioned 
in  the  artide.]  C.  H.  F. 

ROWE,  RICHARD  (1828-1879),  author, 
son  of  Thomas  Rowe,  a  Wesleyan  methodist 
minister  (1786-1886),  by  Susannah  Jackson 
a802-187S),  was  bom  at  Spring  Gkiidens, 
Doncaster,oii9  March  1828.  After  attending 
seyeral  private  schools  he  emigrated  to  Aus*- 
tralia,  and  described  his  interesting  exp^ 
riences  there  in  contributions  to  the  Austrsr 
lian  press.  Returning  to  Great  Britain,  he 
betooK  himsdf  to  journalism,  and  for  some 
time  held  a  position  in  Edinburgh  on  tibe 
'Scotsman/    Subsequently   he  worked  in 


London,  where  he  studied  closely  the  condi* 
tions  of  life  among  the  poor.  He  embodied 
some  results  of  his  researches  in  his  pathetic 
<  Episodes  in  an  Obscure  Life,'  1871,  8  Tola., 
which  had  a  wide  circulation.  He  published 
also  twenty  stories  for  dhildiren,  some  of 
which  appeared  under  the  pseudoimns  of 
Charles  Oamden  and  Edward  Howe,  fie  died 
in  Middlesex  Hospital,  London,  on  9  Dee. 
1879,  after  undergoinff  an  operation  for  can* 
cer  of  the  tongue,  ana  was  ouried  in  High- 
gate  cemetery  on  16  Dec.  He  nuurried,  on 
12  May  1880,  Mary  Ann  Yatea,  daughter  of 
Jonathan  Patten,  by  whom  he  left  four  chil* 
dren. 

[The  Day  of  Best,  February  UBO^pp.  116-31* 
with  portrait;  Times,  16  Dec.  1879,  p.  11; 
Atheneam,  18  Dee.  1870,  p.  766;  Academy, 
20  Dec  1879,  p.  446.]  G.  C.  B. 

BX>W£,  SAMUEL  (1798-1868),  topo- 
grapher, bom  on  11  Noy.  1798,  was  sec<md 
son  of  Benjamin  Bowe^  yeoman,  of  Sherford 
Barton,  Brixton,  Deronshire,  by  his  wife, 
Mary  Avent^  of  St.  Budeaux  in  the  same 
county.  This  branch  of  the  Bowe  family 
had  been  settled  at  Brixton  £or  several  gene- 
rations. After  attending  the  neighbouring 
gramnuir  school  of  Plympton,  SMnnel  was 
apprenticed  in  1810  to  a  bookseller  at  Kings- 
bridge,  Dercmshire.  Li  1818  his  father  pur* 
chased  for  himanold-establtshedboolonaing 
business  at  Fl^outh,  in  which  he  was  soon 
afterwards  jomed  by  his  younger  brother, 
Joshua  Brooking  Bowe.  His  leisure  was 
devoted  to  study  and  literary  pursuits.  In 
1817  he  was  elected  a  member,  and  in  1821 
the  seeretaiy,  of  the  Plymouth  Institution, 
which  was  then  the  centre  of  all  litemry, 
scientific,  and  artistic  life  in  South  Devon* 
In  1822  he  decided  to  give  up  booksell- 
ing and  take  holy  orders.  He  accordingly 
matriculated  at  Cambridge  as  a  member  of 
Jesus  College,  and  graduated  B.A.  in  1826 
and  M.A.  in  1888.  After  serving  as  curate 
of  St.  Andrew,  PlymouUii  he  waa  presented 
to  the  incumbency  of  St.  Budeaux,  and  in 
1882  he  became  the  first  minister  of  a  new 
church,  St.  Paul,  at  Stonehouae,  Plymouth. 
The  incumbency  of  St.  Qeorge,  the  older 
church  of  Stonehouse,  ahortlj  afterwards 
fidlin^  vacant,  he  was  transferred  to  it,  the 
gift,  like  the  other  preferments,  being  with 
the  vicar  of  St.  Andrew,  the  Rev.  John 
Hatchard.  Here  he  stayed  until  1886,  when 
out  of  seventy  candidates  he  was  elected 
vicar  of  Crediton,  Devonshire.  He  died  at 
Orediton  on  16  Sept.  1868,  and  was  buried 
in  the  churchyard.  By  his  marriafle»  in  1829, 
to  Sydney,  daughter  of  Adam  J^^ale^  M.D. 
[q.  v.],  he  left  a  son  and  five  daughteiB. 

Of  Bowe's  numerous  writings,  the  most 


Rowe 


347 


Rowe 


impoitaat  is  Ids  '  Penmbolatioii  of  the  An- 
tient  ud  Bojal  Forest  of  Dartmoor,'  royal 
8to,  Vtymouth,  1846  (2iid  edit,  demy  8to, 
1866),  which  has  long  been  recognised  as 
thestiadardaocount.  A  third  and  thoroughly 
RTised  edition^  pnblished  in  1895  under  the 
editonhip  of  the  author's  nephew,  Mr.  J. 
Brooking  Bowe,  F.S.  A.,  contains  a  portrait 
of  Bone,  and  nmnerons  illustrations  by  a 
Detomfaire  artist.  Mr.  F.  J.  Widgery. 

fiowB  also  poblished  useful  topographical 
mrlo  on  Plyniouth  and  the  neignbounioody 
flpitones  of  l^aley's '  Philosophy,'  and  *  Evi* 
denm^'and  sereial  religions  booksand  tracts. 
With  Ihomas  Byzdi  [q*  ▼•]  he  projected  in 
1814  the  ^Plymouth  literaiy  Magasine/ 
vhich  expired  at  the  sixth  numbor.  He 
wrote  likewise :  1. '  Iskander,  or  the  Hero  of 
Epimi,  b?  Arthur  Spenser/  a  romance,  3 
ToU.  12mOk  London,  1819.  2. '  Antiquarian 
InwttintiQns  in  the  Forest  of  Dartmoor,' 
8fo,  IflSa  8.  '  Gothie  Architecture,  ito  De- 
cline ud  Bevival,'  8to,  London,  1844. 

[Trafls.  of  Devonshire  Assoc,  xiv.  895-401 ; 
Gcot  3fsg.  1854,  i.  215,  543 ;  Information  from 
J.  BrookmgBowe,  eeq.]  G.  G. 

&OWS,  Sib  SAMUEL  0886-1888}, 
ODloBial  go?emoiN  bom  at  Macclesfield, 
Chediire,  on  28  March  1886,  was  youngest 
wa  of  George  Hambly  Bowe,  a  Wesleyan 
minister,  by  Lydia,dau^ter  of  John  Kam- 
ilttU  of  Lonoon.  He  was  educated  at 
pi^  schools,  and  subsequently  studied 
netlieuie,  partly  under  Joseph'  Denton  of 
LeinKer.  He  qualified  in  1866.  He  ob- 
tained an  impointment  on  the  army  medical 
iUffin  18^,  and  was  sent  to  Lagos.  Very 
m»  after  his  ardTal  there  (Juljr  1862)  he 
w  a{ipoint6d  a  judicial  assessor  in  the  chief 
Bmifltiate's  court,  and  a  slave  commis- 
■ooer;  ihs  latter  post  proved  one  of  much 
^ulty.  He  afterwards  acted  as  colonial 
"Dffeon.  Rowe  showed  peculiar  gifts  for 
wiag  with  the  West  Afiican  native,  and 
^  employed  as  commandant  of  the  eastern 
^tttiicts  and  special  commissioner  to  make 
t  tretty  with  fap^  in  the  Jebu  country.  Jn 
*^  1864  he  went  home  on  leave,  and  gra- 
fted at  Aberdeen  in  1866  in  medicine 
uid  sorgeiv.  In  1866  he  returned  to  West 
Africa,  and  went  to  Cape  Coast  Castle;  in 
1^  he  again  acted  as  colonial  surgeon  at 
UgMsadsuneiintendentof  thehoussas.  In 
16B9  he  combined  civil  with  medical  duties 
tt  lAgos,  acting  as  magistrate  and  clerk  of 
the  oounciL  4  July  1870  he  was  promoted 
■^Mumon  in  the  army,  and  after  another 
lUy  in  England  he  was  ordered  to  the  Gold 
Cosst  in  January  1872 ;  he  became  surgeon- 
nujor,  1  Mazch  1878. 


Bowe  had  a  large  share  in  withstanding 
the  earlier  attack  of  the  Ashantis  in  1878, 
and  was  twice  in  action  near  Elmina,  for 
which  he  received  a  medal  and  clasp.  When 
war  was  actually  declared,  he  was  appointed 
to  the  expeditionary  force  under  Captain 
(afterwards  Sir  John  Hawley)  Qlover  fq*  v.], 
and  was  invaluable  in  dealing  with  the  na- 
tives, especially  in  enlisting  the  Yoruba  tribe. 
For  these  services  he  was  made  C.M.G.  in 
1874.  He  was  appointed  in  1876  colonial 
surgeon  of  the  Gbfd  Coast  colony,  and  re- 
tired from  the  army  on  4  Dec.  1876  with 
the  honoiary  rank  of  brifi;ade-surgeon.  At 
this  time  he  administered  in  sucoession  the 
{(ovemments  of  the  Gambia  and  Sierra  Leone ; 
m  the  latter  capacity  he  successfully  con- 
ducted two  expeditions  against  the  natives 
in  the  Sherbro'  country,  and  on  12  June 
1877  was  appointed  governor  of  the  Wes^ 
Africa  settlemento.  On  20  April  1880  he 
was  promoted  K.C.M.G.,  and  on  28  Jan. 
1881  became  governor  of  the  Gold  Coast 
and  Lagos.  At  this  time  there  was  fear  of 
another  war  with  the  Ashantis,  and  it  was 
averted  almost  entirely  by  Rowe's  tact.  On 
80  Dec.  1884  Rowe  again  became  governor 
of  the  West  Africa  settlements  on  the  spe- 
cial petition  of  the  traders  and  others.  In 
1886  he  was  made  an  LL.D.  of  Aberdeen. 
The  following  year  the  advances  of  th^ 
French  caused  him  much  anxiety  in  his 
government,  and  his  strong  constitution 
began  to  fail  On  28  Aug.  1888  he  died 
at  Madeira,  on  his  way  home  for  change 
of  air. 

He  married  Susannah,  daughter  of  Wil- 
liam Gatliff  of  Hawsker  Hall,  Whitby,  York- 
shire, and  widow  of  Louis  de  Seilan.  He 
left  a  son,  who  died  voung. 

Howe  was  rough  but  kindly,  and  uncon- 
ventional in  his  habits  of  life.  The  natives 
called  him  'Old  Red  Breeches.'  He  was  an 
accomplished  musician  and  a  good  linguist, 
speaking  French,  Portuguese,  and  Italian. 

[Official  records  and  private  informatioa.] 

C  A.  H. 

ROWE,  THOMAS  (1667-1706),  inde- 
pendent  divine  and  tutor,  elder  son  of  John 
Rowe  (1626-1677)  [q.v.],  wss  bom  in  London 
in  1 667.  He  was  prooably  ed ucated,  with  hie 
brotiier  Benoni,  bv  Theophilus  Ghile  [q.  v.l 
In  1678  he  succeeded  Gale,  both  as  pastor  of 
the  independent  church  in  Holbom  and  as 
tutor  in  the  academy  at  Newington  Green. 
He  removed  his  congregation  to  a  meeting- 
house at  Girdlers'  Hall,  Basinghall  Street, 
and  took  his  academy  successively  to  Clap- 
ham  and,  about  1687,  to  Little  BntaixL  His 
ministry  was  successful ;   but  it  was  as  a 


Rowell 


348 


Rowell 


tutor,  especially  in  philosophy,  that  he  made 
his  mark.  He  was  the  hrst  to  desert  the 
traditional  textbooks,  introducing  his  pupils, 
about  1680,  to  what  was  kndwn  as  'free 
philosophy.'  Eowe  was  a  Cartesian  at  a 
time  when  the  Aristotelian  philosophy  was 
dominant  in  the  older  scnools  of  learn- 
ing; but  while  in  physics  he  adhered  to 
Descartes  against  the  rising  influence  of 
Newton,  in  mental  science  he  became  one 
of  the  earliest  exponents  of  Locke.  The 
imperfect  list  of  his  students  (none  from  the 
presbyterian  fund)  includes  an  unusual  num- 
ber of  distinguished  names;  John  Evans, 


D.D.  [c^.  v.],  Henry  Grove  [q.  v.],  Josiah 

rchbishop   of  Tuam,   John 
Hughes"  (1677-1720)    [q.    ▼.],    the    poet, 


^.  v.],  Hi 
Hort  tq.  YA,  ar 

Hughes   (1677— i.i**v/    l^.    ^.j,    w.***    k^ov, 
Jeremiah  Hunt,  D.D.  [q.  v.],  l)aniel  Neal 


f  q.  v.],  and  Isaac  Watts,  who  has  celebrated 
tn  an  ode  his  '  gentle  influence,'  which 

bids  our  thoughts  like  risers  flow 
And  choose  the  channels  where  they  run. 

Rowe  was  a  Calvinist  in  theology,  but 
few  of  his  pupils  adhered  to  this  system 
without  some  modification.  In  1699  he  be- 
came one  of  the  Tuesday  lecturers  at  Pin- 
ners* Hall.  He  died  suddenly  on  18  Aug. 
1705,  and  was  buried  with  his  father  m 
Bunhill  Fields. 

Bbnoni  Eowe  (1658-1706),  the  younger 
brother,  was  born  in  London,  and  educated 
for  the  ministry.  His  first  known  settlement 
was  at  Epsom,  Surrey,  about  1689.  He  suc- 
ceeded Stephen  Lobb  fq.  v.]  in  1699  as  pastor 
of  the  independent  church  in  Fetter  Lane, 
and  was  a  solid  but  not  a  popular  preacher. 
He  died  on  30  March  1706,  and  was  buried 
with  his  father  in  Bunhill  Fields.  He  left 
two  sons— Thomas  (1687-1715),  husband  of 
Elizabeth  Rowe  [q.  v.],  and  Theophilus. 

[Wilson's  Dissenting  Churches  of  London, 
1808  ii«  253»  1810  iii.  168  sq..  449  sq.;  Jones's 
Bunhill  Memorials,  1849,  p.  245;  Waddington's 
Surrey  Congregational  History,  1866,  p.  20^.] 

A.  a. 

ROWELL,  GEORGE  AUGUSTUS 
(1804~1892),meteorologist,bomat  Oxford  on 
16  May  1804,  was  son  of  George  BoweU  of 
Newcastle-on-Tyne,  who  mov^  to  Oxford 
in  1791,  and  died  there  on  14  Feb.  1834.  Be- 
fore his  tenth  birthda]^  Bowell  was  taken 
from  school  to  assist  ms  grandfather  in  his 
trade  as  a  cabinet-maker ;  this  trade  Rowell 
himself  followed  for  some  years,  but  subse- 
quently relinquished  it  for  that  of  a  paper- 
hanger.  From  his  father  Bowell  inhented 
s  passion  for  meteorology,  and  during  the 
Appearance  of  the  comet  of  1811  nightly 
lessons  on  the  comet  and  on  the  apparent 
motion  of  the  circumpolar  stars  were  given 


by  father  to  son.  From  his  mother  he 
cei  ved  his  first  lessons  on  the  cause  of  eclipses 
and  on  other  astronomical  subjects.  The 
thunderstorm  and  the  aurora  specially  at- 
tracted him ;  these  he  studied  oy  observa- 
tion only,  as  books  were  difficult  of  access, 
although  he  borrowed  and  read  with  eager- 
ness Lovett's  'Philosophical  Essays.'  Li 
1889  Bowell,  taking  advantage  of  an  offer 
made  in  a  lecture  bj  Professor  Baden  Powell 
[q.  T.]  to  give  advice  on  scientific  subjects 
to  any  one  who  would  apply  to  him,  laid 
before  the  professor  a  theory  he  had  worked 
out  as  to  tne  cause  of  rain.  Iji  accordance 
with  Powell's  suggestion,  he  wrote  out  his 
view,  but  the  paper,  when  sent  to  the '  Lon- 
don and  Edinburgh  Philosophical  Magazine,' 
was  not  accepted  for  publication,  it  was, 
however,  read  before  the  Ashmolean  Society, 
and  was  published  in  the  *  Proceedings '  for 
1889.  In  the  following  year  a  similar  paper 
was  read  by  Rowell  beaore  the  British  Asso- 
ciation at  Glasgow,  and  published  in  their 
reports.  From  this  date  Bowell  published 
many  papers  and  letters  on  meteorological 
subjects,  and  in  1869  he  issued  bj  subscription 
his '  Essajr  on  the  Cause  of  Bam,'  which  was 
well  received.  Bowell  was  appointed  assis- 
tant in  the  Ashmolean  Museum,  and  on  the 
opening  of  the  Oxford  University  Museum  in 
1860  he  was  elected  to  a  similar  position  in 
that  institution.  Of  a  sensitive  oisposition, 
he  in  middle  life  abandoned  his  studies  and 
burned  his  manuscripts,  firom  an  unfounded 
belief  that  his  social  jMMition  hindered  his 
scientific  progress.  But  when  Professor 
Loomis  put  forward  a  theory  respecting  the 
aurora  which  he  considered  identical  with 
that  published  by  himself  in  1838,  he  issued 
sevezal  pamphlets  drawing  attention  to  his 
past  work,  and  arguing  that  it  was  the  duty 
of  the  university  and  of  Oxford  scientific  men 
puhlid^  to  recognise  his  contention.  In  1879 
he  unwisel;^  refused  an  annuity  voted  to  him 
by  the  university  in  consideration  of  his 
services  and  of  his  attainments  in  science. 
He  interested  himself  in  the  affairs  of  his 
native  city,  and  was  regarded  as  an  authority 
on  all  questions  relating  to  water-supply 
and  drainage.  He  died  at  Oxford  on  24  Jan. 
1892. 

Besides  the  books  above  mentioned,  he 
wrote :  1.  ^  An  Essay  on  the  Beneficent  Dis- 
tribution of  the  Sense  of  Pain,'  1867;  2nd 
ed.  1862.  2.  '  On  the  Storm  in  Wiltshire 
of  80  Deo.  1869,'  1860.  8.  '  On  the  Effects 
of  Elevation  and  Floods  on  Health;  and 
the  General  Health  of  Oxford  compared  with 
that  of  other  Districts,'  1866.  4.  *  On  the 
Storm  in  the  Isle  of  Wight,  28  Sept.  1876,' 
1876. 


Rowland 


349 


Rowland 


[Pmoul  knowledge  anlobiognpliieal  deUiU 
in  the  ptnphleU  mentioiied  ^ove,  and  infor- 
Butioo  topplled  bj  Sydenham  Rowell,  eiq.  For 
his  priaopal  papen  Me  fioj.  Soe.  Cat.  of 
^entifie  Aptn ;  Athenaenm,  6  Feb.  1892.1 

J.  B.  B. 

ROWLAND.  [See  also  RowLAinM.] 
ROWLAND,  DANIEL  (1778-1859), 
intiqnaiy,  bom  at  Shrewsbuiy  on  11  July 
1778,  was  second  BurviTuig  son  of  Jobn 
Rowland  or  Rowlands  (d.  1816),  zector  of 
Llangeitho,  Caidiffanshira,  and  incmnbent  of 
CliTe,  ShropshiiepDy  Mary,  daughter  of  Wil* 
liam  Gorsoch,  Yicar  of  the  Abbey  parish, 
Shiewabury.  His  patemalflrrandfiftther  was 
Daniel  Rowlands  [q.v.]  William  Qorsuch 
Rowland  {d.  1861),  his  eldest  brother,  was 
prebendaiy  of  Lichneld  and  incunoibent  of  St. 
Mary's,  gQ&ewsbnry ;  he  spent  much  money 
in  beutifring  his  church,  more  especially  by 
the  gift  of  some  fine  stained-glass  windows. 
Daniel  Rowland,  after  being  educated  at 
Shiewshnry,  practised  for  some  yean  as 
a  banisler  in  London.  He  subsequently 
lemored  to  Frant  in  Sussex,  where  he 
built  Saxonbury  Lodge  in  medi»yal  style 
(LowBB,  Su89ex,  u  ld2).  He  devoted  his 
leisure  to  Uteratuie,  the  fine  arts,  and  phi- 
Itnthiopy.  At  Shiewsbur?  he  buUt  ana  en- 
dowed m  1853,  at  ft  cost  of  over  4,000/.,  the 
Hospital  of  the  Holy  Cross,  for  five  poor 
women.  He  was  high  sheriff  of  Sussex  in 
18^  Li  1846  he  returned  to  London, 
lettling  at  28  GhKWTenor  Place.  He  died  at 
GiftoQ  on  20  Oct.  1859,  and  was  buried  in 
the  crynt  of  die  chapcd  of  the  Foundling 
Hospital,  Quildford  Street,  London,  of  which 
he  had  been  a  gOTemor.  He  married,  in 
1818,  Katherine  Erskine,  daughter  of  Pelham 
Mutland,  esq.,  of  Belmont,  near  Edinbuxj^h. 
She  died  on  lO  Dec  1829,  without  suryiving 
ittue. 

A  fellow  of  the  Societj  of  Antiquaries,  he 
printed  in  1830,  for  pnyate  circulation,  in 
one  large  folio  volume,  an  *  Historical  and 
GeaealjMJcal  Account  of  the  Noble  Family 
of  Nevill.  particularly  the  House  of  Aber- 
^Tenny,'  with  appendix  and  four  genealo- 
gical tables.  The  plates  are  not  so  well 
executed  as  the  letterpress.  He  also  edited 
G.  B.  Blakeway's  <  dherifis  of  Shropshire,' 
hrineing  the  work  down  to  1830,  and  pri- 
Tstely  printing  it  in  1831. 

[Gent  Mag.  1860,i.  85,  86  ;  Ann.  Reg.  1869, 
App.  to  Chron.  p.  478;  Martin's  F^rately 
Printed  Books,  |yp.  399,  400 ;  AUibone's  Diet. 
f^  lit.  ii.  188'i;  Brit.  Mas.  Gat.] 

G.La  G.  N. 

ROWLAND,  DAVID  (Ji.  1569-1586), 
•nthor,  was  a  native  of  Anglesey.  He  en- 
tend  St.  Mary's  Hall,  Oxford,  aud  studied 


logic  and  granunar,  without,  howeyer,  taking 
a  degree.  On  leaving  the  university  he 
became  tutor  to  the  son  of  the  Earl  of  Lennox, 
and  with  him  traveUed  through  France  and 
Spain,  thus  obtaining  some  knowledge  of 
inodem  languages.  After  his  return  he 
became  a  tMcher  of  Qreek  and  Latin  in 
London. 

In  1569  he  puUished  'An  Epytapde  of 
my  Lorde  of  Pembroke,*  licensed  to  Tnomas 
Oolwell  (Abbbb,  Stationer*^  BegisUr\  For 
the  use  of  his  pupils  he  also  wrote  '  A  Com* 
fortable  Aid  lor  Scholers,'  London,  1578, 
8vo,  a  collection  of  various  renderings  of 
English  phrases  in  Latin.  But  his  chief  work 
was  the  translation  of  the  first  part  of  Men- 
dosa's  *  LasariUo  de  Tormes,'  which  he  pub* 
lished  under  the  titleof '  The  Pleasant  History 
of  LasariUo  de  Tormes.'  It  aroeared  in 
1576,  being  printed  by  Henry  Bynneman, 
with  a  decucation  to  Sir  Thomas  Ghresham 
[q.  v.],  but  it  had  apparently  been  licensed 
as  early  as  1568  to  ColweU.  No  copy  of  the 
first  edition  is  extant.  Another  eoition  of 
1586,  London,  8vo,  contains  laudatory  verses 
by  George  TurberviUe  [q.  v.]  The  Spanish 
original  was  imperfect,  navinff  been  expur- 
gated by  the  inquisition.  The  translation 
ran  through  several  editions,  the  latest  being 
that  of  1^7,  which  was  supplemented  by  a 
translation  of  the  second  purt  of  the  history 
by  James  Blakeston. 

[Wood's  Athemp,  ed.  Bliss,  i.  628 ;  Tanner's 
Bibliotheea  Brit.  p.  646;  Collier's  BibL  Cat.  of 
Early  English  Lit.  ii.  276 ;  Haslitt's  Handbook, 
pp.  387-8,  and  Collections,  i.  492,  iii.  60, 116, 
IV.  30 ;  Arber's  Transcript  of  Stationers'  Reg. 
passim.]  £•  I.  0. 

ROWLAND,  JOHN  ^606-1660), 
writer  against  Milton,  bom  in  Bedfordshire 
in  1606,  was  educated  at  Corpus  Christi  Col- 
lege,  Oxford,  matriculating  in  November 
1621  and  graduating  B.A.  on  28  Nov.  1622, 
M.A.  on  28  March  1626  (Fostbb,  Ahmm 
Oxon.)  He  claims  to  have  been  a  friend  of 
Sir  Robert  Cotton,  and  to  have  been  with 
him  at  his  death  in  1681  (cf.  Narrative  of 
Chndomar,  1659,  dedicatory  epistle).  On 
8  June  1684  he  became  rector  of  Foot's  Cray 
in  Kent  (Rtxsb,  Fcsdera,  xix.  615).  But 
on  the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war  he  joined 
the  royalist  army  as  chaplain  to  Sir  Jacob 
AstleVs  regiment  {State  Papers,  Dom.  Car.  I, 
cccdxxvii.  No.  59,  28  Feb.  1640-1).  His 
living  was  aocordinglv  sequestered  to  one 
Alexander  Hames,  who  in  May  1646  was 
called  before  the  committee  for  plundered 
ministers  for  failing  to  pay  '  fifths '  to  Row- 
knd's  wife  and  children  (AddU.  M8. 15670, 
ff.  267, 428\  It  is  posnble  that  Rowland 
subsequently  took  refuge  in  the  Netherlands. 


Rowlands 


350 


Rowlands 


At  Antwerp  in  1661  there  was  issued  his 
'Pro  Rege  et  Populo  Anglicano  Apolofift 
contra  Johannis  Polypragmatici  (alias  Mil« 
toni  Anffli)  Defensionem  aestructivam  Regis 
et  Popmi  Anglicani/  Antwerp,  1662, 12mo. 
The  work  was  wrongly  assigned  to  Bishop 
Bramhall  (cf.  Todb,  lAft  of  MUUm^  iii. 
lSd-6 ;  Masson,  Uft  ofMilUm/vv.  849, 686 ; 
Bbaxhaii.,  Works,  toI.  i.  p.  xciv,  in  Anglo- 
Cathollc  Library) ;  and  John  Phillips  (1631- 
1706)  fq.  v.l  Milton's  nephew,  in  replying  to 
it  in  io62,  went  on  that  mistaken  assumption. 
Rowland  pursued  the  attack  in  'Polemica 
siye  Supplementum  ad  Apologiam  anony  mam 
pro  Rege  etc.  Per  Jo.  Rolandum  pastorem 
Anfflicum,'  Antwerp,  1668.  In  this  Row- 
land directly  acknowledged  his  authorship  of 
the  'Apologia.'  The  'particular'  church, 
apparently  in  Antwerp,  of  which,  according 
to  nis '  Polemica '  (16^),  he  was  pastor,  does 
tiot  mean  a  congregational  church.  He 
doubtless  returned  to  England  before  the 
Restoration.  He  died  in  1660  (Hasted, 
Kent,  i.  160).  Rowland  married,  on  8  Aug. 
1634,  a  second  wife,  Mary  Ann,  daughter  of 
George  Holt  of  Foot's  Cray  (FosrsB,  Lond<m 
Marriage  lAcences), 

Rowland  wrote,  besides  the  attacks  on 
Milton:  'Upon  the  much-lamented  de- 
parture of .  .  .  Oliver,  Lord  Protector  ...  a 
Ftmeral  Elegie ; '  and  a  poem  '  In  Honour  of 
the  Lord  General  Monckand  T.  Allen,  Lord 
Mayor  of  London,  Epinicia,' 1660.  He  edited 
in  1669  '  A  Choice  Narrative  of  Count  Gon- 
domar,'  which  he  disingenuously  assigned  to 
Sir  Robert  Bruce  Cotton  [q,  v,  ;  it  is  a  re- 
print of  the  *  Vox  Populi '  oy  Thomas  Scott, 
and  is  reprinted  in  Smeeton's  '  Historical 
Tracts/  vol,  i. 

[Authorities  as  in  text ;  Addit.  MSS.  15670>1 ; 
BawlissoD  MS.  iil  439.]  W.  A.  S. 

ROWLANDS,  DANIEL  (1718-1790), 
Welsh  methodist,  bom  at  Pantybeudy,  in 
the  parish  of  Nantcwnlle,  Cardiganshire,  in 
1718,  was  the  second  son  of  the  Rev.  Daniel 
Rowlands,  rector  of  Llangeitho  and  Nant* 
cwnlle,  and  Janet  his  wife.  He  was  educated 
at  Hereford  pammor  school,  but  did  not  pro* 
ceed  to  a  university  course,  possibly  because 
6f  the  death  of  his  father  in  1731,  when  his 
elder  brother,  John  (d.  1760),  succeeded  to 
the  living.  At  the  age  of  twenty  he  be- 
came his  orother^s  curate.  He  was  ordained 
deacon  on  10  March  1788,  and  priest  on 
81  Aug.  1786.  About  1785  a  sermon  he 
heard  by  Griffith  Jones  of  Llanddowror,  and 
the  influence  of  a  neighbouring  independent  ' 
Ibinister,  Philip  Pugh  of  Llwynpiod,  made  a  ' 
deep  impression  upon  him,  and  he  began  to 
preach  with  remarkable  eloquence  and  power. 


It  is  said  that  he  showed  a  tendency  to  con- 
fine himself  to  such  topics  as  judgment,  sin, 
the  law  and  death,  until  he  was  led  by  Pugh's 
counsel  to  deal  with  less  sombre  themes.  He 
became  about  this  time  curate  of  Ystrad  Ffin, 
Carmarthenshire,  in  addition  to  hU  former 
charge,  and  was  soon  widely  known  as  a 
preacher.  Howel  Harris  [q.  v.]  had  bef(un 
to  'exhort'  about  the  time  that  Rowlands 
entered  upon  his  new  career,  but  the  two 
knew  nothing  of  each  other's  work  until 
Harris  chancM  to  hear  Rowlands  in  Defynog 
church  (Breconshiie)  in  1787,  and  forthwith 
sought  ms  friendship.  Their  association  led  to 
the  foundation  of  Welsh  Oalvinistic  method- 
ism.  There  had  hitherto  been  nothing  excep- 
tional in  Rowlands's  methods,  save  that  ne 
sought  opportunities  of  preachinff  in  other 
churches  than  his  own.  Harris  nad,  how- 
ever, in  1786  begun  to  form  societies  of  his 
converts,  in  imitation  of  a  plan  of  Dr.  Wood- 
ward, and  Rowlands  now  followed  his  ex- 
ample. The  rules  published  by  him  and  other 
methodists  in  1742  show  tnat  he  invited 
members  of  all  denominations  to  join  these 
societies,  but  expected  them  to  adhere  to  Oal- 
vinistic doctrine.  He  soon  adopted,  also,  the 
methodist  custom  of  itinerating  and  preach- 
ing in  unconsecrated  places,  though  ns  gene- 
rally spent  Sunday  in  his  own  churches,  where 
he  had  in  1742  two  thousand  communicants. 
In  consequence  of  his  methodist  seal  he  lost  in 
that  year  the  curacy  of  Ystrad  f^n,  but  as  he 
received  instead  that  of  Llanddewi  Brefi(Car- 
diganshire),  his  usefulness  was  in  no  way 
curtailed.  In  January  1748  the  first  regular 
methodist  *  association,'  or  central  assembly 
for  the  control  of  the  societies,  was  held  at 
Watford,  and  Rowlands  was  appointed 
deputy-moderator,  to  act  in  Whitefield's 
absence.  Whitefield  soon  ceased  to  attend 
the  meetings,  and  Rowlands  became  chairman 
of  the  body,  a  position  for  which  his  judgment 
and  tact  well  fitted  hia .  He  held  it  until  his 
death. 

About  1746  a  difierence  sprang  up  between 
Rowlands  and  H[arris  on  a  point  of  theology; 
Harris,  it  was  said,  inclined  to  SabeUianism. 
The  conflict  resolved  itself  into  one  between 
the  clergvmen  and  the  lay  ezhorters  of  the 
body,  and  ended  in  a  rupture  between  the 
two  parties  in  1751.  At  first  the  quarrel 
weakened  both  sides,  but  in  a  little  while 
Rowlands's  party  won  back  the  girmnd  that 
had  been  lost  during  the  dispute,  leaving 
Harris  with  only  a  small  pensonal  following. 
In  1768  Bishop  Squire  suspended  Rowlands 
from  the  exercise  of  clerical  functions.  De- 
prived of  his  curacies  and  the  tm  of  the 
churches,  Rowlands  (not  lon^  after  appointed 
chaplain  to  the  Duke  of  Leinater)  preached 


Rowlands 


351 


Rowlands 


K^ikilj  in  a  aew  bnildiiig  pat  up  at  Llan- 
gmthoior liis  toeonmodatioii.  Hk  inflttenoe 
u  t  vmehtx  aad  leader  was  in  no  way  di* 
niniaMd;  lor  a  quarter  of  a  oentnry  the 
nrriees  at  Um  ' new  ehureh*  of  Llangeitho 
wen  aUendedy  in  addition  to  the  ordinary 
eoDflregatkm,  hy  pilgrima  from  all  p&its  of 
Wues,  and  he  oontinaed  supreme  in  the 
«HoeiattOD.  He  died  on  16  Oct.  1790,  and 
wu  baried  in  Llangeitho,  where  his  statue 
wu  FBoendy  earected  bypublic  subsoription. 

Bowlands  msorried  Meanor,  daughter  of 
John  DaTies  of  Oefingarllygee,  by  whom  he 
liid  three  sons — John,  rector  of  Llaitfaitho 
(d,  1815),  father  of  Daniel  Bowland  |q.T.]; 
Nathiniel  {d.  1881);  and  David— and  four 
dtughteia.    His  portrait  was  painted  by  Ro- 
bert Bowfer  [q.  ▼.!  at  the  request  of  Lady 
HontiiigjonySnortly  before  his  death;  many 
engrKrings  of  the  picture  have  appeared. 
Hu  sermons  were  marked  by  sublimity  and 
ibree^aad  probably  as  a  preacher  he  had  in 
his  own  time  no  li^al  in  Wales.   His  Toiee 
WIS  penetnitiiig,  but  not  powerful.    In  dis- 
poeitton  he  was  hot-tempered,  but  generous 
tnd  indulgent ;  it  was  dnracteristic  of  his 
restless  enevgy  that  he  always  rode  at  a  g^allou. 
Besides  Taiioas  rolumes,  including  in  all 
tweWe  sermons,  whidi  hsTe  been  fr^uently 
isBued  both  in  Welsh  and  in  English  trans- 
htioDs,  Rowlands  published :   1.  '  Llaeth 
Ysbiydo V  Carmarthen,  1789.     2.  <  Rules  for 
the  Societies,'  Bristol.  1742.     3. '  Traethawd 
sr  £tfw  iV  ddeddf '  (a  translation),  Bristol, 
1748.    4.  'Disdoffue  between  an  Orthodox 
aadsMistakeo Methodist,' 1749P;  2ndedit., 
1760;  8rd,  Carmarthen,  1793.      6.  <  Acel- 
dama' Ta  translation^,  Carmarthen,  1769. 
0.  'liais    y    Durtur,'  Carmarthen,  1762; 
2Dd  edit.,  London,   1764;     drd,  Dolgelly, 
1808.     7.    'Pymtheg  Araith'  (a  transla- 
tion^, Oarmarfchen,  1763.      8.  'Camniyny 
Ooelbren'  (a  translation),  Carmarthen,  1769. 
Rowlands  published  hymns  at  yarious  times, 
Imt  none  of  them  hare  won  much  iavour. 
El^es  to  hia  memonr  were  composed  by 
fanous  methodists,  the  best-known  being 
that  by  William  Williams  (Fantycelyn). 

[It  was  intended  that  a  memoir  of  Bowlands 
ihoiiM  be  written  shortly  after  his  death,  and 
aateriala  were  collected  for  the  pvtrpose.  The 
death  of  Lady  Huntingdon,  however,  interfered 
vith  the  peoject,  and  tiie  materiala  went  astray. 
Hhs  the  earliest  life  is  that  by  the  Bev.  John 
Owen,  eomte  of  Throiwington,  Laicesterahire, 
•ad  a  natiTe  of  Lhingeitbo,  which  appeared  in 
Weisb  (Chester,  1839)  and  Eogliah  (London, 
1840).  The  memoir  ^  Welah)  by  Morris  Daries, 
Baog^r,  prefixed  to  the  1876  edition  of  the  ser- 
mons, gfres  the  fallest  and  most  careful  account 
of  what  is  known  of  Bowlands  from  all  sonrces. 
8oine  particulars  in  the  article  have  been  taken 


ftom  Asfaton's  Llsnvddiaeth  Oywreig  (pp.  SOd> 
280),  and  Baes*a  Histoiy  of  Protestant  Nonoon- 
£»nnity  in  Wales,  Snd  edit.,  p.  149.] 

J.  R  L. 
KOWLANDS,  HENRY  (1661-1616), 
bishop  <^  Bangor,  bom  in  1661  m  tiie  parish 
of  MeyUteym  or  Bottwnog,  Camarvonshire, 
was  son  oi  Rolant  ap  Bobert  of  MeyUteym 
and  of  Elizabeth,  danghter  of  Ghriffith  ap 
Bobert  Vanghan  (Wood,  BuHy  iL  684). 
Aftor  being  educated  at  Penlleeh  school,  he 
studied  at  Oxford,  and  graduated  B. A.  from 
New  College  on  17  Feb.  1678-4.  He  then 
migrated  to  St.  Mary  Hall,  and  graduated 
M.A.  27  June  1677,  B.D.  27  March  1691, 
DJ>.  28  June  1606  (Clabk,  Oa^ford  Beg. ; 
FosTBB,  wllu»m  (Xron.)  He  took  hoW  orders 
on  14  Sept.  1672,  and  was  rector  of  MeyU- 
teym from  1672  to  1681,  and  ctf  Langton, 
Oxfordshire,  from  1681  to  1600.  From 
4  Aug.  1684  to  August  1694  he  was  pre- 
bendi^  of  Penmynyd,  Bangor  Cathecural, 
from  8  Sept.  1688  rector  of  Aberdaroot 
becoming  in  the  same  vear  archdeacon  of 
Anglesey,  and  on  29  Aug.  1693  dean  of 
Bai^^.  On  16  Sept.  1698  he  was  elected 
bishop  of  Bangor,  and  installed  on  19  Jan. 
1698-9  (Lb  NBTB,JlMte';  Sxbtpb,  Whi^ift, 
li.  406;  Hist.  MS8.  Camm,  6thBep. p. 264). 
He  suhsequently  became  rector  of  Trefdaeth, 
Angiesey,  in  1601,  vicar  of  Llanrhatadr-in- 
Eimmeroh  1602,  a  member  of  G^ys  Inn 
1606,  and  rector  of  Llanrhaiadr,  Denbigh, 
1612.  He  died  on  6  July  1616,  and  was 
buried  in  the  cathedral  in  the  choir,  before 
the  high  altar.  His  will  is  in  the  preroga- 
tive court.  He  was  careful  of  the  reyenues 
of  his  cathedral,  and  gave  to  it  four  bells, 
to  replace  those  sold  by  his  predecessor.  He 
also  m  1609  gave  lands  to  Jesus  CloUege,  Ox- 
ford, for  the  maintenance  of  two  scholars  or 
fellows  (Mitt,  and  Antiq,  qf  Oa^d,  ii. 
816^;  FiTLiSR,  Church  SiH.  iv.  870),  and 
in  his  will  he  left  lands  for  the  erection  of  a 
school  at  MeyUteym.  Bowlands  married,  at 
Langton,  Frances  Hutchins  or  Pope  of  Ox* 
ford,  xeliot  of  one  Cotesford. 

[Wood's  Athenae  Ozon.  ed.  Qutch,  i.  67;  Wil- 
liams's Bminent  Welehmen ;  Lansd.  MSS.  988 
f.  286,  984  f.  84 ;  Ounden's  Annalee,  K.  Jae.  I, 
snb  anno  1616.]  W.  A  S. 

ROWLANDS,  HENRY  (1666-1728), 
divine  and  antiquary,  son  of  William  Row- 
lands, of  Plas  (rwyn,  Llanedwen,  Anglesey, 
by  his  wife  Maud,  daughter  of  Edward 
Wynne  of  Penhesgyn,  was  bom  in  1656  at 
Plas  Gwyn,  the  seat  of  the  Rowlands  family, 
which  was  purchased  in  1600  by  the  anti- 

?[uai^s  great-great-granduncle,  Henry  Row- 
ends  [q.  v.],  bishop  of  Bangor. 
Henry  received  a  good  d^ical  education, 


Rowlands 


3S« 


Rowlands 


took  holy  orden,  and  was  presented  on  2  Oct. 
1696  to  the  lining  of  LJanidan,  to  which 
three  small  chapels  were  attached.  He  de* 
TOted  himself  to  the  inTestigation  of  stone 
circles,  cromlechs,  and  other  prehistoric  re- 
mains, especially  those  of  his  native  county, 
his  hypothesis  heing  that  Anglesey  was  the 
ancient  metropolitan  seat  of  the  Druids.  His 
chief  work  was  'Mona  Antiqua  Restaurata, 
an  Ardiaeological  Discourse  on  the  Antiqui- 
ties Natural  and  Historical  of  the  Island' 
([Duhlin,  1728,  4to).  A  second  edition  was 
issued,  London,  1766, 4to,  and  a  supplement 
with  topographical  details  in  1776. 

Rowlands  also  wrote  a  'Treatise  on 
Geology '  and  '  Idea  Agricultum :  the  Prin- 
ciples m  Vegetation  asserted  and  defended. 
All  Essay  on  Hushandry,'  &c.,  founded  on 
his  own  close  personal  observations  in  1704, 
Dublin,  1764,  8vo.  Rowlands  left  in  manu- 
script a  parochial  history  of  Anglesey,  written 
in  Latin  and  entitled  '  Antiquitates  Paro- 
chiales;'  it  was  partly  translated  in  the 
'  Cambro  Briton,'  and  also  published  in  the 
original  Latin,  with  an  English  version,  in 
vols.  i.-iv.  of  the  '  Archseologia  Gambrensis.' 
The  hundred  of  Menai  only  was  completed. 

Although  a  polished  writer  and  an  ex- 
cdlent  scholar,  Rowlands  never  travelled 
further  from  home  than  Shrewsbury,  some 
have  even  said  Conway.  He  died  on  21  Nov. 
1 728,  and  is  buried  at  Llanedwen  church.  B  v 
his  wife,  Elizabeth  Nicholas,  Rowlands  left 
two  daughters  and  three  sons. 

[WiUiams^s  Eminent  Welshmen,  p.  462; 
Gorton's  Biogr.  Diet.  vol.  iii. ;  Pennant's  Toxas 
in  Wales,  ed^Rhys,  iii.  1-16;  Llwyd's  Hist,  of 
Anglesey^  1883,  p.  878 ;  Notes  and  (Queries,  2od 
ser.  T.  82,  8rd  ser.  iii.  887>  618 ;  Works  above 
mentioned;  Archaeologia  Gambrensis,  i.  126, 
30.5,  389 ;  Rowlands's  Cambrian  Bibliography, 
p.  386.]  C.  F.  S. 

ROWLANDS  aUas  Yebstegen,  RI- 
CHARD (/.  1665-1620),  antiquary,  bom 
in  the  parish  of  St.  Catherine,  near  the 
Tower  of  London,  was  grandson  of  Theodore 
Roland  Verstegen,  of  an  ancient  Dutch 
family  which  was  driven  from  Qelderland 
to  England  about  1500.  His  father  was  a 
cooper.  Rowlands,  after  a  good  education, 
was  entered  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  in 
the  beginning  of  1665  as  'Richard  Row- 
lands, servant  to  Mr.  Barnard  *  (^Oxf.  Univ. 
Reg,  Oxf.  Hist.  Soc.  II.  ii.  14).  A  zealous 
catholic,  he  declined  the  tests  essential  to  a 
degree,  and  left  the  university  without  one. 
While  there,  however,  he  distmguished  him- 
self by  his  study  of  early  English  history, 
and  began  to  learn  Anglo-Saxon.  In  1576 
he  published  a  translation  from  the  German, 
entitled  *  The  Post  of  the  World,  wherin  is 


contayned  the  antiquities  and  originall  of 
the  most  famous  cities  in  Europe,' London, 
by  Thomas  East,  12mo,  with  a  aedication  to 
Sir  Thomas  Gresham  [q.  v.],  who  was  then 
living  as  royal  agent  at  Antwerp.  Row- 
lands soon  after  removed  to  that  town, 
dropped  his  English  name,  and  resumed  the 
paternal  Verstegen.    He  set  up  a  printing 

CM  (Hazlxtt,  Collections,  ii.  70),  wrote 
ks,  and,  being  an  artist  of  no  mean  skill, 
engraved  some  of  the  outs  for  them  himselt 
He  also  acted  as  agent  for  the  transmission 
of  catholic  literature  (some  of  which  he 
printed),  and  letters  to  and  from  England, 
Spain,  Rome,  and  the  Netherlands.  He  was 
in  frequent  correspondence  with  Cardinal 
AUen  and  Robert  Parsons,  and  for  a  time  in 
their  pay  (Stbtpb,  Annals,  iy.  207;  Cal 
Hatfield  MSS.  v.  26). 

About  1587  Rowlands  was  living  in  Paris, 
where  his  narrative  of  Elizabeth's  treatment 
of  the  catholics  in  England  in  his  *  Theatrum 
Crudelitatum  Haereticorum  nostri  Temporis/ 
Antwerp,  1587, 4to  (translated  into  French, 
Antwerp,  1588,  4to),  excited  the  attention 
of  the  JBuglish  ambassador,  and  he  was 
thrown  into  prison.  Upon  his  release  he  re- 
turned to  Antwerp  and  reprinted  the  book 
in  1588  ^nother  edition,  1592).  He  was 
back  in  France  in  1596  on  his  way  to 
Spain,  where  he  had  an  interview  with 
Pnilip,  and  spent  some  time  at  the  catholic 
college  at  Seville.  At  the  end  of  the  same 
year  ho  was  once  more  in  Antwwp,  living 
*  near  the  bridge  of  the  tapestry  makers,'  ana 
interpreting  English  letters  for  the  post* 
master  (Cal.  Hatfield  MSS.  v.  225).  He  had 
then  married  a  lady  who  is  described  as 
'  doing  much  to  keep  up  his  credit '  (Wads- 
WOBTH,  English  Spanuh  Pilgrims,  li.  67). 
He  corresponded  with  Sir  R.  Cotton  up  to 
1617,  and  was  still  living  in  Antwerp  in 
1620. 

Rowlands's  other  works  were  published 
under  the  name  or  initials  of  Richard  Vers- 
tegen. The  most  interesting  of  them  was 
'  Restitution  of  Decayed  intelligence  in 
Antiquities  concerning  the  Eng^sh  Na- 
tion,' Antwerp,  1605,  4to,  reprinted  in  Lon- 
don, 1673,  8vo ;  in  this  work,  dedicated  to 
James  I,  Verstegen  protests  his  English 
birth.  He  gives  a  summary  of  the  early 
invaaions  of  Great  Britain,  the  formation  of 
its  lanffua^s,  surnames,  and  other  matters, 
and  exhibits  his  knowledge  of  Anglo-Saxon. 
He  also  published :  1. '  Odes  in  Imitation  of 
the  Seaven  Penitential  Psalms/  Antwerp, 
1601,  8vo.  2.  '  A  Dialojrue  on  Dying  well,' 
translated  from  the  Italian  of  Dom  Peter  of 
Lucca,  Antwerp,  1603.  8.  *  Sundry  Suc- 
cessive Regal  Governments  of  England^  in 


Rowlands  353  Rowlands 


Elenden/  Mechelen,  1621.  '  England's  Joy/  what  less  asperity,  and  many  of  his  sketches 
hj  B.  R.y  London,  1601,  4to,  yerses  occa- '  of  the  lower  middle  classes  are  farcical  or 
stoned  by  Liord  Mountjoy*8  defeat  of  Irish   good-naturedly   humorous.     Much   of  Ids 


rebels  under  Tyrone,  is  aoubtfuUy  attributed 
to  him. 

The  'Nederlantsche  Antiquitevten,'  Brus- 
sels, 1646y  12mo,  and  other  works  in  Dutch 
attributed  to  Bowlands,  are  probably  all  by 


enerffy  he  devoted  to  descriptions  of  low 
London  life,  and  his  portraits  in  verse  of 
beggars,  tipplers,  thieves,  and  '  roaring  boys ' 
possess  much  historical  interest.  He  owed 
something  to  Greene's  writings  on  like  topics, 


mother  Richard  Verstegen  or  Verstegan  and  is  said  to  have  vamped  up  some  unpub- 
whoee  will  was  dated  Antwerp,  26  Feb.  lished  manuscripts  by  Nashe.  He  adversely 
1640,   and    whose    widow,    Catharina    de  I  criticised  Dekker,  who  made  excursions  into 


Saolchy, remarried  in  August  1640  (Hxjbbbts, 
Bioffr,  Woordenboek).  He  may  nave  been 
Rowlands'a  son. 

[Dodd's  Chnzeh  Hist.  ii.  428 ;  Wood's  Athens 
Ozon.  ti.  392 ;  Haslitt's  Handbook  and  Bibliogr. 


the  same  field  of  literature.  Occasionally  he 
sank  to  mere  bookmaking— hastily  versifying 
popular  stories,  as  in  his  'Guy  of  Warwick.' 
References  abound  in  Rowlands's  works  to 

^^^^  „.«,.,« ^- - .  "notorious  contemporaries — to  actors  like  Pope 

C^UecaoiIir  pa«im,"  diiefly"!  v."  Verategan*^  »nd  Singer  {Lettmg  of  Hummr$  Blood,  Sat. 

ChidmeiB's  Siogr.  Diet.  xxx.  818 ;  Brjdge^s  4) ;  to  Alleyn  as  the  creator  of  Marlowe's 

Centim  Lit.  ii  95 ;  Buigoo's  Life  and  Times  of  I  *  Faustus '  (Knave  of  Clubti) ;   to  Woolner. 

SirT.  Gnsham,  i.  203,  ii.  479;  Cal.  State  Papers,  '  the  neat  eater  {Look  to  it),  and  to  Ward 

Dom.  1591-4  pp.  478,  520,  533»  584,  1595-7  and  Dansike,  the  pirates  {Knave  of  Harts), 

pp.  36.  40,  89,  488,  1598-1601  p.  510,  1580-  Rowlands  usually  wrote  in  six-line  stanzas. 

1625  p.  290 ;  Hist.  MSS.  Comm.  Rep. ;  Cal.  of  His  literary  friends  and  patrons  appear 

HaiHeld  MSS.  iv.  498,  v.  26,  63,  225,  252,  445;  to  have  been  few.     '  My  pen  never  was  and 

FojBs's  Hist  ofRomi^h  Treasons.  &c  1681,  pp.  ^ever  shaU  be  mercenary,'  he  wrote  to  his 

S^:*^^nl*•^o^'f''AW'^*•n^*^^i°^  friend  George    Gay  wood   in  \m2  (HeWe 

8U^  1602.  p    257;  ^±  ^\^''l^  M?"  Broke  Loose).    He  prefixed  verses  to  thomas 

?^T:!??5^^,^„^P\lP£^?'A^i^'^  Andrewe's    'Unmaking    of    a    Feminine 

T.  Herbert's  Travels ;  Hessels's  Bpist.  Abrahami  S    il*      it  t  lini        j  J'    nni-           /?iv     . 

Ortelii,  p.  524.  525;  Cotton  MS.  JoL  C.  ilL  f.  ?J,^^*^^i'   1^»  *^1  ^  Thomas  Collins  s 

471    '«~       »        '                          C.  F.  8.  'Teares  of  Love,'  1615.    Aooem'InVul- 

'    '    '  ponem,'  written  with  some  oblique  reference 

ROWLANDS,      SAMUEL      (1670  P-  to  Ben  Jonson's  '  Volpone,*  was  published 
1630?),  author,  bom  about  1570,  was  a  volu-  in  W.  Parkes's  'Curtaine  Drawer  of  the 
minous  writer  of  tracts  in  prose  and  verse  World,' 1612.  Commendatory  verses  by  Row- 
between  1598  and  1628.    His  earliest  ven-  lands  figure  in  some  copies  of'  Great  Britaine 
tnre,<The  Betraying  of  Christ'  (1598),  like  all  in  Black,'  1612  (Brit.  Mus.)  and  'The 
his  latest  in  1628,  was  a  fervidly  religious  Sculler,'  1614  (Huth  Libr.),  both  by  John 
poem,  and  at  no  period  did  he  wholly  neglect  Taylor,  the  water-poet, 
pious  topics.  But  hb  second  publication  (see  The  fact  that  his  name  appears  on  the 
Vo.  2  below),  '  The  Letting  of  Humours  '  Stationers'  Registers '  on  one  occasion  as 
Blood  in  the  Head-Vaine'  (1600),  is  the  type  Samuel  Rowley  (cf.  No.  23  infra)  has  sug- 
ofcompositionwhichgavehim  his  chief  popu-  gested  the  theorv  that  he  may  be  identical 
larity.   It  consists  of  thirty-seven  epigrams  with  the  actor  Samuel  Rowley  Fq.  v.],  but 
and  seven  satires  on  the  abuses  of  contem-  the  conjecture  cannot  be  sustained, 
porary  aocie^.    Private  persons  are  attacked  Rowlands's  books  often  appeared  with  his 
under  feignai  Latin  names,  and  types  of  cha-  initials  only  in  the  title-page  or  affixed  to  the 
racter  are  depicted  with  incisive  power.    A  preface.    Hence  some  doubt  has  arisen  re- 
similar  effort,  entitled '  A  Mery  Meeting,  or  specting  the  works  to  be  assigned  to  him. 
'tis  Mery  when  Knaves  mete,'  was  published  He  has  been  wrongly  credited  with  '  The 
in  the  same  year  (althougli  only  copies  of  Clioise  of  Chanfjre :  containing  the  Triplicitie 
later  editions  are  extant).   Kowlands's  biting  of  Divinitie,  Philosophies  and  Poetrie  ...  by 
tone  was  deemed  offensive  to  the  authorities,  S.  R.,  Gent,  and  Student  in  the  Universitie 
and  both  pamphlets  were  burnt  not  only  in  of  Cambridge/  which   was  first  published 
a  public  place,  but  also  in  the  kitchen  of  in  15S5  (new  edition,  1598).     According  to 
the  Stationers'  Company  on  26  Oct.  1600.  Jolley^s  'Catalogue'  (iv.  389),  the  author 


TOL.    XVII.  A  A 


Rowlands 


354 


Rowlands 


'Cornucopie/    by  William    F.    (FennorP) 
(161 2),  was  also  assigned  to  him  in  error. 

All  Elowlands  s  works  are  bibliographical 
rarities,  and  several  are  extant  only  in  one, 
two  or  three  copies.  A  copy  of  *  A  Theatre 
of  Delightful  Recreations'  (London,  for  A. 
Johnson,  1 606, 4to)  belonged  to  Bishop  Percy, 
but  none  is  now  known;  it  is  described  bjhim 
in  his  *  Reliques '  (1812,  iii.  161)  as  consisting 
of  poems  chiefly  on  the  Old  Testament.  It 
is  probably  identical  with  'A  Theatre  of 
Divine  Recreation,'  licensed  to  be  printed  by 
Arth  ur  Johnson  in  1 605.  Of  the  long-lost '  The 
Bride,  by  S.  R.,  London,  by  W.  I.  for  T.  P., 
1617,'  which  was  licensed  to  Thomas  Pavier 
on  22  May  1617  (Arber,  iii.  1609),  a  single 
copy  was  found  in  Germany  in  1004,  and  was 
purchased  for  the  HarvardUniversityLibrary. 
A  reprint  was  issued  atBoston,  U  .8.  A.,inl906. 

Bowlands'sother  extant  works,  all  of  which 
are  iix  verse,  except  where  otherwise  stated, 
are:  1.  *  The  Betray  ing  of  Christ.  ludas  in 
Despaire.  The  Seuen  Words  of  our  Sauior 
on  the  Crosse.  With  Other  Poems  on  the 
Passion.'  London,  for  A^dam  Islip,  1598, 4to 
(Bodl.,  two  in  Brit.  Mus.  and  Britwell). 
The  work  is  dedicated  to  Sir  Nicholas  Walsh, 
knt., '  chiefe  justice  of  her  Maiesties  Court 
of  Common  Pleas  in  Ireland,' and  his  arms  and 
crest  are  on  the  reverse  of  the  title-page.  But 
one  of  the  two  copies  in  the  British  Museum 
has  an  additional  dedication  in  manuscript 
'  from  the  author  to  his  lovinge  freinde,  M. 
Eleazar  Barnes.*  A  copy  described  in  Grif- 
fith's '  Bibl.  Angl.  Poet.^  1815  (p.  598)  has  a 
different  dedication  to  'his  deare  aflected 
friend,  Maister  H.  W.  Gentleman,' and  some 
stanzas  addressed  *  t>o  the  gentleman-readers ' 
and  a  poem  in  four-line  verses,  entitled  '  The 
High-way  to  Mount  Calvarie,'  which  are 
not  in  the  other  impressions.  Selections  are 
printed  in  Farr's  *  Select  Poetiy '  (Parker 
Soc.  1845).  2.  'The  Letting  of  Humours 
Blood  in  the  Head-Vaine.  With  a  new 
Morissco  daunced  by  Seuen  Satyres  upon 
the  Bottome  of  Biogines  Tubbe.  Printed 
at  London  by  W.  WTiite,'  1600,  8vo  Tthree 
copies  in  Bodl.  one  in  Brit.  Mus.);  burnt 
by  order  of  the  Stationers'  Company  on 
26  Oct.  1000.  It  was  very  soon  reprinted 
— before  1603,  according  to  Heber — as  *  Hu- 
mors Ordinarie,  where  a  Man  may  be  verie 
Merrie  and  exceeding  well  used  for  his  Sixe- 
pence'  (for  William  Ferebrand),  n.d.  (Brit- 
well) ;  and  again  in  1607  under  the  same  title 
by  Edward  AUde  for  Ferebrand  (Brit.  Mus. 
and  Huth  Coll.)  William  White,  the  original 
publisher,  reissued  it  under  its  first  title  in 
1611  and  1613,  and  Sir  Walter  Scott  re- 
printed in  1814  the  1611  edition.  Possibly 
the  tract  was  suggested  by  William  God- 


dard's  satirical  dialogue,  which  seems  to  have 
originally  appeared  m  1591  as  '  The  Baiting 
of  Diogenes.  Middleton  in  his  'Ant  and 
Nightingale,'  1604,  says  Rowlands  borrowed 
his  work  from  Nashe*s  papers,  after  Nashe's 
death.  3.  *A  Mery  Metmge,  or  'tis  Mery 
when  Knaves  mete,'  licensed  for  publication 
on  2  Sept.  1600,  was  burnt  by  the  Stationers* 
Company,  and  no  copy  ot  this  edition  is 
known.  It  was  reissued  as  *  The  Knaue  of 
Clubbs'  (London,  for  W.  Fereband),  1609 
(Huth  Library),  and  again  by  E.  Allde, 
1611  (at  Britwell).  The  last  edition  was 
reprinted  by  the  Percy  Society.  A  rough 
imitation,  entitled  'Roome  for  a  Messe  of 
Knaves,'  appeared  in  1610  (Collibb,  Oat,) 
4.  '  Greenes  Ghost  haunting  Conie  Catchers 
wherein  is  set  downe  the  Arte  of  Humor- 
ing, the  Arte  of  carrying  Stones  .  .  .  with 
the  Conceits  of  Dr.  Pinchbacke,  a  notable 
Makeshift,'  London,  for  R.  Jackson  and  J. 
North,  1602  (Brit.  Mus.  and  Huth  Library) ; 
licensed  3  oept.  1602.  According  to  a 
common  device,  Rowlands  pretends  to  edit 
this  prose  tract  from  Greeners  papers.  An 
edition  of  1626  (Brit.  Mus.  and  Britwell) 
was  reprinted  privately,  by  J.  0.  Halliwell, 
in  an  edition  limited  to  twenty-six  copies,  in 
1860.  5.  'Tis  Merrie  when  Gossips  meete. 
At  London,  printed  by  W.  W.  and  are  to 
be  sold  by  George  Loftus  at  the  Golden  Ball 
in  Popes-head  Alley,'  1602,  4to  (Britwell ; 
the  only  copy  known,  formerly  Heber^s). 
This,  the  first  edition,  alone  has  a  prefatory 
'  conference  between  a  gentleman  and  a  pren- 
tice' about  buying  a  book,  with  incidental 
remarks  on  the  popularity  of  Greene's  ro- 
mances. It  was  licensed  on  15  Sept.  1602. 
The  design  was  perhaps  suggested  by  J?ir 
John  Davies's  '  Debate  between  a  Wife, 
Widow,  and  Maid '  in  the  *  Poetical  Rhap- 
sody,' 1602.  Other  editions  appeared  in 
1605,  in  1609  (for  John  Deane),  and  in  1619 
(Rowfant),  when  the  title  ran  'Well  met 
Gossip :  Or,  'Tis  Merrie  when  Gossips  meete 
.  .  .  newly  enlarged  for  the  Divers  Merrie 
Songs '  (London,  by  J.  W.  for  John  Deane) ; 
these  songs  are  doubtless  by  Rowlands.  This 
edition  was  reissued  in  1656.  A  reprint  of 
the  first  was  published  at  the  Chiswick  Press, 
1818  (cf.  Mailing HA.M,  Diary ^  Camd.  Soc, 
p.  61).  6.  'Aue  Ceesar.  God  saue  the 
King  .  .  .  With  an  Epitaph  vpon  the  death 
of  her  Maiestie  our  late  Queene,  London, 
for  W.  F[erbrand]  and  G.  L[oftus],'  1603  : 
a  tract  in  verse,  signed  S.  R.,  reprinted  from 
the  copy  in  the  Huth  Library,  in  Huth's 
'Fugitive  Poetical  Tracts,'  second  series, 
1875,  and  as  an  appendix  to  the  Hunterian 
Club's  edition  of  Rowlands's  '  Works,'  1886. 
Other  copies  are  at  Britwell  and  in  the  Ma* 


Rowlands 


355 


Rowlands 


lose  CoUecdon  in  the  Bodleian.  7.  '  Looke 
to  it;  for  He  stftbbe  ve.  Imprinted  at  London 
bjr  E*  Allde  for  W.  Ferbrand  and  Qeor^ 
Loftos,'  1604,  4to  (Bodl.,  Eilesmere  Li- 
brary) ;  licensed  19  Nov.  1603.  A  copy  at 
Britwell  bears  the  imprint  *  W.  W.  for  W. 
Ferbrand,  and  are  to  be  sold  by  W.  F.  and 
6.  L.  in  Popes-head  Allie/ 1604.  Death  de- 
scribes the  classes  of  men  whom  he  designs 
to  8]ay,  such  as  tyrant  kings,  wicked  magi- 
strates, and  thirty-six  other  types.  8. '  HeU's 
Broke  Loose ;  London,  by  W.  W.,  and  are  to 
be  sold  by  G.  Loftus/ 1605 ;  licensed  29  Jan. 
1004-5  (Huth  and  Britwell) :  it  is  an  ac- 
ooont  of  the  life  of  John  of  Leyden.  9.  '  A 
terrible  Batell  betwene  the  Two  Con- 
sumers of  the  whole  World,  Time  and  Death. 
By  Samuell  Rowlands.  Printed  at  London 
for  John  Deane,  and  are  to  be  sold  at  his 
Shop  at  Temple  Barre/  4to,  1606  (BodL 
title  cropped) ;  licensed  16  Sept.  1606,  dedi- 
cated to  G^rge  Gaywood.  10.  'Dic^^es 
Lanthome. 

[In]  Athens  I  seeke  for  honest  men ; 
Bat  1  shdl  finde  the  God  knows  when. 
lie  search  the  Citie,  where  if  1  can  see 
One  honest  man,  he  shal  goe  with  me ' 

(with  woodcut),  London,  printed  for  Thomas 
Archer,  1607  (Bodl.  and  Britwell) ;  licensed 
15  Dec  1606.    The  piece  is  in  both  prose 
and  yerse.    Athens  is  of  course  London,  as 
in  Lodge's  tract, '  Catharos  Diogenes  in  his 
Singularity,'    1591.       Later    editions    are 
dated  in  1606,  1617,  1626,  1631,  and  1684. 
There  were  ten  in  all,  up  to  16o9.  11.  *  The 
Famous  History  of  Guy,  £arle  of  Warwicke; 
London,  by  Elizabeth  Allde/   1607 ;  dedi- 
cated in  prose  to  Philip  Herbert,  earl  of 
Montgomery,  and  in  verse  to  the  'noble 
English  nation/  in  twelve  cantos  with  rough 
woodcuts  by  £.  B.    No  copy  of  this  edition 
IS   known.      Another  edition  by   Edward 
AUde,  at  Rowfant,  has  a  mutilated  titlepage 
and  the  date  destroyed ;  the  license  for  pub- 
lication— of  this  edition  apparently — is  dated 
^  June  1608.    Seprints  are  numerous.    A 
matilated  one  of  1682  is  in   the  British 
Maaeom ;  one  of  1649  is  in  the  Bodleian ; 
ochen  axe  dated  1664, 1667, 1679,  and  16S2. 
The  copy  of  the  last,  in  the  British  Mu- 
seom,  DAS  a  facsimile  of  the  title-page  of 
the  1607  edition  inserted,  with  the  result 
that  it  has  been  mistaken  for  the  original 
edition.      The  tract  is    hastily  and  care- 
lessly written,  closely  following  the  old  ro- 
maaoe  first  printed  by  William  Copland. 
12.   'Democntus,  or  Doctor  Merryman  his 
Medicinea  against  Melancholy  humors.  Writ- 
ten by  3.  R.    Printed  for  Jolin  Deane,'  1607, 
4to  (ttowianty  only  copy  known) ;  entered 


on  the  <  Stationers'  Re^sters '  24  Oct.  1607 ; 
reissued,  with  the  omission  of  five  prelimi- 
nary pages,  as  *  Dr.  Merrie  Man,  or  nothing 
but  Mirth.  Written  by  S.  R.;  London, 
printed  by  John  Deane,*  1609.  It  is  a  col- 
lection of  humorous  pieces  in  verse;  re- 
printed in  1616, 1618, 1623, 1631, 1637, 1681. 
An  edition  for  twopence  was  sold  by  J.  Blare 
on  London  Bridge.  13.  '  Humors  Looking 
Glasse.  London.  Imprinted  by  Ed.  Allde 
for  Waiiam  Ferebrand/  1608,  4to  (BodL, 
Britwell,  and  Edinburgh  University  Li- 
brary) ;  dedicated  to  *  his  verie  loving  friend, 
Master  George  Lee.'  It  is  reprinted  in  J.  P. 
Collier's 'Miscellaneous  Tracts/  yellow  ser. 
No.  10.  14.  '  A  Whole  Crew  of  Kind  Gos- 
sips, all  met  to  be  Merry '  (London,  for  John 
Deane,  1609,  4to)  (Bodl.)  The  edition  of 
1613,  'newly  enlarged/  with  somewhat 
longer  title,  was  again  issued  in  1663 ;  both 
are  at  Britwell.  It  supplies  complaints  in 
verse  of  six  husbands  and  six  wives,  with 
some  prose  stories  appended.  It  is  possibly 
identical  with  'Sixe  London  Gbssips'  o< 
1607,  a  work  mentioned  as  by  Rowlands  in 
the  'Harleian  Catalogue,'  but  not  other- 
wise known.  16.  *  Martin  Mark-all,  Beadle 
of  Bridewell ;  His  Defence  and  Answere 
to  the  Belman  of  London.  Discouering 
the  long-concealed  Originall  and  Regiment 
of  Rogues.  By  S.  R.,  London,  for  John 
Budge  and  Richard  Bonian/  1610.  An 
interesting  account  in  prose  of  the  habits, 
tricks,  and  language  of  thieves,  correcting 
Dekker's  account  in  his  '  Bellman  of  Lon- 
don,* 1608,  and  partly  illustrating  Dekker's 
plagiarisms  from  a  *  Caueat  or  Warening  for 
Commen  Curaetors*  (1568),  by  Thomas  Har- 
man  [q.  v.l  Rowlands  claims  that  his  vo- 
cabulary of  thieves'  slang  is  completer  than 
that  in  any  earlier  work.  His  book  was 
licensed  for  the  press  31  March  1600;  six 
copies  ai'e  known;  two  are  in  the  British 
Museum,  and  one  each  is  respectively  in 
the  Bodleian,  at  Britwell,  and  Rowfant. 
16.  '  The  Knaue  of  Harts.  Haile  Fellow, 
well  met : '  London,  printed  for  T.  S.,  and 
sold  by  John  Loftns,  1612  (Bodl.  and  Brit- 
well) ;  licensed  81  Aug.  1614 ;  reprinted  for 
John  Back,  1613  (Brit.  Mus.)  17.  '  More 
Knaves  Yet  ?  The  Knaves  of  Spades  and 
Diamonds ;  London,  printed  for  John  Tove, 
dwelling  at  Saint  Magnus,'  1613^  with 
woodcut  (Bodl.,  only  copy  known) ,  licensed 
27  Oct.  1613.  18.  *  Sir  Thomaa  Overbury ; 
or  the  Poysoned  Knighte  Complaint ;  Lon- 
don, for  John  White,'  1614,  broadside,  with 
large  woodcut  (London  Society  of  Anti- 
quaries Library).  19.  'A  Fooles  Bolt  is 
soone  shott,'  London,  for  George  Loft  us, 
1614  (Trinity  College,  Cambridge) ;  licensed 

A.A.2 


Rowlands 


35<5 


Rowlands 


4  May  1614.  20. '  The  Melancholie  Knight, 
by  8.  R,  London,  printed  by  R  B.,  and  are 
to  be  sold  by  John  Loftus/  1616,  with 
woodcut  (Bodl.);  entered  on  'Stationers' 
Registers,'  2  Dec.  1616:  a  description  of 
*  discontented  Timon,'  including  some  son- 
nets and  verses,  entitled  '  Melancholy  Con- 
ceits,' and  a  travesty  of  the  old  baUad  of 
'  Sir  Eglamour.'  21.  'A  Sacred  Memorie  of 
the  Miracles  wrought  by  .  .  .  lesus  Christ; 
London,  by  Bernard  Alsop,'  1618,  with 
several  woodcuts  (Huth  Library,  Britwell, 
British  Museum,  and  Bodl.) ;  licensed  16  April 
1618.    22.  *  The  Night-Rauen.    By  S.  K. 

All  those  whose  deeds  doe  shnu  the  Light 
Are  my  companions  in  the  Night. 

London,  printed  by  G.  Eld  for  lohn  Deane 
and  Thomas  Baily,'  1620,  4to,  with  woodcut 

g)odL,  Brit.  Mus.,  Britwell,  and  EUesmere 
ibrary) ;  licensed  18  Sept.  1619:  descrip- 
tions of  nocturnal  scenes  and  characters  ob- 
served in  London.  23.  '  A  paire  of  Spy- 
Knaues,'  4to;  licensed  for  publication  on 
6  Dec.  1619  as  the  work  oi  Rowlands :  a 
sequel  to  the  tracts  on  knaves ;  only  a  frag- 
ment formerly  belonging  to  J.  P.  Collier,  and 
now  at  Rowfant,  is  known  to  be  extant. 
The  sketches  of  character  include  a  lively 
account  of  'A  Roaring  Boy.'  When  the 
copyright  was  reassigned  in  the  *  Stationers' 
Register,'  on  7  Feb.  1622-3  (cf.  Asbeb, 
Trarufcriptf  iv.  91),  the  author's  name  was 
ffiven  as  '  Samuel  Rowley.'  24.  *  Good 
Newes  and  Bad  Newes.  By  S.  R,'  Lon- 
don, printed  for  Henry  Bell,  &o.,  1622,  4to 
(two  copies  in  Bodl. ;  one  each  in  EUesmere 
library  and  Rowfant),  with  woodcut:  a 
jest-book  in  verse,  partly  repeating '  Humors 
Looking  Glass'  (No.  13  above),  especially 
the  descriptions  of  the  sights  of  London. 
J.  P.  Collier  reprinted  it  in  *  Miscellaneous 
Tracts,'  yellow  series.  26. '  Heaven's  Glory. 
Seeke  it.  Eart's  Vanitie  Flye  it.  Hell's 
Horrour.  Fere  it;  London,  for  Michaell 
Sparke,'  1628,  with  well-engraved  titlepage ; 
licensed  for  the  press  10  Jan.  1627-8 : 
<  Samuell  Rowland '  si^  a  pious  address  to 
the  reader.  The  book  is  mainly  in  prose,  but 
there  are  four  pieces  in  verse^  of  which  one, 
'  A  Sigh,'  resembles  the  opening  of  Milton*s 
'II  Penseroso.'    A  curious  plate  at  p.  112 

g)rtrays  on  one  side  of  the  leaf  Adam  and 
ve  in  the  flesh,  and  at  the  back  their 
skeletons.  Separate  titlepages  introduce 
'  godly  prayers  necessary  ana  useful  for  Chris- 
tian families,'  and  '  the  common  cals,  cryes, 
and  sonuds  [«»c^  of  the  bellman,  or  diners 
verses  to  put  vs  in  minde  of  our  mortalitie ' 
(Bodleian  Library ").  The  third  edition  was 
published  in  1639  (Brit.  Mus.),  and  the 


work  was  reissued  as '  Time  well  Improved' 
in  1657. 

Among  modern  reprints  may  be  noticed 
the  Percy  Socie^'s  collections  of  the  three 
'  Knave  '^tracts  (3, 16,  and  17),  under  the  title 
of  '  Four  Slaves,'  in  1843 ;  and  the  issue 
from  the  Beldomie  press  by  E.  V.  Utterson 
between  18^  and  1844,  in  editions  limited 
to  sixteen  copies  each,  of  the  seven  boob 
numbered  above,  3,  7,  16,  17,  20,  22,  and 
24.  The  onlv  complete  reprint  of  Bow- 
lands's  works  is  that  publishea  by  the  Hun- 
terian  Club  of  Glasgow  between  1872  and 
1880,  with  an  appendix  of  1886  supplying 
No.  6.  A  genem  introduction  by  Mr.  Ed- 
mund Gosse  is  prefixed. 

[Mr.  Gosse's  introduction  to  the  reprint  of 
Rowlands*8  Works  by  the  Hunterian  Clnb  of 
Glasgow  is  reprinted  in  his  Seven teentb-Cen- 
taiy  Studies  (1883).  See  also  Collier's  Biblio- 
graphical Catalogne  ;  Huntei's  manuscripiChonis 
Vatnm  m  Brit.  Mus.  Addit.  MS.  24487.  ff. 
838  seq.;  Introduction  by  £.  F.  Eimb&ult  to 
the  Percy  Society's  edition  of  Rowlands's  Four 
Knaves,  1843;  Kitson's  Bibliographia  Poetics; 
Bibliotheca  Heberiana.  Much  bibliographical 
information  has  been  kindly  given  by  B.  E. 
Graves,  esq.,  of  the  British  MuBenm.]      S.  L 

ROWLANDS,  WILLIAM  (1803-1866), 
known  as  Gwiltm  Llbyn,  Welsh  bibliogra- 
pher, son  of  Thomas  and  Eleanor  Rowlands, 
was  bom  at  Bryn  Croes,  Carnarvonshire,  on 
24  Auff.  1802.    After  a  little  schooling  at 
Bryn  Oroes  and  Botwnog,  he  engaged  in  his 
fatner^s  craft  of  weaving,  which  he  followed 
at  various  places  in  Carnarvonshire.    He 
had  been  brought  up  a  Calvinistic  methodist, 
but  at  the  age  of  eighteen  he  adopted  Ar- 
minian  views,  and  in  consequence  joined  the 
Wesleyan  body.    In  March  1821  he  began  to 
preach  at  Bryn  Caled ;  shortly  afterwf^he 
and  his  parents  settled  at  Ty  Coch,  nesr 
Bangor.    After  some  years'  experience  as  a 
lay  preacher,  he  acted  for  a  short  time  as 
suDstitute  in  the  Cardigan  circuit  for  John 
Davies,  chairman  of  the  Welsh  district,  in 
July  1828.    He  performed  his  task  with  such 
acceptance  that  he  was  retained  in  the  cir- 
cuit on  Davies's  return,  and  in  August  18*29 
he  was  admitted  as  a  probationer  to  the 
Wesleyan  methodist  ministry  and  appointed 
to  the  Cardiff  circuit.    He  an^rwaras  serred 
in  succession  the  following  chapels :  Merthyr 
(1831),  Amlwch  (1834),  PwUheli   (1836), 
Newmarket  (1837),  Ruthin  (1840),  Llan- 
idloes (1842),  Tredegar  (1845),  Machynlleth 
(1848),    Bryn    Mawr    (1850),    Llanidloes 
(1853),Tredegar(1856),AbexT8twyth(1858), 
and  Machynlleth  (1861).     In  1864   he  re- 
tired from  circuit  work  and  settled  as  a 
supernumerary  at  Oswestry,  where  he  died 


Rowlandson 


357 


Rowlandson 


on  31  March  1865.  He  was  buried  at 
Gaeraa,  near  Llanidloes.  At  an  Eisteddfod 
at  Eglwysfaer  in  1865,  a  prize  for  the  best 
elegy  on  Rowlands  was  won  by  £.  Ejdwards 
of  Aberystwith,  and  the  elegy  was  published 
ui  1866. 

Rowlands    published    seyeral    religious 
worksy  among  them  an  essay  on  'ProTidence' 
(1836),  a  translation  of  Wesley's  tract  on 
Romanism    (18S8),  and   memoirs    of  the 
Rer.  J.  Milward  (1889)  and  the  Bey.  J. 
Bariee   (1847).      He   was   editor   of  the 
'  Euiffrawn  Wesleyaidd '  from  1842  to  1845, 
and  fiT>m  1852  to  1856.    But  he  is  best 
known  by  his  bibliographical  and  biographi- 
cal work :  •  Uyfrydmaeth  y  Cymry '  (*  Cam- 
brian Bibliogfraphy '),  a  record  of  all  Welsh 
bookfl^  all  books  prmted  in  Wales,  and  all 
haying  reference  to  the  country,  from  1546 
to  1800.     This  important  enterprise  was 
be^  about  1828,  and  Rowlands  was  from 
this  time  untiring,  during  his  movements 
throogh  Wales,  in  such  researches  as  were 
needed  to  make  his  catalogue  exhaustive.   A 
portion  of  his  list  of  books  was  printed  in  the 
*  Traethodydd,'  but  a  plan  for  publishing  the 
whole  came  to  nothing  in  the  author's  life- 
time, and  it  was  not  until  1869  that  the 
book  appeared  at  Llanidloes,  edited  and  en- 
larged by  D.  Silvan  Evans.    Its  value  as  a 
work  of  reference  for  the  student  of  Welsh 
literature  is  generally  recognised.   '  Gwilym 
Llejn '  (to  use  Rowlands*s  uterary  title^  also 
oompilea  a  large  number  of  biographies  of 
minor  Welsh  worthies,  which  on  his  death 
were  acquired  bv  the  publisher  of  *Enwo- 
gion  Cymru '  (1d70),  and  embodied  in  that 
work  under  the  title  *  Lleyn  MSS.' 

[A  memoir  of  Rowlands,  by  his  son-in-law, 
tbe  Rev.  R.  Morgan,  runs  through  the  twelve 
Bnmbers  of  the  *£argrawn  Wesleyaidd'  for 
IS88.1  J.  E.  L. 

ROWLAiroSON,  MARY  (Jl.  1682), 
eolonisty  danghter  of  John  Wliite  of  New 
England,  married  Joseph  Rowlandson,  first 
minister  of  Lancaster,  Massachusetts.  On 
10  Feb.  1676  Lancastor  was  attacked  and 
destroyed  by  the  Indians,  and  Mrs.  Row- 
landson, with  her  children,  carried  into  cap- 
tivity. After  nearly  three  months  she  was 
released  bj  agreement.  She  wrote  an  account 
of  her  captivity,  very  graphic  and  interest- 
ing, albeit  at  times  a  little  confused  in  de- 
tuL  This  was  published  at  Cambridge  in 
New  England  and  also  in  London  in  1683 
under  the  title  '  A  True  History  of  the  Cap- 
tivity and  Restoration  of  Mrs.  Mary  Row- 
Isndson,  a  Minister's  Wife  in  New  England, 
whereunto  ia  annexed  a  Sermon  by  Mr. 
Joseph  BowlandBon,  her  Husband/    The 


work,  of  which  several  editions  havo  a 
peared  in  America,  was  printed  in  tibe 
'  Somers  Tracts,'  vol.  viii.  While  the  narra- 
tive illustrates  the  ferocity  of  Indian  charac- 
ter and  the  squalor  of  Indian  life,  it  yet 
shows  that  Mrs.  Rowlandson  was  treated 
with  a  certain  capricious  kindness. 

[Savage's  Genealogical  Register  of  New  Eng- 
land ;  Idler's  History  of  American  Literature.] 

J.  A.  D. 

ROWLAOT)SON,  THOMAS  (1766- 
1827^,  artist  and  caricaturist,  was  bom  in 
the  Old  Jewry  in  July  1766,  his  father  being 
a  respectable  tradesman.  He  was  sent  to 
school  at  Dr.  Barrow*s  in  Soho  Square, 
where,  following  the  precedent  of  many  of 
his  craft,  he  was  more  remarkable  for  his 
sketches  than  his  studies.  He  had,  in  fact, 
learned  to  draw  before  he  could  write,  and 
by  the  time  he  was  ten  had  already  lavishly 
decorated  his  exercise-books  with  caricatures 
of  his  masters  and  his  schoolfeUows.  Among 
these  latter  were  Edmund  Burke's  son  Ri- 
chard ;  J.  G.  Holman,  afterwards  an  actor 
and  a  dramatic  author ;  John,  or  Jack,  Ban- 
nister [q.  v.],  another  and  better-known  actor, 
who  was  besides  a  clever  amateur  artist; 
and  Henry  Angelo  of  the  '  Reminiscences,' 
also  an  excellent  draughtsman.  Angelo,  who, 
like  Bannister,  continued  a  lifelong  friend  to 
Rowlandson,  soon  left  Soho  for  Eton,  but 
Rowlandson  and  Bannister  passed  from  Dr. 
Barrow's  to  the  Royal  Academv  as  students, 
carrying  with  them  a  supply  ot  mischief  and 
animal  spirits  which  manifested  itself  in 
much  playful  tormenting  of  Moser,  the  then 
keeper,  and  of  the  librarian,  Richard  Wilson. 
As  a  Ro^al  Academy  student  Rowlandson 
made  rapid  progress,  and  early  gave  evidence 
of  that  inexhaustible  fancy  and  power  of 
rapid  execution  which  are  his  most  marked 
characteristics;  but,  although  his  ffift  of 
grace  and  ele^nce  was  unmistakaUe,  he 
also  showed  nom  the  outset  an  equally 
unmistakable  leaning  towards  humorous 
art. 

When  he  was  about  the  age  of  sixteen  he 
left  the  Royal  Academy,  and,  upon  the  in- 
vitotion  of  his  aunt,  a  French  lady,  whose 
maiden  name  had  been  Chatelier,  went  to 
Paris.  Here  he  became  an  adept  in  French, 
and  at  the  same  time  continued  his  art  studies 
in  one  of  the  Parisian  drawing-schools,  ad- 
vantages which  not  only  gave  to  his  work  a 
certain  Gallic  verve  and  lightness,  but  helped 
to  perfect  his  knowledge  of  figpure-drawing. 
After  two  years*  residence  in  Paris  he  re- 
turned to  England,  resuming  his  attendance 
at  the  academy,  where  his  proficiency  made 
it  the  fashion  to  pit  him  a^inst  the  then 
all-popitlar  favourite  of  the  life  school,  John 


Rowlandson 


35^ 


Rowlandson 


Hamilton  Mortimer  [q.  v.]    Then  he  appa- 
rently went  hack  again  to  Faris.    In  1775  he 
sent  to  the  seventh  exhibition  of  the  Royal 
Academy  a  drawing  entitled  *  Delilah  payeth 
Sampson  a  Visit  wnile  in  Prison  at  Gaza/  a 
composition  of  which  no  description  survives, 
although  it  is  conjectured  to  have  been  in  the 
*  grandiose  historic '  manner.  Two  years  later 
he  is  found  settled  in  London  as  a  portrait- 
painter,  having  his  studioatNo.  183  Wardour 
Street.  Between  1 777  and  1781  he  contributed 
regularly  to  the  academy,  sending  both  por- 
traits  and  landscape,    one   of  the    former 
(1781)  being  a  *  Lady  in  a  Fancy  Dress/ 
His  work  in  this  way  seems  to  have  attained 
considerable  popularity,  no  small  achieve- 
ment at  a  time  when  his  contemporaries 
were  ReyBolds,  Gainsborough,  Romney,  and 
Hoppner.    It  is  probable,  however,  that  his 
residence  in  London  was  intermittent,  for  his 
restless  disposition  took  him  frequently  to 
the  continent,  where  he  rambled  vaguely  in 
Flanders,  Holland,  and  Germany,  storing 
his    memory    and    his    sketch-book    with 
studies  of  men  and  manners,  and  the  ad- 
ventures   of  inns    and  posting^roads.    At 
this  time  the  actual  delineation  of  the  busy 
life  about  liim  seems  to  have  sufficed  to  his 
pencil,  and  the  bias  to  broad-grin  which  had 
characterised  his  earliest  efforts  was  sus- 
pended or  suppressed.      But  many  of  his 
chosen  associates  were  caricaturists,  James 
Gillray  [q.  v.],  Henry  Wigstead,  and  Henry 
William  Bunbury  fq.  v.J  being  prominent 
among  them,  and  altnough  in  academic  train- 
ing he  was  far  in  advance  of  his  friends,  he 
ultimately  suffered  the  penalty  of  an  envi- 
ronment with  which  he  was  already  disposed 
to  sympathise.    About  1781  his  tendency  to 
caricature  became  more  marked,  and  his  un- 
usual ability  pushed  him  at  once  into  the  fore- 
most ranks  oi  what  was  then  one  of  the  most 
popular  departments  of  pictorial  art.      The 
stepping-stone  between  his  new  and  his  old 
calling  seems  to  have  been  the  graphic  record 
of  a  tour  in  a  post-chaise  which  he  made  with 
Henry  Wigstead  to  Spithead  in  1782,  at  the 
foundering  of  the  Royal  George,  a  series  of 
sixty-seven  drawings  which  happily  com- 
bined his  topographical  and  humorous  gifts. 
In  the  academy  of  1784  were  three  of  his 
ee^says  in  this  new  manner,  and  one  of  them, 

*  Vauxhall  Gardens/  afterwards  engraved  by 
Pollard  and  Jukes,  remains  the  typical  ex- 
ample of  his  skill.  The  others  were  an 
'Italian  Family*  and  the  'Serpentine 
River.'  These  were  followed  in  1786  and 
1787  by  several  similar  works,  of  which  the 

*  Frencli  Family '  and  the  *  English  Review ' 
and  *  French  Review  *  are  the  most  notable. 
The  latter  two,  which  were  executed  for 


George  IV  when  Prince  of  Wales,  were 
shown  at  the  exhibition  of  1862,  and  also  at 
the  *  exhibition  of  English  humourists  in 
art '  in  1889,  being  then  lent  by  the  queen. 
The  same  exhibition  contained  some  two 
hundred  and  sixty  choice  specimens  of  Row- 
landson's  works,  the  detailed  enumeration  of 
which  must  be  sought  for  in  the  exhaustive 
pages  of  Rowlandson's  most  enthusiastic  ad- 
mirer, Mr.  Joseph  Grego.  In  Mr.  Grego*s 
volumes,  which  are  freely  illustrated  by  un- 
coloured  copies,  the  student  who  is  not  a  col- 
lector may  form  a  fair  idea  of  the  artist's  ex- 
traordinary facility  and  fertility,  and  of  his 
!  gifts  as  the  assailant  of  Buonaparte,  and  the 
-  satirist  of  the  'Delicate  Investigation'  of 
'  1809.  His  power  of  managing  crowds  at  re- 
views, races,  &c.,  is  remarkable ;  and  his  eye 
for  the  picturesque  is  evidenced  not  only  by 
numberless  representations  of  field  sports, 
pastimes,  and  rural  scenes,  but  by  many 
lij?htly  wrought  and  felicitous  little  idylls 
01  the  hostel  and  the  highway,  the  stage- 
coach and  the  wagon.  His  tragic  power  is 
far  below  his  gift  of  humour  and  boisterous 
animal  spirits.  He  drew  women  with 
marked  grace  and  accuracy,  and  many  of  his 
studies  in  this  way,  although  by  preference 
of  a  somewhat  ove^-nouri^ed  and  volup- 
tuous type,  are  exceedingly  beautiful.  His 
political  and  social  caricatures,  even  if  allow- 
anoe  be  made  for  the  very  full-blooded  hu- 
manity which  he  depicted,  are  frequently 
coarse  and  indelicate;  but  as  the  pictorial 
chronicler  of  the  hard-hitting,  hard-riding^ 
hard-drinking  age  in  which  he  lived,  he  can 
never  be  neglected  by  the  Georgian  his- 
torian. 

From  his  first  successes  in  1784  he  con- 
tinued to  produce  humorous  designs  until  the 
end  of  his  career,  devoting,  in  his  later  years, 
much  of  his  attention  to  book  illustration. 
His  most  popular  work  in  this  way  originated 
with  the  establishment  in  1809  of  Acker- 
mann's  'Poetical  Magazine,'  for  which  he 
supplied  two  plates  monthly,  illustrating  a 
schoolmaster's  tour,  the  metrical  text  to 
which  was  supplied  by  William  Combe 
[q.  v.],  then  living  in  the  rules  of  the  king's 
bench  prison.  Combe  wrote  up  to  the  com- 
positions with  such  good  fortune  that  the  tour 
in  question  not  only  outshone  all  the  other 
poetry  in  the  periodical,  but  entered  speedily 
upon  a  fresh  career  of  success  in  1812,  as 
'  The  Tour  of  Dr.  Syntax  in  search  of  the 
Picturesque.'  The  same  collaboration  pro- 
duced two  sequels — 'The  Second  Tour  otDr. 
Syntax  in  search  of  Consolation/  1820,  and 
'  The  Third  Tour  of  Dr.  Syntax  in  search  of 
a  Wife/  1821.  All  went  through  many 
editions^  and    in    1823    the    three   toun. 


Rowlandson 


3S9 


Rowley 


eigUj  plates  in  all  (reduced)i  were  issued 
by  Ackennann  in  pocket  form.  Combe  also 
famlahed  the  text  to  the  'History  of  Johnny 
Qua  Genus,  the  Foundling  of  the  late  Dr. 
Syntax,'  1822 ;  the '  English  Dance  of  Death ' 
1815-16;  and  the  'Dance  of  Life/  1816. 
Among  other  series  of  plates  or  book  illus- 
tntions  may  be  mentioned  the  '  Grand 
Master,  or  Adventures  of  Qui  Hi  in  Hindo- 
Stan;  1816;  'The  Military  Adventures  of 
Jolmny  Newcome,'  1815,  by  David  Roberts 
[q.  v.] ;  *  The  Adventures  of  Johnny  New- 
come  m  the  Navy,*  by  John  Mitford  (1782- 
1831)  [q.v.],  1818;  Engelbach's  'Letters 
ixom  Kaples  and  the  Campana  Felice,*  1815, 
and  last,  but  not  least, '  The  Microcosm  of 
London,*  1808,  the  topographical  illustrations 
of  which  were  by  Augustus  Charles  Pugin 
[q.  T.],  with  figures  by  Rowlandson.  An- 
other notable  volume  is  the  series  of  eighty- 
seven  plates  entitled '  The  Loyal  Volunteers 
of  London  and  Environs,'  1799.  Rowland- 
son  also  illustrated  Goldsmith,  Fielding, 
SmoDett,  Sterne,  Anst«y,  and  Peter  Pindar, 
succeeding  best,  as  may  perhaps  be  anti- 
cipated, with  the  broader  men. 

According  to  the  '  Gentleman*8  Magazine ' 
for  1800,  Rowlandson  married  in  that  year 
a  Miss  Stuart  of  Camber  well,  but  appears  to 
have  had  no  family.  His  French  aunt  left 
him  7,000/.  at  her  death.  But  he  was  not  the 
man  to  keep  money.  Besides  being  lavish 
and  pleasure-loving,  he  was  a  confirmed 
gambler,  resorting  philosophically  to  his  reed- 
pen  and  paint-box  to  retrieve  his  resources. 
In  person  he  was  large  and  muscular,  reso- 
lute in  appearance,  and  having  regular  and 
distinctly  handsome  features.  He  has  left 
his  own  portrait  at  thirty-one  in  the  design 
called '  Countrymen  and  Sharpers,*  exhibited 
at  the  Royal  Academy  in  1787  (No.  556), 
and  subsequently  engraved  by  J.  K.  Sher- 
wijQ.  A  serrate  likeness  from  this  was 
prepared  by  T.  H.  Parker.  Another  likeness 
of  him,  stated  to  be  'an  excellent  resem- 
blance^' is  a  pencil  drawing  by  John  Ban- 
nister, dated  'June  4th,  1795.'  There  is 
also  a  sketch  of  him,  as  an  old  man,  by  his 
friend  and  pupil,  J.  T.  Smith.  This  was 
taken  not  long  before  his  death,  which  took 
place  on  22  April  1827,  at  his  lodgings, 
1  James  Street,  Adelphi,  after  a  severe  ul- 
ness  of  two  years. 

[Grego's  Rowlandson  the  Caricatnnst,  1880, 
S  Tola. :  Grego*8  Rowlandson  and  his  Works, 
Penrs's  Pictorial,  March  1896 ;  Gent.  Mag.  Sep- 
tember 1800  and  June  1827 ;  Notes  and  (Queries, 
4th  ser.  tv.  89,  224  et  passim;  Angelo's  Remi- 
ni8cence«»  1828-^0,  i.  233-40,  ii.  324-6;  Somnr- 
Kt  flouM  Oasette,  1824,  iL  347 ;  Pyne*s  Wine' 
and  Walnuts,  1828.1  ^-  ^* 


ROWLEY,  SiK  CHARLES  (1770-1845), 
admiral,  born  on  16  Dec.  1770,  was  youngest 
son  of  Sir  Joshua  Rowley,  hart.  [q.  v.],  and 
first  cousin  of  Sir  Josios  Rowley,  bart  [q.  v.] 
He  entered  the  navy  iu  April  1785,  served  in 
different  ships  on  the  North  American  station, 
from  November  1786  to  October  1788  was 
with  Prince  William  Henry — afterwards 
William  IV — in  the  Pegasus  and  Andro- 
meda; was  a^aln  on  the  North  American 
station,  and  m  Newfoundland,  with  Vice- 
admiral  Milbanke,  bv  whom,  on  8  Oct.  1789, 
he  was  promoted  to  be  lieutenant  and  put  in 
command  of  the  Trepassy ,  where  he  remained 
till  February  1791.  In  1794  he  went  out  to 
North  America  in  the  Resolution,  flagship  of 
Rear-admiral  George  Murray,  by  whom  he 
was  promoted  to  be  commander  on  20  April, 
and  captain  on  I  Aug.  1795.  He  then  com- 
manded the  Cleopatra  till  May  1796,  the 
Hussar  ,till  the  following  October,  and  from 
October  1796  to  August  1798  the  Unit6  in 
the  Channel.  In  1800  he  was  flag-captain  to 
Sir  Charles  Cotton  in  the  Prince  George. 
From  March  1804  to  November  1805  he  wa« 
in  the  Ruby,  for  the  most  part  in  the  North 
Sea,  and  from  November  1805  to  May  1814  he 
commanded  the  Eagle  in  the  Mediterranean, 
in  the  expedition  to  Walcheren  in  1809,  off 
Cadiz  in  i810,  and  from  1811  in  the  Adriatic, 
where  he  repeatedly  distinguished  himself  in 
enga^ments  with  the  enemy's  batteries,  and 
especially  at  the  capture  of  Fiume  on  3  July, 
and  of  trieste  in  October  1813.  The  Em- 
peror of  Austria  conferred  on  him  the  order 
of  Maria  Theresa,  which  he  received  permis- 
sion to  wear.  On  4  June  1814  he  was  pro- 
moted to  be  rear-admiral,  and  on  2  Jan. 
1815  w^as  nominated  a  K.C.6.  From  1815 
to  1818  he  was  commander-in-chief  at  the 
Nore,  and  at  Jamaica  from  1820  to  1823. 
He  became  a  vice-admiral  on  27  May  1825 ; 
was  a  lord  of  the  admiralty  in  1834-5 ;  was 
made  a  G.C.H.  on  7  Oct.  1835 ;  a  baronet  on 
22  Feb.  1836 ;  a  G.C.B.  on  4  July  1840 ;  and 
an  admiral  on  23  Nov.  1841.  From  Decem- 
ber 1842  to  September  1845  he  was  com- 
mander-in-chief at  Portsmouth.  He  died  at 
Brighton  on  10  Oct.  1845.  He  married,  on 
7  Dec.  1797,  Elizabeth,  youngest  daughter 
of  Admiral  Sir  Richard  Kin^,  bart.  She 
died  on  11  Jan.  1838,  leaving  issue. 

[C  Byrne's  Nar.  Biogr.  Diet. ;  Marshall's  Roy. 
Nav.  Biogr.  ii.  (vol.  i.  pt.  ii.)  672 ;  Service-book 
in  the  Public  Record  Office;  Foster's  Baronetage.] 

J.K.L. 

ROWLEY,  JOHN  (1768  P-1824),  deputy 
inspector-general  of  fortifications,  was  bom 
about  1768.  He  joined  the  Royal  Military 
Academy  at  Woolwich  as  a  cadet  on  7  Oct. 


Rowley 


360 


Rowley 


1782;  entered  the  royal  artillery  as  second 
lieutenant  on  28  Jan.  1786,  and  was  sta- 
tioned at  Woolwich.  He  was  transferred  to 
the  royal  engineers  on  23  Aug.  1787  and 
went  to  Qos]porty  where  he  was  employed  on 
the  fortifications  for  the  next  two  years.  He 
went  to  Jersey  in  the  summer  of  1789,  was 
promoted  first  lieutenant  on  2  May  1792,  and 
in  December  1798  accompanied  the  expedi- 
tion under  the  Earl  of  Moira  to  assist  the 
Vendeans.  The  complete  annihilation  of  the 
Yendean  army  rendered  the  expedition  abor- 
tive. After  its  return  to  Enjsfland  Rowley  ac- 
companied Lord  Moira  with  ten  thousand 
men  to  reinforce  the  Duke  of  Tork  in 
Flanders.  Landing  at  Ostend  on  26  June 
1794  they  marched  through  Bruges  to  Alost, 
and  after  a  severe  contest  with  the  French 
retreated  to  Malines,  fell  back  behind  the 
Neethe,  and  joined  the  Duke  of  York.  Row- 
ley was  engaged  in  an  afiair  with  the  French 
near  Rosendael  on  16  July,  the  fight  at 
Boxtel  in  September,  and  the  siege  at  Nime- 

fuen  in  October  and  November.  In  January 
796  he  retreated  with  the  British  army 
across  the  dreary  waste  of  the  Weluwe  dis- 
trict of  Holland  to  Bremen,  where,  after 
some  fighting  with  the  French  in  February 
and  March,  he  embarked  in  April  and  ar- 
rived in  England  on  8  May. 

On  15  May  1795  Rowley  was  appointed  ad- 
jutant of  the  corps  of  engineers  and  military 
Artificers  at  Woolwich,  and  continued  to  hold 
the  appointment  until  September  1799, 
having  been  promoted  captain-lieutenant  on 
18  June  1796.  On  1  Oct.  1799  he  became 
aide-de-camp  to  the  chief  engineer  of  the 
kingdom  at  the  office  of  the  board  of  ord- 
nance. He  was  promoted  captain  on  2  May 
1800;  brigade-major  of  royal  engineers  at 
headquarters  on  1  May  1802;  regimental 
lieutenant-colonel  and  assistant  inspector- 
general  of  fortifications  on  1  July  1806; 
deputy  inspector-general  of  fortifications  on 
6  Dec.  1811;  colonel  in  the  army  on  4  June 
1814;  regimental  colonel  on  20  Dec.  of  the 
same  year,  and  major-general  on  15  March 
1821.  He  served  on  various  committees,  and 
distinguished  himself  by  his  administrative 
ability  in  all  the  staffs  appointments  which  he 
held.  He  was  a  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society. 
He  died  at  Spencer  Farm,  Essex,  the  residence 
of  the  Rev.  Lewis  Way,  on  1  Dec.  1824,  while 
still  deputy  inspector-general  of  fortifica- 
tions. 

The  Duke  of  Wellington,  on  hearing  of  his 
death,  expressed,  in  a  minute,  his  *  utmost 
concern '  at  the  loss  of  so  zealous  and  able  an 
officer,  while  the  board  of  ordnance  recorded 
his  services  and  the  general  regret  felt  at  his 
death. 


[War  Office  Records ;  Royal  Engineers*  Re- 
cords; Royal  Military  Calendar,  1820;  KienU 
Maff.  1824,  ii.  648.]  R.  H.  V. 

ROWLEY,  Sib  JOSHUA  (1730P-1790), 
vice-admiral,  eldest  son  of  SirWilliam  Rowley 
[q.  v.],  was  probably  bom  in  1780.  After 
serving  with  nis  father  in  the  Mediterranean, 
he  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  lieutenant 
on  2  July  1747.  In  1762  he  was  serving  as 
lieutenant  of  the  Penzance.  On  4  Dec  1753 
he  was  posted  to  the  Rye  frigate,  apparently 
for  rank  only.  In  March  1755  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  Ambuscade,  attached,  later 
on,  to  the  squadron  under  Sir  Edward  Ha  wke, 
in  the  Bay  of  Biscay.  In  January  1766  he 
was  moved  into  the  Harwich  of  60  spins. 
In  October  1757  he  commissioned  the  Mon- 
tagu, a  new  ship  of  60  guns,  in  which  he 
accompanied  Admiral  Osoom  to  the  Mediter- 
ranean, and  took  part  in  the  capture  of  the 
squadron  under  the  Marquis  Duquesne  on 
1  March  1758.  Shortly  afterwards  he  re- 
turned to  the  Channel  and  joined  the  squadron 
under  Lord  Howe.  In  the  unfortunate  affair 
at  Sc.  Cas  he  commanded  a  division  of  the 
boats,  and,  having  landed  to  direct  the  re- 
embarkation  of  the  troops,  he  was  wounded 
and  made  prisoner.  He  was  shortly  after- 
wards exchanffed  and  reappointed  to  the 
Montagu,  whicn  during  1759  ne  commanded 
under  Hawke  off  Brest  and  in  the  battle  of 
Quiberon  Bay.  In  1760  he  went  out  with 
Sir  James  Douglas  to  the  West  Indies,  where 
in  November  he  moved  into  the  Superbe, 
and  returned  to  England  in  the  following 
year.  In  1762,  in  tne  Superbe,  with  two 
frigates,  he  convoyed  the  East  and  West 
Inaian  trade  to  the  westward,  and  success- 
fully protected  it  from  the  assault  of  a 
superior  French  squadron  under  M.  de 
Temay.  For  this  service  he  was  presented 
with  handsome  pieces  of  plate  by  the  East 
India  Company  and  by  the  city  of  London* 

In  October  l776  he  was  appointed  to  the 
Monarch,  in  which  in  the  beginning  of  1778 
he  convoyed  some  transports  to  Gibraltar. 
When  he  afterwards  put  into  Cadiz,  he  was 
treated  with  a  scant  courtesy  which  was  a 
clear  indication  of  the  coming  storm  in  the 
relations  of  England  and  Spain.  On  his 
return  to  England  he  was  attached  to  the 
fieet  under  Keppel,  and  led  the  van  in  the 
action  of  27  July  [see  Kbppbl,  Auoubtits, 
Viscoinrr].  In  the  end  of  the  year  he  was 
moved  into  the  Suffolk,  and  sent  out  to  the 
West  Indies  in  command  of  a  squadron  of 
seven  ships,  as  a  reinforcement  to  Byron^ 
whom  he  joined  at  St.  Lucia  in  February 
1779.  On  19  March  he  was  promoted  to  b!e 
rear-admiral  of  the  blue,  and  in  that  capacity 
was  with  Byron  in  the  action  off  Grenada  on 


Rowley 


361 


Rowley 


6  Julj  [we  Btboh,  Johk].  In  March  1780, 
on  the  arrival  of  Sir  George  Rodney  to  com- 
m&nd  the  station,  Rowley  shifted  Ms  flag  to 
the  Conqueror,  in  which  ship  he  commanded 
the  rear  in  the  action  on  Martinique  on 
17  Ajpril,  and  the  Tan  in  the  encoanter  of 
1&-19  May  [see  Robnet,  GEOBes  BBYDess, 
LoRDJ.  Rowley  was  afterwards  sent  to 
Jamuca  with  ten  ships  of  the  line  to  rein- 
force Sir  Peter  Parker  (1721-1811)  [q.  v.],  to 
proTide  for  the  safety  ot  the  island,  and  a  con- 
voy for  the  homeward-bound  trade.  In  1 782 
he  succeeded  to  the  command  of  the  Jamiuca 
station,  where  he  remained  till  the  peace.  Of 
his  judgment  in  this  office  Lord  Hood,  who 
irrote  somewhat  contemptuously  of  him  as 
'oar  friend  Jos,'  formed  a  poor  opinion 
(LettenqfSir  Sktmuel  Hoody  Navy  Records 
8oc.,pp.  146-7^.  Rowley  had  the  reputation 
of  bemg  a  gooa  and  brave  officer;  but  he  had 
no  opportunity  for  distinction  during  his 
command,  and  after  his  return  to  England 
in  1788  he  had  no  further  service.  On 
10  June  1786  he  was  created  a  buronet, 
and  on  24  Sept.  1787  was  promoted  to  be 
vice-admiral  of  the  white.  He  died  at  his 
seat,  Tendrmg  Hall  in  Suffolk,  on  26  Feb. 
179a 

He  married,  in  1759,  Sarah,  daughter  of 
Bartholomew  Burton,  deputy-governor  of 
the  Bank,  and  by  her  had  a  large  family, 
flis  eldest  son,  William,  who  succeeded  to 
the  baronetcnr,  was  sheriff  of  Suffolk  in  1791, 
M^.  for  Suffolk  1812-80,  and  died  in  1832. 
His  second  son,  Bartholomew  Samuel,  died 
vice-admiral  and  commander-in-chief  at 
Jamaica,  on  7  Oct.  1811 ;  the  fourth  son, 
Charles,  is  sejparately^  noticed.  One  of  the 
daughters,  Philadelphia,  married  Admiral  Sir 
Charles  Cotton  [q.  v.] 

[Chamock's  Biogr.  Nav.  vi  107;  Ralfe'sNav. 
Biogr.  i.  170 ;  Naval  Chronicle  (with  a  portrait), 
xziT.  89;  Gommisaion  and  Wamint  Books  in 
the  Pnblie  Becoid  Office;  Foeter^a  Baronetage.] 

J.  K.  L. 

ROWLEY,  SiB  JOSIAS  (1765-1842), 
admiral,  bom  in  1765,  and  grandson  of  Sur 
William  Rowley  [q.  v.],  was  second  son  of 
Clotworthj  Rowley,  a  barrister  and  second 
ion  of  Sir  William  Rowley  [q.  v.],  by  his 
vife  Letitia,  daughter  and  coheiress  of 
Samuel  Campbell  of  Mount  Campbell,  co. 
Leitrim.  He  was  borne  on  the  hoo}sB 
of  the  Monarch,  then  commanded  by  his 
nnde,  Sir  Joshua  Rowley  [q.  ▼.],  from  No- 
vember 1777  to  December  1778,  though  it  is 
doubtful  if  he  actually  served  in  her.  In 
December  1778  he  joined  the  Suffolk,  with 
his  uncle,  and  went  in  her  to  the  West 
Indies.  In  1780  he  was  a  midshipman  of 
the  Alexander,  in  the  Channel,  vrith  Lord 


Longford,  and  in  1781  of  the  Agamemnon, 
with  Captain  Caldwell.  He  was  promoted 
lieutenant  on  26  Dec.  1788,  and,  after  service 
in  the  West  Indies  and  the  North  Sea,  was, 
on  14  March  1794,  promoted  to  command  the 
Lark  in  the  North  Sea,  and  was  advanced  to 
post  rank  on  6  April  1795.  In  April  1797  he 
was  appointed  to  the  Braave  at  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope,  and  in  Januarjr  1799  was  moved 
into  the  Imp6rieuse,  in  which  he  went  to  the 
East  Indies,  and  returned  to  England  in  June 
1802.  In  April  1805  he  commissioned  the 
Raisonnable,  in  which  he  took  part  in  the 
action  off  Cape  Finisterre  on  22  July  1805 
[see  Calbeb,  Sib  Robert],  and  at  the  end  of 
the  year  went  to  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope, 
under  the  command  of  Sir  Home  Riggs  Pop- 
ham  [q.  v.],  with  whom  he  afterwards  went 
to  Buenos  Ayres  and  Monte  Video,  taking  an 
active  part  in  the  operations  there,  under 
Popham  and  his  successors,  Rear-admirals 
Stirling  and  George  Murray.  After  tb e  failure 
of  the  expedition  the  Raisonnable  returned 
to  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

In  September  1809,  still  in  the  Raison- 
nable, Rowley  was  senior  officer  of  the  little 
squadron  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Mauritius, 
and  concerted  with  the  commandant  of  the 
troops  at  Rodriques  a  plan  for  silencing  the 
batteries  and  capturing  the  shipping  at  St. 
Patd's  in  the  island  of  Bourbon,  operations 
carried  into  effect  with  trifling  loss  on21  Sept. 
In  March  1810  Rowley  moved  into  the  Boa- 
dicea,  and  in  July  the  squadron  under  his 
command  carried  over  a  strong  force  of 
soldiers,  which  was  landed  on  Bourbon  on 
the  7th  and  8th.  The  island  was  unable  to 
offer  any  effective  resistance,  and  the  capitu- 
lation was  signed  on  the  9th.  Rowley  was 
still  at  Bourbon  when  on  22  Aug.  he  re- 
ceived news  from  Captain  Samuel  FVmj]q.v.] 
of  his  projected  attack  on  the  French  fngates 
in  Grand  Port  of  Mauritius.  He  sailed  at 
once  to  co-operate  in  this,  but  did  not  arrive 
till  the  29th,  too  late  to  prevent  the  disaster 
which  overwhelmed  Pym's  force.  He  re- 
turned to  Bourbon,  and  was  still  there  on 
12  Sept.,  when  the  Africaine  arrived  off  the 
is1an<L  The  Boadicea  put  to  sea  to  join  her, 
but  was  still  several  miles  distant  when  the 
Africaine  engaged,  and  was  captured  by  the 
French  frigates  Iphig6nie  ana  Astr^e  [see 
Corbet,  Robebt]  in  the  early  morning  of 
the  Idth. 

In  company  with  two  sloops  the  Boadicea 
recaptured  the  Africaine  the  same  afternoon, 
and  took  her  to  St.  Paul's,  followed  at  some 
distance  by  the  two  French  frigates,  which 
Rowley,  in  the  weakened  state  of  his  squadron, 
did  not  consider  it  would  be  prudent  to 
engage,  while  on   their  part   the  French 


Rowley 


3^^ 


Rowley 


frigates  conceived  the  English  too  strong  for 
them  to  attack  with  advantage.  They  ac* 
cordingly  retired  to  Port  Louis,  thus  per- 
mitting the  Boadicea  to  put  to  sea  on  the 
morning  of  the  18th,  and  capture  tlie  French 
frigate  Venus,  which  with  her  prize,  the 
Ceylon  (now  recaptured),  appeared  on  the 
port.  Rowley's  force  was  shortly  afterwards 
strengthened  oy  the  arrival  of  several  frigates, 
and  from  the  middle  of  October  he  was 
able  to  institute  a  close  blockade  of  Port 
Louis,  which  was  continued  till  the  arrival 
of  the  expedition  under  Vice-admiral  Albe- 
marle Bertie  [q.  v.]  on  29  Nov.,  and  the  sur- 
render of  the  island  on  3  Dec.  Kowley  was 
then  sent  home  with  the  despatches,  and  on 
his  arrival  in  England  was  appointed  to  the 
America,  which  he  commanded  in  the  Medi- 
terranean till  October  1814.  He  had  mean- 
while been  created  a  baronet  on  2  Nov.  1813, 
and  promoted  to  be  rear-admiral  on  4  June 
1814,  though  he  did  not  receive  the  grade  till 
his  return  to  England  in  October.  On  2  Jan. 
1816  he  was  nominated  a  K.C.B.  During  the 
summer  of  1 815  he  was  again  in  the  Memter- 
ranean  with  his  flag  in  thelmpregnable,  under 
the  command  of  Lord  Exmouth,  but  returned 
at  the  end  of  the  war,  after  the  surrender  of 
Napoleon.  From  1818  to  1821  he  was  com- 
mander-in-chief on  the  coast  of  Ireland ;  on 
27  May  1825  he  was  made  a  vice-admiral; 
was  commander-in-chief  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean from  December  1833  to  February  1837, 
a  command  which  then  cairied  with  it  the 
G.C.M.G.,  which  he  received  on  22  Feb. 
1834 ;  was  made  a  G.C.B.  on  4  July  1840, 
and  died  unmarried  at  Mount  Campbell  on 
10  Jan.  1842,  when  the  title  became  extinct. 

[Marshall's  Roy.  Nav.  Biogr.  ii.  (vol.  i.  pt.  ii.) 
622 ;  Gent  Mag.  1842,  i.  326 ;  James  a  Kaval 
Hist. ;  Tronde's  fiatailles  navales  de  la  France, 
iv.  83,  89,  106,]  J.  K.  L. 

EOWLEY,  SAMUEL  (d.  1633?),  dra- 
matist, is  described  by  John  Fayne  Collier  as 
a  brother  of  William  Rowley  [q.  v.]  Before 
1598  he  seems  to  have  been  attached  to  the 
service  of  Philip  Henslowe,  the  theatrical 
manager.  In  March  1598  he  borrowed  money 
of  Henslowe,  and  on  16  Nov.  1599  became  by 
indentures Henslowe*s  'covenanted  servant' 
(Hekslowb,  Diary,  p.  200).  He  was  ap- 
parently employed  at  first  as  a  reader  and 
reviser  of  the  manuscript  plays  submitted  to 
Henslowe.  According  to  Collier's  *  Alleyn 
Papers/  he  reported,  at  Henslowe's  request, 
in  April  1601  on  the  merits  of  the  *  Conquest 
of  the  West  Indies '  by  William  Haughton 
[q.  v.l  and  others,  and  on  '  Six  Yeomen  of 
the  West '  by  Haughton  and  Day. 

Ilowley  never  seems  to  have  attempted  act- 


ing, but  he  soon  made  experiments  as  a  play- 
wright. Li  that  capacity  he  was  associated 
with  the  company  Known  successively  as 
the  AdmiraFs,  Prince  Henry's,  and  the  Pals- 
grave's. His  earliest  effort  belonged  to  1601. 
On  24  Dec.  of  that  year  he  and  Wuliam  Borne 
or  Bird  were  paid  5/.  by  Henslowe  on  account 
of  a  play  called '  Judas,'  on  which  Rowley  was 
still  engaged  next  month  in  collaboration  w:ith 
William  Haughton  as  well  as  Borne.  For  a 
play  called  *  Samson,'  by  Eowley  and  Edward 
J  uby,  Henslowe  paid  them  6/.  on  29  July  1602 
(ib.  p.  224).  For  ^Joshua,'  acted  by  the  Lord 
Admiral's  servants  on  27  Sent.  1602,  Rowley 
was  paid  7/.  on  the  same  oaj  (ib.  p.  226). 
Rowiev's  '  Hymen's  Holiday,  or  Cupid's  Va- 
garies, was  acted  at  court  in  1612,  and,  with 
some  alterations,  before  the  king  and  queen 
at  Whitehall  in  1633.  Sir  Henry  Herbert 
licensed  on  27  July  1623  to  be  acted  by  the 
Pal^rave's  players  at  the  Fortune  Theatre 
*  A  French  Tragedy  of  Richard  III,  or  the 
English  Profit  with  the  Reformation,'  by 
Rowley ;  this  m&j  possibly  be  a  revised  ver- 
sion of '  Richard  CrookbacK,'  a  lost  piece  by 
Ben  Jonson  (cf.  ib.  24  June  1602,  p.  223]|. 
Rowlev's  *  Hard  Shift  for  Husbands,  or  Bil- 
boes the  Best  Blade,'  was  licensed  by  Sir 
Henry  Herbert,  on  29  Oct.  1623  to  be  act^ 
at  the  Fortime  Theatre  by  the  Palsgrave's 
players.    None  of  these  pieces  are  extant. 

In  1602  Rowley  and  William  Bird  were 
paid  by  Henslowe  4/.  for  making  additions 
to  'Taustus.'  Possibly  some  of  the  feeble 
comic  scenes  in  the  extant  editions  of  Mar^ 
lowe's  tragedy,  which  was  first  published  in 
1604,  are  irom  Rowley's  pen  [see  Mablowe, 
Chbistopheb]. 

The  only  extant  play  that  can  be  with  cer- 
tainty assigned  to  Rowley  is  entitled  '  When 
you  see  me  you  know  me,  or  the  famous 
Chronicle  Hist<)rie  of  Kingr  Henrie  VIII,  with 
the  Birth  and  Virtuous  Liie  of  Edward,  Prince 
of  Wales,  as  it  was  played  by  the  High  and 
Mightie  Prince  of  Wales  his  Servants ;  by 
Samvell  Rowley,  servant  to  the  Prince,' 
i.e.  a  member  of  Prince  Henry *8  company  of 
actors  (London,  printed  by  Nathaniel  Batter, 
1605, 4to).     It  was  reprinted  in  1613, 1621, 
and  1632.    Copies  of  all  these  editions  are  in 
the  Bodleian  Library ;  copies  of  the  second 
and  fourth  quartos  only  are  in  the  British 
Museum.    Ihe  piece  deals  with  incidents  in 
the  reign  of  Henry  VIH,  apparently  between 
1537  and  1540,  but  there  is  no  strict  adhe- 
rence to  historical  fact.    The  play  is  chiefly- 
remarkable  for  the  buffoonery  in  which  the 
disguised  king  and  his  companion,  'Black 
Wul,' indulge  when  seeking  nocturnal  adven- 
tures in  the  city  of  London,  and  for  the  rou^i 
jesting  of  two  foolsi  William  Summers  aud 


Rowley 


363 


Rowley 


Cardinal  Wolaey's  fool  Patch.  Fletcher  and 
Shakespeare  posslhly  owed  something  to  Row  - 
ley's  effort  when  preparing  their  own  play  of 
*  Heniy  VIIL'  Rowley's  title  doubtless  sug- 
gested that  of  Thomas  Heywood's  *  If  you 
tnow  not  me,  you  know  nobody '(1605-6). 
Uowley's  play  was  republished  at  Dessau  in 
1874,  with  an  introduction  and  notes  by 
Earl  Else. 

Of  a  second  extant  play  commonly  attri- 
buted to  Rowley  the  authorship  is  less  certain. 
The  piece  is  called  *  The  Noble  Sovldier,  or 
a  Contract  broken  justly  reveng'd,  a  tragedy 
written  by  S.  R.,'  4to,  London,  1634.    The 
play,  which  met  with  success  in  representa- 
tion, seems  to  have  been  first  licensed  for 
publication  in  May  1631,  to  John  Jackman, 
under  the  name  of   *The  Noble  Spanish 
Soldier,' which  lathe  running  title  of  the  pub- 
lished book.    The  entry  in  the  'Stationers' 
Register '  describes  it  as  the  work  of  Thomas 
l)ekker.    Again,  in  December  1633  Nicholas 
Vavaaoor,  the  publisher  of  the  only  edition 
known,  re-entered  it  in  the  '  Stationers'  Re- 
gister '  as  by  Thoma)»  Dekker.    It  was  doubt- 
less either  L)t;kker*s  work  edited  by  Rowley, 
or  Rowley's  ^vork  revised  and  completed  bv 
Dekker.    According  to  the  anonymous  edi- 
tor's preface,  the  author  was  dead  at  the  time 
of  its  publication.     Dekker  does  not  appear 
to  have  died  much  before  1641,  and,  on  that 
assumption,  the  second  hypothesis,  which  as- 
signs to  Dekker  the  mam  responsibility  for 
the  piece,  seems  the  more  acceptable.    Two 
scenes  of  'The  Noble  Sovldier'  are  wholly 
taken  from  Jolin  Day's  *  Parliament  of  Bees ' 
(characters  4  and  6),  which  is  supposed  to 
have  been  written  about  1607  (Day,  Works, 
ed.A.H.Bullen,  i.  26-7). 

[Heoalowe^B  Diary  (Shakespeare  Soc.),  passim ; 
n«Ry'8  Bioer.  Chronicle  of  the  Stage ;  Fleay's 
Hist,  of  uie  Stage;  Elze'a  introduction  to 
RowlefB  'When  you  see  me,'  1874;  Collier's 
Bill  Cat.]  S.  L. 

ROWLEY,  THOMAS,  pseudonym.  [See 
Chattbbtok,  Thoxas,  1762-1770.] 

ROWLEY,  WILLIAM  (1586  ?-l 642  P), 
dramatist,  was  bom  about  1686.  Meres,  in 
*  Palladia  Tamia'  (1698),  credited  'Master 
Kowley,  once  a  rare  scholar  of  learned  Pem- 
trokeHall  in  Cambridge,' with  excellence  in 
comedy.  But  the  dates  render  impossible 
the  identification  of  Meres s  'Master  Row- 
ley'  with  the  dramatist  which  Wood  adopted. 
^leres  doubtless  referred  to  Ralph  Rowley 
{d.  1604  ?),  afterwards  rector  of  Chelmsford, 
who  was  tJbie  only  student  at  Pembroke  Hall 
of  the  name  of  Rowley  during  the  second 
half  of  the  sixteenth  century  (see  Coopeb, 
AtJiena  Caniabr.  iL  888).     The  dramatist 


has  also  been  confused  with  another  Ralph 
Rowley  who,  like  himself,  was  an  actor  m 
the  Duke  of  York's  company  in  1610,  and 
with  Samuel  Rowley  [q.v.  j,  who  was  possibly 
his  brother.  Previously  to  1610  William 
Rowley  seems  to  have  acted  in  Queen  Anne's 
company.  In  1613  his  company  became 
known  as  the  Prince  of  Wales's,  and  he  is 
described  as  its  leading  comedian  (note  by 
Oldys  in  LAifesAiNE,  Dramatick  Poets),  In 
the  same  year  he  contributed  verses  to  Wil- 
liam Drummond's  'Mausoleum'  in  memory 
of  Prince  Henry.  Poems  by  him  appear  in 
John  Taylor  the  water  poet's  *  Great  Bri- 
taine  all  in  Black,'  1618,  and  the  same 
writer's  *  Nipping  and  Snipping  of  Abuses,' 
1614.  In  1614,  too,  he  contributed  to  an 
edition  of  Jo.  Cooke's  *  Greenes  Tu  Quoque, 
or  the  City  Gallant, '  an  epitaph  on  the  actor 
Thomas  Greene ;  the  work  had  a  preface  by 
Thomas  Heywood.  But  Rowley  thenceforth 
confined  his  literary  labours  mainly  to  the 
drama.  In  April  1614  the  temporary  amal- 
gamation of  the  Lady  Elizabeth's  com^tany 
with  that  of  Prince  Charles  brought  him  into 
contact  with  Thomas  Middleton,  in  collabo- 
ration with  whom  his  best  remembered  work 
was  done.  Their  first  joint  play  was  *  A  Fair 
Quarrel'  (not  printed  until  1617).  The 
united  companies  played  for  two  years  under 
Henslowe's  management  at  the  '  Hope,'  on 
the  site  of  Paris  Garden.  In  1616  the  theatre 
was  closed  and  bear-baiting  resumed.  After 
Henslowe's  death  the  two  companies  sepa- 
rated, and  Rowley  for  a  time  followed  the 
Prince's  to  the  'Curtain,'  but  in  1621  he 
threw  in  his  lot  with  the  Lady  Elizabeth's 
men  at  the  *  Cockpit,'  and  in  1628  he  joined 
the  king's.  In  the  following  year  he  played 
in  Beaumont  and  Fletchers  'Maid  of  the 
Mill.'  Soon  after  Middleton's  death  in  July 
1627,  he  seems  to  have  retired  from  the 
boards  as  an  actor.  Between  1632  and  1638 
he  wrote  four  plays,  which  were  issued  as 
the  unaided  efforts  of  his  pen.  In  1637  his 
marriage  is  recorded  at  Cripplegate  to  Isabel 
Tooley  (cf.  Collier,  Memoirs  of  Actors, 
p.  286).  He  is  believed  to  have  died  before 
the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war. 

A  tradition  handed  down  by  Langbaine 
records  that  Rowley  was  beloved  by  those 
great  men,  Shakespeare,  Fletcher,  and  Jon- 
son  ;  while  his  partnership  in  so  many  plays 
by  a  variety  of  writers  has  been  regarded  as 
proof  of  the  amiability  of  his  character.  As 
a  useful  and  safe  collaborator  he  seems  to 
have  been  onlv  less  in  demand  than  Dekker. 
His  hand  is  oUen  difficult  to  identify,  though 
his  verse  may  generally  be  detected  by  its 
metrical  harshness  and  irregularity.  His 
style  is  disfigured  by  a  monotonously  extra- 


Rowley 


364 


Rowley 


Yage.nt  emphasis,  and  he  is  sadly  wanting  in 
artistic  form  and  refinement.  He  had,  how- 
ever, a  rare  vein  of  whimsical  humour  (cf. 
the  episode  of  Gnotho  in  the  Old  Law, 
iii.  1),  and  occasionally  he  shows  an  unex- 
pected mastery  of  tragic  pathos.  Drake 
ranks  him  in  the  same  class  with  Massinger. 
Middleton,  Heywood,  Ford^  Dekker,  ana 
Webster,  but  puts  him  last  in  this  category. 
With  all  these  he  was  associated,  and  it  was 
asserted  that  Shakespeare  himself  co-ope- 
rated with  him  in  'The  Birth  of  Merlin' 
(title-page  of  quarto,  1663) ;  but  this  was  a 
bookseller's  fib,  unsupported  by  any  evidence 
external  or  internal  (cf.  Dbakb,  ii.  570). 
That  Rowley  was  in  such  request  as  a  colla- 
borator was  probably  owing  to  his  well- 
known  power  to  ticlde  the  risibility  of  the 
'groundlings.'  Thus  the  madhouse  scenes  in 
the  '  Changeling,'  which  the  modem  reader 
is  apt  to  wish  away,  were  just  those  which 
achieved  popularity  when  produced  upon  the 
boards.  His  broadly  comic  effects  were  felt 
to  be  an  indispensable  relief  to  the  gloomy 
backgrounds  and  improbable  horrors  of  some 
of  his  greater  contemporaries.  As  an  actor- 
playwright  he  probably  altered  and  edited  a 
much  larger  proportion  of  those  pieces  which 
were  presented  by  the  companies  he  served 
than  has  been  hitherto  associated  with  his 
name. 

The  following  plays  are  claimed  on  the 
title-pages  as  Kowley's  unassisted  work: 
1. '  A  new  Wonder.  A  Woman  never  vexed/ 
1682,  4 to.  Dyce  calls  this  Rowlejr's  best 
piece.  The  old  story  of  a  weddingj-ring  being 
found  in  a  fish's  beUy  is  utilised  in  the  plot, 
but  the  whole  drama  is  very  probably  no 
more  than  an  adaptation  of  an  old  rhyming 
play.  It  was  altered  by  Planch6,  ana  pro- 
duced at  Covent  Garden  in  1824.  Extracts 
from  both  this  play  and  No.  2  appear  in 
Lamb's  'Specimens'  (it  is  also  in  Dilxb's 
Old  English  Inlays,  1814,  vol.  v.;  Cumbbb- 
iand's  British  Theatre,  and  Dodblet,  ed. 
Hazlitt,  xii.  86  seq.)  2. '  All's  lost  by  Lust,' 
1633,  4to ;  based  on  a  Spanish  legend,  con- 
taining some  powerfully  imagined  scenes,  it 
was  acted  at  the  Cockpit  about  1622,  and  at 
the  Phoenix  in  Drur^  Lane  by  Lady  Eliza- 
beth's men.  On  it  Mrs.  Pix  based  her  *  Con- 
quest of  Spain,'  1706  (see  Gbnest,  i.  36,  ii. 
830).  8. '  A  Match  at  Midnight.  A  pleasant 
Comedy  as  it  had  been  acted  by  the  Children 
of  the  Revels,'  1633  (Dodslby,  ed.  Hazlitt, 
xiii.  1-98).  Messrs.  Fleay  and  Bullen  hold 
that  the  ground-plan  of  this  comedy  was 
Middleton's  work,  but  that  it  was  more  or 
less  extensively  altered  by  Rowlejr  about 
1 622.  Planch6  produced  an  adaptation  of  it 
and  Jasper  Mayne's  '  City  Match/  entitled 


'The  Merchant's  Wedding,'  in  1828.  4.  'A 
Shoemaker  a  Gentleman,  with  the  Life  and 
Death  of  the  Cripple  that  stole  the  Weather- 
cock at  Paules,^  1638,  4to;  the  plot  was 
founded  on  *  Crispin  and  Crispianus,  or  the 
History  of  the  Gentle  Craft'  (1698) ;  it  was 
acted  at  the  Bed  Bull  in  1609. 

The  plays  in  which  Rowley  collaborated 
are :  6.  '  The  Travailes  of  the  Three  English 
Brothers,'  1607, 4to.  This,  a  hurried  produc- 
tion, written  in  partnership  with  George 
Wilkins  and  John  Day  (Jl.  1606)  [q.  v.],  was 
acted  at  the  Curtain  by  Queen  Anne  s  men 
in  the  summer  of  1607.     It  describes  the 
journey  of  Sir  Thomas,  Sir  Anthony,  and 
Robert  Shirley  to  the  court  of  Russia,  and 
then  to  Rome  and  Venice  (see  Betrotpeetive 
Review,  ii.  379).    The  piece  was  reprinted 
in  A.  H.  Bullen's  edition  of  Day's  *  Works,' 
vol.  ii.  (ct  Mr.  Bullen's  Introduction,  i.  19 
seq.)  6.  'A  fair  Quarrel,  as  it  was  acted  before 
the  king  and  divers  times  pubiikly  by  the 
prince  his  highness' servants,' 1617, 4to.  Un- 
sold copies  were  reissued  in  the  same  year, 
with  a  fresh  title  and  three  additional  pages 
of  comic  matter,  'the  bauds  son^,'    &c.; 
another  edition,  1622  (Bullen,  Mtddleton, 
vol.  iv.)      This  was  written  in  conjunction 
with  Middleton,  and  contains  some  of  Row- 
ley's 'strongest  writing.'     7.   'A  Courtly 
Masque ;  the  deuice  called  the  World  Tost 
at  Tennis.    As  it  hath  beene  divers  times 
presented  by  the  Prince  and  his  servants,' 
1 620, 4to  (Bullbn,  vol.  vii.)    Rowley  wrote 
the  first  part  of  this  ingenious  invention 
in  conjunction  with  Middleton.    8.  'The 
Changeling,  as  it  was  acted  with  great  ap- 
plause at  the  Private  House  in  Drury  Lane 
and  Salisbury  0>urt,'  1653, 4to.   The  unsold 
copies  were  reissued  with  a  new  title-page 
in  1668.    This  was  performed  in  1621,  and 
again  by  the  Queen  of  Bohemia's  company 
on  4  Jan.  1623  (Dtce  and  Bullbn,  voL  vi  ) 
This  is  the  finest  of  the  plays  written  by 
Rowley  and    Middleton   m    collaboration. 
Rowley's  contribution  is  defined   by   Mr. 
Fleay  as  i.  1.  2,  iii.  3,  iv.  3,  v.  3.    Hayley 
based  upon  the  'Changeling'  his  weak  play 
of  *Marcella,'  produced  at  Drury  Lane  on 
7  Nov.  1789.    9.  '  The  Spanish  Gf  ipsy,'  1 653 
and  1661,  4to,  by  Rowley  and  Middleton 
(DoDSLBY,    Contin,   vol.    iv.    Old    English 
Plays;  Dtcb  and  Bullen,  vol.  vi.)     Row- 
ley s  share  in  this  comedy,  which  was  per- 
formed at  Whitehall  in  November  1623,  was 
probably  slight.    10.  *  Fortune  by  Land  and 
Sea,'  1666,  4to,  by  Rowley  and  Heywood, 
who  is  responsible  for   tne  larger  share. 
Based  in  part  upon  a  ballad  of  Thomas  De- 
loney  [o*  v.],  commemorating  the  fate  of  the 
pirates  Clinton  and  Thomas  Watton^  it  -vras 


Rowley 


365 


Rowley 


prolablj  written  in  1608-9.  An  edition  was 
issued  by  the  Shakespeare  Society  in  1846. 

11.  'The  Excellent  Comedy  called  the  Old 
Law,  or  a  new  way  to  please  ;^ou,  by  PhlL 
Massinger.Tho.  Middleton,  William  Rowley/ 
1656, 4to,  acted  before  the  king  and  queen 
it  Salisbury  House.  The  original  draft  was 
doabtless  by  Middleton.  Some  highly  effec- 
tive humorous  business  (esp.  iii.  1  and  v.  1) 
was  added  by  Rowley  about  1618,  and  the 
plsj  was  subsequently  revised  by  Massinger 
(Djci^a  and  BvLLEs's  Middleton).  12. '^Hie 
Witch  of  Edmonton;  a  known  true  story 
composed  into  a  tra^-oomedy  by  divers  well 
esteemed  poets,  William  Rowley,  Thomas 
Dekker,  John  Ford,'  &c.,  1658,  4to.  This 
topical  play  was  written  hurriedly  after  the 
execution  of  the  '  notorious  witch'  Elizabeth 
Sawyer  in  June  1621.  Dekker  appears  to 
have  the  chief  share,  but  Rowley  supplied 
Bome  acceptable  buffoonery.  It  was  acted 
at  the  Cockpit.  13.  <  A  Cure  for  a  Cuckold,' 
1661, 4to,  published  as  by  Rowley  and  Weh- 
8ter,  was  played  in  1618.  Mr.  Fleay  is  con- 
vinced from  internal  evidence  that  Rowley's 
collaborator  in  this  piece  was  not  Webster. 
It  is  quite  possible  that  Massingeir  contri- 
buted the  serious  portions.  Rowley's  hand 
is  conspicuous  in  the  humorous  scenes. 
Those  traditionally  assigned  to  Webster  were 
reprinted  at  Mr.  Daniel's  private  press  at 
Oxford  in  1886.  Altered  into  'The  City 
Bride,  or  the  Merry  Cuckold,*  it  was  given  at 
Lincoln's  Ixin  Fields  in  1696  (cf.  Qenest, 
ii.  89).  14.  •  The  Thracian  Wonder,'  1661, 
4to.  This  vile  comedy,  which  is  similarly 
attributed  to  Rowley  and  Webster,  is  believed 
hj  Mr.  Fleay  to  be  substantially  identical 
with  Heywood's  lost  play,  entitled  'War 
without  Blows'  (1598).  It  is  given  in  ' Old 
English  PUvs/ 1814.  16. '  The  Birth  of  Mer- 
lin,  or  the  Child  has  lost  a  Father,'  1663, 4to, 
appears  on  the  title-page  as  by  Shakespeare 
and  Rowley.  The  use  of  Shakespeare's  name 
is  manifestly  unauthorised,  and  there  is  little 
doubt  that  this  is  an  old  play  refashioned  by 
Rowley,  with  fresh  buffooneries,  and  possibly 
with  some  aid  from  Middleton.  It  is  given 
in  'Pseudo-Shakespearean  Plays,'  No.  iy. 
(Halle,  1887).  In  the  'Biomphia  Dra- 
matica'  (1812)  are  enumerated,  in  addition 
to  the  above,  five  unprinted  plays  by  Rowley : 
16.  *The  Fool  without  Book.'  17.  'A  Knave 
in  print,  or  One  for  Another.  18. '  The  None- 
such.' 19.  *  The  Booke  of  the  four  honoured 
Lives.'  20.  *  The  Parliament  of  Love  $ '  it  is 
stated  that  the  last  three  were  destroyed  by 
Warburton's  cook,  but  No.  20  may  be  iden- 
tical with  Massinger's  extant,  although  un- 
dnii«hed, '  Parliament  of  Love.' 

Apart  from  his  dramatic  work  Rowley 


wrote  a  pamphlet  (now  scarce),  in  Dekker^s 
vein,  entitled  <  A  Search  for  Money;  or  the 
lamentable  complaint  for  the  losse  of  the 
Wandring  Knight,  Mounsieur  I'Argent,  or 
Come  along  with  me,  I  know  thou  lovest 
Money,'  1609,  4to  (Brit.  Mus. ;  reprinted  in 
Percy  Socii.  andextractedin'Brit.  Bibl.'iv.), 
dedicated  to  a  fellow-actor  of  the  author,  one 
'  Maister  Thos.  Hobbs.'  The  quest  for  money 
leads  the  characters  through  oueer  byways  of 
metropolitan  life,  and  the  aescriptions  are 
marked  by  humour  and  fidelity.  Rowley 
wrote  *  For  a  Farewell  Elegie  on  the  Death  of 
Hugh  Atwell,  Seruant  to  Prince  Charles ' — 
a  broadsheet  in  possession  of  the  Society  of 
Antiquaries  (see  Collibb's  History  of  Early 
Dramatio  Poetry,  i.  423). 

[Mr.  A.  H.  BuUen's  edition  of  Middleton's 
Works  contHins  frequent  allusions  to  Rowley 
and  valuable  criticism.  See  hIso  Dyce's  edition 
of  Middlfton;  Mr.  Fleay's  Hist,  of  the  iStage 
and  Biogrnphical  Chroo.  of  the  English  Drama, 
S.V. '  Middleton;'  Cunningham's  Revels  Account, 
ToL  zlii.;  Rowley's  Fortune  by  Land  and  Sea 
(Shakespeare  Soc),  Introduction  ;  Ward's  Hist 
of  £ngl.  Dram.  Lit. ;  Rapps's  Englisebes  Thea- 
ter ;  Lfingbaine's  Hibt  of  the  Dramatic  Poets, 
and  notes  by  Oldys  and  Haslewood;  Hunter's 
Chorus  Vatum  (Add.  MS.  24487,  f.  263); 
Brydge8*8  Censura  Lit.  ix.  49  ;  Chetwood's  Bri- 
tish Theatre;  Baker's  Biogr.Dramatica.ed.  1812; 
Allibone's  Diet,  of  English  Lit.;  Lamb's  Dra- 
matic Essays,  1891,  pp.  208-10;  Mr.  Swinburne 
in  Nineteenth  Century,  January  1886 ;  Brit. 
Mas.  Cat.;  cf  arts.  Dkkxkb,  Thomas,  and  Mid- 
DLBTON,  Thomas.]  T.  S. 

ROWLEY,  Sib  WILLIAM  (1690  P- 
1768),  admiral  of  the  fleet,  bom  about  1690, 
of  an  old  family  of  Worfield,  Shropshire, 
was  son  of  William  Rowley  of  Whitenall,  a 
court  official  under  William  III  and  Anne. 
He  entered  the  navy  in  1704  as  a  volunteer 
per  order  in  the  Orford,  with  Captain  (after- 
wards Sir  John)  Noms.  He  passed  his  exam- 
ination on  16  Sept.  1708,  and  in  December  was 
promoted  lieutenant  of  the  Somerset,  in  which 
he  served,  mostly  in  the  Mediterranean,  till 
May  1713.  Early  in  1716  he  was  in  Paris 
on  a  special  errand  for  George  I,  and  on 
26  June  was  j^romoted  to  command  the  Bide- 
ford,  from  which  date  he  took  post.  For  the 
next  two  ^ears  the  Bideford  was  at  Gibraltar, 
and  rruisiiLg  against  the  Sallee  pirates.  She 
was  paid  off  in  February  1718-19.  In  Sep- 
tember 1719  Rowley  was  appointed  to  the 
Lively,  a  small  frigate  employed  on  the 
coast  of  Ireland,  mostly  between  Dublin 
and  Carrickfergus,  for  preventing  piracv 
and  smuff-glin^,  and  for  raisin?  men,  with 
occasional  visits  to  Bristol,  Plymouth,  or 
Portsmouth.    He  continued  on  this  service 


Rowley 


366 


Rowley 


for  nearly  nine  years,  and  when  the  Lively 
was  paid  off  in  June  1728  he  went  on  half- 
pay,  and  80  remained  for  many  years.  In 
§eptember  1739  he  was  appointed  to  the 
Ripon,  but  wrote  from  Dublin  to  say  that  he 
had  a  lawsuit  pending,  which  involved  the 
possible  loss  of  22,0€O/.,  and  begged  there- 
fore to  be  allowed  to  stay  on  shore. 

Early  in  1741  he  was  appointed  to  the 
Barfleur,  in  which  he  joined  the  fleet  under 
Kear-admiral  Nicholas  Haddock  [q.v.]  in 
the  Mediterranean,  remaining  there  under 
Admiral  Thomas  Mathews,  and  hoisting  his 
flag  in  the  Barfleur  on  his  promotion,  on 
7  Dec*  1743,  to  be  rear-«dmiral  of  the  white. 
In  that  capacity,  as  junior  flag-officer,  he 
commanded  the  van  in  the  notorious  en- 
gagement oft'  Toulon  on  11  Feb.  1743-4  [see 
Mathbws,  Thomas;  Lestocx,  Richard], 
and  was  one  of  the  few  concerned  whose 
conduct  was  not  called  in  question.  On 
19  June  1744  he  was  advanced  to  be  vice- 
admiral  of  the  blue,  and  in  the  following 
August  succeeded  to  the  chief  command  of 
the  fleet.  The  enemv  had  no  force  remain- 
ing in  those  seas,  and  the  work  to  be  done 
was  principally  in  concert  with  the  allied 
army ;  but  in  July  1745  he  was  summarily 
ordered  by  the  secretary  of  state,  the  Duke 
of  Newcastle,  to  return  to  England.  This 
order  was  due  to  a  resolution  of  the  House 
of  Commons  (30  April  1745)  censuring  the 
proceedings  of  the  court-martial  on  Captain 
Richard  Norris,  over  which  Rowley  presided, 
as '  arbitrary,  partial, and  illegal  *  {ParLHtst, 
vol.  xiii.  col.  1300).  The  lords  of  the  ad- 
miralty wrote  that  Kowley,  owing  to  his  be- 
haviour as  president  of  this  court-martial, 
was  not  a  proper  person  to  enforce  the 
discipline  of  a  great  fleet  (Lords  of  the 
Admiralty  to  the  Lords  Justices,  29  Mav 
1745,  in  HoTne  Office  Records,  Admiralty y  vol. 
cvii.) 

Rowley  had  no  further  employment  at 
sea;  but,  considering  the  circumstances  of 
his  recall  from  the  Mediterranean,  it  seems 
extraordinary  that  not  onlv  was  he  pro- 
moted to  be  admiral  of  the  blue  on  15  July 
1747,  on  12  May  1748  to  be  admiral  of 
the  white,  and  on  11  July  1747  to  be  rear- 
admiral  of  Qreat  Britain,  but  on  22  June 
1751  was  appointed  one  of  the  lords  of  the 
admiralty,  and  in  1763  was  nominated  a 
K.B.  He  remained  at  the  admiralty  till 
November  1756,  was  again  appointed  to  it 
in  April  1757,  but  finally  qiiitted  it  in  the 
following  July.  On  the  death  of  Anson, 
who,  though  his  junior  as  a  flag  officer,  had 
been  preferred  before  him,  he  was  promoted 
on  17  Dec.  1762  to  be  admiral  of  the  fleet 
and  commander-in-chief.    He  died  on  1  Jan. 


1768.  He  married  Arabella,  daughter  and 
heir  of  Captain  George  Dawson  of  co.  Deny, 
by  whom  ne  had  issue  three  sons,  of  whom 
Joshua,  like  his  grandson  Josias,  is  separately 
noticed.  Horace  Walpole  has  a  story  (Corr^- 
ipondenee,  ed.  Cunningham,  v.  79)  of  his 
having  left  the  bulk  of  his  property,  6,000/. 
a  year,  to  his  great-grandson,  m  the  inten- 
tion of  forming  a  vast  accumulation ;  but, 
at  the  time  of  Rowley's  death,  his  eldest 
grandson  was  only  seven  years  old. 

A  portrait  of  liowley  painted  in  1743,  by 
Arnulphy,  was  engraved  by  Faber  in  1745; 
another  was  engraved  by  J.  Brooks. 

[Chamock's  Biogr.  Nat.  iv.  63;  Naval  Chro- 
nicle, with  a  portrait  after  Arnulphy,  xzii.  44 1 ; 
Official  Letters,  &c,  in  the  Pablic  Record  Office. 
The  minntes  of  the  court-martial  on  Richard 
Norris  have  been  printed.]  J.  K.  L. 

ROWLEY,  WILLIAM  (1742-1806), 
man-midwife,  son  of  William  Rowley  of  St. 
Luke*s,  Middlesex,  was  bom  in  London  on 
18  Nov,  1742.  After  apprenticeship  at  St. 
Thomas's  Hospital  he  became  a  surgeon,  and 
served  in  that  capacity  in  the  army  from 
1760  to  1765,  and  was  at  the  capture  of  the 
Havannah  in  August  1762.  In  1766  he  began 
general  practice  in  London,  and  on  23  April 
1774  was  created  M.D.  at  St.  Andrews  Uni- 
versity. He  became  a  licentiate  of  the  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  of  London  26  June  1784. 
He  matriculated  from  St.  Alban  Hall,  Ox- 
ford, on  28  Nov.  1780,  aged  38,  and  there 
graduated  B.A.  9  June  1784,  M.A.  24  Mav 
1787,  M.B.  17  July  1788,  but  was  refused 
the  degree  of  M.D.  His  practice  in  London 
was  considerable.  He  describes  himself  on 
his  title-pa^es  as  a  man-midwife,  and  was  on 
the  stafi*  of  the  Queen's  Lying-in  Hospital, 
but  he  also  practised  ophthalmic  surgery  and 
general  surgery.  In  London  he  first  lived  in 
St.  James's  Street,  then  in  Castle  Street, 
Leicester  Fields,  then  at  66  Harley  Street, 
and  finally  in  Savile  Row,  where  he  died  of 
typhus  fever  on  17  March  1806.  He  usod  to 
give  there  three  courses  of  lectures  in  the 
vear,  beginning  January,  April,  and  Septem- 
ber. He  wrote  on  dropsy  m  1770,  ophthal- 
mia 1771,  gonorrhoea  1771,  diseases  of  the 
breasts  177^,  midwifery  1773,  sore  throat 
1778,  gout  1780,  nervous  diseases  1789, 
scarlet  fever  1793,  hydrocephalus  1790, 
mental  diseases  1790.  In  some  controversial 
pamphlets  he  attacked  Dr.  William  Hunter 
(1718-1783)  [q.  v.]  for  speaking  severely  of 
some  cure  for  cancer  practised  by  Rowley, 
and  he  wrote  against  vaccination.  He  also 
published  a  *  Rational  and  Improved  Prac- 
tice of  Physic  in  four  Volumes,*  and  in  Latin 
(2  vols.  4to), '  Schola  MedicinaB  Universalia 


Rowning 


3^7 


Rowson 


Nora,'  a  eompendium  of  the  sabjects  of  me- 
dical education.  His  books  contain  nothing 
of  falae,  and  many  of  them  are  mere  adver- 
uwmenta.  There  is  an  engraved  portrait  of 
him. 

[Mnnk's  CoU.  of  Phjs.  ii.  340;  Thornton's 
Vftceinn  Viodicia,  London,  1806;  Gent.  Mag. 
1S04  ii.  1224,  1806  i.  294,  377-9;  Georgian 
En;  Fostez^s  Alumni  Oxon.  1715-1886  ;  Index 
Oktalogne  of  the  library  of  the  Surgeon-Gene- 
ral s  Oilee,  United  States  Army ;  Works.] 

N.  M. 

ROWIONO,  JOHN  (1701 P-1771),  ma- 
thematician, bom  about  1701,  was  son  of 
John  Rowning  of  Ashby-with-Fenby,  Lin- 
colnshire. He  was  educated  at  the  grammar 
school  in  Qlanford  Brigg.  Entering  Magda- 
lene College,  Cambridge,  he  graduated  fi.A. 
in  1724  and  M.A.  in  1728.  He  obtained  a 
fellowship  at  his  college  and  was  subse- 
(juently  appointed  rector  of  the  college 
hving  of  Anderby  in  Lincolnshire.  He  was 
a  constant  attendant  of  the  meetings  of  the 
Spalding  Society.  A  brother  was  a  great 
mechanic  and  watchmaker,  and  he  is  said 
himself  to  have  had  '  a  good  genius  for  me- 
chanical contrivances.'  '  Though  a  very  in- 
genious and  pleasant  man,  he  was  of  an 
anpromising  andforbidding  appearance — ^tall, 
stooping  at  the  shoulders,  and  of  a  sallow, 
down-lookinff  countenance.'  He  died  at  his 
lodgings  in  Carey  Street,  near  Lincoln's  Inn 
Fields,  in  November  1771.  An  epitaph,  by 
Joseph  Mills  of  Co  whit,  is  quoted  in  Nichols  s 
'Litenuy  Anecdotes*  (vi.  109).  Kowning 
vas  married  and  had  one  daughter. 

Rowning*8  chief  work  was '  A  Compen- 
dious System  of  Natural  Philosophy,'  in  four 
parts,  which  went  through  seven  editions 
bftween  1785  and  1772.  He  also  wrote  a 
*  Preliminary  Discourse  to  an  intended  Trea- 
tise on  the  Fluxionary  Method,'  1766, 
▼hich  is  largely  argumentative  (see  a  notice 
in  Monthfy  Review,  1766,  i.  286) ;  and  pub- 
lished* two  papers  in  the  '  Philosophical 
Transactions : '  (1)  '  A  Description  of  a  Ba- 
rometer, wherein  the  Scale  of  Variation  may 
bemcreased  at  Pleasure,'  1733;  (2)  *  Direc- 
tions for  making  a  Machine  for  finding  the 
Itoots  of  Equations  universally,'  1770. 

[Nichols's  Lit.  Anecd. ;  Hutton's  Math.  Diet ; 
New  and  General  Biogr.  Diet. ;  Chalmerses 
Biogr.  Diet. ;  Allibone.]  W.  F.  S. 

ROWNTRBB,  JOSEPH  (1801-1859), 
qoaker,  youngest  son  of  John  jRowntree  of 
Scarborough,  by  his  wife,  Elizabeth  Lother- 
ini?ton,  daughter  of  a  quaker  shipowner  and 
captain,  was  bom  at  Scarborough  on  10  June 
lK)l.  He  left  school  at  thirteen,  but  con- 
tinued to  atady,  with  the  aid  of  his  brother 


and  sisters.  At  twenty-one  he  started  in 
business  as  a  grocer  in  York,  and  was  ad- 
mitted a  member  of  the  Merchants'  Companv. 
Education  especially  in  the  Society  of  Friends 
was  his  lifelong  interest,  and  he  was  pro- 
minent in  establbhing,  in  1828  and  1830, 
the  York  Quarterly  Meeting  Boys'  and  Girls' 
Schools,  now  occupying  extensive  premises 
at  Bootham  and  The  Mount,  York.  In  1832 
he  assisted  in  the  establishment  of  the 
Friends'  school  at  Kawdon,  near  Leeds,  for 
children  of  a  different  class,  and  was  one  of 
the  original  trustees  of  the  Flounders'  Insti- 
tute, Ackworth,  for  training  teachers. 

Rowntree  was  the  friend  of  James  Mont- 
gomery [q.  vA  of  Joseph  John  Gurney  [q.v.], 
of  Hannan  Eilham  [q.  v.],  and  of  Samuel 
Tuke  [q.  v.]  With  tlie  latter  he  hel^  to 
establish  the  Friends'  Educational  Society  in 
1837,  and  served  on  the  committee  of  the 
Friends'  Retreat  for  the  insane  at  York  [see 
under  TuxE,  William].  He  inaugurated 
several  schemes  of  municipal  reform  in  York, 
of  which  city  he  was  alderman  from  1863 
and  mayor  in  1858.  Although  he  was  elected, 
he  declined  to  serve  from  conscientious 
scruples.  An  able  pamphlet  by  him  helped 
to  reform  the  marriage  regulations  of  the 
Society  of  Friends  (1860  and  1872),  by  which 
marriage  with  a  person  not  in  member- 
ship ceased  to  be  visited  with  disownment. 
Other  pamphlets  were  issued  by  Rowntree 
on  *  Colonial  Slavery '  and  on  '  Education.' 

Rowntree  died  at  York  on  4  Nov.  1869. 
By  his  wife,  Sarah  Stephenson  of  Man- 
chester (m.  1832),  he  had  three  sons. 

[Family  Memoir,  printed  for  private  circula- 
tion, aind  kindly  lent  by  the  editor,  John 
Stephenson  Rowntree;  AdduaI  Monitor,  1869, 
p.  211;  York  Herald,  12  Nov.  1869;  Smith's 
Cat  ii.  614;  Reports  of  the  Friends*  Educa- 
tional Society ;  The  Friend,  zvii.  214 ;  Biogr. 
Cat  of  Portraits  at  the  Friends*  Institute.] 

C.  F.  S. 

ROWSE,  RICHARD  (^.  1250),  Fran- 
ciscan teacher.    [See  Richard   of  Cobn- 

WALL.] 

ROWSON,  SUSANNA  (1762-1824), 
novelist  and  actress,  bom  at  Portsmouth  in 
1762,  was  only  daughter  of  Lieutenant  Wil- 
liam Haswell,  of  the  British  navy  {d,  1805), 
and  his  wife,  Susanna  (Musgrave),  who  died 
at  the  birth  of  her  daughter.  Having  settled 
in  New  England,  Haswell  returned  in  1766 
to  conduct  his  daughter  to  his  home  on 
the  promontory  of  Nantasket  beach,  Massa- 
chusetts. Haswell  soon  married  a  second 
wife,  Rachel,  daughter  of  Ebenezer  Wood- 
ward, by  whom  he  had  three  sons. 

Susanna  showed  a  fondness  for  books,  and 


Rowson 


368 


Roxburgh 


at  an  early  age  read  Dryden'a  Virgil,  Pope's 
'Tnraer,  Shakespeare,  and  Spenser.  She  at- 
racted  the  attention  of  James  Otis,  the 
^reat  American  lawyer  and  statesman,  who 
called  her  his  little  scholar,  and  instilled  in 
her  democratic  principles.  In  consequence 
of  the  American  war  of  independence,  Has- 
well's  property  was  confiscated,  and  for  a 
while  he  and  his  family  were  prisoners  of 
war.  In  1778  they  returned  to  England. 
Susanna  turned  governess  until  her  marriage 
in  1786  to  William  Rowson,  a  hardware 
merchant  and  trumpeter  in  the  royal  horse 
guards.  In  the  same  year  Mrs.  Bowson  pub- 
lished by  subscription  'Victoria,'  a  tale  in 
two  volumes.  The  characters  were  drawn 
horn  real  life.  Among  the  subscribers  was 
Mrs.  Siddons.  The  book  was  dedicated  to 
the  Duchess  of  Devonshire,  who  introduced 
Mrs.  Rowson  to  the  Prince  of  Wales.  The 
prince  bestowed  a  pension  on  her  father.  In 
1788  came  out  at  London  *  The  Inquisitor,  or 
Invisible  Rambler,'  a  novel  in  three  volumes, 
modelled  on  Sterne.  It  was  reissued  at  Phila- 
delphia in  1794.  Mrs.  Rowson's  most  notable 
book,  *  Charlotte  Temple,  or  a  Tale  of  Truth,' 
was  published  at  London  in  1790.  It  had  a 
great  success,  twenty-five  thousand  copies 
being  sold  in  a  few  vears.  It  was  repub- 
lished at  Philadelphia,  Concord,  and  New 
York,  and  in  1886  was  translated  into  Ger- 
man. In  America  this  melodramatic  story, 
based,  it  is  said,  on  fact,  was  long  a  popular 
classic.  Soon  after  its  publication  Rowson 
became  bankrupt,  and  his  wife,  while  still 
engaged  in  literature,  turned  to  the  stage 
to  increase  her  means  of  livelihood.  In 
1792-3,  with  her  husband  and  her  husband^s 
sister,  she  appeared  at  Edinburgh.  In  1793 
they  migrated  to  the  United  States,  and 
between  that  year  and  1797  Mrs.  Rowson 
acted  at  Annapolis,  Baltimore,  Philadelphia, 
and  Boston.  In  the  last  city  she  closed 
her  theatrical  career,  at  the  Federal  Street 
Theatre,  when  she  played  in  a  comedy  of  her 
own  composition,  *  Americans  in  England.' 
It  was  acted  three  times,  and  well  received. 
The  printed  book  is  rare.  Among  Mrs. 
Rowson's  parts  were  Ladv  Sneerwelf  in  the 
*  School  for  Scandal '  and  Dame  Quickly  in 
the  *  Merry  Wives  of  Windsor.' 

On  leaving  (he  stage  in  1797,  Mrs.  Row- 
son  opened  a  school  for  girls  at  Boston. 
From  1802  to  1805  she  also  edited  the  Boston 
^  Weekly  Magazine,'  and  was  for  many  years 
a  contributor  to  other  periodicals.  The 
school  proved  successful  and  was  continued 
until  1822,  when  failing  health  made  retire- 
ment necessary.  Mrs.  Rowion  died  at  Boston 
on  2  March  1824,  and  was  buried  in  the 
family  vault  of  her  friend,  Gotlieb  Graupner,  | 


at  St.  Matthew's  Church,  South  Boston  Her 
husband  survived  her. 

Despite  the  popularity  of  Mrs.  Rowaon's 
'  Charlotte  Temple,'  her  literary  work  pos- 
sessed few  of  the  elements  essential  to  a  per- 
manent reputation.  Cobbett  assailed  her 
books  with  coarse  vehemence  in  'A  Kick 
for  a  Bite.'  Verse  more  fluent  than  strong 
is  scattered  through  her  works,  and  she  is 
the  author  of  one  popular  song,  *  America, 
Commerce,  and  Freedom.'  It  figures  in  a 
volume  of  her  miscellaneous  poems  pub- 
lished at  Boston  in  1804.  A  portrait  of 
Mrs.  Rowson,  engraved  by  H.  W,  Smithy 
apj^ars  as  a  frontispiece  to  Nason's  'Me- 
moir.' 

Mrs.  Rowson  published  many  school- 
books.  Her  other  works  include :  1.  'Men- 
toria,  or  the  Young  Ladies'  Friend,'  1791, 
1794  (Philadelphia).  2.  'Rebecca,  or  the 
Fille  ae  Ohambre,'  1792,  an  autobiogra- 
phical novel,  of  which  a  revised  edition  came 
out  in  1814.  8.  *  The  Volunteers,*  a  farce 
founded  on  the  whiskv  insurrection  in  West- 
em  Pennsylvania,  1793.  4.  '  The  Slaves  in 
Algiers,'  an  opera,  1794.  6.  'The  Female 
Patriot,'  a  farce,  1794.  6.  '  Trials  of  the 
Human  Heart,'  4  vols.  1796.  7.  'The 
Standard  of  Liberty,  a  Poetical  Address  to 
the  Armies  of  the  United  States/  1795. 
8.  'Reuben  and  Rachel,  or  Tales  of  Old 
Times,'  2  vols.  1798.  9.  '  Sarah,  or  the  Ex- 
emplary Wife,'  1802.  After  her  death  in 
1828  was  published  '  Charlotte's  Daus^ter, 
or  the  Three  Orphans,'  a  sequel  to  'Char- 
lotte Temple,'  with  a  memoir  by  Samuel  L. 
Knapp. 

[EhtLB  Nason's  Memoir  (Albany,  1870)  is  the 
main  aothority;  cf.  Appleton*s  Enoyclopndia  of 
American  Biography,  7.  893 ;  Allibone's  Diet.  ii. 
1885.]  E.  L. 

ROWTHALL,  THOMAS  (rf.  1623), 
bishop  of  Durham.    [See  RnTHA.LL.] 

ROXBUBQH,  Dir&S8  of.  [See.KsB, 
JoHir,  first  duke,  d,  1741 ;  Kbb,  John,  third 
duke,  1740-1804 ;  Kbb,  Jaubs  Initbb-,  fifth 
duke,  1788-1823.] 

ROXBURGH,  Eabl  of.  [See  Kbb, 
RoBEBT,  first  earl,  1670  P-1660.] 

ROXBURGH,  WILLIAM  (1751-1815), 
botanist,  was  bom  at  Underwood,  Oraigie, 
Ayrshire,  8  June  1751.  From  the  village 
school  he  proceeded  to  the  university  of  Edin- 
burgh, where  he  studied  botany  under  Pro- 
fessor John  Hope  (1725-1786?  [q.  v.]  By 
Hope's  influence,  when  qualified,  he  obtained 
in  1766  an  appointment  as  suigeon's  mate  on 
one  of  the  East  India  Company  s  ships.  After 
making  several  voyages  from  and  to  India, 


Roxburgh 


3^9 


Roxburgh 


he  was  given  an  appointment  as  assist- 
ant suigeon  an  the  company's  Madras  esta- 
blislunent.    He  arrived  at  JVIadras  in  1776, 
and  during  the  following  two  jeara  he  was, 
aeoording  to  the  manuscript  of  his  '  Flora 
Indica '  (now  in  the  botanical  department  of 
the  British  Museum), '  in  large  practice  at 
the  General  Hospital  at  Madras.'  In  1780  he 
became  full  surgeon.  In  1781  he  was  stationed 
at  Samulcotta,  about  seven  miles  from  Cky- 
eonada,  and  twenty-two  tailes  from  one  of 
the  mouths  of  the  Qodavery.    Here  he  cul- 
tivated coffee,  cinnamon,  nutmeg,  amatto, 
bread-firoit,    indigo,  and    peppers,    experi- 
mentally, and  studied  sugar^gprowing  and 
tilkwonn-rearing  with  a  view  to  improving 
native  methods.    He  made  large  collections 
of  plants,  and  until  1785  employed  a  native 
draughtsman,  while  he  added  sketches  of  dis- 
sections and  notes  on  native  uses  of  the  plants. 
In  1786  he  attended  John  Gerard  Koenig  pro- 
fessionally in  his  last  illness,  and  at  Koenigfs 
reqaert  forwarded  all  his  papers  to  Sir  Joseph 
Banks.    Roxburgh  seems  to  haye  been  for- 
maUy  appointed  the  company's  '  Botanist  in 
the  UuTiatic  ;'  but  in  1787  he  lost  most  of 
his  collections  and  papers  in  an  inundation, 
and  it  was  not  until  1791  that  the  first  parcel 
of  his  drawings  was  received  by  the  com- 
pany in  England.    By  1794  he  had  sent 
home  five  hundred,   and  from   these  Six 
Joseph  Banks  selected  three  hundred  which 
were  reproduced  life-size  in  colour  in  the 
three    sumptuous   folio    volumes   entitled 
'Plants  of  the  Coast  of  Goromandel,'  pub- 
lished by  the  compan]^  in  1795,  1802,  and 
1819.     Others  were  issued  on  a  smtdler 
scale  in    Robert  Wight's  'Illustrations  of 
Indian  Botany,'  1838-40. 

On  the  death,  in  1798,  of  Colonel  Robert 
Kyd  [a.  v.],  the  founder  and  first  superinten- 
dent or  the  Calcutta  Botanic  Garden,  Rox- 
burgh was  appointed  to  his  poEt.  He  built 
the  extstinR  residence  in  the  garden  for  the 
saperintendent.  From  1797  to  1799  and 
from  1806  to  1808  he  was  in  England, 
owing  to  ill-health.  Roxburgh  was  an  ac- 
tive member  of  the  Asiatic  S^iety;  in  1790 
he  bad  been  made  MJ).  of  Maiischal  Col- 
lege and  University  of  Aberdeen,  and  fellow 
of  the  Royal  College  of  Physicians,  Edin- 
burgh; he  was  elected  a  fellow  of  the 
Linnean  Society  in  1799;  and  was  also  a 
fellow  of  the  Society  of  Arts  and  of  the  Royal 
(society  of  Edinburgh.  The  Society  of  Arts 
thrice  awarded  him  its  gold  medal  for  his 
services  in  reference  to  Indian  tibres.  In 
1813  his  health  finally  broke  down.  He  re- 
tired to  the  Cape,  then  to  St.  Helena,  an  i  to 
England.  He <ued  at  Park  Place,  Edinburgh, 
18  Feb.  1815,  and  was  buried  in  the  Orey- 
VOL.  xvu. 


friars  churchvard,  in  the  tomb  of  the  Bos- 
wells  of  Auchinlech,  the  family  of  his  third 
wife. 

Roxburgh  married  (1^  Miss  Bonte,  pro- 
bably the  daughter  of  the  governor  of 
Penang,  by  whom  he  had  one  daughter, 
Mary,  who  married  Henry  Stone,  B.C.S. ; 
(2)  Miss  Huttenmann,  by  whom  he  had  five 
sons,  three  of  whom  entered  the  Indian  army, 
and  three  daughters ;  and  (3)  Miss  Boswell, 
by  whom  he  had  a  son  William  and  two 
daughters.  In  1822  some  of  his  friends 
erected  a  pillar  to  his  memory  on  a  mound 
near  the  great  banyan  tree  in  the  Calcutta 
Ghirden,  bearing  a  Latin  inscription  by 
Bishop  Heber.  Dryander  dedicated  to  him 
the  genus  Boxburghia,  an  evergreen  Indian 
climber  which  was  said  to  symbolise  the 
manner  in  which  he  had  made  Indian 
botany  his  '  ladder  of  success'  (^Cottage  Gar^ 
dener,  1861,  vi.  66). 

On  leaving  India  in  1813  Roxburgh  left 
William  Carey,  D.D.  [(}.  v.],  in  charge  of  the 
Calcutta  Garden,  leaving  also  in  his  hands 
the  manuscript '  Hortus  BengalensiB,'  one  of 
his  two  copies  of  his  manuscript  'Flora 
Indica,'  and  2,633  life-size  coloured  draw- 
ings of  plants  with  dissections.  Carey  pub- 
lished tne  'Hortus  Bengalensis '  in  1814.  It 
is  in  two  parts.  Of  these  the  first  was  a  cata- 
logue of  3,500  species  in  the  Calcutta  Garden, 
only  three  hunored  of  which  had  been  there 
when  Roxburgh  arrived  in  1793,  while  fifteen 
hundred  had  been  named  and  described  by 
him.  The  second  part  consisted  of  a  cata- 
logue of  453  species  in  the  manuscript  *  Flora 
Indica'  which  were  not  in  the  garden ;  most 
of  them  were  also  new  to  science.  In  1820 
Carey  decided  to  publish  the  *  Flora'  with 
additions  bv  Nathaniel  Wallich  [q.  v.],  then 
superintendent  of  the  Calcutta  Garden,  who 
had  made  large  collections  in  Nipal  and  Ma- 
lacca. The  fint  volume,  which  contains  little 
by  Wallich,  was  printed  at  the  Mission  Press, 
^rampore,  in  1820,  and  the  second,  which 
contains  many  notes  bv  Wallich,  in  1824; 
the  scheme  went  no  further.  In  1832  Carey 
published  a  complete  edition  of  the  *  Flora,' 
without  Wallich's  additions,  in  three  octavo 
volumes,  at  the  request  and  expense  of  the 
author's  two  sons.  Captains  Bruce  and  James 
Roxburgh.  This  ^it  ion  having  become  scarce 
and  costly,  Mr.  C.  B.  Clarke  in  1874  published, 
at  his  own  expense,  a  verbatim  reprint,  in  one 
volume,  printed  at  Calcutta,  with  the  addi- 
tion of  Roxburgh's  account  of  the  Indian 
cryptogams  which  had  not  been  included 
bv  Carey,  but  had  been  printed  by  William 
Griffith  [q.  v.]  in  the  *  Calcutta  Journal  of 
Natural  History,'  vol.  iv.  (1844).  Though 
arranged  on  the  Linnean  system  and  with  a 

BB 


Roxby 


370 


Roy 


nomenclature  largely  obsolete,  Roxburgh's 
book  is  still  not  only  a  mine  of  wealth  on 
Indian  economic  botany,  but  also  the  only 
compendious  guide  to  the  plants  of  the 
plains. 

The  manuscript  copy  of  the  *  Flora  Indica' 
which  Roxburgh  took  to  England  with  him 
he  submitted  to  Robert  Brown.  This  is  now 
in  the  botanical  department  of  the  British 
Museum,  and  it  contains  many  notes  by 
both  Roxburgh  and  Brown  that  are  not  in 
the  printed  editions. 

Besides  these  works,  Roxburgh  published 
a  '  Botanical  Description  of  a  New  Species  of 
Swietenia  or  Mahogany,'  London,  1798, 4to ; 
a  number  of  letters  on  Indian  fibres  in  the 
'  Transactions  of  the  Society  of  Arts,'  vol. 
xxii.  (1804),  and  papers  in  'Asiatic  Re- 
searches,'vols.  iL-xi.,  Nicholson's  'Journal,' 
*  Tilloch's  Philosophical  Magazine,'  'Transac- 
tions of  the  London  Medical  Society,'  vol.  i. 
(1810),  and  'Transactions  of  the  Linnean 
Society,'  vols.  vii.  and  xxi.  These  mostly 
deal  with  Indian  botany,  especially  irom  an 
economic  standpoint ;  they  treat,  for  instance, 
of  hemp,  caoutchouc,  teak,  the  butter-tree  and 
the  sugar-cane,  but  they  include  others  on  the 
lac  insect,  on  a  species  of  dolphin  from  the 
Ganges,  on  silkworms,  and  on  land  winds. 

Wallich  seems  to  have  distributed  Rox- 
burgh's dried  specimens,  so  that  no  set  now 
exists ;  but  his  numerous  detailed  drawings 
largely  compensate  for  this  loss.  These  draw- 
ings were  copied  for  Kew,  at  the  expense  of 
Sir  W.  J.  Hooker. 

There  is  an  engraved  portrait  of  Rox- 
burgh by  C.  Warren  in  the  'Transactions 
of  the  Society  of  Arts,'  vol.  xxxiii.  (1815), 
and  an  enlarged  photo-etching  of  this  forms 
the  frontispiece  of  '  Annals  of  the  Royal 
Botanic  Gardens,  Calcutta,'  vol.  v.  (1895),  a 
volume  which  is  dedicated  to  Roxburgh's 
memory. 

[Brief  Memoir  by  Br.  G-.  King  in  Annals  of 
Royal  Botanic  Gardens,  Calcutta,  vol.  v.  (1895); 
The  Cottage  Gardener,  1851,  vi.  65 ;  the  prefaces 
to  Roxburgh's  works.]  G.  S.  B. 

ROXBY,  ROBERT  (1809  P-1866),  actor, 
bom  about  1809,  was  son  of  William  Roxby 
Beverley,  an  actor,  who  was  manager  at  one 
time  of  the  theatre  in  Tottenham  Street, 
Fitzroy  Square.  Henry  Roxby  Beverley  [q.v.l 
and  W  illiam  Beverley,  the  well-known  scene^ 
painter,  were  his  brothers.  After  performing 
m  the  country,  Roxby  appeared  in  1839  at 
the  St.  James's,  under  the  management  of 
Hooper.  In  1 843  he  took  the  Theatre  Royal, 
Manchester,  where  he  played  many  leading 
parts  in  comedy.  He  was  for  some  years 
m  London  at  the  Lyceum  or  Drury  Lane, 


and  was  during  eleven  years  stage-manager 
of  the  theatre  last  named.  He  acted  much 
with  Charles  Mathews,  whose  principal  parts 
he  was  in  the  habit  of  taking  m  the  country, 
and  was  with  him  and  Madam  Vestiis  at 
the  Lyceum  from  1847  to  1855.  This  was 
his  brightest  period.  On  10  Oct.  1855  he 
played,  at  I>rury  Lane,  Rob  Royland  to 
the  Mopus  of  Charles  Mathews,  m  'Mar- 
ried for  Money,'  an  adaptation  of  Poolers 
'  Wealthy  Widow.'  On  this  occasion  the 
Lyceum  company  had  been  engaged  by  E.  T. 
Smith  for  Drury  Iiane.  The  tollowinff  year 
at  Drury  Lane  he  supported  Mrs.  Waller,  an 
actress  from  America  and  Aastralia.  On 
8  March  1858  he  was  the  original  Lord  George 
Lavender  in  Steriing  Coyne's  '  Love  Knot.' 
He  played,  14March  1860,  an  original  part  in 
Fitcball's  '  Christmas  Eve,  or  the  Duel  in 
the  Snow,'  founded  on  G^rome's  famous 

Sicture ;  was  on  28  Nov.  1861  the  first  Har- 
ress  Cregan  in  Byron's  burlesque,  'Miss 
Eily  O'Connor.'  At  the  Princess  s  as  stage 
manager,  28  Jan.  1808,  he  was  seriously 
burnt  in  extinguishing  a  fire  on  the  stage, 
by  which  two  girls  in  the  pantomime  lost 
their  lives.  On  the  first  appearance  in 
London  of  Walter  Montgomery  [q.  v.l  at 
the  Princess's  as  Othello,  18  June  18G8, 
Roxby  was  the  Roderigo.  At  the  close  of 
the  year  he  was  again  at  Drury  Lane,  where, 
12  April  1864,  he  played  in '  An  April  Fool' 
by  Brough  and  Halliday.  On  25  July  1866, 
after  a  long  and  painful  illness,  he  died  at 
the  house  of  his  brother,  26  Russell  Square, 
London.  Roxby  was  a  capable  stage-manager 
and,  in  spite  of  some  hardness  of  style  and 
weakness  of  voice,  a  respectable  actor  in 
light-comedy  parts. 

[Personal  Recollections;  Era,  29  July  1866; 
Gent.  Mag.  1866,  ii.  416;  Notes  and  Queries, 
8th  ser.  ix.  116;  Scott  and  Howard  s  Blanchard.] 

J.  K. 

BOY,  JOHN  (1700-1752),  Jacobite. 
[See  SxEWABT,  John.] 

ROY,  WILLIAM  (Jl.  1527),  friar  and  as- 
sistant  to  William  Tindal  in  the  translation  of 
the  New  Testament,  was  possibly  son  of  Wil- 
liam Roy,  native  of  Brabant,  to  whom  letters 
patent  of  denization  were  issued  in  London 
on  3  Feb.  1612  (Patent  RolU,  3  Henry  VIII, 
p.  3,  m.  ii.)  He  studied  at  Cambridge,  and 
8ubse(juently  became  a  friar  observant  in  the 
Franciscan  cloister  at  Greenwich.  In  15^8 
Humphrey  Monmouth  was  prosecuted  for 
'  assisting  Tindal  and  Roy  to  go  to  Alma3m 
to  study  Luther's  sect '  {Letters  and  Papers 
of  Henry  Vlllf  ed.  Brewer,  iii.  1760 ;  Strtpb, 
Eccles,  Mem,  i.  588).  This  doubtless  refers 
to  Tindal's  departure  from  London  in  May 


Roy 


371 


Roy 


1634.  B07  left  a  year  later,  and  met  Tyndale 
at  Cologne  in  July  or  August  1626,  and  there 
acted  A8  his  amanuensis  in  the  translation 
of  the  New  Testament,  which  they  com- 

Jleted  ftt  Worma  in  January  or  Februarv 
526.    In  the  spring  of  that  year  Boy  left 
Tiadal  to  go  to  Strasburg,  where  he  stayed 
8  year,  and  translated  his  '  Lyttle  Treatous ' 
out  of  Latin  into  English.    In  the  summer 
of  1537  the  monk  Jerome  Barlow  came  to 
Straaburg,  and  there  Roy  and  he  wrote  *  Rede 
me  and  be  not  wroth,' a  stinging  satire  against 
Wokey  (see  below).    '  Petygnele,  Roy,  and 
Jerome  !Barlow,  friars  of  our  religion,  made 
the  last  book  that  was  made  against  the  king 
and  my  lord  cardinal   .  .  .  There  is  a  whole 
pipe  of  them   at  Frankfort'  (Letters  and 
ra'ptn^  iii.  2037).    Some  time  oefore  A]^ril 
15:^  Boy  had  returned  to  England  on  a  visit 
to  his  mother  at  Westminster  (*6.  p.  2406). 
Sir  Thomas  More,  in  his  '  Confutacyon  of 
Trndaile's  Anawere/  1632,  says  on  hearsay 
that  Boy  was  burned  in  Portugal.    Foxe 
(AcU  and  Monuments,  iv,  696,  763)  repeats 
the  story,  datinff  the  burning  in  1631,  from 
an  entry  in  Bishop  Tunstal's  *  Prohibition.' 
Tindal  gives  an  unfavourable  account  of 
Boy's  character  in  the  address  to  the  reader 
preceding  tke  '  parable  of  the  wicked  nuim- 
mott.' 

Boy's  literary  works,  besides  his  part  in 
Tyndale's  New  Testament  of  1625,  were: 
1.  '  A  lytle  treatous  or  dialoge  very  neces- 
sary for  all  Christen  men  to  leame  and  to 
knowe '  (reissued  in  1660  as  '  The    True 
BeliefeinChriste,  or  a  brief  dialogue  betwene 
a  Christen  father  and  his  stubborne  sonne, 
whom  he  wolde  fayne  brynge  to  the  right 
Tmderstandjnge  of  a  Christen  man's  livinge '), 
dedicated  to  the  Estates  of  Calais,  Strasburg, 
1^  1627--8;  reprinted  at  Vienna,  1874; 
this  work  is  probaoly  the  'Book  a^inst  the 
Seren  Sacraments,'  which  is  attributed  to 
Boy  in  the   proclamation  of  1631  {Letters 
and  PaperMf  u.s.  p.  769).    2.  *  Rede  me  and 
le  oott  wrothe,  for  I  say  no  thynge  but 
trothe,*  1526,  Worms ;    1628,    Strasburg ; 
1646, London;  reprinted  in  1812  in ' Harleian 
Miscellany/  and  separately  in  London,  both 
in  1845  and  by  Professor  Arber  in  1871. 
It  is  a  satire  in  verse  directed  against  Car- 
dinal Wolsey.    There  is  a  copy  of  the  ori- 
jnnal  edition  in  the  British  Museum  Library. 
3.  <  An  exhortation  to  the  diligent  studye  of 
scripture,  made  by  Erasmus  Roterodamus, 
and  translated  into  English,  to  which  is 
appended  an  exposition  unto  the  seaventh 
chapter  of  the  first  epistle  to  the  Corin- 
thians,'  Marburg,  20  July  1629.     4.  <A 
proper  dyalogne  betwene  a  gentillman  and 
a  husbandman,  eche  complaynynge  to  other 


their  miserable  calamitie  through  the  am- 
bicion  of  the  clergv,'  1630,  Marburg  (2  edi- 
tions); 1863,  London;  reprinted  by  Arber 
in  1871.  Copies  of  these  editions  are  in  the 
British  Museum  Library  (see  Wwoht,  Let" 
ters  on  Suppression  of  Monasteries,  Camden 
Soc.  p.  6).  6.  *  A  compendious  olde  treatyse 
howe  that  we  ought  to  have  ye  Scripture 
in  Englysshe,'  Marburg,  1630  (2  editions) ; 
1546 (P),  London;  inFoxe's 'Acts  and Monu- 
ment3,^1563;  Bristol,  1863;  1871,  reprinted 
by  Arber.  Heber  and  Hazlitt  also  attribute 
to  him  some  verses  beginning  *  I,  playne  Piers,' 
printed  by  Wynkyn  de  Worde,4to,  n.d.  (Hand" 
6ook,^A7S). 

[Authorities  as  in  text ;  Hazlitt^s  Handbook, 
pp.  478,  625,  and  Collections,  i.  127,  366  ;  Wood's 
Athens  Oxon.  i.  Ixxxviii,  ii.  787  ;  Arber's  Intro- 
duction to  Reprints,  ns  above,  with  bibliography; 
Wilkhirfs  Ooncilia,iii.  706-77, 717 ;  Adolf  Wolf's 
Introduction  to  his  Vienna  reprint  of  the  '  Little 
Treatous '  ( Akademie  der  Wissenschaften,  Ixxvi. 
391);  Nasmyth's  Cat.  of  Corpus  Ghristi  Ck>lL 
Cambr.  MSS.  p.  333;  Tanner^s  Bibl.  Brit.; 
TyndaIo*H  Works  (Parker  Soc.),  passim ;  Cooper's 
Atbense  Cantabr.,  and  authorities  there  men- 
tioned ;  cf.  art  Timdal,  William.]    W.  A  S. 

ROY,  WILLIAM  (1726-1790),  majoi^ 
general  royal  engineers,  son  of  John  Koy 
(1697-1748),  was  bom  at  Milton  Head  in 
Carluke  parish,  Lanarkshire,  on  4  May  1726. 
He  was  oaptised  on  12  May,  when  (captain 
Walter  Lockhart  of  Lee  was  a  witness.  His 
father  and  grandfather  were  both  factors  to 
the  Grordons  of  HallcraiK.  The  father  was 
ordained  an  elder  of  the  kirk  on  3  July  1737, 
and  died  in  1748.  William  Roy  and  hie  bro- 
ther James  (b.  1730)  were  educated  first  at 
Carluke  parish  school,  and  afterwards  at 
Lanark  grammar  school.  James  became  a 
minister,  and  died  at  Prestonpans,  Hadding- 
tonshire, on  3  Sept.  1767,  aged  37. 

In  1746  William  Roy  was  appointed  an 
assistant  to  Lieutenant-colonel  David  Wat- 
son, who,  as  deputy  quartermaster-general  to 
the  forces,  was  employed  under  the  im- 
mediate orders  of  the  Duke  of  Cumberland 
to  carry  out  an  extension  of  Marshal  Wade's 
plan  for  the  subjection  of  the  clans  by 
opening  up  communication  through  the  Scot- 
tish highlands.  Roy  was  occupied  in  1747 
in  the  construction  of  an  encampment  near 
Fort  Augustus,  and  in  superintending  road- 
making  by  the  troops.  He  aided  Watson  in 
preparing  the  map  known  as  the  Duke  of 
Cumberland's  map  of  the  mainland  of  Scot- 
land ;  but  it  would  be  more  accurately  de- 
scribed as  a  magnificent  military  sketch  than 
as  a  cadastral  survey.  It  was  never  engraved, 
and  is  now  in  the  British  Museum,  in  thirty- 
eight  divisions,  contained  in  eight  cases,  with 

]ib2 


Roy 


372 


Roy 


a  small  index  map  attached.  Its  revision  and 
completion  were  contemplated  in  1765,  but 

Erevented  hj  the  outbreak  of  war.  At  a 
Iter  date  the  map  was  reduced  by  Watson 
and  Boy,  enmved  in  a  single  sheet  by  T. 
Ohievos,  and  published  as  tne  kind's  map. 
Ro/s  love  of  archsBology  showed  itself  in 
the  insertion  of  the  names  of  Roman  places 
and  camps. 

On  23  Dec.  1765  Roy,  who  had  already 
received  a  commission  in  the  4th  King's  Own 
foot,  was  made  a  practitioner-en^eer.  A 
serious  alarm  of  a  French  invasion  caused 
the  removal  firom  Scotland  of  Watson  and 
his  two  assistants — ^Roy  and  David  Dundas 
^1735-1820)  [q.  v.l;  the  latter  joined  Roy 
in  Scotland  in  1752.  They  were  now  em- 
ployed in  making  military  reconnaissances 
of  those  parts  of  the  country  most  exposed 
to  attack.  Roy*s  share  mainly  consisted  of 
the  coasts  of  Kent  and  Sussex.  He  was,  how- 
ever, so  neat  a  draughtsman — as  numerous 
drawings  in  the  British  Museum  testify — 
that  brides  his  own  surveys,  he  frequently 
drew  the  maps  of  country  surveyed  by  Wat- 
son and  others.  In  1757  Roy  took  part  in 
the  expedition  fu^inst  Rochefort  under  Sir 
John  Mordaunt  (1697-1780^  [q.  v.],  and  was 
present  at  the  capture  and  aemolition  of  the 
fortifications  of  the  Isle  d' Aix.  He  ^ve  evi- 
dence before  the  general  court-martial  at  the 
trial  of  Mordaunt. 

On  17  March  1759  Roy  was  promoted  to  be 
sub-engineer  and  lieutenant,  and  on  10  Sept. 
the  same  year  to  be  engineer  and  captain  in 
the  corps  of  engineers.  Roy  served  unaer  Lord 
George  Sackvule  in  Germany  this  year,  and 
took  part  in  the  battle  of  Minden,  1  Aug. 
On  20  Aug.  he  was  promoted  in  the  infiEintry 
from  captain-lieutenant  of  Brudenell's,  or 
4th  foot,  to  be  captain  of  a  company  in  the 
corns  of  highlanaers.  In  1760  Roy  gave 
evidence  before  the  general  court-martial  at 
the  trial  of  Lord  George  Sackville.  During 
1760  and  1761  Roy  served  in  Germany  as 
deputy  quartermaster-general  of  the  British 
force  under  the  Marquis  of  Granby,  and 
took  part  in  all  the  onerations  in  which  that 
force  was  engaged.  On  11  Nov.  1761  he  was 
promoted  major  of  foot,  and  appointed  deputv 
quartermaster-general  of  the  forces  in  South 
Britain.  On  ^  July  1762  he  was  promoted 
lieutenant-colonel  in  the  army,  returning  to 
Germanv  te  serve  again  under  the  Marquis 
of  Granby  as  deputy  quartermaster-generaL 
On  the  conclusion  of  peace  in  1763  Roy 
was  entrusted  with  a  general  survey  of  the 
whole  island  of  Great  Britain;  but  the  scheme 
came  to  nothing.  Roy  went  to  Scotland  in 
1764,  and  collected  material  for  his  work  on 
military  antiquities. 


On  19  July  1765  Roy  was  appointed  by 
royal  warrant  to  a  new  post,  entitled  sur- 
veyor-general of  the  coasts  and  engineer  lor 
making  and  directing  military  surveys  in 
Great  Britain.  His  new  duties  were  in 
addition  to  those  of  deputv  quartermaster- 
general  to  theforces  and  engineer-in-ordinary, 
In  October  he  was  sent  to  Dunkirk  on  special 
service,  with  an  allowance  of  3/.  a  day,  to 
examine  into  the  state  of  the  demolitions 
which  were  being  carried  out  under  the 
treaties  with  France.  Roy  met  at  Dun- 
kirk his  colleagues,  Colonels  DesmaretE  and 
Andrew  Fraser.  Their  report  upon  the 
Mardvke  channels,  dated  15  Feb.  I766,  and 
the  plans  of  Dunkirk  made  by  Fraser,  are 
in  tne  royal  artilleir  library  at  Woolwich. 

In  176i6  Roy  visited  Ireland,  and  wrote 
*  A  General  Description  of  the  South  Part  of 
Ireland,  or  Observations  during  a  Short 
Tour  in  Ireland,'  1766.  The  work  was  not 
printed;  the  original  manuscript  is  in  the 
British  Museum.  In  1767  he  became  a  fel- 
low of  the  Royal  Societv  of  Tjondon,  and  he 
was  also  a  fellow  of  the  Society  of  Anti- 
quaries. 

In  1768  he  seems  to  have  viaited  Gibraltar, 
and  next  vear  he  submitted  to  the  master- 

Saneral  of  the  ordnance  a  report  upon  the 
fences  of  this  fortress,  witn  projects  for 
their  improvement.  In  Septemb^  1775  Roy 
visited  Jersey  and  Guemsev  to  report  on 
housing  additional  troops.  On  29  Aug.  1777 
he  was  promoted  to  be  colonel  in  the  army, 
and  on  19  Oct.  1781  to  be  major-general. 
In  1782  Roy  was  examined  by  the  public 
accounts  commission  on  his  experience  in 
regard  to  expenditure  in  the  last  war  in 
Germany  when  he  was  in  charge  of  both  the 
quartermaster-general's  and  the  chief  en- 
gineer's departments.  On  1  Jan.  1783  Roy 
was  appomted  director  and  lieutenant>- 
colonel  of  royal  engineers,  and  shortly 
after  was  made  a  member  of  a  committee 
on  the  defences  of  Chatham.  On  16  Sept. 
Roy  was  promoted  colonel  in  the  royal  en- 
ffineers,  and  was  appointed  a  member  of  the 
board  on  fortifications  presided  over  by  the 
Duke  of  Richmond.  On  15  Nov.  1786  Roy 
became  colonel  of  the  90th  regiment  of  foot. 
Roy  occupied  his  leisure  time  in  scientific 
and  archfleoiogical  pursuits.  In  1778  he  read 
a  paper  before  the  Royal  Society,  entitled 
'Experiments  and  Observations  made  in 
Britain  in  order  to  obtain  a  Rule  for  measur- 
ing Heighte  with  the  Barometer.'  It  was 
published  separately  the  same  year.  In  1783 
Roy  was  employed  by  the  English  govern- 
ment to  carry  a  series  of  triangles  from  Lon- 
don to  Dover,  and  connect  them  with  the 
triangulation  already  made  between  Paris 


Roy 


373 


Roydon 


and  the  north  coast  of  France,  in  order  to 
detennine  the  lelative  positions  of  the  ob- 
temtories  of  Paris  and  Qreenwich.  The 
scheme  was  soflgested  by  the  French  govem- 
ment,  Boj  sdected  Hoonslow  Heath  for  a 
base  line,  which  was  measnred  in  the  sum- 
mer of  1784  three  times  over  by  means  of 
eaued  glass  tubing,  seasoned  deal  rods,  and  a 
coffer^  steel  cfa&in  made  by  Ramsden,  the 
length  being  27,404  feet,  and  the  discrepancy 
between  the  seTeral  measurements  under 
three  inches.  This  work  took  nearly  three 
months^  and  excited  considerable  scientific 
inteiest,  the  king,  the  master-^neral  of  the 
ordnance,  and  many  distinguished  savants 
Tisittng  Hounalow  during  its  progress.  The 
result  of  a  remeasurement  of  the  base  on 
Hoonslow  Heath  in  1791  by  Captain  Wil- 
liams, Mudge,  and  Dalby  was  only  2}  inches 
different  fron|  Roy's  measurement,  and  the 
mean  of  the  two  was  accepted  as  the  true 
measurement. 

In  1785  Boy  contributed  a  paper  to  the 
'Transactions  of  the  Royal  S<>siety  on  the 
measurement  of  this  base,  which  was  sepa- 
rately published  the  same  year  in  a  quarto 
Tolume.  On  SO  Noy.  he  was  presented  with 
the  Gopley  niedal  of  the  Royal  Society  for 
the  s]dll  with  which  he  had  conducted  the 
measurement  of  the  base  line  on  Hounslow 
Ueath,  accompanied  by  a  highly  compli- 
mentaiy  speech  from  the  president.  He  also 
vTote  a  paper  for  the  Royal  Society,  entitled 
'An  Account  of  the  Mode  professed  to  be  fol- 
lowed in  detexmining  the  Relatiye  Situations 
of  the  Royal  Obseryatories  of  Greenwich  and 
Paris.'  'nds  was  read  in  1787,  and  published 
separately  in  the  same  year  in  a  quarto  yolume. 
In  the  summer  of  1787  R!oy  carried  his 
triangulation  from  the  Hounslow  base  to  the 
Kentish  coast,  and  on  23  Sept.  met  the  French 
eomoussionen  at  Doyer,  and,  after  a  confer- 
ence with  them,  the  obseirations  connecting 
the  English  with  the  French  trianffulations 
were  made  from  both  sides  of  the  Channel. 
A  base  of  yerification,  28,636  feet  long,  was 
measored  on  Romney  Marsh  under  Roy's 
direction,  and  found  to  differ  only  twenty- 
eight  inches  from  its  calculated  length  as 
determined  by  the  triangulations  of  the 
Hounslow  base.  Roy  continued  in  1788 
and  the  following  year  the  obseryation  of 
a  great  number  of  secondary  triangles,  which 
became  the  foundation  of  the  topographical 
lanrey  of  liGddlesex,  Surrey,  Bussex,  and 
Kent.  He  wrote  for  the  Royal  Society  '  An 
Account  of  the  Trigonometrical  Operations  by 
which  the  Distance  between  the  Meridians 
of  the  Royal  Obseryatories  of  Greenwich  and 
Paris  has  been  determined ; '  but  Roy's  health 
had  fiuled,  and  he  was  able  to  giye  it  only 


the  leisure  which  illness  and  his  military 
ayocations  permitted.  InNoyember  1789  he 
was  obliged  to  go  to  Lisbon  for  the  winter,  re- 
turning to  England  in  April  1790.  He 
died  suddenly  at  his  house  in  Argyll  Street, 
London,  while  correcting  the  prooi^heets  of 
the  above-mentioned  paper,  on  1  July  1790. 

Roy  left  ready  for  the  printer  his '  Military 
Antiquities  of  the  Romans  in  Britain,  and 
particularly  their  Ancient  System  of  Castra- 
metation  illustrated  from  Vestiges  of  the 
Camps  of  Agricola  existing  there.  His  exe- 
cutors presented  the  manuscript  to  the  So- 
ciety or  Antiquaries,  who  published  it  at  the 
exnense  of  the  society,  in  a  handsome  folio 
yolume,  in  1793. 

In  addition  to  the  works  enumerated 
aboye,  there  are  in  the  British  Museum  the 
following  maps  and  plans  drawn  by  Roy  be- 
tween 1762  and  1706 :  Roman  Post  at  Ardoch ; 
Oulloden  House ;  Roman  Camp,  Dalginross, 
Gleneam;  Esk  Riyer;  Kent,  New  Romney 
to  North  Foreland;  Louisbourg;  Milford 
Haven ;  Roman  Temple  at  Netherby,  Cum- 
berland ;  Strathgeth  Roman  Post,  near  Inner- 
peffirey,  Stratheam ;  Coast  of  Sussex ;  South- 
east part  of  England;  Country  between 
Guildford  and  Canterbury;  Hindhead  to 
Cocking;  Lewes  Road  from  Croydon  to 
Chailey ;  Country  from  Dorchester  to  Salis- 
bury; Country  from  Gloucester  to  Pem- 
broke ;  Marden  Castle,  near  Dorchester. 

Li  Sir  Walter  Scott's  '  Antiquary '  Jona- 
than Oldbuck  of  Monkbams  relates  his  dis- 
covery of  the  site  of  the  final  conflict  be- 
tween Agricola  and  the  Caledonians,  and 
reflects  on  Roj  for  having  permitted  the  spot 
to  escape  his  mdustry. 

[War  Office  Records;  Royal  Engineers'  Re- 
cords ;  Pariah  Records  of  Carluke ;  Transactions 
of  the  Royal  Society,  vols.  Ixvii.  Izxv.  Ixzvii. 
Ixzx.  and  Ixzxv. ;  Dod*8  Ann.  Reg.  1790 ;  G-ent. 
Miig.  1786  and  1790«  vols.  Iv.  and  Ix. ;  Weld's 
Hist,  of  tbd  Royal  Society ;  Anderson's  Scot- 
tish Nation;  Chambers's  Eminent  Scotsmen; 
Watt's  Bibliotheca  Sritannica ;  Notes  and 
Queried,  2nd  ser.  vol.  vii. ;  Gomwallis  Corre- 
spondence, vol.  i. ;  King's  Warrants;  European 
Mag.  1789,  vol.  xv.;  Wright's  Life  of  Wolfe; 
Porter^s  Hist,  of  the  Corpe  of  Royal  Engineers ; 
Portlock's  Life  of  Major-general  Colby;  Whites 
Ordnance  Survey  of  the  United  Kingdom ;  So- 
ciety  of  Antiquaries,  1793.]  R.  H.  V. 

ROYDON,  Sib  MARMADUKE  (1583- 
1646),  merchant-adventurer,  son  of  Ralph 
Royaon  or  Rawdon  of  Rawden  Brandesby 
in  Yorkshire,  by  Jane,  daughter  of  John 
Brice  of  Stillington,  was  baptifled  at  Bran- 
deeby  on  20  March  1683.  At  sixteen  years 
of  age  he  went  to  London,  where  he  was 
apprenticed   to   Daniel  HflJl|  a  Bordeaux 


Roydon 


374 


Roydon 


merchant,  who  sent  him  as  his  factor  to 
France;  this  gave  him  a  knowledge  of 
French  (cf.  entries  in  State  Papers,  Dom. 
1682,  18  April,  16  June,  and  18  May).  He 
returned  to  London  about  1610  and  was 
elected  a  common  councilman.  Soon  after- 
wards he  was  presented  with  the  freedom  of 
the  Clothworkers'  Company,  and  made  cap- 
tain of  the  city  militia.  In  1614  he  joined 
a  mercantile  venture  to  the  New  England 
coast,  sending  out  two  ships  under  Thomas 
Hunt  and  John  Smith,  which  sailed  from 
the  Downs  on  3  March  1614.  Hoydon  was 
keenly  interested  in  the  discovers  of  the 
North-West  Passage ;  he  was  one  of  the  first 
settlers  or  '  planters '  in  Barbados,  where  he 
is  said  to  have  buried  above  10,000/.  He 
also  adventured  to  other  parts  of  the  West 
Indies  and  to  Spain,  Turkey,  and  the  Ca- 
naries in  the  old  world.  In  1628-9  he  be- 
came M.P.  for  Aldborough ;  in  the  civil  war 
he  fought  on  the  king's  side,  raised  a  regi- 
ment at  his  own  cost,  and  took  part  in  the 
defence  of  Basing  House  (1643).  On  28  Dec. 
of  the  same  year  he  was  knighted.  In  1646 
he  was  made  governor  of  Faringdon,  Berk- 
shire, where  he  died  on  28  April  1646.  In 
1611,  while  a  'clothworker  of  All  Hallows 
Barking,'  he  married  Elizabeth,  daughter  of 
Thomas  Thorowgood  of  Hoddesdon,  Hert- 
fordshire ;  his  son  Thomas  fought  as  a  colonel 
in  the  royal  armj,  and  after  Marston  Moor 
found  an  asylum  m  the  Canaries.  His  nephew, 
Marmaduke  Rawdon  [q.  v.],  lived  in  his 
house  for  some  years  from  1626. 

[Brown's  Genesis  of  U.S.A.  pp.  680,  988  ;  Cal. 
State  Papers,  Dom.  1627,  1632,  1635,  1688-9, 
1643;  Foster^s  Yorkshire  Pedigrees;  Life  of 
Marmaduke  Bavdon  (Gamd.  8oc.),  pp.  zvii, 
xxiii.]  0.  B.  B. 

ROYDON,  MATTHEW  (Jl,  1580-1622), 
poet,  was  possibly  son  of  Owen  Roydon  who 
co-operated  with  Thomas  Proctor  in  1678 
in  the  latter's  *  Gorgious  Gallery  of  Gallant 
Inventions.'  Owen  Roydon  signs  commen- 
datory verses  addressed  to  the  '  curious  com- 
pany of  sycophantesj*  his  initials,  '0.  R.,*  are 
attached  to  the  first  poem  in  the  work  itself, 
and  he  doubtless  was  responsible  for  many 
of  the  pieces  that  immediately  follow.  There 
were  Roydon  families  settled  m  Kent,  Surrey, 
Essex,  and  Norfolk,  but  to  which  branch 
Owen  and  Matthew  Rovdon  belonged  is 
doubtful.  The  latter  is  doubtless  identical 
with  *  Mathew  Royden  '  who  gp^duated 
M.A.  a^  Oxford  on  7  July  1580.  He  was 
soon  afterwards  a  prominent  figure  in  lite- 
rary society  in  London,  and  grew  intimate 
with  the  chief  poeta  of  the  day,  including 
Sidney,  Marlowe,  Spenser,  Ijodge,  and  Chap- 


man. Hia  friendship  with  Sidney  he  com« 
memorated  in  his '  Eiegie,  or  Friends  passion 
for  his  Astrophill,'  a  finely  conceived  poem 
on  Sidney's  death.  It  was  first  published  in 
the  'Phoenix  Nest,'  1598,  and  was  printed 
with  Spenser's  '  Astrophel '  in  Spenser's 
'  Colin  Clout,'  1595 ;  and  it  reappears  in  all 
later  editions  of  Spenser^s  works.  In  Nashe's 
'  Address  to  the  gentlemen  students  of  both 
universities,'  prehxed  to  Greene's  '  Arcadia ' 
n587),  Roydon  is  mentioned  with  Thomas 
Achlow  and  George  Peele  as  'men  living 
about  London  who  are  most  able  to  provide 
poetry.'  Roydon,  Nashe  proceeds,  '  hath 
shewed  himselfe  singular  in  the  immortall 
epitaph  of  his  belong  "  Astrophell,"  besides 
many  other  most  absolute  oomike  inuentions 
(made  more  publike  by  euery  mans  praise, 
then  they  can  bee  by  my  speech).'  Francis 
Meres,  in  his'PaUadis  Tamia,'  (1698),  de- 
scribes Roydon  as  worthy  of  comparison  with 
the  great  poets  of  Italy.  Apart  from  his 
elefinr  on  Sidney,  the  only  other  compositions 
by  Roydon  in  print  are  some  verses  before 
lliomas  Watson's  '  Sonnets '  (1581),  and  be- 
fore Sir  George  Peckham's  'True  Reporte' 
(1583). 

Meanwhile  Roydon  fell  under  the  fascina- 
tion of  Marlowe,  and  he,  Harriot,  and  Wil- 
liam Warner  are  mentioned  among  those 
companions  of  the  dramatist  who  shared  his 
freethinking  proclivities  (cf.  SarL  M8, 7042 
f.  206 ;  and  arts.  Marlowe,  CHRisioPHEBy 
and  Raijsgh,  Sib  Walteb).  Another  of  his 
literary  friends.  Chapman,  dedicated  to  him 
his  '  Shadow  of  Niffht '  in  1694,  and  Ovid's 
'  Banquet  of  Sence  in  1595.  In  the  former 
dedication  Chapman  recalls  how  he  first 
learned  from  '  his  good  Mat '  of  the  devotion 
to  learning  of  the  earls  of  Derby  and  North- 
umberland and  of  'the  heir  of  Hunsdon.' 
John  Davies  of  Hereford  addressed  to  Roy- 
don highly  comnlimentaiT  verse  in  the  ap- 
pendix to  his  '  Scourge  of  Folly,'  1611. 

In  later  life  Roydon  seems  to  have  entered 
the  service  of  Robert  Radolifife,  fifth  earl  of 
Su8sex,  a  patron  of  men  of  letters.  Robert 
Arm  in  [q.  v.],  when  dedicating  his  '  Italian 
Taylor  and  his  Boy '  (1609)  to  Lady  Had- 
dington, the  Earl  of  Sussex's  daughter,  refera 
to  Roydon  as '  a  poetical  li^ht  .  .  .  which 
shines  not  in  the  world  as  it  is  wisht,but  yet 
the  worth  of  its  lustre  is  known.'  Armin 
expressed  the  hope  that '  that  pen-pleading 
poet,  grave  for  years  and  knowledg;e,  Maister 
Mathew  Roidin,'  may  '  live  and  die  belored  * 
in  the  Earl  of  Sussex  s  service.  This  friendly 
hope  does  not  seem  to  have  been  realieed. 
The  poet  fell  on  evil  days  in  old  age,  and  ap- 
pealed for  chari^  to  Edward  Alleyn ,  the  actor 
and  founder  of  Bnlwich  Hospital.    Fiom 


Royle 


375 


Royle 


Alleyn  he  received  8d.  in  161S,  and  Qd.  in 
1622  (CoLUSBy  Memoirs  of  AUeyfij  p.  155). 
The  poet  should  doubtless  be  distinguished 
from  Matthew  Kojdon  who  became  fourth 
miiior  canon  in  St  Paul's  Cathedral  in  1603^ 
and  was  still  holding  the  ofiice  in  1621. 

[Honter's  znaDnscript  Ohonu  Vatamin  Addit. 
HS.  24487  ff.  294-6;  Armin's  Nest  of  Ninnies 
(Shakespeare  See.  1842),  p.  xviii;  Brydges's 
Sestitttta.  ii.  61-4.]  S.  L. 

EOYLEL  JOHN  FORBES  (1799-1868), 
BOiseon  and  naturalist,  only  son  of  Captain 
Willi&m  Heniy  Royle,  in  tne  service  of  the 
East  India  Oompanyi  was  bom  at  Cawnpore 
in  1799.    Hia  father  dying  while  John  was 
a  child,  the  latter  was  educated  at  the  Edin- 
burgh high  school,  and  was  destined  for  the 
army ;  but  while  waiting  at  the  East  India 
Company's  military  acaoemy  at  Addiscombe 
for  an  appointment,  he  became  a  pupil  of  Dr. 
Anthony  Todd  Thomson  [q.  v.],  under  whom 
he  Boquired  so  strong  a  taste  for  natural 
history,  and  especially  botany,  that  he  de- 
clined a  military  appointment.    Having  ob- 
tained lus  diploma,  he  became  assistant  sur- 
eeon  in  the  service  of  the  company.     In 
1819  he  went  out  to  Calcutta,  was  placed 
on  the  medical  staff  of  the  Bengal  army,  and 
stationed  first  at  Dumdum,  but  was  subse- 
quently sent  to  various  parts  of  Bengal  and 
the  :^orth-West  Province^.     In    1823  he 
was  chosen   superintendent  of  the  garden 
at  Sahsrunpore,  having  at  the  same  time 
medical  charge  of  the  station  at  that  place. 
With  characteristic  energy  he  in  a  short 
time  effected  salutary  reforms  in  the  admini- 
stration of  the  garden.    Unable  to  absent 
himself  from  his  duties,  he  employed  col- 
lectors, and  brought  together  a  valuable  col- 
lection of  economic  plants.     He  examined 
the  drugs  aold  at  the  bazaars  in  India,  and 
identifi^  them  with  the  medicines  used  by 
the  Greeks.     Royle  also  undertook  single- 
handed  a  series  of  meteorological  observer- 
tions,  and  obtained  excellent  data  for  deter- 
mining the  meteorological  conditions  of  the 
dimate,  and  for  fixing  one  of  the  standard 
stations.    In  1831  he  returned  to  England 
vith  hia  collections.    The  results  of  his  re- 
fiearchea  he  published  in  his  'Illustrations 
of  the  Botany  and  other  Branches  of  the 
Natural  History  of  the  Himalayan  Moun- 
tains,' 2  vols.  4to,  London,  1839.     Here  he 
rBcommended  the  introduction  of  cinchona 
planta  into  India,  and  his  suggestion  was  ap- 
proved b^  the  governor-general  of  India  in 
i852.    ^iext  year  Royle  drew  up  a  valuable 
report  cm  the  subject,  but  it  was  not  until 
18(30,  two  years  after  his  death,  that  the 
scheme  waa  carried  out  by  Sir  Clements 


Markham  (Mabxhax,  Peruvian  Bark,  pp. 
72,  80-3). 

In  1837,  on  the  retirement  of  Dr.  John 
Ayrton  Paris  [q.  v.],  Royle  was  appointed 
professor  of  materia  medica  in  King's  Col- 
lege, London.  He  was  elected  a  fellow  of 
the  Royal  Society  in  1837,  and  of  the  Linnean 
Society  in  1833,  and  served  on  their  councils. 
He  was  also  elected  a  fellow,  and  acted  as 
secretarv,  of  the  Geological  and  of  the  Royal 
Horticultural  societies.  He  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  Philosophical  Club  in  1847. 

A  warm  and  active  supporter  of  industrial 
exhibitions,  he  was  one  or  the  commissioners 
for  the  city  of  London  in  the  1851  exhibition, 
and  was  selected  to  superintend  the  oriental 
department  of  the  Paris  exhibition  of  1855, 
when  he  was  made  an  officer  of  the  Legion  of 
Honour. 

In  1838  a  special  department  of  correspon- 
dence relating  to  vegetable  productions  had 
been  foundea  at  the  East  India  House  in 
London,  and  placed  under  Royle*s  charge. 
The  formation  and  arrangement  of  the  tech- 
nical museum  in  connection  with  this  under- 
taking he  had  just  completed  at  his  death, 
which  took  place  on  2  Jan.  1858,  at  Heath- 
field  Lodge,  Acton.  Royle  married,  about 
1837,  a  dau£[hter  of  Edward  Solly. 

As  a  botanist,  Royle's  careful  and  laborious 
habits  and  accuracy  of  observation  ^ve 
authority  to  his  writings.  He  was  especially 
successful  as  a  writer  on  technical  subjects. 

In  addition  to  the  work  already  named, 
Royle  was  author  of:  1.  '  An  Essay  on  the 
Antiquity  of  Hindoo  Medicine,'  &c.,  8vo, 
London,  1837 ;  German  translation,  Cassel, 
1839.  2.  <  Essay  on  the  Productive  Re- 
sources of  India,'  8vo,  London,  1840.  3. '  Me- 
dical Education:  a  Lecture,'  &c.,  16mo, 
London,  1845.  4.  '  A  Manual  of  Materia 
Medica  and  Therapeutics,'  16mo,  London, 
1847.  5.  'On  the  Culture  and  Commerce 
of  Cotton  in  India  and  elsewhere,'  &c.,  8vo, 
London,  1851.  6.  *  The  Arts  and  Manufac- 
tures of  India'  (one  of  the  *  Lectures  on  the 
Results  of  the  Great  Exhibition,'  Ser.  1), 
8vo,  London,  1852.  7.  *  Lecture  on  Indian 
Fibres  fit  for  Textile  Fabrics,'  8vOy  Lon- 
don, 1854.  8.  '  The  Fibrous  Plants  of  India 
fitted  for  Cordage,'  &c.,  8vo,  London,  1855. 
9.  *  Review  of  the  Measures  which  have  been 
adopted  ii^  India  for  the  improved  Culture 
of  Cotton,'  8vo,  London,  1857.  He  also  con- 
tributed many  papers  on  similar  subjects  and 
on  natural  history  to  scientific  publications 
between  1831  and  1851,  and  wrote  articles 
for  the ' Penny  Cyclopaedia'  and  Kitto's  'Cy- 
clopaedia of  Biblical  Literature.' 

[Proc.  of  Royal  Sec.  iz.  647 ;  Proe.  of  Lmn, 
Soc.  1868,  p.  xxzi;  Imp.  Diet,  Univ.  Biogr.; 


koyston 


5>6 


Ruadhan 


Brit.  Mus.  Cat. ;  Boyal  Soc.  Oat. ;  Dodwell  and 
Myles's  Army  Lists;  English  CyclousBdia ; 
Britten  and  Bonlger'a  English  BotanistH.] 

B.  B.  W. 

ROYSTON,  lUOHARD  (1699-1686), 
bookseller  to  Charles  I,  Charles  11,  and 
James  11,  bom  in  1699,  was  charged  by  John 
Wright,  parliamentary  printer,  on  81  July 
1646,  as  beingthe' constant  factor  for  all  scan- 
dalous books  and  papers  against  the  proceed- 
ings of  parliament '  {ffotise  of  Lord*  PaperSf 
ap.  Hist,  MSS,  Comm.  6th  Rep.  pp.  71-2). 
Koyston  was  confined  to  the  Fleet  prison, 
and  petitioned  on  16  Aug.  for  release  {ib,  p. 
74).  In  1646  he  published  Francis  Quarles's 
'  Judgment  and  Mercie  for  attiicted  Soules,* 
and  wrote  and  signed  the  dedication  ad- 
dressed to  Charles  I.  In  1648  appeared, 
*  printed  for  R.  Royston  in  lyie  Lane,'  the 
first  edition  of  EU^p  BatriKucfif  of  which 
about  fifty  impressions  were  issued  within 
six  months  (cf.  Alicack,  Bibliography  of  the 
King's  Bookj  1896,  and  art.  Gaubbn,  JoHir). 
On  28  Ma^  1649  Royston  had  entered  to  him 
in  the  register  of  the  Company  of  Stationers 
'  The  Papers  which  passed  at  Newcastle  be- 
twixt his  sacred  Majesty  and  Mr.  Henderson 
concerning  the  change  of  church  goyem- 
ment  *  (E.  Almack,  p.  18).  He  was  examined 
in  October  1649  for  publishing  a '  yirulent 
and  scandalous  pamphlet,'  and  bound  in 
sureties  to  '  make  appearance  when  required 
and  not  to  print  or  sell  any  unlicensed  and 
scandalous  books  and  pamphlets '  (Cal.  State 
Papers,  Dom.  1649-60,  pp.  362,  624).  He 
came  before  the  council  of  state  again  in 
1658  for  a  similar  ofi^ence  (i^.  166Sk4,  pp. 
191,  196,  487).  On  29  Noy.  1660  Charles 
granted  to  him  the  monopoly  of  printing 
the  works  of  Charles  I,  in  testimony  of  his 
fidelity  and  loyalty,  and  '  of  the  great  losses 
and  troubles  he  hath  sustained  in  the  print- 
ing and  publishing  of  many  messages  and 
papers  of  our  said  Blessed  Father,  especially 
those  most  excellent  discourses  and  solilo- 
quies by  the  name  of  Eckov  BatriXuci; '  (Ax- 
mack,  pp.  119,  187).  On  6  May  1668 
Charles  tl  took  the  unusual  course  of  ad- 
dressing a  letter  to  the  Company  of  Sta- 
tioners to  request  the  admission  as  an  as^ 
sistant  of  'Mr.  R.  Royston,  an  ancient 
member  of  this  company  and  his  Majesty's 
bookseller,  but  not  of  the  liyery '  {ib,  p.  20). 
As  kin^s  bookseller  Royston  caused  the 
stock  of  Richard  AUeine's '  Vindiciss  Pletatis' 
(1664,  &c.)  to  be  seized  in  1666  for  being 
published  without  license,  but  afterwards 
purchased  the  stock  as  waste-paper  from  the 
royal  kitchen,  bound  the  copies,  and  sold 
them.  For  this  he  was  reprimanded  by  the 
priyy  council  (Timpbblbt,  BnegclopacUa,  p. 


648).  Royston  had  a  further  proof  of  the 
goodwill  of  the  king  on  29  Sept.  1666,  when 
ne  had  a  grant  of  800/.  in  compassion  for 
losses  sustained  in  the  late  fire  (Cb/.  State 
Papers,  Dom.  1666-7,  p.  167). 

'  Orthodox  Roystone,'  as  Dunton  calls  him 
{Life  and  Errors^  1818,  i.  292),  was  master 
of  the  Company  of  Stationers  in  1678  and 
1674,  and  bequeathed  plate  to  the  company. 
He  died  in  1686  in  his  eighty-sixth  year, 
and  was  buried  in  Christ  Church,  Newf^te 
Street.  An  inscription  in  the  south  aisle  of 
the  church  describes  him  as '  bookseller  to 
three  kings,'  and  also  commemorates  his 
granddaughter  Elizabeth  and  daughter  Mary 
\d,  1698),  who  married  Richard  Chiswell  the 
elder  [q.  y.],  the  bookseller. 

[Timp<^rley's  Encyciopndia,  1842,  pp.  543, 
569 ;  Wood's  Athense  Ozon.  ed.  Bli-'S,  til.  iy. ; 
Nichols's  Lit.  Anecdotes,  i.  522,  524,  iii.  698; 
cf.  art.  QuABLBS,  Fbakcis.]  H.  R.  T. 

RUADHAN  {d.  585  P),  Irish  saint,  son 
of  Fergus,  was  a  native  of  the  south  of  Ire- 
land, and  seventh  in  descent  from  Eogban 
Mor,  son  of  Oilioll  Glum,  king  of  Munster. 
He  studied  at  Clonard,  co.  Meath,  in  the 
school  of  St.  Flnnian  [q.  y.],  and  his  chief 
fellow-students  were  Ciaran  [q.y.]  of  Clon- 
macnoise,  Ciaran  [q.y.]  of  Saigir,  Columba 
fq.y.l  of  lona,  Brandan  of  Birr,  and  Cainnech. 
Kuaahan*s  place  was  after  Cainnech  (Z>e  7Vt- 
hus  Ordintbus  Sanctorum  Hibermee  e  eodice 
Salmanticensif  col.  164;  AetaSanctil^tnnianif 
col.  200).  After  wandering  for  a  time,  he 
settled  in  a  wood  from  which  a  wild  boar  had 
darted  out  on  his  approach,  and  there  founded 
the  religious  community  of  Lothra.  The  ruins 
of  a  Dominican  abbey  which  succeeded  his 
foundation  may  still  be  seen  there,  about  three 
miles  from  the  Shannon,  in  the  barony  ot 
Lower  Ormond,  co.  Tipperary.  St.  Brandan 
of  Birr  was  so  near  that  each  sunt  could 
hear  the  other*s  bell,  and  Brandan  consented 
to  remove.  Ruadhan  perambulated  the 
country  bell  in  hand,  and  was  reported  to 
have  raised  the  dead  (cap.  5),  healed  the 
sick  (cap.  6),  discovered  hidden  treasure 
Tcap.  6^,  fed  his  community  miracnlously 
(cap.  lis,  imparted  a  knowledge  of  medicine 
by  nis  blessing  (cap.  9),  and  performed  many 
other  wonders.  His  protection  of  a  fugitive 
who  had  slain,  after  just  provocation,  the 
herald  of  Diarmait  Mac  Cearbhaill,  king  of 
Ireland,  led  to  a  dispute  with  the  king,  who 
carried  the  malefactor  to  Tara  from  Lothra, 
where  he  was  in  sanctuary.  Ruadhan  and 
his  community  followed,  and  the  king  and 
saint  entered  upon  a  disputation,  in  which 
each  cursed  the  other  four  times.  The 
saint's  second  imprecation  was  that  Tara 


Rud 


377 


Rudbome 


should,  after  Diarmait's  time,  be  abandoned 
for  erer.  In  the  end  the  king  agreed  to  give 
bock  the  fugitive  to  Rnadhan  on  payment 
of  an  eric  fir  his  herald  of  thirty  horses. 
All  the  Irish  chronicles  agree  that  Tara  was 
never  occupied  after  the  time  of  Diarmait 
Mac  Cearbhaill,  while  the  extensive  earth- 
works still  visible  there,  as  well  as  the  uni- 
versal agreement  of  Irish  literature  on  the 
point,  prove  that  up  to  that  period  it  had 
lonff  been  the  seat  or  the  chief  king  of  Ire- 
land.  The  reign  of  Diarmait  Mac  Cearbhaill 
was  the  time  of  the  first  epidemics  of  Cron 
Cbonaill,  afterwards  <»lled  JBuidhe  Ghonaill, 
which  was  probably  the  oriental  plague. 
Great  multitudea  died  of  it,  and  its  ravages 
may  account  for  the  abandonment  of  Tara  at 
that  time.  In  later  literature  it  is  generally 
attributed  to  the  curse  of  Ruadhan.  I)ramatio 
accounts  of  the  proceedings  of  Ruadhan  and 
the  other  saints  at  Tara  on  this  occasion,  and 
their  fasting  affainst  Uie  king,  are  to  be  found 
in  the  stoiy  m  Aedh  Baclamh  in  the  '  Book 
of  AfacGarthy  Riach '  (Lismore),  a  manu- 
script of  the  fifteenth  century,  and  in  the 
'  Lite  of  St.  Molaissi/  in  a  sixteenth-centurv 
manoscript  (Addit.  18206  in   the  British 
Moseam),  both  of  which  are  printed,  with 
translations  by  S.  H.  O^Grad^,  in  'Silva 
Gadelica.'  The  life  of  Ruadhan  m  the '  Cknlex 
SalmanticensiB '  represents  him  as  in  oc- 
casional communication  with  his  contem- 
poraiT,  OolumlML    He  died  at  Lothra,  and 
Its  abbots  were  known  as  his  successors. 
His  feast  is  kept  on  16  ApriL 

[Maityrology  of  Donegal,  ed.  O'Donoran  and 
B^et,  1864;  Acta  Sanctorum  Hibemise  ex 
codice  Salmanticensi,  ed.  De  Smedt  and  De 
Backer,  1888 ;  8.  H.  O'Qndfs  Silva  Gadelica, 
1892;  Lives  of  Saints  from  the  Book  of  Lismore, 
ed.  W.  Stokes  (sub.  Findian),  1890;  Book  of 
Leioster.&esimila^  Dublin,  1880;  Book  of  Bally- 
note,  photograpliy  Dublin,  1887 ;  Annala  Riog- 
hachta  Eireann,  ed.  (^Donovan,  vol.  L ;  G.  Fetrie's 
Bistorvand  Antiooities  of  Tara,  1839 ;  Golgan's 
icta  HatM»*^wii¥^  Hibemise,  vols.  i.  iL  Louvain, 
1645  and  1647.]  K  M. 

RUD,  THOMAS  (166S-1733),  antiauary, 
baptised  at  Stockton  on  2  Jan.  1667-^,  was 
Kn  of  Thomas  Rud  (1641-1719),  curate  of 
Stockton,  afterwards  vicar  of  Norton  and 
rector  of  Long  Newton,  all  in  the  county  of 
Durham,  who  married  at  Stockton,  on  18  Nov. 
1066,  Alice,  daughter  of  Thomas  Watson  of 
Stockton.  FroinDurham  grammar  school  he 
was  admitted  as  subsixar  at  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  on  2  Feb.  1683-4,  and  graduated 
BA.  1687,  M.A.  1691.  From  1697  to  1699 
he  was  the  master  of  his  old  school  at  Dur- 
ham«and  from  1699  to  1710  he  was  head 
maater  at  Newcastle  granunar  school  and 


master  of  St.  Mary's  HospitaL  In  1707 
he  printed  at  Cambridge  a  Latin  syntax 
and  prosody  compiled  for  the  use  of  his 
scholars. 

in  1711  Kud  returned  to  Durham,  where 
he  was  instituted  to  the  vicarage  of  St. 
Oswald  (1  Sept. ) ;  he  received  in  the  same 
^ear  the  posts  of  lecturer  of  holy-day  sermons 
m  the  cathedral  and  librarian  to  the  dean 
and  chapter.  He  was  promoted  in  1726  to 
the  vicarage  of  NorthaUerton,  and  held  with 
it,  from  June  1729,  the  rectory  of  Washing- 
ton, CO.  Durham.  He  was  collated,  on  9  July 
1728,  as  prebendary  of  the  fifth  stall  at  Ripon 
collegiate  church,  and  retained  these  prefer- 
mento  until  his  death.  He  died  on  17  March 
1782-3.  His  wife  was  Isabel,  daughter  of 
Cuthbert  Hendry  of  Shindiffe,  near  Durham, 
and  they  had  several  children. 

Kud  compiled  with  much  labour  and 
learning,  and  with  beautiful  penmanship,  a 
catalogue  of  the  manuscripts  at  Durham 
Oatheoral,  which  he  completed  at  North 
Allerton  on  16  Sept.  1727.  It  was  printed 
for  the  dean  and  chapter  under  the  editorship 
of  the  Bev.  James  Raine  [q.  vj,  and  with  an 
appendix  by  him,  in  1825.  To  Rud  Raine 
owed  much  of  the  material  embodied  in  the 
letter's  'Oatalogi  veteres  Librorum  EccL 
Cathedrals  Dunelm.'(Surtees  Soc.  1838). 

To  Thomas  Bedford's  edition  of  the  treatise 
of  Symeon  of  Durham,  *  De  exordio  atque  pro- 
cursu  Dunhelmensis  ecclesisB '  (1732),  there 
wasprefixeda  Latin  dissertation  (pp.  i-xxxv) 
by  Kud,  proving,  in  opposition  to  the  views 
of  Selden,  that  Symeon  of  Durham,  and  not 
Turgot,  was  its  author.  Rud's  copy  of  this 
work,  with  the  errors  of  the  press  corrected, 
and  with  some  important  additions,  ulti- 
mately passed  to  Dt.  Raine  (Surtees  Soc.  vii. 
149  -  60).  Rud  contributed  to  the  two  volumes 
of  *  Miscellaneous  Observations  upon  Authors, 
Ancient  and  Modem,'  which  were  edited  by 
Dr.  Jortin  in  1731-2,  several  articles  signed 
T.  R.,  chiefly  relating  to  the  Arundelian 
marbles.  A  copy  of  fieza's  New  Testament 
(1582),  at  the  British  Museum,  has  many 
manuscript  notes  by  Rud. 

[Halkett  and  Laing's  Anon.  Lit.  ii.  1625-8 ; 
Ripon  Church  Memorials,  ii.  816-16  (Snitees 
Soc.  1886);  Prefiice  to  Cat>  of  Durham  MSB. 
1825  (by  Rev.  W.  N.  Darnell) ;  Sartees*s  Dar- 
ham,  vol.  iv.  pt.  iL  p.  107  (pedigree  of  f&mily); 
Brand's  Newcastle,  i.  84,  05  ;  Nichole's  Illustr. 
of  lit.  History,  v.  121-2 ;  information  from 
Dr.  Aldis  Wright]  W.  P.  C. 

EUDBORNE  or  RODEBUBNE, 
THOMAS  (d,  1442),  bishop  of  St.  Davids, 
probably  a  native  of  Rodboume,  Wiltshire, 
was  educated  at  Merton  College,  Oxford| 


Rudborae 


378 


Rudd 


where  he  was  bursar  1999-1400,  and  was 
proctor  of  the  universitj  in  1399  and  1401. 
In  1411  he  was  with  others  appointed  by 
the  university  to  examine  the  aoctrines  of 
Wiclif,  and  was  presented  to  the  living  of 
Deeping,  Lincolnshire.  Having  been  col- 
lated to  the  archdeaconry  of  Sudbury  in 
1418,  he  the  same  year  exchanged  that  office 
for  the  deanerv  of  the  collegiate  church  of 
Tamworth.  He  was  elected  warden  of 
Merton  in  1416,  and  apparently  resigned  the 
foUowingyear,  when  he  accompanied  Henry  V 
to  Normandy  as  one  of  his  chaplains.  In 
1419  he  was  admitted  prebendary  of  Sarum, 
and  in  1420  was  elected  chancellor  of  the 
university  of  Oxford.  Being  provided  by 
papal  bull  to  the  bishopric  of  St.  Davids  in 
1433,  he  was  consecrated  on  31  Jan.  1434. 
In  1436  Henry  VI,  whose  chaplain  he  was, 
nominated  him  for  election  to  the  see  of  £lv, 
but  the  monks  would  not  elect  him.  lie 
built  the  tower  over  the  gate  of  Merton 
College,  and  gave  books  to  the  library  and 
to  the  library  of  the  university.  He  died  in 
1442.  His  character  is  said  to  have  been 
good  and  his  manners  affable,  and  he  is 
described  as  an  eminent  divine,  mathemati- 
cian, and  historian.  He  was  a  correspondent 
of  Thomas  Netter  or  Walden  [q.  v.]  The 
works  attributed  to  him  are  a  book  of  letters 
to  Thomas  Netter  (Waldensis^  and  others, 
to  which  a  reference  is  made  oy  his  name- 
sake Thomas  Rudbome  {H.  1460)  [q.  v.], 
monk  of  St.  Swithun's,  Winchester,  in  the 
'FrologUB  in  Historiam  suam  Minorem' 
{Anglia  Sacra,  i.  287),  and  a  chronicle  not 
now  known  to  exist. 

[Brodrick's  Mem.  of  Merton  ColL  pp.  16,  88, 
158,  221  (Oxf.  Hist.  See.)  ;  Godwin,  j5e  Frasu- 
libus  Angl.  p.  683 ;  Le  Neve's  Fasti  Ecel.  Anglic, 
i.  297,  ii.  492,  ed.  Hardy;  Wood's  Hist,  and 
Antiq.  of  Oxford,  11.  ii.  917,  ed.  Quteh;  Bale's 
Scriptt.  cent.  vii.  58 ;  Pits,  De  AnglisB  Scnptt. 
p.  699 ;  Tanner's  Bibl.  Brit.  p.  646.]     W.  H. 

RUDBORNE,  THOMAS  i/l.  1460),  his- 
torian, was  a  monk  of  St.  Swithun's,  Win- 
chester, and  not,  as  Bale  and  others  follow- 
ing him  state,  of  the  monastery  of  Hyde  or 
I^Sewminster.  His  date  is  fixed  by  references 
in  his  works  (see  Oudin,  De  Scriptt  JSocles. 
iii.  cols.  2722-5).  He  states  that  ne  was  al- 
lowed to  use  the  records  of  Durham  Cathedral 
through  the  courtesy  of  Robert  Neville 
(1404-1467)  [q.  v.],  who  was  bishop  there 
between  1438  and  1457.  He  alludes  to  his 
namesake,  Thomas  Rudbome  {d.  1442)  [q.  v.J, 
the  bishop  of  St.  David's,  but 'no  relationship 
has  been  traced  between  them. 

He  was  author  of:  1.  'Annales  Breves 
Ecdesite  Wintoniensis  a  Brutoad  Henricum 


YI  regem/  This  was  written  in  1440,  and 
was  apparently  a  sketch,  and  not  an  epitome, 
of  his  larger  work,  the  '  Historia  Major.'  It 
was  extant  in  Cotton  MS.  Galba  A.  xv.,  of 
which  only  a  few  unintelligible  fragments 
now  remain.  Wharton  called  it  the '  Historia 
Minor,' and  used  it  to  fill  in  some  of  the  blanks 
in  the  'Historia  Major.'  2.  'Historia  Major, 
lib.  v./  which  was  completed  in  1454,  and 
printed  by  Wharton  in  his  'Anglia  Sacra,'  i. 
179-286,  from  two  manuscript,  one  being 
Cod.  183  in  Lambeth  Library,  and  the  other 
in  Corpus  Christi  Library,  Cambridge ;  neit  her 
of  these  manuscripts  is  perfect,  and  Wharton's 
edition  ends  with  the  reign  of  Stephen.  Dis- 
tinct from  both  of  these  appears  to  be  3. 
'  Chronica  Thomas  Rudborn  monachi  ecclesiffi 
Wintoniensis  a  Bruto  ad  annum  18  Henrici 
in '  [1284],  a  copy  of  which,  in  a  sixteenth- 
century  hand,  is  extant  in  Cotton  MS.  Nero 
A«  xvii. ;  this  manuscript  was  compiled  hy 
the  author,  at  the  request  of  his  fellow-monks, 
from  the  works  of  Gildas,  Beda,  Geofirey  of 
Monmouth,  Matthew  Pcuris,  Thomas  Rud- 
born, bishop  of  St.  David's,  whose  chronicle 
is  now  lost,  and  other  writers.  According 
to  Bernard,  a  copy  of  it  was  No.  26  among 
the  manuscripts  of  Sir  Simonds  D'Ewes 
[q.  v.]  Oudin  also  states  that  among  the 
Ashmolean  manuscripts  was  '  Additio  Chro- 
nicle Wintoniensis  per  fratrem  Thomam  Rud- 
born monachum  S.  Swithini,  scilicet,  Genea- 
logia  comitum  Warwicensium ; '  but  the 
om  V  work  of  Rudbom's  now  extant  in  that 
collection  is  *  Appendix  e  Thoma  Rudbom 
de  rege  Oswio  et  fundatione  eccl.  Lichefeld ' 

SLA.CK,  Cat.  Ashmolean  M8S,  p.  770).  In 
tton  MS.  Claudius  B.  Tn.i.is  'Excerptae 
Breviario  Chronicorum  ThomssRudbom  mo- 
nachi Wintoniensis  de  Matilda  filiaMalcolmi 
regis  Scotorum.'  Rudbome's  must  be  distin- 
guished from  the  earlier  '  Annales  de  Win- 
tonia,'  printed  by  IL  R.  Luard  in  the  Rolls 
Series. 

[Oudin  mves  a  long  disquisition  on  Rudborve's 
works  in  nis  Scriptt.  EccL  iii.  cols.  2722-5 ; 
Leland's  Comment,  de  Scriptt. ;  Bale,  vii.  9.5 ; 
Pits,  p.  668 ;  Fabrictus's  Bibl.  Latinitatis  Medii 
^vi,  vi.  728 ;  Tanner's  Bibl.  Brit.-Hib.  pp. 
645-6 ;  Wharton's  Anglia  Sacra,  voL  L  pp.zxvi- 
zxviii,  179-286  ;  Cavers  Scriptt.  EccL  n.  ii.  161; 
Bernard's  Cat.  of  MSS.  passim ;  Cat.  Cottonian 
MSS.;  Black's  Cat.  Ashmolean  MSS.;  Hardy's 
Descr.  Cat  of  Materials ;  Annales  de  Wintonia, 
ed.  Luard,  pp.  ziv,  25.  and  Liber  de  Hyda,  ed. 
Edwards,  pp.  xzir,  xxvi,  zzziz,  zli,  in  Rolls 
Ser. ;  Chevalier's  It^pertoire ;  Chalmers's  Biogr. 
Diet. ;  Darling's  Cyclop,  of  Bibl.  Lit.]  A.  F.  P. 

RUDD,ANTHONY(1549?-1615),bishop 
of  St.  David's,  bom  in  Yorkshire  in  1549  or 
1550,  was  admitted  eoeius  minor  at  Trinity 


Rudd 


379 


Rudd 


College,  Cambridge,  on  6  Sept.  1669,  and 
toclut  major  on  7  April  1670,  having  gra- 
duated B.A.  1566-7  and  M.A.  1670.    He 
became  B.D.  1677,  and  incorporated  in  that 
degree  at  Oxford  on  9  July  or  the  same  year. 
He  proceeded  D.D.  at  Cambridge  in  1688. 
He  wafi  installed  dean  of  Gloucester  on 
10  Jan.  1684.    Rndd  was  chosen  bishop  of 
St  David's  early  in  1694     He  was  conse- 
crated by  Whitgift  at  Lambeth  on  9  June 
15&4,  when  his  age  was  stated  to  be  forty- 
five.    He  was  'a  most  excellent  preacher, 
whose  sermons  were  very  acceptabl  e  to  Queen 
Elizabeth,'  and  the  queen  on  one  occasion, 
after  hearing  him  preach,  told  Whitgift  to 
tell  him  that  he  should  be  his  successor  in  the 
srchbiahopric.      Whitgift    rave   Rudd   the 
queen's  message,  and  tnough  *  too  mortified 
a  man  intentionally  to  lay  a  train  to  blow 
Qp  this  archbishop-designed,'  he  assured  the 
bishop  of  St.  David's  that  the  queen  best 
Uked '  plain  sermons,  which  came  home  to 
her  heart '  (FvUiBB,  Church  Hittory,  bk.  x. 
p.  69).  When  Rudd  next  preached,  in  1696, 
be  alloded  to  the  queen's  age,  her  wrinkles, 
and  the  approach  of  death,  whereat  her  majesty 
was  highly  displeased,  and  he  lost  all  chance 
of  farther  preferment. 

In  his  administration  of  his  diocese  he 
*  wrought  much  on  the  Welsh  by  his  wis- 
dom and  won  their  affection ; '  but  he  built 
up  a  property  for  his  children  by  his  thrift 
and  by  leases  of  ecclesiastical  property 
(FcxLEB;  CeU.  State  Papers,  Dom.  10  Jan. 
1596).  He  was  one  of  the  bishops  sum- 
moned to  the  Hampton  Court  conference. 
Ue  opposed  the  oath  framed  against  simony 
in  the  convocation  of  1604,  on  the  ground 
that  the  patron,  as  well  as  the  clerk,  should 
be  obliged  to  take  it  (Fuller,  Church  His- 
tory,  X.  28).  He  supplied  the  government 
from  time  to  time  with  evidence  touching  the 
recusants  in  his  diocese  {CaL  State  Papers, 
Dom.  2  Kov.  1611).  He  died  on  7  March 
1614-15,  leaving  three  sons — Antony,  Ro- 
bert, and  Richard — and  was  buried  with  his 
wife,  Anne  Dalton,  in  the  church  of  Llan- 
pthen,  Carmarthenshire  (in  which  parish  he 
nad  purchased '  a  ^od  estate '),  where  a  fine 
tomb,  with  life-size  figures,  commemorates 
them  both.  His  will,  dated  26  Jan.  1614, 
leaves  many  charitable  be(^uests.  The  Llan- 
?athen  estate  continued  in  his  family  till 

Rudd  published  four  sermons  preached  at 
court  be&re  Queen  Elizabeth. 

[Wood*8  Athens  Ozonicnses  and  Fasti ;  Baker 
3I6S.,  Trinity  College,  Cambridge ;  State  Papers, 
Dom. ;  Fnller'fl  Church  History ;  Register  of  the 
University  of  Oxford,  ed.  Andrew  Olark;  Browne 
ViQis's  Snrvej  of  the  Cathedral  Chnreh  of  St. 


David,  1717 ;  Archdeacon  Yardley's  MS.  Me- 
nevia  S««era,  and  other  manuscripts  belonging 
to  the  Chapter  of  St  David's  Cathedral.] 

W.  H.  H. 

RUDD,  SAYER  (A  1767),  divine,  was 
assistant  in  1716,'whenvery  young,' to  the 
baptist  church  at  Qlasshouse  Street,  London. 
Later  he  was  a  member  of  Edward  Wallen's 
church  at  Maze  Pond,  Southwark.  There  he 
was  publicly  set  apart  for  the  ministry,  with 
laying  on  of  hands,  on  2  July  1726,  as  suc- 
cessor to  Thomas  Dewhurst  at  Turner's  HaU, 
Philpot  Lane,  London.  In  1727  the  congre- 
gation of  the  baptist  chapel  in  Devonshire 
Square  was  united  with  his  own,  which 
removed  to  Devonshire  Square.  In  April 
1733  he  became  much  unsettled  in  mind, 
and  applied  to  his  congregation  for  leave  to 
visit  Paris.  This  being  refused,  he  '  took 
French  leave.'  At  this  time  he  oifered  his 
services  as  preacher  to  the  Quakers,  apparently 
having  failed  to  grasp  their  leading  principle 
of  unpaid  ministry.  He  then  applied  to  the 
lord  chancellor  for  admission  into  the  esta- 
blished church,  but  his  ambition  being  be- 
yond the  living  of  60/.  per  annum,  which  was 
offered  him,  he  finally  studied  midwifery 
under  Gr6goire  and  Duss^  of  Paris,  and  pro- 
ceeded to  the  degree  of  M.D.  at  Leyden.  On 
returning  to  London  he  had  some  practice, 
and  attended  and  took  down  in  shorthand 
the  lectures  of  Sir  Richard  Manningham 
[q.v.]  One  of  these,  *The  certain  Method 
to  know  the  Disease,'  he  published  at  London 
in  1742,  4to. 

Meanwhile  the  Calvinistic  baptist  board 
accused  him  of  unitarianism,  and  issued  a 
minute  against  him.  He  defended  himself 
in  three  'Letters,'  published  1734, 1736,  and 
1786,  and  in  'Impartial  Reflections,'  Lon- 
don, 1735,  8vo.  The  board,  which  met  at 
Blnckwell's  Coffee  House,  Queen  Street,  dis- 
owned him  on  26  Feb.  1785.  He  then  preached 
for  two  years  at  a  church  built  for  him  in 
Snow's  Fields  by  Mrs.  Ginn.  After  her  death 
in  1738  he  conformed  to  the  established 
church,  and  was  presented  by  Archbishop 
Potter  to  the  living  of  Walmer,  Kent,  and 
in  1752  to  the  vicarage  of  Westwell  in  the 
same  county.  He  then  lived  near  Deal,  and 
kept  a  school.  Rudd  died  at  Deal  on  6  May 
1757. 

Besides  many  separate  sermons  he  pub- 
lished :  1.  '  An  Elegiac  Essay  on  the  Death 
of  JohnNoble,'London,1730,8vo.  2.  Toems 
on  the  Death  of  Thomas  HoUis,'  London,  1731, 
8vo.  3.  '  An  Essay  towards  a  New  Expli- 
cation of  the  Doctrines  of  the  Resurrection, 
Millennium,  and  Judgment,'  London,  1734, 
8vo.  4.  '  Six  Sermons  on  the  Existence  of 
Christ's  Humap^  Spirit  or  Soul,'  1740,  8vOb 


Rudd 


380 


Rudder 


5.  *  Defense  of  the  Plain  Account  of  the  Sacra- 
ment of  the  Lord's  Supper  by  Bishop  Hoad- 
ley/ London,  1748,  8vo;  2nd  edit.  1752, 8vo. 

6.  'The  Negatlye  of  that  Question  whether 
the  Archangel  Michael,  &c.  In  a  Letter  to 
Robert  Clayton,  the  Bishop  of  Glogher,' 
London,  1768,  8vo.  7.  '  Prodromus,  or  Ob- 
servations on  the  English  Letters.  An  at- 
tempt to  reform  our  Alphabet  and  regulate 
our  Spelling/  London,  1/55,  8to. 

[Wilson's  Hist,  of  Dissenting  Churehep,  L 
145,  439,  ir.  42,  280-2;  Christian  Examiner,  vi. 
96;  Hasted  8  Hist,  of  Kent,  vr.  175;  works 
above  mentioned;  Watt's  Bibl.  Brit.  ii. 820^; 
Nichols's  Lit.  lllustr.  iv.  189>99;  Gent.  Mag. 
1767,  p.  241.]  C.  F.  S. 

RUDD,  THOMAS  (1584  P-1656),  cap- 
tain, miliUry  engineer,  and  mathematician, 
eldest  son  of  Thomas  Rudd  of  Higham 
Ferrars,  Northamptonshire,  was  bom  in 
1583  or  1584.  He  served  during  his  earlier 
years  as  a  military  engineer  in  the  Low 
Countries,  where  he  distinguished  himself. 
On  10  Jul^  1627  Charles  I,  having  sent  for 
him,  appointed  him  'chief  eng^eer  of  all 
castles,  lorts,  and  fortifications  within  Wales,' 
at  a  salary  of  240/.'  per  annum.  Subsequently 
he  was  appointed  the  kin^s  principal  engi- 
neer for  fortifications,  and  m  1635  he  visited 
Portsmouth  in  this  capacity  to  settle  a  ques- 
tion between  the  erovemor  and  the  admiralty 
as  to  the  removal  of  some  naval  buildings 
which  interfered  with  proposed  fortifications. 
Li  1638  he  visited  Quemsey  and  Jersey  at  the 
request  of  the  governors,  the  Earl  of  Danby 
iChd  Sir  Thomas  Jermyn,  to  survey  the  castles 
in  those  islands  and  report  upon  them  to  the 
board  of  ordnance. 

In  February  of  the  following  vear  Rudd 
petitioned  the  board  of  ordnance  &r  the  pay- 
ment of  arrears  of  salary,  amounting  to  over 
1,300/.  In,  June  the  board  recommended  the 
petition  for  the  favourable  consideration  of 
the  council,  mentioning  Rudd's  services  in 
commendatory  terms,  and  observing  that, 
'  notwithstanainfl^  his  old  age,  he  was  still 
willing  to  hazard  his  life  in  the  king's  ser- 
vice.' Li  April,  having  been  employed  in 
making  a  survey  of  the  Port'Smouth  defences, 
he  recommended  that  they  should  be  recon* 
structed  at  an  estimated  cost  of  4,956/. 

In  June  Rudd  went  to  Dover  to  superin- 
tend the  repairs  to  the  harbour  and  to  the 
Archclifie  bulwark  or  fort,  and  in  October  he 
reported  to  the  council  that  the  works  were 
delayed  for  want  of  funds,  and  suggested  that 
the  revenues  of  the  harbour,  as  well  as  the 
dues,  should  be  devoted  to  the  maintenance 
of  the  harbour  and  fort.  To  this  the  council 
issented  on  29  May  1640,  and  on  31  Dec.  fol- 


lowing directed  all   mayors,  sherifis,  and 

I'ustices  to  impress  workmen  in  and  about 
jondon  and  elsewhere  for  the  works  at 
Dover,  which  had  been  intrusted  to  Rudd. 

In  October  1640  Rudd  went  to  Ports- 
mouth to  finish  the  fortifications,,  on  the 
special  application  of  Colonel  Goring,  the 
^vemor,  and  he  divided  his  attention  dur- 
ing 1641  between  Portsmouth  and  Dover. 
The  work  at  Portsmouth  was  retarded  for 
want  of  funds,  and  in  January  1642  the  go- 
vernor demanded  stores,  and. leave  to  use 
materials  for  fortification,  according  to 
Rudd*s  survey  of  the  previous  year.  Rudd 
served  as  chief  en^eer  on  the  royalist  side 
throughout  the  civil  war,  and  in  1655  his 
estate  at  Higham  Ferrars  was  decimated  on 
an  assessment  for  the  payment  of  the  mDitia, 
as  a  punishment  for  his  adherence  to  the 
royalist  cause.  He  died  in  1656,  aged  72, 
and  was  buried  in  Higham,  Ferrars  church, 
where  several  epitaphs  composed  by  himself 
were  inscribed  on  his  tomb.  Kudd  was  thrice 
married:  first,  to  Elizabeth,  daughter  of 
Robert  Castle  of  Glatton,  Huntingdonshire ; 
secondly,  to  Margaret,  daughter  of  Edward 
Doyley  of  Overbury  Hall,  Suffolk;  and 
thirdly,  to  Sarah,  daughter  of  John  Rolt  of 
Milton  Ernes,  Bedfordshire.  He  left  an  only 
daughter,  Judith,  by  his  third  wife ;  she  mar- 
ried, first  a  kinsman,  Anthony  Rudd,  and 
secondly,  Goddard  Pemberton,  and  died  on 
28  March  1680  (Bbidgbs,  Nortkamptonafdre, 
ii.  176-7). 

Rudd  was  the  author  of  'Practical  G^eo- 
metry,'  in  two  parts,  London,  1650,  and '  Eu- 
Clides  Elements  of  Greometry,  the  first  six 
Books  in  a  compendious  form  contrasted  and 
demonstrated,  whereunto  is  added  the  Mathe- 
matical Preface  of  Mr.  John  Dee,'  small  4to, 
London,  1651.  He  wrote  the  supplement  to 
*  The  Compleat  Body  of  the  Art  MUUry,'  by 
Lieutenant-colonel  Richard  Elton,  London, 
1650,  fol.;  2nd  edit.  1659.  This  supi>lement 
consists  of  six  chapters,  dealiiu^  with  the 
duties  of  officers,  the  marching  of  troops  and 
the  art  of  gunnery.  Sir  James  Turner,  in 
his  '  Pallas  Armata'(1683),  refers  to  another 
work  by  Rudd,  in  which  he  treats  of  the  first 
use  of  the  spade  in  sieges ;  but  this  cannot 
be  traced. 

[Works  in  Brit.  Mas.  Library;  Calendar  of 
State  Papers,  Dom.,  1634-42;  Professional 
Papers  of  the  Corps  of  Koyal  Engineers,  Oc- 
casional Papers  Series,  vol.  ziii. ;  Conolly 
Papers;  Turner's  Pallas  Arm ata,  1683;  List  of 
Delinquent  Estates  decimated  within  the  County 
of  Northampton,  1656.]  R.  H.  V. 

RUDDER,  SAMUEL  (rf.  1801),  topo- 
grapher, was  bom  at  Cirencester,  Glouces- 
tershire! where  he  carried  on  business  as  a 


Ruddiman 


38« 


Ruddiman 


printer.  For  many  years  lie  collected 
materials  for  a  new  history  to  supersede 
*  The  Ancient  and  Present  State  of  Gftouces- 
tershire'  (I7I2)  of  Sir  R  Atkyns.  He 
i^ued  proposals  for  the  publication  of  his 
book  in  1767,  but  W.  Herbert  brought  out 
a  new  edition  (1768)  of  Atkyns*s  work  to 
forestall  him.  Rudder  printed  as  a  speci- 
men of  his  proposed  history  '  The  History 
of  the  Parish  and  Abbey  of  Hales '  (1768), 
and  in  1779  published  his  '  New  History  of 
GloacesterBhure '  ^Cirencester,  folio).  Horace 
Walpole,  in  writing  to  Gk>le  the  antiquary, 
27  I>ec.  1779,  says  that  Rudder's  '  additions 
to  Sir  R.  Atkyns  make  it  the  most  sensible 
hirtoiy  of  a  county  we  have  had  yet' {LetUrSf 
1&58,  Tii.  299,  see  also  pp.  280,  837).  « The 
History  and  Antiquities  of  Gloucester'  (Ci- 
rencester, 1781, 8vo)  is  taken  from  Rudder's 
larger  work,  as  is  also  his  'History  of  the 
Ancient  Town  of  Cirencester*  (1800,  2nd 
edit.)  In  1763  first  appeared  his  '  History  of 
Fairford  Church/  of  which  the  tenth  edition 
is  dated  1786. 
Rudder  died  15  March  1801,  at  Chelsea. 

[GeoL  Mag.  1801,  i.  285;  Nichols's  Illostra- 
tioos,  ri.  897 ;  Upcott's  Elbl.  Account  of  English 
Topogr.  1818,  i.  250-8.]  H.  R.  T. 

RUDDIMAN,  THOMAS  (1674-1767), 
philologist,  bom  in  October  1674  in  the 
parish  of  Bo^mdie,  Banffshire,  was  son  of 
James  Ruddiman,  tenant  of  the  farm  of 
Raggel,  a  strong  royalist,  and  of  Margaret, 
daughter  of  Andrew  Simpson,  a  neighoouiv 
ing  fanner.  Ruddiman  gained  considerable 
proficiency  in  classical  studies  at  the  parish 
school  under  Qeorge  Morison,  and  when  he 
▼as  sixteen  he  left  home,  without  inform- 
ing his  parents,  to  compete  at  Aberdeen 
for  the  annual  prize  ffiven  at  King's  Col- 
lege for  classical  learmng.  On  his  journey 
he  was  robbed  by  gipsies ;  but  persevering 
ia  his  purpose,  he  gained  the  price,  and, 
haring  obtained  a  bursary,  b^^  nis  studies 
under  Professor  William  Black  in  Norember 
1690.  He  graduated  M.A.  on  21  June  1694, 
and  soon  afterwards  was  chosen  tutor  to  the 
«on  of  Robert  Toung  of  Auldbar,  Forfar- 
shire. He  was  next  appointed  schoolmaster 
at  Laurencekirk,  Kincardineshire,  partly  by 
Yoang'said ;  and  there,  in  1699,  Dr.  Archibald 
Pitcaime  (1661^1713)  [q.  v.],  who  happened 
to  stay  at  the  village  inn,  made  his  acquain- 
tance, and  promised  to  help  him  if  he  came 
to  Edinburgh. 

On  Ruddiman's  arrival  at  Edinburgh  early 
in  1700,  Pitcaime  procured  him  employment 
in  the  Advocates^  Library,  where  he  was 
en^arred  in  arranging  books  and  copying 
papen.     On  2  ^y   1702   he  was   made 


assistant  librarian,  at  a  salary  of  8/.  6s.  8tL 
a  year.  His  employers  were  so  well  satisfied 
that  at  the  end  of  1708  they  gave  him  an  extra 
allowance  of  60/.  Scots.  Ruddiman  also 
earned  money  by  copying  documents  for  the 
Glasgow  University,  by  teaching  and  re- 
ceiving boarders,  and  by  revising  works  for 
the  booksellers.  He  received  SI.  for  thus 
assisting  through  the  press  Sir  Robert  Sib- 
bald's  '  Introductio  ad  Historiam  Rerum  a 
Romanis  gestarum,*  and  6/.  for  like  aid  given 
to  Sir  Robert  Spottiswood's '  The  Practiques 
of  the  Law  of  Scotland.'  In  1707  he  also 
became  a  book  auctioneer,  dealing  chiefly  in 
learned  works  and  schoolbooks ;  and  in  the 
same  year  he  published  an  edition  of  Florence 
Wilson's '  De  Animi  TranquiUitate  Dialogus,' 
with  a  new  preface  and  lite  of  Wilson.  This 
was  followed  in  1709  by  an  edition  of  Arthur 
Johnston's  '  Cantici  Solomonis  Paraphrasis 
Poetica,'  dedicated  to  Pitcaime,  who  pre- 
sented Ruddiman  with  a  silver  cup. 

In  1710  Ruddiman  saw  through  the  press 
a  new  folio  edition  of  Gawin  Douglas's  trans- 
lation of  Virgil's  *  ^neid,'  with  an  elaborate 
glossary  by  himself.  For  his  labouiis  in 
connection  with  the  undertaking  he  received 
8/.  63.  Sd.  He  applied  for  the  rectorship 
of  Dundee  grammar  school  in  1711,  but  was 
induced  to  remain  at  the  Advocates' Library 
by  the  offer  of  an  additional  salary  of 
SO/.  6s,  Sd.  After  assisting  in  preparing 
editions  of  the  works  of  Drummond  of  Haw- 
thomden  (1711),  Abercromby's  'Martial 
Achievements  of  the  Scots  Nation'  (1711), 
and  John  Forrest's  'Latin  vocabulary' 
(1718),  Ruddiman  published  his '  Rudiments 
of  the  Latin  Tongue,'  1714,  a  book  which 
passed  through  fifteen  editions  in  his  life- 
time, and  supplanted  all  previous  works  of 
the  kind.  On  the  death  01  Pitcaime  he  ne- 
gotiated the  sale  of  his  friend's  library  to 
Peter  the  Great,  and  published,  on  a  single 
sheet,  verses  'In  Ooitum  A.  Pitcarnii,' 
1718. 

Ruddiman's  next  undertaking  was  an  edi- 
tion of  G^rge  Buchanan's  works,  in  two  folio 
volumes, '  Buchanani  Opera  Omnia,'  1716,  col- 
lected for  the  first  time.  In  his  Latin  bio- 
graphical introduction,  Ruddiman  adversely 
criticised  Buchanan's  character  and  political 
views,  a  course  which  involved  him  in  a 
loxig  controversy.  A '  Society  of  the  Scholars 
of  Edinburgh,  to  vindicate  that  incomparably 
learned  and  pious  author  [Buchanan]  from 
the  calumny  of  Mr.  Thomas  Ruddiman,' was 
started;  but  their  proposal  to  bring  out  a 
correct  edition  of  Buchanan  under  Burman's 
editorship  was  not  carried  out.  In  the  mean- 
time Ruadiman  added  the  printer's  business 
in  1716  to  his  other  occupations,  and  admitted 


Ruddiman 


7iS2 


Ruddiman 


lii8Voungerbrother,Walter(1687-1770),who 
had  been  working  with  the  printer  Freebaim 
since  1706, as  apartner.  The  nrst  book  printed 
by  the  new  firm  was  the  second  volume  of 
Abercromby's  *  Martial  Achievements/ 1715, 
and  Kuddiman  not  infrequently  edited  or 
revised  the  works  which  ne  printed.  He 
mainly  devoted  himself  to  schoolbooks  and 
works  having  a  ready  sale.  In  1718  he  took 
an  active  part  in  founding  a  literary  society 
in  Edinburgh,  which  included  the  masters 
of  the  high  school,  and  afterwards  Henry 
Home,  Lord  Karnes,  and  other  eminent  per- 
sons. Ruddiman  helped  Thomas  Hearne  in 
preparing  his  edition  of  Fordun's  *  Scoti- 
chronicon,'  1722,  and  Hearne  referred  to 
him  in  the  preface  as  his  learned  friend.' 
His  reputation  for  scholarship  caused  him  to 
be  employed  in  translating  into  Latin  various 

Eublic  papers ;  and  his  notebooks  show  that 
y  1736  his  capital  had  increased  to  1,985/. 
Ruddiman  had  beg^un,  in  1724,  to  print 
the  revived  ^Caledonian  Mercury'  for  its 
proprietor,  Rolland,  and  in  1729  he  acquired 
the  whole  interest  in  that  paper,  which  con- 
tinued in  his  family  until  1772.  This  perio- 
dical was  an  organ  of  Prince  Charles  Ed- 
ward during  the  rising  of  1746  {History  of 
the*  Mercuntis  Caledon%u$,*^diDihviTghf  1861). 
In  1728  Ruddiman  and  James  Davidson 
were  appointed  printers  to  the  university  of 
Edinburgh,  the  patent  running  until  the 
death  of  the  survivor ;  and  in  17S0  Ruddi- 
man, on  the  death  of  John  Spottiswood,  b^ 
came  chief  librarian  to  the  Society  of  Ad- 
vocates, which  he  had  so  long  served  as 
assistant.  The  promotion,  however,  was  not 
accompanied  by  any  increase  in  salary. 

In  1742  he  brought  out,  with  the  assist- 
ance of  Walter  Goodall  (1706  .P-1766)  [q.v.l 
the  first  volume  of  a  catalogue  of  the  Ad- 
vocates' Librarv.  On  13  Aug.  1739  Ruddi- 
man resigned  half  of  the  printing  business 
to  his  son  Thomas,  and  about  the  same  time 
bought,  for  300/.,  a  house  in  Parliament 
Square,  close  to  the  Advocates'  Library. 
William  Lauder's  *  Collection  of  Sacred 
Poems,'  1739,  contained  three  poems  by 
Ruddiman,  besides  notes.  In  the  same  year 
he  wrote  a  lengthy  introduction  for  James 
Anderson's  'Selectus  Diplomatum  et  Nu- 
mismatum  Scotife  Thesaurus.'  A  transla- 
tion of  this  introduction  was  published  sepa- 
rately in  1773.  In  1740  he  wrote,  but  did 
not  print,  'Critical  Remarks  upon  Peter 
Burman's  Notes  on  Ovid's  W^orks,'  and  in 
1742  he  published  a  sermon  on  Psalm  xi.  7 
by  John  Scott,  D.D.,  with  a  preface  by 
himself  urging  the  need  of  genuine  devo- 
tion. 
During  the  troubles  of  1745  Ruddiman 


lived  in  retirement  in  the  conntrvy  and  pub- 
lished *  A  Vindication  of  Mr.  George  Bu- 
chanan's  Paraphrase  of  the  Book  of  Psalms 
from  the  Objections  raised  against  it  by  Wil- 
liam Benson,  esq.'  [see  Benson,  Wiluax, 
1682-1754].  He  also  prepared  a  'Pars 
Tertia '  of  his  '  GrammaticsD  LatiniB  Insti- 
tutiones/  but  did  not  print  it,  fearing  that 
the  sale  would  not  cover  the  expenses.  An 
abstract  of  this  work  was  afterwards  added 
to  the  *  Shorter  Grammar.' 

In  the  meantime  Ruddiman  had  become  in- 
volved in  a  controversy  with  the  Rev.  Geoi^ 
Logan  [q.  v.]  on  the  subject  of  hereditary 
succession  to  the  throne,  arising  out  of 
Ruddiman's  Jacobitical  notes  to  Buchanan. 
Logan's  '  Treatise  on  Government,  showing 
that  the  Right  of  the  Kings  of  Scotland  to 
the  Crown  was  not  strictly  and  absolutely 
hereditary,  against  •  . .  the  learned  antiqua- 
rian, Mr.  Thomas  Ruddiman/  appeared  in 
1746,  and  was  followed  by  Ruddiman's  '  An 
Answer  to  the  Rev.  Mr.  George  Logan's  late 
"  Treatise  on  Government," '  1747.  Lonin's 
reply, '  The  Finishing  Stroke,  or  Mr.  Rud- 
diman self-condemned,'  was  answered  by 
Ruddiman's  'Dissertation  concerning  the 
Competition  for  the  Crown  of  Scotland  be- 
tween Lord  Robert  Bruce  and  Lord  John 
Baliol,'  1748.  In  April  and  May  1749  Lc^n 
brought  out  '  The  Doctrine  of  the  Jure- 
Divino-ship  of  Hereditary  indefeasible  mo- 
narchy enquired  into  and  exploded,  in  a 
letter  to  Mr.  Thomas  Ruddiman,'  and  '  A 
Second  Letter  from  Mr.  George  Logan  t^ 
Mr.  Thomas  Ruddiman.'  In  May  Ruddi- 
man's friend,  John  Love  (1695-1750)  fq.  v.], 
wrote  in  defence  of  Buchanan,  ana  was 
answered  in  July  by  Ruddiman's  'Ani- 
madversions on  a  late  pamphlet  intitled  ''  A 
Vindication  of  Mr.  George  Buchanan." '  On 
Love's  death  next  year,  Ruddiman  forgot 
their  differences,  and  eulogised  Love  in  the 
*  Caledonian  Mercury.' 

Ruddiman  assisted  his  friend  Ames  in  the 
'Typographical  Antiquities'  of  1749,  and 
published  an  edition  of  Livy  in  four  small 
volumes  in  1751 .  But  his  si^ht  was  now  fail- 
ing, and  early  in  1752  he  resigned  the  post  of 
keeper  of  the  Advocates'  Library,  where  he 
was  succeeded  by  David  Hume  (1711-1776) 
[q.  v.]  In  1753  the  attack  on  Ruddiman 
was  resumed  in  '  A  Censure  and  Examina- 
tion of  Mr.  Thomas  Ruddiman's  Philological 
Notes  on  the  Works  of  the  great  Buchanan,^ 
by  James  Man  [(^.  v.l  Man  said  that  Rud- 
diman was  a  finished  pedant  and  a  furious 
calumniator.  Ruddiman,  who  complained 
that  his  enemies  would  not  let  him  pass  his 
few  remaining  years  in  peace,  brought  out 
'  Anticrisis,  or  a  Discussion  of  a  Scurrilous 


Ruddiman 


383 


Rudge 


and  Malicious  Libel  published  by  one  Mr. 
Janea  Man/  1754 ;  and  when  the  '  Monthly 
ReTiew'  in  some  measure  supported  Man, 
Riiddiman  printed  '  Audi  Alteram  Partem, 
era  farther  Vindication  of  Mr.  Thomas  Rud- 
diman^a  edition  of  Buchanan's  Works  firom 
the  many  gross  and  Tile  reproaches  unjustly 
thrown  upon  it  by  Mr.  James  Mim/ 1 766.  Soon 
afterwards  (19  Jan.  1757)  Ruddiman  died  at 
Edmborgfa,  in  his  eighty-third  year,  and  was 
bniied  in  the  Gtejrfriars  churchyard.  A  tablet 
to  hia  memory  was  erected  in  the  New  Grey- 
frian  Church  in  1806  by  his  relative,  Dr. 
William  Ruddiman.  A  catalo^e  of  his 
libraxy,  which  was  sold  at  Edmburffh  in 
Februny  1758,  was  compiled  by  Rudmman 
imder  the  tide  *  Bibliotheca  Romana,'  1767. 
Two  portraits  of  Ruddiman  are  in  the  Na- 
tional Portrait  Gallery,  Edinburgh;  one  is 
anoDymoos,  and  the  other,  perhaps  a  copy  of 
the  first,  18  by  the  Earl  of  Buchan.  A  por- 
trait, enrnved  hy  Bartolozzi  from  a  painting 
by  De  Nune,  is  giTen  in  Chalmers's  *  Life  of 
Ruddiman.' 

In  1766  Ruddiman  had  obtained  a  patent 
for  the  aole  printing  of  his  '  Rudiments ' 
and  *  Latin  Gmmmar?  In  1758  Ri^nngton 
published  a  pirated  edition  of  the  '  Rudi- 
ments ; '  but  on  being  threatened  with  chan- 
cery prooeedinffs,  he  handed  over  all  the 
copies  to  Ruddiman's  widow.  The  seven- 
teenth edition  (twenty  thousand  copies)  was 
printed  shortly  before  Mrs.  Ruddiman's 
death  in  October  1769,  and  next  year  John 
Robertson  of  Edinburgh  printed  ten  thousand 
copies,  contending  that  the  patent  of  1766, 
for  fourteen  years,  had  expired.  The  trustees, 
who  said  they  had  a  right  at  common  law, 
broaght  an  action  against  Robertson  in  1771 
(Information  for  John  Mackenzie  of  Del- 
vine,  &c.,  trustees,  SO  Nov.  1771).  In  his 
leply  Robertson  said  that  much  of  Ruddi- 
man's work  was  taken  from  older  writers 
without  alteration. 

Dr.  Johnson  directed  that  a  copy  of  the 
'Rambler'  should  be  sent  to  Ruddiman,  'of 
whom  I  hear  that  his  learning  is  not  his 
highest  excellence.'  Boswell  thought  of 
writing  a  life  of  Ruddiman,  and  Johnson 
ttid,  *I  should  take  pleasure  in  helping  you 
to  do  honour  to  him.^  In  1778  Boswell  and 
Johnson  visited  Laurencekirk,  and  *  respect- 
fully remembered  that  excellent  man  and 
eminent  scholar,'  Ruddiman,  who  had  taught 
ibere. 

Haddiman  married  thrice  :  first,  in  1701, 
Barbara  Scollay,  daughter  of  a  gentleman  in 
the  Orkneys  (she  died  in  1710,  and  her  two 
children,  who  survived  her,  died  in  infancy) ; 
Becondlv,  in  1711,  Janet  (4.  1727),  daughter 
of  John  Hortborghy  sheriff-clerk  of  Fifeshire. 


(Her  son  Thomas  Ruddiman  [1714-1747], 
manager  of  the  'Caledonian  Mercury,'  was 
imprisoned  in  1746  as  a  Jacobite,  and  died, 
on  release,  of  disease  contracted  in  prisoui 
9  Sept.  1747.)  Ruddiman  married  uiirdly 
29  Sept.  1729  Anne  Smith,  daughter  of  an 
Edinburgh  woollendraper,  who  survived  him. 
Ruddiman's  nephew,  Walter  Ruddiman 
(1719-1781),  founded  in  1754  a  second  pub- 
lishing and  printing  house,  owning  and  issu- 
ing the  *  Edinburgh  Magazine,'  1757-62,  the 
'  WeeklyMagaiine,'  1768-83,and  the  'Weekly 
Mercury '  from  1777.  He  was  the  first  patron 
and  publisher  of  Robert  Fergusson  [q.  v.] 

[TheRuddimans  in  Scotland :  their  histoiy  and 
works,  by  George  Htirvey  Johnston,  1901 ;  Qeoige 
Chalmers's  Life  of  Thomas  Ruddiman,  1794  (dif. 
fuse) ;  Scots  Magazine,  1747  p.  465, 1767  p.  64, 
1770 p.  468;  Notes  and  Queries.  3rd  ser.  vii.  280; 
Nichols's  Lit  Anecd.  iii.  622,  693,  and  Lit. 
Illustr.  iv.  236-9 ;  Boswell's  Johnson ;  Cham- 
bers's Eminent  Scotsmen;  Jerrise's  Epitaphs 
&c.  in  the  North-East  of  Scotland,  i.  1 1, 201, 289; 
Hist.  MSS.  Comm.  4th  R«»p.  p.  632,  6th  Rep.  p. 
627 ;  Brit.  Mns.  Addit.  MS.  4317,  No.  71  (letter 
from  Ruddiman  to  a  bookseller).]       G.  A.  A. 

RUDGE,  EDWARD  (1763-1846),  bota- 
nist and  antiquary,  bom  on  27  June  1763, 
was  son  of  Edward  Rudge,  a  merchant  and 
alderman  of  Salisbury,  who  possessed  a  laroe 
portion  of  the  abbey  estate  at  Evesham.  He 
matriculated  from  Queen's  College,  Oxford, 
on  11  Oct.  1781,  but  took  no  degree.  His  at- 
tention was  early  turned  to  botany,  through 
the  influence  of  his  uncle,  Samuel  Rudge 
(d,  1817),  a  retired  barrister,  who  formed  an 
herbarium,  which  passed  to  his  nephew. 
His  uncle's  encouragement  and  the  purchase 
of  a  fine  series  of  plants  from  Guiana,  collected 
by  M.  Martin,  led  Rudge  to  study  the  flora  of 
that  country ,  and  to  publish  betweenlSOo  and 
1807  'Plantarum  Guianas  rariorum  icones  et 
descriptiones  hactenus  ineditSB,'  fol.  London. 

Between  1811  and  1834  he  conducted  a 
series  of  excavations  in  those  portions  of  the 
Evesham  abbey  estate  under  his  control,  and 
conmianicated  the  results  to  the  Society  of 
Antiquaries,  who  figured  the  ruins  and  relics 
discovered  in  their  'Vetusta  Monumenta,' 
accompanied  by  a  memoir  from  Rudge's  son. 
In  1842  he  erected  an  octagon  tower  on  the 
battlefield  of  Evesham,  commemorative  of 
Simon  de  Montfort,  earl  of  Leicester. 

Rudge  was  at  an  early  period  elected  a 
fellow  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries,  and  was 
elected  to  the  Linnean  Society  in  1802,  and 
to  the  Royal  Society  in  1805.  In  1829  he 
was  sheriff  of  Worcestershire.  He  died  at 
the  Abbey  Manor  House,  Evesham,  on  3  Sept. 
1846.  He  married  twice.  A  genus  of  the 
botanical  order  Rubiaceie  was  named  ^udgea 


Rudge 


384 


Rudhall 


in  his  honour  by  Richard  Anthony  S&lie- 
bury  in  1806  (TraTU.  qf  Lirm,  Soe,  yiii. 
326). 

Besides  the  work  above  named,  Rud^  was 
author  of  some  seven  botanical  papers  in  the 
Royal  and  Linnean  societies'  puolications, 
and  of  several  papers  in  '  Archasologia/ 

His  son,  Edwabd  John  Rudgb,  M.A. 
(1792-1661),  of  Caius  Ck)llege,  Cambridflre, 
and  barrister-at-law,  was  a  fellow  of  tne 
Society  of  Antiquaries,  and  author  of '  Some 
Account  of  the  History  and  Antiquities  of 
Evesham,'  1820,  and  *  Illustrated  and  His- 
torical Account  of  Buckden  Palace,'  1889. 

[Barkers  Landed  Gentxy;  Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  i. 
816,  837  ;  Gent.  Mag.  1846  ii.  662,  and  1817  i. 
181 ;  Britten  and  Bulger's  English  Botanists; 
Royal  Soc.  Gat. ;  Brit.  Mas.  Cat.]     B  B.  W. 

RUDGE,  THOMAS  (1764-1826),  anti- 
quary, bom  in  1764,  son  of  Thomas  Rudge 
of  Gloucester,  matriculated  at  Merton  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  on  7  April  1770,  aged  16.  He 
graduated  B. A.  in  1780,  proceeded  M.A.  from 
Worcester  College  in  1788  and  B.D.  in  1784, 
when  he  was  appointed  rector  of  St.  Michael's 
and  St.  Mary-ae-Grace,  Gloucester,  and,  on 
the  presentation  of  the  Earl  of  Hardwick, 
vicar  of  fiUiresfield  in  the  same  county.  He 
became  archdeacon  of  Gloucester  in  1814, 
and  chancellor  of  the  diocese  of  Hereford  in 
1817.    He  died  in  1826. 

Rudge  published  :  1.  ^  The  History  of  the 
County  of  Gloucester^  compressed  and 
brought  down  to  the  year  1803/  2  vols., 
Gloucester,  1803,  8vo.  2.  *  A  General  View 
of  the  Agriculture  of  the  County  of  Glou- 
cester,' 1807,  8vo.  3.  'The  History  and 
Antiquities  of  Gloucester,'  &c.  [1816  Pj,  8vo. 

[Gent.  Mag.  1826,  ii.  474;  Donaldson's 
Agricultural  Biography,  p.  93 ;  Foster's  Alumni 
Oxon.  1716-1886,  iii.  1234.]         W.  A.  8.  H. 

RUDHALL,  ABRAHAM  the  elder 
(1667-1736;,  bom  in  1667,  was  the  first  of 
a  noted  family  of  bell-founders  established 
at  Gloucester  from  1684  until  1830,  during 
which  period  they  cast  about  4,600  church 
bells  (Ellacombe).  Rudhall,  who  in  some 
instances  spelt  his  name  Ridhall,  revived 
the  lapsed  glories  of  Gloucester  bell-foun- 
ders of  the  fourteenth,  fifteenth,  and  six- 
teenth centuries.  Rudhall's  earliest  bell, 
still  in  use  at  Oddington,  bore  as  a  trade 
mark  a  bell  following  his  initials;  while 
in  later  castings  the  figure  of  a  bell  was 
traced  between  the  A.  and  the  R.  He  pub- 
lished in  the  <  Postman '  of  8  Nov.  1709  a  list 
of  the  bells  and  peals  cast  by  him,  beginning 
with  a  ring  of  ten  bells  at  Warwick;  he 
stated  that  ne  had  made  altogether  eight  or 


nine  hundred  bells,  'to  the  satisfaotlon  of 
them  that  understand  musick  and  good 
bells.'  The  boast  was  justifiable.  Kud- 
hall's  bells  were  distinguisned  for  their  musi- 
cal tone,  brought  to  perfection,  it  is  said,  by 
his  son  Abraham  the  younger.  Together 
they  famished  ten  beUs  for  St.  Bride's, 
Fleet  Street,  1710  and  1718;  eight  for  St. 
DunstanVin-tiie-East ;  three  for  St.  Sepul- 
chre's. In  1716  a  large  broadside  was 
printed  at  Oxford  by  Leonard  Lutfield,  '  A 
Catalogue  of  BeUs  .  •  .  cast  sinee  1684  by 
Abraham  Rudhall . . .  with  names  of  Bene- 
factors.' Edward  Southwell,  son  of  Sir 
Robert  Southwell  [q.v.l,  notes  in  his  manu- 
script diary  in  1716 :  *  Gloucester :  at  night, 
had  Mr.  RudhoU,  the  bell-founder.  A  founda- 
tion ringer  is  one  that  rings  at  sight ;  not 
many  of  them.  He  has  prick'd  a  ream  of 
changes,  the  bobs  and  common  hunt.  7  /.  per 
cwt.  nis  metal.  Tin-glass  necessary  to  make 
sharp  trebles.  He  casts  to  half  a  note, 
whidii  is  mended  bv  the  hammer.  He  takes  the 
notes  of  them  all  by  a  blow-pipe '  (Notes  and 
Queries^  7th  ser.  zi.  4).  One  of  RudhalFs 
changes  inspired  '  A  meditation  npon  death, 
to  the  tune  of  the  chimes  at  the  cathedral  in 
Gloucester,  the  music  by  Jefieries,  organist . . . 
also  the  same  tune  set  to  the  proper  key  of 
the  bells  by  Mr.  Abr.  Rudhall '  (1^.  8th  ser. 
iii.  134).  In  1699  he  was  a  member  of  the 
College  Youths'  Society  of  Bellringers  at 
Bath.  Rudhall  died  on  26  Jan.  1736-6,  aged 
78,  and  was  buried  in  Gloucester  GathedraL 
He  had  married  twice,  if  not  three  times. 
About  1712  his  daughter  Alice  married 
William  Hine  [q.  v.],  organist  of  Gloucester 
Cathedral. 

Abraham  Rudhall,  the  younger  (1680- 
1736),  the  eldest  son,  whose  work  is  insepa- 
rable from  that  of  his.  father,  died  17  Dec 
1736,  aged  66,  and  was  buried  in  the  church- 
yard of  St.  John  the  Baptist,  Gloucester. 
He  left  his  'workhouses  and  appurtenances' 
to  his  son,  Abel  Rudhall  (1714-1760),  who 
began  in  1736  to  cast  bells  under  his  own 
name ;  and  published  in  1761  a  catalogue  of 
his  castings.  Three  of  Abel's  sons  succes- 
sively carried  on  the  business,  viz. :  Thomas 
Rudhall  (1740P-1783),  who  published  a  list 
of  his  bells  in  1774;  dharles  Rudhall  (1746- 
1816);  and  John  Rudhall  (1760-1835),  the 
last  bell-  founder  of  the  name.  The  Gloucester 
foundry  was  nominally  closed  in  1828«  but 
bells  bearing  John  Rudhall's  name  are  found 
with  later  dates,  up  to  his  death  in  1836. 

[Hawkins's  History,  2Md  ed.  pp    616,  7^0; 

Orove's  Dietiooary,  vol.  iii.  2i)0 ;  Nntesand  QoRries 

(as  cited);  Fosbr>"ke's  (Bislaod's)  History  of 

Glouc*6Ster,  pp.  141,  149;   Eliaoomhe's  Church 

I  BeUs  of  Qlouoester,  paasim,  with  a  list  of  the 


Ruding 


38s 


Rudyerd 


BodhalU^  belU;  Recoids  of  Gloucester  Cathe- 
dral, L  127;  Sussex  Archseological  Soo.  zvi. 
178  J  Sflgiater  of  Wills,  P.  C.  C.  Derby,  fol.  41.] 

Ih  H.  M. 

ETJDINa,  ROGERS  (1751-1820),authoT 
oftbe'AimaJfl  of  the  Coinage/  was  second 
ton  of  Rogers  Ruding  of  Westcotes,  Leices- 
tenhire,  by  Anne,  daughter  of  James  Skirm- 
sl^r.  The  iamily  had  been  settled  at  West- 
«ote8  since  the  beginning  of  the  sixteenth 
centiuy  (see  Visitation  of  Leicester^  Harl. 
Soc.  p.  104).  Rogers  Rudinff  was  bom  at 
Leicester  on  9  Aug.  1751.  Matriculating 
from  Merton  College,  Oxford,  on  21  June 
1766,  he  naduated  B.  A.  in  1772,  proceeded 
iLA,  itt  1775  and  B.D.  in  1782.  He  was 
elected  feUow  of  his  college  in  1775.  He  was 
presented  to  the  college  living  of  Maldon, 
Suirej,  La  1793,  and  afterwards  became  fel- 
low of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  London 
and  an  honorary  member  of  the  Philosophical 
Society  at  Newcastle-on-Tyne.  He  married, 
on  16  May  1793,  Charlotte,  fourth  daughter 
of  his  uncle,  John  Ruding,  and  by  her  had 
three  sons,  none  of  whom  survived  him,  and 
two  daughters.  He  died  at  Maldon,  Surrey, 
on  16  Feb.  1820. 

Ruding  published:  1.  ^A  Proposal  for 
restoring  the  Antient  Constitution  of  the 
Mint,  so  far  as  relates  to  the  Expense  of 
Coinage,  together  with  a  Plan  for  the 
Improvement  of  Money,  and  for  increas- 
ing the  BiJSiculties  of  Counterfeit inff,'  1798. 
2.  '  Some  Account  of  the  Trial  of  the  Pix ' 
('Archsolofinay'  xvii.  164.  3.  *  Memoir 
of  the  Office  of  Cuneator'  (ib.  xviii. 
207).  4.  'The  Annals  of  the  Coinage  of 
Britain  and  its  Dependencies,'  &c.,  3  vols., 
London,  1817-19,  4to;  2nd  edit,  enlarged 
and  continued  to  the  close  of  1818,  &c. 
(Appendix),  6  vols.,  London,  1819,  8vo; 
voL  vi.,  {dates,  1819, 4to ;  3rd  edit.,  enlarged, 
to  which  18  added  an  entirely  new  index  of 
erery  coin  engraved,  3  vols.^  London,  1840, 
4to.  For  the  first  edition,  which  waa  sold 
off  in  six  months,  the  Society  of  Antiquaries 
wrmitted  Folkes's  plates  to  be  used  [see 
FoLKEs,  Mabiut].  The  third  edition  was 
edited  by  J.  Y.  Akerman,  with  the  aid  of 
other  numismatists.  Rud  ing  also  contributed 
nnmerouB  articles  on  the  coinage  to  the 
'Gentleman's  Magasine.' 

[Genu  Mag.  1793  t  479,  1820  i.  16,  100, 
285;  Niehols's  Lit.  Anecdotes,  ix.  218;  Penny 
Cjelopndia,  zx.  216;  English  Cyclopaedia;  Ni- 
<^ol»*8  Leicestershire,  iv.  5(i8 ;  McCnlloch's  Lite- 
mure  of  Political  Economy;  Foster^s  Alumni 
Oxoa.  1716-1886,  iil  1234.]         "W.  A.  8.  H. 

RUDYEBD,  Sib  BENJAMIN  (1572- 
165 S),  politician  and  poet,  son  of  James 
Budyerd  of  Hartley^  Hampshire,  by  Mar- 

VOL.    XTIt. 


garet,  daughter  and  heiress  of  Lawrence 
KidweUy  of  Winchfield  in  the  same  county, 
was  born  on  26  Dec.  1572.  He  was  educated 
at  Winchester  school,  and  matriculated  from 
St.  John's  College,  Oxford,  on  15  Jan.  1587-8, 
but  does  not  appear  to  have  graduated (F08- 
TBR,  Alumni  Oxon.  i.  1288;  Wood,  Atkenm 
Oxon.  ed.  Bliss,  iii.  455,  gives  the  date  of  his 
matriculation  as  4  Aug.  1587).  On  18  April 
he  was  admitted  to  the  Inner  Temple,  and  on 
24  Oct.  1600  was  called  to  the  bar  (MANVlNe, 
Memoirs  of  Sir  Benjamin  Budyerd,  p.  5). 

Rudyerd*B  career  falls  naturally  into  three 
parts.  'His  youthful  j^ears,'  says  Wood, 
'  were  adomea  with  all  kinds  of  polite  learn- 
ing, his  middle  years  with  matters  of  judg- 
ment, and  his  latter  with  state  affairs  and 
politics.'  His  poems,  though  not  printed 
till  after  his  death,  gained  Rudverd  consider- 
able reputation  as  a  poet,  and  he  was  also 
accepted  as  a  critic  of  poetry.  He  associated 
with  Ben  Jonson,  John  Hoskins  (1566-1638) 
[q.  v.],  John  Owen  (1560P-1622)  [q.  v.]  the 
epigrammatist,  and  other  men  of  letters,  and 
was  on  intimate  terms  with  William  Her- 
bert, earl  of  Pembroke.  Jonson  printed  in 
1616  three  epigrams  addressed  to  Rudyerd, 
praising  his  virtues,  his  friendship,  and  his 
'  learned  muse '  {Epigrams^  121-3).  Another 
poem  written  on  seeing  Rudyerd's  portrait  is 
indifferently  attributed  to  John  Owen  or  Sir 
Henry  Wotton  (Ma^nning,  p.  254). 

Rudyerd's  friendship  with  John  Hoskins 
was  interrupted  by  a  duel,  in  which  the 
former  is  said  to  have  been  woimded  in  the 
knee  (Wood,  AtheJUBf  ii.  626).  His  intimacy 
with  Pembroke,  testified  by  his  answers  to 
Pembroke's  poems,  was  furdier  cemented  by 
his  marriage  with  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Sir 
Henry  Harington,  who  was  a  kinswoman  of 
Pembroke  (Mankiko,  p.  28). 

In  1610  Rudyerd  obtained  a  license  to 
travel  for  three  years,  and  Lord  Herbert  of 
Cherbury  mentions  meeting  him  at  Florence 
in  1614  (Life,  ed.  Lee,  p.  153;  Cal  State 
Papers,  Dom.  1603-10,  p.  581).  After  his 
return  he  was  knighted  (30  March  1618) 
and  granted,  on  17  April  1618,  the  post  of 
surveyor  of  the  court  of  wards  for  life  (ib, 
1611-18,  pp.  525,  635;  Metca^lfe,  Book  of 
Snights,  p.  173).  Rudyerd  held  this  lucra- 
tive office  until  its  abolition  by  the  Lonff 
parliament  in  1647,  when  he  was  voted 
6,000/.  as  a  compensation  for  its  loss  (Man* 
NiNe,  p.  240 ;  Common^  Journals,  v.  4ffy, 

Rudyerd's  political  career  began  in  1620, 
in  which  year  ne  was  returned  to  parliament 
for  the  borouffh  of  Portsmouth.  In  later 
parliaments  ne  represented  Portsmouth 
(1624,  1625),  Old  Sarum  (1626),  Downton 
(1628),  and  Wilton  in  the  two  parliaments  of 

00 


Rudyerd 


$96 


Rudyerd 


1640  {Natnei  qf  Members  returned  to  serve  in 
FarUamentf  1878).  His  earlidst  tpeeches 
oombine  leal  for  the  cause  of  the  elector 
palatine  ifith  a  desire  to  propitiate  the  hinff, 
and  he  maintained  this  moderate  attitude 
throughout  tJie  disputes  of  the  next  eight 
yMn(MAjnaHe,pp.58,62;  GAxanmijMia- 
tmy  <^EHgland,  iv.  285). 

In  the  parliament  of  1628  Rudyerd  came 
forward  as  the  chosen  spokesman  of  the  go- 
▼«rament.  'His  official  position  as  surveyor 
of  the  opurt  o^  irards,  together  with  his  close 
eonnection  with  Pembroke,  made  him  a  fit 
exponent  of  the  coalition  which  had  sprung 
up  between  Buckin^iam  and  die  popular 
kards '  (GABDnrsBy  Mietory  of  Bnglandy  v. 
189, 194).  He  advocated  war  with  Spain,  a 
eonfederation  withfbreign  protestant  princes, 
and  a  Ubeial  contribution  to  the  king's 
necessities  (MAKirure,  pp.  74,  79,  88).  In 
the  first  parliament  of  uharles  I  Ru<^erd, 
still  following  the  lead  of  his  patron  Pem- 
broke, played  a  similar  part.  He  commenced 
with  a  panegyric  on  the  virtues  of  the  new 
sovereign,  prophesying  that  the  distaste  be- 
tween parbament  and  sovereign  would  now 
be  removed,  for  the  king  'hath  been  bred  in 
parliaments,  which  hath  made  him  not  only 
to  know,  but  to  favour  the  wavs  of  his  sub- 
jects '  {Ommmu^ Debates  in  1626, p^.  10, 80, 
Camd.  Soc.  1878).  Holding  these  views,  he 
took  no  part  in  the  attack  on  Buckingham 
during  the  Oxford  session,  and  approved  the 
dervice  of  making  the  opposition  leaders 
sheriffs  in  order  to  prevent  them  renewing 
^ue  attack  in  the  next  parliament.  'The 
rank  weeds  of  parliament,'  he  wrote  to  a 
friend, '  are  rooted  up,  so  that  we  may  ex- 
pect a  plentiful  harvest  the  next'  (Gasdi- 
VBB,  History  qf  JEnffland,  vi.  88).  In  spite 
of  his  disinclination  to  act  against  the  go- 
vernment, he  was  one  of  the  sixteen  mem- 
bers appointed  to  assist  the  managers  of 
Backinf^am's  impeachment  (3  May  1626), 
but  took  no  pubLc  part  in  the  trial,  while 
showing  characteristic  zeal  for  questions  of 
ehuich  reform  (MAmrore,  pp.  108, 186).  In 
1688,  while  still  endeavouring  to  mediate,  he 
took  a  stronger  line  for  redress  of  grievances. 
*  This,'  he  said, '  is  the  crisis  of  parliaments. 
...  If  we  persevere,  the  king  to  draw  one 
way,  the  parliament  another,  the  Common- 
wealth must  sink  in  the  midst.'  Against 
-the  king's  claim  to  arrest  without  showing 
cause  he  emphatically  declared  himself,  hold- 
ing that  a  new  law  rather  tl^an  a  mere  re- 
•oactmiit  of  Magna  Oharta  was  necessary, 
though  prolesaing  that  he  would  be  glad  to 
see  that  '  good  old  decrepit  law  Magna 
Gharta  walk  abroad  again  with  new  vigour 
.vmi  lufltn'  (li.pp.  114,  120,  126;  Gabdi- 


KBB,  vi.  264).  His  speech  on  the  liberty  of 
the  subject  was  criticised  by  Laud  as  eedi- 
tious  (ItAJTV,  Works,  rii.  631),  and  tha 
criticism  was  adduced  as  evidence  against 
the  archbishop  at  his  trial  (ib.  iv.  868). 

During  the  intermission  of  parliaments 
Rudyerd  turned  his  attention  to  colonial 
enterprises.  He  was  one  of  the  original 
incorporators  of  the  Providence  Company 
(4  Dec.  1680),  and,  like  other  members  of 
the  company,  sometimes  repaired  his  losses 
as  a  coloniser  by  his  gains  in  privateering 
(Cal.  State  Papers,  Col.  1674-1660,  p.  128; 
Strajfbrd  Tapers,  ii.  141).  It  was  probably 
to  his  connection  with  the  Providence  Com- 
pany that  Rudyerd  owed  his  place  in  the 
council  appointed  by  the  Long  parliament 
for  the  government  of  the  English  colonies 
(2  Nov.  1648). 

In  the  Short  pariiament  of  April  1640 
Rudyerd  resumed  the  part  of  mediator.  'H 
temper  and  moderation  be  not  used  by  us, 
beware  of  having  the  race  of  parliaments 
rooted  out '  (MANinNe,  p.  161).  in  the  Long 
parliament  he  created  a  great  impression  by 
the  vigorous  attack  on  the  king's  evil  coun- 
sellors which  he  made  on  the  first  day  of  its 
debates.  '  Under  the  name  of  puritans,'  he 
complained,  'all  our  reli^on  is  branded. 
Whosoever  squares  his  actions  by  any  rule, 
either  divine  or  human,  he  is  a  puritan. 
Whoever  could  be  governed  by  the  king's 
laws,  he  is  a  puritan.  He  that  will  not  do 
whatsoever  otixer  men  would  have  him  do, 
he  is  a  puritan '  {ib,  p.  160).  He  followed 
up  this  speech  by  an  attack  on  the  new 
canons  imposed  by  the  synod  of  1640,  but 
drew  back  when  the  abolition  of  bishops 
was  proposed,  and  advocated  a  limited 
episcopacy  {jb,  pp.  174,  186,  188).  Rud- 
yerd epoKe  several  times  against  Strafifbrd, 
and  did  not  vote  against  the  bill  for  his  at- 
tainder {ib,  pp.  194-206)..  He  was  a  sealous 
advocate  of  a  vigorous  and  protestant  foreign 
policy,  and  opposed  anr  suggestion  to  tolerate 
Catholicism  m  Ireland  {iJb.  pp.  208-18).  In 
the  debate  on  the  '  Qraud  Remonstrance,* 
while  agreeing  vnth  the  historical  portion  of 
that  manifesto,  he  objected  to  what  he  termed 
the  prophetical  ]Mirt  {ib»  p.  222^.  On  9  July 
1642,  when  civil  war  was  imminent,  he 
made  a  pathetic  appeal  for  peace,  which 
was  immediately  republished  and  circulated 
by  the  royalists  {ib,  p.  231).  Yet,  in  spite 
of  his  repugnance  to  war,  Rudyerd  did  not 
leave  the  Long  parliament,  though  the  fact 
that  his  attendance  was  twice  specially  or- 
dered seems  to  show  that  he  sometimea 
thought  of  retiring  from  Westminster  (Co9f»- 
mamS  Jmamals,  ii.  926).  He  took  the  two 
covenants,  aeted  m  ai  oomaussionev  for  the 


Rue 


387 


Rue 


govemment  of  the  colonies,  and  was  ap- 
pointed a  member  of  the  assembly  of  divines 
(12  June  164S).  In  1648  he  supported  the 
praebyterians  in  nrging  an  accommodation 
vith  the  king,  was  arrested  by  the  army  on 
6  Dee.,  and  was  for  a  few  hours  imprisoned 
(MiKmre,  i»p.  244, 248).  Rudyerd^took  no 
farther  part  in  public  anairs,  and  died  at  his 
house  at  West  Woodhay  in  Berkshire  on 
S\  May  1668.  His  epitaph,  written  by  him- 
self, is  printed  by  Wooa  and  by  Le  Neve 
{Mcnumenta  AngUcana,  it  60).  Rudyerd 
left  one  eon,  William,  some  Torses  by  whom 
are  prefixed  to  Lovelace's  '  Lucasta.' 

A  portrait  of  Rudyerd  by  Mytens,  in  the 
possession  of  Lord  Braybrooke,  was  engraved 
both  I7  W.  Hollar  and  T.  Payne;  it  is  ^ven 
in  Manning's  'Memoirs  of  Sir  Benjamin 
Rudyerd.* 

Radyord  was  the  author  of :  1.  '  Le  Prince 
d' Amour,  an  Account  of  the  Revels  of  the 
Society  of  the  Middle  Temple  in  1699,'  pub- 
lished m ie60(cf.  M AinfiKO, p.  8).  2. <  Poems 
written  hy  William,  Earl  of^  Pembroke, 
whereof  many  are  answered  by  way  of  re- 
partee by  Sir  Beiyamin  Rudyerd,  knight: 
with  several  distinct  Poems  written  by 
them  occasionally  and  apart,'  1660,  8vo. 
3.  'Speeches.'  According  to  Wood  about 
forty  of  Rad^erd's  speeches  were  published 
during  his  life.  Many  of  these  are  reprinted 
in  Rush  worth's  '  Collections,'  and  others  are 
added  from  manuscript  in  Manning's '  Me- 
moirs/ They  show  great  rhetorical  and 
litenuTf  gifte,  but  little  statesmanship.  Sir 
Bdward  Dering  in  the  Long  parbament 
etyled  him  'that  ulver  trumpet,'  but  his 
oratory  was  rather  pleasing  than  convincing. 
Aeeoidingto  Sir  Jonn  Eliot,  his  speeches  were 
'never  bat  premeditated,  which  had  more 
show  of  memory  than  affection,  and  made  his 
wordslesB  powerful  than  obeerved  '(Fobsibb, 
li/eofjBHot/u2&6). 

[Wood's  Atheun  Ozon.  iii.  455;  Manning's 
Mamoixs  of  Sir  Benjamin  Rudyerd,  1841J 

C.  H.  P. 

BUS,  WARREN  ra  £a  (1815-1889), 
inventor  and  man  of  science,  elder  son  of 
Thomas  de  la  Rue,  by  Jane  Warren,  was 
bom  at  Guernsey  on  16  Jan.  1816  fsee  Db 
u  Rue,  Thomas].  Warren  was  educated 
at  the  OoUtee  Sainte-Barbe  in  Paris,  and 
while  still  a  fikd  entered  his  father's  printing 
firm.  He  showed  fitom  the  first  a  Keen  in- 
terest in  chemistry,  physios,  and  mechanics, 
which  he  studied  privately.  He  appUed  his 
knowledge  in  his  business,  was  one  of  the 
first  to  useeleetiotyi^in^on  a  manufacturing 
icale,  and  with  Edwm  fi[ill  invented  the  first 
envelofe-aaaldng  machine  exhibited  at  the 


exhibition  of  1851.  But,  although  he  did 
leave  business  until  late  in  life,  his  chief  in- 
terest was  in  pure  science.  In  18S6  he  pub- 
lished his  first  paper,  on  a  Daniell  battery 
with  neutral  solutions  of  zino  and  copper 
sulphates.  Li  1646  he  attended  the  first  of 
a  course  of  lectures  on  practical  chemistry 
at  the  GoUege  of  Chendstry  under  August 
Wilhelm  Hofmann  (1818-1892}.  He  formed 
a  dose  Mendship  with  Hofmann,  and  with 
his  help  carried  out  an  important  investigation 
cochineal.    In  1849  he  edited  with  Hof- 


on 


mann  the  first  two  volumes  of  an  English 
edition  of  the '  Jahresbericht . . .  der  Ohemie ' 
of  Justus  von  Liebig  and  Heinrich  £opp. 
He  was  elected  F.R.S.  in  1850. 

About  this  time,  tuider  the  influence  of 
James  Nasmyth  (1808-1890)  [q.  v.],  De  la 
Rue  abandoned  chemistry  traiporarily  for 
practical  astronomy,  and  in  1860  he  pub- 
lished his  first  astronomical  paper,  which  cour 
tained  a  beautiful  drawing  of  Saturn.  He  had 
a  small  observatory  built  at  Oanonbury,  which 
he  provided  with  a  18»inch  Newtonian  reflect- 
ing telescope  constructed  after  his  own  d»- 
si^s,  thespeculum  being  figured  and  pdished 
with  his  own  hands  by  a  new  method  which 
embodied  an  important  advance  on  that  of 
WiUiam  Lassell  (Monthly  Notices  qf  the 
Bayed  Agtronomieal  Society,  1862,  vol.  xiii.) 
In  1862  he  turned  his  attention  to  celestisl 
photography,  in  which  he  became  pre-eminent . 
A  daguerreotype  of  the  moon  had  been  shown 
W  William  Cranch  Bond  (1789-1869)  of 
Cambridge  (U.S.A.)  at  the  exhilntion  of  1861 ; 
but  De  la  Rue,  stimulated  by  this  achieve- 
ment, devised  the  first  uniformly  successful 
method  of  lunar  photographv.  He  also,  by 
taking  photographs  j&om  slightly  diflerent 
aspects  and  recombining  them  stereosco- 
pically,  brouffht  to  light  various  new  features 
on  the  moon^  surface.  In  1867  he  showed 
that  points  on  the  lunar  surface,  possessing 
equal  optical  intensity  for  the  eye,  afleot 
photographic  plates  dinerently.  In  the  same 
^ear  he  removed  his  observatory  to  Cranford 
m  Middlesex. 

In  1864  Sir  John  Frederick  William  Her- 
schel  [q.  v.]  had  suggested  that  daily  photo- 
graphs of  the  sun  should  be  taken  at  the  Kew 
Observatory,  andDe  la  Rue  devised  aphoto- 
heUographic  telescope  for  the  purpose,  known 
later  as  the  '  Kew  heliograph.'  The  instru- 
ment, which  was  first  used  in  1868,  is  described 
in  the '  Philosophical  Transactions '  for  1862 
(i.  862).  In  1869  he  presented  to  the  British 
Association  an  extensive  report  on  celestial 
photo^aphy  in  England.  He  directed  the 
expedition  which  went  from  England  to  ob* 
serve  the  solar  edipee  of  18  Jmy  1860  at 
HivabeUoeain^paia;.  DelaRue^aobsetrvations 

oo2 


Rue 


388 


Rue 


on  this  eclipse,  and  those  carried  out  hy 
similar  methods  b^  Father  Angelo  Secchi 
(1818-1878)  at  Desierta  de  lasPalmas,  proved 
conclusively  that  the  '  red  flames '  or  '  pro- 
minences/ observed  during  eclipses,  belong 
to  the  sun  and  not  to  the  moon.  *  To  De  la 
Hue/  sajs  Loclrrer  {QmtrilnUions  to  Solar 
FkyncSf  pp.  1 11, 112),  ^  belongs  the  full  credit 
of  having  solved  this  important  question.'  In 
1862  Be  la  Rue  communicated  tne  results  of 
the  eclipse  expedition  to  the  Royal  Society  as 
the  Bakerian  lecture  for  the  year.  He  now,  in 
conjunction  with  Balfour  Stewart  [q.v.],  the 
superintendent  of,  and  Mr.  Benjamin  Loewy, 
observer  to,  the  Kew  Observatory,  made  a 
large  number  of  observations  of  the  sun  and 
of  sun-spots,  the  results  being  first  published 
in  three  memoirs  entitled  'Researches  in 
Solar  Physics,'  printed  privately  in  1865-8, 
and  later  in  the  *  Philosophical  Transactions.' 
In  1861  De  la  Rue  obtained  a  stereoscopic 
view  of  a  sun-spot,  and  this  and  further 
observations  by  himself  and  his  colleaafues 
strongly  supported  the  suggestion  of  Alex- 
ander Wilson  (1714-1786)  [q^.  v.]  of  Glasgow, 
based  on  observations  made  in  1769-74,  that 
sun-spots  are  depressions  in  the  sun's  atmo- 
sphere ;  the  facular  appendages  were  shown 
to  occupy  a  higher  position,  and  in  most  cases 
to  lag  behind  the  spots  in  their  movement  of 
rotation,  th  e  smaller  velocity  of  rotation  being 
accounted  for  on  the  supposition  that  they 
had  been  flung  up  from  a  considerable 
depth.  From  the  study  of  over  660  sun- 
spots  the  three  astronomers  attempted,  but 
vtdth  no  decided  success,  to  connect  the  fre- 
quency of  sun-spots  with  planetary  move- 
ments ( Youire,  The  Sun,  -p.  149).  They  con-, 
-firmed  R.  Wolf's  expression  for  the  total 
area  of  sun-spots  in  terms  of  the  number  of 
groups  of  spots  and  of  isolated  spots,  and  the 
total  number  of  spots  visible.  The  Kew 
heliograph,  after  being  used  on  the  1860 
•eclipse  expedition  and  from  May  1863  to 
1872  at  Kew,  was  transferred  to  the  Green- 
wich ObseiVatory,  but  is  now  again  at  Kew. 
In  1873  De  la  Rue  took  an  active  part  in 
the  preparation  for  observing  the  transit  of 
Venus  m  1874,  but,  finding  that  night  work 
iiad  become  too  arduous  lor  him,  gave  his 
telescope  to  the  university  of  Oxford,  removed 
from  Oranford  to  PortUnd  Place,  and  fitted 
•up  a  private  physical  laboratory  for  himself 
and  his  friend  Dr.  Hugo  Miiller,  with  whom, 
although  mainly  occupied  with  astronomical 
work,  he  had  carried  out  anumber  of  chemical 
researches.  The  most  important  of  these 
-were  on  Rangoon  tar  (1859),  glyceric  acid 
<1859),  and  terephthalic  acid  (1861).  The 
research  on  Rangoon  tar  led  to  a  patent 
^hich  prored  very  profitable  financially.  He 


continued  in  this  laboratory  with  Dr.  Miiller 
an  elaborate  series  of  researches  on  the  electric 
discharge  through  gases,  which  were  beg^ 
in  1868  and  continued  to  1888.  It  cannot 
be  said  that  the  results  led  to  any  simple 
explanation  of  the  complex  phenomena  ob- 
served, but  they  furnished  a  valuable  series 
of  data  and  have  special  interest  in  oonneo- 
tion  with  the  discharge  of  the  aurora  borealis. 
The  experiments  were  carried  out  by  means  of 
a  battery  of  constant  cells,  devised  and  grra- 
dually  improved  by  the  two  experimenters, 
of  wiiich  silver  and  zinc  formed  the  cdeo- 
trodes,  and  fused  silver  chloride  and  a  6olu« 
tion  of  zinc,  sodium,  or  ammonium  chloride 
formed  the  electrolytes.  A  similar  cell  had 
been  described  in  1863  in  <  Electric  Tele- 
graph in  India '  (p.  14),  by  Dr.  (afterwards 
Sir)  William  Brooke  O'Shaughnessy  fq.  v.], 
whose  priority  De  la  Rue  acknowledged 
(Phil,  Trans,  clxix.  65),  The  battery  was 
gradually  increased  imtil  in  1883  it  contained 
fifteen  thousand  cells. 

De  la  Rue,  who  had  retired  from  business 
in  1869,  returned  to  it  on  the  death  of  a 
younger  brother  inl870,  but  finally  retired  in 
1880.  He  died  on  19  AprU  1889.  He  had 
married,  in  1840,  Miss  G^eorgiana  Bowles, 
and  left  four  sons  and  a  daughter. 

De  la  Rue  received  the  gold  medal  of  the 
Astronomical  Society  in  1862,  a  royal  medid 
from  the  Royal  Society  in  1864,  and  the 
'prix  Lalande'  for  I860  (Oompteg  JRenduede 
I  AcatUmie  des  Sciences,  Ixii.  476)   for  his 
discoveries.    He  also  received  the  honorary 
degrees  of  M.A.  and  D.G.L.  at  Oxford,  was 
elected  corresponding  member  of  the  French 
Academy  of  Sciences,  was  made  commander 
of  the  legion  of  honour,  and  received  many 
other  honours  from  abroad.    His  application 
of  photography  to  celestial  objects,  in  which 
he  displayea  *  unfailing  fertility  of  invention,' 
has  been  of  the  utmost  service  to  phyaical 
astronomy.    He  gave  money  as  well  as  his 
own  time  freely  for  the  advancement  of  pure 
science,  and  showed  exceptional  kindness  to 
younger  scientific  men.    He  was  an  original 
member  of  the  Chemical  Society,  over  which 
he  presided  from  1667  to  1869,  and  again 
from  1879  to  1880;  he  served  first  as  secretary, 
and  then  from  18iS4  to  1866  as  president  of 
the  Royal  Astronomical  Society,  was   for 
many  years  president  of  the  London  Institu- 
tion, and  from  1878  to  1882  secretary  to  the 
Royal  Institution.     He  was  also  an  early 
and  active  member  of  the  Royal  Microscopi- 
cal Society. 

The '  Royal  Society's  Catalogue '  (continued 
to  1884)  contains  a  list  of  nfty-nve  papers 
published  ind^>endently  by  De  la  Rue  (of 
which  the  majority  appeared  in  the  'Monthly 


Ruff 


389 


Ruffhead 


^notices  of  the  Royal  Astronomical  Society ' 
or  the  publicationa  of  the  Royal  Societ^) ; 
eif^hteen  wpn  publiehed  in  conjunction 
"With  Dr.  fiL  Miiller,  one  in  conjunction  with 
Dr.  H.  Miiller  and  William  Spottiswoode 
[<^.T.],  and  ten  in  conjunction  with  Ore.  Bal- 
loor  Stewart  and  B.  Loewy.  He  also  had 
privately  printed  two  tables  (computed  by 
A.  Marth)  for  the  reduction  of  solar  obeerya- 
tions  (1876  and  1878).  and  other  tables 
(1877). 

[Bendes  the  sources  mentioned,  Men  of  the 
Beign ;  Boase's  Modem  Engl.  Biogr. ;  De  la  Roe's 
own  papers,  and  obituary  notices  in  the  Times, 
22  April  1889,  Transactions  of  the  Chemical 
Socwty  (1890,  p.  441),  Nature,  zl.  27,  Monthly 
Notices  of  the  Royal  Astronomical  Society,  1. 
loo,  by  £.  B.  E[nobel],  and  also  presidential 
Bddjms  by  Dr.  John  Lee  (ib,  1862,  zxii.  131); 
Sir  F.  A.  Abel  in  the  Transactions  of  tlie  Chemi- 
cal Society,  1896,  pp.  686  et  seq. ;  Jubilee  of  the 
(^hemicsl  Society,  1 896  ;  Boscoe  and  Schorlem- 
mer  t  Chemistry,  toL  iii.  pt  iv.  p.  451 ;  Biograph 
And  Renew,  1881,  vi.  76;  Boyal  Microscopical 
Soa^fi  Journal,  1889,  p.  474;  Berichte  d. 
dentaehen  chemischen  Gesellschaft,  1889,  p. 
1 169,  by  A.  W.  Hofmann ;  Quekett's  Microscop!", 
drd  edit,  pp.  476  et  seq. ;  Miss  A.  M.  Clerke's 
Hist  of  Astronomy  in  the  Nineteenth  Century, 
3rd  edit.  p.  190  passim ;  Wolf's  Gesch.  d.  Astro- 
oomie  (]877)i  passim,  and  Handbuch  d.  Astro- 
nomie,  1890-3,  p.  637  and  passim;  Young's  The 
Son,  passim ;  JLockyer^s  Chemistry  of  the  San, 
pp.  101,  406 ;  Proceedings  of  the  Boyal  Society, 
1864  ziii.  610,  1885  sxxix.  87  et  seq.  (li.  H. 
Scott's  History  of  the  Kew  Obserratory) ;  infor- 
mation jrindly  given  by  Mr.  Ernest  do  la  Rue, 
SCO  of  Warren  de  la  Ane,  Dr.  Charles  Chree, 
niperintendent  of  the  Kew  ObservAtory,  and 
Professor  Arthur  Schuster.]  P.  J.  H. 

RUFF,  WILLIAM  (1801-1866),  author 
of '  The  Guide  to  the  Turf/  bom  in  Lon- 
don in  1801,  was  educated  for  the  law, 
which  he  followed  for  a  short  period.  His 
father  was  a  reporter  of  sporting  intelli- 
gence to  the  principal  London  journals,  and 
on  his  fiather^s  death  Ruff  succeeded  to  his 
occupation,  which  required  much  bodily  as 
well  as  mental  viffour.  The  younger  Ruff 
Jim  reported  for 'Bell's  Life'  in  1821,  and 
inaugurated  a  new  era  in  his  branch  of  jour- 
nalism. He  never  contracted  a  betting  ob- 
ligation, and  during  the  quarter  of  a  century 
of  his  profesaional  career  the  utmost  reliance 
was  placed  on  his  reports.  He  continued 
workin9[  until  the  summer  of  1858,  when  his 
health  failed.  He  was  the  author  and  ori- 
ginator in  1842  of  the '  Guide  to  the  Turf,  or 
rocket  Racing  Companion,' which  he  brought 
out  aann&Uy  up  to  the  spring  of  1654.  The 
work  had  a  world-wide  celebrit;^.  After 
1854  the  pnblicatioiiy  which  is  still  iasued 


twice  a  year,  was  edited  by  W.  H.  Langley. 
Ruff  died  at  38  Doughty  Street,  Mecklen- 
burgh  Square,  London,  on  90  Dec.  1856. 

[Gent.  Mag.  February  1667,  p.  246  ;  Post  and 
Paddock,  by  The  Braid,  1880,  p.  174.] 

G.  C.  B. 

RUFFHEAD^  OWEN  (1728-1769), 
miscellaneous  writer,  the  son  of  Owen  Ruff- 
head, the  descendant  of  a  Welsh  family  and 
baker  to  G^rge  I,  was  bom  in  Piccadilly  in 
1728.  When  still  a  child  his  father  bought 
him  a  lottery  ticket,  and,  drawing  a  prize  of 
500/.,  invested  the  money  in  his  son's  educa- 
tion. He  was  entered  of  the  Middle  Temple 
in  1742,  was  called  to  the  bar  in  1747,  and  he 
gradually  obtained  a  good  practice,  less  as  a 
regular  pleader  than  as  a  consultant  and 
framer  ot  bills  for  parliauient.  In  the  mean* 
time  he  sought  to  form  some  political  con- 
nections, and,  with  this  end  in  view,  he  in 
1757  started  the  *  Con-Test '  in  support  of 
the  government  against  the  gibes  of  a  weekly 
paper  Called  the  '  Test,'  which  was  run  by 
Arthur  Murphy  [q.  v.]  in  the  interests  of 
Henry  Fox  ^afterwards  first  Baron  Holland> 
[q.  v.]  Botn  abounded  in  personalities,  and 
the  hope  expressed  by  Johnson  in  the  *  Lite- 
rary Magazine,'  that  neither  would  be  long- 
lived,  was  happily  fulfilled  (cf.  A  Morning  $ 
ThofughU  on  Keading  tfte  Test  and  the  Con'- 
Test,  1757,  8vo).  From  about  1760  he  com- 
menced editing,  at  the  cost  of  great  labour, 
'  The  Statutes  at  Large  from  Alagna  Gharta 
to  1763,'  which  was  issued  in  nine  volumes 
folio,  London,  1762-5,  and  again  in  1769. 
Ruffhead's  collection  maintained  a  position 
of  authority,  and  has  been  continued  suc- 
cessively by  Runnington,  Tomlins,  Raithby, 
Simons,  and  Sir  George  Eettilby  Rickards. 
In  1760  Ruffhead  addressed  to  Pitt  a  letter 
of  some  eloquence  upon  the  '  Reasons  why 
the  approaching  Treaty  of  Peace  should  be 
debated  in  Parliament,'  and  this  was  fol- 
^  lowed  by  pamphlets,  including  '  Gonaidera- 
!  tions  on  the  Present  Dangerous  Crisis ' 
(1763,  4to),  and  *The  Case  of  the  late  Elec- 
tion for  the  County  of  Middlesex  considered ' 
(1764, 4  to),  in  which  he  defended  the  conduct 
of  the  administration  in  relation  to  Wilkes. 
About  1767  Bishop  Warburton  asked 
Ruffhead  to  undertake  the  task  of  digesting 
into  a  volume  his  materials  for  a  critical 
biography  of  Alexander  Pope.  Warburton 
reserved  to  himself  the  reading  of  the  proof- 
sheets  and  the  supervision  of  the  plan,  jRuff- 
head  set  to  work  with  the  metnodical  in- 
dustry that  was  habitual  to  him,  and  the  re- 
sult appeared  in  1769  (preface  dated  Middle 
Temple,  2  Jan.)  as  '  The  Life  of  Alexander 
Pope,  iiom  Original  Manuscripts,  with  a  Oriti- 


Rufus 


390 


Rugg 


calEasaj;  on  his  Writings  and  Genius ; '  inan 
appendix  were  printed  letters  from  Pope  to 
Aaron  Hill.  Though  tame  and  lifeless,  the 
book  was  read  with  avidity  as  affording  for 
the  first  time  a  quantity  of  authentic  infor- 
mation about  the  best-known  name  of  a 
literary  epoch ;  four  editions  appeared  within 
the  year  (one  at  Dublin),  ana  the  work  was 
translated  into  French  (it  was  also  prefixed 
to  Pope's  *  Works/  Paris,  1799).  The  verdict 
of  a  reviewer,  (possibly  Johnson)  in  the 
'  QentUmAn's  Magazine,'  that  *  Mr.  RulT- 
head  says  of  fine  passages  that  they  are  fine, 
and  of  leeble  passages  that  they  are  feeble; 
but  reoonunending  poetical  beauty  is  like 
remarking  the  S]uendour  of  sunshine — ^to 
those  who  can  see  it  is  unnecessary ;  to  those 
who  are  blind,  absurd,'  was  subsequently 
abridged  bv  Johnson  into  *  Ruffhead  knew 
nothing  of  Pope  and  nothing  of  poetry.* 
Elwin  dismisses  him  as  *  an  uncritical  tran- 
scriber.' 

Ruffhead  was  himself  a  reviewer  for  the 
'  Gentleman's  Magazine,'  and  he  had  in  hand 
simultaneously  with  his  *  Life  of  Pope '  an 
edition  of  Giles  Jacob's  '  New  Law  Dictio- 
nary '  (published  after  his  death  in  1772),  and 
the  superintendence  of  a  new  edition  of 
Ephraim  Chambers's  'Encyclopedia.'  His 
close  application  to  this  hteraiy  work,  in 
addition  to  his  leffal  duties,  undermined  his 
health,  and  a  cola  taken  in  a  heated  court 
resulted  in  his  premature  death  on  26  Oct. 
1769.  A  few  days  before  his  death,  in  re- 
cognition of  his  political  services^  he  had 
received  an  offer  of  a  secretaryship  in  the 
treasury.  He  left  one  son,  Thomas,  who  died 
a  curate  of  Prittlewell  in  Essex  in  1798. 
The  publishers  recovered  from  him  a  sum 
advanced  to  his  father  on  account  of '  Cham- 
bers's Encyclopaedia,'  the  supervision  of 
which  was  transferred  in  1773  to  John 
Calder  [q.  v.] 

[Gent  Mag.  1799,  u.  288,  888 ;  Noorthouck's 
Classical  Dictionary ;  Speoee's  Anecdotes,  1856, 
passim ;  Chalmers's  £iogr.  Diet ;  Disraeli's 
MiflcellaDies  of  Literature,  p.  166 ;  Nichols's 
Lit  Anecdotes,  iv.  97,  v.  63 3^  and  IlluBtrations, 
iv.  801 ;  Walpole's  Correspondence,  ed.  Cunning- 
han»,  i.  92 ;  fuswell's  Johnson,  ed.  Hill,  ii.  166 ; 
Pope's  Works,  ed.  Elwin  and  Conrthope,  pasaim ; 
Marvin's  Legal  Bibliogr.;  Brit.  Mus.  Cat.] 

T.  S. 

BXJFUS  (d.  1128),  bishop  of  London. 
[See  Rblktith  or  Beiumeis,  Kichabd.] 

ET7FUS,  GEOFFREY  {d.  1140),  bishop 
of  Durham  and  chancellor,  was  a  clerk  in 
the  service  of  Henry  I,  who  about  the  be- 
ginning of  1124  made  him  chancellor.  Li 
the  great  roll  of  1131  Geoffirey  is  mentioned « 


as  owing  8,0001. 18s. 4<i.  'pro  sigiUo;'  this 
has  been  supposed  to  be  part  of  a  fine  paid 
for  the  grant  of  his  office,  out  mors  probably 
it  represents  some  payments  of  money  re- 
ceived by  him  in  the  ordinary  oourse  as 
chancellor  (Fossil.  82^).  On  6  Aug.  1188 
QeaSrej  was  consecratea  bishop  of  iJorham 
by  Ajrchbishop  Thurstan  at  York  Oontraiy 
to  the  usual  custom^  he  retained  the  chan* 
cellorship,  and,  as  'Gblfridns  Gancellarius 
Episcopus  Dunelmensis,' witnessed  the  char- 
ter creatiog  Alberic  de  Ver  chamberlain, 
certainly  after  1  Oct.  1138  (Madox,  J?i>^. 
JEjccheguer,  i.  66).  It  is  not  unlikely  that 
Geoffrey  retained  the  chancellorship  till  the 
death  of  Henry  I.  Like  others  of  the  court 
officials,  he  adhered  to  Stephen,  and  in  1188, 
when  Norham  Castle  was  captured  by  King 
David  of  Scotland,  refused  to  repurchase  it 
at  the  price  of  his  allegiance.  As  bishop  of 
Durham  he  was  at  first  severe  to  his  monks, 
but  afterwards  indulgent,  and  at  his  death 
left  the  furniture  of  his  chapel  to  the  church 
(cf.  Durham  Wills  and  Inventories,  i.  2, 
Surtees  Soc.)  He  is  supposed  to  have  been 
the  first  prelate  who  exercised  the  regal  pri^ 
vilege  of  the  mint.  He  built  Allerton  Castle, 
and  ffave  it  to  his  nephew^  who  married  a 
granddaughter  of  the  Earl  of  Albemarle. 
He  died  on  6  May  1140,  and  was  buried  in 
the  chapter-house  at  Durham,  the  building 
of  which  was  completed  in  his  episcopacy. 
Geofirey  had  a  dau^ter,  who  mamed  Robert 
de  Amundeville(JoHir  opHbxham,  ap.  Stm. 
DuKELM.  ii.  816).  William  Cumin,  who 
after  Gkofirey'e  death  endeavoured  to  usurp 
the  bishopric,  had  been  one  of  his  clerks. 
Geoffrey  was  also  the  patron  of  Lawrence 
(d,  1164)  [q.  V.J,  prior  or  Durham  (Laubex- 
TIV8  DuiTELM.  ikaldffif  p.  12).  It  is  not 
known  to  what  circumstance  Geoffrey  owed 
his  sumsme  of  Rufus. 

[Sym.  Danelm.  i.  141-3,  161,  ii.  809,  816 
(Bolls  Ser.);  Chron.  de  Mailros,  pp.  69,  72 
(Bannatyne  Club) ;  Surtees's  Hist,  of  Durham, 
voL  i.  pp.  zz-xzi ;  Foss's  Judges  of  Eogland,  L 
134-6.]  C.  L.  K. 

RUFUS,  RICHARD  (Jl.  1250),  Fran- 
ciscan teacher.  [See  Riohabd  op  Corn- 
wall.] 

RUGG  or  Rbppbb,  WILLIAM  (d. 
1660),  bishop  of  Norwich,  was  descended 
from  an  old  Slurarpshire  fiunily,  who  were 
large  landholders  an  that  coun^  as  far  back 
as  the  thirteenth  century.  He  was  the  son 
of  William  Rugg  of  North  Reppes  in  Nor- 
folk, and  appears  to  have  been  educated  in  the 
priory  of  Norwich,  and  to  have  been  sent  as 
one  of  the  scholars  of  that  house  to  pujFsue 
his  studies  at  Cambridge,  where  he  cutered 


^^gg 


39« 


Rugge 


•t  Gftiitt  College,  proceeded  B.D.  in  1509, 
«nd  cooiineacM  1>.D.   in   1613.      When 
Biahop  Nix  Tieited  the  monastery  of  Nor- 
wich OB  37  A|«ii  1614,  Bugg  was  the  sacrist 
thon,  and  preached  the  Latin  sermon  usually 
deliTwed  on   such   occasions.      The   dis- 
oiowons  made  at  this  yisitation  ^ye  a  bad 
imprsBtion  of  the  state  of  discipline  in  the 
houM.   According  to  the  almost  invariable 
picliee,  on  his  bMominff  a  monk  professed 
at  Norwich,  he  droppea  his  surname,  and 
was  diatii^ipiished  by  the  name  of  his  birth« 
pUoe,  by  which  he  was  commonly,  but  by 
BO  means  always,  known.    In  1520  he  ap- 
peso  as  prior  of  the  cell  of  Yarmouth.    Six 
jeaa  kter  he  w«s  sub*prior  of  Norwich, 
and  a  charge  of  undue  &niiliarity  with  '  the 
wardioper's  wife '  -was  pre&rred  against  him, 
bat  apparantly  without  foundation.  In  1580 
(Apnl  2ff)  he  was  installed  abbot  of  St. 
Beanel^ay  Hulme,  a  mitred  abbey,  which 
gave  hia  a  seat  in  the  House  of  Lozds.  The 
abbey  was  visited  by  Bishop  Nix  on  14  June 
15S2;  the  disctpline  was  found  to  be  very  lax, 
and  the  monastery  wss  in  debt  more  than 
six  hundred  poiiiias-«*-that  is,  the  outstand- 
ing liabilitiee  amounted  to  rather  more  than 
t  year's  net  inoome.    Rug^  took  a  promi- 
nent part  in  obtaining  the  judgment  of  the 
vniTenity  of  Cambridge  in  fiivour  of  the 
diToiceof  the  kinf  from  Queen  Oatherine; 
tnd  on  7  June  1634  he^  with  twenty-five  of 
thanonki  of  St*  Bonnet,  signed  the  attesta- 
tion that   'the  Bishop  ox  Rome    had  no 
amheiity  in  £ngland/     At  the  death  of 
Biahop  jMix  on  14  Jan.  1686,  an  act  of  parlia- 
aent  was  passed  whereby  the  ancient  barony 
and  revenucB  of  the  see  were  transferred  to 
the  king,  and  the  estates  of  the  abbey  of 
Hubne  and  of  the  priory  of  Hiokling  were 
banded  orer  as  a  new  endowment  tor  the 
biahoprie  of  Norwich.    Hereupon  Rugg  was 
noDinated   biabop^    and    oonsecrat^  ap- 
puently  (for  there  is  some  doubt  upon  the 
«act  date)  on  11  June  1686.    That  same 
noutter  his  name  appears  among  the  signs- 
tOM  to  the  '  Beasons  to  justify  princes  in 
aunmoning  a  General  Oouncil,  and  not  the 
Pope  of  Rome  by  his  sole  authority.'    He 
was  concerned  in  the  compilation  of  the 
Buhopa'  Book,  and  in  1639  ne  took  part  in 
the  debate  on  the  Six  Articles.    On  the 
<inestion  of  whether  there  were  two  or  seven 
4eraments,  he  sided  with  the  king  against 
Cranmer.    In  August  1638  he  was  com- 
niluioned  to  dispute  with  one  of  the  obser- 
"mt  friars — ^Antony  Browns'— who  persisted 
[n  denying  the  king's  supremacy..   He  did 
^  best  to  induce  the  poor  mitn  to  reeant, 
but  in  Tain  (GimtrBT,  Henry  VIII  and  th^ 
EngL  Managt.  il  26(K3>    In  1640  he  was 


one  of  three  commissioners  for  dealing  witk 
charges  of  heresy.  For  his  conduct  m  this 
capacity  he  was  accused  of  cruelty,  and 
nothin«^  we  hear  of  of  him  tends  to  iassen 
the  un&TOumble  impression  which  his  con- 
temporaries conceived  regarding  him.  The 
later  years  of  his  life  appear  to  have  been 
much  troubled  bv  his  nnancial  embarrass- 
ments; he  was  heavily  in  debt,  and  was 
compelled  at  last  to  resign  his  bishopric 
about  Christmas  1649,  recenring  an  annuity 
of  200/.,  to  be  paid  quarterly,  and  a  discharge 
from  all  liability  for  dilapidations  and  waste 
in  his  diocese.  He  sturvived  his  resignation 
some  nine  months,  died  21  Sept.  1660,  and 
was  buried  in  Norwich  Cathecural.  He  ap- 
pears never  to  have  married. 

[Cooper's  Atbense  Cantabr.;  Yisitations  of  the 
Diocese  of  Norwich,  Camden  Soc.  1888 ;  Blome- 
field's  Hist,  of  Norfolk,  iii.  347;  R^giatram 
Sacrum  Anglicaaum,  ed.  Stubbs,  1658 ;  Letters 
and  Papers  of  Henry  VUI.  vols.  vii.  xi.  zii. ; 
Stiype's  Mem.  n.  ii.  170 ;  Strype's  Cranmev,  ii. 
1045.]  A.  J. 

RUaOB,  ROBERT  {d.  1410),  chaucellof 
of  the  university  of  Oxford.    [See  RxeoB.] 

BUGGE,  THOMAS  (d,  1072  P),  diarist, 
was  a  descendant  of  John  Rugge,  who  was 
created  archdeacbn  of  Wells  in  place  of  John 
Cotterell  in  1672 ;  John  Rug^  was  noted  for 
his  knowledge  of  civil  law,  wmoh  he  studied  in 
Germany;  became  vicar  of  TVynford  in  1673, 
a  canon  of  Westminster  in  1676,  and  died  in 
1681.  Thomas  was  bom  in  London,  tfnd 
was  a  citizen  throughout  the  civil  war.  In 
1660  he  commenced  his  manuscript  diary^ 
entitled  '  Mercurius  Politicus  Redivivus,  or 
a  collection  of  the  most  materiall  Occurances 
and  Transactions  in  Publick  Affairs.  Sinos 
Anno  Dom.  1669  until  [28  March  1072] 
serving  as  an  annuall  diumaU  for  future 
Satisfaction  and  Information.  Together  with 
a  Table,'  &c.  The  table  is  imperfect,  but 
the  headlines  to  each  page  serve  as  some  inn 
dication  of  the  contents,  comprised  in  two 
large  quarto  volumes.  The  oiary  seems  to 
have  been  compiled  from  news^heetS)  much 
fdter  the  manner  of  Narcissus  Luttn41.  It 
is  fullest  in  the  accounts  it  giTes  of  doings 
in  London,  and  a  good  half  is  occupied  with 
the  events  of  1661-2.  It  ceases  almiptly  in 
1672,  when  it  is  supposed  that  Rugge  cued. 
The  diary  has  never  been  printed,  and  its 
independent  interest  is  not  indeed  gresti 
But  it  corroborates  Pepys  in  manv  partievH 
lars,  and  it  was  used  l^  Lingard  during  the 
compilation  of  the  last  volume  of  his  *  His^ 
tory,'  It  belonged  in  1693  to  Thomas  Ghrey, 
second  earl  of  Stamford  [q.  v.],  and  was  pnr^ 
ofaased  by  theBriti^  Museum  (when  itnoiK 


Ruggle 


39« 


Ruggle 


fonns  Add.  MSS.  10116, 10117)  at  Heber's 
sale  in  February  18d6.  A  transcript  by  J. 
Mearea  of  the  first  yolume  of  Kugge's  work 
(dated  1687),  somewhat  more  complete 
than  that  in  the  British  Museum,  is  in 
private  hands. 

[Kennett's     Collections     (Lansdoirne     HS. 
982  f.  16);  Pepys's  Diary,  ed.  Braybrooke.] 

T.  S. 

RUOGLB,  GEORGE  no7&-1622), 
author  of  '  Ignoramus/  baptised  on  8  Nov. 
1576  at  Lavenham,  Suffolk,  was  fifth 
and  youngest  son  of  Thomas  Rug|jgle,  stated 
to  be  a  clothier,  and  Marjory,  ms  wife  (d, 
February  1612-13).  The  family  seems  to 
have  originally  sprung  from  Rugeley  in  Staf- 
fordshire. After  spending  some  time  at 
Lavenham  grammar  school,  George  matri- 
culated as  a  pensioner  from  St.  John^  College, 
Cambridge,  2  June  1689.  OnllMay  1593  he 
was  admitted  to  a  scholarship  at  Trinity 
College  in  the  same  university,  and  graduated 
B.A.  soon  afterwards,  and  M.A.  in  1597. 
He  was  elected  fellow  of  Clare  Hall  in  1598. 
A  good  classic,  he  proved  a  highly  efficient 
tutor.  Nicholas  Ferrar  was,  according  to 
his  biographer,  sent  to  Clare  College  partly 
on  account  of  the  reputation  acquired  by 
Ruggle  for  his  '  exquisite  skill  in  all  polite 
learning.'  In  1604  he  was  appointed  one  of 
the  two  tAxors  of  the  university,  and  in 
Augast  1605,  when  James  I  visited  Oxford, 
he  was  admitted  M.A.  there. 

In  1611-12  academic  circles  at  Cambridge 
were  excited  by  a  dispute  as  to  precedence 
between  the  mayor  of  the  town  and  the  vice- 
chancellor  of  the  university.  The  quarrel 
was  settled  in  1612  by  the  privy  council  in 
favour  of  the  vice-chancellor;  but  Ruggle 
and  his  academic  friends  resented  the  petti- 
fogging shifts  to  which  the  counsel  for  the 
mayor,  Francis  Brakin,  the  recorder  of  the 
town,  was  driven  during  the  protracted  argu- 
ments. Raggle  resolved  to  ridicule  him  in 
a  Latin  comedy.  An  Italian  comedy  en- 
titled '  Trapnolaria '  by  Giambattista  Porta 
(first  publisned  at  Bergamo  in  1596),  and 
itself  based  on  the  *  Pseudolus '  of  Plautus, 
suggested  the  form  of  Ruggle's  Latin 
comedy,  which  he  christened  'Ignoramus.' 
It  was  no  slavish  imitation.  Riigffle  laid 
his  scene  at  Bordeaux  instead  oi  Naples, 
as  in  ^  Trappolaria ; '  he  changed  the  names 
of  Porta's  characters,  and  added  seven  new 
ones ;  of  the  fifty-five  scenes  of  *  Igno- 
ramus,' while  twenty-one  are  borrowed  trom 
the  Italian,  and  sixteen  are  partial  imi- 
tations, eighteen  are  original.  Ruggle's 
hero,  the  iawver  Ignoramus,  satirises  the 
xeoorder  Brakin.     Miles  Goldesborough,  a 


member  of  the  Cambridge  corporation,  luded 
the  writer  with  details  about  local  legal 
notabilities,  and  he  derived  the  law-Latin 
phrases  with  which  the  play  mockingly 
abounds  from  William  West's  'Symboleo- 
graphy '  (1590)  and  '  The  Interpreter '  of 
John  Cowell  (1607).  The  work  was  completed 
before  March  1615,  and  on  the  second  night 
of  James  Fs  visit  to  the  university  (8  March) 
the  play  was  performed  in  Clare  Hall  in  tha 
royal  presence.  The  actors  were  drawn 
from  many  colleges,  Mr.  Parkinson  of  Clare 
filling  the  title  rdle.  Spencer  OomptOQ 
of  Queens*  (afterwards  Earl  of  Northamp- 
ton) played  Vince,  a  page.  John  ChambcSv 
lain  [q.  v.],  the  letter^writer,  reported  that 
*  the  thmg  was  full  of  mirth  and  variety,  with 
many  excellent  actors,  but  more  than  half 
marred  with  extreme  length.'  The  perfor- 
mance is  said  to  have  last^  six  hours.  James 
thoroughly  appreciated  Ruggle's  wit  and 
learning,  and  on  13  May  paid  a  second  visit 
to  Cambridge  to  witness  a  second  p^or- 
mance,  when  Davus  Dromo  (Mr.  Lake)  spoke 
a  new  prologue  m  laudem  autoris. 

The  lawyers  in  London  resented  Rug- 
gle's sharp  satire.  Chamberlain,  writing  on 
20  May  1615  of  the  king's  second  visit  *to 
Cambridffe  to  see  the  play  of  **  Ignoramus,"* 
related  that  the  piece  '  hath  so  nettled  the 
lawyers  that  they  are  almost  out  of  all 
patience ;  and  the  lord  chief-justice  [Coke], 
both  openly  at  the  king's  bench  and  divert 
other  places,  hath  galled  and  glanced  at 
scholars  with  much  bitterness ;  and  there  be 
divers  inns  of  court  men  have  made  rh3rmea 
and  ballads  against  them,  which  they  hare 
answered  sharply  enough ;  and  to  say  truth 
it  was  a  scandal  rather  taken  than  given ;  for 
what  profession  is  there  wherein  some  par- 
ticular persons  may  not  be  justly  taxed  with- 
out imputation  to  the  whole  P '  Cn '  the  rhvmes 
and  ballads  *  circulated  in  the  lawyers*  derance^ 
the  earliest  was  written  immediately  after  the 
first  performance  of  the  comedy,  and  was  ad* 
dressed  'to  the  comedians  of  Ciaxnbridge  who 
in  three  acts  before  the  king  abused  the  law-^ 
yers  with  an  imposed  Ignoramus.'  Similar 
retorts  followed  in  'The  soldiers  counterbuff 
to  the  Cambridge  interludians  of  Ignoramns  * 
{Harleian  MS.  5191),  and  in  <  A  modest 
and  temperate  reproof  of  the  scholars  ef 
Cambridge  for  slanderinc*  lawyers  with  that 
barbarous  and  gross  tiue  Ignoramus.'  In 
the  latter  piece  attention  was  seriously  drawn 
to  the  many  learned  men  to  be  found  among 
lawyers,  and  special  mention  was  made  of 
Sir  fVancis  Bacon  (R&WETKSy  p.  Ixiii). 
At  a  later  date  Robert  Callis,  a  serjeant- 
at-law,  attempted  a  refutation  of  Rugjgle's 
alleged  calumnies  in  a  prose  tract,  entUled 


Ruggles 


393 


Rule 


'  Tb0  OHe  tod  Aignment  tgainfit  Sir  Ignora- 
mus of  Gunbiidge' (London,  1648).    Sub- 
aequeiitly  the  poet  Cowley  warned  poets  not 
to  qjtumi  with  scholars,  'lest  some  one 
take  nlsen  and  another  **  Ignoramus  "  make.' 
In  1890^  when  he  was  third  in  seniority 
amooff  the  membera  on  the  foundation  of 
the  eufege,  Rnggle  vacated  his  fellowship. 
He  seems  to  haye  left  Cambridge  to  become 
tutor  at  Babvaham  to  the  two  sons  of  Toby 
PalsTicino,  and  grandsons  of  Sir  Horatio 
FkUneino  [q.  t.I    His  will,  dated  6  Sept. 
1621,  was  proved  3  Nov.  1622.    He  directed 
tiiat  all  his  pepera  and  paper  books  should  be 
bant,  bat  more  than  one  copy  of '  Ignoramus  * 
had  already  been  made.    One  oopy  has  long 
been  in  the  library  at  Clare  College.    It  was 
fint  printed  in  1680  by  John  Spencer  (Lon- 
don, ISmo),   ivith    a  fanciful  portrait  of 
'IgDoramas'aa  firontispiece.    Misprints  are 
numeroas,  and  beforo  the  end  of  the  year  a 
second  sad  revised  edition  appeared.     In 
1658  a  third  edition  nrofeseed  to  be  cor- 
rected in  six  hundred  places — '  locis  sexcen- 
tis  emendatior.'    Editions  dated  in  1659  and 
1668  are  both  called  the  fourth.     Others 
ippeaied  in  1707,  1731,  1786  (Dublin),  and 
1787.   The  last  is  elabontdk  annotated  by 
John  Sydney  Hawkins,     ifngliah  transla- 
tions by  Bobert  Codrington  [q.  v.]  and  Ed- 
vard  JKavenscroft  [q.  v.]  were  issued  in 
1662  and  1678  resoectively.     That  by  Cod- 
riagton  is  a  fairly  literal  rendering,  that  by 
BaTenaooft  is  an  adaptation.    The  latter 
vas  acted  in   1678  at  the  Royal  Theatre, 
under  the  title  'The  English  Lawyer/  a 
comedy.    The  piece,  in  the  original  Latin, 
Wisa4^ed  by  the  scholars  of  Westminster 
in  1712, 171S,  1780,  and  1747.    A  new  fifth 
act;  specially  prepared  for  the  Westminster 
performanoe,  appean  in  the  editions  of  1731 
and  1787. 

John  Backet's  'Loiola '  has  been  wrongly 
usigned  to  Ruogle, and,  according  to  a  manu- 
Kript  note  made  in  1741  in  a  copy  of '  Ignora« 
mos'  by  John  Hayward,M.A.,  of  Clare  Hall, 
l^on^k)  wrote  two  comedies,  'Re vera,  or 
Verily,'  and '  Club  Law.'  Neither  is  known 
to  be  ezrant.  A  manuscript  play  somewhat 
doubtfully  identified  with  the  latter,  which 
Attacked  the  puritans,  belonged  to  Dr. 
Farmer. 

[An  elaborate  memoir  of  Bnggle  is  prefixed 
to  J.  8.  Hawkins's  edition  of  *  Ignoramus/ 1 787.] 

a  L. 

EUOOLES,  THOMAS  (1737P-1813), 
writer  on  the  poor  law,  the  son  of  Thomas 
lioffglesy  by  his  wife  Anne,  eldest  daughter 
d  JMhna  briae  of  Clare,  Suffolk,  was  bom 
iboatl787«  Be  inherited  Spainaiialli  Essex, 


on  the  death  of  a  cousin  in  1776,  and  became 
deputy-lieutenant  of  Suffolk  and  Essex.  He 
married,  in  1779.  Jane  Anne,  daughter  of  John 
Freeland  of  Cobham,  Surrey,  by  whom  he  had 
issue  three  sons  and  three  daughtera.  He 
died  on  17  Nov.  1813.  His  wife  £ed  in  1823. 
His  eldest  son,  John  (1782>1852),  assumed 
the  name  Brise,  in  addition  to  Ruagles,  and 
his  son,  CoL  Sir  Samuel  Huggles-Brise,  suc- 
ceeded to  Spains  Hall. 

Ruggles  published :  1. '  The  Barrister ;  or 
Striotuiea  on  the  Education  proper  for  the 
Bar,'  1792,  8vo ;  2nd  ed.  corrected,  London,. 
1818, 12mo.  2.  *  The  History  of  the  Poor^ 
their  Rights,  Duties,  and  the  LIbiws  respecting 
them.  In  a  Series  of  Letten,'  2  vols.  Lon- 
don, 1793^  8vo ;  new  edition,  London,. 
1797, 4to.  This  work  is  not  of  much  value, 
but  contains  some  materials  useful  to  the 
economic  historian.  It  was  translated  into 
French  by  A.  Dnquesnoy. 

[Berry's  County  Genealogies  (Essex),  p.  84; 
Gent.  Hag.  18071.  278,1818  ii.  625;  Burke's 
Landed  Gentry ;  HeCoUoch's  literatuieof  Politi- 
cal Eocmomy.]  W.  A  &  H. 

IIUGLEK,  Eabl  op.  [See  DouoLiis^ 
William,  third  Eabl  op  Mabch  and  fourth 
DUKB  OP  QUEBNSBBRBr,  1724-1810.] 

RULE,  Saint  (Jt,  8th  cent.?)  [See 
Regttltts.] 

RULE,  GILBERT.  M.D.  (1629P-1701)^ 
principal  of  Edinburgh  University,  was  born 
about  1629,  probably  in  Edinbuivh,  where 
his  brother  Archibald  was  a  merdiant  and 
ma^ristrate.  He  was  educated  at  Glasgow 
Uni  versity,where  he  gained  repute  as  a  regent^ 
and  in  1661  he  was  promoted  to  be  suh*prin* 
cipal  of  King's  College,  Aberdeen.  About 
1666  he  became  perpetual  curate  of  Alnwick^ 
NorthumberlancL  At  the  Restoration  Maior 
Orde,  one  of  the  churchwardens,  provided  a 
prayer-book.  Rule,  however,  preached  against 
its  use,  whereupon  Orde  indicted  him  (August 
1660)  at  the  Newcastle  assises  for  depraving^ 
the  common  prayer.  Before  the  trial  Orde 
lost  his  life  by  a  fall  from  his  horse  at  Oving- 
ham,  Northumberland,  and,  in  the  absence 
of  a  prosecutor,  Rule  was  acquitted.  Ejected 
from  Alnwick  by  the  Uniformity  Act  (1662)^ 
Rule  returned  to  Scotland,  and  thence  by 
way  of  IVanoe  made  his  way  to  Holland^ 
where  he  studied*  medicine,  and  graduated 
M.D.  at  Leyden  in  1666.  He  practised 
with  great  snooess  at  Berwick,  preaching- 
at  the  same  time  in  conventicles,  often  at 
much  peiriL  At  Linton  Bridge^  near  Pres- 
tonkirk,  Haddingtonshire,  Charles  Hamil^ 
ton,  iiah  earl^  Haddington  (1660-1686), 
fitted  up  in  him  a  meeting-house,  which  waa 


Rule 


394 


Rule 


indulged  by  the  priyy  coancil  on  18  Dea 
1079.  Next  jear,  wlule  yintiiiff  his  nieoe, 
Mn.  Kennedy,  in  Edinbuisfa,  he  baptiMd  her 
child  in  St.  GiWe  Ghaich,  after  {{reaching 
a  weekday  lecture  there,  on  the  invitation  of 
the  minister,  Ajcchibald  Turner.  For  this 
offence  Rule  was  brought  before  the  pnry 
cooncili  and  imprisoned  more  than  twelTC 
months  on  the  Bass  Rock.  His  health  failed, 
and  he  was  at  length  discharged,  under  a 
bond  of  five  thousand  merks  to  quit  the 
kinffdom  within  eight  days.  He  repaired  to 
Irefimd,  where  for  about  five  years  Q682- 
1687)  he  acted  as  coUeague  to  Daniel  Wil- 
liams [q.  v.]  at  Wood  Street,  Dublin. 

Returning  to  Scotland,  he  received  a  call 
on  7  Dec  lo68  to  the  ministry  of  Greyfriars 
church,  Edinbunrh;  this  was  confirmed  by 
the  tovm  counou  on  24  Jul^  1689.  Ride 
in  the  meantime  had  been  m  London,  to 
forward  the  presbyterian  interest,  and  had 
gained  the  special  notice  of  WiUiam  III. 
In  1690  he  was  appointed  by  the  jpri  vy  coun- 
cil one  of  the  oommissiooera  for  purging 
Edinburgh  University,  and  on  the  expulsion, 
in  September  1690,  of  the  principal,  Alex- 
ander Monro  (d.  1716  P)  [q.  v.].  Rule,  while 
retaining  his  ministerial  charge,  was  made 
principal  by  the  town  council.  He  distin- 
guished himself  by  writings  in  defence  of  the 
presbyterian  polity  against  Monro  and  John 
Sage  [q.  v.]  He  sat  late  at  his  studies  while 
his  fnend,  Geor^  Campbell  (d.  1701),  pro- 
fessor of  divinity,  rose  early;  hence  they 
were  known  as  the  'evening  star'  and  the 
^morning  star.'  Rule  died  on  7  June  1701, 
at  the  age  of  seventy-two.  He  married  Janet 
TumbuD,  and  had  issue,  Gilbert,  a  physi- 
cian; Andrew,  an  advocate  (d.  December 
1708) ;  and  Alexander,  professor  of  Hebrew 
firom  1694  to  1708  in  Edinburgh  University. 

He  published,  besides  two  smgle  sermons 
(1690  and  1701) ;  1.  «Disputatio.  .  .deRa- 
chitide,'  &c.,  Levden,  1666, 4to.  2.  '  A  Ra- 
tional Defenoeof  Non-Confbrmity,'  &e.,  1689, 
4to.  3.  *  A  Second  Vindication  of  theChuich 
of  Scotland .  .  .  Answer  to  Five  Pamphlets,' 
&c  [1691],  4to.  (This  and  the  foregoing  are 
roughly  handled  in '  The  Scotch  Presbyterian 
Eloquence,'  &c.,  1692,  4to.)  4.  *  The  Good 
Old  Way  defended  affainst .  .  .  A.  M.  D.D.,' 
&c.,  Edinburgh,  1697,  4to.  He  was  one  of 
those  who  prefaced  '  A  Plain  and  Easy  Ex- 
plication of  the.  .  .  Shorter  Gatechism,'&c., 
1697, 12mo.  A  broadsheet  'Elegie'  on  his 
death  was  published,  Edinburgh,  1701. 

[Hew  Scott's  Fasti  Eccles.  Sooticanae ;  Galatny's 
Account,  1718,  pp.  514  seq. ;  Calamy's  Coatmtia- 
tion,  1727,  ii.  676  seq. ;  WodroVs  Hifct.of  the 
Kirk  (Laing),  1842,  iii.  194  s^q. ;  Arrastrong's 
App.  to  Maittneaa's  OrdiaatioD,  18M,  p.  69^ 


Gmat's  Hist,  of  tbe  IJmmnkf  of  Ediabum^ 
1884,  i.  239,  ii.  266  seq.  288.]  A.  a. 

BUIaE,  WnJilAM  HARRIS  (1802- 
1890),  divine  and  historiaii,  bora  at  PeDxhyiL 
on  16  Nov.  1802,  was  son  of  John  Biile,  bj 
his  wife  Louisa,  daughter  of  William  Hams, 
a  Cornish  quaker.  Tne  father,  a  nature  of  Bar- 
wick-npon-Tweed,  was  of  Soottish  paivat- 
age;  while  a  surgeon  in  the  army  he  wa»eap- 
tured  and  detaiMd  for  someyeass  a  pasoaer 
in  France ;  after  his  release  he^nteied  the 
nayal  packet  service,  and  was  stationed  in 
the  West  Indies.  When  his  son  waseeven- 
teen  years  old  he  turned  him  out  of  doon  in 
a  passion.  Young  Bule  took  ref ug«  for  a 
time  with  an  aunt.  His  education  was  much 
ne«r]ected,  but  he  received  acHne  instmctioii 
inLatin  from  die  rector  of  Falmouthi  lluiniBs 
Hitchens.  He  ver^  soon  left  OomwaJl,  and 
tried  to  make  a  living  as  a  portrait-painter 
in  Devonport,  Plymouth,  Exeter,  and  finally 
in  London,  where  he  cheerfulH^  boce  great 
privations.  Early  in  1822  ha  left  the  ehurok 
<^  England  for  tiie  Wesleyan  body,  and  be- 
csme  a  viUa^e  schoolmaster  at  ifewington 
in  Kent.  ^  was  ordsinad  a  Wealeyan 
preacher  on  14  March  1826.  During'  his 
probation  he  devoted  much  time  to  di^ical 
study.  On  22  March  he  Left  England  with 
his  newly  married  wife  on  a  projeeted  mission 
to  the  Druses  of  Mount  LefoanoUy  whicJi^ 
however,  he  abandoned.  Rule  acted  for  more 
than  a  year  as  resident  nussionary  in  Malta. 
During  this  time  he  studied  Italian  and 
learned  some  Arabic.  While  in  the  ialand  he 
was  several  times  stoned  by  the  mob  as  a 
supposed  freemason.  On  81  May  1827  he 
left  Malta.  He  was  sent  in  November 
1627  by  the  Weelevan  Missionary  Society  to 
the  island  of  St.  Vincent.  In  March  1831 
he  came  home,  and  was  next  year  appointed 
Wesleyan  pastor  at  Gibraltar,  wheie  he 
founded  the  first  charity  school,  besideB  four 
day  and  eyeninjg  schools,  and  had  both  Eng*- 
lish  and  Spanuh  congregations.  Hn  also 
lectured  in  Spanish  on  protestantism,  pre- 
pared Spanish  versions  of  the  four  gospels, 
the  Wesleyan  Methodist  catechism,  and 
Home's  'Letter  on  Toleration^'  and  com- 
piled  a  Spanish  hymn-book,  which  obtasned 
a  large  circulation  in  Spanish  America.  A 
Wesleyan  mission  established  by  Rule  at 
Cadiz  was  suppressed  by  the  Ghristinist  go- 
vernment in  1839 ;  but  subsequently,  with 
the  help  of  Sir  George  William  Frederick 
Yilliers  (afterwards  Lord  Clarendon)  [q.  v.], 
the  English  ambassador,  he  obtainad  a  roynl 
order  repealing  th^  edicts  which  prohibited 
foreigners  from  taking  ]>artin  Spanish  edu- 
cation. While  on  a  viait  to  Maorid  hie  met 
George  Bonow  [q.r.],  by  whom  he  was  intse^ 


Rule 


395 


Rumbold 


daeed  to  'ta  accomplished  hifl^wajrwomaa ' 
•ad  *tn  expert jdckpocket/  Kule  returned 
to£itflAiidi]iJul7l842.  In  1878  he  a^ain 
visitea  ^Mui  to  report  on  Weeleyan  miaaions 
at  Oibnttar  and  Barcelona. 

From  1842  till  1868  he  undertook  mini- 
fiterialdutj  in  England.  From  1851  to  1867 
he  acted  as  joint-editcnr  at  the  Wesleyan  con- 
ference office.  From  1867  till  1866  he  was 
miiuater  to  the  Wesleyan  soldiers  at  Alder- 
fbot,  and  obtained  an  official  recognition  of 
their  wonhip  by  royal  warrant  in  1881. 
After  1868  ha  acted  as  supernumerary  mini- 
iter  at  Croydon  till  April  1878.  He  was 
elected  member  of  the  C&oydon  school  board 
in  1871.  He  died  in  Clyde  Road,  Addis- 
oombe,  on  26  Sept.  1890.  He  was  twioe  mar- 
ried: fint,  on  24  Feb.  1826,  to  Mary  Ann 
Dunniilly  only  daughter  of  Richard  fiarrow 
of  Mudatone^  whoaied  in  1873;  and  secondly, 
on  10  March  1874,  to  Harriette  Edmed  of 
^Xaidetone.  By  his  first  wife  he  had  several 
children. 

Role  was  a  scholarlv  preacher  and  a  pro- 
lific writer,  and  is  said  to  have  been  master 
of  ten  langnages.  He  received  the  degree  of 
D.D.  from  iKckenson  College  (methodist 
epiacopal  church),  OhiOf  in  July  1864. 

Hia  princi^  work,  published  in  1868, 
and  reianied  in  two  volumes  in  1874,  was 
a  'Hiatoty  of  the  Inquisition  from  the 
Twelfth  dentory/  It  is  founded  on  the 
bert  Soman  catholic  authorities.  The  nar- 
nti?e  ia  clear  and  the  tone  restrained,  if 
aot  absolutely  judicial.  In  1870  Rule  pub- 
iiahed  a  '  History  of  the  Karaite  Jews,  the 
fim  attempt  to  deal  with  the  subject  in 
Cngland.  He  afterwards  re-wrote  the  work, 
Wt  the  new  version  was  not  published. 
Betweenl871  and  1873,  with  the  help  of  M.  J. 
Corbett  Anderson  as  illustrator,  Rule  he- 
rn to  iasue  a  work  on  *  Biblical  Monuments.' 
Tbe  undertakings  had  the  support  of  the 
primate,  Dr.  Tait.  All  the  copies  were 
<ie6troyed  by  fire  at  the  binder's,  but  l^e 
^^k  was  reissued  in  an  extended  form  in 
1^7,  2  vols.  8vo^  as  'Oriental  Becords, 
aonamental  and  historical,  confirmatory  of 
(be  Old  and  New  Testament.' 

Rule  also  published  together  with  nume- 
(oua  pamphlets :  1. '  Memoir  of  a  Mission  to 
Gibmitar  and  Spain,  with  collateral  Notices 
?f  Events  favouring  Religious  Libevty  •  .  • 
^m  the  Beginning  of  the  Century  to  the 
Vear  1842/ 1844,  l&no.  2. '  Wesleyan  Me- 
^^U)dism  regarded  as  the  System  of  a  Chhs^ 
Un  Churd^'  1846, 12mo.  8.  '  Martyrs  of 
tbe  Reformation,'  with  portraits,  1851, 
^vo.  4.  *  The  Brand  of  Dominic,  or  the  In- 
Qoiaition,'  1862,  8vo;  American  edition, 
l^,12mo.    fi. 'Celebrated  JesuiU/ 2  vols.^ 


1852-8.  6.  'The  Religious  Aspect  of  the 
CivU  War  in  China,' 1853,8vo.  7. 'Studies 
from  RiBUnry/  vol.  L  2  pts.,  1855,  containing 
'  The  Third  Crusade.'  8.  '  Narrative  of  Don 
Herreros  de  Mora's  Imprisonment,  translated 
from  the  Spanish,'  1856, 8vo ;  originally  pub* 
lished  in  the  '  Church  of  Enghuid  Monthly 
Review.'  9.  '  Historical  Exposition  of  the 
Book  of  Daniel,'  1869,  8vo.  10.  <  The  Holy 
Sabbath  instituted  in  Paradise  and  perfected 
through  Christ,'  1870,  8vo.  11.  <  Councils, 
Ancient  and  Modem,'  1870, 12mo.  12. '  The 
Establishment  of  Wesleyan  Methodism  in 
the  Britiah  Army,'  1888,  8vo.  Id.  <  Recol* 
lections  of  Life  and  Work  at  Hbme  and 
Abroad,'  1886,  8vo,  in  which  is  a  portrait  of 
the  author. 

[Rale's  Antobiographieal  Works;  Methodist 
Times,  2  and  16  Oct.  1890 ;  Croydon  Advertiser, 
27  Sept.  1890;  Boase  and  Courtney's  Bibl. 
Cornwb.  ii.  607-9  and  Suppl.]       G.  ta  G.  N. 

RUMBOLD,SibO£ORG£B£RRIMAN 
(1764-1807),  diplomatist,  of  Crabbe-juxta- 
Dover,  Kent,  bom  17  Aug.  1764  at  Fort  Wil- 
liam, Calcutta,  was  second  son  of  Sir  Thomas 
Rumbold,  bart.  [q.  v.],  governor  of  Madras,  by 
his  first  wife  Frances,  only  daughter  of  James 
Berriman,  esq.  He  was  admitted  a  pensioner 
of  Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  13  Jan.  1781, 

afterwards  beoominga fellow-commoner*  His 
elder  brother  having  died  in  1786,  he  auc- 
oeeded  to  the  baronetcy  in  1791.  He  entered 
the  dinlomatic  service,  and  in  1803  was  .ap- 
pointed ambassador  to  the  Hanse  Towns,  and 
minister  residentiary  of  Great  Britain  at 
Hamburg.  On  the  night  of  25  Oct.  1804  a 
detachment  of  two  hundred  and  fifty  French 
troops  landed  in  boats  on  the  Hamburg  Beig, 
proceeded  to  the  Qrindel,  Rumbold's  counti^ 
residence,  forced  the  door,  and  compelled  him 
to  deliver  up  his  {wiperB.  He  was  then  car- 
ried to  Hanover  in  a  guarded  coachy  and 
thence  to  Paris.  After  a  day's  confinement 
in  the  Temple,  he  was  conveved  to  Cher- 
bourg, and  put  on  board  a  French  cutter 
sailing  under  flag  of  truce.  By  this  vessel 
he  wasdelivered  to  the  Engli^  frigate  J^iobe^. 
in  which  he  arrived  at  Portsmouth. 

The  order  for  Rumbold's  arresli  caow  direct 
from  Fouch6  in  Paris,  and  was  addressed, 
to  Marshal  Bernadotte.  Fouch^'s  despatch 
charged  Rumbold  with  having  avowed  a  plan 
of  conspiracy,  and  directed  tluit  he  should  be 
treated  as  any  other  Englishman  *  who  should 
adopt  criminal  practices.'  In  Berlin  great 
indij^tion  wss  expressed,  and  the  Pinissian 
minister  at  Paris  was  ordered,  m  demanding 
Rumbold's  release,  to  apply  for  his  own. 
passports  in  case  of  delay  or  evasion.  An 
autograph  letter  of  Napoleon  promised  com* 
pUasice  with  the  deipand,    Rumbold. was  re-* 


Rumbold 


39« 


Rumbold 


plaeed  at  Hamburg  in  1806.    He  died  of 
fever  at  Memel  on  16  Dec.  1807. 

Rumbold  married,  in  November  1783,  Ca- 
roline, only  child  of  James  Heam,  esq.,  of 
Waterford;  ehe  remarried  in  1809  Vice- 
admiral  Sir  W.  Sidney  Smith,  E.C.B.  [q.  v.], 
and  died  in  1826.  She  had  issue  by  Rum- 
bold two  sons  and  four  daughters.  Of  the 
latter,  Caroline  (d,  1847)  married  Colonel 
Adolphe  de  St.  Clair  of  the  ffarde  du  corps ; 
Maria  {d.  81  Dec  1875)  was  the  wife  of  Rear- 
admiral  Arabin;  and  Emily  (d.  1861)  of 
Ferdinand,  baron  de  Delmar.  The  elder  son, 
Sir  William  Rumbold  (1787-1838),  third 
baronet,  by  his  wife  Henrietta  Elizabeth, 
second  daughter  and  coheiress  of  Thomas 
Boothby,  lord  Rancliffe,  was  father  of  Caven- 
dish Stuart  (1815-1853),  of  Arthur  Carlos 
Henry  (1820-1869),  of  Charles  Hole  (1822- 
1877),  and  of  Horace  (b,  1829),  formerly  am- 
bassador at  Vienna,  who  were  successively 
tourth,  fifth,  seventh,  and  eighth  baronets. 

Of  these,  Sib  Asthub  Cablos  Henbt 
HuxBOLB  (1820-1869)  entered  the  army  in 
1837  as  an  ensign  in  the  51st  foot,  but  after- 
wards exchanged  into  the  70th.  In  July 
1848  he  was  appointed  a  stipendiary  magis- 
trate in  Jamaica,  but  in  1 855  joined  the  allied 
army  in  the  Crimea.  He  ser>*ed  with  the 
Osmanli  cavalry  as  brigade-major  to  Major- 
general  C.  Havelock.  He  held  the  rank  of 
colonel  in  the  imperial  Ottoman  army,  and 
for  his  services  in  the  war  received  the  order 
of  the  Medjidie,  fourth  class.  On  4  March 
1857  he  was  appointed  president  of  the  island 
of  Nevis,  and  on  17  Nov.  1865  of  the  Virgin 
Islands.  From  January  to  April  1867  he 
acted  as  administrator  of  St.  Christopher  and 
Aquilla.  He  died  on  12  June  1869,  having 
been  twice  married.  In  1848  he  published 
an  English  version  of  F.  Ponsard's  tragedy, 
•  I^ucrdce.* 

[Burke's  Peerage,  &c.,  1894 ;  Foster's  Baronet- 
age, 1882, and  Alnmni  Ozon. ;  Gent  Mag.  1804,  ii. 
1063-4,  1159-60,  1808  i.  270;  Almanachs  de 
Gotha ;  Haydn's  Book  of  Dignities ;  Brit.  Mns. 
Ckt.;  111.  Lend.  News,  17  July  1869.] 

G.  Ls  G.  N. 

RUMBOLD,  RICHARD  (1622  P-1 686), 
conspirator,  bom  about  1622,  entered  the  par- 
liamentary am^  as  a  soldier  at  the  age  of 
nineteen.  In  f^ebruary  1649  he  was  one  of 
eight  privates  who  petitioned  Lord  Fairfax 
for  the  re-establishment  of  the  representative 
council  of  agitators,  and  used  seditious  lan- 
guage against  the  council  of  state.  For  this 
offence  four  were  cashiered,  but  Rumbold 
escaped  punishment  {Clarke  Papers,  ii.  198 ; 
JSomere  TracU,  ed.  Scott,  vi.  44).  Rumbold 
confessed  at  his  trial  in  1685  that  he  had 
been  one  ol  the  guards  about  the  scafiold  of 


Charles  I,  and  stated  that  he  served  under 
Cromwell  at  Dunbar  and  Worcester  {Btate 
Trials,  xi.  882).  In  June  1669  he  was  a 
lieutenant  in  Colonel  IVicker's  regiment  of 
horse  (Commons^  Journals,  vii.  69§).  After 
the  Ri»toration  Rumbold  married  the  widow 
of  a  maltster,  and  carried  on  that  trade  at 
the  Bye  House,  near  Hoddesdon  in  Hert- 
fordshire, on  the  road  between  London  and 
Newmarket.  He  was  a  man  of  extreme  re- 
publican views,  and  in  1682,  when  some  of 
the  whigs  plotted  an  armed  insurrecti(Hi 
against  Charles  II,  Rumbold  became  engaged 
in  a  subsidiary  conspiracy  for  the  assassi* 
nation  of  Charles  II  and  the  Duke  of  York. 
The  king  and  his  guard  were  to  be  attacked 
by  Rumbold  and  forty  men  as  they  passed 
the  Rye  House  on  the  way  to  London.  The 
preparations  of  the  conspirators  do  not  seem 
to  nave  gone  beyond  buying  arms  and  using 
much  treasonable  language,  and  an  accideni^ 
prevented  any  attempt  to  execute  their  desigpi 
in  April  1683,  which  was  the  date  origi- 
nally fixed.  In  June  1688  one  of  the  plotters 
revealed  the  conspiracy  to  the  governments 
The  witnesses  represented  Rumbold  as  the 

Principal  promoter  of  the  assassination  plot. 
Le  had  devised  the  expedients  and  attempted 
to  provide  the  means  for  its  execution.  In 
their  discussions  he  was  wont  to  speak  of 
the  murder  under  the  name  of  Mopping.' 
One  witness  deposed  that  Rumbold  was  com- 
monly called  Hannibal  by  the  conspirators, 
'  by  reason  of  his  having  but  one  eye,'and  that 
it  was  usual  at  their  meetings  '  to  drink  a 
health  to  Hannibal  and  his  boys '  {State 
TriaU,  ix.  827,  366,  385,  402,  407,  442). 
On  23  June  the  government  issued  a  pro- 
clamation offering  a  reward  of  100/.  for 
Rumbold*s  arrest,  but  he  succeeded  in  es- 
caping to  Holland.  A  true  bill  on  an  in- 
dictment of  high  treason  was  found  against 
him  at  the  Old  Bailcgr  on  12  July  1083 
(LuTTHELL,  Diary,  i.  262,  267). 

In  May  1686  Rumbold  joined  the  Earl  of 
Argyll  in  his  expedition  to  Scotland.  He 
was  commissionea  as  colonel  of  a  regiment 
of  horse  which  was  to  be  raised  after  land- 
ing, and  commanded  the  few  horsemen  ivho 
were  got  together.  He  was  in  command 
also  at  the  skirmish  between  Argyll's  men 
and  the  forces  of  the  Marq[uis  of  AthoU  at 
Ardkinglass  {8taU  Trials,  xi.  877 ;  March" 
mont  Papers,  iii.  43, 61).  Rumbold  accom- 
panied Arg}'ll  into  the  lowlands,  became 
separated  from  the  rest  of  the  rebels  in  their 
disorderly  marches,  and  was  captured,  fight- 
ing desperately,  b}r  a  party  of  country  mili- 
tia (AVoDBOw,  History  of  the  Suffetinge  of 
the  Church  of  Scotland,  ed.  1830,  iv.  295» 
318).    As  he  was  aeveiely  womided,  tl^ 


Rumbold 


S97 


Rumbold 


Scottish  gorenunent  had  him  tried  at  ence, 
lest  he  ibouldeaotpe  his  punishment  bj  death. 
He  was  tried  on  26  June,  protested  his  in- 
nocence of  toij  design  to  assassinate  the  king, 
was  foimd  guilty,  and  was  sentenced  to  be 
executed  the  same  afternoon.  In  his  dying 
speech  he  declared  his  belief  that  kingly 
goremment  was  the  best  of  all  government 
80  long  as  the  contract  between  king  and 
people  was  observed.  When  it  was  broken, 
the  people  were  free  to  defend  their  rights. 
Dinne  right  he  scoffed  at.  '  I  am  sure  there 
was  no  man  bom  marked  of  God  above 
another;  for  none  comes  into  the  world  with 
a  saddle  upon  his  back,  neither  any  booted 
and  spurred  to  ride  him '  (State  Trials,  xi. 
87a-dl).  The  court  which  tried  Rumbold 
ordered  his  quarters  to  be  placed  on  the  gates 
of  various  Scottish  towns,  but  the  English 
government  had  them  sent  to  England  to  be 
set  up  on  one  of  the  gates  of  the  city  and  in 
Hertfordshire  (t^.  p.  875;  MAOKiirroBH, 
Biitory  vftke  JRevolutwn^  p.  82). 

Rumbold  had  a  brother  William  who  was 
ftbo  imphcated  in  the  Hye  House  plot,  and 
apparently  in  Monmouws  rebellion.  He 
was  pardoned  by  James  II  in  1688  (Litt- 
TRBLL,  Diary,  i.  444). 

[Authorities  referred  to  in  the  article ;  Bur- 
DH'i  Own  Time,  ed.  1838,  iii.  82;  Fox's  His- 
tciTof  thaHeign  of  James  II,  pp.  216,  elvi.1 

C.  H.  F. 

RUMBOLD,  Sib  THOMAS  (1736-1791), 
Indian  administrator,  third  and  youngest  son 
of  William  Rumbold,  an  officer  in  the  East 
India  Company's  naval  service,  by  Dorothy, 
widow  of  John  Mann,  an  officer  in  the 
same  service,  and  daughter  of  Thomas  Cheney 
of  Hackney,  was  bom  at  Leytonstone,  Essex, 
on  15  June  1736  [as  to  his  ancestry,  see 
BuxBOLD,  WII.IIAK,  1613-1667].  Of  his 
two  brothers,  William,  the  elder,  born  at 
Leytonstone  in  1730,  entered  the  East  India 
Company^s  military  service,  and  alter  giving 
promise  of  a  brilliant  career,  died  at  Fort 
ot.  David,  between  Trichinopoly  and  Ma- 
dras, on  1  Aug.  1757 ;  the  second,  Henry, 
died  at  sea  at  an  early  age.  William  Hum- 
bold,  the  father,  diea  second  in  council  at 
Tellicheny  in  1745;  his  widow  died  in 
Enf^land  on  19  July  1752. 

Thonaas  Rumbold  was  educated  for  the 
£ast  India  Company's  service,  which  he  en- 
tered as  a  writer  on  8  Jan.  1752,  and 
Miled  for  Fort  St.  George  towards  the  end 
of  the  same  month.  Soon  after  his  ar- 
tiyal  in  India  he  exchanged  the  civil  for  the 
nihtary  service  oi  the  company.  He  served 
under  Lawrence  in  the  operations  about 
Trichinopoly  in  1754,  and  under  Clive  at  the 


siege  of  Calcutta  in  1756-7,  and  for  gal- 
lantry displayed  during  the  latter  operations 
was  rewardea  by  Clive  with  a  captain's  com- 
mission. He  was  Clive*s  aide-<le-camp  at 
Plassey,  was  severely  wounded  during  the 
action,  and  on  his  recovery  resumed  his 
career  in  the  civil  service.  Part  of  the  years 
1762^  he  spent  in  England  on  furlough. 
On  his  return  to  India  he  was  appointed 
chief  of  Patna,  and  from  1766  to  1769  sat  in 
the  Bengal  council.  Having  made  his  for- 
tune, Rumbold  came  home  in  the  latter  year, 
and  was  returned  to  parliament  for  New 
Shoreham  on  26  Nov.  1770. 

On  11  June  1777  he  succeeded  Lord  Pigot 
as  governor  of  Madras,  where  he  landed  on 
8  Feb.  1778  [see  Pigot,  George,  B^lbon 
Pigot].  The  affairs  of  the  presidency  were 
then  in  a  somewhat  tangled  condition.  Un- 
der imperial  firman  the  company  had  ac- 
quired m  August  1765  the  ricn  province  of 
the  Northern  circars  extending  north-east- 
ward from  the  Camatic  between  theDeccau, 
Berar,  and  the  bay  of  Bengal  as  far  as  Lake 
Chilka.  The  title  of  the  company  had  been 
disputed  by  the  nizam  of  the  Deccan,  and 
the  dispute  had  been  adjusted  by  a  treaty 
(23  Feb.  1768),  under  which  the  nizam,  in 
return  for  an  annual  tribute,  ceded  the  cir- 
cars to  the  company,  with  the  single  reser- 
vation that  the  Quntur  circar  should  be 
held  by  his  brother,  Basalut  Jung,  the  re- 
version bein^  in  the  company,  with  the  ri^t 
of  ousting  him  in  the  event  of  his  provmg 
hostile. 

Rumbold  found  that  the  rents  payable  to 
the  company  by  the  zemindars  of  tne  circars, 
and  by  conseq^uence  the  tribute  payable  to  the  • 
nizam,  were  in  arrear.  The  *  committee  of 
circuit'  charged  with  the  assessment  and  col- 
lection of  the  rents  had  proved  incompetent. 
He  therefore  superseded  the  committee, 
summoned  the  zemindars  to  Madras,  and  re- 
vised the  rents  himself,  substituting  for  the 
existing  system  of  yearly  tenancies  leases  for 
three  years  at  a  lower  rent,  an  arrangement 
equally  equitable  to  the  zemindars  and  pro- 
fitable to  the  company.  He  also  substituted 
a  three  years'  lease  for  a  yearly  tenancy  in 
the  case  of  a  ja^hire  held  by  the  nabob  of 
Arcot,  on  condition  of  the  construction  of 
some  needful  irrigation  works.  At  the 
same  time  he  improved  the  revenue  from 
Vizagapatam  by  exposing  the  frauds  of  the 
stewara  of  the  Yizianagram  family,  and 
providing  for  the  better  management  of  the 
estates.  In  the  Guntur  circar  Basalut  Juna^ 
had  for  some  years  maintained  a  French 
force  under  Lally.  This  was  viewed  as  a 
breach  of  faith  both  at  Fort  St.  Oeorge  and 
at  Fort  William,  and  remonstrances  had  been 


Rumbold  3^  Rumbold 


addressed  to  the  nizam  without  effect. 
Rumbold  added  another,  with  the  same  want 
of  result.  On  the  outbreak  of  hostilities 
between  England  and  France,  he  gave  orders 
to  arrest  Europeans  approaelung  the  drear, 
and  posted  a  corps  of  observation  on  the 


fion&ded  Haidai's  intentions  through  the 
medium  of  the  Danish  misi^onary,  Christiaii 
Frederick  Swartz,  and  obtained  a  written  re- 
sponse in  which  vague  expressions  of  friend- 
snip  were  minjrled  with  severe  reflections  on 
the  course  of  British  policy  since  1762.  This 


frontier.  'He  also,  under  orders  from  home,  ;  letter  was  written  in  August,  and  it  is  pro- 
detached  Colonel  (afterwards  Sir  Hector)  bable  that  Haidar  had  tTOu  concerted  with 
Munro  [q-v-l  to  attack  Pondicherry,  and  the  Mahratta  powers  the  plim  of  combined 
Golonel  Braitnwaite  to  reduce  Mah6  on  the  action  against  the  British  which  was  put 
Malabar  coast.  Pondicherry  capitulated  on  in  execution  in  the  following  year.  At  any 
17  Oct.  1778.  The  directors  voted  Rumbold  rate,  Rumbold  was  cognisant  of  the  exis- 
their  thanks,  and  the  crown  conferred  a  tenoe  of  the  confederacy  in  January  1760, 
baronetcy  on  him  (28  March  1779).  Mah6  when  he  detached  a  considerable  ibroe  to  the 
surrendered  on  19  March  1779.  On  7  Feb.  support  of  GK)ddard  at  Surat.  He  tilien  re- 
1779  Basalut  Jung  leased  the  Guntur  circar  inforoed  the  circars,  began  to  concentrate 
to  the  oompany,  and  shortly  afterwards  he  the  detachments  scatters  about  the  presi- 
dismissed  Lally's  contingent  and  received  a  dency,  ordered  a  new  levy  of  sepoys,  and  re- 
British  force  in  its  place.  This  arrangement  called  thosequartered  in  l^llicherry.  Having 
had  been  authorisea  in  general  terms  by  the   made  these  dispositions,  be  wrote  to  the 

governor-general  (Warren  Hastings),  who  directors  (21  Jan.)  announcing  his  reeigna- 
ad  left  its  completion  entirely  in  Rumbold's  tion  on  the  score  of  ill-health.  On  6  April 
hands.  The  treaty  by  which  it  was  carried  he  sailed  for  England.  In  the  following 
into  effect  was  submitted  neither  to  him  nor  July  Haidar  and  his  allies  invaded  the  Car- 
te the  nizam.  The  circar  was  shortly  after-  natie.  The  nicam  of  the  Deecan  remamed 
wards  subleased  to  the  nabob  of  Arcot.  neutral  On  his  return  to  England^  Rum- 
The  cession  of  the  ciitsar  gftve  offence  not  bold  was  held  responsible  for  the  invasion  of 
only  to  the  nizam  but  to  Haidar  Ali.  The  the  Camatic  and  dismissed  the  service  at 
former  took  Lally's  contingent  into  his  pay,  the  companv  by  the  court  of  directors.  They 
the  latter  menaced  Basalut  Jung^s  capital,  also  filea  a  bill  against  him  in  chancery,  but 
Adoni ;  and  Rumbold,  in  the  course  of  the  abandoned  it  on  the  institution  of  a  parlia- 
smnmer  of  1779,  attempted  tojpass  troops  to  mentary  inquiiy.  Rumbold  himself  had 
his  relief  through  a  part  of  Haidar's  domi-  been  returned  (14  April  1781)  for  Tarmouth, 
nions.  Haidar  s  troops  were  on  the  alert,  Isle  of  Wight.  Parliament  eventually  pro- 
and  the  detachment  was  compelled  to  re-  ceeded  against  him  by  bill  of  pains  and  penal- 
treat.  I  ties,  at  the  same  time  restraming  him  from 
Suspecting  Haidar  of  hostile  designs, '  leaving  the  kingdom,  and  requinnghim  to 
Rumbold  wrote  to  Hastings,  confessing  his  make  discovery  of  lus  property.  The  re- 
apprehensions  and  asking  for  men  and  money.  I  straining  bill  passed  both  nouses  in  June 
Hasting' made  light  of  his  fears,  declined  1 1782.  The  bill  of  pains  and  penalties, 
to  furnish  the  desired  aid,  and,  believing  a  saved  from  lapse  by  a  continuing  act,  passed 
French  invasion  of  the  Bombay  presidency  |  its  second  reaoingm  the  commons  dnW  Jan. 
to  be  imminent,  recommended  that  Colonel  1788,  and  was  then  talked  but.  Contempo- 
Braithwaite's  force  should  be  detached  to  the  rair  scandal  said  that  the  prosecution  Ian- 
support  of  Colonel  Goddard  at  Surat.  Rum-  guished  owing  to  the  good  oflices  of  Riohard 
bold  g^ve  the  necessary  orders,  but  Braith-  .  Kigby  [q.  v.],  the  parUamentary  wirepuller, 
wattefoundhimself  unable  to  move.  In  the  whose  nephew.  Colonel  H^e  Rigl^y  had 
course  of  the  summer  Rumbold  sent  Hoi-  !  married  Kumbold's  daughter  Frsjioes,  and 
lend,  a  political  oiBicer,  to  Haiderabad  to  ex-  j  whom  Rumbold  was  supposed  to  have  aided 
plain  to  the  nizam  the  arrangement  with  in  his  pecuniary  embarrassments  (Wraxall, 
Basalut  Jung,  and  to  bring  him,  if  possible,  Hist.  MemoirSy^^,  Wheatley,  ii.  380).  Rum- 
to  remit  the  tribute  in  whole  or  in  part,  and  hold's  defence  was  conducted  with  great 
dismiss  LaUV's  contingent.  As  no  quid  pro  ability  by  Qeorge  Hardinge  fq*  ▼•]  'Hie 
quo  was  oflrered  for  these  concessions,  the  charges  against  him  were  in  substaaee  that 
mission  wore  the  appearance  of  a  studied  his  dealings  with  the  semindars  of  the  circars 
affront.  The  nizam  showed  great  irritation,  |  were  oppressive  and  corrupt ;  that  his  deal- 
and  was  already  talking  of  the  size  of  his  ;  ings  witn  the  nabob  of  Arcot  were  corrupt ; 
army,  when  Hastings,  to  whom  Hollond  had  that,  by  the  reduction  of  Pondicherry  and 
eommunicated  the  tenor  of  his  instructions,    Mah6,  the  occupation  of  the  Guntur  circar. 


terminated  the  negotiation  by  a  peremptory 
despatch.    About  the  same  tame  Rumbold 


the  subsequent  brush  with  Haidor^s  troops, 
and  the  affair  of  t^  tribute,  he  had  so  u 


Rumbold 


399 


RumboM 


tated  Haidar  and  the  niram  of  the  Deccan 
as  to  occasion  the  formation  of  the  oon- 
federaej  which  eventually  took  the  field 
aguiost  the  British.  The  charges  of  oppres- 
»on  and  eorraption  were  refuted  hy  the  re- 
cords of  the  presidency  and  Biimbold's  ac- 
counts, and  tl^  other  charges  fared  no  better. 
The  responsibility  for  the  Pondicheny  and 
Mah6  axpeditionB  rested  not  with  Bumbold 
but  with  the  authorities  at  home ;  and  the 
ifidsnee  pointed  to  the  conclusion  that  the 
confederacy  had  been  formed  independently 
of  the  other  causes  of  irritation.  At  the 
general  election  of  March  1784  Rumbold  was 
returned  for  Weymouth,  which  borough  he 
represented  until  the  dissolution  of  1790. 
He  died  on  11  Not.  1791.  His  remains 
were  interred  in  the  church  of  Watton, 
HertfoTdshirey  in  which  parish  he  had  his 
seat  of  Woodhall  Park. 

Rumbold  married  twice :  first,  on  22  June 
1756,  Frances,  only  daughter  of  James  Ber- 
rimaa ;  secondly,  on  3  May  1772,  Joanna, 
daoffhter  of  Dr.  Edmund  Law,  bishop  of 
CarSde.  He  had  issue  by  both  wives.  His 
title  devolTed  on  his  second  son  by  his  first 
wife,  Sir  Qeorge  Berriman  Rumbold,  bart. 
[q.y.J  His  estates  passed  under  his  will 
to  his  children  by  his  second  wif^.  The 
aocoonts  of  Rumbold's  administration  given 
br  Wilks  and  Mill  (see  authorities  infra) 
are  baaed  on  the  preamble  to  the  bill  of 
paina  and  penalties,  unqualified  by  the  evi- 
deiioe  by  which  it  was  defeated.  The 
hets  CQDoeming'  him  have  thus  been  misre- 
presented, and  much  unfkir  obloquy  cast 
vponhim. 

A  friat  of  Rumbold's  profile  is  in  the 
'  European  Magazine,'  178k,  pt.  i.  facing  p. 
319. 

[Gent  Mag.  1779  pp.  163, 179, 1791  pt.  ii.p. 
1156;  Ann.  Kee.  1779,  p.  178;  Reports  from 
Committees  of  Uie  House  of  Commons,  vol.  vii. 
(East  Indies:  Camatic  War) ;  London  Gazette, 
23  Harch  1779 ;  Minntes  of  the  Evidence,  &c., 
on  the  aeoond  reading  of  a  bill  for  inflicting 
pains  and  penalties  on  Sir  Thomas  Rnmbolii 
UrL  (1788) ;  Bumbold's  Answer  to  the  Ohargee, 
&C.  (1782) ;  Misa  Rombold's  poathunoos  Yin- 
diotion  of  the  Character  and  Administmtion  of 
Sir  Thcaaas  Kombold,  Bart^  (edited  anonymously 
by  Dr,  Bigg,  18f8);  Marahman's  Hiatoery  of 
India,  ed.  1867,;  voL  i.  Appendix  ;  Orme's  Hist, 
of  India,  ii.  paasim ;  The  iteal  Facts  eonoemiDg 
Sir  Thomas  Bumbold,  Bart,  ^printed  for  private 
circaUtion,  1893) ;  Milfs  History  of  India,  ed. 
Wilson,  iv.  63-170 ;  Wilks*s  Historical  Sketches 
of  the  South  of  India;  Pari.  Hist.  xziL  122, 
I276>1383  x&iii.  988 ;  Commons'  Jonm.  zzxriiL 
Ml,  987,  1066  zxzix.  31,  82  et  se«).;  Lords' 
Joum.  zzzvi.  632 ;  Pearson's  Memoirs  of  Bev. 
Sfediriek  8«ar«iS  1^36,  pp.  67--71 ; 


Bnrice's  Peeiage  and  Baronetage ;  Qntterbaokfs 
Hertfordshire  ii.  476^  491;  Hist.  MSS.  Gomm. 
10th  B«p<  App.  pt.  vi.  pp.  21^.]      J.  M.  B. 

BUMBOLD,  WILLIAM  (1618-16d7), 
cavalier,  was  bom  in  I61S  at  or  near  Bux^ 
hag«,  Leieestenhiro,  where  his  famalv,  a 
branch  of  the  Bumbolds  of  Hertfordfihire, 
had  been  settled  for  three  generations.  In 
1629  he  obtained  a  subordinate  post  in  the 
great  wardrobe  office,  in  which  he  was  still 
employed  on  the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war. 
He  was  the  officer  sent  to  London  to  fetch 
the  royal  standard  set  np  at  Nottingham,  and 
was  in  attendance  on  Charles  I  until  after  the 
battle  of  Naseby,  when  he  joined  his  brother 
Henry  fseo  below]  in  Spam.  He  returned 
to  ^igland  on  the  execution  of  the  king, 
and  tlm)nghout  the  interregnum  acted  as 
Charles  TVb  financial  agent  and  secretary  to 
the  secret  royalist  council.  Denounced  to 
Cromwell  bv  Sir  Richard  Willis  on  the  sup- 
pression of  Irenruddock's  rising  (March  1656)^ 
he  was  confined  first  in  the  Gatehouse  and 
afterwards  with  more  strictness  in  the  Tower. 
Nevertheless  he  contrived  to  keep  up,  under 
the  aliases  Robinson  and  Wrigrht,  an  active 
correspondence  with  Sir  Edwara  Hyde  (after- 
wards Lord  Clarendon)  [q.  v.]  and  Jamea 
Butler,  twelfbh  eari  (afterwardis  first  duke) 
of  Ormonde  [q.v.]  (Clarendon  State  Paper^^ 
iii.  800  etseq. ;  CaL  Clarendon  State  Papers^ 
ed.  Macray  and  Coxe,  vol.  iii.)  His  imprison- 
ment lasted  rathw  more  than  two  years.  On 
his  enlargement  he  was  one  of  the  prime 
movers  in  Sir  Qeorge  Booth's  nlot,  and  afteiv 
wardsco-operated  with  John  Mordaunt,  baron 
Mordaunt  of  Rebate  [a.  v.],  in  the  hazardous 
enterprise  of  securing  the  adhesion  of  Monck 
and  tne  city  of  London  to  the  royal  cause. 
On  the  Restoration  he  was  made  comptroller 
of  the  great  wardrobe,  and  in  December  1009 
surveyor-general  of  the  customs.  He  waa 
also  one  of  the  commissioners  for  tracing  the 
dispersed  regalia.  He  died  at  his  house  at 
Parson's  Green,  Fulham,  on  27  May  1007» 
His  remains  were  interred  in  Fulham  church. 
By  his  wife  Mary,  daughter  of  William  Bar^ 
clay,  esoiiire  of  tne  body  to  Charles  I,  who 
survived  him  but  a  few  months,  he  had  issue — 
with  three  daiu^hters,  of  whom  Mary,  the 
eldest,  married  «nkme8  Sloane,  M.P.  for  Thet- 
ford  (1690-8),  brother  of  Sir  Hans  Sloane 
[q.v.] — a  son  Edward,  his  successor  in  the  sur- 
veyoffpeneralBhip  of  the  customs,  who  married 
Anne,  daughter  of  Gbor^,  viscount  G^ndi^ 
BOtt,  and  £ed  without  issue  at  Enfield  in 
1720. 

HnrBT  RiTMBOLD  (1017-1090),  younger 
brother  6f  William  Rumbold,  was  baptised 
St  Burbage  in  1017.  During  the  civil  war, 
and  ezoeptfbva  visit  to  hi»  bvother  William 


Rumbold 


400 


Rumold 


in  London  in  16&3,  during  the  interregnuniy 
he  resided  in  Spain,  being  in  putneranip  as 
a  wine  merchant  at  Puerto  Sta  Maria  with 
Antiiony  Upton,  Secretary  Thorloe's  bro- 
ther-in-law ;  Sir  Benjamin  Bathurst  [q.v*]) 
afterwards  succeeded  him  in  the  firm.  More 
loyal  than  patriotic,  he  communicated  to 
the  court  of  Madrid  intelligence  (obtained 
through  Upton)  of  the  moyements  of  Blake*s 
fleet  (1666-1657),  and  used  the  interest  which 
he  thus  made  to  facilitate  the  recognition  of 
Henry  Bennet  (afterwards  Lord  ^lington) 

S.  V.J  as  the  accredited  representative  of  the 
ng  of  England  (1658).  Through  Bennetts 
influence  he  obtained  on  the  Restoration  the 
<K)nsulate  of  Cadiz  and  Puerto  Sta  Maria ;  and 
while  holding  this  post  provisioned,  at  his 
own  risk,  Lora  Sandwich's  fleet  and  the  town 
of  Tangier  during  the  interval  between  the 
cession  of  that  place  to  the  British  crown 
and  its  occupation  [MoircA.017,  Edwabd,  first 
£abl  of  SAin>wiCH;  Mobdaukt,  Hsitbt, 
«econd  Eabl  of  PBiEBBOBOueH}.  He  also 
furnished  supplies  and  recruits  to  the  garri- 
son after  the  occupation.  Resigning  the  con- 
sulate, he  returned  to  England  in  1663,  and 
was  sworn  in  as  gentleman  of  the  {Hivy 
chamber  in  extraordinary  (December).  H^ 
also  held  for  a  time  a  commissionership  of 
prizes,  and  the  consulate  of  Malaga,  San  Lu- 
car,  and  Seville,  the  latter  post  as  a  sinecure, 
for  he  continued  to  reside  in  England  until  his 
death,  which  took  place  in  London  in  March 
1690.  He  was  buried  at  All  Saints,  Fulham, 
on  28  March.  H  is  younger  brother,  Thomas, 
acted  as  his  deputy,  and  afterwards  as  consul 
at  San  Lucar,  where  he  died  on  19  Jan.  1705- 
1706. 

Henry  Rumbold  married  twice,  in  both 
cases  according  to  the  rite  of  the  catholic 
church.  His  first  wife,  married  in  1663,  was 
Isabel  de  Avila ;  his  second,  married  shortly 
before  his  return  to  England,  was  Francisca 
Maria,  daughter  of  Bryan  I' Anson,  merchant 
of  Oadiz  and  CTandee  of  Spain,  second  son 
of  Sir  Bryan  I' Anson,  created  baronet  by 
Charles  II  in  1652.  A  son  by  this  marriage 
was  grandfather  of  Sir  Thomas  Rumbold 
[q.v.] 

By  his  first  wife  he  had  issue  a  son,  Henry 
Rumbold  (d,  1689),  who  served  with  distinc- 
tion as  a  cavalry  officer  in  Tangier  between 
1662  and  1671,  when  he  was  sent  home  as 
escort  to  Lady  Middleton.  An  engagement 
of  marriage  which  he  formed  on  the  voyage 
with  a  daughter  of  Sir  Robert  Paston,  was 
apparently  broken  off  by  the  lady's  family. 
He  was,  however,  twice  married,  and  his 
widow  remarried  John  Cotton  Plowden, 
younger  brother  of  Francis  Plowden,  comp- 
troller of  the  household  to  James  XL 


[Sir  Horace  Rumbold*s  Notes  on  the  History  of 
the  Family  of  Bumbold  in  the  Seventeenth  Cen- 
tozy  (Rov.  Hist.  See  Trans.);  Tburloe  State 
Papers,  ti.  682 ;  AngliaBNotitia,  ed.  1682  ad  fin.  ; 
Pepys's  Diary,  29  Oct  1660,  8  Dec.  1661,  and 
8  MsLteh  1662-3 ;  Hist.  MSS.  Gomm.  lot  Hep. 
App.  p.  128, 4th  Rep.  App.  p.  234, 6th  Rep.  App. 
p.  369,  7th  Bep.  App.  pp.  409,  796, 831,  lOth  Rap. 
App.  pt.  vi.  pp.  195-214;  Cal.  State  Papers, 
Dom.  1648*70,  Colonial,  American,  and  West 
Indies,  1661-74;  Lysons's  Enrirons  of  London, 
ii.  368;  Private  Diarie  of  Elizabeth,  Visoonntess 
Mordaont,  ed.  Lord  Redan,  p*  64;  Hntchins's 
Dorset,  i.  297-8.1  J.  M.  IL 

RUMFOBD,  Couirr  von.  [See  Thomp- 
son, Sib  Benjajun,  1753-18147] 

BXJMOLD,  in  Irish  Ritthxabl  (d.  775  ?), 
bishop  of  Mechlin,  bom  in  Ireland,  was  con- 
secrated a  bishop,  and  laboured  some  time  in 
Ireland  early  in  the  eighth  century.  He  has 
been  incorrectly  called  bishop  of  Dublin. 
There  were  no  dioceses  in  Ireland  at  that  time, 
but  he  may  have  been  a  bishop  in  Dublin,  that 
is  in  one  of  the  monasteries  which  were  in 
Dublin  or  its  vicinity  in  that  age.  For 
though  the  Danish  city  was  of  later  origin, 
vet  Ath  CUath,  as  it  was  and  still  is  called 
by  the  native  Irish,  is  mentioned  in  the 
seventh  century  by  Adamnan  and  others. 

Becoming  dissatisfied  with  the  reeults  of 
his  ministry  in  Ireland,  Rumold  resolved  to 
go  abroad,  where  his  countrymen  were  then 
much  valued.  Crossing  over  to  Britain  in 
a  coracle  or  skin-boat,  'after  the  manner 
of  his  nation,'  he  passed  to  Gtaul,  and 
'  wherever  he  went  he  was  always  speaking 
of  Jesus,  and  instructing  the  people  about 
God  and  life  everlasting.  Croesmgthe  Alps, 
he  visited  Rome,  and  saw  with  wonder  tne 
city  '  whither  all  the  demons  of  the  world 
used  to  congregate.'  Returning  throufi^h 
France,  he  settled  at  Mechlin,  near  tne 
Scheldt.  The  chieftain  Ado  and  his  wife, 
who  were  then  in  authority  there, were  grieved 
at  being  childless,  and  requested  his  prayers 
on  their  behalf.  In  answer  to  his  prayers  a 
child  was  bom  to  them,  who  was  named  Li- 
bertus.  The  boy  some  years  after,  having 
fallen  into  the  sea  and  beien  drowned,  is  said 
to  have  been  restored  to  life  by  Rumold.  Ado 
ofiered  him  a  sum  of  monev  for  this  service, 
but  he  declined  it,  and  said  he  would  be  con- 
tent with  some  waste  land.  This  Ado  gladly- 
bestowed  on  him,  and  here  he  formed  a  settle- 
ment from  which  ultimately  grew  the  city 
of  Mechlin.  In  due  time  he  set  about  the 
erection  of  a  church  dedicated  to  St.  Stephen 
the  first  martyr,  but  some  of  his  workmen 
killed  him  by  a  blow  on  the  head ;  his  death 
is  said  to  have  taken  place  on  24  June  775 
(Dht,  Chr,  Biogr.)    lUimold's  day  is  given 


Rumsey 


401 


Runciman 


as  1  Jvlbr  in  the  Maityxolonr  of  Boneeal  and 
by  Che  A^landisU,  although  it  is  3  July  in 
tie  Baman  Breviazy. 

[BoIL  Aet.  SttBct.  Jalii  tonu  i.  pp.  169  seq. 
cooUiniog  a  life  by  Theodore  Abbot  of  Trudo 
(aj>.  1100);  Luiigan'a  £ccL  Hiet  lit.  198-200; 
BreTianom  Romannm  Dablinii,  1846,  Pan 
.fBlira,  Snpplemeotum,  pp.  cczz,cczxi ;  Sarius' 
Vit  Suctorum,  iii.  24 ;  Hardy's  Descr.  Cat.  x. 
i.  256-7,  ii.  874.  880 ;  Ware's  &ish  Bishops,  ed. 
Harris;  Diet.  Christian  Biogr.]  T.  O. 

BUMSBY,  WALTER  (1684-1660), 
Welsh  judge,  son  of  John  Rumsey,  M.A., 
fellow  of  Oriel  College,  Oxford,  by  Anne, 
daughter  of  Thomas  Dayid  of  Usk,  Mon- 
noathshiie,  was  bom  at  Llanover,  near 
AbergaTenny,  in  1584,  and  matriculated  a 

Smtleman  commoner  of  Gloucester  Hall, 
xford,  on  17  Oct.  1600.    He  was  admitted 
astodent  of  Qray'a  Inn,  16  May  1603,  and 
was  calkd  to  tne  bar  3  June  1606.    He 
secured  a  lar|p  practice,  and  was  popularly 
stjled  the '  Picklock  of  the  Law.'    Having 
been  made  an  ancient  of  Gray's  Inn,  28  May 
I6t2f  he  was  called  to  the  bench  of  that  society 
16  Nov.  1631,  though  he  did  not  take  his  seat 
until  25  April  1634.    Furthermore  he  was 
chosen  Lent  reader,  8  Nov.  1633,  and  dean 
of  the  chapel  6  Nov*  1640.    He  was  made 
paisne  justice  of  the  great  sessions  for  the 
eouttties  of  Brecknock,  Glamorgan,  and  Rad- 
nor in  September  1631,  at  a  salary  of  fifty 
pounds  a  year  (Privy  Seals).  He  was  chosen 
one  of  the  knights  of  the  shire  for  Mon-* 
noath  in  the  Short  parliament  of  1640. 
Ob  the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war  in  1642, 
Ramsey  was  appointed  by  the  king  a  com- 
nissioner  of  array  for  Monmouth,  but  was 
taken  prisoner  on  the  capture  of  Hereford 
bj  the  forces  of  parliament,  18  Dec.  1645. 
Information  was  laid  against  him,  three  days 
evlier,  that  he  had  lately  fled  to  Hereford 
with  Judge  David  Jenkins  [q.  v.l,  and  had 
been  taken  by  the  clubmen,  and  that  he  had 
three  rooms  m  Gray's  Inn  filled  with  goods. 
Be  was  removed  from  his  post  by  parliament 
ia  1647.    At  the  Restoration  in  1660  he  was 
nominated  one  of  the  intended  knights  of  the 
^yal  Oak,  and  in  Auffust  1600  he  received 
a  grant  of  the  office  of  Keeper  of  the  Judicial 
s^  for  the  counties  of  Brecknock,  Glamor- 
gin,  and  Radn<v.    He  died  later  in  the  year 
at  the  age  of  seventy-six,  and  was  buried  in 
the  famuy  vault  at  Llanover  church.     The 
judge  was,  aooording  to  Wood, '  an  ingenious 
man,  had  a  philosophical  head,  was  a  good 
musician,  and  most  curious  for  grafting,  in- 
oculating, and  planting,  and  also  for  ordering 
of  ponds?    He  was  author  of  '  Organon  Sa- 
lutis,  an  instrument  to  cleanse  the  stomach, 
as  also  Divers  New  Experiments  of  Tobacco 
lOL.  xvn. 


and  Coffee '  (London,  1657;  2nd  edit.  1659; 
3rd  edit.  1664).  He  married  Barbara 
Prichard  of  Llanover,  and  had  one  son,  Ed- 
ward Rumsey,  an  attorney. 

[Cal.  State  Papers,  Dom. ;  Cal.  of  Committes 
for  Advance  of  Money ;  Wood's  Athena  Oxon. ; 
Philtips*s  Civil  War  in  Wales ;  Foster^s  Alamni 
Oxon.;  Foster's  Gray's  Inn  Register;  Jones's 
History  of  Brecknockshire ;  Parliamentary  Re- 
turns; Williams's  Parliamentarv  Hist.  a£  Wales.] 

W.  B.  W. 

RUNCIMAN,  ALEXANDER  (1736- 
1785),  painter,  born  in  1736  at  Edinburgh, 
was  son  of  a  builder,  who  encouraged  his 
earW  inclination  to  painting.  At  tiie  age 
of  fourteen  Runciman  was  placed  in  the 
studio  of  a  landscape-painter,  John  Norris, 
and  showed  a  strong  predilection  for  that 
line  of  painting.  Five  years  later  he  started 
on  his  own  account  as  a  landscape-painter, 
but  his  powers  were  still  immature.  A  few 
years  later,  about  1700,  he  tried  his  hand  at 
historv-painting,  but  in  this  case  also  without 
immediate  success.  He  determined  therefore 
to  go  to  Italy  and  study  the  works  of  the 
great  masters  at  Rome,  and  in  1766  he  suc- 
ceeded, in  company  with  his  brother  John 
(see  below),  who  was  also  a  painter,  in 
making  his  way  thither.  For  about  five  years 
he  worked  with  unflagging  industry,  copy- 
ing, studying,  and  analysing  the  works  of 
Raphael  and  Michael  Angelo,  and  his  pro- 
gress in  his  art  was  noted  with  much  admira- 
tion. At  Rome  Runciman  met  a  kindred 
spirit,  a  few  years  younger  than  himself,  in 
Henry  Fuseli  [q.  v.l,  and  the  two  artists 
exercised  a  great  influence  on  each  other. 
Their  works  reveal  a  similar  tendency  to 
exa^^geration ;  but  Runciman  had  from  his 
earliest  age  been  a  devoted  student  of  the 
technique  of  art,  which  Fuseli  never  mas- 
tered. Runciman  returned  from  Rome, '  one 
of  the  best  of  us  here,'  as  Fuseli  wrote  in 
1771,  and  settled  in  Edinburgh.  Just  about 
that  time  a  vacancy  occurred  among  the 
masters  of  the  drawing  school  in  the  new 
Scottish  academy,  and  the  post  was  oflered 
to  Runciman,  who  accepted  it  with  enthu- 
siasm, although  he  had  not  all  the  necessary 
qualifications  for  a  teacher. 

An  opportunity  of  distinction  was  afforded 
to  him  oy  the  liberality  of  Sir  James  Gierke 
who  employed  Runciman  to  paint  two  ceil- 
ings in  his  house  at  Penicuik.  One  of  these, 
in  a  large  room,  designed  for  a    picture 

J^alleiT,  contains  a  series  of  twelve  paintings 
rom  Ossian's  poems,  then  in  the  height  of 
their  popularity,  with  smaller  paintings  to 
complete  the  design;  the  other,  a  cupola 
over  the  staircase,  contains  four  scenes  mm 
the  life  of  the  saintly  Queen  Margaret  of 


Runciman 


40d 


Runciman 


Beotland.  Although  b;^  no  means  i\ree  from 
fkoltSy  these  oeiling-pictures  by  Runciman 
are  important  in  the  history  of  British  art, 
and  remain  in  fiurlr  good  preservation  at 
the  present  day.  They  were  extolled  by 
his  contemporaries,  a  glowing  description 
of  th6m  bemg  printed  and  issued  at  ISdin* 
bnrgh  in  17/3.  Rnnciman  was  also  em- 
ployed to  paint  a  ceiling  over  the  altar  in 
the  church  in  Gowgate,  Edinburgh,  now  St. 
Patrick's  catholic  chapel,  the  subject  beiiijg 
'  The  Ascension.'  But  this  has  less  merit 
than  the '  Ossian '  paintings.  Runciman  ob- 
tttned  seyeral  commissions  from  Clerk  and 
other  art  patrons  in  Edinbun^h,  painting 
snch  subjects  as '  The  Prodigal  ^n,'' Andro- 
meda/ '  mnsicaa  and  Ulysses/  '  Agrippina 
with  the  Ashes  of  Germanicus/  and  '  Sigis- 
munda  weepinff  over  the  Heart  of  Tanci«d.' 
He  also  etched  some  free  transcriptions  of 
his  own  works,  which  are  yalued  by  col- 
lectors. But  his  health  was  seriously  im« 
paired  by  the  labours  of  painting  the  ceilings 
at  Penicuik.  On  21  Oct.  1785  he  dropped 
down  dead  in  the  street  near  his  lodgings 
in  West  Nicholson  Street,  Edinburgh.  He 
hardly  realised  the  promise  of  his  eartier 
Career. 

JoHV  RinroiHAV  (1744-1768),  younger 
brother  of  the  aboye,also  practised  painting. 
He  accompanied  his  brother  to  Rome,  but 
died  at  Naples  in  1768,  before  returning  to 
England.  His  talents  as  a  painter  were 
perhaps  superior  to  those  of  his  brother,  the 

Suali^  of  his  art  being  more  refined  and  de- 
icate.  Of  the  few  works  which  he  liyed  to 
complete,  one,  '  Belshassar's  Feast,'  is  at 
Penicuik,  and  <The  Flight  into  Egypt '  and 
'  King  Lear  in  the  Storm '  are  in  the  Scottish 
National  Gallery. 

A  portrait  of  Alexander  Runciman^  to- 
gether with  John  Brown,  a  fellow-artist, 
executed  by  the  two  artists  conjointly  in 
1784,  is  in  the  Scottish  National  Portrait 
GhkUer^  at  Edinburgh,  where  there  is  also  a 
portrait  of  John  Runciman,  painted  by  him- 
self in  1767.  Another  portrait  of  John 
Runciman  was  acquired  by  W.  Scott  EUiot, 
esq.,  of  Langholm,  N.B. 

A  monument  to  the  two  brothers  was 
erected  by  the  Scottish  Academy  in  the 
Oanongate  Ohuich  at  Edinbui^h. 

[CuxiniDgham's  Liyes  of  British  Painters,  &c. ; 
Bedgrave's  Diet,  of  Artists ;  Chambers's  Diet, 
of  Eminent  Scotsmen  ;  Knowles's  life  of  Fnseli ; 
Oatalogues  of  the  Scottish  National  Portrait 
Gallery,  Scottish  National  Gallery,  and  Edin- 
burgh Loan  Exhibition,  1884;  Notes  on  the 
paintings  at  Penicuik  House  by  the  Ute  J.  V. 
Gray ;  information  from  James  Li.  Caw,  esq.] 

L.  a 


RUNOIMAN,  JAMES  (185^1891), 
journalist,  son  of  a  coastgnarasman,  was 
bom  at  Cresswell,  a  yillage  near  Moneth  in 
Northumberland,  in  August  1862.  He  was 
educated  at  Ellington  school,  and  then  for  two 
years  (186S-6)  in  the  nayal  school  at  Green- 
wich, Kent,  becoming  afterwards  a  pupil- 
teacher  at  North  Shields  ragged  school. 
After  an  interyal  spent  at  the  British  and 
Foreign  School  Society's  Training  College 
for  Teachers  in  the  Borough  Roaa  (now  at 
Isleworth),  he  entered  the  seryice  of  the 
London  School  Board,  acting  as  master  suo- 
cessiyely  of  schools  at  Hale  Street,  Dept- 
ford,  at  South  Street,  Greenwich,  and  at 
Blackheath  Hill.  While  still  a  schoolmaster 
he  read  for  himself  at  night,  and  attempted 
journalism.  He  soon  wrote  r^pilarly  for  the 
*  Teacher.*  the  '  Schoolmaster,  and  *  Vanity 
Fair ; '  or  the  last  paper  he  became  snb-editor 
in  1874.  In  January  1874  he  matriculated 
at  the  uniyersity  of  London,  and  passed  the 
first  bachelor  of  science  examination  in  1876. 
About  1880,  while  continuing  his  school- 
work,  he  was  sub-editOr  of 'London,'  a  cleyer 
but  short-liyed  little  newspaper,  edited  by 
Mr.  W.  E.  Henley. 

Subsequently  he  confined  himself  solely*  to 
the  profession  of  journalism.  As  a  writer 
on  social  or  ethical  topics,  he  proyed  him- 
self ecjually  yigorous  and  yersatile,  but  bis 
best  literary  work  described  the  life  of  the 
fishermen  of  the  North  Sea,  with  whom  he 
spent  many  of  his  yacations.  An  admirable 
series  of  seafkring  sketches,  which  he  con- 
tributed to  the  '  St.  James's  Gasette/  was 
reprinted  in  1883  as  *  The  Romance  of  the 
Coast.'  Of  his  'Dteam  of  the  North  Sea,' 
1889,  a  yiyid  account  of  the  fishermen's 
perils,  the  queen  accepted  the  dedication. 
He  died  prematurely,  of  oyerwoik,  at  Tyne- 
side,  Minerya  Road,  Kingston-on-Thames^ 
Surrey,  on  6  July  1891. 

Besides  the  works  already  mentioned  he 
wrote:  1.  'Grace  Balmaign's  Sweetheart/ 
1885.  2.  <  Skippers  and  Shellbacks,'  1885. 
8.  <  School  Board  IdyllSy'  1886.  4.  'Schools 
and  Scholars,'  1887.  5.  'The  OhMuersi 
being  the  Natural  History  of  a  Public  House 
set  forth  in  a  Loafer's  Diary,*  1888. 
6.  'Joints  in  our  Social  Armonr,'  1890; 
reprinted  as  *  The  Ethics  of  Drink  and  Social 
Questions,  or  Joints  in  our  Social  Armour,' 
1892.  7.  'Side-Lights,  with  Memoir  by 
Grant  Allen,  and  Introductioii  by  W.  T« 
Stead ;  edited  by  J.  F.  Runciman,'  1893. 

[Mr.  0rant  Allen's  Memoir  in  *Side  Lights,' 
1898;  Schoolmaster,  11  July  1S91,  pp.  44-^; 
niostr.  London  News,  18  July  1891,  p.  71*  with 
portrait ;  Pall  Mall  Qasette,  9  July  1891,  p.  6.) 

a.  as. 


Rundall 


403 


Rundle 


BUNDALL,  ICARY  ANN  T J.  1839), 
edoeational  writer,  kept  a  school  lor  young 
ladies  at  Batk  known  aa  the  Percy  Hooae 
Seminary.  Her  aister,  a  teacher  of  dancing: 
married  Robert  WiUiam  Elliaton  [q.  r.J 
the  actor.  Miss  Rundall's  chief  work  was 
^SymbolJe  Illnatmtiona  of  the  History  of 
England,'  a  quarto  yolume  with  engravings 
of  the  symbolay  published  in  1815.  It  was 
dedicated  to  the  Princess  Elizabeth,  and 
deeinied  to  instruot  young  persons  in  his- 
tor/by  Ben.  of  an  lh>^  8^m  at  mne- 
fflonioy  which  was  based  on  that  of  Gkegor 
Ton  Feinaigle  [q.  t.]  The  '  Gentleman's  Ma- 
gazine' praised  the  work,  while  the  'Quar- 
terly Review '  sneered  at  it.  A  second 
edition,  abridged,  and  dedicated  to  her 
nephews  and  nieces,  appeared  in  1832. 
'Mrs.  RoodaUy  late  of  Bath,'  ^1^^  in  Lower 
Bedford  Place,  London,  on  2  Oct.  1839  (6^t 
Moff.  1838,  ii.  646).  Other  works  by  Miss 
RnndaU  are:  1.  *  An  Easy  Grammar  of  Sacred 
History,'  1810.  2.  *  Sequel  to  the  Ghnammar 
of  Sacred  History/ 1824. 

[Allibone's  Diet.  ii.  1890;  Biogr.  Diet  of 
liriog  Authors,  1816.]  E.  L. 

RUNDELL,  Mbs.  MARIA  ELIZA 
(1746-1828),  writer  on  cookery,  bom  in  1745, 
WIS  only  child  of  Abel  Johnstone  Ketelby 
of  Ladlow,  Shropshire.  She  married  Thomas 
Hondell,  partner  of  the  eminent  firm  of 
Rnndell  &  Bridges,  silyersmiths  and  jewel- 
lers, which  was  long  established  on  Ludgate 
Hill,  London.  The  firm  supplied  snuff-boxes 
to  the  value  of  8,206/.  16s.  to  foreign  ministers 
it  the  coronation  of  QeoTtte  TV  (Oent  Mao. 
1823,  iL  77). 

While  livings  at  Swansea  in  1806  Mrs. 
Rondell  collected  various  recipes  for  cookery 
and  suggestions  for  household  management 
for  the  use  of  her  married  daughters.  She 
sent  the  manoscript  to  the  publisher,  John 
Murray  (1778-184S)  [a.  r,\oi  whose  family 
5be  was  an  old  friena.  He  suggested  the 
title  *  Domestic  Cookery,'  had  the  work  car^ 
^y  revised  by  competent  editors,  among 
whom  was  Dr.  Charles  Taylor,  of  the  Society 
of  Arts,  and  added  enmvings.  It  was  pul>- 
lished  as  '  A  New  System  of  Domestic 
Gookerv '  in  1808,  and  had  an  immense  suc- 
cess. From  five  to  ten  thousand  copies  were 
loo^  printed  yearlv.  It  became  one  of  Mur- 
nvs  most  valuable  properties,  and  in  1812, 
▼hen  he  bought  the  lease  of  the  house  in 
Albemarle  Street,  part  of  the  surety  consisted 
of  the  copyright  of  the  '  Domestic  Cookery.' 
As  the  earliest  manual  of  household  manage- 
pient  with  any  prstensions  to  completeness, 
it  called  forth  many  imitations. 

In  1806  Mnmy  presented  Mrs.  Rundell 


with  160L  She  replied,  'I  never  had  the 
smallest  idea  of  any  return  for  what  I  con- 
sidered a  firee  gift  to  one  whom  I  had  long 
regarded  as  my  friend.'  In  acknowledginff 
a  copy  of  the  second  edition,  Mrs.  Rundell 
begged  Murray  not  to  think  of  remunerating 
her  further,  and  in  the  preface  to  the  edition 
of  1810  she  expressly  stated  that  she  would 
receive  no  emolument.  But  in  1814  Mrs. 
Rundell  accused  Murray  of  neglecting  the 
book  and  of  hindering  its  sale.  After  ob- 
taining an  injunction  in  the  vicfr-chanoellor's 
court  to  restrain  Murray  from  republishing 
the  book,  she  in  1821  placed  an  improved 
version  of  it  in  the  hands  of  Messrs.  Log- 
man for  publication.  Murray  retaliated  by 
obtaining  an  injunction  from  the  lord  chan- 
cellor to  prevent  Mrs.  Rundell  from  publish- 
ing the  book  with  any  of  his  additions  and 
embellishmentr..  On  8  Nov.  the  lord  chan- 
cellor dissolved  the  injunction  against  Mur- 
ray, but  gave  right  to  neither  party,  declar- 
ing that  a  court  of  law  and  not  a  court  of 
equity  must  decide  between  them  {Oent, 
Mag.  1821,  ii.  465).  After  long  deUy, 
Mrs.  Rundell  accepted  Murray's  offer  of 
1,000/.  in  full  discharge  of  all  claims,  to- 
gether with  a  similar  sum  to  defray  her 
costs  and  expenses  (cf.  MooitB,  Memoirs^  v. 
118,  119).  The  book  was  translated  into 
German  in  1841 ;  the  sixty-fifth  English 
edition  appeared  in  the  same  year. 

Mrs.  Rundell  died,  aged  88,  at  Lausanne  on 
16  Dec.  1828.  Her  husband  predeceased  her. 

Other  books  by  Mrs.  Rnndbll  are :  1.  ^  Do- 
mestic Happiness,'  1806.  2.  'Letters  ad- 
dressed to  Two  Absent  Daughters,'  1814. 

[Gent.  Mag.  1829,  1.  94;  Allibone's  Diet.  ii. 
1890;  Smiles'a  Memoirs  of  John  Murray,  i.  90 
et  passim,  ii.  120-^.]  £.  L. 

BUNDLE,  THOMAS  (1688P-.1748), 
bishop  of  Derry,  was  bom  at  Milton  Abbot, 
Devonshire,  about  1688,  his  father  being  Tho- 
mas Rundle,  an  Exeter  clergvman.  After 
passing  through  thegrammar  scnool  at  Exeter 
under  John  Reynol&,  uncle  of  Sir  Joshua,  he 
matriculated  as  a  commoner  at  Exeter  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  on  5  April  1704,  at  the  age  of 
sixteen,  and  took  the  aegree  of  B.C.L.  in  1710. 

In  1712  he  made  the  acquaintance  of 
Whiston,  who  visited  Oxfora  partly  for 
patristic  study,  and  partly  to  further  the  for- 
mation of  his  /  society  for  promoting  primi- 
tive Christianity.'  Rundle  and  his  tutor, 
Thomas  Rennel,  were  well  disposed  to  this 
society,  but  thought  Whiston  would  |pet  no 
other  members  from  Oxford.  Rundle  in  the 
same  year  became  tutor  to  the  only  son  of 
John  Cater  of  Kempston,  near  Bedford. 
Here  Whiston  visited  htm,  and,  finding  him 

DD2 


Rundle 


404 


Ruadle 


proficient  in  the  fathers,  set  him  upon  a 
critical  examination  of  the  Sihylline  oracles, 
a  task  of  which  he  soon  tired.  CJoming  to  Lon- 
don, he  became  a  *  hearty  and  xealous  mem- 
ber' of  Whiston's  'society'  (which  held 
meetings  from  3  July  1715  to  28  June  1717). 
But  Thomas  Emlyn  [q.  v.]  soon  discovered 
tiuit  Rundle  was  too  much  a  man  of  the 
world  to  be  content  with  this  coterie  of 
enthusiasts,  and  '  did  not  seem  cut  out '  for 
a  career  of  isolation.  When  Rundle  informed 
Whiston  that  he  intended  to  take  holy  orders, 
a  breach,  lasting  for  many  years,  ensued  be- 
tween them,  whiston  sharply  reproached 
Rundle  for  want  of  principle.  It  appears, 
however,  that  Rundle  haa  begun  to  lose 
faith  in  Whiston's  judgment  on  matters  of 
antiquity.  He  was  now  more  attracted  to 
Samuel  Clarke  (1676-1729)  [q.v.] 

Rundle  was  ordained  deacon  on  29  July, 

.•and  priest  on  5  Aug.  1716,  by  William  Tal- 

4)0t  (1669-1780)  [q.  v.],  then  bishop  of  Salis- 

kbury,  whose    younger    son,   Edward,   was 

Rundle's  most  intimate  friend  since  Oxford 

•^ays.    The  bishop  at  once  made  Rundle  his 

domestic  chaplain,  and  gave  him  (1716)  a 

prebend  at  Salisbury  (Fostbb).    He  became 

-T^icar  of  Inglesham,  Wiltshire,  in  1719,  and 

rector  of  Poulshot,  Wiltshire,  in  1720,  both 

divings  boing  in  the  bishop's  gift.    Bishop 

Talbot  also  appointed  him  archdeacon  of 

Wilts  (17:X)),and  treasurer  of  Sarnm  (1721). 

During  his  residence  at  Salisbury,  Rundle 

became  well  acquainted  with  Thomas  Chubb 

^q.  v.],  whom  he  had  perhaps  met  before,  with 

Whiston,  and  of  whose  publications  (up  to 

17dO)  he  speaks  highly,  as  fruits  of  common- 

8ense,'neituer  improved  nor  spoilt  by  reading.' 

Though  Edward  Talbot  had  died  in 
December  1720,  his  family  continued  to 
patronise  Rundle.  Bishop  Talbot,  on  being 
promoted  to  Durham,  collated  him  to  a  stall 
in  his  cathedral  (23  Jan.  1722),  and  preferred 
him  to  a  better  one  before  the  end  of  the 
year,  giving  him  also  the  vicarage  (1722) 
«nd  rectory  (1724)  of  Sedgefield,  co.  Dur- 
iiam,  and  appointing  him  (1728)  to  the 
mastership  01  the  hospital  of  Sherbum,  two 
miles  from  Durham.  He  lived  at  the  palace 
AS  resident  chaplain  from  September  1722 
till  Bishop  Talbot's  death  on  10  Oct.  1730, 
Thomas  Seeker  [q.v.]  being  his  fellow-chap- 
lain from  1722  to  1724.  On  6  July  1723  he 
proceeded  D.O.L.  at  Oxford.  Whiston  in- 
timates that  his  high  living  at  Durham  per- 
manently injured  his  health,  though  he  Mived 
very  abstemiously  afterward.' 

In  December  1733  the  see  of  Gloucester 
l)ecame  vacant  by  the  death  of  Ellas  Sydall. 
Jlundle  was  nominated  as  his  successor  by 
the  lord  chancellor^  Bishop  Talbot's  eldest 


son,  Charles  Talbot,  first  baron  TalbotTq.  v.], 
who  had  made  him  his  chaplain.    The  ap- 
pointment was    'registered  in   the  public 
prints.'    But  Edmund  Gibson  [q.  v.],  bishop 
of  London,  interposed.    The  real  objeclioD 
was  to  Bundle's  ecclesiastical  politics;  bat 
occasion  was  taken  to  misrepresent  his  rela- 
tions with  Chubb,  and  raise    the  cry  of 
deist.     Gibson's  henchman,  Richard  Venn 
((f.  1740),  rector  of  St.  Antholin's,  London, 
reported  a  conversation  between  Rundle  and 
Robert  Cannon  [q.  v.]  Cannon  was  noted  for 
sceptical  remarks,  made  in  a  jocular  way, 
and  the  probability  is  that  Venn  was  too 
much  scandalised  by  what  he  heard  to  dis- 
tinguish accurately  between  the  speakers. 
Rundle,  who  was  defended  by  Arthur  Ashley 
Sykes  [q.  v.]  and  John  Convbeare  [q.  v.],  had 
not  only  preached  against  deists,  but  had  led 
a  discussion  against  Tindal  and  Collins  at 
the  Grecian  coffee-house.    The  matter  was 
eventually  compromised  by  giving  the  see  of 
Gloucester  to  Martin  Benson  [q.  v.],  a  friend 
of  Rundle,  while  Rundle  himself  was  ap- 
pointed to  Derry,a  much  wealthier  see,  with 
little  to  do,  for  the  diocese  contained  but 
thirtv-five  beneficed  clergy.     Hugh  Boulter 
[q.  V.J,  the  primate,  wrote  to  Dorset  reffretting 
the  appointment.  Pultenev  wrote  in  the  same 
strain  to  Swift,  who  penned  the  spirited  lines : 

Bundle  a  bishop  !  Well  he  may — 
He's  still  a  Christian  more  than  theyl 
1  know  the  subject  of  their  quarrels — 
The  man  has  learning,  sense,  and  morals. 

'  His  only  fault,'  wrote  Swift  to  Pope,  *  is 
that  he  drinks  no  wine.'  Pope  declarea  in  re- 
ply, '  He  will  be  a  friend  and  benefactor  toy  our 
unfriended  and  unbenefited  nation.  ...  I 
never  saw  a  man  so  seldom  whom  I  liked  so 
much.'  And  later  (1788)  'Rundle  has  a 
heart' (JEpiloffue  to  the  Satires,  dial,  ii.) 

Rundle's  patent  to  the  see  of  Derry  was 
dated  17  July  1735,  and  on  3  Aup.  he  was 
consecrated  by  Boulter,  Arthur  Pnce  rq-v.";, 
bishop  of  Meath,  and  Josiah  Hort  [jq.  v.\ 
bishop  of  Kilmore  and  Ardagh.  He  liveii 
chiefly  in  Dublin,  where  he  rebuilt  a  house, 
partly  to  give  employment  to  Irish  workmen. 
In  a  letter  of  3  Jan.  1739 he  writes: '  My  house 
will  be  finished  in  about  six  wedcs  .  •  .  the 
whole  is  handsome,  but  nothing  magnificent 
but  the  ffarret  in  which  I  have  lodged  my 
books ;'  tnis  '  |^arret'  was  64  feet  long  by  24 
wide,  and  16  high,  with  a  bow  window  at  the 
east  end,  looking  towards  Trinity  College.  In 
a  letter  of  9  Sept.  1740  he  calls  himself  *  the 
most  inactive  man  living ;'  in  fact  he  was  a 
valetudinarian,  but  a  happy  one.  In  the  last 
of  his  letters  (22  March  1743),  brief,  and  im- 
preaaive  in  the  reality  of  its  religious  hope,  he 


Runnington 


405 


Rupert 


writes:  ' I  have  lived  to  be  conoiva  mUut — 
puaed  througli  ffpoA  report  and  evil  report; 
DAve  Bot  been  imiired,  more  than  outwardly, 
by  the  hut,  and  solidly  benefited  by  the 
fonner.'  He  died  unmarried  at  Dublin  on 
U  April  1743,  bequeathing  most  of  his  for- 
tune of  20,00(M.  to  John  Talbot,  seoond  son  of 
thelord  chancellor.  He  was  slender  in  person. 
HU  portrait,  which  belonged  to  Seeker,  is  at 
Caddesdon  Palace. 

Randle  published  four  single  sermons 
(1718-38).  His  <  Letters . . .  with  Introduc- 
tory Memoirs,'  &c.,  Gloucester,  1789,  2  vols. 
8to  preprinted,  Dublin,  same  year),  were 
edited  by  James  Dallaway  [q.  v.]  Most  of 
them  are  addressed  to  Barbara  (168&-1746), 
daug^hter  of  Sir  William  Kyle,  governor  of 
Carolina,  and  widow  of  William  Sandys 
(1677-1712)  of  Miserden,  Gloucestershire. 

[Hemoiis,  1789;  Foster's  Alumni  Oxon. ; 
WhistoD^s  Memoirs,  1763.  pp.  220  sq.;  Bonlter*8 
LetteTB,  1770,  ii.  145;  Hnehes^s  Letters  of  J. 
Daoeombe,  1773,  ii.  56;  Disney's  Memoirs  of 
SjkeB,  1766;  Porteons's  Life  of  Seeker,  1797; 
Svift's  Works  (8cott)»  1814;  Mant's  HisL  of  the 
Church  of  Ireland,  1840,  ii.  5,  37  sq.;  Pope's 
Works  (Elwin  and  Courthope^  1881  iii.  476, 
I87I  Tii.  334  sq. ;  certified  extracts  from  the 
iMlisbnry  diocesan  registers.]  A*  G. 

RUNNINGTON,  CHARLES  (1751- 
ld21),8eijeant-at-law,  bom  in  Hertfordshire 
on  29  Aug.  1751  (and  probably  son  of  John 
Kunnington,  mayor  of  HertK>rd  in  1754), 
vu  educated  under  private  tutor8,'and  after 
Hime  years  of  special  pleading  was  called  to 
the  bar  at  the  Inner  Temple  m  Hilary  term 
1778.  He  was  made  seijeantrat-law  on 
27  Not.  1787,  and  held  for  a  time  the  office 
of  deputy-judge  of  the  Marshalsea  court. 
On  27  May  1816  he  was  appointed  \A  the 
chief^ommissionership  in  insolvency,  which 
he  resigned  in  1819.  He  died  at  !6ri£[htoii 
on  18  Jan.  il821.  Kunnington  married  twice — 
ID  1777,  Anna  Maria,  youngest  sister  of  Sir 
Ssmuel  Shepherd,  by  whom  ue  had  a  son  and 
adaughter;  8econdly,in  1783, Mrs. Wetherell, 
^ow  of  Charles  Wetherell  of  Jamaica.  His 
onlj  son,  Charles  Henry  Eunnington,  died  on 
l^Kov.lSlO. 

Rmmington,  besides  editing  certain  well- 
^own  legal  warks  [see  Gilbebt,  Sib 
Geofkbet,  where  for  'Remington'  read 
Huimington;  Hale,  Sib  Matthew,  tidfin ; 
BuFVflBAB,  OwEvl,  was  author  of '  A  Treatise 
OD  the  Action  of  Ejectment'  (founded  on 
Gilbert's  work),  London,  1781,  8vo,  which 
^  recast  and  revised  as  'The  History, 
lMiiciple8,and  Practice  of  the  Legal  Remedy 
br  Ejectment,  and  the  resulting  Action  for 
Mesne  Profita,'  London,  1795, 8vo ;  2nd  edit, 
by  William  BiOlantinei  1620. 


[Law  List,  1779;  London  Gaiatte,  27  Nov. 
1787.  27  May  1816;  Gent.  Mag.  1787  ii.  1110, 
1810  ii.  691,  1816  i.  661,  1831  i.  87;  Ann. 
Reg.  1821,  App.  to  Chron.  p.  230 ;  Law  Mag. 
zxv.  289  ;  Georgian  Era,  ii.  644 ;  Hajdn*8  Book 
of  Dignities,  ed.  Ockerby;  Brit.  Mus.Cat.] 

J.  M.  R. 

EUPERT,  Priitcb,  Count  Palitikb  of 
THB  Rhikb  and  Dni3>  of  BavjlBIa,  after- 
wards DuKB  of  Oumbbblavd  and  Earl  of 
H0LDBBNE8S  (101&-1682),  general,  third  son 
of  Elizabeth,  queen  of  Bohemia,  and  of 
Frederick  V,  elector  palatine,  was  bom  at 
Prague  on  17  Dec  1619,  about  six  weeks 
after  his  father's  coronation  as  king  of  Bo* 
hemia.  He  was  baptised  on  31  March  fol- 
lowing. On  8  Nov.  1620  the  battle  of  the 
White  Mountain  obliged  his  parents  to  fly 
from  Prague,  and  Rupert  accompanied  his 
mother  first  to  Berlin,  and  finally  to  Holland 
(April  1621).  Rupert,  his  eldest  brother 
Frederick  Henry,  and  his  sister  Louise  were 
established  at  Leyden  in  1623  under  the* 
chaive  of  M.  de  Plessen  and  his  wife.  On 
the  death  of  Frederick  Henry  (17  Jan.  1629)„ 
Charles  I  transferred  to  Rupert  the  pensiouk 
of  300A  a  year  whichhis  elder  brother,  Charles^ 
Louis,  hi^  previously  enjoyed. 

Of  Rupert's  education  little  is  known.    A. 
letter  from  his  father  to  the  <j[ueen  of  Bo- 
hemia mentions  with  satisfaction  Uie  boy^a  ^ 
gift  for  languages.    In  1633  Rupert  and  his 
brother  were  permitted  to  accompany  the  • 
prince  of  Orange  during  his  campaign,  and 
were  present  at  the  siege  of  Rhynbeig.    But 
Rupert's  military  training  really  began  in 
1635,  when  he  served  as  a  volunteer  in  the 
lifeguards  of  the  prince  of  Orange  during  the 
invasion  of  Brabant.  In  1636  Rupert  followed 
the  prince  elector  to  England,  and  was  re- 
ceived with  great  favour  by  his  uncle.  With 
the  king  he  was  entertained  by  Laud  at  Ox- 
ford,  and  on  30  Aug.  1636  was  created  M.A. 
At  Laud's  request  the  names  of  Rupert  and 
his  brother  were  entered  in  St.  John*s  College, . 
'  to  do  that  house  honour '  (Lattd,  Worke,  v. 
160).    A  wild  scheme  was  proposed  for  th^- 
establishment  of  an  English  colony  in  Ma- 
dagascar, of  which  Rupert  was  to  be  governor.. 
Davenant  constitutea  himself  poet  laureate,, 
and  addressed  to  Rupert  a  poem  on  Mada- 
gascar,   celebrating    his    future    conquests 
(  Works,  ed.  1673,  p.  205).  Charles  seriously 
oousidered  the  project,  and  asked  the  advice 
and  assistance  of  the  East  India  Company 
for  the  intended  expedition.    The  queen  of 
Bohemia,  with  more  wisdom, wrote,  'As  for 
Rupert's  conquest  of  Madagascar,  it  sounda 
like  one  of  Don  Quixote's  conquests,  whero 
he  promised  his  trusty  squire  to  make  him 
king  of  an  island,'  and  told  Rupert  that  sack 


Rupert 


406 


Rupert 


a  scheme  was  'neither  feasible,  safe,  nor 
honourable  for  him/  She  pressed  for  his 
return  to  Holland,  saying, '  Though  it  be  a 
great  honour  and  happiness  to  him  to  wait 
uj^n  his  uncle,  yet,  his  youth  considered,  he 
will  be  better  employed  to  see  the  wars* 
(Green,  t.  540;  Cal,  State  Papers,  Dom. 
1686-7  p.  659, 1637  p.  82).  In  July  1*37 
Charles  dismissed  Rupert,  granting  him  a 
monthly  pension  of  eight  hundred  crowns. 

During  his  stay  in  England  he  had  earned 
the  good  opinion  of  the  King  and  the  court. 
*  I  have  observed  him,'  wrote  Sir  Thomas  Roe 
[q.  V.J  to  the  queen  of  Bohemia,  *  of  a  rare 
condition,  full  of  spirit  and  action,  full  of 
observation  and  judgment.  Certainly  he 
will  r6u8sir  un  grand  homme,  for  whatso- 
ever he  wills  he  wills  vehemently :  so  that 
to  what  he  bends  he  will  be  in  it  excellent. 
...  His  majesty  takes  great  pleasure  in  his 
unrestfiilness,  for  he  is  never  idle,  and  in  his 
sports  serious,  in  his  conversation  retired, 
but  sharp  and  witty  when  occasion  provokes 
him.'  In  a  second  letter  he  added:  '  It  is 
an  infimte  pity  he  is  not  employed  acoord- 
inst  to  his  genius,  for  whatsoever  he  under- 
takes he  <£)th  it  vigorously  and  seriously. 
His  nature  is  active  and  spriteM,«and  may 
be  compared  to  steel,  which  is  the  com- 
manding metal  if  it  be  rightly  tempered  and 
disjpOBed '  (ib.  1636-7  p.  71, 1687  p.  xxvi). 

in  the  autumn  of  1637  Rupert  took  part 
in  the  siege  of  Breda.  In  1638  the  elector 
palatine  raised  a  small  army  and  invaded 
Westphalia,  accompanied  by  Rupert.  On 
17  Oct.  they  were  defeated  by  the  Austrian 
general  Hatzfeld  at  Vlotho  on  the  banks 
of  the  Weser,  and  Rupert,  after  performing 
prodigies  of  valour,  was  taken  raisoner 
( Wabbitrtok,  i.  88 ;  Chabv^bxat,  JETistoire 
de  la  Querre  de  Trente  Ana,  ii.  406).  It  was 
at  first  reported  that  Rupert  was  killed, 
and  the  queen  of  Bohemia  was  inclined  to 
vrish  it  were  true.  '  Rupert's  taking  is  all.  I 
confess  in  my  passion  I  did  rather  wish  him 
killed.  I  pray  Qod  I  have  not  more  cause 
to  wish  it  before  he  be  gotten  out.'  She 
feared  that  her  son  might  be  perverted  to 
Catholicism  by  the  influences  which  would 
be  brought  to  bear  upon  him,  although  he 
assured  ner  that '  neither  good  usage  nor  ill 
should  ever  make  him  change  his  religion  or 
party.'  '  I  know,'  she  wrote,  *  his  disposition 
IS  good,  and  he  never  did  disobey  me,  though 
to  others  he  was  stubborn  and  wilful.  I 
hope  he  will  continue  so,  yet  I  am  bom  to 
so  much  affliction  as  I  dare  not  be  confident 
of  it'  (Gbbbn",  v.  560).  Rupert  was  im- 
prisoned at  Linz,  where  he  remained  for 
the  next  three  years.  His  captivity,  which 
was  at  times  veiy  strict,  was  alleviated  by 


the  study  of  drawing  and  painting,  and  by 
a  love  amur  with  the  governor's  daughter. 
The  intervention  of  the  Archduke  Lipoid 
procured  him  greater  indulgence;  he  was 
allowed  to  shoot,  to  play  tenuis,  and  finally 
to  hunt.  In  1641  Sir  Thomas  Roe  succeedea 
in  negotiating  his  unconditional  release,  but 
Rupert  appean  to  have  promised  not  to  bear 
arms  against  the  emperor  in  future  (Wab- 
BXTBTOK,  i.  91-105 ;  Cal  State  Papers,  Dom. 
1641><8,  p.  140).  He  rejoined  his  mother  at 
The  Hague  on  10  Dec.  1641,  and  then  set 
out  to  thank  Charles  I  for  procuring  his 
fireedouL  He  arrived  in  England  about  the 
middle  of  February,  but  returned  at  once  in 
order  to  escort  Henrietta  Maria  to  Holland 
(t^.  pp.  198,  288, 294,  372). 

The  outbreak  of  the  civil  war  opened  a 
career  for  Rupert,  and  in  July  16^  he  landed 
at  Tynemouth  and  joined  Charles  at  Notting- 
ham (Wabbttbtoit,  i.  462).  The  king  made 
him  ^neral  of  the  horse,  and,  while  instruct- 
ing him  to  consult  the  council  of  war,  author- 
ised him  to  act  independently  of  that  body  if  he 
thought  fit  (Instructions,  CatalopueofMupert 
M8S.  No.  107).  His  commission  exempted 
him  from  the  command  of  the  Earl  of  Lind- 
sey,  the  general  of  the  king's  army,  and  gave 
rise  to  faction  among  the  officers  and  to  dis- 
sensions between  the  military  and  civil  ad- 
visers of  the  king  (CLABaNDOir,  JRebeliicny  vi. 
78, 90).  Rupert  refused  to  receive  the  king's 
orders  through  Lord  Falkland,  the  secretary 
of  state.  Hyde,  who  was  personally  obnozioitt 
to  the  prince  as  being  the  leadw  of  the 
peace  party,  complains  of  his  ignorance  of 
the  government  and  manners  of  the  king^ 
dom,  and  his  rough  and  unpolished  nature. 
His  contempt  of  the  king^s  council  was,  ac- 
cording to  tne  same  authority,  the  cause  of 
the  misfortunes  of  himself  and  the  kingdom 
(*.  vi.  31,  78,  vii.  289 ;  Wabbubtow,  L  868). 

At  the  beginning  of  the  war,  however,  Ru- 
pert's energy  andactivity  were  of  the  greatest 
value  to  the  king's  cause.  His  example  in- 
spired his  followers :  *  he  put  that  spirit  into 
the  king's  army  that  all  men  seemed  resolved  ^ 
(Memoirs  qf  Sir  PMUp  Warwick,  n.  227). 
With  a  small  body  of  cavalry,  whicn  num- 
bered at  first  (mly  eight  hundred  horse,  he 
traversed  the  midland  counties,  raising  men. 
and  money  for  Charles.  'Prince  Rupwt,' 
writes  a  parliamentary  historian, '  like  a  per- 
petual motion,  was  in  a  short  time  heard  of  at 
many  places  at  a  great  distance '  (Mat,  Lon^ 
Parliament,  ed.  1854,  p.  249).  On  28  Sepr. 
1642  he  gained  the  firat  victory  of  the  war, 
defeating  at  Worcester  a  body  of  Etaeic^s 
cavalry,  commanded  by  Nathaniel  Eiennes 

[q.V.](C^BB]rD0K,  vi.<44;  Ru6HW0BtH,T.  24:^. 

A  month  later  at  EdgehiU  Rupert's  plan  of 


Rupert 


407 


Rupert 


battle  was  adopted  by  the  king  ift  preference 
to  that  of  the  ^eral,  the  Earl  of  Lindeey, 
to  the  great  duoontent  of  the  latter  (Cla«- 
BBnoH,  yL  78).    Rupert  took  command  of 
the  right  wiii^  of  the  king^s  horse,  entrusting 
the  1&  to  his  lieutenant-general^  Wijbaot. 
He  completely  routed  the   parliamentarj 
esTahy  opposed  to  him  and  four  regiments 
of  their  ISoot,  but  followed  the  chase  so  £ar 
that  Esmx.  was  enabled  to  crush  the  king's 
foot  beldro   the   royalist   horse   returned. 
Wilmot  was  equally  successful,  but  com* 
mitted  the  same  error  as  his  commander. 
Yet  while  Rupert's  inability  to  keep  his  men 
in  hand,  or  to  bring  them  to  a  second  oharge 
after  their  return  to  the  field,  was  disastrous 
in  its  eonsequencesi  the  success  of  the  royal 
cavalry  was  mainly  due  to  an  innoyation 
which  the  prince  introduced  into  their  tactics. 
He  taught  them  to  chwge  home,  instead  of 
halting  to  fire  their  pistols  and  carbines. 
'Jost  before  we  began  our  march/  writes 
one  of  his  soldiers, '  Prince  Rupert  passed 
from  one  winff  to  the  other,  givmg  positive 
orders  to  the  horse  to  march  as  dose  as  was 
poesible,  keej^ing  their  ranks  with  sword  in 
Wd,  to  reoetre  the  enemy's  shot,  without 
firing  either  carbine  or  pistol  till  we  broke 
m  amongst  the  enemy,  and  then  to  make 
use  of  oar  firearms  as  need  should  require ' 
{Memoirw  <^  Sir  Sichard  Bulstrode,  p.  81). 
After  the  battle  Essex  retreated  to  War- 
wick, uid  Hunert  proposed  to  march  to  Lon- 
don with  the  IdnflTS  cayalxy,  and  dissolve  the 
parliament ;  but  we  scheme,  which  had  little 
prospect  of  success,  was  frustrated  by  the 
opposition  of  the  lonflfs  councillors  ( W  ar- 
BlTBioir,  ii.  87).    The  King  established  him- 
self at  Oxford,  while  Rupert's  cavalry  took 
Qp  their  quarters  at  Abingdon  and  captured 
iiesding.     In  November  the  king  advanced 
on  London,  and  the  parliament  opened  nego- 
tiations for  peace.    On  12  Nov.,  while  nego- 
tiations were  in  progress,  Rupert  fell .  upon 
two  raiments  of  parliamentary  infantry  at 
Bientferd  and  cut  them  in  pieces.    Bat  the 
next  day  £ssex,  with  soperior  forces,  barred 
the  way  to  London,  ana  obliged  the  king's 
troops  to  erracnate  Brentford  and  retreat  on 
Reading.     Politically  the  victory  was  un- 
fortunate to  the  king's  cause,  for  it  brought 
opon  him  the  chaige  of  treachery.    Glarenr 
don  aseertfl  that  Rupert  attacked  without 
orders  from  the  kin^ ,  beuag  'exalted  with 
tile  terror  be  heard  his  name  gave  the  enemy 
.  .  .  and  too  much  neglecting  the  council  of 
state; '  bat  Charles  himself  wss  probably  re- 
sponsible for  tha  movement  (Clabbkjdoh^, 
MdfeUiom^  yL  134;  GABpnm,  Orwt  CM 
War,  i.  59). 
Puling  the  winter  Bupert's  chief  ol(|eet 


was  to  extend  the  king's  quarters  round 
Oxford,  and  to  open  up  communications  with 
the  royalists  of  the  west.  A  pamphleteer 
described  him  as  defeated  by  Skippon  in  an 
attack  on  Marlborough,  but  he  was  not  pre- 
sent at  the  capture  of  that  town,  which  was 
taken  by  Wilmot  and  a  party  from  Oxford 
on  Dec  5  (Wajles,  Sktory  of  MarlbcrQugh, 
p.  174).  Towards  the  ena  of  December  he 
relieved  Banbury  (GjulBX.,  L{fe  of  Anthony 
Woodf  i.  74).  On  7  Jan.  1648  he  unsuccess- 
fully threatened  Cirencester,  which  he  tooik  by 
storm  on  2  Feb.  (WABHBOxnBuns,  Bibik&keca 
Ohueettrensia,  pp.  163,  159).     The  conse- 

Suences  of  its  capture  were  the  evacuation  of 
ludely  and  Berkdey  castles,  the  abandonment 
of  Tewkesbury  and  Devizes,  and  thesurrttider 
of  Malmesbury,  whUe  Gloucestershire  began 
to  pay  contributions  to  the  support  of  the 
royal  forces.  Rupert  followed  up  nis  victory 
hj  summoning  Oloucest^,  but  there  he  met 
with  a  refusal  (ib.  pp.  22, 173).  He  next 
attempted  Bristol,  hoping  to  be  admitted  by 
the  royalists  of  the  city  (7  Mazdi) ;  but  their 
timely  arrest  by  the  governor  prevented  the 
execution  of  the  plot  (Setbb,  MewwriaU  of 
Bristol,  ii.  341^400).  In  April  he  turned 
his  attention  to  the  midland  counties,  took 
Birmingham  after  a  stubborn  resistance 
(3  April),  and  recaptured  Lichfield  Close, 
after  nearly  a  fortnight's  siege  (Prince  JRu- 
perfe  burmng  Love  for  England  dieoovered  in 
BirminghaffCe  FlameSf  1648,  4to;  A  true  i2s- 
lation  of  Prince  JRupert^e  barbaroue  Cruelty 
iUfam$t  the  Townof  Birmtngham,  1648,  4to; 
Wasbubton,  ii.  161). 

On  16  April  the  king  recalled  Rupert  to 
Oxford  to  assist  in  the  r^ief  of  Reading,  but 
he  was  repulsed  b^  the  besiegers  in  a  fight 
at  Caversnam  bndge  (25  April),  and  the 
town  capitulated  the  next  day  (ib,  iL  165, 
178;  OOATBS,  JSktory  qf  Beading,  p.  35>. 
At  the  beg^ning  of  the  summer  Eiasex  aa- 
vanced  on  Oxford,  and  threatened  to  besiege 
the  city.  On  17  June  Rupert,  with  about 
two  thousand  men,  sallied  forth  intending 
to  intercept  a  convoy  which  was  coming  to 
Essex's  army;  he  missed  the  convoy,  but 
surprised  some  parliamentary  troops  in  their 
quarters,  and  defeated  at  Chalgrove  Field 
(18  June)  an  attempt  to  obstruct  his  return. 
In  the  action  Ruimrt's  personal  daring  was 
conspicuous ;  he  headed  the  charge  in  which 
Hampden  was  wounded,  and  Hampden's  sub- 
seouent  death  rendered  a  trifling  defeat  a 
political  disaster  for  the  parliamentarians 
(Prinee  Buper^e  late  beating  vp  the  Bebel^ 
Quarters  at  Po&toombe  and  Chnnor  and  his 
Victory  at  Chalgrove  Field,  Oxford,  1648, 
4to).  On  11  July  Rupert  mat  the  queen 
at  Stcatford-on-Avon,  and  escorted  her  tjo 


Rupert 


408 


Rupert 


Oxford  (Wakbttsoov,  ii.  224).  The  addition 
of  her  bttle  annyto  the  royal  forces,  and 
the  victories  of  the  Cornish  army  under 
Hopton,  enabled  the  king  to  take  the  offen- 
sive. On  18  July  Rupert  left  Oxford ;  on 
the  2drd  he  appeared  before  Bristol  and 
joined  the  Cornish  forces,  and  on  the  26th 
ne  assaulted  the  city  and  forced  Fiennee  to 
capitulate  (tb.  ii.  296-64;  Sbteb,  Memoirs  of 
Brutolf  ii.  402).  A  fortnight  later  Rupert  and 
the  king  laid  siege  to  Gloucester  (10  Aug.) 
The  prince  took  an  active  part  in  the  early 
part  of  the  si^pe ;  towards  its  close  he  was 
sent  with  the  cavalry  to  check  Essex's  march 
to  tJie  relief  of  the  city,  and  attacked  un- 
successfully the  parliamentary  vanguard  at 
Stow-on-the-Wold  on  4  Sept.  ( WABBimTOjr, 
ii.  280,  286 ;  Bibliotheca  Glauoestreruis,  pp. 
238,  257).  In  the  pursuit  of  Essex  on  his 
return  march  he  was  more  fortunate,  and, 
by  his  attack  on  the  parliamentary  rear 
at  Aldboume  Chase  (18  Sept.),  enabled  the 
king  to  anticipate  Essex  in  occupying  New- 
bury. At  the  battle  of  Newbury  Rupert's 
impatience  prevented  him  from  utilising  to 
the  full  the  advantages  of  his  position.  He 
led  charge  after  charge  on  the  London  trained 
bands,  out  could  not  break  their  ranks, 
though  he  routed  the  horse  which  guarded 
their  flanks.  Whitelocke  describes  a  per- 
sonal encounter  between  Rupert  and  Sir 
Philip  Stapleton,  of  which  other  authorities 
make  no  mention.  On  the  next  day  Rupert 
attacked  Essex's  rearguard  near  Aldermas- 
ton,  and,  though  beaten  off,  put  them  into 
great  confusion  (Gabsiker,  Oreat  dvil  War, 
i.  218,  219;  Monet,  The  Battles  0/ Newbury, 
ed.  1884,  pp.  46,  49,  56,  66,  71). 

In  October  1643  the  king  contemplated 
an  attack  on  the  eastern  association,  and 
appointed  Rupert  lieutenant-general  of  all 
forces  raised  or  to  be  raised  in  Hertford- 
shire, Bedfordshire,  and  the  eastern  counties 
(28  Oct.) ;  but  the  vigilance  of  the  Earl  of 
Essex  prevented  the  execution  of  the  design. 
Rupert  made  a  plundering  raid  in  Northamp- 
tonshire and  Bedfordshire,  but  got  no  further 
(Gabdineb,  i.  243 ;  Black,  OafordDocqttetSf 
p.  93).  Eaually  abortive  was  a  plot  for  sur- 
prising Aylesbiuy  on  21  Jan.  1644 ;  Rupert 
fell  into  a  trap  himself,  and  lost  nearly  four 
hundred  men  in  his  retreat  (GABDiinsB,  i. 
275 ;  Wakbttktow,  ii.  361). 

On  24  Jan.  1644  Rupert  was  created  Earl 
of  Holdemess  and  Duke  of  Cumberland,  and 
about  the  same  time  he  was  given  an  inde- 
pendent command.  The  kin^  constituted 
him  captain-jzeneral  of  the  counties  of  Chester, 
Lancaster,  Worcester,  Salop,  and  the  six 
northern  counties  of  Wales  (6  Jan.^,  with 
power  to  appoint  commissioners  for  tne  levy 


of  taxes  and  troops  (5  Feb.)  Rupert  left 
Oxford  on  6  Feb.  1644,  and  estabhshed  hia 
headquarters  at  Shrewsbury  (Black,  pp.  125> 
133, 136, 140;  Wabbubton,  ii.  366).  From 
thence  he  was  summoned  on  12  March  hj 
the  king's  orders  to  relieve  Newark,  which 
was  besieged  by  Sir  John  Meldrum  [q.  v.  J 
Settingout  at  once,  and,  coUectingseven  tnoiP> 
sand  men  from  royalist  garrisons  in  his  line 
of  march,  he  not  only  defeated  Meldmm, 
but  forced  the  besiegers  to  an  ignominious 
capitulation  (22  March),  by  which  they 
abandoned  their  arms  and  artillery  to  avoiik 
becoming  prisoners  (Rushwobth,  v.  306 ; 
Gahaliel  Dublbt,  Hie  Highness  Prince 
Ruperts  Raising  of  the  Siege  of  Newark,  4to^ 
1644).  In  a  letter  to  his  nephew,  Charles 
styles  it  a  '  beyond  imaginable  success'  and 
'  no  less  than  the  saving  of  all  the  north/ 
while  Clarendon  calls  it  ^  a  victoir  as  pro- 
digious as  any  happened  throughout  the 
war*  (Wabbubtok,  11.  397;  History  of  tMe 
JUbeliion,  vii.  416).  But  the  effecta  of  th» 
victory  were  slight.  Lincoln,  Gainsborough, 
and  other  towns,  which  were  abandoned  br 
the  parliamentarians  in  consequence  of  the 
defeat  at  Newark,  were  recovered  a  couple  of 
months  later. 

Rupert  returned  to  Shrewsbury,  and  was 
immediately  called  to  Oxford  by  the  kin^  to 
consult  on  the  plan  of  the  next  campaign. 
His  advice  was  that  the  king  should  rein- 
force the  garrisons  of  Oxford,  WaHingford* 
Abingdon,  Reading,  and  Banbury  with  ali 
the  foot,  leaving  some  horse  in  and  about 
Oxford,  and  sending  the  rest  of  the  horse  to 
join  Prince  Maurice  [q.  v.]  in  the  west.    This 
defensive  strategy  the  King  resolved  to  adopts 
but,  unfortunately  for  his  cause,  other  coun- 
sellors ^rsuaded&im  to  abandon  it(WALKBBy 
Histortcal  Discourses,  p.  13;  WABBUBTONy. 
ii.  410,  416).    Rupert  returned  to  Wales, 
collected  his  forces,  and  set  forth  to  the  as- 
sistance of  the  Earl  of  Derby  and  the  Mar- 
2uis  of  Newcastle,  both  of  whom  had  sen^ 
im  pressing  appeals  for  help  {ib,  ii.  4&4). 
Defeating  the  parliamentarians  at  Stockport* 
he  forced  his  way  into  Lancashire,  stormecl 
Bolton  on  28  May,  and  captured  Liverpool  on 
11  June  (Obmbbod,  CioU  war  Tracts  of  Ltoh^ 
eashire,  p.  187,  Chetham  Soc.  1844).    His 
desire  was  to  complete  the  reduction  of  Lan- 
cashire, but  the  peremptory  orders  of  the 
king  obliged  him  to  march  at  once  to  the 
relief  of  York.    *  If  York  be  lost,'  wrote^ 
Charles  on  14  June,  'I  shall  esteem  my 
crown  little  less ;  unless  supported  by  your^ 
sudden  march  to  me  and  a  miraculous  con- 
quest in  the  south,  before  the  eflfectt  of  their 
northern  power  can  be  found  here.    But  IT 
York  be  relieved  and  you  beat  the  nbei 


Rupert 


409 


Rupert 


tnnj  of  both  Idng^oniB,  which  ore  before  it ; 
then,  but  otherwise  not,  I  may  possibly 
make  a  shift  upon  the  defensiTe  to  spin  out 
time  until  yon  come  to  assist  me.'    If  York 
were  lost,  or  if  Rupert  were  nnable  to  re- 
lisTS  it,  he  was  charged  to  march  at  once  to 
Worcester  to  join  the  kin^  ( Wabbubion,  ii. 
439).    Whatever  the  precise  meaning  of  the 
king's  involved  sentences  may  have  been, 
Kapert,  as  it  was  predicted  he  would  do, 
constnied    them  as  a  command  to  fight. 
Marching  bv  Skipton,  Knaresborough,  and 
Borooghbridgey  he  outmanoeuvred  the  be- 
eieging  army,  and  effected  a  junction  with 
Newcastle  without  fighting  (for  a  map  of  his 
march  see  Gabdiner,  Oreat  Civil  War,  i. 
985).    Rupert  followed  the  retreating  par- 
liamentarians so  closely  that  he  forced  them 
to  turn  aknd  give  battle  at  Marston  Moor 
(2  Joly  1644).    Newoutle  was  averse  to 
fighting  and  Newcastle's  second  in  com- 
mand, General  King,  criticised  the  prince's 
dispositions  as  faulty,  but  the  prince  nimself 
was  confident  of  victory.    In  the  centre  the 
battle  was  lon^  and  stubborn ;  on  the  left 
wing  the  royahst  cavalry  under  Gh>ring  were 
TictoriouSy  but,  on  the  right,  Rupert's  horse 
were  routed  by  Cromwell,  who  then  defeated 
Goring  and  crushed  the  royalist  foot.    Four 
thousand  royalists  were  killed  and  fifteen 
bondred  pnsoners  taken.    Rupert  himself, 
who  seems  to  haveconmumded  the  right  wing 
in  person^  narrowly  escaped  capture;  his 
sumpter  horse  was  taken,  the  white  poodle 
which  was  his  inseparable  companion  was 
IdJled,  and  it  was  reported  by  the  parliamen- 
tary news^pers  that  the  prince  only  escaped 
by  hiding  in  a  beanfield  (GABDnrBB,  i.  371 ; 
VicAB8,<7<Hrs^rA,pp.272,274,284).    York 
surrendered   a   fortnight  later  (16  June), 
while  Rupert,  collecting  about  five  thousand 
hor8e,maaehi8  way  to  Lancashire,  and  thence 
to  Wales,  where  he  endeavoured  to  raise 
fresh  forces  (Webb,  Civil  War  m  Hereford- 
tkirty  ii.  65, 71). 

Until  Marston  Moor,  Rnpert*s  career  had 
been  one  of  almost  uninterrupted  success. 
The  royalists  had  come  to  reganl  him  as  in- 
vincible. 

Thread  the  beads 
Of  Ccsaz^B  acts,  great  Pompey's,  and  the  Swede's, 
And  'tis  a  braeslet  fit  for  Rupert's  hand. 
By  which  that  vast  triamvirate  is  spanned. 


(CLETELAin>,  'Rupertismus,'  Posfn«,p.  61,  ed. 
1637.)  Bvensogreat  a  reverse  did  not  destroy 
his  ]^restige.  The  king  was  so  far  ^m 
blaminfi^  luipert  that  he  resolved  to  appoint 
him  commander-in-chief,  in  place  of  the 
Earl  of  Brentford,  as  soon  as  a  convenient 
ofpportonity  offered;  while  Qoring  was,  at 


Rupert's  request,  made  general  of  the  horse 
in  place  of  Wilmot  (Wabbubxov,  iii.  12,. 
16;  Walkeb,  Hittorieal  DiBooursMy  p.  57)* 
If  he  had  lost  the  king  the  north  of  Eng^- 
land  in  June,  he  retrieved  the  fortune  of  the 
campaign  in  the  south  in  the  following  No- 
vember. After  his  defeat  at  the  second 
battle  of  Newbury,  Charles,  with  about  three 
hundred  horse,  joined  Rupert  at  Bath  on 
28  Oct.,  and  returned  with  the  princess 
northern  and  western  forces  to  Oxford.  Oia 
6  Nov.,  at  a  eeneral  rendezvous  of  the  royal 
army  on  BuUingdon  Green,  Runert  was  de- 
clared general,  and.  three  days  later  he  re» 
lieved  I)oninffton  Castle,  removed  the  artil- 
lery which  Charles  had  left  there,  and  offered 
battle  to  the  parliamentary  army  (Walkeb, 
Historical  DtsoourseSy  pp.  114,  117,  119; 
Wasbubtov,  iii,  31;  Sxmonbb,  Diary,  pp» 
147,169). 

llie  appointment  of  Rupert  as  commander- 
in-chief  seems  to  have  been  popular  with 
the  professional  soldiers,  but  distastefbl  to 
the  nobles  and  officials  who  surrounded  ihe 
kin|^  The  quarrel  between  the  prince  and 
the  Marquis  of  Hertford  abou^  the  govern* 
ment  of  Bristol,  and  the  want  of  respect 
which  Rupert  had  in  other  instances  shown 
to  the  claims  of  the  nobility,  had  produced! 
considerable  ill-feeling  (Clabbkdok,  Hebel- 
lion,  vii.  145,  viii.  168;  Webb,  Civil  War  in 
Hertfordihirey  ii,  10).  He  had  throughout 
slighted  the  king's  council,  and  was  on  bad 
terms  with  Lord  Bi^by  and  Lord  Colepeper^ 
the  two  privy  councillors  most  consulted  by 
the  king  in  military  matters.  When  Rupert 
became  general,  the  king  effected  a  houow 
reconciliation  between  the  prince  and  Lord 
D'lghj ;  but  their  mutual  onimosity,  and  the 
divisions  which  it  caused,  exercised  a  fatal 
influence  over  the  campaign  of  1646  (War- 
BUBiov,  iii.  23,  26,  27).  The  independent 
command  which  Qoring  gradually  succeeded 
in  obtaining  in  the  west  further  hampered 
Rupert's  pums  as  general  (ib.  iii.  62).  In 
February  1646  Rupert  was  recalled  to  Wales,, 
by  the  necessity  of  suppressing  a  rising 
which  his  lieutenant,  Maurice,  was  unabfe 
to  quell  {ib.  iiL  63,  69 ;  Webb,  ii.  141, 167,. 
178}.  The  original  plan  of  campaign  was 
that  the  king  should  join  Rupert  at  Here- 
ford in  April,  and,  marching  north,  relieve 
Chester  and  Pontefract  and  drive  back  the 
Scots.  But  Cromwell's  activity  delayed  the 
intended  junction,  and  obliged  the  king  to> 
summon  Rupert  and  Goring  to  cover  his 
march  from  Oxford  (7  Hay).  Their  com* 
bined  forces  amounted  to  six  thousand  horse 
and  over  five  thousand  foot  (Walxbb,  p» 
126).  The  king's  council  now  proposed  to 
torn  the  army  against  Fairfax,  who  was^ust 


Rupert 


410 


Rupert 


flettingout  with  the  New  Model  to  relieye 
.Taunt»a;  but  Hupert  persuaded  the  king 
to  adhere  to  the  northern  plan  and  to  send 
GU>ring,  with  his  three  thousand  horse, 
back  to  the  west.  Jealousy  of  Gk>ring  as  a 
possible  rival  was  aUoffed  to  be  one  of  the 
motives  which  induced  the  prince  thus  to 
divide  hia  fixroe«  {ib.  p.  126;  Olaxesdov, 
Rebellion,  ix.  30 ;  Cal.  Clarendon  PaperSy  L 
267).  The  northern  movement  began  with 
success.  HawkesLey  House  in  yfarGeBter- 
shire  was  taken  (14  May),  and  the  siege  of 
Chester  was  raised  at  the  rumour  of  Rupert's 
approach  (18  May^.  The  news  that  FairfSnx 
was  besieging  Oxiord  led  the  mince  to  turn 
south  agam,  and  the  attack  on  Licioester  was 
undertj&en  'somewhat  to  divert  Fairfax's 
designs.'  After  its  capture  (81  May)  Rupert 
wished  to  resume  hia  northem  march,  but 
the  anxiety  of  the  king  and  his  advisers  to 
keep  withm  reach  of  Oxford  obliged  the 
army  to  linger  near  Daventry.  Meanwhile, 
Faimx  raised  the  siege  of  Oxford  and  marched 
to  engage  the  king's  army.  Rupert  was  so 
fiill  of  confidence  that  he  neglected,  ade- 
-quately  to  inform  himself  either  of  the  mo v^ 
menta  or  the  numbers  of  his  opponents. 
When  he  heard  of  Fairfax's  approach  he  did 
not  hesitate  to  abandon  an  advantageous  de- 
fensive position  in  order  to  attack  a  numeri- 
<cally  superior  enemy  on  ground  chosen 
by  themselves.  In  the  battle  of  Naseby 
ilA  June)  he  routed  the  right  wing  of  Fair- 
mx's  horse,  and  chased  them  as  far  as  their 
baggage-train,  which  he  prepared  to  attack ; 
but  wnen  he  returned  to  the  field  he  found 
"the  king's  foot  and  the  rest  of  his  horse  de- 
feated, and  could  not  rally  his  men  for  a 
^second  charge  (Walkeb,  p.  116 ;  SLnrasBT, 
Diary,  j>.  151).  All  the  king's  foot  were 
taken  prisoners,  and  his  horse  were  pursued 
aa  far  as  Leicester.  Charles  made  his  way 
to  South  Wales,  whUe  Rupert  left  the  king  at 
Hereford  QS  June)  to  take  command  of  the 
garrison  01  BristoL  In  Jidv  it  was  resolved 
that  the  king  should  jom  Kupert  at  Bristol, 
and  both  should  unite  with  Goring's  army 
in  the  west,  but  Rupert's  enemies  at  coiurt 
frustrated  the  scheme  (Walkbb,  p.  117 ; 
Ollkesbov,  MebeUion,  ix.  67^.  By  this  time 
the  prince  had  come  to  believe  a  further 
struggle  hopeless.  On  28  July  he  wrote  to 
the  jDuke  of  Richmond  urginc  the  king  to 
make  peace.  '  His  majesty,'  he  said, '  hati^ 
no  other  way  to  preserve  his  posterity,  king- 
dom, and  nobility  but  by  treaty.  I  believe 
it  to  be  a  more  prudent  way  to  retain  some- 
thing than  to  lose  all.'  The  king  indignantly 
rejected  the  proposal,  and  Rupertoecame 
•Tegarded  aa  one  of  the  leaders  of  the  party 
which  wished  to  force  Charles  to  accept 


whatever  condidona  the  parliament  would 
give  him  (Qabdhthb,  ii.  287,  808 ;  Wa»- 
BITBTON,  iii.  149). 

On  21  Ai^.  1645  Fairfax  appeared  htiom 
Bristol,  which  he  summoned  on  4  Sept. 
Rupert  strove  to  gain  time  by  negotiating, 
but  on  10  Sept.  fairfax  made  a  general  as* 
sault,  and,  by  capturing  an  important  fort, 
rendered  the  city  untenable.  Rupert  capi- 
tulated, and  marched  out  on  the  following 
day  (SPBioes,  Anglia  Redivita,  pp.  97-131). 
In  an  apology,  published  some  months  later, 
the  prince  luleged  the  weakness  of  the  foxtv- 
fieationa  and  uie  insufficiency  of  the  garri- 
son as  the  causes  of  the  fall  of  Bristol  {A 
Declaration  of  Prince  Pupert  eoneeming 
Bristol,  4to,  1647;  Rubhworxh,  vL  69; 
Nichoku  Papers,  i.  66).  The  king,  however, 
had  ooncerted  an  infallible  scheme  for  the 
relief  of  the  city,  and  could  only  explain  its 
surrender  on  the  theory  of  Rupert's  groes 
dereliction  of  duty.  Without  furthar  in- 
quiry he  revoked  all  his  nephew's  com- 
missions, and  wrote  to  him  in  the  highest 
indignation:  'Though  the  loss  of  Bristol 
be  a  great  blow  to  me,  vet  your  surrender- 
ing it  aa  you  did  is  01  so  much  affliction 
to  me.  that  it  makes  me  forget  not  only  the 
consideration  of  that  place,  but  is  likewiee 
the  greatest  trial  of  my  oonstancy  that  hath 
yet  oefallen  me ;  for  what  is  to  be  done 
when  one  that  is  so  near  to  me  both  in  blood 
and  friendship  submits  himself  to  so  mean 
an  action  P  .  .  .  My  conclusion  is  to  desire 
yon  to  seek  your  subsistence  (until  it  shall 
please  Gk>d  to  determine  of  my  condition) 
somewhere  beyond  seas,  to  whiciiend  I  send 
you  a  pass,  and  I  pray  God  to  make  you 
sensible  of  your  present  condition,  and  give 
you  means  to  reaeem  what  you  have  lost ' 
(CiABBJnwH^,  PebelUon,  ix.  90;  EvBLrir, 
Diary,  ed.  1879,  iv.  178).  Rupert  was  re- 
solved not  to  be  condemned  imheard,  and, 
in  spite  of  the  king^s  prohibitions  and  the 
troops  of  the  parliament,  he  forced  hia  way 
to  Newark  and  demanded  to  be  judged  by 
a  oourt-martiaL  Their  verdict  declared  him 
'  not  ffuilty  of  any  the  least  want  of  courage 
or  fidelity,  but  did  not  absolve  him  from 
the  charge  of  indiscretion'  (10  Oct.).  On 
26  Oct.  a  firesh  quarrel  broke  out  between 
the  king  and  his  nephew  over  the  removal 
of  Sir  Richard  Willis  from  the  government 
of  Newark.  Rupert,  in  a  stormy  interview 
with  the  king,  oomplaioed  that  Willis  was 
removed  because  he  was  his  friend,  and  de- 
nounced Lord  Digby  as  the  cause  of  all  the 
recent  misunderstandings.  'Digby,' he  cried, 
'  is  the  man  that  hath  caused  all  this  distrac- 
tion between  us.'  The  prince  and  his  ad- 
herents then  presented  a  petition  demand- 


Rupert 


411 


Rupert 


ing  that  no  officer  should  be  depriyed  of  his 
commission  without  being  heara  in  his  own 
defenee  bj  a  council  of  wiar,  and,  on  the 
bilges  refusal,  left  Newark,  and,  proceeding 
to  Belroir,  sent  to  the  parHament  for  pass- 
ports to  leave  the  country  (Wackbb,  pp. 
145-7 ;  SncoxTDS,  Diary,  p.  270 ;  Gabsikbb, 
ii.  S78\     As  passports  were  refused  him 
unlen  he  woula  promise  never  to  draw  his 
BwoTd  against  the  parliament  again,  the  ne- 
gotiation fell  through  {Lord$^  %umaU,  vii. 
671,699,Tiii.3;  WABBTrRiOK,iii.208).  Fmd- 
ing  that  he  oould  not  ffo  with  the  parlia- 
ment's  leave  or  stay  witn  the  king^s,  Rupert 
preferred  to  submit  to  his  nnole,  and,  on  his 
&ee  acknowledcrment  of  his  errors,  a  recon- 
ciliation took  place  (8  Dec.  1645).    He  came 
to  Oxford,  kifised  the  king's  hand,  and  was 
restored  to  some  degree  of  &vour,  though 
his  commissions  were  not  given  back  to  him 
(ib.  ill  212,  233;  Clarendon  State  Papere, 
iL  195).    When  King  Oharles  (against  Ru- 
pert's advice)  escaped  f^om  Oxford  and  put 
himself  into  the  power  of  the  Soots,  Rupert 
wished  to  accompanv  him,  but  the  king  de- 
clined, saying  that  he  would  be  discovered 
by  his  height  (WABBinEttON,  iii.  196,  225). 
Ae  therefore   stayed  in  Oxford,  and  was 
wounded  in   a  sinrmish   during  the  siege 
(SpsieoB,  ArigUa  Sedivitfa,  p.  263).      By 
the  terms  of  the  capitulation  of  that  city 
Rupert  and  his  brother  Maurice  were  given 
leave  to  stay  in  England  for  six  months, 
residing  at  a  certain  distance  frcnn  London, 
and  were  then  to  have  passes  to  go  abroad 
with  their  servants  and  goods  («5.  p.  168). 
But  parliament,  which  in  the  Uxbridge  pro- 
positions and  in  subsequent  treaties  had  ex- 
cluded Rupert  from  pardon,  was  not  minded 
to  let  him  stay  so  long  in  England,  and  on 
25  June  1646  the  btothers  were  ordered  to 
leave  the  country  within  ten  days,  on  the 
ground  that  they  had  broken  the  articles  of 
capitulation  hy  coming  to  Oatlands,  which 
was  within   the  prohibited   distance  from 
London  (Cakt,  itf^mom/^  of  the  Civil  War, 
L  114, 119, 121). 

The  reason  for  this  severity  was  the  odium 
which  Rupert  had  incurred  during  the  war. 
He  was  accused  of  cruelty  and  Sundering. 
'Many  towns  snd  villages  he  plundered, 
which  is  to  say  robbed  (for  at  that  time  was 
the  word  first  used  in  England,  being  bom  in 
Germany  when  that  stately  country  was  so 
miserabiy  wasted  and  pillaged  by  foreign 
armies),  and  committed  other  outrages  upon 
those  who  stood  affected  to  the  parliament, 
executing  some,  and  hanging  servants  at 
their  masters'  doors  for  not  discovering  of 
their  masters'  (Mat,  History  of  the  Loing 
ParUament,  ed.  1864,  p.  244).    The  prince 


published  a  declaration  in  answer  to  these 
charges,  but,  however  exaggerated,  they  were 
not  altogether  undeserved  {Prinee  Jtyisrt  hie 
Deciaratianj  1648;  Wabbubtok,  ix.  119> 
He  stuck  at  very  Uttle  in  raising  contribu- 
tions.. The  prisoners  he  took  at  Girencestor 
were  treated  with  great  bwrbarity,  and  when 
his  troops  stormea  Liverpool  and  Bolton 
much  slaughter  took  place.  But  when  .he 
granted  articles  he  ngidly  observed  them, 
and  the  plundering  which  took  place  ftt 
Bristol  and  Newark  he  used  every  efibrt  to 
prevent  (Wabbitbtoit,  ii.  262 ;  Rvshwobth, 
V.  806 ;  cf.  GABDiHBBy  L  15).  And,  though 
sometimes  rigorously  enforcing  the  lawe  of 
war  against  the  vanquished,  he  was  also 
capable  of  acting  with  chivalrous  generosity 
towards  them  (WABBtTBTOir,  i.  891 ;  Wbbb, 
Civil  War  m  Herefordshire,  iL  859).  His 
execution  of  twd  ve  prisoners  in  March  1645, 
which  called  forth  a  solemn  denunciation 
from  the  parliament,  was  a  justifiable  repri- 
sal for  the  execution  of  a  lilro  number  of  his 
own  soldiers  by  a  parliamentary  commander 
{ib,  iL  142 ;  Old  ParUamentary  History,  xiiL 
444,455). 

Rupert's  unpopularity  was  still  greater 
because  his  activity  for  the  kin^s  cause  was 
looked  upon  as  an  act  of  ingratitude  to  the 
English  nation.  '  Let  all  rlngland  judge,' 
wrote  Fairfax  to  Rupert,  <  whether  the  bunn 
ing  its  towns,  ruining  its  cities,  and  destroy- 
ing its  people  he  a  good  requital  firam  a 
person  of  your  feunily,  which  has  had  the 
prayers,  tears,  purses,  and  blood  of  its  par- 
liament and  people'  (SpBieeB,  p.  109^. 
Three  years  earlier,  in  September  1642,  Sir 
Thomas  Roe  urged  the  queen  of  Bohemia 
and  the  elector  palatine  to  represent  to  Ru- 
pert the  injury  which  his  conduot  was  doing 
to  the  cause  of  his  family  (Gbbeit,  vL  10). 
In  October  1642  a  declaration  was  published 
on  behalf  of  the  queen  and  the  elector  pala- 
tine disavowing  Rupert's  actions,  and  lament- 
ing the  fruitlessness  of  their  efibrts  to  re- 
strain him  {^Somers  Traats,  iv.  498). 

Rupert  1^  England  on  5  July  1646,  and 
went  at  onoe  to  St.  Gkrmains.  There  he  was 
solicited  to  enter  the  French  service,  and  ac- 
cepted the  offer,  reserving  to  himself  liberty 
to  return  to  the  service  of  Charles  I  when- 
ever that  king's  affairs  would  permit.  The 
French  government  appointed  him  maresch  ai- 
de-camp, with  command  of  ail  the  English 
troops  m  French  service;  amounting  to  fif- 
teen hundred  or  two  thousand  men  (  Clareft- 
don  State  Papers,  ii.  801 ;  Wa'bbvbtok,  iiL 
286-47).  Rupert  served  under  Marshal 
Qassion  in  the  oampaini  of  1647,  showing 
his  skill  at  the  siege  of  L»ndr6cy,  and  his 
courage  in  the  reseus  of  Sir  Robert* Holmes 


Rupert 


412 


Rupert 


at  a  ddrmish  before  La  Basse.  At  the  siege 
of  La  Basse  he  received  a  shot  in  the  head, 
which  obliged  him  to  leave  the  army  for  a 
time,  and  led  him  to  return  to  St.  Germains 
(tb,  iii.  246).    The  kin?  had  by  this  time  for- 

r'ven  the  prince  his  o&noes  in  1646.  *  Since 
saw  yoUy  he  wrote  to  Rupert  in  September 
1647, '  all  your  actions  have  more  tluui  con- 
firmed the  good  opinion  I  have  of  you.  Next 
my  children  I  shall  have  most  care  of  you, 
and  shall  take  the  first  opportunity  either  to 
employ  you  or  have  your  company '(WaSt 
BUBTOK,  iii.  248).  At  the  exiled  court,  how- 
ever, Rupert  met  his  old  opponent,  Lord 
Digby ,  and  a  challenge  passed  (October  1647) ; 
but  mutual  explanations  and  the  interven- 
tion of  the  queen  prevented  a  duel  (Cabtb, 
Original  Letters,  i.  163 ;  Contemporary  His- 
tory of  Affairs  in  Ireland,  1641--62,  i.  731). 
In  March  1648,  however,  he  fought  another 
)f  his  adversaries,  Lord  Percy,  whom  he 
wounded,  *  the  prince  being  as  skilful  with 
his  weapon  as  valiant'  (Samilton  Papers, 
p.  178). 

In  June  1648  Rupert  accompanied  Prince 
Charles  in  his  journey  to  Holland,  and  sailed 
with  the  nrince  and  the  revolted  ships  to 
fight  the  Larl  of  Warwick's  fleet  T Wabbubt 
T0K,iii.  261).  He  was  desirous  01  attending 
Prince  Charles  in  his  proposed  expedition  to 
Scotland,  but  the  prince's  council  were 
against  it ;  and  Lauderdale,  on  behalf  of  the 
i^ottish  leaders,  demanded  that  Charles 
should  not  bring  with  him  one  'ogainst 
whom  both  kingdoms  have  so  just  cause  of 
exception '  {Hatnilton  Papers,  pp.  219, 234). 
Rupert  wished  to  use  the  fleet  to  attack  the 
Kentish  ports,  or  to  attempt  something 
against  Carisbrooke  Castle,  or  to  attack  the 
Portsmouth  fleet  before  it  joined  the  Earl  of 
Warwick.  The  failure  of  these  designs  he 
attributed  Pf^rtly  to  the  supposed  cowardice 
of  Sir  William  Batten,  wno  was  the  real 
commander  of  the  prince's  fleet,  partly  to  the 
influence  of  Lord  Colepeper.  Rupert  had 
old  grudges  against  Colepeper,  which  were 
industriously  cultivated  by  Attorney-general 
Herbert,  and  their  mutual  animosity  dis- 
tracted the  council  of  Prince  Charles.  They 
quarrelled  openly  at  the  council-table ;  Cole- 
peper challengea  Prince  Rupert,  and  was 
assaulted  in  the  streets  of  The  Hague  by 
one  of  Rupert's  dependents  (Clabsitdok,  J2^ 
bellion,  xi.  32,  63,  83,  128).  In  December 
1648  it  was  resolved  that  the  fleet  should  be 
sent  to  Ireland  to  assist  the  Marquis  of  Or- 
monde, and  Prince  Rupert  was  appointed  to 
command  it,  in  spite  of  the  fear  that  he 
would  not  'live  with  that  amity  towards 
the  Marauis  of  Ormonde  as  was  necessary  for 
the  public  service.'  In  his '  Historyi'  Claren- 


don attributes  the  appointment  to  Rupert's 
successful  intrigues  to  obtain  it,  but  in  his 
correspondence  he  praises  him  for  preserv- 
ing and  reorganising  the  fleet;  in  both  he 
represents  Rupert  as  the  only  possible  choice 
for  the  post  ^,  xL  142,  149;  Clarendon 
State  Papers,  ii.  467 ;  Wabbubioh,  iii.  261- 
278). 

On  11  Jan.  1649  Rupert  saOed  from  Hel- 
voetsluys  with  eight  ships,  and  arrived  at 
Kinsale  about  the  end  of  the  month.  During 
his  voyage,  and  after  his  arrival  in  Ireland, 
he  captured  a  considerable  number  of  prizes, 
the  profits  of  which  helped  to  maintain  the 
fleet  and  to  support  the  court  of  Charles  II. 
He  also  relieved  the  Scilly  Isles,  the  head- 

Juarters  of  royalist  privateers,  which  Sir 
ohn  Grenville  was  nolding  for  the  king 
(ib.  iii.  289).  But  he  gave  Ormonde  no  efiec- 
tual  aid  in  the  reconquest  of  Ireland,  though 
urged  b^  him  to  assist  the  land  forces  by 
blockading  Dublin  or  Derry,  and  his  corre- 
spondence with  Antrim,  Owen  Roe  O'Neill 
[q.v.],  and  other  opponents  of  Ormonde  caused 
new  difficulties  to  tne  lord-lieutenant  (Cabte, 
Life  of  Ormonde,  iiL  438,  ed.  1861).  In  the 
summer  Blake,  with  the  parlianientary 
fleet,  blockaded  Kinsale,  reaucing  Rupert 
to  great  straits ;  but  in  October  a  gale  drove 
Blake  off  shore,  and  Rupert  escaped  to  sea 
with  seven  ships  (Wabbubton,  iii.  281-98 ; 
Cabte,  iii.  469,  482).  It  had  been  intended 
that  the  prince  should  convey  Charles  II 
from  Jersey  to  Ireland,  but  the  king  had  now 
resolved  to  make  terms  with  the  Scots  in- 
stead (HosKurs,  Charles  II  in  the  Channel 
Islands,  ii.  346,  367,  374).  Rupert  accord- 
ingly cruised  off  the  Straits  of  Gibraltar 
and  the  coast  of  Portugal,  capturing  all  the 
English  merchantmen  he  coiud  meet.  The 
king  of  Portugal,  John  IV,  promised  him 
protection,  and  allowed  him  to  sell  hi» 
prises  and  refit  his  ships  at  Lisbon  during 
the  winter.  On  10  March  1660  a  parlia- 
mentary fleet  under  Blake  appearied  in 
Cascaes  Bay  at  the  mouth  of  the  Tagus,  de- 
nounced Rupert  as  a  pirate,  and  demanded 
the  surrender  of  his  prizes.  Meeting  in  the 
end  with  a  refusal,  Blake  blockaded  the 
river.  Rupert  attempted  to  blow  up  one  of 
Blake's  vessels  with  an  explosive  machine, 
and  twice,  on  26  July  and  on  7  Sept.,  made 
abortive  endeavours  to  break  out,  which 
Blake  frustrated.  Finally  Blake'scapture  of 
a  portion  of  the  Brazil  fleet  (14  Sept.)  made 
the  Portuguese  auxious  to  be  rid  of  their 

Siest,  and  during  Blake's  absence  at  Cadis 
upert  once  more  put  to  sea  ^12  Oct.  1660)« 
Entering  the  Mediterranean  with  a  squadroa 
of  six  udps,  he  sailed  along  the  Spanish 
coosti  capturing   and   destroying   FTnglish 


Rupert 


413 


Rupert 


merchaiitoien.  Blake  punued  him,  took 
two  of  his  shroSy  drove  one  ashore,  and  forced 
othen  to  take  refuge  in  Cartagena,  where 
tiMj  were  wrecked  (2-6  Nov.  1660^.  Ru- 
pert succeeded  in  reaching  Toulon  with  two 
ships  and  a  prize  (Gaiuiinbb,  Commonwealth 
and  ProtectomUf  i.  8dl<-9 ;  Wabburtoit,  iii. 
313-23;  Duke  o/PbrtlancFeMSS.  i.  611, 631, 
636 ;  cf. '  Prince  Rupert  at  Lisbon,'  ed.  Gar- 
diner, in  Camden  Miscellany,  1902,  x). 

At  Toolon  Rupert  refitted  his  fleet,  and, 
incressing  its  number  to  five  ships,  sailed  to 
the  Aiores,  intending  to  go  to  the  West 
Indies, and  make  Barbados  his  headauarters. 
He  captured  indiscriminately  English  and 
Spanisa  ships,  treating  the  Spaniards  as 
auks  of  the  English,  and  selling  the  cap- 
tured goods  to  the  Portuguese  at  Madeira. 
Bat  his  sailors,  now  little  better  than  pirates, 
oompeiled  him  to  linger  at  the  Azores  m  hope 
of  further  captures  (July-December  1661), 
and  during  tne  stay  his  flagship,  the  Con- 
stant Reformation,  was  lost,  with  most  of 
its  crew,  and  one  of  his  smaller  vessels, 
the  Loyal   Subject,  was  driven  on  shore. 
The  next  spring  he  cruised  ofl*  the  coast  of 
Guinea  and   the  Cape  de  Verde  islands, 
entering  the  Gambia,  where  he  took  seve- 
nl  Spanish  prizes,  and  was  wounded  in  a 
£sht  with  tne  natives.     OIF  the  Cape  de 
\erde  islands  his  fleet  was  further  dimi- 
nished by  the  loss  of  the  Revenge  through 
the  mutiny  of  its  crew.     He  did  not  arrive 
in  the  West  Indies  till  the  summer  of  1662, 
about  six  months  after  Sir  G^rge  Ayscue 
had  reduced  Barbados  to  obedience  to  the 
parliament.     There  he  captured  or  destroyed 
a  few  small  English  ships  at  Nevis  and  St. 
Christopher^s,  but  the  Defiance,  which  bore 
his  brother  Prince  Maurice,  was  lost,  with 
all  its  crew,   in  a   storm  off  the  Virgin 
Islands  (September  1662),  and  the  Honest 
Seaman  was  also  cast  away.   In  March  1663 
Kupert  returned  to  France,  putting  in  at 
Paimboeuf  with  his  own  ship,  the  Swallow, 
soda  few  prizes  (Wasbitbtost,  iii.  324-88; 
CaL  State  Papers,  Dom.  1661~2»  p.  308). 

Charles  II  received  his  cousin  with  the 
greatest  cordiality,  sent  his  own  coach  to  meet 
him,  and  made  him  master  of  the  horse, 
'lam  so  surprised  with  joy  at  your  safe 
arrival  in  these  parte,'  wrote  the  king,  ^  that 
I  cannot  tell  you  how  great  it  is,  nor  can  I 
consider  any  misfortunes  or  accidents  which 
have  happened  now  I  know  your  person  is 
in  safety  *  (Wabbubtok,  iii.  419).  Hyde 
wrote  with  equal  warmth,  and  the  queen's 
Action  were  not  less  friendly.  Rupert  was 
ill  for  some  time  at  Paris  from  a  flux  con- 
tracted by  the  hardships  of  the  voyage,  and 
in  June  1663  was  nearly  drowned  when 


bathing  in  the  Seine  (Clarendon  Stats 
Papers^  iii.  161, 173).  It  was  proposed  to 
raise  a  fleet  of  privateers  under  his  com- 
mand to  take  advantage  of  the  war  between 
England  and  the  Dutch|  but  Rup^t's  ships 
were  too  unseaworthy  to  be  so  utilised 
(ib.  iii.  164,  167, 184).  Still  more  disap- 
pointing to  the  exiled  court  was  the  smiul 
amount  of  prize-money  the  prince  had 
brought  home.  The  pecuniary  results  of  the 
voyage  had  been  as  small  as  the  political. 
Moreover,  the  French  authorities  obstructed 
the  sale  of  the  priae-goods,  and  obliged  Ru« 
pert  to  sell  the  guns  of  the  Swalfow  at  a 
low  rate  to  the  French  government.  At 
the  same  time,  his  accounts  ^ve  great  dis- 
satisfaction. Hyde  complamed  not  only 
that  they  were  verv  insufficient,  but  that 
the  prince  contrivecT  to  make  the  king  his 
debtor  for  the  erpenses  of  the  cruise,  claim- 
ing notonly  all  the  priae-money,  which  came 
to  14,000/.,  but  half  the  proceeds  of  the  sale 
of  the  guns  (ib.  iii.  176,  200,  224,  231; 
EvBLTK,  Diary,  ed.  1879,  iv.  286,  288; 
SebelHon^  xiv.  78). 

The  political  intrigues  of  the  exiled  court 
widened  the  breach.  Rupert  had  fallen 
once  more  under  the  influence  of  Sir  Edward 
Herbert — now  lord-keeper^— and  was  hand 
and  glove  with  Lord  Jermyn,  Lord  Gerard, 
and  the  faction  who  wished  to  overthrow 
Hyde.  Finding  his  efforts  unavailing,  he 
threw  up  his  post  of  master  of  the  horse, 
telling  the  king  '  that  he  was  resolved  to 
look  after  his  own  affairs  in  Germany,  and 
first  to  visit  his  brother  in  the  palatinate, 
and  require  what  was  due  from  bun  for  his 
appanage,  and  then  to  go  to  the  emperor  to 
receive  the  money  that  was  due  to  him  upon 
the  treaty  of  Munster'  (Cxulbbbbok,  JRe" 
belliony  xiv.  69,  90 ;  Clarendon  State  Papers, 
iii.  177, 191,  233,  236,  246).  He  left  Paris 
in  June  1664,  and  spent  the  next  six  years 
in  Germany.  Occasional  notices  of  his 
movements  are  contained  in  the  news-letters 
of  Secretary  Thurloe's  German  agents 
{Thurloe  State  Papers,  ii.  406,  614,  680, 
644).  In  1666  he  proposed  to  enter  the 
service  of  the  Duke  or  Modena,  but  the 
negotiations  fell  through  (t^.  iii.  691, 683 ; 
Bbomlet,  Moyal  Letters,  pp.  193-200, 266). 
In  the  winter  of  1669  he  is  said  to  have 
entered  the  imperial  service,  and  to  have  led 
in  the  capture  of  the  Swedish  intrenchments 
at  Wamemunde  on  10  March  1660  {AUge^ 
meme  deutsehe  Biographies  xxix.  746). 

At  the  Restoration  Rupert  returned  to 
England  (October  1660),  and  was  well  re- 
ceived by  Charles  II,  who  granted  him  an 
annuity  of  4,000/.  a  year  ( CcU,  State  Papers, 
Dom.  1660-1  pp.  306,  366,  1661-2  p.  334). 


Rupert 


414 


Rupert 


He  was  ako  admitted  to  the  privy  connoil 
(38  Afnril  1662)  and  made  one  of  the  com- 
miflfiioifcers  for  the  govenimeiit  of  Tangier 
(27  Oct.  1662).  In  A]»vil  1661  Rupert  paid 
a  Tiait  to  Vienna,  hopm^  to  obtain  a  com- 
mand from  the  emperor  m  the  war  affainat 
the  Turfas,  and  to  recover  spme  money  due  to 
him  hy  the  provisions  of  the  treaty  of  Miin- 
Ktet.  in  both  these  objects  he  failed,  and  his 
letters  attribute  his  ili-suoeess  in  part  to  the 
hos^  intervention  of  his  brother,  the  eleo* 
tor  palatine  (Wasbubtoit,  iii.  450,  454-^; 
ef.  lUpert  on  the  MantttcrwU  of  the  Earl 
ef  Dmrimwathy  i.  1-9).  He  returned  to 
England  in  November  1661,  shortly  before 
the  death  of  his  mother,  the  qneen  of  Bo- 
hemia (13  Feb.  1662),  at  whose  funeral,  in 
Westminster  Abbey,  he  was  chief  mourner. 
She  left  him  her  jewels,  and  her  will  seems 
to  have  involved  nim  in  afresh  dispute  with 
his  brother  the  elector  (Gkbbv,  lAfyee  of  the 
Prmceese^  of  England,  vi.  88;  Cdl,  State 
Papers,  Dom.  1668-4,  p.  628). 

Partly  in  hopes  of  profit,  and  partly  from 
interest  in  maritime  and  colonial  adventure, 
Rupert  became  one  of  the  patentees  of  the 
Royal  African  Company  on  10  Jan.  1668 
(pal.  State  Papers,  Col.  1660-8,  p.  120). 
Their  disputes  with  the  Dutch  therefore 
touched  him  closely,  and  in  August  1664  it 
was  determined  that  a  fleet  of  twelve  shipe- 
of  war,  with  six  of  the  company's  ships, 
should  be  sent  under  the  command  of  Ku- 
pert  to  the  African  coast  to  oppose  a  Dutch 
fleet  under  De  Ruyter  which  was  expected 
there ;  but,  in  spite  of  the  prince's  ea^mess 
to  go,  the  fleet  was  never  despatched  (Cla- 
SEiTDOH^,  Oontintiatum  of  Life,  p.  625 ;  Libtbb, 
lafe  of  Clarendon,  ii.  266).  Early  in  1665 
the  prince  fell  seriously  ill  (Peptb,  Diary, 
16  Jan.  1666).  In  April  he  was  sufficiently 
recovered  to  go  to  sea  as  admiral  of  the  white 
under  the  command  of  the  Duke  of  York,  and 
at  the  battle  of  Solebay,  on  3  June  1666,  his 
squadron  led  the  attack  (Cdl.  State  Papers, 
Dom.  1664r-6,  pp.  280, 408, 420).  He  showed 
his  habitual  courage,  though  still  weakfrt)m 
illness  (Poems  on  Affairs  of  State,  i.  26,  ed. 
1702).  To  his  great  indignation,  in  the  fol- 
lowing July  the  undivided  command  of  the 
fleet  was  given  to  the  Earl  of  Sandwich  in- 
st-ead  of  to  himself  (Pepys,  Diaryj  26  June 
and  6  July  1665 ;  CLAitEirooir,  Continuation 
of  Life,  ]j.  660).  In  April  1666  Rupert  was 
f oined  with  Monck  in  command  under  the 
belief  that  Monck's  experience  and  discretion 
would  temper  his  headlong  courage  {ib»  pp. 
771,  868).  But  the  fleet  was  unwisely  di- 
vided, and  while  Rupert,  with  twenty  ships, 
was  in  search  of  the  J^nch  squadron,  under 
the  Dui$  de  Beaufort,  the  Dutdi  defeated 


Monck's  fleet  Rupert  zetuned  on  tibe  third 
day  of  the  fight,  in  lime  to  save  Monck  from 
destruction  (3  June  1666),  but  could  not 
convert  the  defeat  into  a  victory.  He  changed 
his  ship  three  times  in  the  course  of  the  en- 
gagement, and  his  exploits  form  the  theme 
of  many  stanzas  in  Dvyden's  '  Annus  Mir»- 
bilis'  (stanzas  106,  127 ;  Cal.  State  Papers^ 
Dom.  xxi.  441).  Rupert  was  blamed  for  not 
coming  sooner  to  Monde's  aid ;  it  was  uiged 
in  defence  that  the  order  recalling  him  was 
not  sent  with  sufficient  despatch,  that  he 
started  as  soon  as  he  heard  the  sound  of  the 
cannonade,  and  that  he  was  delayed  by  a 
contrary  wind  (CLASBirDOK,  Contimtation,  p. 
878 ;  Pbptb,  Diary,  24  June  1666).  He 
commanded,  still  in  assodation  with  Monck, 
in  the  actions  of  26-9  July,  and  in  the  attack 
on  the  Dutch  coast  which  followed  (CaL 
State  Papers,  Dom.  1666-6  p.  679, 1666-7 
pp.  22, 82).  In  the  narrative  of  the  miscar> 
rmges  in  the  management  of  the  war  which 
he  afterwards  drew  up  for  the  House  of 
Commons,  he  complained  bitterly  that  want 
of  provisions  obliged  the  fleet  to  abandon 
the  blockade  which  these  successes  made 
possible  (Wabbubton,  iii.  480;  cf.  Pepts, 
Diary,  26  Auff.  and  7  Oct.  1666).  He 
asserted  also  that  he  advised  the  icing  to 
fortify  Harwich  and  Sheemess  against  a 
Dutch  landing,  and  blamed  the  plan  of 
setting  out  no  fleet  in  1667,  though,  accord- 
ing to  Clarendon,  he  had  approved  of  it  in 
council  (ContinuatioTi,  p.  1026).  An  old 
wound,  which  broke  out  again,  kept  him 
inactive  for  some  time ;  but  when  the  Dutch 
entered  the  Medway  the  king  sent  him  to 
take  command  at  Woolwich,  and  ordered 
him  to  superintend  the  fortifications  subse- 
quently to  be  raised  on  the  Medway  (Oai. 
State  Papers,  Dom.  1667,  pp.  179,  273; 
WABBTnBKTOK,  iii.  486). 

On  29  Sept.  1668  Rupert  was  appointed 
constable  of  Windsor  Castle,  compounding, 
however,  with  his  predecessor,  Lord  Mor- 
daunt,  for  S,600i.  {Le  Iteming  MSS,  p.  69; 
TiGHS  and  Davis,  Annais  of  Winder,  ii. 
849-64).  He  was  also  given  a  grant  of  Upper 
Spring  Gburdens  in  June  1668,  and  a  pension 
of  2,^)0^.  a  year.  He  sought  to  ada  to  his 
fortune  further  by  a  scheme  for  coining 
farthings  (Co/.  State  Papers,  Dom.  1667-C 
pp.  278,  467,  608,  1670  p.  189).  In 
comunction  with  the  Duke  of  Albemarle 
and  others,  he  took  up  a  scheme  for  discover- 
ing the  supposed  passage  through  the  great 
lakes  of  Canada  to  the  South  Sea,  and  des- 
patched in  Juste  1668  two  ships  to  Hudson's 
bay  fixr  that  purpoee.  One  of  the  two  ships, 
the  Eaglet  ketch,  was  lent  by  Charles  II ; 
the  proposer  of  the  expedition  was  a  Fnncb- 


Rupert 


415 


Rupert 


man  naMdl  GfoaeHlMn,  and  its  eommander 
^•gUriih  GaflbuDy  a  aatiTe  of  Boeton.  Its 
nrnUt  wm  tlie  g^rant  of  a  charter  ^2  May 
1670)  inoorporatiiig  Bupert  and  others  as 
theHvdsoA  Baj  Oompaaj,  giving  them  the 
•olt  right  to  timde  to  that  region  and  the 
gOTenment  of  the  aid^aoent  territory,  which 
was  to  be  called  Rupert's  Land  ( WnrsoB, 
yarraUve  and  Critical  Siitoru  <if  Amerioa, 
IT.  173,  yiii.  6  ^  Cal,  State  Papers^  Dom. 
1667-8  p.  220,  1688-9  p.  189 ;  Le  Iteming 
M8S,  p.  56).  In  August  1670  Rupert  was 
made  one  or  the  new  council  for  trade  and 
plantations. 

In  March  1672  the  third  Dutch  war  broke 
oat,  and  on  15  Aug.  1672  Rupert  was  ap- 
pointed Tiee*Admiral  of  England.    On  the 
resi^ation  of  the  Duke  of  York,  after  the 
passing  of  the  Test  Act,  the  prince  became 
suoceflfliTely  general  at  sea  and  land  (26  April 
167S)  and  admiral  of  the  fleet  (16  June 
1678;  d.  Letters  to  Sir  Joseph  Williamson, 
Camd.  See.  i.  62,    90).      He  joined   the 
French  feet  iinder  D'Estr^es  in  tne  Channel 
on  16  May,  and  engaged  the  Dutch  under 
Tromp  and  De  Ruyter  off  Schoneveldt  on 
38  May,  and  again  on  4  June  1678.    Both 
actions  were  indecisive,  and  he  returned  to 
harboor  to  refit.    At  the  end  of  July  he  put 
to  aea,  and  fought  a  third  battle  with  the 
Dutch  off  the  l^xel  on  11  Aug.    The  losses 
of  the  two  sides  were  about  equal,  but  the 
fruits  of  TictorT  fell  to  the  JDutch,  who 
frustrated  the  plan  for  an  English  landing 
in  Holland,   and  freed   their   ports    from 
blockade  (Mahav,  Infiuenoe  of  Sea^wer, 
TO.  161-6 ;  Life  of  Tromp,  1697,  pp.  467- 
4S9,-  Beport  on  the  Manuserifts  of  the  Earl 
of  Dartmouth,  i.  20-8 ;    Ltfe  of  Bupert, 
168S,  p.  66).     Rupert  attributed  the  ill- 
suocess  of  the  last  engagement  partly  to  the 
disobedience  of  Sir  £dward  Spragge,  who 
was  killed  in  the  battle,  and  partly  to  the 
lokewannness  of  his  fVench  auies.    A  con- 
temporary apologist  complained  of  the  diffi- 
culties caused  Rupert  by  the  Duke  of  York's 
partisans  bordi  in  Engkuid  and  in  the  fleet 
itaelfl    *  The  captains,'  writes  Burnet,  'were 
the  doks'a  ereatures,  so  they  crossed  him  in 
all  they  could,  and  complained  of  all  he  did ' 
(Own  Time,  iL  16 ;  An^xaot  Belation  of  all 
tie  several  Engagements  and  Actions  of  his 
McQestufs  JPleet. . . .  Written  by  a  person  in 
tommand  in  the  Fleet.  1678,  4to;  cf.  Dart- 
movth  M88,  L  24).    On  the  other  hand,  it 
was  aaid  freely  thuat '  if  the  duke  had  been 
thsie  things  had  gone  better'  (Letters  to 
WilUameonf  L  89).  But  Rupert's  complaints 
agmiost  tJie  eondiiet  of  the  French  admiral 
met  with  ready  aooeptaDoe  in  England,  and 
hostiliQr  to  the  Pleach  alliance  gained 


him  popuUrity  (ib.  L  148,  170,  174,  186, 
194). 

Rupert's  traditional  connection  with  the 
I  oountry  party '  belongs  to  this  period.  Hia 
intimacy  with  Shaftesbury  began  to  attract 
remarks  in  1678.  *  They  are  looked  upon/ 
wrote  one  of  Sir  Joseph  Williamson's  corre-> 
spondeikts, '  to  be  the  ffreat  parliament  men, 
and  for  the  interest  of  old  England '  (t^.  ii. 
21).  When  Shaftesbury  was  dismissed  by 
Charles  II,  Runert  ostentatiously  yisited  the 
ex-chancellor  (Nobth,  Examen,  p.  60V  The 
supposed  friendship  of  the  prince  for  Andrew 
Maryell,  which  is  nrst  mentioned  in  Cooke's 
'  Life  of  Maryell '  in  1726,  if  there  is  any 
truth  in  the  story  at  all,  must  be  referred  to 
the  same  period  of  Rujpert's  career  (Ma»* 
ysLL,  Works,  ed.  1772, 1. 10).  In  any  ease, 
his  connection  with  the  opposition  was  brief 
and  unimportant. 

Rupert  was  first  lord  of  the  admiralty 
from  9  July  1678  to  14  May  1679,  and  was 
also  during  the  same  years  one  of  the  com- 
missioners for  the  goyemment  of  Tangier. 
On  21  April  1679  he  was  appointed  a  mem- 
ber of  the  new  priyy  councu  established  on 
Sir  William  Templers  plan  (Dotlb).  Apart 
firom  a  few  references  m  the  correspondence 
of  his  sister,  the  electress  Sophia  of  fianoyer, 
little  is  known  of  the  last  years  of  his  life 
(Bodvuafk,  Briefioechsel  der  BLertogvnn 
Sophie  von  Hanitover  Tnit  ihrem  Bruder  dem 
KutfUrsten  Earl  Ludwig  von  der  Ifalz, 
1886).  His  latest  letter  is  addressed  to  her 
(Catalogue  of  Mr,  Alfred  Morrison! s  Manu- 
sortpU,  y.  826). 

Rupert's  death,  which  was  caused  by  a 
feyer,  took  ]^lace  on  29  Noy.  1682  at  his 
house  in  Sprio^f  Ghirdens.  fie  was  buried 
in  Henry  Ylf's  chapel  in  Westminster 
Abbey  on  6  Dec  (CHsarrBB,  Westminster 
Registers,  p.  206).  His  will,  dated  27  Noy., 
is  printed  in  ^  Wills  from  Doctors'  Com* 
mens '  (Camd.  Soc.  p.  142). 

Rupert  was  neyer  married,  but  left  two 
natural    children.      By  Margaret    Hughes 

S.  y.],  the  actress,  he  liiad  a  daughter  named 
uperta,  bom  in  1678.  In  his  will  he  left 
his  household  goods  and  other  property  in 
England  to  the  Earl  of  Crayen  m  trust  for 
Ruperta  and  her  mother.  A  full-length 
portrait  of  Ruperta  by  Kneller  is  in  the 
possession  of  the  Earl  of  Sandwich  at  Hinch* 
mbrook  House,  Huntingdonshire.  An  en- 
grayinff  of  the  head  is  contained  in  Bromley's 
'  Royal  Letters.'  She  married  General  Em- 
manuel Scrope  Howe,  and  died  in  1740 
SVabbitbtok,  iii.  489;  Bbomlbt,  Original 
oyal Letters,  1787,  pref.)  ByFrances,  or 
Francesca,  daughter  of  Sir  Henry  Bard, 
yiscount  Bellamont  in  the  peerage  of  Ireland^ 


Rupert 


416 


Rupert 


Itopert  left  a  son,  Dudley  Bard,  bom  about 
lem,  and  killed  13  July  1686  at  the  siege 
of  Buda.  To  him  Rupert  left  some  property 
in  HoUandi  and  the  debts  due  from  the  em- 
peror and  the  elector  palatine.  Frances 
mrdy  who  daimed  to  be  married  to  Rupert, 
is  often  mentioned  in  the  correspondence  of 
die  ^octrees  Sophia,  at  whose  court  she 
long  resided,  and  by  whom  she  was  treated 
with  peat  favour  {EnglUk  Hisiorioal  Be^ 
view,  July  1896,  p.  6^ ;  Wabbubioit,  iii. 
466). 

In  his  y^outh  Rupert  was  handsome  and 
prepossessmg.  He  was  very  tall,  strong,  and 
active.  He  was  reputed  a  master  at  all 
weapons,  and  Pepys  describes  him  in  1667  as 
one  of  the  best  tennis-players  in  England 
(Diary,  2  Sept.  1667).  Of  his  appearance 
in  later  years,  Grammont  observes :  *  11 6tait 
grand,  et  n*avait  que  trop  mauvais  air.  Son 
vissffe  6tait  sec  et  dur,  lors  meme  qu'il 
voulait  le  ndoucir '  (MSmoires  de  Qrammont, 
ed.  1716,  p.  262).  A  gentleman  who  served 
under  him  in  the  civil  wars  describes  him  as 
'always  very  sparkish  in  his  dress;'  'the 
greatest  beau  *  as  well  as '  the  greatest  hero ' 
(SiB  Edwabd  Southgotb  ;  Mobbis,  Troubles 
^f  our  Catholio  Forrfathers,  i.  392).  In  a 
narrative  of  one  of  his  battles  it  is  said: 
^  The  prince  was  clad  in  scarlet,  very  richly 
laid  in  silver  lace,  and  mounted  on  a  very 
gallant  black  Barbary  horse.' 

Portraits  of  Rupert,  painted  and  engraved, 
are  numerous.  Tne  one  by  Vandyck,  repre- 
senting him  aged  12,  now  in  the  Imnerial 
Museum  at  'Sienna,  is  one  of  Vanckck's 
finest  works;  it  is  engraved  in  Guiniey's 
« Antoine  Van  Dyek,'  1882.  The  National 
Portrait  Gallery  possesses  a  half-length  by 
Lely  and  a  miniature  by  Iloskins.  Another 
by  Vandyck  is  in  the  possession  of  the  Earl 
of  Craven,  and  the  Marquis  of  Lothian  has 
a  third,  representing  Rupert  with  his  brother 
Charles  Louis  fnot  Maurice,  as  stated  in  the 
Catalogue).  One  by  Kneller  belongs  to 
Lord  Ronald  Gower;  it  was  engrave  by 
R.  White.  A  portrait  by  Dobson  was  finely 
engraved  by  Faithome,  and  another  by  Lely 
^representing  him  in  the  robes  of  the  Garter) 
by  A.  Blooteling.  The  Vandyck  portrut 
belonging  to  the  Marouis  of  Bristol  is  really 
of  his  older  brother,  Charles  Louis,  and  not 
of  Rupert,  as  stated  in  the  catalogue  of  the 
Vandyck  exhibition  in  1887. 

Like  his  cousin,  Kin^f  Charles  II,  Rupert 
had  also  a  taste  for  scientific  experiments. 
'  II  avait/  writes  Grammont, '  le  g6nie  f§cond 
en  experiences  de  math6matiques  et  quelques 
talens  pour  la  chimie.'  He  devoted  much 
attention  to  improvements  in  war  material, 
inventing  a  method  of  making  gunpowder 


of  ten  times  the  ordinary  strength,  •  mode 
of  manufacturing  hailshot,  a  g^un  somewhat 
on  the  principle  of  the  revolver,  and  a  new 
method  of  boring  cannon  (Wabbvbxov,  iii. 
433;  BlBXiK,  m$tory  of  the  Boffol  8oaefy/u 
329,  335,  ii.  68).  For  these  purposes  Rupert 
established  a  laboratory  and  lorge,  hia  labonrs 
in  which  are  oeLebrated  in  one  of  the  elegies 
on  his  death. 

Thon  prideless  thonderer,  that  stooped  so 

low 
To  forge  the  veiy  bolts  thy  arm  should 

throw, 
Whilst  the  same  eyes   great   Rupert  did 

admire, 
ShiniDg  in  fields  and  sootv  at  the  fire: 
At  once  the  Mars  and  Valean  of  the  war. 

(Afemoira  of  the  Life  and  Death  of  Prince 
jRupert,  1683,  pp.  74,  80.) 

'  Princes-metal,'  a  mixture  of  copper  and 
zinc,  in  which  the  proportion  01  sine  is 
jpreater  than  in  brass,  is  said  to  have  been 
invented  by  Rupert.  His  name  also  sur- 
vives in  the  scientific  toys  called  '  Ruperts- 
drops,'  which  are  said  to  have  been  intro« 
duced  into  England  by  him  (cf.  Pbpys, 
Diary,  13  Jan.  1662,  ed.  Wheatley).  The 
invention  of  the  art  of  mezzotint  engraving 
erroneously  attributed  to  Rupert  is  really 
due  to  Ludwig  von  Siegen,  an  able  artist, 
who  imparted  the  secret  to  Riqpert  (see  J. 
Challoneb  Smith,  British  Mezxotinto  Por» 
traits,  in  which  all  the  facts  are  given,  to- 
gether with  a  complete  list  of  the  engravings 
by,  and  attributed  to,  Rupert^.  Rupert 
showed  Evelyn  the  new  way  of^  engraving, 
with  his  own  hands,  on  13  March  1661,  and 
Evelvn  published  it  to  the  world  in  his 
'  Sculptura,  or  the  History  and  Art  of  Ckal- 
cography,'  1662.  Evelyn*s  book  gives  as  a 
specimen  a  head  representing  the  executioner 
of  St.  John  (Wabbubton,  iii.  436,  546; 
Evelyn,  Diary,  ed.  1879.  ii.  124 ;  cf.  H.  W. 
DiAHOND,  Earliest  Specimens  qf  Mezzotint 
Engraving,  1848). 


[The  first  published  life  of  Rupert 
torical  MemoirB  of  the  Life  and  Death  of  that 
Wise  and  Valiant  Prince  Rupert,  Prince  Pala- 
tine of  the  Rhine,  &c,  12 mo,  1983,  published 
by  Thomas  Malthus.  Eliot  Warburton's  Life 
of  Prince  Rupert,  3  vols.  1849,  is  baaed  on  hia 
correspondence,  formerly  in  the  poesession  of  his 
secretary,  Col.  Bennett,  from  whose  descendant 
(Mr.  Bennett  of  Pyt  House,  Wiltshire)  it  was 
purchased  by  Warburton's  publisher,  Mr.  Richard 
Bentley.  The  correspondence  was  sold  at 
Sotheb/s  in  1862,  and  neariy  the  whole  of  it 
was  purchased  by  the  British  Masenm,  where  it 
is  Audit  IfSS.  18980-2.  A  few  letters  wem  pQl^- 
chased  by  Mr.  Alfred  Morrison  (see  9th  Rep.  of 
Hist.  MSS.  Oomm.  pt.  ii.  and  the  Oatalogne  of 


Rupibus 


417 


Ru shook 


Mr.  Morrison's  Haniiscripti).  A  few  other 
doeamwts  belonging  to  the  oollection,  mainly 
nlaUng  to  Bnpert's  maritime  adventnres,  are 
Dov  in  the  Bodleian  Library.  Others,  which 
remained  is  the  poaaeedon  of  Mr.  Bennett  Stan- 
ford, mn  printed  in  1879,  ed.  by  Mr.  W.  A. 
Bay,  under  the  title  of  The  Pythonse  Papers. 
Bapeit  of  the  Khinoy  by  Lord  Ronald  Gower, 
1890,  ooatains  an  exeeUent  portrait,  but  is 
otherwiM  valaelefls.  Goindets  Histoire  dn 
Prince  Bnpett,  Paris  and  Geneva,  1854,  and  A. 
Ton  TiedEov'B  Leben  des  Prinzen  Rnprecht  yon 
d»r  Ffali,  Berlin,  1864,  2nd  edit.  1857,  are  both 
bsMd  on  Warbarton's  life ;  ef.  K.  von  Spruner's 
PfHligrtf  Buprecht  der  Cavalier,  Festrede, 
Miioich,1854,andRapert,  Prince  Palatine,  by  Eva 
Scott,  1899.  Notes  on  portraits  of  Rapert  and  his 
eiains  to  the  invention  of  mezzotint  engraving 
hare  been  kindly  supplied  by  F.  M.  (VDonoghue, 
ai;.,  of  the  British  Museum.]  C.  H.  F. 

BUPLBUS,  PETER  db  (d.  1238),  bishop 
of  Winchester.    [See  Pbibb  des  Eoohbs.] 

RUSH,  ANTHONY  Q637-1577),  dean 
of  Chichester,  bom  in  15dt,  was  apparently 
son  and  heir  of  Arthur  Rush  of  Sudbome, 
Soffolk,  and  grandson  of  Sir  Thomas  Rush 
0!  that  place,  -who  was  knighted  in  1538 
for  his  seryices  to  Henry  VIII  (Metoalfb, 
JTwyAto,  p.  66 ;    Letters    and    Papers    of 
Henry  VlII^  ed.  Gkdrdner,  passim;.    The 
'Visitation  of  Essex'  in  1634  represents  liim 
as  third  son  of  Sir  Thomas  and  brother  of 
Arthur.    Anthony  was  a  ward  of  Thomas 
Wriothesley,  earl  of  Southampton  [q.  v.],  | 
who  bequeathed  to  him  his  leasehold  estates 
in  Safiblk.     He  was  educated  for  seyen  or 
eigizt  years  at  Canterbury  grrammor  school, 
nd  was  sent  thence,  at  the  charge  of  Nicholas 
Wotton,  dean   of  Canterbury,  to  Oxford, 
where  in  July  1654  he  was  admittedproba- 
tioner-fellow  of  Magdalen  College.    He  gra- 
duated B.A.  on  4  July  1555,  and  M.A.  on 
20  June  1658  (Boasb,  Reg.  Univ,  Ox<m.  L 
224).    His  yiews  appear  to  haye  been  pro- 
testant,and  on  18  July  1557  he  was  'punished 
for  disobedience  to  the  yice-president,'  appa- 
rently in  leftbsing  to  attend  mass  (Bloxav, 
-Be^.  Magdalen  VolL  yol.  ii.  p.  Ix).    In  1561 
lie  was  appointed  master  of  Canterbury  gram- 
mar school,  and  was  licensed  to  preach  by 
Archbishop  Parker^  which  he  did  frequently 
in  a  florid  style  (Wood,  i.  429).    In  1565  he 
waa  made  chaplain  to  Thomas  Kadcliffe,  third 
ttrl  of  Susaez  [q.  y.l  who  presented  him  in 
tbe  same  year  to  the  rectory  of  Woodham- 
Walter,  Essex.     On  29  July  he  was  made 
cinon  g!  Windsor,  and  in  the  same  year 
commenced   D.D.  at  Cambridge,  and  was 
presented  to  the  rectory  of  Calverton,  Buck- 
inehamshire.     On  7  Feb.  1666-7  Sussex  in- 
efi^ually  recommended  his  promotion  to 

you  xTu. 


the  deanery  of  York,  and  in  1568  he  was  ap- 
pointed chaplain  to  the  queen,  rector  of 
Osgarwick,  Kent,  and  canon  of  Canterbury. 
In  1569  he  was  presented  to  the  rectory  of 
St.  Olaye's,  Southwark,  and  resigned  the  pre* 
bendal  rectory  of  Brightling,  Sussex,  to  which 
he  had  been  appointed  in  1565.  Ou  10  June 
1570  he  was  installed  dean  of  Chichester. 
He  died  on  1  April  1577,  and  was  buried  in 
St.  Qeorffe's,  Windsori  where  a  monument 
erected  by  his  widow  is  still  extant,  with 
a  memorial  inscription.  Archbishop  Parker, 
writing  to  Cecil  on  5  June  1666,  declared 
Rush  to  be  studious,  and  'his  quality  of 
utterance  to  be  ready  and  apt'  {Parker  Cor* 
resp.  pp.  144,  283).    He  leu  no  issue. 

Rush  was  author  of  '  A  President  for  a 
Prince,  wherein  is  to  be  scene  by  the  testi- 
monie  of  auncient  writers  the  Duetie  of 
Kings,  Princes,  and  Goyemours,  collected 
and  gathered  by  Anthonie  Rushe,'  London, 
4to;  licensed  to  H.  Denham  in  1566,  and 
dedicated  to  Queen  Elizabeth  (Brit.  Mus.) 

[Lansd.  MS.  981,  f.  167;  Strype*s  Worios, 
passim;  Cal.  State  Papers,  Dom. ;  Wood's 
Athene  Oxon.  i.  429 ;  Cooper's  Athenae  Cantabr. 
i.  363-4,  665 ;  Pote's  Windsor,  p.  867 ;  New- 
court's  Repertorium,  ii.  686;  Le  Neye's  Fasti, 
ed.  Hardy,  passim ;  Treyelyao  Papers  (Camden 
Soc).  pp.  211,  213,  216;  Tanner^s  BibL  Brit.- 
Hib. ;  Ames's  Typogr.  Antiq.  ed,  Herbert,  pp. 
1619,  1620;  Arbor's  Transcript  of  Stationers' 
Reg.  i.329;  Foster's  Alumni  Oxon.  1600-1714; 
Visitation  of  Essex,  1634  (Harl.  Soc),  p.  481 ; 
Metcalfe's  Visitation  of  Suffolk,  p.  63 ;  Morant's 
Essex,  ii.  800 ;  Notes  and  Qnenes,  2nd  ser.  yi. 
498.]  A.  F.  P. 

RUSH,  JAMES  BLOMFIELD  {d.  1849). 
[See  under  Jebut,  Isaac] 

RIJSHOOK,  THOMAS  {fl,  1888),  bishop 
of  Chichester,  was  a  Dominican  friar,  and  in 
1873  became  proyincial  of  his  order  in  Eng- 
land. In  June  1378,  together  with  others  of 
the  officials  of  the  English  proyince,  he  was 
deposed  in  a  general  council  of  the  order  at 
Carcassonne.  Rushook  appealed  to  the  pope, 
and  the  English  friars  were  prohibited  by 
the  king  from  impeding  him  in  the  execu- 
tion of  his  office  or  prosecution  of  his  appeal. 
Eyentually,  on  26  Aug.  1879,  after  a  near- 
ing  of  the  case  by  the  Cardinal  Nicholas 
Carracciolo,  Rushook  was  restored  to  his 
office  by  order  of  Urban  VI  (Thomas  db 
BiJBGO,  Hib,  Dominicana,  pp.  52-8;  Cal,  Pat, 
Bclls^  Richard  II,  i.  810).  Preyiously  to 
6  May  1379  Rushook  had  been  appointed 
confessor  to  the  young  king,  Richard  U  (JS>, 
i.  342y  On  6  Oct.  1880  he  receiyed  a  grant 
for  liie  of  the  office  of  chirographer  of  the 
conunon  bench,  but  the  appointment  was  ro- 
ll B 


Rushout 


418 


Rushout 


vened  as  made  under  a  misapprehension 
(ib.  i.  659,  688).  He  resigned  lus  office  as 
provincial  on  becoming  archdeacon  of  St. 
Asaph  in  June  1382.  In  Januanr  1383  he 
was  appointed  bishop  of  Llandan,  and  was 
consecrated  by  Archbishop  Courtenay  at 
the  church  of  the  Dominicans,  London,  on 
8  May  rSruBBS,  Seg.  8acr,  Angl,  p.  69).  On 
16  Oct.  1885  he  was  translated  to  Chichester. 
Rushook  identified  himself  in  politics  with 
Richard's  policy,  and  was  one  of  those  who 
attested  the  opinion  of  the  judges  against 
the  commission  of  reform  on  25  Aug.  1887. 
As  a  consequence  he  was  attacked  in  the 
parliament  of  1388.  In  January  he  had 
been  compelled  to  abjure  the  court,  but  was 
present  in  the  subsequent  parliament,  and  on 
o  March  was  attacked  so  fiercely  by  the 
commons  that  had  not*  the  clergy  stood  by 
him  he  would  have  lost  his  life.  He  was 
impeached  for  treason  before  the  j^relates, 
and  on  5  Mar  found  guilty,  and  his  goods 
were  forfeited.  The  temporalities  of  the  see 
were  consequently  taken  into  the  king's 
hands,  and  Rushook  himself  was  sentenced 
to  be  banished  to  Ireland,  where  he  was  to 
reside  at  Cork  (Malybbhe,  ap.  ELfeDBor,  ix. 
101, 116, 161, 156-7,  170;  Rolls  of  ParUa- 
mentf  iii.  241,  244).  Not  long  afterwards 
he  was  translated  by  the  pope  to  the  see  of 
Kilmore  or  Tribuma,  but  m  1889  he  had  as 
yet  received  no  profits  from  this  see,  and  his 
friends  petitioned  the  king  to  make  some 
provision  for  his  sustenance.  He  was  in 
consequence  granted  40/.  a  year  (ib.  iii.  274). 
Rushook  held  the  see  of  iilmore  for  only 
a  very  short  time,  and  is  said  to  have  died 
of  grief  and  been  buried  at  Scale  in  Kent.  ! 
Gower,  in  his  'Tripartite  Chronicle'  (ap. 
Wbioht,  PoUiical  Poems,  i.  421,  Rolls  Ser.), 
describes  Rushook  as 

Mollis  confessor  blandus  scelerisque  professor, 

■  •  «  «  • 

Ci^us  nigredo  fcddat  loca  regia  credo. 

Hie  fnit  obliqims  latitans  procerom  inimicus. 

[Walsingham's  Historia  Anglicana,  ii.  172, 
OoDt.  Enlog.  Historiarum,  iii.  866,  Malveme's 
Contlnuatioii  of  Higden  (these  three  in  Bolls 
Ser.)  ;  Thomas  de  Burgo's  Hibernia  DominieaDa, 
pp.  62-8,  60,  406 ;  Ware's  Works  relating  to 
Ireland,  i.  228,  ed.  Harris ;  English  Historical 
Review,  viii.  623 ;  Le  Neve's  Fasti  Ecd.  Angl.  i. 
248,  ii.  247 ;  Cotton's  Fasti  Eccl.  Hibern.  iii. 
166;  other  authorities  quoted.]        C.  L.  K. 

RUSHOUT,   Sib   JOHN   (1684-1776), 

S[>litician,  bom  in  1684,  was  younger  son  of 
ir  James  Rushout  (d.  1698),  first  baronet 
of  Milnst-May lards,  Essex,  bv  Alice,  daugh- 
ter and  heiress  of  Edward  Pitt,  of  Harrow- 
on -the-Hill,  and  relict  of  Edwurd  Palmer. 


£Gs  grandfather,  Jc^n  Rushout,  a  native  of 
France,  who  settled  in  England  as  a  London 
merchant  in  the  reign  of  Charles  I,  was 
lineally  descended  firom  Joachim  de  Rouault, 
Sieur  de  Boismenart  et  de  Gbunaches  (known 
as  the  Mareechal  Qamaches),  master  of  the 
horse  to  Louis  XI  (Dbzobrt  et  Baohbur, 
Diet  i.  1196). 

John  succeeded  his  nephew.  Sir  James 
Rushout,  as  fourth  baronet,  21  Sept.  1711. 
He  did  not,  however,  inherit  the  manor  of 
Maylards,  which  j^assed  out  of  the  fiimily 
(MoB^irr,  Essex,  1.  69).  Entering  parlia- 
ment for  the  borough  of  Malmesbury  at  a 
by-election  in  April  1713,  he  was  re-elected 
at  the  general  election  of  the  foUowinfi^  Au- 
gust, and  again  in  1716.  He  was  chosen 
both  for  Mamesbury  and  Evesham  in  1722, 
but  having  been  unseated  on  petition  for  the 
former  constituencv,  he  contmued  to  repre- 
sent Evesham  until  he  retired  firom  pania- 
ment  at  the  dissolution  of  1768,  having  thus 
enjoyed  a  seat  for  fifty-four  years,  and  at- 
tamed  the  position  of  father  of  the  House  of 
Commons. 

Rushout  acted  as  Lord  Hervey's  second 
in  the  latter^s  duel  with  William  Pultener 
(afterwards  Earl  of  Bath)  in  St.  James^ 
Park,  26  Jan.  1731  {Gent.  Mag.)    He  was 
a  frequent  speaker  in  the  house  against  the 
measures  of  Sir  Robert  Walpole.    He  acted 
as  teller  for  the  opposition  against  the  con- 
vention in  1739,  and  was  chosen  one  of  the 
committee  of  secrecy  appointed  to  inquire 
into  Walpole's  conduct  during  the  last  ten 
years  of  his  administration,  2o  March  1 742. 
Sir  John  accepted  office  in  Lord  Carteret's 
ministry    as    a    lord-commissioner    of    the 
treasury  with  a  salary  of  1,600/.  a  year,  in 
February  1742,  whence  he  was  promoted  to 
the  very  lucrati  ve  post  of  treasurer  of  the  navy 
in  December  1743,  and  was  admitted  to  tlxe 
privy  council,  19  Jan.  1744 ;  but  on  the  forma- 
tion of  the  '  broadbottom '  administration  in 
the  following  December,  he  retired  from  office. 
He  was  elected  high  steward  of  Malmes- 
bury in  June  1743,  and  died,  at  the  great  age 
of  ninety-one,  on  2  March  1776,  when  bis 
memory,  good  humour,  and  politeness  ^were 
in  full  bloom.    Short  in  stature,  he  was  said 
to  be  choleric  in  temper  (Walpole,  Letters). 
He  married,  9  Oct.  1729,  Anne  {d.  1766), 
sixth  daughter  of  George  Compton,  fourth 
earl  of  Northampton.    His  onlv  son,  John, 
was  raised  to  the  peerage  as  Lord  NorthvHck, 
in  1797.    The  title  became  extinct  on.  the 
death  of  George  Rushout,  third  baron,  in 
1887. 

[Wotton's  Baronetage,  1771,  ii.  209;  Burke's 
Peerage;  Haydn's  Book  of  Dignities;  Parli&men- 
tary  KetumB.]  W.  B.  V^. 


Rushton 


4'9 


Rushworth 


RUSHTON,    EDWARD   (1650-1586), 
Roman  cttholic  divine.    [See  Kibhton.] 

BUSHTON,   EDWARD    (176^-1814), 
poet,  son  of  ThomM  Rushton,  bom  in  John 
Street,  liyerpool,  on  13  Nov.  1756,  received 
his  ear Ij  education  at  the  free  school  of 
LiTerpool,  and  before  he  was  eleven  was 
appientieed  to  a  finn  of  West  India  shippers. 
At  the  age  of  sixteen  he  showed  great  intre- 
pidity bj  gfoiding  his  ship  into  h^bour  after 
the  captain  had  given  it  up  for  lost.    He 
afterwards  ioined  as  mate  in  a  slaving  ezpe- 
ditioa  to  the  coast  oS  Quinea.    Hie  brutal 
treatment  of  the  captives  induced  him  to 
remoDstnte  with  the  captain,  who  threatened 
to  p]aee  him  in  irons  tor  mutiny.    A  little 
later  the  whole  of  the  car«>  was  seised  with 
malignant  ophthalmia,  and  Rushton  lost  his 
own  flight  hv  exposing  himself  in  relieving 
the  wretehed  negroes.    On  his  return  he  in- 
clined the  displeasure  of  his  stepmother, 
and  was  driven  from  home  to  subsist  as  best 
he  cooM  on  an  allowance  of  four  shillings  a 
week.  This  he  managed  to  do  for  seven  yeareiy 
while  paving  threepence  a  week  to  a  boy  to 
come  and  read  to  him  every  evening.  In  1782 
he  pnblished  a  political  poem,  'The Dismem- 
bered Empire,'  condemnatory  of  the  Amesi* 
can  war.    This  poem  and  his  fugitive  pieces 
brought  him  some  reputation,  wnich  led  his 
isther  to  relent  and  to  establish  him  and  one 
of  his  sisters  in  a  tavern  in  Liverpool  About 
this  time  Rushton  excited  enmity  in  his  na- 
tive town  by  his  opposition  to  the  slave 
trade.    He  piblished  his  *  West  India  Ec- 
logues'  in  1787,  and  afterwards  gave  as- 
flistance  to  Thomas  Clarkaon  when  collecting 
evidence  on  the  subject.  In  1707  he  published 
I  An  Expostulatory  Letter  to  George  Wash- 
ington on  his  continuing  to  be  a  Proprietor 
of  Slaves.'    He  relinquished  his  tavern  to 
take  up  the  editorship,  as  well  as  a  share  in 
the  propnetorahip,  of  the  *  Liverpool  Herald,' 
from  which  he  withdrew  in  1790,  owing  to 
some  outspoken  remarks  of  his  on  the  arbi- 
trary proceedings  of  the  Liverpool  press- 
gang.    Tlien  he  oecame  a  bookseller.   Again 
be  suffered  from  the  decided  part  he  took  in 
politics  at  the  beginning  of  the  French  re- 
volution.   He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  a 
hterary  and  philosophical  society  in  Liver- 
pool, and  oriffinated  the  idea  of  making  pro- 
Tirion  for  the  indigent  blind,  afterwards 
carried  oat  by  the  establishment  of  the  Liver- 
pool Blind  Asylum. 

In  1806  he  collected  his  scattered  poems, 
a  aeeond  edition  of  which,  with  additions, 
and  including  his  letter  to  Washington  and 
an  essay  on  the  *  Causes  of  the  Dissimilarity 
af  Colour  in  tlie  Human  Species,'  was  pub^ 


lished  in  1824,  with  a  memoir  of  the  author, 
by  the  Rev.  William  Shepherd  [q.  v.] 

In  1807,  after  thirty-three  years  ot  blind- 
ness, his  sight  was  restored  through  an  ope- 
ration by  fienjamin  Gibson  of  S^Lnchester. 
He  died  of  paralysis  on  22  Nov.  1814,  at  his 
residence  in  Paradise  Street,  Liverpool,  and 
was  buried  in  St.  James's  churchyard.  His 
wife,  Isabella,  died  in  1811. 

His  son,  Edwabd  Rushtok  (1796-1851), 
was  a  printer  and  stationer,  and  a  leading 
member  of  the  reform  party  in  Liverpool. 
Cobbett  called  him  'Roaring  Rushton,' m>m 
his  loud  but  fine  voice,  strenuous  manner, 
and  excitability  of  temper.  At  the  sugges- 
tion of  Canning  he  went  to  the  bar,  and 
was  ultimately,  in  1839,  appointed  stipen- 
diary magistrate  of  Liverpool.  He  diea  on 
4  April  1851,  aged  55. 

[Shepherd's  Memoir;  Procter's  Liteiniy  Re* 
miniscenees,  1860,  p.  141 ;  Pioton's  Memorials 
of  Liverpool,  1878,  i.  426,  ii.  166,  316;  Bowker's 
Liverpool  Celebrities,  1876 ;  Bannister's  Wor- 
thies of  the  Working  Classes,  1864,  p.  7.1 

C    W   S. 

RUSHWORTH,  JOHN  (1612  P-1690), 
historian,  born  about  1612,  was  the  son  of 
Laurence  Rushworth  of  Addington  Park  in 
the  parish  of  Wsdsworth,  Northumberland. 
His  father  was  a  vounger  son  of  Alexander 
Rushworth  of  Coley  Hall  in  the  parish  of 
Halifax,  Yorkshire.  John  is  said  by  Wood  to 
have  been  educated  at  Oxford^  but  his  name 
dt>es  not  appear  in  the  matriculation  lists. 
He  was  created  M.A.  on  21  May  1649,  being 
described  as  a  member  of  Queen's  Collq^, 
and  secretary  to  Lord  Fairfax  (Wood, 
AtAefue^  iv.  280;  Fasti,  ii.  137).  Rush- 
worth  was  bred  to  the  law,  and  on  13  April 
1638  was  appointed  solicitor  to  the  town  of 
Berwick-on-Tweed  at  a  salary  of  4/.  per 
annum  {Berwick  Records),  On  14  Aug. 
1641  he  was  admitted  a  member  of  Lincoln  s 
Inn,  and  in  1647  he  was  called  to  the  bar 
{Admission  Book  ofldncoln^s  Inn]  Fostbb, 
Alumni  Oxen,  early  ser.  iii.  1290).  From  the 
outset  of  his  career  state  affairs  had  more 
attraction  for  him  than  the  study  of  the 
common  law.  He  began  to  collect  informa- 
tion about  them  during  the  eleven  years'  in- 
termission of  parliaments  which  preceded 
the  summoning  of  the  Long  parliament  in 
November  1640.  In  the  preface  to  his 
'  Collections '  he  states :  '  I  did  personally 
attend  and  observe  all  occurrences  of  mo- 
ment during  that  interval  in  the  Star 
Chamber,  Court  of  Honour,  and  Exchequer 
Chamber,  when  all  the  Judges  of  England 
met  there  upon  extraordinary  cases;  at  the 
Council*tabIe  when  great  cases  were  heard 
before  the  king  and  council.     And  when 

EB  2 


Rushworth 


430 


Rushworth 


mattere  were  agitated  at  a  greater  distance, 
I  was  there  also,  and  went  on  purpose  out  of 
a  curiosity  to  see  and  observe  the  passages  of 
the  camp  at  Berwick,  at  the  fight  at  New- 
bum,  at  the  treaty  at  Ripon,  at  the  mat 
council  at  York,  and  at  the  meeting  of  the 
Long  parliament,  and  present  every  day  at 
the  trial  of  the  Earl  of  Strafford.'  He  took 
down  verbatim  the  arguments  of  the  counsel 
and  of  the  judgpes  at  Hampden's  trial  {Sis- 
toruMl  Collectioru,  i  preface,  ii.  480,  iii. 
1287). 

On  26  April  1640  Rushworth  was  ap- 
pointed derK-assistant  to  the  House  of 
Commons  at  the  request  of  Henry  Elsing, 
the  clerk  (Oomwrum^  JowmaU^  ii.  12).  He 
was  prohibited,  however,  from  taking  notes 
except  under  the  orders  of  the  house  {ib,  ii. 
12,  42).  On  4  Jan.  1642,  when  the  king 
came  to  the  house  to  demand  the  five 
members,  Rushworth,  without  orders,  took 
down  his  speech  in  shorthand,  which  Charles 
seeing,  sent  for  Rushworth,  and  required  a 
copy.  After  vainly  excusing  himself  and 
citmg  the  case  of  a  member  who  was  sent 
to  the  Tower  for  reporting  to  the  king  words 
spoken  in  the  house,  Rushwortn  was 
obliged  to  comply,  and  the  king  at  once 
had  the  speech  printed  {ib,  li.  868 ;  Histori- 
cal Collections^  iv.  478).  In  August  1641, 
in  May  1642,  and  on  many  other  occasions 
during  1642  and  1648,  Rushworth  was  em- 
ployed as  a  messenger  between  the  parlia- 
ment and  its  committees  at  York,  Oxford, 
and  elsewhere.  '  His  diliffence  and  speed  in 
observing  the  oommancu  of  the  parlia- 
ment,' ODserves  a  newspaper,  '  hath  been 
well  known,  for  he  was  employed  near 
twenty  times  this  last  summer  between 
York  and  London,  and  seldom  more  than 
twenty-four  hours  in  riding  of  it '  {Kvngdom^s 
Weekly  Intelligencer^  March  21-8, 1648 ;  cf. 
Commont^  Journals,  li.  266,  269).  On  one 
of  these  journeys  Rushworth  met  Tom 
Elliot,  who  was  secretly  carrying  the  great 
seal  to  the  king,  and  lent  the  parlia- 
ment's messenger  Ms  horse  in  order  to  avoid 
suspicion  and  arrest  {Historical  Collections, 
V.  718).  Parliament  rewarded  these  ser- 
vices by  small  grants  of  money,  by  gifts  of 
horses  oelonging  to  delinquents,  and  by  re- 
commending Rushworth  for  employment 
under  the  excise  commissioners  (Commons^ 
Journals,  ii.  860,  iii.  180,  146;  Lord^ 
Journals,  v.  296).  The  commons  also  ap- 
pointed him  cursitor  of  the  county  of  York, 
but  the  lords  do  not  appear  to  have  agreed 
to  the  vote  {Commowr  Journals,  iii.  170, 
180).  On  11  April  1644  the  house  ordered 
that  no  pamphlets  should  be  published  un- 
less licensed  by  Rushworth,  which  order 


was  revoked  on  9  March  1647  (ib.  iii.  457, 
V.  109). 

When  the  new  model  army  was  organised, 
Rushworth  was  appointed  secretary  to  the 
general  and  the  council  of  war.  In  that 
capacity  he  accompanied  Sir  Thomas  Fair- 
fax through  the  campaigns  of  1646  and 
1646.  At  Naseby  he  was  with  the  baggage 
train  in  the  rear,  and  wrote  an  account  of 
Rupert's  attack  upon  it  (Mabkhajc,  Life  of 
Fairfax,  pp.  228,  229).  Fairfax  frequently 
employed  Rushworth  to  write  narratives  of 
his  operations  to  the  speaker,  which  were 
usually  printed  by  order  of  the  house  (Old 
Parliamentary  History,  xiv.  210,  289,  868 ; 
ViOABs,  Burning  Bush,  874,  879,  883,  888, 
400 ;  Report  on  the  Manuscripts  of  the  Duke 
of  Portland,  i.  242,  831,  &c)  At  the  same 
time  Rushworth  kept  the  general's  father. 
Lord  Fairfax,  constantly  informed  of  the 
political  and  military  proceedinge  of  his 
son  (Fairfax  Correspondence,  iii.  261-95). 
In  1647,  bv  virtue  of  his  influence  with  Fair- 
fax and  his  position  as  secretaiy  to  the 
council  of  the  army,  Rushworth  became  a 
personage  of  political  importance.  His 
name  was  habitually  appended  to  all  the 
manifestoes  published  by  the  army  '  by  ihe 
appointment  of  his  Excellency,  Sir  Thomas 
Fairfax,  and  the  council  of  war.'  The  sig^ 
nature,  *  John  Rushworth,  secretary,'  scom- 
fully  observes  Holies,  was  '  now  far  above 
Jobji  Brown  or  Henry  Elsing,'  the  clerks  of 
the  two  houses  of  parliament  (Memoir  of 
Denzil,  Lord  Holies  ;f£ASEBSB,  Select  Tracts^ 
i.  291).  A  private  letter  from  Rushworth 
was,  according  to  the  same  authority,  the 
cause  of  Speaker  Lenthall's  flight  to  the 
army  (ib,  i.  276 ;  cf.  Clarke  Papers,  i.  219, 
ii.  146).  Rushworth  accompanied  Fairfax 
again  through  the  campaign  of  1648,  and 
wrote  accounts  of  the  siege  of  Oolchest^r 
and  the  battle  of  Maidstone. 

When  Fairfax  resigned  his  post  as  ffeneral 
rather  than  invade  Scotlana,  he  diarged 
Rushworth  with  the  duty  of  delivering  up  his 
commissions  to  the  speaker  (Commons^  Jour- 
nals, 26  June  1660).  For  a  few  months  Rudi- 
worth  acted  as  Cromwell's  secretary,  signed 
the  declarations  published  by  his  army 
when  they  entered  Scotland,  and  wrote  a 
narrative  of  the  battle  of  Dunbar  (OUi 
Parliamentary  History,  xix.  809,  812,  841). 
He  probably  resigned  his  post  as  secretary 
about  the  end  of  1660.  In  1661  Rushworth 
was  employed  by  the  council  of  state  to 
keep  them  supplied  with  intelligence  on  the 
progress  of  the  campaign  (Cal,  State  Papers^ 
Dom.  1661,  pp.  817,  426).  On  17  Jan. 
1662  he  was  appointed  a  member  of  the 
committee  for  the  reformation  cf  the  \kw^ 


Rushworth 


421 


Rushworth 


and  in  May  1657  he  waa  one  of  the  visitors 
named  in  the  act  founding  the  college  of 
Durham  {Commoni  Jatumaby  yii.  74;  Bub- 
ton,  Farliamentary  IHary,  ii.  636).  On 
14  March  1652  Rushworth  had  been  made 
free  of  the  borough  of  Newcastle,  and  he 
WS8  for  many  years  agent  for  the  corpora- 
tion at  a  salary  of  30/.  per  annum  (Bbaitd, 
SRttoty  of  Newcattie,  p.  482).  He  was  also 
agent  for  the  town  of  Berwick,  which  on 
2  April  1657  elected  him  as  its  member  in 
place  of  Colonel  G^rge  Fenwick.  deceased, 
and  rejected  him  to  Richard  Cromwell's 
parliament  in  January  1659  (jChdld  Book  of 
MTwifk^w<mn  Tweed), 

As  earnr  as  1650  Rushworth's  influence 
with  Fair&z  had  led  royalist  intriguers  to 
seek  to  sain  him  to  the  long's  cause  {Report 
on  the  Duke  of  Portlands  Manuaeripts,  L 
687 ;  Taimer  MS,  liv.  14).      In  the  winter 
of  165&-60  he  was  aj^ain  approached,  and 
Lord  Mofdaunt  obtamed  through   him  a 
knowledge  of   Monck's    conferences   with 
Faiifiu:  (Oarendon  State  Papers,  iii.  651). 
When  Monck  restored  the  '  secluded  mem- 
bers'  to  their   seats,  Rushw(nrth  as  'the 
darling  agent   of  the  secluded    members' 
became  secretary  to   the  new  council  of 
state  (Febmary,  1660 ;  ib.  iii.  694).    In  the 
OonTention  parliament  of  1660  he  again  re- 
presented Berwick.    On  7  June  1660  he  pre- 
Moted  to  the  privy  council  certain  volumes 
of  its  records,  which  he  claimed  to  have  pre- 
wrred  from  plunder  'durinc^  the  late  unhappy 
times^'  and  received  the  king^s  thanks  tor 
their  restoration  (Keniyet,  Blister,  j),  176 ; 
J?M^  ifiSSL  a>mm.  4th  Rep.  p.  231).  Reports 
were  spread,  however,  of  Kush worth's  com- 
plicitv  in  the  late  king's  death,  and  he  was 
called  before  the  lords  to  give  an  account  of 
the  deliberations  of  the  regicides,  but  pro- 
fessed to  know  notlung  except  by  hearsay 
iAutobiogrtqitky  of  Alice  Thomtony  Surtees 
Society,  1876,  p.  347;  Lords"  Journals^  xi.  104). 
finshworth  was  not  re-elected  to  the  parlia- 
ment of  1661,  but  continued  to  act  as  agent 
for  the  town  of  Berwick,  although  complaints 
were  made  that  the  king  could  look  for  little 
obedience  so  long  as  such  men  were  agents 
^  corporations  {CaL  State  Papers,  Dom. 
1667,  pp.  188, 290). 

In  September  1667,  when  Sir  Orlando 
Bndgeman  was  made  lord-keeper,  he  ap- 
pointed Rushworth  his  secretary  (Ludlow, 
Memoirs,  ed.  1894,  iL  495).  The  colony  of 
Massachusetts  also  employed  him  as  its 
agent  at  a  salary  of  twelve  guineas  a  year 
tnd  his  expenses,  but  it  was  scoffingly  said 
in  1674  that  all  he  had  done  for  the  colony 
was  'not  worth  a  rush'  {Sutckinson Papers, 
Prince  Society,  iL  17^  183, 206).  In  the  par- 


liaments of  March  1679,  October  1679,  and 
March  1681,  Rushworth  again  represented 
Berwick,  and  seems  to  have  supported  the 
whig  leaders.  Though  he  had  held  lucrative 
posts  and  had  inherited  an  estate  from  his 
cousin.  Sir  Richard  Tempest,  Rushworth's 
affairs  were  greatly  embarrassed  (Tempest's 
will,  dated  14  Nov.  1657,  is  printed  by  the 
Yorkshire  ArcluBoloffical  Society,  Record  Ser. 
ix.  105).  He  spent  the  last  six  y  eaxs  of  his  life 
in  the  king^s  bench  prison  m  Southwark, 
'  where,  being  reduced  to  his  second  childsliip, 
for  his  memory  was  quite  decayed  hj  taking 
too  much  brandy  to  xeep  up  his  spirits,  he 
quietly  gave  up  the  ghost  in  his  lodging  in 
a  certain  alley  there,  called  Rules  Court,  on 
12  May  1690*^  (Wood).  He  was  buried  in 
St.  Gteorge's  Church,  Southwark.  Wood 
states  that  Rushworth  died  at  the  age  of 
eighty-three,  but  in  a  letter  written  in  1675 
Rushworth  describes  himself  as  sixty-three 
at  that  date  {Report  on  the  Duke  of  Port- 
lands Manuscripts,  ii.  151).  He  left  four 
daughters :  (1)  Hannah,  married,  February 
1664,  to  Sir  Francis  Fane  of  Fulbeck,  Lin- 
colnshire {Sari,  Soc,  Publications,jady.  77) ; 
(2)  Rebecca,  married,  Aufi^ust  1667,  Robert 
Blaney  of  Kinsham,  Hereioidshire  {ib,  xxiiL 
138) ;  (3)  Margaret  {Notes  and  Queries,  2nd 
ser.  xL  263) ;  (4)  Katherine,  whose  letter  to 
the  Duke  of  Newcastle  on  her  father's  death 
is  printed  in  the  '  Report  on  the  Duke  of 
Portland's  Manuscripts '  (iL  164). 

A  portrait  of  Rushworth,  by  R.  White,  is 
prefixed  to  the  third  part  of  his  *  Historical 
Collections.'  The  eight  volumes  of  ^  His- 
torical Collections,'  to  which  Rushworth 
owes  his  fame,  appeared  at  different  dates 
between  1659  and  1701.  The  first  part  was 
published  in  1659  with  a  dedication  to 
Richard  Cromwell,  which  was  afterwards 
suppressed  (reprinted  in  Old  Parliamentary 
History,  xxiii.  216).  Bulstrode  Whitelocke 
[q.  v.]  assisted  Rushworth  by  the  loan  of  manu« 
scripts,  and  supervised  the  volume  before  it 
was  sent  to  press  (Whitblooilb,  Memorials, 
ed.  1853,  iv.  315).  He  was  also  helped, 
according  to  Wood,  by  John  Corbet  {Atheme, 
iii.  1267).  The  second  part,  containing  the 
history  of  the  years  1629-40,  was  pub- 
lished in  1680,  m  two  volumes.  Certain 
passages  of  the  manuscript  were  suppressed 
to  satisfy  the  scruples  of  the  secretary  of 
state  {Hist,  M8S,  Comm,  4th  Rep.  p.  231, 
5th  Rep.  p.  318).  In  the  same  year  appeared 
Rushworth's  <  Trial  of  the  Earl  of  Strafford, 
dedicated  to  George  Savile,  earl  of  Halifax. 
It  was  mainly  based  on  Rushworth's  own 
shorthand  notes  taken  during  the  trial  {Col, 
of  the  Manuscripts  of  Mr,  Alfred  Morrison, 
V.  327).     The  third  part,  which  contained 


1708. 

Rushworth's  collection  was  Tehemently 
attacked  bj  royalist  writers  for  partiality 


Rushworth  4^2  Rushworth 

the  liistory  of  the  period,   1640-4,  was  the  reign  of  Charles  I  have  been  published, 

printed  in  1602,  after  the  author's  death,  but  as  a  convenient  work  for  reference  they 

and  the  fourth  and  last  part,  covering  the  still  retain  their  usefulness, 
years  1646-8,  in  1701.     A  second  edition,       [Wood's  Athens  Oxon.  ed  Bliss,  iv.  280; 

in  eig^t  volumes  folio,  appeared  in  1721,  Fiographia    Britaimica,   ed.    1760,    v.    3531 ; 

and  an  abridgment  in  six  volumes  8vo  in  Notes  commimicatad  by  G.McN.Roshforth,  esq.] 

C.  H.F. 

RUSHWORTH,  JOHN  (1669-1736), 
and  inaccuracy^  John  Nalson  [q.v.],  who  ,  surgeon,  bom  in  1669,  was  son  of  Thomas 
published  his  'Impartial  Collection  of  the  ]  Rushworth,  vicarof  St. Sepulchre, Northampi 
Great  Affairs  of  State,'  &c.,  as  a  counter-  ton,  during  1666,  and  iSfterwards  vicar  of 
blast,  undertook  to  m^ke  it  appear  '  that ,  Guilsborough  in  Northamptonshire.  John 
Mr.  Rushworth  hath  concealed  truth,  en-  ,  qualified  as  a  surgeon,  and  lived  in  North* 
deavoured  to  vindicate  the  prevailing  de-  ampton,  where  he  attained  to  considerable 
tractions  of  the  late  times,  as  well  as  their  practice.  He  is  eminent  for  the  discovery 
barbarous  actions,  and  with  a  kind  of  re-  of  the  efficacy  of  cinchona  bark  in  cases  of 
bound  libelled  the  government  at  second  gangrene,  a  discovery  which  was  utilised  by 
hand' (Introduction,  p.  6).  The  authors  of  John  Ranby  (170^1778)  [q.  v.]  some  years 
the  '  Old  Parliamentary  Histor^r  of  Eng-  .  later.  This  discovery  Rushworth  first  made 
land'  (24  voIb.  8vo,  1761-61)  point  out  a  ,  known  to  Sir  Hans  Sloane  in  1721,  but  he 
number  of  err  ^rs  and  omissions  made  in  the  j  subsequently  commonieated  it  to  the  master 
documents  printed  by  Rushworth  (cf.  and  wardens  of  the  Company  of  Barber- 
vol,  xxiii.   p.  216).     These  criticisms  are  ;  Surgeons  for  the  use  of  the  profession  at 


summarised  in  a  note  to  the  life  of  Rush- 
worth  in  *  Biojpraphia  Britannica '  (ed.  1760, 
V.  8638).     It  IS  evident,  however,  that  most 


lam. 

Rushworth  shares  with  Garth  the  honour 
of  being  one  of  the  first  to  suggest  the 


of  these  mistakes  are  due  to  careless  editing  |  foundation  of  infirmaries  and  dispensaries 
or  to  the  adoption  of  inferior  versions  of  the  in  the  centre  of  every  counl^  and  town,  and 
documents  prmted.  The  editor's  partiality  j  he  was  especially  earnest  in  endeavouring 
reveals  itsaf  mainly  in  the  selection  of  the  \  to  carry  tnis  project  into  effect  in  North- 
documents  chosen  for  republication.  Rush-  |  amptonshire.  But  the  infirmary  for  that 
worth  is  defended  by  Roger  Coke  (Deteo"  county  was  not  established  till  1743,  some 
tionqf  the  Court  eend  State  <ifJBnffland,  1694,  \  Bix  years  after  his  death.  Rushworth 
Apology  to  the  Reader),  and  by  Rapin  was  especially  desirous  of  advancing  the  suiv 
{History  of  Englandj  ed.  1743,  ii.  847).  '  gical  art,  which  he  called  the  'ancientest 

Except  in  compiling  the  earlier  part  of  ,  and  certainest  part  of  physic.'  He  died  on 
his  collections,  Rushworth  had  not  the  free  <  6  Dec.  1786,  and  is  buried  in  the  church  of 
access  to  official  documents  enjoyed  by  All  Saints,  Northampton,  where  there  is  a 
NalBon,  and  was  obliged  to  rely  on  printed  tablet  to  his  memory,  and  to  that  of  his 
sources.  In  part  two  he  made  free  use  of  wife  Jane,  heiress  oi  Daniel  Daavera  of 
Burnet's  '  Lives  of  the  Dukes  of  Hamilton,'  Northampton,  doctor  of  medicine,  and  sister 
and  consulted  also  the  contemporary  his-  of  Knightly  Danvers,  recorder  of  Northamp- 
tories  of  Sanderson  and  L'Estrange,  and  the  ,  ton.^  She  predeceased  Rushworth  on  S  Jvlj 
Duchess  of  Newcastle's  life  of  her  husband. 
The  speeches  delivered  in  the  Long  parlia- 
ment, and  its  declarations  and  ordinances, 
are  simply  reprinted  from  copies  published 
at  the  time.    In  Rushworth  s  narrative  of 

the  civil  war,  he  compiles  from  the  news-  I  late  James  Eeill  [q.  v.],  Dr.  of  Physic,  lepre- 
srs  and  pamphlets   of  the  period,  and    sented  by  J.  R.,    Oxford,   8vo,  1719;  re- 


1726. 

The  names  of  the  ten  children  of  the  fatnily 
are  recorded  on  the  tablet  to  the  memory  of 
the  mother. 

Rushworth  published :  1. '  The  Case  of  tlie 


papers 

sometimes  abridges  Sprigg's  '  Anglia  Redi-  printed  in  Beckett's  'Tracts,'  p.  62.    2.  'A 

viva.'     In  his   account  of  the  events  of  Letter  to    the  Mrs.    or  Gk>vemors  of   tbe 

1647-8,  he  reprints  almost  verbatim  about  Mystery  and  Commonalty  of  Barber-Sur- 

eighteen  months  of  the  'Perfect  Diurnal.'  geons,'  Northampton P  1781,  8vo.      S.  «  A. 

Tne  most  valuable  part  of  the  eight  volumes  Fl^)posal  for  the  Improvement  of  Surgery  ; 


consists  of  the  shorthand  notes  taken  by 
Rushworth  himself.  For  contemporaries, 
the  '  Historical  Collections '  had  a  value 
which  they  do  not  possess  now  that  so 
many  other  materials  for  the  history  of  j  tions,' London,  1782,  12mo. 


offered  to  the  Masters  of  the  Mystery  of 
Barbers  and  Surgeons  at  London,'  London, 
1782,  8vo.  4.  *Two  Letters  showing-  the 
great  advantage  of  the  Bark  in  Mortifica* 


Rushworth 


423 


Russel 


[NoUee  of  the  Bnahwortb  family  in  th»  Qent. 
Mag.  lS16,i.  648;  Buker's  History  of  Northamp- 
ton ;  infomiation  kindlj  given  to  the  writer  by 
the  Ber.  Bobert  Hull,  ill.,  view  of  All  Sainto, 
Nortfaampton.]  B'A.  P. 

BUBHWOBTH  or  BIOHWOBTH, 
WnUAM  (<2.  1687),  catholic  contzoTer- 
ntliat,  was  a  native  of  Lincolnshire,  and 
lecdved  hia  education  in  the  E^lish  College 
at  Dovay^  where  he  went  b^  the  name  of 
Charles  Boas.  He  was  ordained  priest  on 
29  Sept  1615,  and  on  8  Maich  1617-18  he 
nodeitook  the  office  of  general  prefect,  which 
be  re&gned  on  18  Aug.  1618.  Soon  after- 
mrds  &  waa  sent  to  the  mission  in  England, 
wheie  he  died  in  1687.  His  anourous 
bio^pher  says :  *  He  was  a  man  curious  in 
divmiu,  controversiee,  mathematicks,  and 
phynck,  bat  chiefly  delighted  in  mathemi^ 
tics,  iod,  by  the  name  of  Robinson,  en- 
tertained eonrespondenoe  with  the  learned 
Ooffhtrad.' 

He  left  in  manuscript  a  work  which  was 
pablished  under  the  title  of  *  The  Dialogves 
of  William  Richworth;  or,  the  iudgmend 
M  of  common  sense  in  the  choise  of  Re- 
ligioa,'  Paris  (John  Mestais),  1640  (12mo,  pp. 
S62 ;  reprinted,  Paris,  1648, 12mo).  Another 
edition,  corrected  and  enlwffed  by  the  Rev. 
Thomas  White,  who  added  a  fourth  dialogue, 
is  entitled :  '  Itashworth's  Diaioffues.  Or  the 
Jodgment  of  common  senoe  in  uie  dioyce  of 
Bel&on,' Paris,  1664,  gyo,  pp.  280.  William 
Chidingwortli  wrote :  *  An  Answer  to  some 
I^asages  in  Bushworth's  Dialogues' which 
tppeaied  at  tlie  end  of  the  ninth  edition  of 
his' Works,'Liondon,1727,fol.,  and  Matthew 
Poole  also  rej^ied  to  Rushworth  in  'The 
Kollity  of  the  Romish  Faith,'  1667  and  1679. 
Hiomas  White  published  *  An  Apology  for 
Rnshworth's  Dialogues.    Wherein  the  Ex- 
ceptions of  the  Lords  Falkland  and  Digby 
are  answer'd,  and  the  Arts  of  their  com- 
mended Daill6  discovered,' Paris,  1664, 8vo; 
and  another  vindication  of  Rushworth  ap- 
peared in  a  work  entitled  '  Tradidi  Yobis ;  or 
the  Traditionary  Conveyance  of  Faith  Cleer*d 
in  the  rational  way,  against  the  exceptions 
of  a  Learned  Opponent.  By  J[ohn]  B[elson], 
Esquire,'  London,  1662, 12mo. 

[Memoir  prefixed  to  his  Dialogues^  1640; 
IX)dd*s  Chnxeh  Hist.  iii.  92 ;  TiUotson's  Works, 
1720,  prefl]  T.  C. 

RUaSEL.    [See  also  Rubbbll.] 

RUBSBL,  ALEXANDER  (1814-1876), 
ioumalist,  was  bom  on  10  Dec.  1814  at  Edin- 
haigh.  Uia  father,  a  solicitor  and  a  liberal 
in  politics,  died  when  his  son  was  very  young. 
IIiB  mother,  a  daughter  of  John  Somerville, 
derk  in  ^e  jury  court,  survived  till  he  was 


fifty.  After  attending  the  classical  school 
kept  by  the  Rev.  Rioss  Kennedy  in  St. 
James  8  Square  in  his  native  city,  young 
Russel  was  apprenticed  to  a  printer.  John 
Johnstone,  who  was  afterwards  editor  of  the 
'  Livemess  Ck>urier/  was  one  of  his  feUow- 
i^prentioes.  Johnstone's  wife,  Christian 
Isobel  Johnstone  [q.  v.],  had  a  large  share  in 
editing  '  Tait's  Magasine,'  and  gave  Russel 
the  opportunity  of  contributing  to  that  maga- 
sine. In  1889  he  was  appointed  editor  of  tne 
'Berwick  Advertiser,'  at  a  salary,  payable 
weekly,  of  70/.  He  was  expected  to  employ 
a  part  of  each  day  in  reading  newspapers  and 
selecting  and  abridging  articles  £rom  them,  to 
review  new  publications,  to  report  the  pro- 
ceedings at  public  meetings,  to  compile  a 
summary  of  news  and  write  political  articles. 
The  proprietor,  who  made  tnese  conditions, 
added :    '  And,  lastly,  the  attadcs  of  our 

Solitical  adversary  will  be  expected  to  pro- 
ace  your  retort.  Having  learned  short- 
hand in  boyhood,  he  was  able  to  act  as 
reporter  as  well  as  to  write  articles.  While  at 
Berwick  he  made  the  acquaintance  of  David 
Robertson  of  Ladykirk,  aiterwards  Lord  Mar- 
joribanks,  and  with  him  took  an  active  share 
m  Northumbrian  political  contests.  In  1842 
he  left  Berwick  for  Cupar,,  where  he  edited 
the  '  Fife  Herald.'  At  Cupar  he  formed  the 
acquaintance  of  some  influential  members  of 
the  liberal  party,  including  Admiral  Wemyss 
and  Edward  EUice,  the  elder  and  younger 

tq.  v.]  After  two  years'  hard  work  in  Cupar 
lo  became  editor  of  a  new  journal  in  lul- 
mamock.  John  Ritchie  [see  under  Ritohib, 
WiLLiAK,  1781-1831],  one  of  the  founders  of 
the  'Scotsman,'  being  impressed  with  his 
articles,  invited  him  to  become  the  assistant 
of  Charles  Maclaren  [q.  v.],  the  editor  of  the 
'Scotsman.'  In  March  1845  Russel  re- 
turned to  his  native  city  to  fill  an  impor- 
tant position  in  the  office  of  its  principal 
newspaper. 

Threeyears  after  Russel  joined  the  staff 
of  the  '  ^otsman '  he  became  the  editor.  In 
that  capacity  he  had  to  write  as  well  as  to 
supervise  and  direct,  and  the  force  and 
freshness  of  his  articles  found  immediate 
favour  with  the  public.  He  impressed  his 
personality  upon  the  paper,  and  uncritical 
readers  arrived  at  the  conclusion  that  every- 
thing in  it  which  interested  them  was  from 
his  pen.  In  later  years  the  'Scotsman' 
became  as  much  identified  with  Russel's 
name  as  the  *  Times '  with  the  names  of 
the  Walters  and  Delane.  He  especially 
exerted  himself  to  further  the  objects  of 
the  Anti-Com-law  League  and  to  draw 
attention  to  the  destitution  of  the  high- 
lands, while  he  laboured  with  success  to  raise 


Russel 


424 


Russel 


the  diflcussion  of  local  politics  to  a  higher 
leyel.  He  had  the  mortification  of  being  un- 
able to  hinder  the  rejection  of  Macaiilay  by 
the  electors  of  £dinburfl[h  in  1847,  but  the 
counsel  which  he  offered  in  the  '  Scotsman ' 
contributed  to  secure  Macaulay's  re-election 
in  1852.  In  directing  the  policy  of  the 
'Scotsman/  Kussel  was  opposed  to  all  in- 
terference of  ministers  of  religion  in  politics. 
His  seal  was  seldom  indiscreet,  jet  in  1862 
it  was  the  cause  of  an  action  for  libel  against 
the  Journal^  in  which  the  plaintiff,  Duncan 
McLaren,  hberal  candidate  for  Edinburgh, 
was  awarded  400/.  damases.  This  sum,  to- 
gether with  the  costs  of  tne  action,  the  whole 
amounting  to  1|200/.,  was  paid  by  public  sub- 
scription. 

From  June  1856  the  '  Scotsman,'  which 
had  hitherto  appeared  only  twice  a  week,  was 
issued  daily.  The  price  was  then  altered,  for 
the  fourth  and  last  time,  to  a  penny.  Rus- 
sel's  editorial  labours  were  thus  greatly  in- 
creased. He  wrote  an  article  in  eadi  number, 
and  sometimes  more  than  one.  By  way  of  re- 
cognising his  able,  consistent,  andpowerful  ad- 
vocacy of  enlightened  liberal  prmciples,  and 
as  *  a  mark  of  respect  for  his  honourable  and 
independent  conauct  in  public  and  priyate 
life,  a  testimonial,  consisting  of  1,600/.  and 
silyer  plate,  was  pvesented  to  bim  by  his 
fellow-citizens  at  a  public  meeting  in  the 
Waterloo  Rooms.  It  is  probably  with  refer- 
ence to  the  silver  plate  that  he  was  asked, 
'What  is  your  coat  of  armsP'  and  made 
answer, '  My  shirt-sleeves.'  Another  honour 
which  he  valued  highly  was  his  special  elec- 
tion, in  1876,  to  the  Reform  Club  by  the 
committee^  'for  distinguished  public  ser- 
vices.' He  was  the  tenth  who  had  been 
thus  elected  since  the  foundation  of  the 
club  in  1886. 

He  attended  and  described  the  opening  of 
the  Suez  Canal  in  1869.  A  serious  illness 
in  1872  compelled  him  to  winter  in  the 
south  of  France.  He  died  suddenly,  of  angina 
pectoris,  on  18  Jul^  1876.  Russel  was  twice 
married,  his  first  wife  being  Miss  Mc  William, 
his  second  Mrs.  Evans.  He  left  children  by 
both  marriages.  A  daughter  married  Mr. 
F.  D.  Finlay,  the  conductor  and  proprietor 
of  the  leading  Belfast  newspaper,  the 
'  Northern  Whig.' 

Russel  was  noted  as  a  conversationalist 
as  well  as  a  writer,  but  he  dreaded  speak- 
ing in  public,  and  declined  in  1872  an  in- 
vitation to  become  a  candidate  for  the  lord- 
rectorship  of  Aberdeen.  Angling  was  his 
favourite  recreation,  and  he  wrote  much 
on  the  subject.  His  articles  in  the  '  Scots- 
man,' the  *  Quarterly,*  and  '  Blackwood ' 
were  collected  in  his  work  on  '  The  Salmon ' 


(1864).  An  article  by  him  on  'Agricultural 
Complaints,'  which  appeared  in  the '  Edin- 
burgh Review '  for  April  1860,  was  hifirhly 
praised  by  Lord  Jefl^y.  The  work  of  his 
life  is  to  be  found  in  the  columns  of  the 
'Scotsman,'  and  made  in  no  small  degree 
that  journal's  reputation. 

[Alexander  Russel  and  The  Story  of  the 
Scotsman,  both  printed  for  private  circulation ; 
Bushel  of  the  Scotsman,  by  H.  G.  Graham,  in 
Fraser's  Magazine  for  September  1880,  pp.  801- 
817.]  F.  R 

BUSSEL,  GEORGE  (1738-1707),  poet, 
son  of  Christopher  Russel  of  Minorca,  was 
bom  in  that  island  in  1728.  His  father,  who 
was  bom  in  1670  and  died  at  Ciuderdale  in 
Minorca  in  1729,  was  a  distinguished  officer 
of  the  19th  regiment  of  foot,  who  had  served 
in  Flanders  and  in  the  wars  of  Queen  Anne. 
G^rffe  Russel  is  said  to  have  been  educated 
at  Westminster  SchooL  He  matnculated 
from  St.  Mary  Hall,  Oxford,  on  28  May  1746. 
In  1760  he  graduated  B.A.  Through  the 
influence  of  John  Boyle,  fifth  earl  of  Cork 
and  Orrery  [q.  v.],  with  whose  son,  Hamil- 
ton Boyle,  he  was  on  fiuniliar  tenns,  he  ob- 
tained the  rectory  of  Skull  (now  called 
SchuU),  CO.  Cork,  in  1763.  There  he  died  in 
1767.  Russel  wrote  much  verse  from  1744 
until  his  death  in  1767.  In  1769  his  remains 
were  published  in  two  volumes  in  Cork, 
under  the  title  of  *  The  Works  of  the  Rev, 
George  Russel,  Rector  of  Skull,  in  the  Dio- 
cese of  Cork.'  Amomr  Russel's  poems  is  the 
popular  fable  called  'The  Chameleon,^ which 
IB  generally  attributed  to  James  Merrick 
[q.  v.]  Russel's  verse  is  neatly  turned  and 
sometimes  witty. 

[Malone's  Prose  Works  of  Dryden,  1.  608-10 ; 
Chahners's  Biogr.  Diet. ;  O'Dono^hue's  Poets  of 
Ireland ;  Gent.  Mag. ;  Foeter^s  Alamm  Ozon.] 

D.  J.  CB. 

RUSSEL,  JOHN  (1740P-1817),  Scots 
divine,  a  native  of  Moray,  was  bom  about 
1740.  After  completing  his  univenity  edu- 
cation he  was  appointed  parochial  teadier  at 
Cromarty,  where  he  remained  some  years 
after  obtaining  license  to  preach  from  the 
presbytery  of  Chanoniy  on  21  June  1768. 
His  strictness  and  seventy  as  a  disciplinarian 
earned  for  him  the  name  of  the '  hard  dominie,' 
and,  according  to  Hugh  Miller,  many  of  his 
pupils  continued  to  regard  him  with  '  dread 
and  hatred  *  long  after  they  had  become  men 
and  women.  Hugh  Miller  relates  that  a 
lady,  who  had  experienced  his  tender  mercies 
in  childhood,  was  so  overcome  by  the  sudden 
appearance  of  him  in  a  southern  pulpit  that 
she  fainted  away  (Scenes  and  Legerids  qf  the 
North  <^  Scotland,  p.  41 1).   As  a  preacher  ha 


Russel 


425 


Russel 


was.  bowever,  eren  in  Gromftrt^,  a  favourite 
of  Uie  majorit jy  being  eepecially  effective  in 
enforcing  the  tenon  of  the  law,  and  de- 
petiiig  the  'miseriee  of  the  wicked  in  a 
fatore  state'  (ib.  p.  418).  On  90  March 
1774  he  was  oroained  minister  of  the  chapel- 
of-ease,  now  the  high  chnrch,  Elilmamock. 
A»  a  dezgyman  he  did  not  belie  the  pecu- 
liar leputation  he  had  gained  as  a  scnool- 
master.  One  of  the  most  rigid  of  Sabbata- 
rians, he  was  accustomed  on  Sundays  to  go 
oat,  staff  in  hand,  and  forcibly  turn  back — 
being  strong  as  well  as  determined — any  of 
htt  narishioners  about  to  indulge  in  the  sin 
of  Sunday  walking ;  and  it  is  said  that  at 
the  sound  of  his  heavy  cudgel  in  the  streets 
every  one  disappeared.  His  stentorian  voice, 
aided  by  his  dark  and  gloomv  countenance, 
lent  sucii  efiect  to  his  fiuaticai  denunciations 
that  few  even  of  his  most  reckless  parishioners 
listened  to  him  unmoved. 

Having  been  called  to  the  second  charge 
of  Stirling  on  18  Jan.  1800,  Bussel  demitted 
his  chazve  at  Kilmarnock  on  the  20th.  He 
died  at  ^irlingon  23  Feb.  1817  in  his  seventy- 
seventh  year.  Russel,  who  expounded  a  Cal- 
vinism of  the  narrowest  and  most  forbidding 
type,  jjublished  a  number  of  sermons.  He 
lias  gamed  immortality  through  the  satire  of 
fiobert  Bams.  He  is  one  of  Uie  combatants 
in  the  ^Twa  Herds,  or  the  Holy  Tulzie;' 
*  Black  Jock,'  the  state  physician  of '  Glowrin 
Superstition '  in  the'  Epistle  to  John  Goudie;' 
'  the  Lord's  ain  trumpet '  in  the '  Hoi v  Fairy  | ' 
the  *  misca'er  of  common  sense '  in  the  *  Ordi- 
nation ; '  and  '  Rumble  John '  in  the  '  Kirk's 
Alarm.' 

By  his  wife,  Catherine  Cunningham,  he  had 
a  son  John,  who  was  minister  of  MuthiU, 
Perthshire,  and  a  daughter  Anne,  married  to 
the  Rev.  William  Sheriff  of  St.  Ninians.  A 
volume  of  the  son's  sermons  was  published 
in  1826,  with  a  memoir  by  Dr.  Chalmers. 

[Hugh  Millei^s  Scenes  and  Legends  of  the 
Koilh  of  Scotland;  King's  Histo^  of  Kil- 
aaamock ;  Works  of  Bobert  Burns ;  Hew  Scott's 
Fasti  Ecclea.  Sootieann,  iL  177,  681.] 

T.  F.  H. 

BUSSEIii  BOUSSEEL,  or  BUSSELL, 
THEODORE  (1614-1689),  portrait-painter, 
bom  In  London,  was  baptised  at  the  Dutch 
church,  Austin  Friars,  on  9  Oct.  1614.  He 
was  the  son  of  Nicasius  Bousseel  (or  Russel), 
a  goldamithy  of  Bruges,  jeweller  to  James  I 
and  Charles  I,  who  settled  in  London  about 
1567.  and  on  21  April  1690  was  married  at 
the  Datch  church.  Austin  Friars,  to  his  first 
wife,  JTacomina  Wils  of  Meessene ;  by  her  he 
had  a  family,  including  a  son  John,  who  is 
Nobably  identical  with  a  Jan  Rossel  or  Russel 
Keaident  at  Mortlake  from  1629  to  1645,  and 


probably  connected  with  the  tapestry  works 
there.  Nicasius  married  as  his  second  wife, 
at  the  Dutch  church,  on  27  Nov.  1604,  Clara 
Jansz,  daughter  of  Comelis  and  Johanna 
Janss,  and  sister  of  Comelis  Jansz  (Janssen 
or  Jonson)  van  Ceulen  fq.  v.],  the  famous  por- 
trait-painter ;  by  her  siso  he  had  a  numerous 
fiunily,  to  one  01  whom  (Isaac,  bom  in  May 
1616)  the  famous  miniature-painter,  Isaac 
Oliver,  stood  ^podfather,  while  to  another 
(Nicasius,  bom  m  January  1618-19)  Comelis 
Janssen  and  Isaac  Oliver's  widow  stood  spon- 
sors. 

Theodore  Russel  was  brought  up  under  his 
father,  by  whom  he  was  admitteoL  into  the 
Dutch  church  in  1640,and  afterwards  by  his 
uncle,  Comelis  Janssen,  with  whom  he  lived 
for  about  nine  years ;  afterwards  he  lived  as 
assistant  and  copyist  for  about  a  year  with 
y andyck.  He  rained  some  repute  as  a  por- 
trait-]>ainter,  and  copied  many  of  Vandyck's 

Portraits  on  a  smaller  scale.  A  ]^rtrait  of 
ir  John  Suckling,  copied  in  this  way,  is 
now  in  the  National  Portrait  Qallery.  Se- 
veral of  his  copies  were  in  the  royal  collec- 
tions, and  among  the  nobility  b^  whom  he 
was  patronised  were  the  Earls  of  Essex  and 
Holland.  Russel  resided  in  Blackfriars,  mar- 
ried in  January  1649,  and  died  in  1689, 
leaving  a  family.  According  to  Yertue,  he 
was  '  a  lover  of  Ease  and  his  Bottle.' 

Aktokx  Rttssbl  ri663  P-1743),  portrait- 
painter,  son  of  Theodore  Russel,  carried  on 
the  tradition  of  portrait-nainting,  and  is  said 
to  have  studied  under  John  Riley  [q*  ▼•]  A 
portrait  hy  him  of  the  famous  ur,  Sache- 
verell,  pamted  in  1710,  was  engraved  in 
mezzotint  bv  John  SmiUi.  He  was  an  in- 
timate Mend  of  George  Vertue  [a  .v.],  who  en- 
graved some  of  his  portraits,  ana  he  supplied 
Vertue  with  many  biographical  notes  con- 
cerning artists  of  the  seventeenth  century, 
which  are  now  embodied  in  Walpole's  'Anec- 
dotes of  Painting.'  He  died  in  London  in 
1743,  aged  about  eighty. 

[Vertue's  MS.  Diaries  (Brit.  Mns.  Add.  MS. 
28068,  &o.) ;  Walpole's  Anecdotes  of  Fainting, 
ed.  Womum;  Moens's  Registers  of  the  DutSx 
Church,  Austin  Friars,  and  the  French  Church, 
Threadneedle  Street ;  information  from  W.  J.  C* 
Moens,  esq.,  F-S.A]  L.  0. 

BUSSEL,  WILLIAM  (d.  1702),  contro- 
versialist, son  of  John  Kussel,  a  baptist 
pastor  of  Waddesdon,  Buckinghamshire,  was 
educated  at  Cambridge,  where  he  graduated 
in  arts,  and  was  created  M.D.  per  literas 
regias,  1688(amto6r.  Qrad,  p.  386^.  In  1662 
he  was  living  at  Chesham,  Buckinghamshire, 
but  before  1670  he  settled  in  London,  at  St. 
Bartholomew's  Close,  having  become  first 


Russel 


426 


Russell 


pastor  of  a  baptist  congregation  at  High  Hall, 
West  Snxithneld.  He  was  already  Imown  as 
an  able  controversialist.  His  first  lance  was 
hurled  against  the  Sabbatarians  in  'No 
Seventh  Day  Sabbath  commanded  by  Jesus 
Christ  in  the  New  Testament/ 1668,  answered 
by  Edward  Stennet  in  the '  The  Seventh  Day 
IS  the  Sabbath  of  the  Lord/ 1664, 4to.  Kussel 
next  replied  to  'The  Twelve  Pagan  Prin- 
ciples held  by  the  Quakers  seriously  con- 
sidered/ by  William  Loddinffton,  with '  Qua- 
kerism is  Paganism,'  Lonaon,  1674,  8vo. 
Loddington,  a  baptist,  who  never  was  a 
Quaker,  retorted  with  'Quakerism  no  Pa- 
ganism/ London,  1674. 

Russel  launched  an  'Epistle  concerning 
Infant  Baptism,  in  Answer  to  Two  Treatises 
by  Thomas  James,  Baptist  Teacher  of  Ash- 
ford,  Kent/  1676.  He  then  attacked  the 
subject  of  congre^tional  singing  in  '  Some 
Brief  Animadversions  on  Mr.  Allen's  Essay 
of  Conjoint  Singing,'  London,  1696.  B.ichara 
AUen  replied  with  'Brief  Vindication  of 
an  Essay,  1696,  to  which  Hichard  Claridge 
[q.  v.l  and  Kussel  together  wrote  an  '  An- 
swer in  1697.  The  dispute  was  also  carried 
on  by  Isaac  Marlow  in  '  The  Controversie  of 
Singing  brought  to  an  End/  London,  1696, 
8vo,  and  came  to  an  end  with  the  anonymous 
'Singing  of  Psalms  vindicated  from  the 
Chaige  of  Novelty,  in  Answer  to  Dr.  Russel, 
Mr.  Marlow/  &c.,  London,  1698. 

The  next  year,  at  the  request  of  the  Mid- 
land baptists,  Russel  wrote  '  A  Vindication 
of  the  Baptized  Churches  from  the  Calumnies 
of  Mr.  Michael  Harrison  of  Potter's  Purv, 
Northamptonshire,'  London,  1697.  On  22  Feb. 
1699  he  supported  baptist  principles  in  a  dis- 
putation at  the  presbyterian  meeting-house 
at  Portsmouth.  The  verbal  polemic  occa- 
sioned two  tracts  by  Russel,  wnichwere  an- 
swered by  J.  Hewerdine  in  '  Plain  Letters 
in  defence  of  Infant  Bantism,' London,  1699, 
12mo.  Russel  retortea  to  Hewerdine  and 
other  critics  in  'Infant  Baptism  is  Will  Wor- 
ship,' 1700. 

from  about  1680  Russel  appears  to  have 
practised  as  a  physician,  and  effected  cert-ain 
cures  described  in  his  '  De  Calculo  Vesicae,' 
London,  1691.  He  died  at  an  advanced  age 
on  6  March  1702.  He  married  early.  Nehe- 
miah,  bom  in  1668,  appears  to  have  been  his 
onlv  child  who  reached  manhood. 

llie  controversialist  must  be  distinguished 
from  William  Russell  (1634-1696  P^,  ap- 
pointed '  chymist  in  ordinary '  to  Charles  H, 
who  carried  on  a  pharmacy,  with  his  brother, 
Richard  RusselL  in  Little  Minories,  and  later 
in  Goodman's  Fields.  He  was  the  manufac- 
turer of  a  *  royal  tincture^'  patronised  by  the 
king,  the  Countesses  of  Derby  and  Ossory, 


and  others  of  rank.  He  died  before  1697. 
He  was  the  author  of  a  '  Physiod  Treatise,' 
London,  8vo,  1684  (cf.  Hbajdbich,  Arcana 
Philo9ophia,  1697,  8vo). 

[Irimey*B  Hist,  of  Baptists,  i.  ^66,  iL  77j  212, 
600 ;  Wilson's  Hist,  of  dissenting  ChnrcheB*  iii. 
392-5;  Wood's  Hist,  of  General  Baptists,  pp. 
127,  129,  147,  153;  Life  and  Death  of  Jabei 
Eliezer  Russel,  by  W.  Russel,  MJD.,  1672; 
works  above  mentioned ;  Crosby's  Hist,  of  Eng- 
lish Baptists,  iv.  259-61 ;  Smith's  Anti-Quaker- 
iana,  p.  384;  Bodl.  Libr.  Cat.]  C.  F.  & 

RUSSELL.    [See  also  RussBL.] 

RUSSELL,  ALEXANDER  (1716?- 
1768),  phvsician  and  naturalist,  was  bom  in 
Edinburgh  about  1715,  being  the  third  son, 
by  his  second  wife,  of  John  Russell  of  Braid* 
shaw,  Midlothian,  a  lawyer  of  repute.  John 
Russell's  first  wife,  all  of  whose  children 
died  in  infancy,  died  in  1705;  by  his  second 
wife  he  had  nine  children,  three  of  whom 
reached  manhood,  viz.  John  Russell  of  Rose- 
bum,  W.S.,  F.R.S.E.,  author  of  *  Forms  of 
Process  *  (Edinburgh,  1768)  and  of  '  The 
Theory  of  Conveyancing'  (Emnburgh,  1788) ; 
William  Russell,  F.R.S.,  secretary  to  the 
Levant  Company ;  and  Alexander.  By  his 
third  wife,  Mary,  daughter  of  the  Rev.  Mr. 
Anderson,  minister  of  West  Calder,  John 
Russell  of  Braidshaw  had  four  sons,  vix. 
David,  Patrick  ^1727-1803)  [q.  v.],  Claud- 
administrator  of  Yizagapatam — and  Balfour, 
M.D.,  who  died  shortly  after  being  appointed 
physician  at  Algiers. 

Alexander  Russell  was  educated  at  the 
high  school  and  university  of  Edinburgh, 
attending  lectures  at  the  latter  firam  1732  to 
1734,  wmle  apprenticed  to  an  unde,  a  sur- 
geon, possibly  Alexander  Russel,  M.D.,  who 
published  '  Tentamen  medicum  de  medicas- 
trorum  audacitate'  (Edinburgh,  1709)  and 
'  Disquisitio  medica  de  morbi  causa '  (IBdin- 
burgh,  1718),  with  prefaces  dated  JBlgin. 
The  former  work  has  been  wrongly  attri- 
buted to  the  subject  of  this  notice.  In  1784 
RuBseU  was  one  of  the  first  members  of  the 
Medical  Society  of  Edinburgh  University. 
In  1740  he  came  to  London,  and  in  the  same 
year  went  to  Aleppo  as  physician  to  the 
English  factoiy.  He  learnt  to  speak  Arabic 
fluently,  and  acquired  great  influence  with 
the  pasha  and  people  of  all  creeds.  In  1750 
he  was  joined  by  his  younger  brother,  Patrick, 
and  in  1753  he  resigned,  retuming  to  England 
b  V  way  of  Naples  and  Leghom,  in  order  to  sup- 
plement his  study  of  the  plague  at  Aleppo  hy 
visiting  the  lazarettos  at  those  places.  He 
had  sent  home  seeds  of  the  true  scammony  to 
his  fellow-student  and  correspondent,  John 
Fothergill,  M.D.  [q.  v.],  which  had  been  raised 


Russell 


427 


Russell 


sacoessfnlly  by  Peter  Collinson  [q.  v.]  and 
JameB  Qoidon  (1780)  of  Mile  End ;  and  he 
published  a  description  of  the  plant,  and  the 
natiTe  method  of  collecting  it,  in  the  first 
▼olome  of  '  Medical  Observations/  issned  in 
1765  by  the  Medical  Society  of  London.  This 
society,  of  which  Russell  was  a  member,  was 
foimded  in  1762.  He  also  introdnced  Arbutus 
Andraekne,  He  reached  London  in  February 
1755,  and  in  the  foUowing  year  published  his 
'  Nabiral  History  of  Aleppo,'  which  owed  its 
origin  to  the  suggestion  of  Fothergill.    This 
work;  which  has  been  described  as  '  one  of  the 
most  comnlete  pictures  of  Eastern  manners 
extant'  (Fibiebbtok,  Vcyages  and  Travels)^ 
was  reviewed  by  Dr.  Johnson  in  the '  Literaiy 
Mansine,'  and  was  translated  into  German 
by  UronoTius.    A  second  edition  was  pub- 
whed  by  the  author's  brother  PatricK  in 
1794.    In  May  1756  Alexander  Bussell  was 
elected  a  F.R.S.,  and  in  the  following  year 
be  was  consulted  by  the  privy  council  with 
nferance  to  qnarantme  regulations,  owing  to 
the  outbreak  of  the  plague  at  Lisbon ;  in  1760, 
having  become  a  licentiate  of  the  Royal  Col- 
lege 0?  Physicians  and  a  M.D.  of  Glasgow,  he 
was  appointed  physician  to  St.  Thomas's  Hos- 
pitaL    In  176/  he  contributed  papers  to  the 
second  and  third  volumes  of '  Medical  Obser- 
vations.' Kussell  died  on  28  Nov.  1768  at  his 
house  in  Walbrook  of  a  putrid  fever.  He  was 
attended  by  his  friends  Fothers^U  and  Ht- 
caim.  A  eulogistic  essay  on  his  cnaracter  was 
read  b^  FothergiU  before  the  Royal  College  of 
Physicians  on  2  Oct.  1769.  It  is  printed  in  all 
the  collections  of  Fotherg^'s  works.   A  por- 
trait, engraved  by  Trotter  from  a  painting  by 
Dance,  appears  inLettsom's '  Memoirs  of  John 
FothergDl'{1786). 

[OenL  Mag.  1768,  p.  109;  Muck's  Ck>ll.  of 
Phy.  ii.  230.]  G.  S.  B. 

RUSSELL,  ARTHUR  TOZER  (1806- 
1874),  divine  and  hymn-writer,  elder  son  of 
Thomas  Russell  or  Cloutt  [q.  v.],  was  bom 
at  Northampton  on  20  March  1806.  He  re- 
ceived his  early  education  at  St.  Saviour's 
School^  Southwark,  and  Merchant  Taylors' 
School,  London.  Having  read  some  writ- 
ings of  Thomas  Belsham  [q.  v.^,  he  wished 
to  qualify  for  the  unitarian  ministry.  Bel- 
sham  got  him  an  exhibition,  under  the  name 
of  Russell,  on  the  Hackney  College  fund, 
with  a  view  to  his  entrance  as  a  divinity 
student  at  Manchester  College,  York.  The 
exhibition  was  temporarily  wiUidrawn,  owing 
to  'his rooted  aversion  to  dissenters  as  such' 
(unpublished  letter,  4  Oct.  1822,  of  John 
Kenrick  [q.  y.]) ;  but  he  entered  Manchester 
College,  on  the  Hackney  foundation,  in 
September  1822,  under  the  name  of  Cloutt, 


among  his  fellow-entrante  beinff  Robert 
Brook  Aspland  [q.  v.][  and  James  Martineau. 
At  the  annual  exammation,  80  July  1824, 
he  delivered  a  Latin  oration,  under  the  name 
of  Russell.  He  then  left  York,  without 
finishing  his  course.  Kenrick  writes  (1  June 
1824)  that  he  had  made  the  acquaintance  of 
Francis  Wranfham  [q.  v.],  archdeacon  of 
Cleveland,  and  was  resolved  to  study  for 
orders.  In  1825  he  entered  as  a  sizar  at  St. 
John's  College,  Cambridge,  and  took  the 
Hulsean  prise  in  his  freshman  year.  After 
becoming  a  sdiolar  of  St.  John's  (1827),  he 
was  ordained  deacon  (1827)  by  John  Kaye 
[q.  v.],  bishop  of  Lincoln,  and  licensed  to  the 
curacy  of  Great  G^ansden,  Huntingdonshire. 
In  I80O  he  was  ordained  priest,  beotme  vicar 
of  Caxton,  Cambridgeshire,  and  graduated 
LL.B.  In  1852  he  beSune  vicar  of  Whaddon, 
Cambridgeshire,  ezchanginffthis  benefice  in 
1863  for  the  vicarage  of  St.  Thomas,  Toxteth 
Park,  Liverpool.  In  1868  he  became  vicar  of 
Wrockwardine  Wood,  Shropshire.  His  last 
preferment  was  to  the  rectory  of  Southwick, 
Sussex^  in  1874 ;  but  his  health  was  broken. 
As  a  clergyman  he  was  exemplary ;  his  brief 
incumbency  in  Liverpool  is  remembered  for 
his  zealous  attention  to  educational  work  in 
his  parish.  His  theological  views  underwent 
several  modifications,  out  he  kept  an  open 
mind,  and  his  love  for  the  writmgs  of  St. 
Augustine ^ve  both  strength  and  breadth  to 
his  views.  He  died  at  Soutnwick  on  18  Nov. 
1874. 

Russell's  career  as  a  hymn-Mrriter  began 
early,  his  first  hymns  being  included  in  the 
third  edition  of  his  father's  '  Collection.' 
Hymns  by  him.  original  and  translated,  are 
in  'The  Christian  Life,'  1847, 16mo,  and  in 
'Psalms  and  Hymns,'  185L12mo.  Twenty- 
one  appear  in  'The Choral  Hymn-book,'  &c., 
1861 ,  edited  by  the  Rev.  Peter  Maurice,  D.D. 
Of  his  original  hymns  four  are  included  in 
Lord  Selbome's  'Book  of  Praise,'  1862,  and 
some  fifty  have  been  admitted  to  other  collec- 
tions. Perhaps  he  is  best  known  for  the  addi- 
tion in  1851  of  a  sixth  verse,  designed  to 
improve  its  theology,  to  the  well-known 
hymn,  *  Nearer  my  God,  to  Thee'  (1841),  by 
Sarah  Fuller  Aaams.  He  published  also 
'Hymn  Tunes,  Original  ana  Selected,'  in 
1848.  In  all  he  produced  about  one  hundred 
and  forty  original  and  one  hundred  and  thirty 
translated  hymns. 

His  theological  'publications,  in  addition 
to  his  Hulsean  prize  essay  on  '  The  Law  . .  . 
a  Schoolmaster/  Cambridge,  1826,  8vo,  and 
a  sermon  on  the  '  Real  Presence,' Cambridge, 
1857,  8vo,  are :  1.  *  Sermons  on  .  . .  Festi- 
vals . . .  of  the  Church,'  &c.,  Cambridge,  1880, 
12mo.    2.  'Remarks  upon . . .  Keble's  Visits- 


Russell 


4a8 


Russell 


tion  Sermon/  &o.,  Cambridge,  1887,  8vo. 
8.  'ApolcMT^  .  .  .  translated  from  the  .  .  . 
Latin  of  Bishop  Jewell/  &c.  (with  notes), 
1884(Gboo£POBd);  1889, 8vo;  Oxford,  1840, 
12mo.  4.  *  A  Manual  of  Daily  Prayer,*  &c., 
1841,  8vo.  6.  'Advent  and  other  Sermons/ 
&c  [1855],  12mo.  6. '  A  Letter  to  the  Bishop 
of  Oxford  upon  ''Essays  and  Reviews,"'  &c., 
1862, 8  vo  (in  reply  to  an  article  in '  Edinburgh 
Review/  Annl,  1861,  by  Dean  Stanley). 
7.  'MemoriflJs  of .  .  .  Thomas  Fuller/ &c., 
1844,  16mo.  8.  'Memoirs  of . . .  Lancelot 
Andrewes,*  &c.,  1868,  8vo.  Amonffhiscon* 
tributions  to  reviews  was  a  series  ox  critical 
articlesontheOreek  Testament  in  the'  British 
and  Foreign  Evangelical  Review,'  1862-8. 
He  was  one  of  the  editors  of  a  new  edition 
of  'Slatterns  Old  Oxford  University  Guide' 
[1861 P].  Among  his  manuscripts  is  an  un- 
published '  History  of  the  Bishops  of  Eng- 
land and  Wales.' 

[Monthly  Repository,  1822  p.  778,  1824  p. 
426;  Christian  Reformer,  1847,  p.  64 ;  Roll  of 
Students,  Manchester  Oollege,  1868;  Orockford's 
Clerical  Directory,  1874,  p.  756;  Julian's  Diet, 
of  Hynmology,  1892,  pp.  981  sq.]  A.  G. 

RUSSELL,  Sib  CHARLES  (1826-1888), 
iieutenant-colonel,  bom  on  22  June  1826,  was 
the  son  of  Sir  Henry  Russell  (second  baronet 
of  Swallowfield),  resident  at  Hyderabad,  by 
his  second  wife,  Marie  Clotilde  {d,  1872), 
daughter  of  Benoit  Mottet  de  la  Fontaine. 
Sir  Henry  Russell  (1761-1886)  [q.  v.]  was 
his  grancuather.  Alter  education  at  Eton, 
he  entered  the  army  as  ensign  in  the  85th  foot 
on  25  Auff.  1848.  became  lieutenant  on  9  June 
1846,  and  servea  with  that  regiment  in  Mau- 
ritius. On  18  Se^t.  1858  he  became  lieu- 
tenant and  captain  m  the  grenadier  guards,  to 
which  he  had  exchangea  in  1847.  He  suc- 
ceeded to  the  baronetcy  on  the  death  of  his 
father  on  19  April  1852. 

In  1854  he  went  to  the  Crimea  with  the 
third  battalion,  was  at  the  battle  of  the 
Alma,  and  served  through  the  siege  of 
Sebastopol.  During  the  latter  part  of  it  he 
was  deputy  assistant  quartermaster-general 
to  the  nrst  division.  He  received  the  medal 
with  four  clsjsps,  the  brevet  rank  of  major 
(2  Nov.  1855),  the  legion  of  honour  (knight), 
and  the  fifth  class  of  the  Medjidie  and  Tundsh 
medal.  When  the  Victoria  Cross  was  insti- 
tuted in  Februarv  1857,  he  was  amonff  the 
first  recipients  ox  it.  The  act  for  whi<3L  the 
cross  was  awarded  to  him  is  described  by 
Kinglake.  During  the  battle  of  Inkerman 
he  was  in  the  sandbag  battery^  with  a  mixed 
body  of  men,  condemned  to  inaction  by  the 
height  of  the  parapet.  Some  of  them  said, 
*  If  au  oihcer  wiU  lead,  we  will  follow/  to 


which  Russell  responded  'Follow  me,  my 
lads ! '  and  sprang  out  through  an  embra- 
sure. Accompanied  by  one  man  only  (pri- 
vate Anthony  Palmer,  who  also  received 
the  cross),  he  attacked  the  Russians  clus- 
tered outside,  and,  though  of  slight  build, 
he  wrested  a  rifle  from  the  hands  of  a 
Russian  soldier,  and  made  his  way  along  the 
ledge  to  another  party  of  frenadiers. 

He  became  captain  ana  lieutenant-colo- 
nel on  28  April  1858,  and  retired  from  the 
army  on  18  June  1868.  On  4  July  1877  he 
was  appointed  honorary  colonel  of  the  28rd 
Middlesex  volunteers.  He  was  a  J.P.  and 
deputy-lieutenant  for  the  county  of  Berk- 
shire. He  sat  as  conservative  M.P.  for  that 
county  from  July  1865  to  November  1868, 
and  for  Westminster  from  1874  to  1882. 

He  died  at  Swallowfield  Park,  near  Read- 
ing, on  14  April  1883.  He  was  unmarried, 
and  was  succeeded  by  his  brother  GFeorge. 

[Times,  Obituaij,  16  April  1888;  Foster's 
Baronetage ;  Hamilton's  History  of  the  QTen»- 
dier  Gaa^ ;  Kinglake's  War  in  the  Crimea.] 

E.  M.  L. 

BUSSISJi,     CHARLES     WILLIAM 

(1812-1880),  president  of  Maynooth  CoUeffe, 
bom  at  Elillough,  co.  Down,  on  14  May  1812, 
was  descended  from  the  family  of  KusseU, 
barons  of  Killouffh  of  Quoniamstown  and 
Ballvstrew.  His  brother  Arthur  was  father 
of  Cfharles  Russell,  lord  chief-justice  and 
baron  Russell  of  Killowen  [see  SuppleksktI 
Charles  William,  educated  at  Drog^heda  ana 
at  Downpatrick,  in  1826  entered  Maynooth 
College.  He  became  a  Dunboyne  student 
in  1^2.  and  in  1885  was  appointed  Jj^o- 
fessor  of  humanitv.  In  1842  Gregory  XVI 
selected  him  for  the  new  apostolic  vicariate 
of  Ceylon.  In  1845  he  was  nominated  to 
fill  the  newly  established  chair  of  eccle- 
siastical history  at  Maynooth,  and  in  1857, 
on  the  death  of  Dr.  Laurence  Renehan 
[q.  v.],  he  became  president  of  the  college. 

Russell  exercised  considerable  influence  on 
the  tractarian  movement  in  England.  From 
the  summer  of  1841  he  was  a  warm  per- 
sonal friend  of  Newman,  who  says  of  him : 
*  My  dear  friend.  Dr.  Russell,  president  of 
Maynooth,  had  perhaps  more  to  do  with  my 
conversion  than  any  one  else.  Yet  he  was 
always  gentle,  mild,  unobtrusive,  uncontro- 
versial '  (Newhait,  Apologia^  p.  194).  His  re- 
putation stood  high  at  Oxford,  and  the 
leaders  of  the  party  frequently  applied  to 
him  for  information  on  pomts  arising  in  the 
tractarian  controversy.  He  contributed 
several  articles  on  the  movement  to  the 
'  Dublin  Review,'  of  which  he  was  co-oditor 
with  Dr.  Wiseman. 


Russell 


429 


Russell 


Euflsell  was  also  well  known  as  an  anti- 
qpary.  He  was  appointed  a  member  of  the 
Historical  Manuscripts  Commission  in  1869, 
and,  in  conjunction  with  John  Patrick  Pren- 
defgut  [q.  T.],  he  published  '  A  Report  on 
the  Carte  Manuscnpts  in  the  Bodleian  Li- 
brarjr'  (8  vols.  1871)|  and  compiled  the 
*  Calendiur  of  Irish  State  Papers  during  the 
Reign  of  James  I '  (4  vols.  8vo,  1872-7). 
He  also  contributed  the  articles  on  palimp- 
lesta  and  papyrus  to  the  '  Encyclopedia 
Britaniiica^(8th  edit.  1859). 

Rosaell  died  in  Dublin,  fiom  the  effects  of 
a  &U  from  his  horse,  on  26  Feb.  1880. 
Shortly  before  his  death  the  pope  enrolled 
him  among  his  domestic  prelates. 

Besides  the  works  noticed,  Russell  was 
author  of '  The  Life  of  Cardinal  Mezzofanti/ 
1858, 8vo ;  2nd  edit.  1863  (translated  into 
Italian  1859) ;  and  he  translated  from  the 
Qerman  Carl  von  Schmid's  '  Tales,'  London, 
1846,  3  vols.  8vo  (conjointlv  with  the  Bev. 
M.  KeUy)  and  Leionitz's  '  System  of  Theo- 
logy,' 1^,  8vo.  Li  October  1876  and  Janu- 
aiy  1877  he  contributed  to  the  'Dublin 
Review '  two  articles  on  sonnets,  which  form 
one  of  the  most  complete  treatises  on  the  i 
■object  in  English. 

[Ward's  Men  of  the  B6ign,p.  778 ;  Freeman's  | 
Jonroal,  27  Feb.  1880 ;   Allibone's  Diet,  of  Au- 
thors; Notes  and  Queries,  5th  ser.  vii.  306,  7th 
ler.  Till  607.]  E.  I.  C. 

ETJSSELIi,  Sib  DAVID  (1809-1884), 
meral,  was  the  eldest  son  of  Colonel  James 
Roasell  of  Woodside,  Stirlingshire,  and  of 
Mary,  daughter  of  John  Stirling,  esq.,  of 
Kippindavie,  Perthshire.    He  was  bom  on 

27  May  1809,  was  educated  at  Edinburgh 
and  Dresden,  and  entered  the  army  on 
10  Jan.  1828  as  a  comet  in  the  7th  Ikht 
dngoons.  He  became  lieutenant  on  1  Oct. 
1^  and  captain  on  6  April  1838,  and  on 
10  April  1836  he  exchanged  to  the  84th 
foot.  In  that  regiment  he  oecame  major  on 
7  July  1845  and  lieutenant-colonel  on  10  Dec. 
1847,  and  be  was  made  brevet  colonel  on 

28  Xov.  1854. 

His  first  and  only  active  service  was  in  the 
Indian  mutiny.  In  the  second  relief  of 
Lucknow,  by  Sir  Colin  Campbell,  he  com- 
manded the  fifth  brigade.  Me  covered  the 
left  of  tho  army  as  it  fought  its  way  to  the 
residency,  and  captured  Banks's  house,  but 
was  wounded  ana  disabled  in  the  attack  of 
the  hospital  (14-17  Nov.  1857).  After  the 
relief  he  remained  with  Outram  at  the  Alam- 
bagh,  commanding  the  first  brigade.  In  the 
siege  and  capture  of  Lncknow,  in  March 
1858^  he  commanded  the  second  brigade  in 
FranKs's  division,  which  took  part  in  the  at- 


tack on  the  Kaisarbaffh.  For  these  opera- 
tions he  was  specis^y  mentioned  in  des- 
patches (vide  London  Oaxette,  16  Jan.  and 
25  May  1858).  Besides  the  medal  with 
clasp,  he  received  a  reward  for  distinguished 
service,  and  was  made  C.B.  (24  March  1868). 
On  81  Auff.  1858  he  was  appointed  in- 
specting field  ofiScer  for  recruiting,  and  on 
8  Sept.  1882  he  became  major-general.  He 
was  employed  in  Canada  during  1867,  and 
from  Jmy  1868  to  1871  he  commanded  in  the 
south-eastern  district.  He  became  lieutenant- 

ftneral  on  25  Oct.  1871  and  general  on 
Oct.  1877.  He  was  given  the  colonelcy 
of  the  75th  foot  on  18  ftai.  1870,  and  trans- 
ferred to  the  84th  (now  the  second  battalion 
of  the  Tork  and  Lancaster  regiment)  on 
24  Oct.  1872.  He  was  made  K.C.B.  on 
20  May  1871.  He  died  in  London  on  16  Jan. 
1884. 

[Baikes's  Boll  of  Officers  of  the  York  and 
Lancaster  Regiment ;  Times,  Obituary,  1 7  Jan. 
1884 ;  Kaye  and  Malleson's  History  of  the  Indian 
Mutiny.]  E.  M.  L. 

BUSSELL,  EDWARD,  Eabl  ov  Obiobi> 
(1653-1727),  admiral  of  the  fleet,  bom  in 
1653,  was  son  of  Edward  Russell,  a  younger 
brother  of  William  Russell,  first  duke  of  Bed- 
ford. He  was  in  1671  appointed  lieutenant 
of  the  Advice.  In  the  battle  of  Solebay,  on 
28  May  1672.  he  was  lieutenant  of  the  Rupert 
with  Sir  Jonn  Holmes ;  and  on  10  June  he 
was  promoted  to  be  captain  of  the  Phoenix. 
In  1673  he  commanded  the  Swallow  attached 
to  the  fleet  imder  Prince  Rupert;  and  in 
1676  was  appointed  to  the  Reserve,  one  of 
the  squadron  in  the  Mediterranean  under 
Sir  John  Narbrough  [^.  v.]  Continuing  in 
the    Mediterranean  with  Arthur  Heroert 

S afterwards  earl  of  Torrington)  [q.  v.],  in 
678  he  commanded  the  Swifbsure,  in  1680 
the  Newcastle,  in  1682  the  Tiger,  which  he 
seems  to  have  quitted  in  the  fcmowing  year, 
probably  on  the  execution  of  his  cousin,  Wil- 
liam, lord  Russell  fq.  v.]  Discontented  with 
the  government,  he  afterwards  became  an 
active  agent  in  the  cause  of  the  Prince  of 
Orange,  and  during  the  reiffn  of  James  II 
made  several  joumeys  to  Holland  in  the 
prince's  interest.  In  a  private  capacity  he 
accompanied  the  prince  to  England  in  1688, 
and  on  his  march  on  London.  On  4  April 
1689  he  was  appointed  treasurer  of  the  navy, 
and  on  22  July  admiral  of  the  blue  squadron 
in  the  fleet  under  Torrington. 

In  December  he  was  sent  with  a  small 
squadron  to  escort  the  Queen  of  Spain  to 
doruna.  He  returned  to  England  in  April 
1690,  but  during  the  following  months, 
though  nominally  in  command  of  the  blue 


Russell 


430 


Russell 


squadron,  spent  most  of  the  time  in  London, 
intriguing  against  Torrington,  who  held  the 
command,  which  he,  apparently,  considered 
ought  to  be  his  by  right  of  his  political  ser^ 
yices.  It  would  seem  to  be  certain  that  it 
was  mainly  through  his  intrigues  and  mis- 
representations that  the  disastrous  order  to 
fight  was  sent  to  Torrington,  Russell  remain- 
ing meanwhile  in  London  to  watch  the 
course  of  events.  In  December,  when  Tor- 
rington was  finally  superseded,  Russell  was 
appointed  in  his  stead,  and  commanded  the 
fleet  during  the  summer  of  1691  without 
being  able  to  bring  the  French  to  action,  not- 
witl^tanding  a  very  great  superiority  of 
force.  But  ne  was  now  in  correspondence 
with  the  exiled  James,  and  was  preparin«^  to 
act  as  a  traitor  to  King  William,  as  he  had 
formerly  done  to  James.  It  was  possibly 
on  this  ground  that  he  kept  out  of  the  way 
of  the  French  fleet  in  the  summer  of  1691 ; 
but  his  negotiations  with  James  led  to  little 
result,  ana  next  year  he  had  no  choice  but 
to  engage  the  enemy. 

By  16  May  1692  the  English  and  Dutch 
fleet,  to  the  number  of  eighty-two  ships  of 
the  line,  was  collected  at  Portsmouth.  It 
was  known  that  the  French  fleet  under  the 
Gomte  de  Touryille  had  left  Brest ;  but  it 
was  resolved  by  Russell  after  a  councD  of 
war  not  to  go  down  the  Channel  to  look  for 
the  enemy,  but  to  stand  over  towards  Cape 
Barfleur  to  meet  them  there.  On  the  18th  1 
Russell  had  intelligence  of  the  enemy's  ap- 
proach, brought  by  a  Captain  John  Tupper  in 
command  of  a  Guernsey  privateer,  who  sailed 
through  their  fleet  in  a  fog.  Russell  imme- 
diately weighed  with  a  westerly  wind ;  and 
the  next  morning,  19  May,  being  then  some 
twenty  miles  to  the  north-east  of  Cape  Bar- 
fleur, the  look-out  frigates  signalled  the 
enemy  in  si^^ht,  coming  on  with  a  fair  wind 
at  about  W.S.W.  Tourville  had  with  him 
only  forty-five  ships  of  the  line,  but,  in  spite 
of  the  odds  against  him,  he  ran  down  to 
engage,  not  so  much  because  ^sitive  orders 
to  do  80  had  been  given  him  under  the 
king's  own  hand,  as  because,  in  the  hazy 
weather  that  prevailed,  he  had  not  realised 
the  enormous  superiority  of  the  force  opposed 
to  him  till  it  was  too  late  to  retreat. 

The  allied  fieet,  in  line  of  battle,  was 
standing  towards  the  south,  the  Dutch  lead- 
ing ;  but  the  blue  squadron  was  a  good  deal 
astam  and  some  three  miles  to  leeward. 
In  the  van,  the  French  contained  the  Dutch, 
preventing  them  from  coming  to  close  ac- 
tion, while  the  French  centre  and  rear,  with 
a  local  superiority  of  numbers,  made  a  furious 
attack  on  the  English  centre,  the  red  squa- 
dron.   This  squadron  was  under  the  imme- 


diate command  of  Russell  himself  in  the 
Britannia,  and  his  ship  was  closely  engaged 
bv  the  Soleil  Royal,  carrying  TourviUe's  flag, 
l^tically  the  French  had  been  given  a  great 
advantage ;  but  the  ships  of  the  red  squadron 
defended  themselves  stoutly,  and  the  balance 
of  the  fighting  was  curiously  even  till  to- 
wards two  o'clock,  when  the  wind  veered  to 
about  W.N.W.,  permittinff  the  rear  of  the 
red  squadron  under  Sir  Cfowdisley  ShoveU 
[q.  v.]  to  break  through  the  French  line, 
and  a  little  later  the  whole  of  the  blue  squa- 
dron, under  Rooke,  Sir  John  Ashby  [q.  v.l 
and  Richard  Carter  [q.  v.],  passed  to  wind- 
ward. By  four  o'clock  tibe  French  centre 
and  rear  were  enveloped  by  the  English 
fleet  with  a  twofold  superiority  of  numbers. 

The  battle  was  thus  practically  won  when 
the  wind  died  away,  and  a  fog  came  on  so 
dense  that  the  firing  was  stopped.  Towards 
six  the  fog  lifted  a  little  and  a  light  easterly 
breeze  sprang  up,  before  which  the  French 
fled  in  disorder,  followed  by  the  English 
through  the  night  and  through  the  next  day. 
Three  of  the  French  ships  escaped  to  the 
north-west,  and,  flying  down  the  Channel, 
reached  Brest.  Others  escaped  to  the  north- 
east and  into  the  North  Sea,  whence  they 
returned  to  Brest  by  passing  round  Scotland 
and  Ireland ;  but  the  great  body  of  their 
fleet  was  driven  to  the  westward  along  the 
coast  towards  Cape  de  La  Hague,  and  in 
the  night  of  the  20th  some  of  their  ships  ran 
through  the  Race  of  Aldemey .  But  thirteen, 
caught  by  the  tide,  were  driven  back  to  the 
eastward.  Three  of  these  were  burnt  at 
Cherbourg  by  Sir  Ralph  Delavall  fq-  v.] ; 
the  rest  took  refuge  in  the  bay  of  La  Hague. 
The  whole  of  the  English  fleet  followed,  and 
after  examining  the  situation  on  the  22nd, 
Russell  sent  in  the  boats  under  the  command 
of  Sir  Qeorge  Rooke,  who  burnt  the  whole 
twelve  as  well  as  some  eight  or  ten  transporto 
on  the  evening  of  the  28rd  and  the  morning 
of  the  24th ;  after  which,  leaving  a  detach- 
ment of  the  fleet  under  Ashbv  to  look  after 
the  French  ships  which  had  fled  into  Saint- 
Malo,  Russell  returned  to  Portsmouth. 

Notwithstanding  the  decisive  nature  of 
victorv,  there  was  a  general  feeling  that  more 
should  have  been  done,  and  both  Russell  and 
Ashby  were  charged  with  not  taking  proper 
measures  to  complete  the  destruction  of  the 
French.  The  House  of  Commons  resolved 
that  Russell  had  'behaved  with  courage, 
fidelity,  and  conduct,' but  thepopular  feeling 
insisted  on  his  dismissal.  Hie  was  accord- 
ingly removed  from  the  command,  but,  after 
the  disasters  sustained  during  the  summer  of 
1693,  was  reinstated  in  the  following  No- 
vember, and  on  2  May  1694  was  also  appointed 


Russell 


431 


Russell 


fint  lord  of  the  admiralty.  In  June,  in 
eommandof  an  allied  fleet  of  some  sixty-three 
sail  of  the  line,  he  was  sent  to  the  Mediter- 
ranean, where  the  threat  of  his  presence  at 
once  led  the  French,  at  the  time  onBarcelona, 
to  retire  to  Toulon.  As  it  was  evident  that 
the  French  attack  on  the  Catalan  coast 
would  be  renewed  as  soon  as  the  English 
fleet  departed,  it  was  kept  in  the  Medi- 
terranean durinff  the  rest  of  the  year,  and 
winteied  at  Caaic.  In  the  sprint  of  1695 
it  again  took  np  a  station  off  Barcelona. 
In  Angost  an  attempt  was  made  to  recoyer 
PalamoSy  which  the  French  had  occupied  in 
the  preTiouB  year;  hut  on  learning  that  a 
fleet  of  sixty  sail  lay  at  Toulon  ready  for 
ssa,  RuflfleU  re-embarked  the  troops,  with- 
drew from  Palamos,  and  sailed  to  meet  the 
enemy,  who,  however,  remained  in  Toulon. 
Russell's  actions  both  in  1694  and  1696  are 
early  instances  of  the  recognition  of  the 
power  of  a  fleet,  not  necessarily  superior  in 
K>ree,  to  prevent  territorial  agression 
(CoLOMB,  Naval  Warfare^  pp.  271-2). 

In  the  autumn  of  1696  tne  fleet  returned 
to  Engisoidy  and  Russell  had  no  further  ser- 
vice afloat.  He  continued  at  the  admiralty 
till  1699.  He  had  represented  Launceston 
(1689),  Portsmouth  (1690),  and  Cambridge- 
shire (1096)  in  the  lower  house;  and  on 
7  May  1697  he  was  raised  to  the  peerage  as 
Baron  of  Shingey,y  iscount  Barfleur  and  £!arl 
ofChrford.  During  the  king's  absence  in  Hol- 
land in  tibe  summer  of  1697,  and  agsin  in 
the  summer  of  1698,  he  was  one  of  the  lords 
JQstioea.  In  April  1706  he  was  appointed  one 
of  the  commissioners  for  the  union  with  Scot- 
land ;  he  was  flrst  lord  of  the  admiralty  from 
November  1709  to  September  1710,  and  again 
from  October  1714  to  April  1717.  He  was 
also  one  of  the  lords  justices  after  the  death  of 
Queen  Anne,  pending  the  arrival  of  George  I, 
and  in  September  1714  was  nominated  lord- 
lieutenant  of  Cambridgeshire.  He  died  on 
26  Nov.  1727.  He  married  in  1691  his  cousin 
llary,  daughter  of  William  Russell,  flrst  duke 
of  Bedford,  and  sister  of  William ,  lord  Russell, 
but,  leaving  no  issue,  the  titles  became  extinct 
on  his  death.  Orford  is  described  in  1704  as 
«of a  sanguine  ooxnplexion,inclining  to  fat ;  of  a 
middle  stature.'  His  portrait,  by  R.  Bookman, 
is  in  the  Painted  Hall  at  Greenwich ;  another, 
by  Sir  Godfrey  Kneller,  has  been  engraved. 

[Chsmock's  Biogr.  Nav.  i.  364;  CSampbell's 
Lives  of  the  British  Admirals,  ii.  817,  &c. ; 
Burchett's  IVansaotioiis  at  Sea ;  Burnet's  Hist, 
of  his  own  Time;  Balrymple's  Memoirs  of 
Great  Britain  and  ^land ;  Memoirs  relating  to 
Lard  TorringtoD  (Camden  Soc);  life  of  Captieun 
Htephen  Martin  (Navy  Records  Society);  The 
^ttla  of  La  Hogue^  in  Quarterly  Review,  April 


1893 ;  Army  and  Kavy  Oazette,  21  May,  4  Jose, 
6  Aug.  1892;  Tronde's  Batailles  Navales  de  la 
France,  i.  209 ;  Sue's  Hist,  de  la  Marine  Fran- 
9ai8e,  v.  65-92.]  J.  K.  L. 

RUSSELL,  Lo]u>  EDWABD  (180&* 
1887),  admiral,  bom  in  1806,  second  son  of 
John  Russell,  sixth  duke  of  Bedford  by  his 
second  wife,  Georviana,  fifUi  daughter  of 
Alexander,  fourth  duke  of  (Gordon  [see  under 

RUSSBLL,  LOBD  JOHIL  first  EaBL  KUBSBLL^. 

Lord  John,  first  earl  Kussell  [q.  v.],  was  his 
half-brother.  He  entered  the  navy  in  Janu- 
ary 1819;  he  passed  his  examination  in 
1826,  and  on  18  Oct.  1826  was  promoted  to 
be  lieutenant  of  the  Philomel  bng,  in  which 
he  was  present  at  the  battle  of  Navarino  on 
20  Oct.  1827.  He  was  then  for  a  short  time 
in  the  Dartmouth,  but,  returning  to  the 
Philomel,  was  promoted  firom  her  to  the  rank 
of  commander  on  16  Nov.  1828.  In  No- 
vember 1830  he  was  appointed  to  the  Brito- 
mart,  but  in  the  fbllowing  January  was 
moved  to  the  Savage,  on  the  coast  of  Ireland, 
and  in  April  183§  to  the  Nimrod,  on  the 
Lisbon  station.  He  was  invalided  £rom  her 
in  Au^ruat  1883,  and  on  19  Nov.  was  ad- 
vanced to  post  rank.  From  November  1884 
to  1838  he  commanded  the  Actseon  in  South 
America.  From  1841  to  1847  he  was  M.P. 
for  Tavistock,  and  one  of  the  queen's  naval 
aide&-de-camp  firom  1846  to  I06O.  At  this 
time  he  was  well  known  in  society,  and  more 
especially  in  sporting  circles,  as  a  patron  ot 
the  turf.  In  1846  his  horse  Sting,  after 
proving  himself  the  best  two-year  old  of  his 
year,  was  for  some  time  favourite  for  the 
Derby,  in  which,  however,  he  was  not  placed. 
In  January  1861  he  commissioned  the  Ven- 
geance for  service  in  the  Mediterranean,  and 
I  on  17  Oct.  1864  took  part  in  the  attack  on 
the  sea-forts  of  Sebastopol.  In  the  summer 
of  1866  the  Vengeance  was  paid  off,  and  on 
6  July  Russell  was  made  a  O.B.  He  had  no 
further  service,  but  became  in  due  course 
rear-admiral  on  17  Oct.  1866,  vice-admiral 
on  27  April  1863,  and  admiral  on  20  March 
1867.  On  1  April  1870  he  accepted  the  new 
retirement,  ana  died  at  Cowes  on  21  May 
1887. 


[CByrne's  Nav.  Biogr.  Diet. ;  Times,  26  May 
1887;  Morning  Post,  25,  26  May  1887^  Navy 
Lists.]  -   —   - 


RUSSELL,  Ladt  ELIZABETH  (1628- 
1609),  authoress.  [See  under  Hobt,  Sib 
Thomab.] 

RUSSELL,  FRANCIS,  second  Eahl 
OF  Bbdpokd  (1627  P-1685),  only  son  of  John 
Russell,  flrst  earl  of  Bedford  [q.  ▼•T*  hy  his 
wife  Anne,  was  bom  probably  m  1627.    Be 


Russell 


43a 


Russell 


wa8  educated  at  the  Kindts  Hall,  Oambrid^. 
When  quite  young,  Edward  Underhill 
[q.  v.]  ia  said  to  have  sayed  him  from  drown- 
mg  in  the  Thames,  a  good  office  which  was 
afterwards  repaid  when  UnderhiU  was  in 
trouble  on  account  of  his  opinions  {Narra- 
tive of  the  Reformation,  Oamd.  Soc.,  p.  140). 
He  was  with  his  father  in  France  on  the 
expedition  of  1644.  When  Edward  VI  was 
crowned,  Russell  was  one  of  the  forty  who 
were  created  ELB.  (2  Feb.  1646-7).  From 
1647  to  1662  he  was  M.P.  for  Buckingham- 
shire, and  is  said  to  have  been  the  first  heir 
to  a  peerage  who  sat  in  the  House  of  Oom- 
mons.  In  1647  he  was  sheriff  of  Bedford- 
shire. In  1648  he  was  at  the  head  of  one 
of  the  enclosure  commissions,  and  the  next 
year  helped  his  father  in  suppressing  the  re- 
bellion in  the  west  of  Enguuid.  When  his 
father  was  created  earl  of  Bedford  in  1660, 
he  was  styled  Lord  BusselL  At  the  surrender 
of  Boulogne  certain  hostages  were  required, 
one  of  whom  was  to  haye  bNMn  Lord  Russell, 
but  he  was  released  from  that  duty,  and 
escorted  the  French  nobles  who  were  sent 
to  England  as  sureties  from  Doyer  to  London 
(cf.  Daseht,  Acts  ^  Privy  Oouneilf  iL  421). 
On  11  Noy.  1661  he  attended  the  queen- 
dowager  of  Scotland  when  she  came  from 
Hampton  Court  to  London  (M.LCHYit,  Diary, 
Cama.  Soc.  p.  11).  His  religious  yiews  were 
protestant,  and  in  1661  he  attended  the  con- 
ferences on  the  sacrament  held  at  the  houses 
(k  Sir  Richard  Moryson  [see  Moaisoirl  and 
Sir  William  Cecil,  lord  Burghley  [q.  y.J  In 
February  1661-2  he  took  his  seat  in  the 
House  of  Lords  as  Baron  Russell. 

From  1668  to  1680  Russell  seems  to  haye 
held  the  office  of  lord  warden  of  the  Stan- 
naries. His  name  appears,  with  his  fieither's, 
as  witnessing  the  deed  of  21  June  1668  by 
which  Edwiurd  settled  the  crown  on  Lady 
Jane  Grey.  After  Mary's  accession  he  was 
consequently  for  a  time  in  the  custody,  first 
of  the  sheriff  of  London,  and  afterwards  of 
the  warden  of  the  Fleet  prison ;  later,  Lord 
Rich  took  charge  of  him.  While  in  prison 
John  Bradford  (1610  P-1666)  [q.  y.]  wrote  to 
him  sympathetically  (Foxb).  Imprisonment 
did  not  reduce  him  to  acquiescence  with 
Mary's  regime ;  he  was  secretly  in  Wyatt's 
plot  (cf.  Stbicklaitd.  Idvee  of  the  Queens  of 
jEngl,  iy .  70),  and  oonressed  that  he  had  carried 
letters  from  Elizabeth  to  Wyatt  (t5.  p.  80). 
On  14  March  1664-6  he  became  second  Earl 
of  Bedford  on  the  death  of  his  father.  He 
now  escaped  to  Geneya,  and  made  the  ac- 
quaintance of  the  foreign  reformers.  In  1667 
he  was  at  Venice,  whence  he  sent  a  Latin 
letter  toBullinffer.  He  returned  in  that  year, 
and  was  one  of  the  captains  in  the  English 


army  at  the  battle  of  St.  Quentin,  of  which 
he  wrote  an  account  to  Sir  Wiluam  Cecil 

g'YTLBK,  Edward  VI  and  Mary,  p.  494). 
March  1657-8  he  was  once  more  m  Eng- 
land, and  was  made  lord-lieutenant  of  the 
counties  of  Dorset,  Deyon,  and  Cornwall, 
and  of  the  city  of  Exeter ;  he  was  busy  at 
this  time  in  leyyinff  men  for  the  French  war. 

When  Elizabetn  came  to  die  throne, 
Bedford  was  at  once  sworn  of  the  privy 
council^  and  took  an  actiye  part  in  the 
religious  settlement,  being  a  commissioner 
to  receiye  the  oath  of  supremacy,  and  one  of 
those  who  assisted  in  the  drawing  up  of  the 
new  liturgy.  On  23  Jan.  1560-1  he  was  sent 
on  an  embassy  to  Charles  IX  of  France  to 
congratulate  him  on  his  accession ;  he  also 
yisited  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  and  tried  to 
obtain  her  adhesion  to  the  treaty  of  £din« 
burgh.  He  kept  up  his  foreign  connections, 
and  in  June  1561  unsuccessfully  inyited 
Peter  Martyr  to  come  to  Ekigland  (cC 
1  Zurich  Letters^  p.  81). 

In  February  1663-4  he  was  appointed 
warden  of  the  east  marches  and  goyemor 
Berwick.  Berwick  he  found  in  a  state  of 
decay.  He  strengthened  the  fortifications, 
and  was  an  actiye  border  leader  (cf.  Wixfev . 
i.  404).  On  23  April  1664  he  was  elected 
E.Q.  On  17  Noy.  1664  he  was  named  a 
commissioner  with  Thomas  Randolph  to 
treat  as  to  Mar^  Queen  of  Scots'  marriage. 
When  news  amyed  of  her  resolye  to  marry 
Damley,  he  went  to  London  to  attend  im- 
portant meetings  of  the  priyy  council,  and 
immediately  afterwards  was  appointed  lord- 
lieutenant  of  Northumberland,  Cumberland, 
Westmoreland,  and  the  bishopric  of  Dor- 
ham,  with  orders  to  keep  a  laige  force  ready. 
In  September  1666  he  was  inyited  to  settle 
disputes  amonff  the  members  of  the  Dutch 
church  in  London.  On  the  border  he  seems 
to  haye  acted  diplomatically,  and  it  was 
through  him  that  Eilizabeth  supplied  the  lorda 
of  the  congregation  with  money.  When 
they  fled  oyer  the  border,  Bedford  receiyed 
them  at  Carlisle,  for  which,  thouffh  it  was 
the  legitimate  outcome  of  Elizabews  policy, 
he  was  blamed  by  CeciL  Among  other  com- 
munications which  he  made  to  the  council 
at  this  time  was  a  long  account  of  Rissio's 
murder,  dated  from  Berwick,  27  March  1665- 
1666,  and  signed  by  himself  and  Randolph. 
Later  in  this  year  (December)  he  was  pi'oji7 
for  the  Queen  at  the  baptism  of  James.  H!e 
trayellea  on  this  occasion  with  a  oonsiderable 
retinue.  In  October  1667  he  gaye  up  the  Ber- 
wick appointment  apparently  on  the  ground 
of  ill-health,  but  he  was  constantly  in  atten- 
dance at  the  counciL  He  was  sent  mto  Wales 
when  the  northern  insurrection  broke  oat 


Russell 


433 


Russell 


in  1569,  but  later  went  into  Sussex.  In 
1570  the  queen  visited  Ohenies,  while  Bed- 
ford WM  away  at  Ooventry.  Although  he 
wrote  to  Cecil  expressing  a  wish  to  see 
Norfolk  released,  Bedford  was  one  of  those 
who  sat  in  judgment  on  the  duke  in  January 
1571-2.  In  July  1572  the  queen  affain 
riflited  him,  this  time  at  Wobum  Abbey, 
much  apparently  to  the  earFs  dismay,  as  he 
knew  tfj  experience  how  expensiye  the 
honour  was.  In  1576  he  was  lord-president 
of  Wales,  and  ordered  to  raise  one  thousand 
men  for  Ireland ;  the  same  year  he  was  made 
lieutenant  of  the  Garter.  In  1581  he  was 
one  of  the  commissioners  for  negotiating  the 
Anjon  marriage;  but  from  this  time  his 
health  slowly  gare  way,  though  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  ofiSce  of  chief  justice  and 
justice  in  eyre  of  the  royal  forests  south  of 
the  Trent  on  26  Feb.  1585-4.  He  died  at 
Bedford  Honae,  Strand,  28  July  1585,  and 
was  buried  on  14  Sept.  at  Chenies  church, 
where  a  moaiunent,  with  figpires  of  himself 
and  his  first  wife,  was  erected.  A  portrait 
by  Zuceheroy  which  was  engraTed  by  Hon- 
hraken,  is  at  Wobum. 

Bedford  was  a  kindly  man,  and  liked  by 
those  about  him.  Bishop  Pilkington  made 
him  in  1571  one  of  the  overseers  of  his  will, 
and  he  was  a  benefiactor  to  a  son  of  Qualter, 
who  came  to  Oxford  in  1573.  He  was  god- 
father to  Sir  Francis  Drake.  Many  books 
wen  dedicated  to  hun,  among  them  Cooper's 
'Chronicle,'  and  fiecon*s  '  Christian  Knight ' 
and '  Monstrous  Merchandise  of  the  Roman 
Bishops.'  He  left  money  to  University  Col- 
^,  Oxford*  and  founded  a  free  school  at 
WoboHL  He  also  g^ve  building  stone  to 
Trinity  and  Corpus  Christi  Colleges,  Cam- 
bridge. 

Bedford  married,  first,  Margaret,  daughter 
of  Sir  John  St.  John,  and  widow  of  Sir  John 
Goetwick  of  Willington,  Bedfordshire  ;  she 
died  at  Wobom  on  26  Aug.  1562.  By  her  he 
had  (I)  Edward,  lord  Russell,  who  died  in 
or  after  1573,  without  issue.  (^2)  John,  who 
married  Elizabeth,  daughter  ot  Sir  Anthony 
Cooke,  and  widow  of  Sir  Thomas  Hoby  [q.v.j; 
he  was  summoned  to  parliament  as  Lord 
Russell,  bat  died  without  male  issue  at  High- 
iratd  in  1584,  beinp^  buried  in  Westminster 
Abbey.  (8)  Francis,  who,  after  a  good  deal 
of  active  service,  was  killed  on  the  borders 
hj  the  Scota,  27  July  1585,  and  buried  at 
Alnwick ;  by  his  wife,  Julian  Foster,  he  was 
father  of  £dward,  third  earl  of  Bedford. 
(4)  Sir  William  Russell  (afterwards  Lord 
Russell  of  Thomhaugh)  [q.  v.]  (5)  Anne, 
married,  11  Nov.  156§,  to  Ambrose  Dudley, 
earl  of  Warwick  [q.  rj]  (&)  Elizabeth,  mar- 
ried, 7  Aug.  1582,  to  William  Bourchier,  earl 

VOL.   XVIT, 


of  Bath.  (7)  Margaret,  married,  24  June 
1577,  to  Georjre  Clinord,  earl  of  Cumberland. 
Bedford  married,  secondlv,  about  Sentember 
1566,  Bridget,daughter  of  John,  lord  Hussey, 
widow  of  Sir  Richard  Morysine  fsee  MoBi- 
sonI  and  of  Heniy,  earl  of  Rutland.  She 
diea  12  Jan.  1600-1,  and  was  buried  at 
Watford. 

[Wifibn's  Memoirs  of  the  House  of  Russell, 
voL  i. ;  Scharfs  Catalogue  of  Pictures  at  Wo- 
bum ;  Boyle's  Official  Baronage,  i.  156 ;  Cooper's 
AthensB  Cantabr.  i.  632 ;  Notes  and  Queries,  6th 
ser.  iii.  201  ;  Cal.  of  State  Papers,  Dom. 
1647-80,  1647-65  (Addenda),  1681-90.  1680- 
1626  (Addenda),  1691-4;  Hayward's  Annals 
(Camd.  Soc).  p-  12  ;  Beesl/s  Queen  Elizabeth ; 
Narratives  of  the  Reformation  (Camd.  Soc.) ; 
Lipscomb's  Buckinghamshire,  iii.  248;  Strick- 
land's Queens  of  Engl.  iv.  228,  486 ;  Maehyn's 
Diary  (Camd.  Soo.),  p.  248;  Chron.  of  Queen 
Jane  and  Queen  Mary  (Camd.  Soc.),  pp.  16-09 ; 
Hessel'sEcd. Loud. Batav.ii.  134, 161, 174;  Pilk- 
ington's  .Works  (Parker  Soc.),  vol.  xi. ;  I  Zurich 
Letters  (Parker  Soc.),  p.  289 ;  Becon*s  Works 
(Parker  Soc.),  ii.  622;  Progresses  of  Queen  Eliza- 
beth, i.  274,  ii.  608 ;  Strype  s  Works.] 

W.  A.  J.  A. 

RUSSELL,  FRANCIS,  fourth  Earl  of 
Bbdfobd  (1593-1641),  born  in  1693,  waa 
onlyson  of  Sir  William  Russell,  lord  Rassell 
of  Thomhaiu^h  [q.  y.],  and  of  Elizabeth, 
daughter  of  Henry  Long  of  Shengay,  North- 
amptonshire. Francis  Russell  was  knighted 
on  30  March  1607,  sat  for  the  boroujrh  of 
Lyme  Regis  1610-11,  succeeded  his  father 
as  second  Lord  Russell  of  Thomhaugh  on 
9  Aug.  1613,  and  became,  on  3  May  1627, 
fourth  Earl  of  Bedford,  by  the  death  of 
his  cousin  Edward,  the  third  earl  (Collins, 
Peerage,  ed.  Brydges,  i.  279).  On  8  July 
1623  he  was  made  lord-lieutenant  of  the 
county  of  Deyon  and  city  of  Exeter  (ib.) 
In  1621  Russell  was  one  of  the  thirty-three 

Seers  who  petitioned  James  I  on  the  preju- 
ice  causea  to  the  English  peerage  by  the 
layish  grant  of  Irish  and  Scottish  titles  of 
nobility  (Wilson,  Hist,  of  the  Reign  of 
James  J,  ed.  1653,  p.  187 ;  Court  and  Times 
of  James  7,  ii.  280).  In  1628,  during  the 
debates  on  the  petition  of  right,  he  sup- 
ported the  demands  of  the  commons,  and 
was  a  member  of  the  committee  which  re- 
ported against  the  king's  right  to  imprison 
(G^SDINBB,  Hist,  of  England f  vi.  276).  In 
May  he  was  sent  down  to  Deyonshire,  osten- 
sibly to  assist  in  refitting  the  fleet  returned 
firom  Rochelle,  but  according  to  renort,  on 
account  of  his  opposition  in  the  House  of 
Lords  (Court  and  Times  of  Charles  I,  i. 
358\  Bedford  was  one  of  the  three  peers 
implicated  in  the  circulation  of  Sir  Robert 
Dudley '§  *  Proposition  for  His  Majesty's  Ser- 

1  I 


Russell 


434 


Russell 


vice/  was  arrested  on  5  Nov.  1629,  and  was 
brought  before  the  Star-chamber.  The  pro- 
secution, however,  was  dropped  when  the 
real  nature  of  the  paper  was  discovered 
(see  DiTDLET,  Sib  Robert,  1673-1649,  Cor- 
TOK,  Sib  Robbbt  Bbucb;  GABDiirEER,  vii. 
189 ;  RusHWOBTH,  i.  App.p.  12  j  State  TrialSf 
iii.  896\ 

Bedford  now  turned  his  attention  to  the 
improvement  of  his  estates.  About  1631  he 
buUt  the  square  of  Covent  Garden,  with  the 
piazza  and  church  of  St.  PauVs,  employing 
Inigo  Jones  as  his  architect  (Whbatlet  and 
CinnnnrQHAM,  London  Past  and  Fresenty  i. 
461).  He  was  threatened  with  a  Star-cham- 
ber suit  for  contravening  the  proclamation 
against  new  buildings,  but  seems  to  have 
compromised  the  matter  (Strafford  Letters^ 
i.  268^  872).  Bedford  also  put  himself  at  the 
head  of  an  association  which  undertook  to 
drain  the  great  level  of  the  Fens.  He  and 
the  other  undertakers  were  to  receive  ninety- 
five  thousand  acres  of  land,  of  which  twelve 
thousand  were  to  be  set  apart  for  the  king, 
and  the  profits  of  forty  thousand  were  to 
serve  as  a  securitjr  for  keeping  up  the  drain- 
age works.  This  involved  him  m  great  dif- 
ficulties. By  1637  he  had  spent  100,000/.  on 
the  undertaking,  but  in  1688  the  work  was 
pronounced  incomplete,  and  the  king  decided 
to  take  the  business  into  his  own  hands, 
allotting,  however,  forty  thousand  acres  to 
the  shareholders  in  satisfaction  of  their 
claims.  The  work  was  not  declared  finished 
till  Mamh  1653,  twelve  years  after  Bedford's 
death  (Gabdineb,  Hist  of  England,  viii.  295 ; 
Wells,  Hist,  of  the  Bedford  Level,  i.  106; 
Cal,  Stat^  Papers,  Dom.  1629-81,  p.  811). 

In  the  Short  parliament  of  1640  Bedford 
a^in  became  nrominent  in  opposition  to  the 
kmg.  Clarendon  terms  him  '  the  great  con- 
triver and  designer  in  the  House  of  Lords' 
(JRehellion,  iii.  25).  He  was  one  of  the  mino- 
rity of  twenty-fi  ve  peers  who  agreed  with  the 
commons  in  holding  that  redress  of  grievances 
should  precede  supply  (Cal,  State  Papers, 
Dom.  1640,  p.  66).  In  July  1640  Bedford 
and  six  other  peers  sent  a  letter  to  the  Scot- 
tish leaders,  in  which,  while  refusing  to  invite 
a  Scottish  army  into  England  or  to  assist  it 
in  arms,  they  promised  to  stand  by  the  Scots 
in  all  legal  ana  honourable  ways  (Olduixon, 
Hist,  of  England,  p.  141).  His  name  was 
also  attached  to  tne  fictitious  engagement 
which  Lord  Savile  forged  in  order  to  eneou- 
ra^e  the  Scots  to  invade  England  (Gabdikeb, 
Hut  of  England,  ix.  179).  He  simed  the 
petition  of  the  twelve  peers,  urging  Charles  to 
call  a  parliament,  make  peace  with  the  Scots, 
and  dismiss  his  obnoxious  ministers,  which 
was  presented  to  the  king  on  5  Sept.  1640. 


Two  days  later  he  and  the  Earl  of  Hertford 
presented  the  petition  to  the  kinja^a  council 
m  London,  ana  urged  them  to  sign  it  also. 
Bedford  himself  said  little,  but  the  council- 
lors evidently  regarded  him  as  the  ringleader 
of  the  petitioners,  and  they  were  certainly 
correct.  The  petition  bad  been  drawn  up 
by  Pym,  who  was  'wholly  devoted  to' 
Bedford,  and  by  Oliver  St.  John  [q.  v.],  who 
was  '  of  intimate  trust '  with  him  (Clabeit* 
DON,  MebelUon,  iii.  30,  82 ;  Clarendon  State 
Papers,  ii.  94, 110, 116). 

At  the  treaty  of  Ripon,  where  Bedford 
was  one  of  the  English  commissioners,  the 
falsity  of  Savile's  engagement  was  discovered, 
and,  at  the  request  oi  the  seven  peers  con- 
cerned, their  nctitious  signatures  were  de- 
stroyed (GABDnrsB,  ix.  210 ;  Nalbon,  His- 
torical Collections,  ii.  427).  During  the  first 
few  months  of  the  Long  parliament  Bedford 
was  the  undisputed  iMder  of  the  popular 
party.  On  19  Feb.  1641  he  and  six  other 
opposition  peers  were  admitted  to  the  privy 
council  (Clabbkbdk,  Rebellion,  iU.  50).  His 
influence  procured  the  solicitor-generalship 
for  Oliver  St.  John  (29  Jan.  1641),  and  it 
was  known  that  Pym  was  to  become  chan- 
cellor of  the  exchequer,  and  that  Bedford 
himself  would  become  treasurer  (t6»  iii.  d4r- 
88).  He  hoped  to  reconcile  the  kmg  to  the 
diminution  of  his  prerogative  by  the  im- 
provement of  his  revenue,  and  put  ofi^  taking 
oflice  until  the  Tonnaee  and  Poundage  Biu 
should  have  passed,  and  his  financial  sdiemes 
should  be  completed.  '  To  my  knowledge/ 
says  Clarendon,  'he  had  it  in  design  to 
endeavour  the  setting  up  the  exdse  in  Engw 
land  as  the  only  natural  means  to  advance 
the  king's  profit^  (ib.  iii.  192 ;  cf.  Cal.  State 
Papers,  Dom.  1640-1,  p.  565 ;  Wiffen,  Me- 
moirs  of  the  Hottse  of  Mussell,  ii.  186).  At 
the  same  time,  Bedford,  though  not  discoua- 
tenancing  the  nonconformist  clergy,  had  no 
desire  to  alter  the  government  of  the  church, 
and  was  on  good  terms  with  Land  (CLAJUEar* 
DOK,  Eehellion,  iii.  144).  Moreover,  though 
convinced  of  Strafford's  guilt,  he  was  re- 
luctant to  force  the  king  to  act  against  his 
conscience,  and  willing  to  be  content  witH 
Strafford's  exclusion  from  office  (tb.  iii.  162, 
192 ;  cf.  GABDimBB,  Hist,  of  JBnglcmd,  ix. 
341).  Thus,  both  Bedford's  views  and  hia 
position  qualified  him  for  the  task  of  media- 
ting between  the  kin?  and  the  popular  party. 
But  the  discovery  of  the  army  plot  sealed. 
Strafford's  fate,  and  while  the  attainder  bill 
was  before  the  House  of  Lords,  Bedford  fell 
ill  of  the  smallpox.  He  died  on  9  May,  on 
the  morning  of  the  day  when  Charles  gave 
his  assent  to  the  attainder  biU.  Laud,  who 
erroneously  believed  that  Bedford  was 


Russell 


43S 


Russell 


aolred  tohATeStrafibrd's  blood,  regarded  his 
death  as  a  judgment  (Lattd,  Win'Mj  iiL  448). 
daiendon  states  that  Bedford  died  '  mudi 
affiii^ed  with  the  passion  and  fury  which  he 
peroeived  his  party  inclined  to.  .  .  .  He  was 
a  wise  man,  and  would  hare  proposed  and 
advised  moderate  coursee ;  but  was  not  in- 
capable, for  want  of  resolution,  of  beinff  car- 
li^  into  violent  ones,  if  his  advice  would  not 
h&ve  been  submitted  to;  and  therefore  many 
who  knew  him  well  thought  his  death  not 
uneeasooable,  as  well  to  his  £utte  as  to  his 
Ibrtone'  (HebelHon,  iii.  192). 

JBedlbrd  married  Catherine^  daughter  of 
Giles,  third  lord  Ohandos.  She  died  on  30  Jan. 
1657.  By  her  he  had  four  sons  and  four 
daughters :  (1)  William,  fifth  earl  and  first 
duke  of  Beaford  [q.  v.]  (2)  Francis,  who 
Oatherine,  daugnter  of  William,  lord 


Orey  of  Wark,  and  died  without  issue  about 
a  month  before  his  father.  (8)  John,  a  colo- 
nel in  the  royalist  army  and  an  active  royalist 
oonspiiator  during  the  protectorate  period, 
who  in  November  1660  raised,  and  for 
twenty-one  years  commanded,  Charles  II's 
regiment  of  foot-guards  (now  the  grenadier 
guards) ;  he  died  on  26  Nov.  1687  (Daltoit, 
Arww  Idsti,  L  7).  (4)  Edward,  married 
Penelope,  widow  of  Sir  WiUiam  Brooke,  and 
was  the  father  of  Edward  Russell,  earl  of 
Orfofd  fq*  v.]  Bedford's  four  daughters  were : 
(I)  Catherine,  who  married  RoMrt  QreviUe, 
seeond  lord  Brooke  [a. v.];  (2)  Anne,  who 
mamed  Qeotae^  lorci  I^igby.  afterwards 
second  Earl  of  Bristol ;  (8)  Margaret,  who 
married  James  Ha^,  second  eail  <n  Carlisle, 
became  the  fifth  wife  of  Edward  Montaeue, 
earl  of  Manchester,  and  mamed,  thirdly,  Ko- 
bext  Bich^  fifth  earl  of  Warwick ;  ^4)  Diana, 
who  mamed  Francis,  lord  Newport  (  Wiffbk, 
iL  126, 160). 

Bedford'sportrait,  painted  by  Vandyckin 
16S6,  is  at  Wobum  Abbey.  It  was  engraved 
by  £U>abraken.  A  list  of  other  portraits  is 
given  by  Wt&n  (ii.  195). 

[Doyle's  OiBcial  Baronage;  OoUins^s Peerage, 
ed.  Dtydges ;  Wifien's  Memorials  of  the  House 
of  BnsseU,  1838 ;  Sanfoid's  Stadias  and  Xllos- 
tntioBS  of  the  Groat  Bebellion,  1868,  p.  286; 
The  Earl  of  Bedford's  Passage  to  the  highest 
Court  of  Parliament^  4to,  1641,  a  pamphlet  on 
Bedford's  death.]  G.  H.  F. 

HTJSRELL,  FRANOIS,  fifth  Ditkb  o9 
Bbdiobd  (1766-1802),  baptised  at  St.  Giles- 
in-the-IleldB  on  23  July  1766,  was  son  of 
Franeis  Russell,  marquis  of  Tavistock,  who 
was  killed  by  a  fall  from  his  horse  on 
22  March  1767.  His  mother,  Elizabeth, 
nxth  dauffhter  of  William  (Keppel),  second 
earl  of  ^bemarle,  died  of  consumption  at 
Lisbon  on  2  Nov.  1768,  aged  28.  Succeeding 


his  grandfather,  John  Russell,  fourth  duke  of 
Bedford  [q.  v.],  in  1771 ,  he  was  educated  for  a 
time  at  Loughborough  House,  near  London, 
and  was  admitted  on  SO  May  1774  to  West- 
minster School.  He  entered  Trinity  Ool- 
lege,  Cambridge,  in  1780.  The  greater  part 
of  1784  and  1786  he  spent  in  foreign  travel, 
returning  from  the  continent  in  August 
1786,  a  few  weeks  after  attaining  his  ma- 
jority. He  took  his  seat  in  the  House  of 
Lords  on  6  Dec.  1787. 

Bedford,  although  he  showed  much  cha- 
racter, owed  little  to  his  education.  At  the 
age  of  twenty-four  he  had  scarcely  ever 
opened  a  book.  He  told  Lord  Holland  (Af  e- 
mmrs  qftke  Whig  Forty,  L  78)  in  1798  that 
he  hesitated  to  address  the  House  of  Lords 
from  a  fear  of  exposing  himself  by  speak* 
ing  incorrect  English,  in  politics  he  shared 
the  whig  views  of  his  family,  and  accepted 
Fos  as  his  political  leader.  When,  in  1792, 
the  Duke  of*Portland  called  a  meeting  of 
the  whigs  at  Burlington  House  to  consider 
the  propriety  of  supporting  the  proclamation 
against  seditious  writings  and  democratic 
conspiracies,  Bedford  withdrew  on  learning 
that  Fox  had  not  been  invited.  An  intimacy 
with  Lord  Lauderdale  [see  Maitlaitd,  Jahbb, 
eighth  Eabl]  strengthened  his  attachment  to 
Fox,  and  encouraged  him  to  overcome  the 
defects  of  his  education.  He  soon  nerved 
himself  to  take  a  part  in  debate,  and  be- 
came in  the  course  of  two  sessions  a  leading 
debater  in  the  House  of  Lords.  Deficient  in 
wit  and  imagination,  though  exceptionally 
fiuent,  he  was  not  a  lively  speaker,  but  by 
perspicuity  of  statement  and  solidity  of  argu- 
ment he  arrested  the  attention  of  his  audience. 
He  had  another  ffreat  defect:  he  always 
seemed  '  to  treat  the  understandings  of  his 
adversaries  with  contempt,  and  the  decision 
and  even  the  good  will  of  the  audience  which 
he  addressed  with  utter  indifference '  (LoBD 
Holland). 

When  the  bill  for  suspending  the  Habeas 
Gon>us  Act  was  passed,  on  2^  May  1794, 
Beaford  signed  a  nrotest  with  four  other 
peers.  A  few  days  later  he  brought  forward 
a  motion  for  peace  which  had  been  pre- 
viously submitted  by  Fox  to  the  other  house 
and  rejected  by  a  large  majority.  It  was 
defeated  in  the  lords  by  113  to  13.  In  No- 
vember 1796  he  strenuouslv  opposed  the 
ministry's  bill  extending  the  law  of  treason. 
But  when  Pitt  appealed  for  the  mat  loan  of 
18^000,000/. at 6  percent.,  the  diuce, '  though 
in  strenuous  opposition,  subscribed  100,000/. ' 
(Stakhopb). 

Bedford  joined  the  circle  of  the  Prince 
of  Wales's  mends,  and  was  one  of  the  two 
unmarried  dukes  who  supported  him  at  his 

7  72 


Russell 


43^ 


Russell 


marriage  to  the  PrinceBS  Caroline  of  Brona- 
wick  on  8  April  1795.  '  My  brother/  writea 
Lord  John  Russell, '  told  me  that  the  prince 
was  60  drunk  that  he  could  scarcely  support 
him  from  falling'  (Lobd  Holland). 

Some  serere  strictures  passed  by  Bedford 
on  the  grant  of  a  pension  to  Burke  incited 
Burke  to  publish  in  1796  his  famous  *  Letter 
to  a  Noble  Lord  on  the  Attacks  made  upon 
him  and  his  Pension  in  the  House  of  Lords 
by  the  Duke  of  Bedford  and  the  Earl  of 
Lauderdale,  early  in  the  present  Sessions  of 
Parliament,  1796.'  Burke  steeped  his  pen  in 
gall,  and  drew  a  parallel  between  his  own 
pension  and  the  grants  to  the  house  of 
xinssell  which  'were  so  enormous  as  not 
only  to  outrage  economy,  but  even  to  stagger 
credibility.  The  duke  is  the  leviaman 
amon^  the  creatures  of  the  crown.  . .  .  Hu^ 
as  he  18,  he  is  still  a  creature.  His  ribs,  his 
fins,  his  whalebone,  his  blubl^jBr,  the  very 
spiracles  through  which  he  spouts  a  torrent 
01  brine  a^inst  his  origin,  and  covers  me 
all  over  with  the  spray— everything  of  him 
and  about  him  is  from  the  throne.  Is  it  for 
him  to  question  the  dispensation  of  the 
royal  favour  P  Mine  was  from  a  mild  and 
benevolent  sovereign,  his  from  Heniy  the 
Bighth.'  The  <  Anti-Jacobin  '  versified 
Burke's  attack,  and  in  the  '  New  Morality ' 
apostrophised  the  duke  as 

Thou  Leviathan,  on  ocean's  brim, 
Hugest  of  things  that  sleep  and  swim; 
Thou,  ill  whose  nose,  bv  Barke's  gigantic  hand 
The  hook  was  fixed  to  drag  thee  to  the  land. 

Gillray  followed  up  the  attack  in  a  cari- 
cature called  '  The  Republican  Rattlesnake 
Fox  fascinating  the  Bedford  Squirrel  ' 
(16  Nov.  1796).  The  duke,  with  unpowdered 
hair  and  a  squirrel's  body,  is  falling  into  the 
capacious  jaws  of  the  rattlesnake  coiled 
round  the  tree. 

On  SO  May  1797  the  duke  moved  an 
address  to  the  king  praying  him  to  dismiss 
his  ministers.  It  was  negatived  bv  94  to 
14 ;  the  protest  was  signed  only  by  the  duke 
and  LoraChedworth.  Later  in  the  year  the 
ill-advised  secession  of  the  opposition  from 
parliament  was  largely  due  to  nis  initiative. 
On  22  March  1798  he  repeated  his  motion 
for  the'  dismissal  of  the  ministry,  and  in  June 
he  si^ed  two  protests  against  the  methods 
used  in  repressing  the  rel^Uion  in  Lreland. 

Bedford  directed  many  changes  and  altera^ 
tions  on  his  property  at  Wobum  and  in 
London.  At  Wobum  the  great  stables, 
which  were  originally  part  of  the  cloisters 
of 'the  abbey,  were  replaced  by  a  suite  of 
rooms.  In  London,  Beaford  House,  Blooms- 
buiy,  built  by  Inigo  Jones,  with  its  gardens, 


was  demolished.  The  pictures  and  statues 
were  sold  on  the  spot  by  Christie  on  7  May 
1800,  and  Russell  Square  (one  of  the  largest 
in  London)  and  Tavistock  Square  were 
erected  on  the  site.  He  removed  his  Lon- 
don residence  to  Arlington  Street.  'The 
principal  employment  of  the  duke's  later 
years  was  agnculture '  ^Fox).  He  was  nomi- 
nated a  member  of  tne  original  board  of 
agriculture  in  1793,  and  was  first  president 
of  the  Smithfield  Club  (17  Doc  1798).  He 
established  a  model  farm  at  Wobum,  with 
*  every  convenience  that  could  be  desired  for 
the  breeding  of  cattle  and  experiments  in 
farming.'  He  himself  made  some  valuable 
experiments,  which  are  recorded  by  Arthur 
Toung  {Annals  of  Agriculture^  1796),  upon 
the  respective  merits  of  the  various  breeds 
of  sheep.  He  also  started  at  Wobum  annual 
exhibitions  of  sheep-shearing  which  lasted 
for  days,  and  to  wxiich  the  whole  agricul- 
tural world  was  invited.  Ploughing  and 
other  competitions  took  place,  wool  and  other 
products  were  sold,  various  exhibits  were 
made  and  prizes  given,  the  week  conclud- 
ing with  banquets  to  the  duke's  numerous 
guests  at  the  abbey. 

The  duke  died,  unmarried,  at  Wobum  on 
2  March  1802,  after  an  operation  for  strangu- 
lated hernia.  His  vrill  runs :  '  I,  Francis, 
Duke  of  Bedford,  do  gfive  all  my  personal 
estate  to  my  brother,  Lord  John  RusselL* 
five  thousand  pounds  was  paid  to  Fox  in 
accordance  with  his  last  wishes.  He  was 
buried  at  Chenies  on  10  March,  at  ni^ht. 
His  brother  John  succeeded  him  as  sixth 
duke  [see  under  Russell,  Lobd  Johk,  first 

Eabl  RrSSELL]. 

On  16  March  Fox,  in  moving  that  a  new 
writ  be  issued  for  the  borough  of  Tavistock 
in  the  room  of  Lord  John  Russell,  sixth  duke 
of  Bedford,  passed  a  long  and  eloquent 
eulogy  on  his  friend.  Tne  motion  was 
seconded  by  Sheridan.  Fox  sent  his  oration 
to  the  '  Monthly  Magazine,'  and  stated  that 
'  he  had  never  before  attempted  to  make  a 
copy  of  any  speech  which  he  had  delivered 
in  public'  The  report,  in  Fox's  handwriting, 
is  still  preserved  at  Wobum  (Stanhope). 

A  statue  by  Sir  Richara  Westmacott 
was  erected  to  the  duke  in  Russell  Square 
in  1809.  One  hand  is  resting  on  a  plough, 
while  the  other  holds  some  ears  of  com.  A 
bust  by  NoUekens  was  engraved  to  supply  a 
frontispiece  to  the  ^  General  View  or  the 
Anricultnre  of  the  County  of  Bedford' 
(1808).  At  Wobum  is  a  portrait  by  Hoppner. 

[Lord  Holland's  Memoirs  of  the  Whig  Party, 
1862;  Stanhope's  Life  of  Pitt,  1862;  Gnat 
Governing  Families  of  England ;  Thorold  Ro- 
gers's Protests  of  the  House  of  Lorda,  1876; 


Russell 


437 


Russell 


The  Anti-Jacobin  (Edmonds's  edit),  1890; 
Baike*s  Letter  to  a  Noble  Lord,  1796 ;  Recol- 
lections of  the  Table  Talk  of  Samuel  Rogers,  ed. 
M*ltbj,  1887 :  ParliamentarjHistorr ;  G.  £.  G/s 
Peersge  of  England;  Lysons's  Bedfordshire, 
1818;  BosweU's  Life  of  Johnson,  ed.  Hill;  Wif- 
fen*s  Historical  Memoirs  of  the  Hoase  of  Russell, 
1838 ;  Times;  Gent.  Mag. ;  Clarke's  Agricnltore 
and  the  Hoase  of  Rnssell,  1891  (re|^rinted  from 
Journal  of  Rojal  Agricultural  Society,  n.  8rd 
ser.  pt.  i) ;  iDformation  kindly  furnished  by  the 
proeent  Buke  of  Bedford  uid  the  Dowager 
boehees.]  £.  L.  R. 

BUBSELL,  LoBD  GEORGE  WILLIAM 
(1790-1846),  major-general,  was  second  son 
of  John,  sixth  doke  of  Bedford,  by  Geor- 
giana  Elisabeth  Byn^,  second  daughter  of  the 
fourth  Tiaoount  Tomngton.  Lord  John  Rus- 
sell (afterwards  Earl  Russell)  [q.  v.]  was  hia 
younger  brother.  He  was  bom  in  Harley 
Street,  London,  on  8  May  1790,  and  was 
educated  with  Lord  John  successiyely  at  a 
prirate  school  at  Sunbnry,  at  Westminster 
for  radier  more  than  a  jear,  and  at  Wood- 
nesborongh,  near  Sandwich.  To  his  brother 
Lord  Jo£i  he  was  through  life  warmly  at- 
tached. He  entered  the  army  as  comet  in 
the  1st  dragoonn  on  6  Feb.  1806,  and  became 
lieutenant  on  11  Sept.  He  took  part  in  the 
expedition  to  Copenhagen  in  1807  as  aide- 
de-camp  to  Sir  G.  Ludlow. 

On  25  March  1808  he  became  captain  in 
the  3Srd  dragoons,  and  went  with  that  re- 
giment to  Portugal  in  1809.  In  the  charge 
on  Villette'e  column  at  Talavera,  which  cost 
the  regiment  so  much  loss,  he  was  wounded 
and  nearly  taken  prisoner.  He  returned  to 
England  with  the  regiment  at  the  end  of  the 
year.  In  1810  he  went  back  to  the  Penin- 
sula as  aide-de-camp  to  Gtoeral  Graham  at 
Cadis,  and  was  present  at  the  battle  of  Bar- 
rosa<6  March  1811).  In  1812  he  became 
aide-de-camp  to  Wellington,  and  was  on  his 
staff  at  Vittoria,  Orthes,  and  Toulouse.  He 
was  sent  home  with  despatches  after  Tou- 
louse, and  received  a  brevet  lieutenant-colo- 
nelcj  and  medal  for  that  battle  (12  April 
1814).  He  had  become  major  in  the  102nd 
foot  on  4  Feb.  1818. 

Soon  after  his  marriage  in  1817  he  went 
to  Paris  as  aide-de-camp  to  Wellington,  who 
was  then  ambassador.  He  had  been  M.P. 
for  Bedford  while  serving  in  the  Peninsula, 
and  was  affain  returned  in  1818.  He  was  a 
staunch  adherent  of  the  whigs,  afterwards 
giving  his  brother  Lord  John  much  private 
encouragement  in  his  opposition  to  the  com 
laws.  In  1826  he  u^ged  his  brother  to 
master  the  Irish  question  and  identify  him- 
self with  it. 
On  28  Oct.  1824  he  obtained  the  command 


of  the  8th  (Royal  Irish)  hussars,  and  held  it 
till  November  1828,  when  he  retired  on  half 
pay.  Durinff  this  time  he  strongly  advocated 
a  revision  of  the  cavalry  reffulations,  which 
were  those  drawn  up  by  Saldem,  and  trans- 
lated by  Dundas  in  the  latter  part  of  the 
eighteenth  century.  He  wrote  several  times 
to  Wellington  on  the  subject,  and  sent  him 
a  paper  in  favour  of  formation  in  rank  entire, 
resting  his  argument  partly  on  his  own  ex- 
perience in  the  Peninsula.  The  duke  replied 
(81  July  1826) :  *  I  cannot  tell  you  with 
what  satisfaction  I  have  read  it,  and  how 
entirely  I  agree  in  every  word  of  it.  ...  I 
considered  our  cavalry  so  inferior  to  that  of  the 
French  from  want  of  order,  although  I  con- 
sider one  squadron  a  match  for  two  French 
squadrons,  that  I  should  not  have  liked  to 
see  four  British  squadrons  opposed  to  four 
French'  (WeUin^ton  DespateAe^^  Supple- 
mentary, xiv.  714,  728,  andSrdser.iiL  868). 

Russell  became  colonel  in  the  army  en 
22  July  1880  and  major-^nmal  on  28  Nov. 
1841,  but  had  no  further  military  employment. 
The  whi^  having  come  into  office  in  1880^  a 
diplomatic  career  opened  for  him.  He  was 
attached  to  the  mission  of  Sir  Robert  Adair 
to  Belgium  in  Julj  1881.  Thence  he  was 
sent  on  a  special  mission  to  Portugal,  where 
the  straggle  between  Don  Miguel  and  Donna 
Maria  was  in  progress ;  and  wnen  the  British 
ffovemmentreoo^ised  Donna  Maria  asqueen, 
he  became  British  minister  (7  Aug.  1838). 
Li  November  he  was  transferred  to  Wiirtem- 
berg,  and  on  24  Nov.  1886  he  succeeded  Lord 
Minto  as  ambassador  at  Berlin.  He  re- 
mained there  till  September  1841,  when  Sir 
Robert  Peel  returned  to  power,  and  he  r^ 
signed.  He  received  the  G.O J3.  (civil)  on 
19  July  1888,  and  the  order  of  Leopold  (first 
class)  m  1841. 

He  died  at  Gtenoa  on  16  July  1846,  and 
was  buried  in  the  Bedford  Ohapel  at  Ohenies 
church,  Buckinghamshire,  on  29  July.  He 
married,  on  21  June  1817,  Elizabeth  Anne, 
only  child  of  the  Hon.  John  Theophilus 
Rawdon,  brother  of  the  first  marquis  of 
Hastings.  It  is  to  this  ladv  that  Byion 
alluded  in  '  Beppo '  as  the  only  one  he  had 
ever  seen  '  whose  bloom  could,  after  dancing, 
dare  the  dawn.'  Her  beauty  was  equalled 
by  her  charm  of  manner  ana  oonversation. 
He  left  three  sons,  of  whom  the  youngest, 
was  Odo  William  Russell,  baron  Ampthill 
[q.  v.] 

The  eldest  son,  Fbakois  Ghablbb  ELast- 
iKos  RuBSBLL,  ninth  Dttkb  ov  Bediobd 
(181^1891),bom  inCurzonStreetonl60ct. 
1819,  entered  the  Scots  fusilier  jpuards  in 
1838,  but  retired  upon  his  marnage  after 
eix  years'  service.     In   1847   he   entered 


Russell 


438 


Russell 


parliament  u  member  for  Bedfordshire^  and 
represented  the  county  until  1872,  when 
(26  May)  he  succeeded  to  the  dukedom  of 
Bedford  on  the  death  of  his  first  cousin,  Wil- 
liam, the  eiffhth  duke,  son  of  Francis  and 
grandson  of  John,  the  sixth  duke  [see  under 
KussBLL,  John,  first  Eabl  RussbllI  In 
1879  he  succeeaed  the  Prince  of  Wales  as 
president  of  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society, 
and  he  carried  out  some  costly  experiments 
on  his  Wobum  estate  in  connection  with 
the  fertilisinff  properties  of  manures.  Some 
Tsluable  resmts  were  obtained  on  a  farm  of 
ninety  acres  dcTOted  to  experimental  pur- 
poses. The  duke  himself  had  a  keen  prac- 
tical knowledge  of  ensilage  and  stock-breed- 
ing. Though  bom  in  the  '  purple  of  whig- 
gism '  and  possessed  of  a  caustic  tongue,  he 
was  abnormally  shy  and  retiring,  and  took 
no  active  part  m  politics.  He  chiefly  occu- 
pied himself  in  superintending  the  manage- 
ment of  his  vast  properties  covering  about 
ninety  thousand  acres  m  Bedfordshire^i)e von- 
shiie,  Oambridffeshire,  Northamptonshire, 
Dorset,  Buckin^amshire,  Huntingdonshire, 
and  Cornwall.  He  presented  a  statue  of 
Bunyan  and  other  ffifto  to  the  town  of  Bed- 
ford, built  a  town^U,  and  executed  many 
improvements  on  his  property  in  and  about 
Tavistock,  and  also  on  nis  estates  in  the 
fens ;  but  he  was  taunted  by  the  press  (espe- 
ciallv  by  '  Punch ')  for  his  neglect  of  Oovent 
Garden  Market  and  the  important  property 
in  its  vicinity.  Over  a  million  sterling  was 
added  to  the  ducal  revenues  in  his  time  by 
the  fines  exacted  on  the  leases  feJlinf  due 
upon  his  Bloomsbury  estate.  Russell  was 
created  K.G.  on  1  Dec.  1880.  In  later  life 
he  became  a  pronounced  hypochondriac,  and, 
in  a  fit  of  aelirium,  while  suffering  £rom 
pneumonia,  he  shot  himself  through  the  heart 
at  his  house  at  81  Eaton  Square,  on  14  Jan. 
1891 ;  he  was  buried  at  Ghenies  three  days 
later.  He  married,  on  18  Jan.  1844,  Elizabeth 
Saokville-West,  eldest  da^hter  of  G^rge 
John,  fifth  earl  De  La  Warr.  She  was 
a  bridesmaid  and  subsequently  mistress  of 
the  robes  (1880-S)  to  Queen  Victoria.  There 
is  at  Wobum  Abbey  a  portrait  of  the  ninth 
duke  painted  by  George  Richmond  [q.  v.] 
in  1869.  He  was  succeed  in  the  dukedom 
by  his  eldest  son,  G«orge  William  Francis 
Sackville  Russell  (born  16  AprU  1862},  who 
jpnduated  B.  A.  from  Balliol  College,  Oxford, 
in  1874,  was  called  to  the  bar  from  Lincoln's 
Inn,  and  married  on  24  Oct.  1876  Lady 
Adeline  Mary  Somers-Oocks,  second  daugh- 
ter and  coheiress  of  Charles,  third  earl 
Somers.  He  represented  Bedford  in  parlia- 
ment from  1875  to  1886,  and  died  suddenly 
on  23  March  1893  leaving  no  issue.    H!e 


was  succeeded  by  his  brother  Herbrand 
Arthur,  the  eleventh  duke. 

[Gent.  Mag.  1846,  ii.  316;  Walpole's  life  of 
L(»d  John  Russell ;  HaydnV  Book  of  Dignities ; 
Cannon's  Records  of  the  Eighth  Hussars.  A 
memoir  of  Lady  W.  RusseU  was  printed  in 
1874.  For  eldest  son  see  Doyle's  Official  Baron- 
age; G-.  £.  C.'s  Peerage,  i.  803;  Times,  16  and 
19  Jan.  1891 ;  Illustrated  London  News,  24  Jan. 
1891;  Bateman*s  Great  Landowners,  4th  edit, 
p.  84  i  Scbarf  8  Cat  of  Pictures  at  Wobum  Ab- 
bey, pt  i.  p.  175  ;  Clarke's  Agriculture  and  the 
House  of  Russell,  1891 ;  Spectator,  7  Man^ 
1891,  an  estimate  by  Beinamin  Jowett,  master 
of  Balliol  College,  Oxford.]  £.  M.  L. 

T.S. 

RUSSELL,  Sib  HENRY  (1751-1836), 
first  baronet  of  Swallowfield,  Indian  judge, 
bom  at  Dover,  on  8  Aug.  1751,  was  third  son 
of  Michael  Russell  (1711-1703)  of  Dover, 
by  his  wife  Hannah,  daui^hter  of  Henry 
Henshaw.  The  Earl  of  Hardwicke  nonu- 
nated  him  in  1763  to  the  foundation  of  the 
Cnarterhouse,  and  he  was  educated  there 
and  at  Queens'  College,  Cambridge  (B.A. 
1772,  M.A.  1775).  Having  been  admitted 
a  member  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  20  June  1768,  he 
was  appointed  about  1775  by  Lord  Bathurat 
to  a  oommissionership  in  bankruptcv;  and 
was  called  to  the  bar  on  7  July  1783.  In 
1797  he  was  appointed  a  puisne  judge  in 
the  supreme  court  of  judicature,  B^igal, 
and  was  knighted.  He  reached  Calcutta  on 
28  May  1798.  In  1807  he  was  appointed 
chief  justice  of  the  supreme  court  in  place 
of  Sir  John  Anstrather.  On  8  Jan.  1808 
he  pronounced  judgment  in  a  case  that  at'- 
tracted  much  attention  at  the  time.  John 
Grant,  a  company's  cadet,  was  fotmd  guilty 
of  maliciously  setting  fire  to  a  native  s  hut. 
In  sentencing  him  to  death,  the  chief  justice 
said : '  The  natives  are  entitled  to  have  their 
characters,  property,  and  lives  protected  ; 
and  as  lon^  as  tney  exnoy  that  privilege  from 
us,  they  nve  their  anection  and  allegiance 
in  return '( Asiatic  Begister^  1808 ;  Cahutta : 
a  Foem,  London,  1811,  p.  109).  Russell's 
house  at  Calcutta  stood  in  what  is  now 
called  after  him,  Russell  Street  (^Calcutta 
RevieWy  December  1852).  Here,  on  2  March 
1800,  died  his  wife's  niece,  Rose  Aylmer, 
whose  memory  is  perpetuated  in  the  poem 
of  that  name  by  Walter  Savage  Landor. 

By  patent  dated  10  Dec  1812  Bussell 
was  created  a  baronet.  On  9  Nov.  1813 
(AvBBB,  AruUyM)  he  resigned  the  chief 
justiceship,  and  on  8  Dec.,  at  a  public  meet- 
ing in  the  town-haU,  Calcutta,  ne  was  pre- 
sented with  addresses  from  the  European 
and  native  residents;  the  latter  comparing 
his  attributes '  with  those  of  the  great  King 


Russell 


439 


Russell 


Nooehirran  the  Just'  {Calcutta  Oaxettey 
December  1813).  Writing  to  him  priyately 
on  8  Nov.  181dy  the  govemor-generaly  Lord 
Moiia,  spoke  of  his  '  able,  upricht,  and 
dignified  administration  of  justice,  and  like 
testimony  to  his  merits  was  formally  re- 
corded in  a  general  letter  from  the  Biengal 
r^Temment  to  the  conrt  of  directors,  dated 
Dec.  1813  (^India  Office  Beoorda).  Russell 
left  Galcntta  two  days  later,  and  on  his  re- 
turn to  England  the  East  India  Company 
awarded  him  a  pension  of  2,000/.  a  year. 
After  his  retirement  he  declined  his  brother- 
in-law  Lord  Whitworth's  offer  of  a  seat  in 
parliament,  as  member  for  East  Grinstead, 
a  pocket  borough  of  the  Sackville  family,  on 
the  ground  that  he  '  did  not  choose  to  be  any 

genUeman's  gentleman.'  On  27  June  1816 
e  was  sworn  a  member  of  the  privy  council. 
His  remaining  years  were  mainly  spent  at 
his  country  house,  Swallowfield  Park,  Read- 
ing, where  he  died  on  18  Jan.  1836. 

He  married,  on  1  Aug.  1776,  Anne,  daugh- 
ter of  John  Skinner  of  Lydd,  Kent ;  she  died 
in  1780,  and,  with  her  son  Henry,  who  died 
in  1781,  is  buried  at  Lydd,  where  there  is  a 
monument  to  her  memory  by  Flazman. 
Russell  married,  secondly,  on  23  July  1782, 
Anne  Barbara  (d,  1  Aug.  1814),  fifth  daugh- 
ter of  Sir  Charles  Whitworth,  and  sister  of 
Charles,  earl  Whitworth ;  and  by  her  had  ^ 
six  sons  and  five  daughters.  Three  of  the  . 
sons  entered  the  East  India  Company's  ser-  I 
▼ice.  Of  Sir  Henry  (1788-1852),  second 
baronet,  who  was  resident  at  Hyderabad  in 
1810,  Lord  Wellesley  said  that  he  was  the 
most  promising  young  man  he  knew;  he 
was  uither  of  Sir  Cmirles  Russell  [q.  v.] 
Charles  [d,  1866),  after  leaving  India,  was 
member  of  parliament  for  Reading;  and 
Francis  Whitworth  Russell  (1790-1862) 
died  at  Chittagong  on  26  March  1862. 

There  is  a  portrait  of  Russell,  by  G^ige 
Ohtnnery,  in  the  High  Court,  Calcutta ;  a 
replica  is  at  Swallo^eld  Park,  where  also 
are  portraits  of  him  by  Romney  and  John 
Jackson,  R.A. 

[Anthoritiefl  cited;  information  supplied  by 
the  judge's  grandson,  Sir  Qeorge  Bussell,  bart., 
■'  **.]  S.  W. 


BUSSELL,  JAMES  (1764^1836),  regius 
professor  of  clinical  surgery  in  Edinburgh 
tliUYersity,  bom  at  Edinburgh  in  1764,  was 
son  of  James  Russell,  professor  of  natural  phi- 
looophy  at  Edinburgh  University,  and  Marga- 
ret, daughter  of  James  Balfour  of  Pihig.  He 
was  educated  at  Edinburgh,  and  was  admitted 
a  fellow  of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons 
of  Edinburgh  on  11  July  1777.  In  1796-7 
he  was  president  of  the  College  of  Surgeons, 


and  he  materially  promoted  the  interests  of 
its  museum.  He  resided  at  first  in  St.  Andrew 
Square  and  subsequently  in  Abercrombie 
Place,  Edinburgh.  In  early  years  he  was 
surgeon  to  the  Royal  Infinnary,  and  soon 
afterwards  engaged  in  active  and  successful 
nractice.  From  1786  to  1803  he  gave  clinical 
lectures  in  practical  surgery  in  Edinburgh. 
In  1802  he  petitioned  the  town  council  to 
found  a  chair  of  clinical  surgery  under  the 
title  of  '  the  clinical  and  patnological  pro- 
fessorship of  surgery.'  The  chair,  founded 
entirely  through  his  exertions,  was  created 
in  June  1808,  with  an  endowment  of  60/.  a 
year  out  of  the  '  Bishops'  Rents,'  and  to  it 
he  was  appointed  on  7  July.  Sir  R.  Chris- 
tison  comments  on  the  '  singular  manner  in 
which  clinical  surgery  was  taught  by  him.' 
In  lecturing  he  merely  described  groups  of 
cases  which  had  come  under  his  notice.  He 
was  not  an  acting  surgeon  to  the  infirmary 
at  the  time,  as  the  clinical  professor  has 
always  been  since.  He  received,  however, 
the  appointment  of  permanent  consulting 
surgeon,  in  which  capacity  he  regularly  ac- 
companied the  attending  surgeons  in  their 
visits,  was  cognisant  of  all  that  went  on, 
and  was  in  some  measure  answerable  for  all 
acts  of  surgical  interference.  He  was  allowed 
by  the  acting  surgeons  to  lecture  on  the 
cases,  and  gave  much  useful  information 
to  well-attended  classes.  He  is  said  to  have 
been  a  somnolent  lecturer — a  quality  which 
was  fomented  by  an  eveninc'  class-hour,  and 
betrayed  by  an  inveterate  nabit  he  had  of 
'yawning  while  he  spoke,  and  continuing 
to  speak  while  he  yawned.'  In  1834,  when 
in  his  eighty-first  year,  with  the  sanction  of 
the  lord  advocate,  he  sold  his  chair  to  James 
Syme  for  300/.  a  year  for  his  lifetime.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  Philosophical  Society 
of  Edinburgh,  and  one  of  the  original  fel- 
lows of  the  Koyal  Society  of  Edinburgh;  he 
was  subsequently  vice-president  of  the  so- 
ciety, and  contributed  two  papers  to  the 
'Transactions':  (1)  'An  Account  of  Experi- 
ments on  Antimony,'  i.  16,  and  (2)  on  '  A 
Singular  Variety  of  Hernia,'  v.  28. 

He  was  all  his  life  much  interested  in  art 
and  literature ;  he  made  a  collection  of  pic- 
tures, including  old  masters,  which  was 
scarcely  excelled  in  Scotland.  He  also 
sketched  himself  in  crayons  and  sepia.  He 
used  to  have  fortnightly  suppers  at  his 
house,  and  there  entertained  many  of  the 
celebrities  of  '  old  Edinburgh,'  among  them 
Sir  Walter  Scott  (a  connection  of  his  wife's) 
and  Sir  William  Hamilton. 

Russell  was  a  member  of  the  church  of 
Scotland  and  a  conservative  in  politics. 
He  died  at  his  country  residencei  Bang- 


Russell 


440 


Russell 


holm  Bower,  on  Sunday,  14  Aug.  1836,  and 
was  buried  in    old  Qreyfriars  churchyaid, 

He  married,  on  21  Sept.  1798,  atDinlab^, 
near  Gastleton,  Liddesidale,  Roxburghshire, 
Eleanor,  daughter  of  William  Ouver  of 
Dinlabyre,  a  Unded  proprietor,  and  had  by 
her  a  family  of  five  sons  and  four  daughters. 
Mrs.  Russell  used  to  relate  how  Sir  Walter 
Soott  came  to  her  for  information  about 
Liddesdale  local  manners  and  customs  when 
he  was  writing  'Guy  Mannering.'  The 
fourth  son,  Frauds  Russell,  was  for  twenty- 
five  years  sheriff-substitute  of  Roxbuighshire. 

There  is  a  life-sized  oil  painting  of  Kussell 
by  Watson  Gordon  at  the  house  of  Dr.  F.  R. 
Russell  of  Guildford,  Surrey,  and  a  second 
oil  painting  by  Martin,  the  master  of  Rae- 
burn,  taken  in  youth,  along  with  his  father, 
the  professor  of  natural  philosophy,  which  is 
now  at  Churtwvnd,  Haslemere,  Surrey,  in 
the  possession  of  the  Rev.  J.  B.  Russell. 

Russell  published:  1.  'Practical  Essay  on 
a  Certain  Disease  of  the  Bones  termed  Ne- 
crosis,'8vo,  1794.  2.  'On  the  Morbid  Affec- 
tions of  the  Knee-joint,'  8vo,  1802.  3.  '  A 
Treatise  on  Scrofula,'  Svo,  1808.  4.  'A 
System  of  Surgery,*  4  vols.  8vo,  1809. 

[Biographical  Dictionary  of  Ltvini^  Authors, 
1816  ;  Sir  Alexander  Grant's  The  Story  of  the 
University  of  Edinburgh;  Life  of  frofessor 
8yme;  Bower's  History  of  the  University  of 
Edinburgh ;  Minutes  of  the  Royal  College  of 
Surgeons;  Edinburgh  Evening  Coumnt,  1836; 
private  information.]  W.  W.  W. 

RUSSELL,  JAMES  (1786-1851),  sur- 

S»on  and  philanthropist,  was  son  of  Qeorge 
ussell,  who  was  at  one  time  a-  prosperous 
merchant  in  Birmingham,  but  'who  was 
ruined  by  the  outbreak  of  the  American  war. 
His  mother  was  Martha,  daughter  of  John 
Skey,  and  sister  to  James  Sk^  of  Upton. 
He  was  grandson  of  Thomas  RusseU,  low 
bailiff  of  Birmingham.  His  father  and  others 
of  his  family  were  unitarians,  and  prominent 
members  of  Dr.  Priestley^s  congregation; 
the  house  of  his  uncle  (James  Russedl^  at 
Showell  Green  was  burnt  during  the '  Priest- 
ley Riots '  of  1791,  and  his  father's  house  was 
threatened. 

James  was  bom  on  19  Nov.  1786  at  1  New 
Hall  Street,  Birmingham,  and  was  edu- 
cated at  a  private  school  near  Warwick. 
He  became  the  pupil  of  Mr.  Blount,  the 
Birmingham  surgeon,  on  17  Nov.  1800,  and 
about  1806  he  proceeded  to  London,  where 
he  entered  as  a  student  at  Guy's  Hospital. 
He  received  his  diploma  from  the  Royal 
College  of  Surgeons  on  6  May  1808,  and 
obtained  the  post  of  'visiting  apothecary' 
to  the  Birmingham  Dispensary.  This  office 
he  resigned  on  SO  Sept.  1811.    The  winter 


session  of  1811-12  he  again  spent  in  Lon- 
don, attending  Abemetny's  lectures.  He 
had  to  borrow  money  in  order  to  pay  the  ex* 
pauses  of  his  education,  but  paid  it  off  at  the 
earliest  opportunity.  In  1812  he  settled  in 
practice  at  67  New  Hall  Street,  whence  he 
removed  to  No.  63  in  1821.  On  18  Jan.  1816 
he  was  elected  honorary  surgeon  to  the  Bir- 
mingham Dispensary,  a  post  which  he  held 
untU  9  Nov.  I82d;  he  also  held  the  office  of 
surgeon  to  the  town  infirmarv,  but  he  fEuled 
to  di>tain  election  on  the  staff  of  the  general 
hospital,  owing  mainly  to  the  fearleaa  ex- 
pression of  his  religious  opinions. 

When  sanitary  inspectors  were  appointed 
for  the  borough,  Russell  was  selected,  to- 
gether with  his  lifelong  friend  Mr.  Hodgson, 
to  discharge  the  duties  of  the  office,  which  he 
held  till  his  death.  Many  important  improve- 
ments in  the  sanitary  condition  of  Birming- 
ham originated  with  him,  especially  those  m 
relation  to  drainage  and  ventuation.  In  1851 
he  wrote  an  elaborate  report  on  the  '  Sanitary 
Condition  of  Birmingham,'  and  he  gave  evi- 
dence before  the  parliamentary  committee 
concerning  the  Birmingham  improvement 
bilL  Throughout  his  professional  career,  in 
addition  to  the  time  and  energy  which  he  gave 
to  charitable  institutions,  he  devoted  much  of 
his  time  to  the  relief  of  the  sick  poor.  To  mid- 
wifery he  devoted  special  attention,  and  he 
accumulated  many  valuable  and  interesting 
observations,  chiefly  of  a  statistical  character. 
He  left  behind  him  notes  of  upwards  of  2,700 
cases  of  midwifery  which  he  had  attended, 
and  he  published  in  the  '  Edinburgh  Medical 
and  Surreal  Journal '  a  paper  on  the  results 
of  his  nudwifery  practice.  He  took  an  active 
part  in  the  establishment  of  the  Medical 
Benevolent  Society  in  Birmingham,  and  all 
literary  and  scientific  bodies  there  derived 
much  assistance  from  him.  Of  the  Philoso- 
phical Institution  he  was  for  many  years 
treasurer.  He  delivered  lectures  before  the 
Philosophical  Institution  and  the  Literary 
Society  on  '  The  Influence  of  Certain  Occu- 
pations on  the  Health  of  the  Workpeople,' 
on  'The  Nature  and  Properties  of  the  Atmo- 
sphere,' on  'Natural  and  Artificial  Venti- 
lation,' and  '  On  some  of  the  more  aggra- 
vated Evils  which  affect  the  Poorer  Classes.' 
He  also  read  papers  in  1840  and  1841  on 
'Infanticide'  before  the  Liter^  Society, 
and  a  paper  on  '  The  Natural  History  and 
Habits  of  the  Tereti  Navalis.'  He  took  a 
prominent  part  in  establishing  the  Birming- 
ham Geological  Museum. 

He  was  a  liberal  in  politics,  and  took  an 
active  interest  in  the  passing  of  the  Reform 
Bill.  When  Earl  Grey  left  office  in  1831  he 
at  once — at  great  risk  of  ii\jury  to  his  practice 


Russell 


441 


Russell 


•^pablidy  enrolled  himself  as  a  member  of  I 
the  fiinungham  Political  Union,  under  the  I 
letdenhip  of  Thomas  Attwood.     On  the 
iutitation  of  the  fellowship  of  the  Royal  Col- 
Jeee  of  SaigeonS|  he  was  in  1843  selected  as 
tnllow. 

He  died  suddenly  on  24  Dec  1851,  and 
waa  buried  in  the  Tault  of  his  family,  under 
the  old  meeting-house,  on  81  Dec.  On  6  May 
1617  he  married  Sarah  Hawkes  of  Birming- 
ham, and  by  her  was  the  father  of  three 
childnn,  of  whom  the  eldest,  James  Bussell 
(d.  1885),  was  for  many  years  physician  to 
the  Biimingham  General  Hospital. 

An  oil  portrait  passed  to  the  possession  of 
Mr.  James  Russell  at  Edghaston,  Birming-' 
ham ;  it  was  engraved. 


[Lancet,  10  Jan.  1852;  Gent.  Mag.  1852; 
CbarchiU'i  Medical  Directory;  prirate  infbr- 
mition.]  W.  W.  W. 

RUSSELL,  JAMES  (1790-1861),  kw 
reporter,  bom  in  1790,  was  the  eldest  son  of 
Jamee  Russell,  esq.,  of  Stirling.  After  gra- 
duating with  distinction  at  Glasgow  Uni- 
Tenity,  he  was  called  to  the  English  har 
from  the  Inner  Temd|e  in  Jane  1822.  Having 
been  introduced  by  £^ry  Lascelles,  second 
earl  of  Harewood,  to  Lord  Eldon,  he  was  ap- 
pointed in  the  following  year  a  reporter  in  the 
courta  of  the  lord  chancellor  and  master  of 
the  rolls.  In  1824  he  became  sole  authorised 
reporter.  He  gradually  ac(|utred  a  large  chan- 
cerv  and  bankruptcy  vraotioe,  and  took  silk  in 
1841.  He  had  ceased  reporting  in  1884.  He 
ultimately  became  leader  of  Vice-chancellor 
Knight  Brace's  court,  but  oyerwork  destroyed 
his  eyesight,  and  for  some  years  before  his 
death  he  was  blind.  He  was  on  four  ooca- 
•iona  ssked  to  become  a  candidate  for  parlia- 
ment, but  declined  each  inyitation.  while 
not  a  brilliant  pleader,  Russell  held  a  high 
position  at  the  bar,  owing  to  his  learning 
and  acuteness. 

Besides  contributing  to  the  'Quarterly 
Beriew,' Russell,  togeUier  with  his  younger 
brother,  John  Russell  (see  below)  of  the 
Seots  bar,  waa  for  some  years  editor  of  the 
'Annual  Register.'  James  Russell  died  at 
Bozeth  House,  near  Hanow,  on  6  Jan.  1861, 
ud  was  buried  at  Kensal  Green.  He  mar- 
ried, in  April  1889,  Maria,  eldest  daughter 
of  the  Rev.  Robert  Oholmeley,  rector  of 
Wainfleet,  Lincolnshire,  by  whom  he  had 
iasae  three  sons  and  five  daughters. 

Russell  published :  1.  'Reports  in  Ohan- 
oerr,'  1826-8, 4  toIs.  8to,  and  2  parts,  vol.  y. 
l«i27-50.    2.  With  George  J.  Turner, '  Re- 

Jorts  in  Chancery,  1822-4,'  1882.    8.  With 
ames   W.  Mylne,  'Reports  in  Chancery, 
ia2a^l,  with  particular  cases  in  1882-8,^ 


2  Tols.  8yo,  1832-7.  All  these  volumes  were 
reprinted  in  America. 

The  reporter's  brother,  John  Russell,  pub- 
lished in  1824  an  account  of '  A  Tour  in  Ger- 
many and  some  of  the  Southern  Provinces 
of  the  Austrian  Empire,'  which  was  highly 
praised  by  Christopher  North  in  'Noctes 
Ambrosiams'  (August  1824),  and  by  Chan- 
cellor Kent.  A  second  edition  appeared  in 
1825,  in  2  vols.,  and  an  American  edition  at 
Boston  the  same  year.  In  1828  a  reprint, 
with  additions,  formed  vols.  xiz.  and .  zxx. 
of '  Constable's  Miscellany.'  He  was  called 
by  Lord  Robertson  *  the  Globe  and  Traveller,' 
on  account  of  his  round  bald  head.  Hisfriend 
Jordan  says  he  was  *  exceedingly  well  in- 
formed, and  a  most  agreeable  companion.' 

[Solicitors*  Journal  and  Reporter,  13  Jan. 
1861;  Law  Times,  16  Feb.  1861;  Ann.  Beg. 
1861,  Append,  to  Chron.  p.  488 ;  Wallace's  Re- 
porters; Marvin's  Leoal  Bibl.  (which  gives 
christian  name  wrongly);  Sweet*sGat.  of  M<klem 
Law  Books;  Catalogues  of  Brit.  Ma&,  Edin- 
burgh Advocates'  lihr.  andlneorp.  Law  Society ; 
AUibone's  Diet  Engl.  Lit'iL  1897-9;  Jerdnn's 
Autobiogr.  ir.  180.]  a.  Lb  G.  N. 

RUSSELL,  JOHN  (Jt.  1460},  author  of 
a  'Book  of  Nurture,'  was  usher  m  chamber 
and  marshal  in  hall  to  Humphrey,  duke  of 
Gloucester,  and  evidently  took  great  in- 
terest in  his  various  duties.  He  made  his 
experience  serve  as  the  basis  of  a  handbook 
of  contemporary  manners  and  domestic 
management,  which  he  entitled  a  '  Book  of 
Nurture.'  He  probably  derived  much  from 
an  earlier  work  with  like  views,  which  is 

S reserved  at  the  British  Museum  as  Sloans 
[S.  2037.  The  copy  of  his  work  in  Sloane 
MS.  1815  seems  to  represent  it  in  its 
oriffinal  shape,  while  that  in  the  Harleian 
Ms.  4011  embodies  a  later  revision.  The 
'Book  of  Nurture'  has  been  edited  from 
Harleian  MS.  4011  by  Dr.  Fumivall  for  the 
Rozburghe  Club,  London,  1867,  4to,  and 
for  the  Early  English  Text  Society  in  <  The 
Babees  Book,'  8vo,  1868.  It  gives  a  com- 
plete picture  of  the  household  fife  of  a  noble 
firom  a  servant's  point  of  view ;  setting  out 
the  duties  of  a  butler,  the  way  to  lay  a  table, 
the  art  of  carving,  and  other  particulars. 
The  manuscript  has  no  title.  '  Parts  of  Rus- 
sell's work  are  to  be  found  in  the  'Boke 
of  Keruynge,'  printed  by  Wynkyn  de  Worde 
in  1613. 

[Edition  of  Russell's  Book  of  Nurture  in  the 
Roxburghe  Club.]  W.  A.  J.  A. 

RUSSELL,  Sib  JOHN  (^.  1440-1470), 
speaker  of  the  House  of  Oonunons,  was  son 
of  Sir  Henry  Russell,  a  west  of  England 
knight  who  had  fought  in  France  in  the 


Russell 


442 


Russell 


hundred  yean'  war,  who  was  seyeral  timeB 
M.P.  for  iJorchester  and  once  for  Dorset,  and 
who  married  a  lady  of  the  family  of  Goafrey 
of  Hampshire.  John  was  a  member  of  parlia- 
ment in  1428,  when  he  was  chosen  speaker 
of  the  House  of  Commons  {Statutes  of  the 
Eealnij  ii.  216>  &c.)  He  was  again  speaker 
in  1432,  and  a  third  tii&e  in  1460.  The  in- 
quisition post  mortem  on  one  John  Russell, 
whose  lands  were  in  Wiltshire,  was  taken 
in  1473.  The  spei^er  is  doubtfiilly  said  to 
haye  had  two  sons,  John  and  Thomas.  John 
(1432P-1606)  married  Elizabeth,  daujHhter  of 
John  fVozmere  of  Frozmere  Oourt,  WfHtses- 
tershire,  and  by  her  left  two  daughters  and  a 
son  James  {d,  1609) ;  the  latter  was  father ' 
of  John  Russell,  first  earl  of  Bedford  [q.  y.] 

[Wiffen's  House  of  Bussell,  i.  162;  Lipscomb's 
Bnckinghamshire,  i.  248 ;  Hutchins's  I)k>rset.,  ii. 
782  (which  does  not  credit  Russell  with  the  an- 
cestry of  the  earls  and  dukes  of  Bedford) ;  Rolls 
of  Pari.  iv.  198,  200 ;  Inqoisitiones  post  mortem, 
IT.  859 ;  Ramsay's  Lancaster  and  York ;  Man- 
ning's Speakers  of  the  House  of  Commons.] 

W.  A.  J.  A. 

RUSSELL,  JOHN  (d.  1494),  bishop  of 
Lincoln  and  chancellor  ofRx^land,  wasbom 
in  the  parish  of  St.  Peter  Oheeshill,  Win- 
chester. There  does  not  appear  to  be  any 
authority  for  connecting  him  with  the  Dorset 
family  from  which  the  dukes  of  Bedford  de- 
scend and  which  bears  a  different  coat-of- 
arms.  Russell  entered  at  Winchester  Col- 
lege in  1443,  and  in  1449  became  fellow  of 
New  College,  Oxford.  He  disputed  as  ULB. 
on  13  March,  and  as  LL.D.  on  16  Dec.  1459 
(BoASB,  Iteg.  Univ,  Oxen,  p.  33,  Ozf.  Hist. 
Soc)  He  was  moderator  in  the  canon  law 
school  in  1461  (Wood,  Hist,  and  Antig.  ii. 
769),  and  in  the  following  year  resigned  his 
fellowship  and  apparently  left  Oxford.  On 
28  Feb.  1466  he  was  appointed  archdeacon 
of  Berkshire  (Le  Nbye,  Fastif  ii.  636).  He 
had  probably  already  entered  the  royal  ser- 
yice,  and  in  April  1467  was  at  Bruges  on  an 
embassy  to  the  Duke  of  Burgundy.  In 
January  1468  he  was  employed  in  the  ne- 
gotiation of  the  marriage  of  Charles  the 
Bold  with  Margaret,  sister  of  Edward  IV 
{FcBdera,  xi.  690,  601).  He  was  one  of  the 
enyoys  sent  to  inyest  Charles  with  the  order 
of  the  Garter  in  February  1470.  In  February 
1471,  during  the  restoration  of  Henry  VI,  he 
was  employed  in  treating  with  France ;  and  in 
March  1472,  when  he  is  styled  secondary  in  the 
office  of  the  priyy  seal,  was  again  employed 
in  an  embassy  to  Burgundy  (tb,  xi.  661, 682, 
787).  He  probably  suoceeaed  Archbishop 
Thomas  Rotherham  [q.  y.^  as  keeper  of  the 
priyy  seal  in  May  1474,  and  is  so  designated  on 
26  Juneof  that  year  (1^.  xi.  791).    On  29  June 


1474  he  was  sent  to  negotiate  a  marriaffe  be- 
tween the  king^s  daughter  Cicely  and  James, 
son  of  the  king  of  Gotland  (ib,  xL  814). 

Russell  was  rector  of  To woester  on  6  Aug. 
1471  (T^mirBB,  p.  647),  and  receiyed  the 

frebend  of  Mora  at  St.  Paul's  on  9  July 
474  (Lb  Nbvb,  iL  411).  On  6  Sent.  1476 
he  reo^yed  custody  of  the  temporalities  of 
Rochester  (Fcsderaf  xiL  31),  ana  was  conse- 
crated bishop  of  tluLt  see  by  Cardinal  Bour- 
chier  on  22  Sept.  (Stubbs,  Meg,  8acr.  Angl. 

5. 71).    Through  a  confusion  with  his  pre- 
ecessor,  John  Alcock  [q.y.l  ^^  is  sometimes 
said  to  haye  been  preceptor  of  the  young 
Prince  of  Wales.    On  14  Dec.  1478  he  was 
employed  to  treat  for  a  mairiage  between 
Earl    Riyers    and    Margaret   of   Scotland 
{Fo&deraf  xiL  171).    In  1480  he  was  trans- 
lated to  the  see  of  Lincoln,  receiying  the 
temporalities    on    9    Sept.    {ib.    xii.    136). 
Russell  was  one  of  the  executors  of  the  will 
of  Edward  IV,  and  took  part  in  the  funeral 
ceremonies  for  that  king  on  17-19  April 
1483  (Gaibdnbb,  Letters,  &c.,  i.  5-9 ;  Arckeeo' 
lo^f  i.  362-6).    Up  to  this  time  he  had  re- 
tained his  office  as  keeper  of  the  priyy  seal, 
but  before  13  May  he  was  made  chancellor, 
though  ^parently  he  accepted  this  new  post 
with  great  reluctance  (Ramsat,  ii.  473, 481). 
He  seems  to  haye  supported  Richard  of 
Gloucester,  and  was  employed  with  Oardinal 
Bourchier  to  induce  the  queen  to  surrender 
the  little  Duke  of  York(Cb»^.  CroylandCkrtm. 
666;  JBxoerpta Historioa^^AQ),    Aooording 
to  Polydore  V  ergn  (p.  643,  ed.  1666),  Richard 
ayoided  summoning  RusiseU  to  the  ooimcil 
when  Hastings  was  arrested.    Russell  sat 
as  a  judge  in  chancery  on  22  June,  and  on 
27  June,  the  day  after  Richard  III  assomed 
the   crown,  was    confixmed    in    his  office 
(FoBderOj  xii.  186, 189).    In  October  he  was 
lying  ill  in  London,  and  the  seal  was  for  a 
tune  taken  into  the  king's  hands  to  be  used 
during  Buckingham's  rebellion  (£li<is,   L 
169).    It  was,  howeyer,  restored  on  26  Noy^ 
and  as  chancellor  Ruasdl  opened  parliament 
with  the  customary  speech  on  23  Jan.  1484 
(Bolls  of  Parliament,  yi.  237).  He  seems  to 
naye  been  trusted  by  Richard,  and  in  Sept- 
ember 14dl  was  employed  in  the  negotia- 
tions with  the  Scots  at  Nottingham,  and  in 
Noyember  in  those  with  Brittany  (Qai&dkhb, 
Letters,  &c.,  i.  64-7 ;  Fcedera,  xii.  260).  But 
on  29  July  1486  the  seal  was  taken  out  of 
his  hands  (ib,  xii.  271),  apparently  throush  a 
suspicion  that  he  fayoured  Henry  of  Xticb- 
mond.    At  all  eyents,  Russell  was  favour- 
ably regarded  by  Henry  VII,  and  was  not 
only  a  trier  of  petitions  in  the  parliancient 
of  Noyember  1486,  but  was  also  employed  in 
the  negotiations  with  the  king  of  Scoto  and 


Russell 


443 


Russell 


with  ^ttany  in  July  1486  (ib.  ziL  286, 803; 
816;  CiJfFBBLLy  i.  480,  608,  616).  He  was 
pneeat  at  the  chriBtening  of  Prince  Arthur 
in  Septemher  1486  (  Three  FifUenth-Century 
Ckromelea,  pp.  104-^,  Camden  Soc.)  In  July 
14^  he  was  a  eommissioner  of  peace  in 
Leicestershire  (Oavpbbll,  ii.  480). 

The  last  years  of  Russell's  life  were  chiefly 
spent  in  his  diocese.  About  the  end  of  1488  he 
had  been  choeen  chancellor  of  the  university 
of  Oxford,  and.  havinff  been  regularly  re- 
elected down  tohis  death,  is  reckoned  the  first 
of  the  perpetual  chancellors  (Wood,  FMti,  n. 
61,  Btst,  and  Antia,  i.  661\    Mr.  Maxwell- 
Lyte  thinks  Russell  gave  little  attention  to 
tlie  university,  and  tells  a  story  of  how  on  one 
occasion,  when  invited  to  come  to  Oxford  on 
his  way  north  from  London,  he  refused  because 
he  was  travelling  in  ordinarv  riding  attire, 
without  the  insi^^aof  his  office  (^Htet  Univ, 
0:r/W(l,p.876).  But  the  conclusion  seems  to 
be  scarcely  justified  by  other  facte.    In  May 
1487  Russell  resigned  the  chancellorship, 
but  was  pressed  to  take  office  again,  and  was 
re-elected,  though  not  without  opposition 
(Wood,  JPlEutifja.  66).    In  1488  he  accom- 
panied Henry  V II  on  his  visit  to  the  uni- 
versity.   He  contributed  to  the  repair  of  the 
common-law  school  in  1489,  and  his  arms  ap- 
pear in  the  roof  of  the  divinity  school.  An  or- 
dinance ofRussell's  on  the  duties  of  the  bedells 
and  the  grammar  masters  is  printed  in '  Muni- 
menta  Academica,'  pp.  862-3  (Rolls  Ser.) 
Russell  himself  records  that  he  was  much 
troubled  hj  heresy  at  Oxford,  and,  finding 
the  '  Doctnnale '  of  Thomas  Netter  [q.  v.] 
very  valuftble,  made  a  collection  of  excerpts 
therefrom  ibr  the  use  of  his  successors  at 
Lincoln.     In  1494  Russell  contemplated  re- 
signing his  chancellorship;  but,  before  his  in- 
tention oould  take  efiect,  he  died  at  his  manor 
of  Nettleham  on  30  Dec.  1494,  and  was  buried 
b  a  chantry  that  he  had  built  at  Lincoln 
Cathedral.    His  will,  dated  on  the  day  of 
his  death,  was  proved  on  12  Jan.  following 
(La  Nbfvb,  ii.  20). 

Sir  Thomas  More  describes  Russell  as  '  a 
wise  maiuie  and  a  good,  and  of  much  ex- 
perience, and  one  of  the  best-learned  men, 
undoubtedly,  tiliat  England  had  in  hys  time.' 
Several  manuscripts  that  once  belonged  to 
Russell  are  preserved ;  the  copy  of  Matthew 
Paris  in  Mo.  Royal  14  0.  vii.  contains  his 
autograph;  and  the  copy  of  the  'Mores 
Historiarum'  in  Cotton  MS.  Nero,  D.  il, 
containa  some  marginal  notes  by  him;  a 
copy  of  *  C&eero  De  Offidis '  in  the  Uambrid^ 
Univeraitv  library  has  an  inscription  that  it 
was  bought  by  Russell  at  Bruges  on  17  Aj>ril 
1467 ;  Cotton  MS.  Vesp.  E.  xii.,  a  manuscript 
of  the  Liatin  poems  attributed  toWalter  Map, 


has  the  autograph  'Le  RusceUuv  Je  suis  Jo. 
Lincoln,  1482^  (printed  in  facsimile  in 
Nichols's  *  Auto^aphs,*  1829,  plate  8). 
The  same  motto,  with  the  device  of  a  throstle 
and  the  roses,  is  figured  in  bosses  at  Buckden 
Palace.  Russell's  arms  were  azure,  two 
chevroneU  or  between  three  roses  argent. 
His  epitaph,  which  summarises  his  bio- 
graphy, begins : 

Qui  sum,  qiUB  mihi  sors  faerat  narrabo.  Johannes 
Russell  sum  dictus,  nomen  serrans  genitoris. 

It  is  printed  in  many  places  (e.g.  Bladbs's 
Life  ofCaxtMiy  ii.  80 ;  OranU  of  Edward  F, 

S.  xxxvi).    Russell  gave  some  books  to  New 
olle^e  library  in  1&8,  and  bequeathed  40/. 
to  Winchester  College. 

Russell  wrote :  1:  '  Super  Jure  CsBsaris  et 
papa.'  2.  <  Commentarii  in  Oantica.'  Bale 
says  that  he  had  seen  these  two.  8. '  Lectura 
in  sexlibros  Clementinarum.'  4.  'Injunc- 
tiones  Monachis  Burgi  S.  Petri,'  1483*,  MS. 
Lambeth^  36.  6.  'Excerpta  ex  Libro  T. 
Waldensis  de  SaoramentaliDus,'  MS.  Univer- 
sity College,  Oxford.  Russell  says  that  he 
compiled  this  at  Wobum  in  eight  weeks  and 
finished  it  in  January  1492.  Of  more  interest 
than  the  foregoing,  which  are  all  that  Bale 
gives,  are  6.  *  Propositio  Clarissimi  Oratoris 
MagistriJohannis  Russell.'  This  is  the  speech 
delivered  by  Russell  on  the  occasion  of  his 
embassv  in  February  1470  to  invest  Charles 
the  Bold  with  the  uarter.  This  speech  was 
printed  with  Caxton's  type,  No.  2,  probably 
at  Bruges  by  Colard  mansion  for  Caxton, 
though  it  has  sometimes  been  regarded  as  an 
early  production  of  Caxton's  own  press  at 
Westminster.  It  consists  onlyof  four  pinted 
leaves  with  no  title-jMige.  Two  copies  are 
known  to  exist,  one  in  the  John  Rylands 
library  at  Manchester ;  the  other  in  the  Earl 
of  Leicester's  library  at  Holkham.  A  facsimile 
of  the  first  na^  is  given  in  Bladee's  '  Life  of 
Caxton,'  vol.  i.  plate  vii.  The  speech  is  re- 
printed in  Dibdin's  edition  of  Ames's  '  Typo- 
graphical Antiquities.'  7.  'Two  Speeches 
tor  the  Opening  of  Parliament :  i.  For  the  in- 
tended Parliament  of  Edward  V;  ii.  For  the 
first  Parliament  of  Richard  II.'  Of  this  latter, 
which  is  imperfect,  more  than  one  draft 
exists.  The  speeches  and  drafts,  which  are 
in  English,  are  printed  in  Nichols's  '  Grants 
of  Edward  V/ PP«  xxxix-lxiii,  from  Cotton. 
MS.  Vitellius  E.  x.  8.  In  the  same  manu- 
script with  these  speeches  are  some  Latin 
sermons,  which  may  probably  be  by  RusselL 

[Oairdner's  Letters  and  Papers  illustrative 
of  the  Reigns  of  Richard  III  and  Henry  VII, 
Campbell's  Materials  for  a  History  of  Henry  V 11, 
Mummenta  Academica  (these  three  in  Rolls  Ser.) ; 
Nichols's  Grants  of  Edward  V  (Camden  Soc); 


Russell 


444 


Russell 


More's  History  of  Ediraid  V;  Continuation  of 
Crojland  Chronicle  ap.  Gale's  Scriptores,  i.  682- 
593 ;  Bentle/sExcerpta  Historiea^pp.  16-17,  two 
letters  by  Busseirs  servant,  Stalworth;  Ellis's 
Original  Letters,  2nd  ser.  i.  156-66;  Ilymer's 
Fcsdera,  orig.  edit.;  Bolls  of  Parliament,  vi.  122, 
202, 287, 268, 386, 441 ;  Wood's  History  and  An- 
tiqaities  of  the  University  of  Oxford,  and  Fasti, 
ed.  Gntch ;  Kirby's  Winchester  Scholars,  and  An- 
nals of  Winchester  College ;  Tanner's  Bibl.  Brit.- 
Hib.p.  647;  Fuller's  Worthies,  i.  404;  Godwin, 
De  P^ulibos,  pp.  209, 636 ;  Blades's  Life  and 
Typography  of  tSaxton,  ii.  29-31 ;  Bamsay's 
Lanesfiter  and  York ;  Gurdnar^s  Life  and  Beign 
of  Richard  III ;  Campbell's  Lives  of  the  Chan- 
oeUors;  Foss's  Judges  of  England;  other  au- 
thorities quoted.]  0.  L.  K. 

BUSSELL,  JOHN;  fiist  Eabl  of  Bbd- 
FOKD  (1486  P-1656),  wasson  of  James  Rossell 
(d,  1609),  by  his  &r8t  wife,  Alice,  daughter 
of  John  Wyse  of  Sydenham-Daxnerel,  De  von- 
shLre  [see  Kubbbll,  Sib  Jobii',^.  1440-1470]. 
The  family  was  well  established  in  the  west 
of  England,  as  can  be  seen  from  the  mar- 
riages of  its  fenmle  members  and  from  the 
lei:^hy  pedigree  with  which  the  first  earl  is 
usually  supmied  (Lipscomb,  Biukingham-' 
shircy  lii.  248).  John  Russell  is  said  to  have 
travelled  much  on  the  continent,  and  to  have 
learned  various  foreign  languages,  notably 
Spanish.  He  occupied  some  position  at  the 
court  in  1497,  and  Andrea  Trevisan,  the 
ambassador,  savs  that  when  he  made  his 
entry  into  London  in  1497,  Russell  and  the 
Dean  of  Windsor,  'men  of  ^freat  repute,' 
met  him  some  way"  from  the  city  (CaL  State 
Papers,  Venetian,  i.  764;  cf.  Rawbov  Bbowk, 
Despatches  of  Sebastian  Oiusiinian,  i.  84-6, 
and  esp.  p.  88).  In  1506,  when  the  Arch- 
duke Philip  was  cast  on  the  English  coast 
at  Melcombe  Regis,  Weymouth  (of.  BusoH, 
England  tmder  the  Tudors,  Engl.  tr.  pp. 
191  sqq.  and  872  sqck),  he  was  received  at 
Wolverton  by  Sir  Thomas  Trenchard,  a 
connection  of  the  Russell  family,  who  intro- 
duced young  Russell  to  him.  Russell  ac- 
companied the  archduke  to  Windsor,  and 
Henry  VII  made  him  a  gentleman  of  the 
privy  chamber.  ^ 

On  the  accession  of  Henry  Vili  Russell 
was  continued  in  his  emplovments,  and  be- 
came a  great  favourite  with  tne  king.  He  took 
part  in  the  amusements  of  the  court,  but  made 
himself  useful  as  well  as  amusing, '  standing,' 
Lloyd  says,  '  not  so  much  upon  his  prince's 
pleasure  as  his  interest.'  In  1613  he  went  on 
the  expedition  to  France  as  a  captain,  and 
distinguished  himself  at  the  sieges  of  The- 
rouenne  and  Toumay.  About  this  time  he 
was  knighted  {Letters  and  Papers,  li.  L 
2736).  In  November  1614  he  was  one  of 
the  sixteen  who  answered  the  challenge  of 


the  dauphin,  and  went  to  Paris  for  the  tour- 
nament. He  was  constantly  employed  on 
diplomatic  business  from  this  time  onwards. 
In  1619  he  was  again  in  the  north  of  France 
as  one  of  the  commissioners  for  the  surrender 
of  Toumay.  In  1620  he  was  at  the  Field 
of  the  Cloth  of  Qold.  In  1622  he  accom- 
panied Thomas  Howard,  earl  of  Surrey 
(afterwards  third  Duke  of  Norfolk)  [q.  v.J, 
on  the  naval  expedition  against  the  coasts  of 
France.  He  was  at  the  assault  and  sack  of 
Morlaix,  where  he  received  an  arrow  wound 
which  deprived  him  of  the  sight  of  his  right 
eye.  On  28  June  1623  he  was  made  knight 
marshal  of  the  household. 

In  the  diplomatic  negotiations  of  the  next 
few  years  Russell  took  an  important  part 
After  the  failure  of  Knight  he  was  sent  in 
June  1623  on  a  secret  mission  to  the  Duke 
of  Bourbon,  whom  Henry  wished  to  attach 
to  himself  in  his  war  with  the  king  of  France. 
Russell  travelled  by  way  of  Luxembourg, 
and  reached  Geneva  in  the  disguise  of  a 
merchant.     ELis  instructions  (see   Letters 
and  Papers,  u,  iL3217,  and  more  fully  Stats 
Papers,  vi.  163-7)  must  have  been  sent  after 
him,  as  they  are  dated  2  Aug.    At  Bouig- 
en-Bresse  he  was  met  by  Lam^re  and  taken 
into  the  heart  of  France  to  Gayete,  where, 
on  the  night  of  6-7  Sept.,  he  came  to  an 
agreement  with  Bourbon,  and  the  heads  of 
a  treaty  were  drawn  up  (see  Letters  and 
Papers,  n.  3307,  and,  fully.  State  Papers,  vL 
174r-6).  Hewas  back  in  England  by  20  Sept. 
{Letters  and  Papers,  n.  ii.  3346) ;  and  More, 
writing  to  Wolsey,  speaks  of  him  as  one  'of 
whose  well-achieved  errand  his  grace  taketh 
great  pleasure'  (B&bweb,  Henry    VILI,  L 
607).    As  under  the  agreement  Henry  was 
to  nnd  a  large  sum  of  ready  money  to  pay 
the  lansquenets,  Russell  set  off  in  Octob^ 
1623  with  12,000/.    On  1  Nov.  he  was  at 
Aynche,  and  on  11  Nov.  he  had  reached 
Besan^on  {Letters  and  Papers,  n.  iL  8440, 
3496,  3626 ;  it  looks  as  though  State  Papers^ 
vi.  No.  xc.  were  misdated).    There  he  re- 
mained for  some  months,  sending  valuable 
information  home.    There  was  a  aesigii  that 
Bourbon  should  visit  England,  but  in  1524  the 
duke  left  for  Italy,  and  Russell,  after  some 
interval,  was  directed  to  take  his  money  and 
join  him.     A  letter  from  Chambery,  dated 
31  July  1624,  gives  a  very  curious  account 
of  his  journey  there.    He  now  paased  on  to 
Turin  (6  Aug.),  remarking  in  a  letter  to 
Henry  that '  this  country  of  Fiedmcmt  is  very 
dangerous.'  At  the  end  of  the  month  Rusacdl 
joined  Bourbon  at  the  siege  of  MaraeilleB, 
and  he  acted  as  one  of  the  duke's  council. 
On  20  Sept.  he  left  the  camp,  and  sailed 
from  Toulon  to  Genoa  (for  the  relations 


Russell 


445 


Russell 


between  England  and  Bourbon  see  Bbbwbb, 
Henry  VIII,  chaps,  xr.  zvii.  xzi. ;  Mionbt, 
BitoUU  de  I^ran^  I  et  de  Charles  V,  ed. 
1876,  Tol.  i.  chaps,  y.  vi.^  At  Viterbo  he  met 
the  Turtopolier  of  the  Knights  of  St.  John, 
whobronght  him  more  money  from  England. 
The  disposition  of  the  money  sent  was  pnu^ 
ticslly  left  to  Russell's  discretion,  and  he 
judged  it  the  wisest  course,  though  he  had 
many  ra^j^^estions  to  the  contrary,  to  send  it 
homeagim.    After  visiting  Pope  Clement 
at  Rome,  he  went  to  Naples  m  January  1526. 
Clement  wss  by  this  time  in  alliance  with 
the  French,  and  the  French  were  hoping  to 
ndace  Nt]^es  (CfiEieHTOir,  Pdpacy,T.  251). 
Troops  were  moving  about  the  country,  and 
Rassell  had  his  share  of  danger.    He  was  at 
Rome  again  in  February,  and  decided  to  set 
off  for  £ngluid.    To  ayoid  the  French,  he 
started  for  Loretto,  but  was  driven  further 
afield.    While  in  this  plight  he  was  sum- 
moned back  to  Rome  by  John  Clerk  (d,  1541) 
[q.  tA  bishop  of  Bath  and  Wells,  and  reached 
It  after  many  perils.    He  received  new  in- 
itmctions,  and  was  present  at  the  battle  of 
PsTia  on  24  Feb.  1524-5.    For  a  long  time 
he  remained  at  Milan.    He  had  a  new  com- 
mission as  envoy  on  1  June  1525.    Journey- 
ing by  way  of  Bologna,  a  plot  to  capture 
him  and  send  him  away  to  France  seems  to 
hsTe  been  formed  there.    It  is  also  said  that 
he  was  delivered  from  his  foes  by  Thomas 
CromwelL     But  this  story,  which  forms  an 
incident  in  the  play  *  The  Life  and  Death 
of  Thomas,  Lord  Cromwell,'  does  not  agree 
with  what  we  know  of  Cromwell's  life  [see 
CftomrBLL,  Thomas,  Eabl  ot  EssbxI 

On  his  return  to  England  Russell  advanced 
hia  fortunes  by  marrying,  in  1526,  Anne, 
daughter  and  heiress  of  Sir  Ouy  Sapcote, 
widow  of  Sir  John  Broughton  and  of  Sir 
Riehard  Jemingham.    With  her  he  acquired 
Chenies,  Buckinghamshire,  which  Sir  Guy 
had  inherited.  But  he  was  soon  abroad  again. 
On  2  Jan.  1526-7  he  was  sent  as  ambassador 
to  Pope  Clement  (see  Cbeiohtoit,  Papacyt 
Toi.  T.  chap.  viii.  and  iz.)    Clement,  in  great 
tronble  after  the  plundering  of  Rome  by  the 
Golonna,  was  so  delighted  to  see  him,  espe- 
cially as  he  brought  aid  in  money,  that  ne 
offered  to  lodge  him  in  the  Vatican,  an 
honour  that  he  wisely  declined.     Russell 
eoald  do  nothing,  as  Wolsey  had  warned 
him  not  to  give  any  assurance  of  further 
help.    A  proof  of  his  capacity  is  afforded  by 
the  fact  tnat  he  was  employed  to  treat  in 
the  pope's  behalf  with  Lannoy,  the  imperialist 
eenend ;  but  though,  on  going  to  Cipriani,  he 
lonnd  Lannoy  wilting  to  enter  into  a  truce, 
he  urged  the  pope  not  to  make  peace  with- 
out consulting  hia  allies.    Russell  accord- 


ingly set  out  for  Venice,  but  on  his  way 
he  broke  his  leg,  and  had  to  send  on  his  pro- 
posals to  the  Venetians  by  Sir  Thomas 
Wyatt.  The  pope  meanwhue  did  not  wait 
for  an  answer  from  the  Venetians,  but  en- 
tered into  a  truce  with  Lannov  on  15  March, 
an  arrangement  against  which  Russell  vigo- 
rouidy  protested  on  his  return  to  Rome.  He 
left  Rome  just  before  the  sack  of  that  city, 
and  was  at  Savona  on  11  May.  He  is 
accused  of  having  tried  before  his  departure 
to  induce  Clement  to  raise  money  by  creating 
new  cardinals ;  to  this  proposal  the  pope  as- 
sentedy  but  not  until  it  was  too  late  for  the 
money  to  be  of  any  use.  Russell  also  while 
at  Rome  spoke  to  the  pope  in  favour  of 
Wolsey's  colleges. 

In  December  1527  Russell  was  once  more 
ordered  to  Italy,  but  he  returned  very  early 
in  1528.  A  dispute  with  Sir  Thomas  tilieney, 
who  was  suppOTted  by  Anne  Boleyn,  as  to 
the  wardship  of-  his  stepdaughters  was  the 
origin  of  Russell's  opposition  to  her  and 
her  party.  He  was  sheriff  of  Dorset  and 
Somerset  in  1528,  and  was  made  bailiff  of 
Burley  in  the  New  Forest  on  29  Aug.  1528. 
In  the  Reformation  parliament  of  1529  he 
sat  for  Buckingham.  That  he  was  treated 
with  great  confidence  by  Henry  can  be 
gathered  from  the  fact  that,  when  Henry 
sent  a  reprimand  to  Wolsey  in  1528,  he 
read  the  letter  to  Russell  before  despatch- 
ing it  (Fbibbmakh,  Anne  Boleyn,  i.  75). 
Russell  afterwards  wrote  in  kindly  terms 
to  Wolsev  (Brbwer,  Henry  VIII,  p.  288). 
He  gave  him  good  advice  before  his  nil,  and 
took  a  ring  from  the  king  to  him  on  1  Nov. 
1529.  Wolsey  was  grateful,  and  asked  the 
king  to  settle  20/.  a  year  upon  Russell  from 
the  revenues  of  Winchester  and  St.  Albans 
when  he  resigned  them.  Chapuys  says  that 
Russell  spoke  to  the  king  in  favour  of  W  olsey, 
and  was  disliked  by  Anne  in  consequence. 
In  1582  he  went  with  the  king  to  France. 

On  20  May  1586  Russell  was  present  at 
the  marriage  of  Henry  and  Jane  Seymour 
{BsKsma,  History  of  Itenry  VIII,  ed.  1572, 
p.  451).  He  took  an  active  part  in  the  sup- 
pression of  the  Pilgrimage  of  Grace ;  he  was 
with  Sir  William  Parr  at  Stamford  in  October 
1586,  and  went  among  the  rebels  in  die^gpiise. 
After  the  rebellion  was  over  he  was  a  com- 
missioner to  try  the  Lincolnshire  prisoners. 
'As  for  Sir  John  Russell  and  Sir  Francis 
Bryan,'  wrote  one  to  CromweU,  *  God  never 
died  for  a  better  couple.'  On  18  Oct.  1587 
he  was  made  comptroller  of  the  king's  houses 
hold.  He  assisted  at  the  execution  of  the 
abbot  of  Glastonbury  (Wbioht,  Letters  re- 
lating  to  the  Suppression  of  Monasteries, 
Camd.  Soo.  p.  259,  cf.  p.  261). 


Russell 


446 


Russell 


On  6  Not.  16S8  he  was  made  a  j^vy  coon- 
cilloTy  and  on  29  March  1539  he  was  created 
Bastm  Ruasell  of  Cheneys  (or  Ghenies). 
He  was  elected  K.Q.  on  24  April  1589. 
This  year  he  also  reomyed  several  yaluable 
appointments,  the  most  important  of  which 
was  that  of  high  stewara  of  the  duchy 
of  Cornwall,  in  1540  he  became  lord 
high  admiral  of  England,  and  lord-presi- 
dent of  the  counties  of  Deyon,  Dorset,  Conn 
wall,  and  Somerset,  whose  government  Henry 
was  tryinff  to  remodel ;  as  admiral  he  was 
succeeded  by  Lord  Lisle  in  1542.  On  7  Nov. 
15^  he  was  made  high  steward  of  Oxford 
University,  at  the  time  the  duties  were  more 
than  nominal  (Rashdall,  Unhenities  of 
Europe  in  the  Middle  Agee,  n.  ii.  410,  790), 
and  on  3  Dec.  he  became  lord  privy  seat 
When  the  Idng  invaded  France  in  1544, 
Russell  commanded  the  vanguard  (Dotlb; 
WIP7EV  says  the  rearguard ;  S,  Bawt,  Deux 
GentiUhommee  PoHes,  chap,  zi.)  The  fol- 
lowing year  he  was  occupied  in  putting  the 
sout^  coast  in  a  uosition  of  defence. 

When  Henry  died,  Russell  was  one  of  his 
executors,  and  he  took  an  important  part  in 
the  events  of  Edward's  reign.  He  was  lord 
high  steward  and  bearer  of  the  third  sword 
at  the  coronation,  became  a  privy  councillor 
on  13  March  1546-7,  and  was  one  of  those 
whom  Paget  declared  the  late  king  had  in- 
tended to  make  an  earl  with  200L  a  year. 
He  was  reappointed  lord  privy  seal  on  21  Aug. 
1547.  He  gave  good  advice  to  Seymour 
about  his  marriage  projects,  but  he  took  part 
in  his  overthrow  (Tttlbb,  Edward  VI  and 
Mary,  L  142  and  saq.,  cf.  pp.  217, 231).  In 
1549  he  distinguisned  himself  by  the  part 
he  took  in  the  suppression  of  the  western 
rebellion.  He  received  his  commission 
on  25  June,  relieved  Exeter,  and  defeated 
the  rebels  at  St.  Mary's  Clyst.  As  a  reward, 
he  was  created  Earl  of  Bedford  on  19  Jan. 
1549-50.  Two  days  later  he  was  appointed 
commissioner,  with  Paget,  to  treat  for 
peace  with  France.  He  seems  to  have 
steered  very  cautiously  through  Edward  VI's 
reign,  though  he  is  said  to  have  favoured 
the  Reformation.  With  his  son  Francis 
he  signed  Edward's  letters  patent  limiting 
the  crown  to  Lady  Jane  Grev  (of.  Chronicles 
of  Queen  Jane  and  Queen  Mary,  Camd.  Soc. 
p.  99^.  But  he  found  it  easy  to  take  up 
Mary  s  side  when  he  judged  it  time  to  do  so, 
'  regarding  not  so  much  her  opinion  as  his 
own  duty.'  He  had  been  friendly  to  Mary 
in  Edward's  time  (Stkioklanp,  Queens  cf 
Engl.  iii.  406).  He  was  present  at  her  pro- 
clamation as  queen  (ib,  p.  48).  She  reap- 
pointed him  lord  privy  seal  on  3  Nov.  1558, 
and  made  him  loia-lieutenant  of  Devonshire 


in  1554.  Bui  he  was  by  no  means  in  favour 
of  the  restoration  of  the  abbeylands  to  their 
ori^nal  usee  (ib.  iii.  582).  He  was  active 
against  W;ptt,  and  took  part  in  preventing 
a  Devonsmre  insuirection  under  Sir  P^ter 
Carew.  On  12  April  1554  he  was  sent,  with 
Lord  Fitswalter  [see  Radcliwb,  Thomas, 
third  Eabl  ot  SvaflBx],  to  Philip  of  Spain  to 
conclude  the  marriage  treatv  {cL  MS.  Cott 
Vesp,  C.  vii.  198 ;  Rtxbb,  litedera,  xv.  377 ; 
a  letter  from  Spain  is  printed  by  Tztleb, 
Edward  VI  and  Mary^  ii.  406),  and  returned 
in  time  to  welcome  Philip  at  Southampton 
on  20  July  (cf.  MS.  CoU.  Vesp.  F.  iii.  1 12; 
Elus,  Orig.  Letters^  2nd  ser.  ii.  252).  Ho 
also  took  part  in  the  marriage  ceremony. 
Bedford  died  on  14  Match  1555  at  his  house 
in  the  Strand,  and  was  buried  with  much 
ceremony  at  Chenies  in  Buckinghamshire. 
He  was  succeeded  by  his  son  FranciB,  who 
is  separately  noticed. 

One  portrait  bv  Holbein,  on  an  oak  panel, 
is  at  Wobum ;  it  has  been  engraved  in  Lodge's 
'Portraits'  (vol.  i.)  The  original  sketoh 
for  it  is  at  Windsor.  Another  half-length 
has  been  en^ved  by  Houbraken.  A  third 
represents  him  at  a  more  advanced  age  than 
the  other  two.  He  is  sitting  in  a  coriouflly 
worked  chair,  with  his  collar  of  the  Garter ; 
the  right  eye  is  dulL 

Froude  speaks  of  Russell's  high  charac- 
ter, and  a  letter  supposed  to  be  by  Wyatt 
calls  him  an  honest  man.  He  certainly  com- 
bined many  quah'ties  which  secure  success. 
He  was  a  pleasant  courtier,  as  we  know  from 
Chanuys,  whom  he  introduced  to  the  king, 
and  ne  seems  to  have  had  literaiy  tastes,  as  he 
is  credited  with  the  authorship  of  two  Latin 
treatises  which  are  not  known  to  have  bc«n 
printed.  He  was  also  a  good  soldier,  a  com- 
petent ambassador,  and  a  st-eady  friend.  It 
required  a  great  deal  of  adroitness,  and  no 
doubt  a  certain  laxity  of  principle,  to  come 
through  such  changes  as  took  place  in  his 
time  a  rich  and  respected  officiiu.  Ruasell 
benefited  largely  by  the  fall  of  those  wiio 
were  less  adroit  than  himself ;  and  the  ffranta 
of  forfeited  lands  which  he  received  laid  the 
foundation  of  the  commanding  wealth  and 
territorial  position  which  the  family  has 
since  enjoyed.  In  1539,  besides  the  forest 
and  chace  of  Exmoor,  and  many  other  estates 
forfeited  by  Henry  Courtenay,  marquis  of 
Exeter  and  earl  of  Devonshire  [q.  v.],  Kussell 
received  Tavistock,  with  thirty  other  manors 
in  Devonshire,  Cornwall,  and  Somerset  for- 
merly belonging  to  the  abbey  of  Tavistock. 
In  1549  he  was  granted  Thomey,  with  seve- 
ral thousand  acres  in  Cambridgeshire  foiw 
merly  belonging  to  the  abbey  there,  and 
about  the  same  time  he  received  the 


Russell 


447 


Russell 


dan  abbey  of  Wobunii  Bedfordshire ;  in  1&62 
h«  reoeiTed  Ccnrent  Garden  with  seven  acres, 
'called  LoDff  Acre/  forfeited  by  Protector 
Somenet  This  estate  was  subsequently 
added  to  byBussell's  descendants,  who  have 
given  their  name  to  many  streets,  squares, 
aod  places  in  Bloomsbury.  Russell  House, 
near  the  Savoy  in  the  Strand,  which  was 
aequiied  by  the  first  earl,  formerly  belonged 
to  the  bishops  of  Carlisle. 

The  first  earl  of  Bedford  must  be  distin- 
guished from  the  John  Russell  who  fought 
at  OaUia  and  Toumay,  and  took  part  in  the 
intrigues  to  secure  the  person  of  Richard  de 
la  Pole  [q.  v.]  in  1516  (see  Letters  and 
Fapen,  i.  4476,  n.  i.  1163^  1614, 1907),  and 
from  another  contemporary  John  Russell 
(i.  1666)  of  Strensnam,  Worcestershire 
(Nash,  WweeBUrshire,  ii.  890,  &c ;  Mbt- 
CiLFB,  IsaghU^  p.  61). 

[Wift&'s  Memoirs  of  the  House  of  Russell,  i. 
179,  fte.;  Boyle's  Official  Baronatfe;  Qt,  £.  C/s 
Complete  Paerage;  Letters  and  Papers  of 
HeniyVni;  State  Papers  of  Henry  VIII ;  Acts 
of  lib  JPriry  Council,  ed.  Dasent ;  Cal.  of  State 
Papers,  Venetian,  Spanish,  and  Foreign  Ser.; 
Tronblea  connected  vith  the  Prayer  Book  of 
1549  (Camd.  Soc) ;  Cavendieh's  Life  of  Wolsey ; 
Diario  di  M.  Sanuto,  xliii.  704,  128,  729,  749  ; 
Dixon's  Hist,  of  the  Church  of  England,  iv.  360 ; 
Seharfs  Portraits  at  Wobnm  and  at  Eaton 
Sqtare ;  Stiype'e  Works,  Index  ;  Wood's  Letters 
of  Roral  and  Hlnstrious  Ladies^-  iii.  4,  &c ; 
ftrieUaad's  Qoeens  of  Engl.  iii.  7,  &c.,  iv.  32, 
&& ;  Wriothesley's  Chron.  (Camd.  Sq€.),  i.  69,  &c.; 
u.  20,  && ;  Maehyn's  Diary  (Oamd.  Soc.),  pp. 
13.  19,  87,  79.  S3,  843;  TreTelyan  Papers 
(OuBd.  Soc),  i.  160,  198,  ii.  26 ;  Seryioes  of 
Lord  Gray  (Quad.  Soc.)  ;  Narratires  of  the  He- 
fermation  (Cund.  Soc),  p.  42,  &c. ;  authorities 
qTOt«i.]  W.  A.  J.  A. 

&17SSELL,  JOHN,  fourth  Ditke  or  Bed- 

fORD  (1710-1771),  hcwm  on  80  Sept.  1710, 

WIS  second  son  of  Wriothesley  KusseU,  se* 

eond  duke  (1080-1711),  by  his  wife  Eliza^ 

beth,  daughter  and  heir  oi  John  Howland 

of  Streatlutm,  Surrey  [see  under  RtxssbUi, 

WiLLuXyLoiLDBirasBLL,  1039-1688].  After 

receiving   education  at  home,  Lord  John 

fiiusell  (as  the  fourth  duke  was  known  in 

jOQth)  went,  when  nineteen,  a  tour  on  the 

continent  in  the  charge  of  a  tutor.     As 

non  Bs  he  was  of  age,  on  11  Oct.  1781,  he 

niBrried  Lady  Diana  Spencer,  daughter  of 

Chsries,  third  earl  of  Sunderland  Ux,  v.l 

and  sister  of  Charles,  third  duke  of  Marl- 

boroQ^h  [q.  y.]     Arrangements  were  made 

for  lum  to  mter  the  House  of  Oommons 

when,  on  23  Oct.  1782,  he  succeeded  his 

elder  brother  WriothesIeT,  who  died  ohild- 

len,  ss  Duke  of  Bedford  and  in  his  other 

honours.    He  joined  the  opposition  to  Sir 


Robert  Walpole  headed  bv  Carteret,  was 
disliked  by  George  H,  and  was  held  to  be 
proud,  violent,  and  over-assured  (Hbbvet, 
itfemoirv,  L  280-90).  In  opposition  to  the 
court  he  moved  a  resolution  m  1784  against 
corrupt  practices  in  the  election  of  Scottish 
peers,  and,  being  defeated,  renewed  his  at- 
tempt in  1785,  and  signed  three  protests  on 
the  subject  (ti&.  ii.  144;  Cerreepondence,  i. 
Introd.p.  xviii;  FarL  Hist.  ix.  487,776).  He 
supported  Carteret's  motion  of  February  1787 
that  the  Prince  of  Wales  had  a  right  to 
100,000/.  a  year  from  the  civil  list,  signed 
the  protest  against  the  vote  (ELBBrsT,  iii.  48, 
90),  and  joined  in  the  attack  on  Walpole  made 
inFebruaryl741(Par/.J2M*.x.l213).  When 
Carteret  was  in  power,  Bedford  acted  with 
the  party  opposea  to  the  minister's  Hanove- 
rian policy,  and  in  February  1748  spoke 
strongly  against  taking  sixteen  thousand 
Hanoverian  troops  into  British  pay  (ib,  xii. 
1019).  In  April  1744  he  vigorously  opposed 
the  extension  of  the  law  of  treason  (tb,  xiii. 
1712).  On  Carteret's  retirement  he  took 
office  in  Pelham's  administration  as  first  lord 
of  the  admiialtv  on  25  Dec.,  and  was  sworn 
a  privy  councillor.  He  was  a  lord  justice  of 
Great  Britain  in  1746,  as  also  in  1748  and 
1750  (CoLLcrs).  During  the  rebellion  of 
1745  he  raised  a  regiment  of  foot  lor  the 
king,  was  appointed  colonel,  commanded  it 
in  person,  was  prevented  by  a  bad  attsck  of 
gout  firom  marching  northward  with  it,  and 
on  his  recovery  joined  it  at  Edinburgh  after 
the  battle  of  UuUoden  (Oorrespandenoej  i. 
51 ;  Walpole,  Letters,  i.  402).  In  that  year 
he  was  appointed  lord-lieutenant  of  Bed- 
fordshire, and  was  made  an  elder  brother 
and  the  master  of  the  Trinity  House  (Dotle). 
He  was  active  and  successful  at  the  ad- 
miralty office,  causing  ships  to  be  fitted  out 
for  service,  and  making  reforms  in  the  dock- 
yards and  in  the  promotion  of  officers.  The 
capture  of  Louisbourg,  the  dismissal  of  Ad- 
miral Vernon,  and  Anson's  victory  of  8  May 
1747  were  the  chief  events  of  his  administra- 
tion, during  the  greater  part  of  which  the 
executive  was  wholly  under  the  control  of 
Anson  [see  Ajtsok,  GsoBes,  Lobb  Ansok] 
(BiLBBOW,  JLffe  of  AruoHy  pp.  121,  201).  He 
was  appointed  warden  of  the  New  Forest  in 
1748. 

On  Lord  Chesterfield's  resignation  of  the 

seals  in  February  1748,  Bedford  became 

secretary  for  the  southern  department  on  the 

12th,  after  the  king  had  refused  to  appoint 

his  friend,  Lord  Sandwich  (CoXE,Pe/^im>4£^ 

'  ministration^  p.  891 ;  Correspondence,  i.  818- 

'  825).    In  1749  he  was  made  a  knight  of  the 

1  Qarter,  and  in  1751  lord-lieutenant  of  Devon- 

;  shire.    Newcastle  was  jealous  of  him,  and 


Russell 


448 


Russell 


Pelham  complained  of  his  idleness,  saying 
that  with  him  it  was  <  all  jollity,  boyishness, 
and  vanity/ and  that  he  was  almost  always  at 
his  seat  at  Wobnm,  Bedfordshire  (CozB,  n.s. 
pp.  454, 460).  He  seems  to  have  cared  more 
for  sport,  and  specially  for  cricket,  than  for 
politics  (Walpolb,  Memoirs  of  Qeorae  II,  i. 
43).  The  ministry  was  at  once  diyided  into 
the  Newcastle  and  Bedford  feustions,  and  Bed- 
ford connected  himself  with  the  Duke  of 
Camberlandy  who  had  broken  entirely  with 
the  Pelhams.  Id.  spite  of  this  connection  he 
honourably  maintained  the  claim  of  the  Prin- 
cess of  Wales  to  the  regency,  should  the  next 
king  be  under  age  at  nis  accession.  After 
much  bickering  with  Newcastle  he  resigned 
the  seals  on  13  June  1761.  The  king  o&red 
him  the  post  of  president  of  the  council, 
which  he  declined  on  the  ground  that  it  was 
impossible  for  him  to  work  with  the  Pel- 
hams  {Correspondenoef  ii.  80-92 ;  Walpolb, 
Oeorae  II,  i.  161, 166-8). 

After  his  resignation  Bedford,  though  not 
personally  inclined  to  enter  on  active  opposi- 
tion, was  led  by  his  friends  to  attack  the 
government  in  January  1762;  he  resisted 
the  scheme  for  a  new  subsidiary  treaty  with 
Saxony,  and  in  March  spoke  against  we  bill 
for  purchasing  and  colonising  the  Scottish 
forfeited  estates.  In  conjunction  with  Beck- 
ford  he  started  an  anti-ministerial  paper 
ddled  'The  Protestor,'  edited  by^  James 
Ralph  [q*v.],  which  first  appeared  in  June 
1763,  and  seems  to  have  come  to  an  end  in  the 
following  November  (^OorrMoondenoe,  ii.  127, 
186).  A  reconciliation  with  the  court  was 
urged  upon  him  by  his  duchess,  his  second 
wife,  and  in  1764  he  received  some  overtures 
from  Newcastle,  then  prime  minister,  which 
he  peremptorily  lejected.  At  that  time  he 
was  in  alnance  with  Henry  Fox  [a.  v.],  who, 
on  becoming  secretary  of  state  in  the  autumn 
of  1766,  persuaded  him  against  his  own  judg- 
ment to  support  the  Russian  and  Hessian 
subsidiary  treaties,  and  vainly  tried  to  pre- 
vail on  him  to  accept  the  privy  seal.  Never- 
theless he  accepted  offices  for  his  party,  for 
Sandwich,  GK)wer,  Richard  Rigby  [q.vij,  his 
secretary  and  intimate  friend,  ana  others  (ib, 
pp.  168-71,  188;  Walpolb,  u.s.  404r-6\ 
On  Newcastle's  resignation  soon  after,  Bea- 
ford  tried  to  effect  a  conjunction  between  Fox 
and  Pitt,  and.  fiskiling  in  this,  accept-ed,  at  the 
instigation  01  his  relatives  and  Fox,  the  office 
of  lord-lieutenant  of  Ireland  in  the  admini- 
stration of  the  Duke  of  Devonshire.  He  en- 
tered warmly  into  the  abortive  scheme  for  a 
new  government  under  Lord  Waldegrave 
with  Fox  as  chancellor  of  the  exchequer,  but 
did  not  i^esijni  when  Newcastle  and  Pitt  re- 
turned to  office  {ib,  p.  223 ;  Correspondence,  ii. 


246).  During  the  riots  caused  hj  the  militia 
bill  in  June  his  house  at  Wobum  wag 
threatened,  and  the  blues  were  sent  down  to 
defend  it.  He  acted  with  much  spirit  in  pre- 
venting riots  in  odier  parts  of  Bedfordshire 
(C^tham  Oorreepondence,  i.  268-60). 

Bedford  went  to  Ireland  in  September  and 
opened  parliament  on  11  Oct.  Entering  on 
his  ffovemment  with  excellent  intentions,  he 
dec&redthat  he  would  observe  strict  neutra- 
lity between  the  rival  factions,  and  would 
discouragepensions  and  compel  absentee  offi- 
cials to  return  to  their  duties.  Owing,  how- 
ever, to  the  influence  of  Ri^by  and  othem, 
he  did  not  fully  act  up  to  his  resolves ;  he 
obtained  a  pension  on  the  Irish  establishment 
for  his  sister-in-law.  Lady  Elizabeth  Walde- 
grave, and  yielded  to  other  and  larger  de- 
mands of  a  like  kind.  Moreover  he  favoured 
the  faction  of  Lord  Kildare  [see  FttzoEBALD, 
jAJf  B9,  first  DuKB  OFLBiifBTBB],  and  the  pri- 
mate Stone,  the  head  of  a  rival  party,  worKed 
against  the  castle.  Bedford  renised  to  trans- 
mit to  England  without  an  expression  of  his 
dissent  some  strong  resolutions  of  the  Irish 
House  of  Oommons  on  absentees  and  other 
grievances,  and  a  quarrel  with  the  parliament 
ensued.  Pitt,  tiien  secretary  of  state,  approved 
his  conduct,  and  recommended  him  to  con- 
ciliate and  unite  the  Kildare  and  Ponsonby 
factions,  which  he  declared  himself  willing 
to  attempt  (ib,  pp.  284-92).  His  duchess  de- 
lighted the  Irish  oy  her  mcious  conduct  and 
the  splendour  of  the  castle  festivities  in  which 
Bedfcnrd's  cordial  manners  gained  himpcmu- 
larity.  He  provided  a  fund  for  the  refief  of 
the  poor  who  were  sufiering  from  the  faUuie 
of  the  potato  crop,  showed  himself  strongly 
in  favour  pf  a  relaxation  of  the  penal  laws 
asainst  Roman  catholics  (Lbokt,  Hist,  of 
England,  ii.  486-6),  and  he  conciliated  the  pri- 
mate. Considering  the  difficulty  of  lus  situa- 
tion, his  government  was,  on  the  whole,  by 
no  means  discreditable.  He  returned  to 
England  in  May  1768,  and,  according  to 
custom,  spent  the  second  year  of  his  vice- 
rovalty  there.  In  the  autumn  Newcactie, 
who  was  becoming  jealous  of  Pitt,  made 
some  overtures  towurds  a  connection  with 
him;  thev  were  supported  by  Fox  and  Bed- 
ford's following,  and  were  in  the  end  success- 
ful. He  went  back  to  Ireland  early  in 
October  1769.  A  rumour  that  a  legislative 
union  was  oontemnlated  led  to  serious  riots 
in  Dublin,  and  Beoford  and  the  council  were 
forced  to  call  out  a  troop  of  horse  to  quell 
them.  In  February  1760  a  French  expedi- 
tion, under  Thurot,  surprised  Carrickfergus. 
The  invaders  soon  found  it  expedient  to  sail 
away,  and  their  frigates  were  captured  by  the 
English  frigates  that  Bedford  sent  to  pursue 


Russell 


449 


Russell 


them.  Pitt  U  said  to  luiTe  leDroached  Bed* 
ford  for  neglecting  warnings  oi  a  possible  in* 
Tuion  (Walfole,  George  11,  ii.  406),  but  in 
t  letter  to  him  of  13  April  he  speaks  of  him 
and  his  administration  in  complimentary 
tenns (Correepandenee,  ii.  412).  nedlord  left 
Irelona  in  May,  and  resigned  his  vicerojalty 
in  Maith  1761. 

At  the  coronation  of  Gfeorge  III  on  22  Sept. 
he  officiated  as  lord  hiffh  constable.    Early 
in  the  reign  he  attachea  himself  to  Bute,  and 
was  uzjpent  for  the  conclusion  of  the  war. 
From  time  to  time  he  was  summoned  to  the 
council  by  the  peace  Vf^7  u  the  onl^  man 
who  dared  to  speak  nrmly  in  opposition  to 
Pitt  and  Temple.    When  at  a  council  in 
Aagttst  Pitt  adopted  a  dictatorial  tone,  he 
retired,  declaring  that  he  would  attend  no 
more  'if  the  rest  were  not  to  be  permitted 
to   alter  aa  iota'   (Walpolb,  Memoirs  of 
George  III,  i.  54 ;    Correajtondence,  iii.  86, 
•»9, 41-2).    Pitt  haying  resigned  office,  Bed- 
ford accepted   the  priyy  seal  on  25  Noy. 
Equally  with  Bute  he  was  responsible  for 
deceiving  Frederick  II  of  Prussia  by  keeping 
cecret  finom  him  the  first  preliminaries  for 
peace  (ib.  Introd.  p.  xxi).    On  5  Feb.  1762  he 
made  a  motion  against  the  continuance  of  the 
warin  Germany.    Bute  thought  it  expedient 
to  oroote  the  motion,  which  was  defeated, 
and  Bedford  signed  a  protest  against  the 
TOte  {FarL  Debates,  xy.  1217).  Bute  having 
become  prime    minister,  Bedford  was  ap- 
pointed ambassador  to  treat  for  peace  with 
France.    He  set  out  on  his  embassy  in  Sep- 
tember, and  was  hissed  as  he  passea  thiouffh 
the  streets  of  London.    It  is  said  that  tne 
chief  magistrate  of  Calais,  believing  that  he 
was  a  descendant  of  John,  duke  ofBedford 
1 1389-1435)  Hsee  Joh»],  brother  of  Henry  V, 
complimentea   him  on  his  coming  with  far 
different  intentions  than  those  of  his  great 
ancestor  J^Walfolb,  u.s.  p.  151).    He  con- 
ducted his  negotiations  with  the  Due  de 
Choiseul  and  fi.  de  Grimaldi,  the  Spanish 
UDbaseador  at  Paris.    Immediately  on  his 
Arrival  his  powers  were  limited  by  an  order 
that  the  preliniinaries  were  to  be  sent  home 
for  approbation  before  being  signed.    The 
reason  of  this  order  was  that  Liord  Egremont 
bad  entered  into  a  discussion  with  the  Due 
de  Niyemoia,  the   French  ambassador  in 
London,  on  the    'projet'  of    the    treaty. 
Bedford  was  deeply  annoyed,  and  sent  Bute 
a  itronff  remonstrance.    When  the  news  of 
the  takmg  of  the  Hayannah  arrived,  a  supple- 
awntaiy  'projet'  was  sent  him,  and  this 
stttled  the  difficulty  between  the  duke  and 
the  ministers.    Nevertheless  Bedford  had 
farther  caose  of  complaint  that  the  ministers 
meddled  in  the  negotiations  by  indirect  com- 
TOL.  xyn. 


munications  with  Niyemois  {Correspondence^ 
iu.  114-20, 126, 137 ;  Wiffen,  u.s.  pp.  497- 
498, 505-6).  The  preliminaries  were  signed 
by  the  duke  on  3  ^oy.  In  these  he  departed 
from  his  instructions  by  admitting  the 
French  to  a  share  in  the  nsheries  in  North 
America.  He  signed  the  definitive  treaty 
at  Paris  on  10  Feb.  1763.  During  his  resi- 
dence in  Paris  he  suffered  much  from  gout. 

In  April,  while  still  residing  there,  he 
received  a  letter  from  Bute  announcing  his 
resignation  and  urging  him  to  return  to 
England  and  accept  the  office  of  president 
of  uie  council  {Correspondence,  u.s.  p.  225). 
He  had  an  interview  with  Bute,  complained 
of  the  many  marks  of  ill-will  received 
during  his  embassy,  which  had  endangered 
its  success,  recommended  the  admission  into 
the  government  of  certain  great  whig  lords, 
refused  to  take  office,  and  returned  to  Paris, 
which  he  did  not  leave  finally  until  June 
{ib,  pp.  227-9).  His  displeasure  with  Bute 
and  jSgremont  was  strengthened  by  his 
duchess,  who  had  been  offended  by  Bute  and 
the  Princess  of  Wales  (Walpole,  u.s.  i.  206). 
On  the  death  of  Egremont  in  August  he 
was  again  pressed  to  accede  to  the  ministry. 
He  advised  the  king  to  send  for  Pitt,  and  maae 
overtures  to  him  on  his  own  account,  being 
prepared  to  accept  office  under  Pitt,  and  on  an 
undertaking  from  the  king  that  Bute  should  be 
excluded.  These  overtures  failed,  and  he 
afterwards  accused  his  envoy,  John  Oalcraft 
(1726-1772)  [q.  y.l,  of  having  deceived  him. 
The  negotiations  between  the  king  and  Pitt 
also  faded.  Sandwich  and  others  of  his 
party  represented  to  Bedford  that,  in  the 
course  of  them,  Pitt  had  '  proscribed '  him 
(cf.  Chatham  Correspondence,  ii.  248-50); 
the  duke,  in  a  fit  oi  resentment,  accepted 
the  presidency  of  the  council  in  an  admini- 
stration formed  by  him,  and  thence  called 
'  the  Bedford  ministry,'  though  George  Gren- 
ville  remained  first  lord  of  the  treasury 
and  chancellor  of  the  exchequer.  He  took 
office  on  9  Sept.  on  the  condition  that  Bute 
should  retire  from  the  king's  councils. 

In  the  debate  on  the  address  in  November, 
Bedford  spoke  in  defence  of  the  peace,  which 
was  censured  by  Temple,  and  on  6  Dec. 
made  a  violent  attack  on  the  lord  mayor  and 
other  magistrates  of  the  city  with  reference 
to  the  "Wilkes  riot  of  three  oays  before.  In 
the  summer  of  1764  he  had  a  short  quarrel 
with  Grenville,  and  retired  to Wobum.  With 
the  object  of  doing  mischief  to  the  ministry, 
Horace  Walpole  published  a  statement  that 
the  abolition  of  vails  to  servants  had  been 
set  on  foot  by  Bedford  and  opposed  or  not 
complied  with  by  the  house  of  Cavendish 
(Walpole,  u.a.  ii.  ^3).    In  the  debate  on 


I 


Russell 


450 


Russell 


the  regency  bin  in  April  1766  Bedford  main- 
tained in  opposition  to  the  lord  chancellor 
[see  Heetlbt,  Bobebt,  first  Ea.bl  ofNostr- 
is^ton]  that  the  term  'rojal  fanuly '  did  not 
include  the  princess  dowager  of  Wales,  and 
finally  the  princess  was  excluded  from  the 
regency ;  his  action  in  this  matter  proceeded 
from  jealousy  of  Bute,  whom  he  and  his  col- 
leagues suspected  of  haying  secret  influence 
over  the  king.  In  May  he  opposed  a  bill  for 
imposing  high  duties  on  Italian  silks  with 
the  object  of  shutting  foreign  silks  out  of  Eng>- 
land  altogether,  and  was  considered  to  have 
moken  with  '  uncommon  harshness '  of  the 
^itidfields  wearers  (Annual  Eeffister,  1766, 
Tili.  43).  On  the  16th  the  duke  was  hissed 
and  pelted  with  stones,  one  of  which  wounded 
him,  as  he  drove  from  the  House  of  Lords, 
by  a  mob  of  weavers.  He  showed  much 
firmness  and  self-command,  and  on  reaching 
his  house  admitted  two  of  the  ringleaders  to 
an  interview.  On  Friday,  the  17th,  he  re- 
ceived intelligence  that  an  attack  would  be 
made  on  his  residence,  Bedfbrd  House,  on 
the  nordi  side  of  Bloomsburr  Square.  A 
troop  of  horse  was  sent  to  defend  it,  and  a 
large  party  of  his  friends  also  garrisoned  the 
house.  A  determined  attack  was  made  upon 
it  in  the  evening,  two  or  three  soldiers  were 
wounded,  and  the  rioters  were  not  finally 
dispersed  until  the  arrival  of  a  reinforce- 
ment. Both  the  duke  and  duchess  declared 
that  the  mob  had  been  set  on  by  Bute. 

The  king  was  determined  to  get  rid  of  his 
ministers,  and  specially  of  Bedford,  whose 
action  on  the  regency  bill  had  ofiended 
hiuL  When  Bedford  and  his  fellow-ministers 
heard  that  George  III  was  in  communica- 
tion with  Pitt  on  the  subject  of  a  new 
ministry,  they  told  him  that  unless  one  was 
formed  at  once  thev  would  resign.  Bedford, 
believing  that  the  king  still  acted  by  Bute's 
advice,  natly  accused  him  of  a  breach  of  his 
word  {Correspondence^  p.  280).  The  Duke  of 
Cumberland's  negotiations  with  Pitt  having 
failed,  the  king  was  forced  to  keep  his  mini- 
sters, and  on  the  2drd  Bedford  and  the  rest 
compelled  him  to  assent  to  various  hard  and 
insulting  demands  as  conditions  of  their  re- 
taining office  (AnoLPHirs,  Sistory,  i.  179). 
On  12  June  Bedford,  in  an  audience,  made  a 
long  address  to  the  king  from  notes  pre- 
viously prepared,  in  the  course  of  which  he 
presumed  to  ask  whether  the  king  had  kept 
his  word  as  to  Bute,  and  treated  him,  pro- 
bably without  desiniing  to  do  so,  with  insult. 
The  King  dismissed  his  ministers,  and  Bed- 
ford went  out  of  office  on  12  July.  He 
paid  a  short  visit  to  France,  and  on  his  re- 
turn went  to  Bath,  where  on  5  Nov.  he 
wrote  a  notice  to  Woodfall,  the  publisher  of , 


the  'Morning  Advertiaer,'  eompkiniBg  of 
insults  to  himself  in  the  paper,  and  threaten- 
ing proeecution.  On  the  11th  he  was  in- 
formed of  his  election  as  chancelkfr  ol*  the 
university  of  Dublin.  He  was  installed  in 
person  on  9  Sept.  1768,  an  ode  in  his  honour 
oeingsung  to  music  compoeed  by  Lord  Mom- 
inflrton  (Gent.  Mag,  1768,  pp.  448, 686-6). 

The  Rockingham  ministry  having  taken 
office,  Bedford  on  17  Dec.  seconded  Lord 
Sufiblk's  amendment  to  the  lords'  address 
calling  on  the  government  to  enforee  the 
obedience  of  the  American  colonies,  and  in 
the  earljT  part  of  1766  oppoasd  the  policy  of 
the  ministers  with  regard  to  t^e  colonies, 
and  signed  the  protest  against  the  repeal  of 
the  Stamp  Act.  During  the  course  01  these 
tmnsactions  he  and  GrenviUe  had  an  inter- 
view with  Bute,  arranged  hy  the  Duke  of 
York,  in  which  the  two  late  ministers  appear 
to  have  sought  fi)r  an  exercise  of  the  influence 
that  they  believed  Bute  had  over  iJie  king^, 
to  suggest  to  him  that  tiiejr  were  rttady  to 
take  c^ce  again  to  help  him  against  the 
Rockingham  party.  The  negotiation  failed* 
and  Bute  seems  to  have  made  his  two  former 
enemies  feel  the  humiliation  of  their  position 
(Correepondencej  M.9,  pp.  826-9;  Walpole, 
U.S.  p.  209).  When  Pitt  was  forming  an 
admmistration  in  July,  the  duke  intimatpd 
throuffh  his  son.  Lord  Tavistock,  that  he 
would  be  willing  to  support  him  without 
taking  office,  if  he  would  find  place*  for  some 
of  his  party.  Pitt,  however,  at  the  time 
slighted  this  overture  (t^.  pp.  246,  25i^; 
CSatkam  Correepondencej  ii.  461).  Never- 
theless, while  both  Chatham  (Pitt)  and  the 
duke  were  at  Bath  in  the  autumn,  some  com- 
munications passed  between  them.  In  No- 
vember Chatham  opened  formal  negotiations 
with  Bedford  with  a  view  to  obtaining  the 
support  of  his  party.  Bedford's  demands 
for  offices  and  honours  for  his  friends  were 
high.  The  king,  who  was  still  deeply  dis- 
pleased with  him,  pronounced  them  extara- 
vagant,  and  put  an  end  to  the  treaty,  end 
Bedford  went  off  to  Wobium  full  of  wrath. 
On  22  March  1767  he  lost  his  only  eon, 
Tavistock,  who  died  from  the  effects  of  a 
fall  while  hunting.  His  grief  was  for  a 
time  so  violent  that  his  life  was  believed  to 
be  in  danger,  but  public  business,  to  which 
he  returned  very  soon,  helped  hixn  to  recover 
himself,  and  his  enemies  unjustly  reproached 
him  with  callousness  (HtTMB,  mvate  Corre* 
spondenee,  pp.  287,  244, 264 ;  JinrnTSy  Letter 
xxiii.  ii.  214).  Chatham  having  ceased  to 
give  help  to  the  ministry,  the  Dtuce  of  Oraf- 
ton,  with  the  hope  of  strengthening  it,  opened 
negotiations  in  July  with  the  Bedfora  and 
Rockingham  parties.    Bedford  was  willing 


Russell  45  J  *RusselI 

tlttt  Roddns^vi  akooldfona  an  adxainistra-  spirited,  and  coumgeons.  fils  intellect  -was 
tiononaoonurabenaive  baai8>  but  thegr  iSaUad  Apood,  and  he  had  plenty  of  commoB-Mnae. 
to  anee  viuk  n»feraace  to  tbe  American  |  HiaspeecheSySolikraathej  ore  extant,  though 
ooloBiea,  ajid  Bedford  refuaed  to  aasest  to  seldom  eloaneot  and  often  WMnq^ieaded, 
tlie  demand  of  the  maiquk  that  Conway '  show  knowledge  and  aronhenaioa  «f  thie 
shoold  be  seexetary  of  state  and  leader  of  ^  suljecta  under  oebate.  Sut  he  owed  hk  in- 
the  House  of  Oenuftona.  Aeoovdingly  the  ^  fluenoe  in  polities  rather  to  his  rank  lAd 
negotifttioDB  fell  tlurougk  iOotretpondencef  vast  wealth  than  to  any  pesmial  qualities. 
U.8.  pf.  36&-88;  Memoirs  <if  JRockm^Aawi,  ii.  In  seyeral  of  the  politieal  n^gotiatione  into 
4^-50).  In  I>ecefnbec  Gnilbon  again  nego-  |  which  he  entered  he  appearsas  ofiering  his 
tiated  with  him,  and  this  time  snccesefauy.  support  at  the  price  of  places  and  honenrs. 
Bedford  brought  his  M^tical  connection  with  .  This  was  characteristic  of  tibe  time  and  of 
Grenrille  to  an  endL  He  reftiaed  to  aoespt  the  great  whig  families^  among  whom  politics 
offiee  forhiraeelf;  his  eyesight  waa  bad.  But  were  matters  of  party  and  connection  rather 
he  aceqited  Oraiiton's  offers  for  hia  friends,  than  of  prinetple.  His  demands  wars  on 
who  were  styled  'the  BlooDuburT  gang;'  behalf  of  his  party,  who  urged  their,  claims 
Bome  of  th^n  received  offiee,  and  the  party  \  up(m  him.  Obstisate  and  uDgoTerhable  as 
gSTB  its  adheaioD  to  the  ministi^  ( WAXroiiS,  his  temper  wasi  he  waa  constantly  gonrasned 
lUB.  iii.  100)w    It  was  this  arrangement  that   by  others,  by  hia  wife,  has  friends,  and  his 


drew  &QIB '  Junius  *  his '  Letter  to  the  Duke   followecs,  and,  unfortiuuitely  for  hia  reputa- 
of  Bedford^'  peprhapa  the  most  malignant  of  tion,he  chose  his  friends  badly,  and  was  sur- 


rounded by  a  group  of  graedy  and  usonqpu- 
lous  political  adherent& 

By  his  first  wife,  Lady  Biam  Spencer,  who 
died  on  37  Sept.  1785,  ha  had  one  son,  who 


the  whole  series  of  hia  letters  (BBOveHAX, 
Sketcke$  of  StatB9fnen,  L  162  seq.) 

On  the  2Qth  Bedford  uaderwent  an  opera- 
tion for  cataract,  attended  apparently  with 

only  partial  success.  £Vom  that  time  he  '  died  on  the  da^  of  his  bivth.  He  n»nied 
took  comparatirelv  little  part  in  public  |  his  second  wife,  Qertrude  Leye8on*Gknrer, 
affairs.  His  health  was  not  atscotfy  but  he  eldest  daughter  of  John,earlOower,  in,  April 
did  not  allow  it  to  seclude  him  either  from  ,  1737  .  she  died  onl  July  1794.  By  her  tbe 
bosineas  or  asnnsemenA ;  ha  attended  the  '  duke  had  two  sons  and  a  dauchter.  The 
Hoase  of  liordb,  the  council,  sad  the  court,  |  younger  son  died  in  inihocy,  and  the  dauj^- 
went  to  the  opera,  of  which  he  was  fond,  terTCaroline,  bom  on  6  Jan.  1748,  married, 
and  to  public  and  private  entertaiaments,  on  28  Aug.  1762,  Qeoorg^  Spencer,  duke  of 
and  was  active,  as  he  had  alw^a  been,  in  the  Marlborough.  The  elder  son,  Erands,  styled 
maxi^iament  of  hit  eatatc«.  While  visiting  \  Marquis  of  Tavistock,  bom  26  Sept.  1789, 
Deroashire,  where  he  was  l<Mrd4ieutenant '  married,  in  1764,  Elizabeth,  youngest  daugh- 
and  bad  luge  esUtes,  m  July  1769,  he  was  '  ter  of  William  Keppel,  second  earl  of  Aflbo- 
aet  upon  by  a  Wilkite  mob  at  Honiton,  and  |  marie,  and  died  22  March  1767,  leaviBg  iaane, 
{elted  with  atones,  having  a  narrow  escape   of  whom  the  eldest  son,  Francis  To.  v.], 

succeeded  his  grandfather  sa  fifth  Duke  of 

Bedford. 
Jervis  and  Gainsborouah  painted  the  duke's 

portrait.  Tlmt  by  Gaansborbugh,  dated  1764, 
lysed,'Sut  mtained  his  mentaT  faculties ;  he  \  yrtm  copied  by  Sir  Joshua  Be^iolds,  and  en- 
TJsited  Bath  later  in  the  year,  and  returned  1  graved  in  his  '  Oorrespondeace,'  vol.  i.,  and 
thence  to  Wohom  in  December  in  a  very  en-  1  by  S.  W.  Reynolds  (Wipibw). 


uom  aeriona  injury  (Qfrreipcndenee,  iii. 
Introd.  p.  Ixxx;  cf.  Walpolb,u.s.  pp.  251-2). 
In  the  apdng  of  1770  he  had  a  severe  illness, 
and  Sffeara  to  have  become  paartially  para- 
lysed, but  mtained  his  mental  '  — *"  ^- 
Tisited  Bath  later  in  the  year. 


feebled  state.    He  died  on  15  Jan.  1771,  and  t  t  ^.    ^   ^^.A  ^r     ^li  a 

was  buried  at  Oheniefc  ,  [CoriesDondenM  of  John,  fourth  duke  of  Bed- 

In  private  life  Bedibrd  waa  affectionate  ford,  ed.  i^«\J?^.  »^?^  f"^^?^  ^^om. 
ahA  JL*».  Iumi4a<1  fmi^  nf  tmny&  And  the  spondence  ;  w  iffwi  8  Hist  JHemoirs  of  the 
tod  waxm-hearted,  food  ot  potitjj^^the   ^  Eusaell;  Herve/s  Memoirs,  ed.l884; 

Ofdmaiy  avpeatms  of  a  huided  pwpnetor.  |  ^^^^  Life  of  AnsonI  Ballantyni's  Life  of 
Ibeaocusatona^parsimonybroujgrhtsgainet :  Carteret;  Coxe'sPelham  AdministraHon ;  Chat- 
him  appear  U>  hanre  been  unfair ;  though    j^^^^  q^^  .  Albemarle's  Memoirs  of  Rocking- 


prudent  in  baaineaa  and  not  given  to  extrar 
Tagsnce,  ha  was  not  daflcient  in  liberality, 
Qor  even  in  magnificence  when  oecasion  de- 
aandbd,  aa  during  hia  reaidesee  in  Ireland. 
HoMenmaced,  prend,  and  with  an  inordi- 
oately  hi^h  opiaioft  of  hlmaelf,  he  sometmes 


ham ;  Hume's  Private  Corresp.  ed.  1820 ;  Jmiiui^ 
Letters  (Bohn);  Brougham's  Sketches  of  States- 
men, ed.  1840;  Pari.  Hiat;  Annual  BsgisMv; 
Almon's  Political  Bagiatar ;  Leeky'a  Hist.  «f 
Bogland ;  Adolphua's  Hist,  of  En^and ;  CoUiiifl^s 
Peerage,  ed.  Bridges ;  Doyle>  Official  Baronage ; 


apoke  wUhoitt  regard  for  tJhe  Mlings  of  WalpoWe  Memoim  of  Geo.  II,  ed.  18)^2,  of  Oeo. 
otlien.     Ik)  waa.  thorou^y  honaet,  high-   lU,  ed.  Baifcer,  and  Letten^  ed.  1880 ;  Chester^ 


qq2 


Russell 


4S« 


Russell 


field's  Works,  ed.  Bradshaw;  Stanhope's  Hist, 
of  England,  ed.  1858.  The  last  three  take  an 
nnfavonzable  view  of  Bedford.]  W,  H. 

RUSSELL,  JOHN  (1746-1806),  jortrait- 
painter,  bom  on  29  March  1746  at  32  High 
Street,  Guildford,  was  the  son  of  John  Rus- 
sell, book  and  print  seller  of  Qtdldford,  and 
fiye  times  mayor  of  that  town ;  the  father 
was  something  of  an  artist,  and  drew  and 
published  two  views  of  Guildford.    Russell 
was  educated  at  the  Guildford   grammar 
school,  and  soon  showed  a  strong  inclination 
for  art.    In  1769  he  gained  a  premium  at 
the  Society  of  Arts.    At  an  early  age  he  was 
apprenticed  by  his  fither  to  francis  Cotes 
Fq.y.],  who  liyed  in  Cavendish  Square,  Lon- 
don.    When  nineteen  years  of  age  he  be- 
came stronffly  affected  by  the  religious  views 
of  the  metnodists,  and  was  'converted,'  as 
he  records  on  the  title-page  of  his  diary, '  at 
about  half  an  hour  after  seven  in  the  even- 
ing' of  SO  Sept.  1764.  His  evangelical  ardour 
caused  disputes  with  his  master  and  his  own 
family.    At  home  or  abroad,  in  season  and 
out  01  season,  he  never  ceased  from  preach- 
ing and  disputation.    He  endeavoured  to 
convert  as  well  as  paint  his  sitters,  and,  while 
staying  with  Lord  Montague  at  Cowdray 
House  in  1767,  he  not  onlv  annoyed  the 
household,  but  excited  such  ill-feeling  among 
the  many  Roman  catholics  of  the  neighbour- 
hood tliat,  on  his  return  journey,  he  was 
refused  accommodation  at  all  the  inns  at 
Midhurst.    He  was  shortly  afterwards,  in 
1768,  the  cause  of  a  riot  at  Guildford. 
He  was  now  practising  art  in  London  on 
his  own  accoimt,  lodging  at  Mr.  Haley's, 
watchmaker,  John  Street,  Portland  Street, 
and  he  formed  the  acquaintance  of  the  cele- 
brated Dr.  William  Dodd  [q.  v.],  whose  por- 
trait ^now  in  the  National  Portrait  GaUery) 
he  painted  in  1768.    He  was  introduced  to 
Selina,  countess  of  Huntingdon  [see  Habt- 
nres,  Seliha],  who  tried  in  vain  to  induce 
him  to  give  up  painting  and  go  to  her  col- 
lege at  Trevecca.    On  6  Feb.  1770  he  mar- 
ried Hannah  Faden  (one  of  the  dauffhters 
of  a  print  and  map  seller  at  Charing  Cross), 
whom  he  had  *  converted.'    They  lived  at 
No.  7  Mortimer  Street,  Cavendish  Square, 
whither  he  had  moved  (2  Jan.  1770). 

By  this  time  he  had  obtained  some  repu- 
tation by  his  portraits  in  coloured  crayons. 
All  the  pictures  mentioned  here  were,  unless 
otherwise  stated,  produced  in  that  medium. 
He  formed  his  style  of  crayon-painting  on 
that  of  Rosalba  Carriera,  whose  pictures  of 
'The  Seasons'  he  purchased  of  the  artist. 
In  1768  he  exhibited  three  portraits  at  the 
Incorporated  Society  of  Artists  (two  in  oil 
and  one  in  crayon),  and  in  176^  had  sent 


'Miooe  and  her  son  Tootac'  (Esquimaux 
Indians,  brought  over  by  Commodore,  after- 
wards Sir  Hugh,  Palliser)  to  the  first  exhi- 
bition of  the  Itoyal  Academy.  In  May  of  the 
next  year  he  painted  a  portrait  of  Gkorve 
Whitefield,  and  in  December  obtained  the 
gold  medal  of  the  academj  for  a  lar^e  figure 
of 'Aquarius '(now  belonging  to  Mr.  H.Webb 
of  Wunbledon,  who  married  one  of  the  ar- 
tist's grandchildren).  In  1770  he  painted 
WilliamWilberforce,  the  philanthropist,  then 
eleven  years  old.  The  picture  is  now  in  the 
National  Portrait  Gallery.  In  1771  he  exhi- 
bited at  the  Royal  Academy  a  portrait  in  oils 
of  Charles  Wesley,  which  is  now  at  the  Wesley 
Centenary  Hall  in  Bishops^te  Street.  In 
1772  he  was  elected  an  associate  of  the  Royal 
Academy,  and  nainted  the  Countess  of  Hunt- 
ingdon in  pastel,  for  the  orphan  home  in  Geor- 
gia. This  was  a  symbolic  picture,  and  was 
lost  on  its  voyage  out ;  but  it  was  engraved. 
He  afterwards  painted  her  in  oil,  and  this 
picture  is  at  Cheshunt  College.  In  the  fol- 
lowing year  (1778)  he  painti^  John  Wesley. 
This  portrait  and  that  of  Whitefield  are  lost, 
but  tney  were  both  engraved,  the  Whitefield 
by  Watson  and  theWesley  by  Bland.  Though 
his  religion  appears  to  have  oecomeless  mui- 
tant  after  his  marriage,  his  diary  bears  witness 
to  his  anxiety  with  regard  to  his  spiritual 
welfare.  He  not  only  would  not  work  on 
Sunday,  but  he  would  allow  no  one  to  enter 
his  painting-room.  He  was  afraid  to  go  out 
to  dinner  on  account  of  the  loose  and  blas- 
phemous conversation  which  he  might  hear. 
He  was  on  good  terms  with  Sir  Joshua  Rey- 
nolds, with  whom  he  dined  at  the  academy, 
the  Dilettanti  Society,  and  the  Literary  Club 
(now  The  Club),  but  ne  records  that  on  these 
or  other  festive  occasions  he  always  left 
early. 

In  1788,  after  twelve  years'  waiting,  he 
was  elected  a  royal  academician,  and  drew 
an  admirable  portrait  of  Sir  Joseph  Banks 
in  crayons.    This  and  other  portraits  of  the 
family  (Banks's  mother,  his  sister,  and  his 
wife)  are  among  his  finest  works.    In  1789 
he  moved  to  No.  21  Newman  Street,  where 
he  resided  till  his  death.    In  this  year  he 
received  a  commission  from  George  III  to 
paint  Dr.  Willis,  and  the  king  was  so  pleased 
with  the  picture  (in  crayon/^  that  he  com- 
manded him  to  paint  the  queen  and  tlie 
prince  of  Wales.    The  picture  of  the  queen 
was  exhibited  in  1790,  in  the  catalogue  of 
which  year  Russell  is  styled  *  Painter  to  the 
King  and  the  Prince  of  Wales.'    In  tlie 
following  year  appeared  a  portrait  of  tlie 
prince  and  another  of '  Smoaker  Uie  Prince 
of  Wales's  Bather  at  Brighton '  (a  commis- 
sion from  the  prince),  and  also  a  portrait  of 


Russell 


453 


Russell 


Mrs.  Fitaherbert.  In  the  catalogua  of  1792 
he  ia  s^led  '  Painter  to  the  Kinff  and  Prince 
of  Wake,  also  to  the  Duke  of  York,'  and  in 
this  year  exhibited  a  second  portrait  of  the 
prince  of  Wales,  this  time  in  his  uniform  as 
president  of  the  Kentish  bowmen.  In  1796  he 
painted  the  princess  of  Wales  with  the  infant 
PrinceBB  Charlotte  on  her  knees,  which  was 
sent  as  a  present  to  the  Duchess  of  Brunswick, 
and  he  exhibited  a  portrait  of  *  Martha  Gunn, 
a  celebnted  bathing  woman  of  Brighton,'  a 
commission  from  the  prince  of  Wales,  and  a 
companion  to  the'  Smoaker.'  Of  thero}ral  por« 
traits  executed  by  Russell  there  remain  lour 
of  the  Duke  of  Vork  and  one  of  the  Duchess 
of  firunswick,  which  are  the  property  of  the 
crown ;  the  rest,  though  they  were  engraved, 
have  disappeared,  but  the  portraits  of 
'  Smoaker '  and  Martha  G  unn  are  still  at  Buck- 
ingham Palace. 

At  this  period  Kussell  was  in  easy  circum- 
stances.  A  small  freehold  estate  in  Dorking 
was  left  him  in  1781  by  a  cousin  named 
Sharp.    In  1786  he  had  600/.  a  year,  and  in 
1789  he  records  his  income  as  1,000/., '  and 
probably  on  the  increase.'  He  appears  to  have 
been  well  employed  as  long  as  he  lived,  and 
to  have  commanded  about  the  same  prices 
as  Sir  Joshua  Eeynolds.    Despite,  however, 
royal  patronage,  he  never  became  afashionable 
painter,  and  amon^  his  sitters  will  be  found 
few  of  the  notabilities  of  the  day  who  were 
unconnected  with  the  throne  or  the  pulpit.  In 
the  latter  part  of  his  life  he  spent  much  of 
his  time  m  Yorkshire,  especially  at  Leeds, 
where  he  had  many  friends  and  executed 
some  of  his  best  works.    In  his  own  opinion 
his  finest  picture  (1796)  was  a  group  of  Mrs. 
Jeans  and  her  two  sons,  now  at  Shorwell 
Vicarage,  Isle  of  Wight,  which  has  been  en- 
graved nnder  the  title  of '  Mother's  Holiday.' 
Among  his  portraits,  interesting  for  their 
subjecta,  are:  Philip  Stanhope,  the  son  of 
Lord  Chesterfield ;  John  Bacon,  the  sculptor; 
Bartoloazi,  the  engraver ;  Cowper,  the  poet ; 
William    Wilbertorce,    the    pnilanthropist 
(1801) ;  Admiral  Bligh  of  the  Bounty ;  Mrs. 
Jordan,  Mrs.  Siddons ;  the  Bev.  John  Pl^ewton 
of  Olney  (in  the  possession  of  the  Chusch 
Missionary  Society) ;  the  Earl  of  Exeter  and 
a  groap  ox  his  three  children  by  the  *  dairy- 
maid '  countess ;  Jack  Bannister  and  John 
Palmer,  the  actors  (both  at  the  Garrick  Club) ; 
Sir  James  Smith,  founder  of  the  Linnean 
Society  ^in  the  possession  of  the  society) ; 
Richard  Brinsley  Sheridan  and  Robert  Merry 
(Delia  CniBca).  He  painted  also  a  few  fancy 
pieces,  mostly  of  children.  One  of  them, '  Girl 
with  Cherries,'  is  in  the  Louvre.    Several 
portraits  and  pictures  were  painted  for  Dr. 
kobert  James  Thornton,  and  were  engraved 


for  Thornton's  *  Illustrations  of  the  Sexual 
System  of  Linnseus '  (1799).  The  portraits 
include  those  of  Dr.  J.  E.  Smith  and  A.  B. 
Bourke,  which  now  belong  to  the  Linnean 
Society. 

Of  the  few  pictures  painted  by  Russell  in 
oil,  the  best  are :  '  Mrs.  Plowden  and  Chil- 
dren,' Charles  Wesley,  Samuel  Wesley  when 
a  boy,  and  the  Rev.  J.  Chandler  when  a  boy, 
in  cricketing  costume. 

In  1772  Russell  published  <The  Elements 
of  Painting  with  Crayons,'  a  second  and  en- 
larged edition  of  which  appeared  in  1777. 
He  also  wrote  two  essays  for  Sir  Joshua  Rey- 
nolds (now  in  the  British  Museum  in  the 
Ward  collection  of  manuscripts).  One  is  on 
'  Prosaic  Numbers,  or  Rhythm  in  Prose,'  and 
the  other  on  'Taste.'  They  are  stilted  in 
style  and  full  of  platitudes.  He  is  said  to 
have  written  three  short  articles  in  the  *  Evan- 
gelical Magazine,'  of  which  he  was  one  of 
the  original  committee. 

Russell  was  also  an  astronomer,  and  was 
introduced,  about  1784,  to  Sir  William  Her- 
schel,  whose  portrait,  painted  by  Russell,  is 
at  Littlemore,  Oxford.  He  made,  with  the 
assistance  of  his  daughter,  a  lunar  map, 
which  he  engraved  on  two  jplates  which 
formed  a  globe  showing  the  visible  surface 
of  the  moon.  It  took  twenty  years  to  finish, 
and  is  now  in  the  Radcliffe  observatory  of 
Oxford.  He  also  invented  an  apparatus  for 
exhibiting  the  phenomena  of  the  moon,  which 
he  called  *  Selenographia.'  One  of  these  is  at 
the  Radcliffe  ob^rvatory,  and  another  be- 
came the  property  of  Mr.  F.  H.  Webb.  An 
explanatory  pamphlet,  with  a  folding  plate 
and  another  illustration,  was  printed  by  W. 
Faden  in  1797 ;  and  a  further  pamphlet  was 
issued  after  his  death  by  his  son  William. 

Russell  kept  his  diary  in  the  Byrom  sys- 
tem of  shorthand ;  it  ends  on  4  Jan.  1801. 
In  1803  he  became  deaf  after  an  attack  of 
cholera,  in  1804  his  fitther  died,  and  in  1806 
he  went  to  Hull,  where  he  was  visited  by 
Kirke  White.  He  died  of  typhus  fever  on 
20  April  1806,  and  was  buried  under  the  choir 
of  Holy  Trinity,  Hull. 

Russell  was  a  constant  exhibitor  at  the 
Roval  Academy  from  1769  to  1805.  and  three 
of  nis  pictures  were  sent  to  the  exhibition  of 
1806.  Altogether  832  works  of  his  appeared 
on  the  academy  walls,  and  he  executed  from 
seven  to  ei^ht  hundred  portraits.  Many  of 
these  are  missing,  probably  on  account  of  the 
material  Terayon),  which,  though  permanent 
when  well  treated,  is  easily  destroyed  beyond 
repair. 

Of  his  twelve  sons,  William  Rxtssell 
(1780-1870),  exhibited  portraits  at  the  Royal 
Academy  from  1806  to  1809.    The  National 


Russell 


454 


Russell 


Portrait  Qalleiy  oontaiiu  a  portrait  of  Judge 
Bailej  by  him.  He  was  ordained  in  18&, 
and  gave  up  painting.  He  was  forty  years 
rector  of  ^epperton,  Middlesex,  and  died  on 
14  Sept.  1870. 

[John  BitsMll,  SLJL,  by  Georftt  0.  William- 
son (with  an  intsodncstion  ly  Lord  Bonald  Ghiwer), 
is  bassd  on  bis  diary,  sapplemsntad  by  that  of 
John  Bacon,  jnn.,  son  of  John  Bacon  the  Foulp- 
kor,  who  was  one  of  Hussell's  most  intimate 
friends.]  0.  M. 

RUSSELL,  JOHN,  D.D.  (1787-1868), 
master  of  the  Charterhouse,  bom  in  1787, 
was  son  of  John  Russell  (d.  26  April  1802), 
rector  of  HeLndon,  Northamptonshixe,  and 
Ilmington,  Warwickshire.  He  was  educated  ^ 
st  the  Charterhouse  school,  where  he  was 
sold  medallist  in  1801,  and  matriculated  | 
fix>m  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  on  8  May  1808. 
He  graduated  B.  A.  in  1806  and  M.  A.  in  1809, 
took  holy  orders  in  1810,  and  was  appointed 
head  master  of  the  Charterhouse  in  1811. 
Under  his  administration  the  school  became 
extremely  pc^ular.  In  1824  he  had  480  boys 
under  him.  Amonff  his  pupils  were  George 
Grote,  Sir  Henry  Havelock,  and  Thackeray, 
who  immortalised  the  school  as  Grey  Friara 
in  the  pages  of  '  Vanity  Fair,'  *  The  New- 
comes,'  and  other  of  his  works,  and  outlined 
Roasell's  portrait  in  the  stem  but  wise  head 
master '  of  our  time.' 

In  1637  Russell  was  made  a  prebendary 
and  afterwards  canon  residentiary  of  Csn- 
terbury,  and  reaigrned  the  head-masterahip 
in  1882,  on  being  presented  to  the  rectory  of 
St.  Botolph's,  B^hoDSgate.  He  was  president 
of  Sion  (3ollege  in  iSUb  and  1846,  and  was 
treasurer  of  the  Society  for  the  Propagation 
of  the  Gbspel,  and  a  capable  administrator 
of  other  societies.  He  held  St.  Botolph's 
rectory  until  his  death,  at  the  Oaks,  Canter- 
bary,  on  8  June  1868.  A  Latin  inscription 
to  lus  memory,  and  that  of  two  sons,  is 
plsced  in  the  (ybarterhouse  chapel. 

Bf  his  wife,  Mary  Augusta,  born  Lloyd,  a 
oottsm  of  Charles  Lloyd  [q^.  y.],  bishop  of  Ox- 
ford, Russell  had  four  sons— John  (d,  1836), 
Francis,  William,  and  Arthur  (d.  1828) — and 
twto  daughten :  Augnata,  wiie  of  the  Rey. 
G.  BridgOB  Move;  end  Mary,  wife  of  General 
Hutohinson. 

He  published 'The  History  of  Sion  Col- 
lege,* London,  1850,  8yo,  and  edited  for  the 
first  time '  The  Ephemerides '  of  Isaac  Casau- 
bon  [q.  y.],  with  a  Latin  preface  and  notes, 
2  yob.  Oxford,  1860,  8yo. 

[Foster's  Alnmni  Oxon.  1715-1886,  p.  1237; 
Register  of  Charterhouse  Chapel,  Harl.  Soc 
Pttbl.  XTiii.  7l|  38;  Mozley's  ReminisoenceSi  i. 
IM,  170,  &0.;  Times,  6  June  1863.] 


RUSSELL  JOHN,  YjscotrHT  Amberlet 
(1842-1876),  eldest  son  of  John,  first  earl 
ilusseU  r(].y.],by  his  saeond  wife,  was  bom  on 
10  Dec.  1842.  He  was  educated  at  Hazrow, 
Edinburgh,  and  Trinity  College,  Oambridge, 
where  he  went  into  residaice  in  1862.  but  d^d 
not  graduate.  Betnmed  as  a  liberal  to  par- 
liament for  Nottingham  on  11  May  1806,  he 
made  a  prnmistng  maiden  speech  in  the  debate 
on  the  second  reading  of  the  Parllame&taiy 
Beform  Bill  of  the  fouowinffyear  (26  March) ; 
but  on  the  dissolution  of  1868  he  declined  to 
stsad  again  for  Nottingham,  unBUCcessfully 
contestra  south  Deyonshiie,  and  rsdrsd  from 
public  life.  He  died  of  bronchitis  at  hie  seat, 
itayensorofb,  near  Chepstow,  on  9  Jan.  1876, 
and  was  buried  at  Chenies. 

He  married,  on  8  Noy.  1869,  at  Alderley, 
Cheshire,  Katharine  Louisa  (df.  28  June  1874), 
sixth  daughter  of  Edward  John,  second  baron 
Stanley  of  AlderleT,  by  whom  he  had,  with 
other  issue,  John  Francis  Stanley,  who  suc- 
ceeded his  grandfather  in  1878  as  second 
Earl  Russell 

Amberley  held  adyaaeed  views  in  religious 
matters,  and  in  '  An  Analysis  of  Religious 
Belief  (London,  1876,  2  yois.  8vo)  made  a 
somewhat  crude  sttempt  to  disengage  the 
uniyersal  and  peitnanent  i^om  the  particular 
and  transitory  elements  in  religion.  He  was 
also  author  of  a  paper '  Cn  Clerical  Subscrip- 
tion in  the  Church  of  England '  (reprinted 
from  the  *  North  British  Reyiew '),  Edinburgh, 
1864 ;  London,  1865. 

[Gh.  E.  C.[okayne]*»  Oomplete  Peerage ;  Burlce's 
Peerage;  Ann.  Beg.  1876,  ii.  129;  Athenaeiim^ 
1  July  1876.]  J.  M.  R. 

RUSSELL,  LoBD  JOHN,  first  Eabl 
Russell  (1792-1878),  statesman,  bom  at 
Hertford  Street,  Westminster,  on  18  Aug. 
1792,  was  third  son  of  JoHV  RcTBaaxx,  sixth 
DoKB  OF  Bedvobb  (1766-18S9). 

The  fSather,  second  son  of  Francis  Ruaaell, 
marquis  of  Tavistock  (17d9-1767),  and  mnd- 
son  of  John  Russ^,  fourth  duke  [q .  yTj,  was 
an  officer  of  the  Bedfordshire  militia  from 
1778  to  1781,  and  ensign  intheSrd  resiment 
of  footguards  from  18  March  1788  to  9  April 
1786.  But  in  early  life  he  turned  his  atten- 
tion to  pdliticB.  He  was  a  nstliaineatary 
reformer  and  a  member  of  tne  Society  of 
Friends  of  the  People,  to  which  Sharidan*and 
Erskine,  Aoffers  and  Whitbread,  Mackintosh 
and  (shrey  bebnged.  Under  the  name  of  Lord 
John  Kussell  he  in  1788  entered  the  Hoase 
of  Commons  as  one  of  the  members  for  Tayie- 
tock,  in  succession  to  Richard  Rigby  [q.  v.] 
He  sat  for  this  oonstituenoy  till  2  ftUrch  1802, 
when,  on  the  death  of  his  elder  brother, 
Francis  RusseH,  fifth  dnkB[q.v.],he8ticoeeded 


'Russell 


4SS 


Russell 


to  Uie  dnkedcnai.    On  12  Feb.  1806  h»  waa 
crwted  a  priTy^councilior,  and  took  office  aa 
lord-lieatenant  of  Irelaad  in  the  administira- 
tionof  allihe.  talenta.'  BLe  resigned  with  his 
coUeaffoea  on  19  April  1807.  Thenceforth  he 
took  httle  part  in  political  life,  chiefly  resid- 
ing at  Wobum.  and  devoting  himself  to  the 
improvement  of  hb  property  in  Bedfordahirey 
Deyonakise,  and  London.   In  1880  he  rebuilt 
Cmat  Garden  market  at  a  coat  of  40,000^ 
LiJce  his  brother,  he  interested  himself  in  agri« 
culton^  and  continued  for  some  years  the 
famoos  aheep-aheaxings  at  Wobum.   In  1811 
G.  Otziard,  A.R.A.y  painted  a  well-known 
mctoieof  the  ceremony,  with  portraits  of  the 
aulreaad  the  chief  a^pricultunsts  of  the  day; 
an  engnyiDg  of  the  picture  was  vety  pK>pular. 
He  was  long  president  of  the  Smithfield 
Club,  and  became  in  1838  a  governor  of  the 
newly  founded  Agricultural  Society,  and  one 
of  the  fint  vice-presidents.    From  1813  to 
1815  he  was  in  Italy,  and  formed  a  notable 
coUectioa  of  statuary,  paintings,  and  other 
works  of  art«  which  found  a  home  at  Wo- 
bara,andareaescribed  in  the'  Wobum  Abbey 
Marbles'  (1822,  foL)     He  heloed  to  effect 
the  drainage  (^rations  of   the  'Bedford 
Level ' — ^works  which  were  directed  by  Tel- 
ford and  Uie  Bennies.   The  duke  was  also  an 
enthusiiatic  naturalist.    He  made  valuable 
ezperimenta  upon  the  nutritive  qualities  of 
grasses,  and  under  his  direction  Qeorge  Sin- 
clair (1786-1634)  [q.  vj  published  in  1816 
his'Hortus  GramineuaWobumensis.'    Sub- 
seqnently  the  duke  turned  his  attention  to 
the  cultivation  at  Wobum  of  heaths,  willows, 
pines,  and  8farabB,and  catalogues  of  specimens 
planted  at  Wobum  were  published  under  his 
oirection  aa  '  Hortua  EriosBua  Wobumensia ' 
(imi/  Salictmn  Wobumenae*  (1829), '  Pine- 
torn  Wobumenae '  (1839),  and  '  Hortua  Wo- 
bomensia,  describing  six  thousand  ornamen- 
tal plants  and  ahrube  (aee  Ebitbst  Clabxb'b 
Agriadture  and  the  Some  qf  Busselt),    He 
was  created  K.O.  on  25  Nov.  1830.    He  died 
at  the  Donne  of  Rothie-Murchus.  Perthshire, 
en  20  Oct.  1839,  and  was  buried  at  Cheniea 
on  14  Nov.   His  portrait  waa  painted  by  Sir 
Thomaa  Lawrence  and  by  Sir  Greorge  Hay ter. 
He  waa  twice  married:  first,  on  25  S^ch 
1786,  to  Geor^ana  Elisabeth,  second  daugh- 
ter of  George  &yng,  fourth  viscount  Torring- 
ton;  she  died  on  11  Oct.  1801,  leaving  three 
H)iis — ^Firancia, aeventh  duke ;  Qeorge  William 
^q.  V.J ;  and  Lord  John,  the  statesman.    He 
married,  aecondly,  on  23  June  1803,  Georgiana 
UL 1853),  fifth  dau«^hter  of  Alexander  Gor- 
don, fourth  duke  of  Gordon;  by  her  he  had 
seren  aona  and  three  daughters. 

Lord  John— ^  seven  months*  child — in- 
herited hia  mother's  delicacy  of  constitu- 


tion. He  was  her  favourite  child,  and  always 
chenshed  the  love  for  her  which  absorbed 
him  in  youth  (SP£iro£B  Wa»oi.b^  i.  4), 
He  waa  first  sent  to  what  he  termed  'ai 
very  bad  private  school,'  kept  at  Sunburyl 
by  Dr.  Moore.    On  his  birthday  in  1803  he    U 
began  to  write  a  diary.    Li  September  1803 
he  waa  aent  to  Westminster  School,  and 
was  fag  to  Lord  Tavistock,  hia  eldest  brotheri 
who  reproached  himself  in  after  life  for 
having  been  a  hard  taskmaster,  and  thought 
this  '  the  greatest  sin  he  had  to  answer  for.'a 
Being  a  delicate  boy  and  unable  to  eaduiel 
the  rough  fare  and  treatment^  Lord  John  waal 
taken  uom.  school  in  1804.    Hia  edttcationf 
waa  continued  under  a  tutor,  Dr,  Cart wxighu 
at  Wobum  Abbey.    He  was  diligent  at  hia 
lessons,  and  he  amused  himself  by  writing 
verses  and  a  faxce  called  '  Perseveranoei  or 
All  in  All.'    Heperformed  in  amateur  thaaFi 
tricals;  he  wrote  prolo^ea  to  plays  and) 
spoke  them,  and  often  visited  the  theatzea. 
Between  1805  and  1808  he  waa  the  pupil 
of  Mr.  Smith,  vicar  of  Woodnesborough,  near 
Sandwich.     His   health  was   not  robust. 
Among  the  many  viaita  which  he  never  for- 
got was  one  to  Fox  and  his  wife  in  June  1806| 
when  Fox  was  secretary  for  foreign  affairs. 
He  was  barely  fourteen  when  he  wrote  in  hisi 
' Diary ' :  '  Wnat  a  pitv  that  he  who  atealal 
a  penny  loaf  should  be  hung,  whilst  he  I 
who  steals  thousands  of  the  public  money ' 
should  be  acquitted  1 '  {Life,  i.  22)    In  the 
same  year  Lord  John  went  to  Ireland  to 
stay  at  Dublin  Castle  with  his  father,  who 
was  lord-lieutenant.  The  following  year  hia 
father  took  him  on  a  trip  through  Scotland, 
and  there  he  made  the  acquaintance  of  Walter 
Scott,  whom  he  terma  in  his  '  Diaxy '  '  the 
minstrel  of  the  nineteenth  century/  and  who 
acted  as  hia  guide  to  the  ruined  abbey  at 
Melrose.    A  c^^uarter  of  a  century  afterwards 
Scott  halted  m  London  on  his  return  from 
Italy  to  Abbotsford ;  his  hours  were  num* 
bered;    it  was  erroneously  supposed  that 
pecuniary  distress  had  aggravated  his  illness, 
and  Lord  John  RusseU,  who  was  then  in 
the  government,  sent  a  message  delicately 
offering  an  advance  from  the  treasury  of 
any  sum  that  might  be  required  for  Soott's 
rebef. 

Lord  and  Ladv  Holland  took  Lord  John 
with  them  when  they  journeyed  to  Portugal  in 
1808.  In  their  company  he  viaited  Lisbon, 
Seville,  and  Cadiz,  and  returned  home  In  the 
summer  of  1809.  Thereupon  Russell  was  sent! 
by  his  father  to  the  university  of  Edinburgh^/ 
He  ^Qul3''L'ave.  ^referred  Caujaridg^  He 
studied  at  EcLinbuigti^Irom  the  autumn  of 
1809  till  the  summer  of  1812,  beia^  lodged 
in  the  house  of  Professor  John  Play  fair  £q.  v.]» 


Russell 


45^ 


Russell 


I  < 


cv  ^ 


to  whose  counsel  he  expressed  deep  indebted- 
ness. In  addition  to  attending  lectures  in  the 
university,  he  was  an  active  member  of  the 

f Speccdative  Society,  reading  essays  before  it 
and  taking  part  in  discussions,  thereby  train- 
ing himse&f or  a  political  career.  He  rgvifiited 
the  Peninsula  in  1810,  when  he  was  the  guest 
of  his  Brother,  Logd-Oeorge  William,  at  Isla 
de  Leon.  He  also  acquired  experience  as 
captain  in  the  Bedfordshire  mlUtia.  to  which 
he  was  appointed^^  ISlS,  and  his  military 
training  proved  as  serviceable  to  him  as  it 
was  to  Gibbon.  At  the  same  time  he^e- 
veloped  a  mftrlrfd  tutt  ffrr  li^fmtnrr  George 
Ticlmor,  who  met  him  in  1819,  wrote:  'Lord 
John  is  a  young  man  of  a  good  deal  of  literary 
knowledge  and  taste,  from  whose  acquain- 
tance I  have  had  much  pleasure'  (lAfty 
Letters,  and  Joumah,  i.  270). 

In  1812  Russell. again,  visited  the  conti- 
qgO^ ;  he  saw  Wellington  ^  Burgos  and 
Cadiz,  and  in  1813  at  his  headquarters  in 
the  Pyrenees.  Being  at  Florence  in  1814, 
he  found  an  opportunity  orcrbssing  to  Elba, 
where  he  had  an  interview  with  Bonaparte, 
and'inferred  that  he  did  not  despair  of  re- 
turning to  power  (see  Introd  uction  to  Speeche  r, 
— W-12). 

While  ^l«^ad  inJuly  1813,  being  still  a 
month  ^u^S^^  age,  he  was  eleotod -by^is 
father^s  directions  member  of  parliament  for 

*T!!g^^'tlnBllyJb6rough  of  Tavistock.  ^JLJ^c- 
cdWBBBSwifh  the  traditions  of  his  family, 
he  w&s  returned  in  the  whig  interest.  His 
niaiide^  speech  was  delivered  on  12  ICay 
1814  in  support  of  an  address  ta  th»  prince 
rSg^nt  against  forcing  Norway  to  unite  with 
Sweden,  and  he  voted  in  the  small  minority 
which  favoured  the  NorwMpians.  His  re- 
marks were  not  reported.  He  spoke  for  the 
second  time  on  14  July,  when  he  opposed 
the:Slien  Act  .B^l^dal  Bill.  On26Feri817 
LorSTTolm  made  his^foat  aoJtahCspeecH*  in 
parliament  in  opposing  the  suspension  of  the 
Habeas  Corpus  Act.  siihortly  afterwards, 
owing  to^weak  health,  he  applied  for  the 
Chiltern  Hundreds,  his  place  being  £llQd  by 
Lord  Robert  Spencer,  who  was  elected  on 
12  March.  He  was  re-elected  for  Tavistock 
on  ISJune  1818,  and  on  14J)ec.  f819  he 
delivered"  the- fitst  of  his  many  speeches  on 
parliamentar^r  reform.  Yet,  in liis  earliest  as 
nT^Ris  latest  years,  literature  had  as  many 
attractions  for  him  as  politfcs.  He  "prepared 
at  this  period,  among  other  works,  ro>gra- 
phies  of  members  of  his  family ;  a  tale,  en- 
titled 'The  Nun  of  Arrouca'  (1822) ;  '  Don 
Carlos '  (1822),  a  tragedy ;  '  Memoirs  of  the 
Affairs  of  Europe '  (1824) ;  and  a  translation 
of  the  Fifth  Book  of  the  Odyssey  (1827). 
His  writings  first  made  his  name  familiar  to 


the  public,  and  the  readers  of  his  books  be- 
came curious  to  read  his  speeches. 

At  the  general  election  ofl820RaggglLivas 
returned  for  HnntingdnnRhTro.  Thi%nnftfnrth 
for  t^^^vft  yflAra  he  mainly  devoted  him- 
self  to  prewiny  parlianientary  refomran  the 
attention  of  the  house.  Ue  made  the  sub- 
iect  his  own,  and  treated  it  in  a  spirit  that 
he  thought  would  have  won  the  approval 
of  Fox.     As  fej  aa  elflctoral  rafnrm  wp^  non- 

censed,  he  soon  became  ^^^  fiaC'M^ifl^  l(r*^^^ 
of  the  whigs,  excluding  -Lmo-  •Qrenville's 
a^erents.  '  The  disfranchispynftnt  af  Gram- 
pounain  1821  was  as  much  due  to  his  efforts 
as  Jto  its  own  corruption.  He  move^  in  the 
House  of  Commons,  on  25  April  1822, '  that 
the  present  state  of  rej^fSS^!a{!Sn  of  the 
people inparliament  requires  the  most  serious 
consideration  of  the  House,'  and,  though  the 
majority  against  his  motion  was  Iw,  his 
speech  was  admitted  to  be  an  admirable  pre- 


of  good  sense  and  talent,  and,  though  occupy- 
ing nearly  three  hours  in  the  delivery,  lis- 
tened to  throughout  with  the  profoundest 
attention.'  His  next  legislative  eij^Tt  was  a 
bill  for  the  discovery'  ancTTuppresiron  of 
bribery  at  elections,  which  was  read  a  first 
and  second  time  without  a  division  in  1826, 
but  was  abandoned  owing  to  the  govern- 
ment declaring  that  they  would  oppose  it. 
At  the  general  election  of  that  yeai 
defeated  in  Huntingdonshire,  but  in  .ue- 
cember  he  was  returned  for  tlie  lFi«h.hgroufi^ 
of  Bandon  on  the  nominatton  of  the  Soke 
of  Devonshire.  On  26  Feb.  JfiSSuhfiUBOved 
for  the  repeal  of  the  Test  and  ComoEation 
.^cUjt  ^  motion  which,  as  he  said/nad  not 
been  made  since  Fox  jnade  it  in.  1790. 
Brougham  powerfully  aupported  and  Sir 
Robert  Peel,  Huskisson,  and  Palmerston  op- 
posed lum,  yet  he  carried  his  motion  by  the 
unexpected  and  decisive  msjontrof  rorty* 
four.  After  a  bill  giving  effect  to  it  had  passed 
the  commons.  Lord  Holland  took  chuve  of 
it  in  the  House  of  Lords,  from,  whioi  it 
emerged  with  little  mutilation,  and  became 
law  on  28  ApriL  Thi^, measure  was  suc- 
ceeded bv  the  Catholic  llelief  BiU,  IslEteh 
Lord  John  cordially  supported,  and  ighich 
was  added  to  the  statute-book  on  IS  April 
1829. 

/  The  death  of  George  IV,  on  26  June  1830, 
^  was  fbf lowed  by  a  general  election^  ftt  wMch 
Lord  John  was  a  candidate  for  Bedford ;  yet, 
despite  his  father's  influence,  he  jojit  the 
election  by  one  vote.  His  defeat  wto  due:to 
the.  Wealey W|  who  had  taken  office  at 
some  remarks  of  his  on  prayer.    Thcuftd* 


Russell 


457 


Russell 


ministration  pre8idedl..Q3[fiL.bx.lkfiJLikA  of 
WeUisgton  js^iggked  on  16  X^ov.,  and  the 
whigB  saoc«fidfid  to  pasfic  for  tha  fkm%  time 
>ince  1806,  with  E^cl  Qstt^aa  premier. 
Thoogli  not  in  parliament,  the  office  of  paj- 
myteiyneral  of  the  forces  yrjli^^  oSaiea  to 
L6td^en  (Without  a  seat  in  tlie  cabinet)  and 
iccegted;  a  vacancy  heing  made  atTavistockt 

tteTOBtorS  TAtiiffCTTiiTTif  ftj  nna  nf  t-liAir  re« 

presei^tiyes  oq  27  Nov.  Shortly  aft-erwards 
liQDLPiirtiam  anS*  he,  in  concert  with  Sir 
JamAM  fltft^am  and  Lord  Duncannon,  were 
constitBtfidA  committee  on  behalf  of  the  go- 
vernment to  3SSE  a  measure  of  parliamentary 
r^jScQ.  He  was  entrusted^  although  not  a 
member  of  the  cabinet,  with  the.taak.of.ez- 
pUiniog  tHe  liovernment  Reform  Bill  to  the 
noose,  of  Coaamons,  and  of  moYins' its  first 
reading,  which  he  did  on  81  March  loSI.  "His 
^  speech  on  this  occasion  formed  an  epoch  in 
'   lus  career.    ICs  popularity  througjiout  the 

counC^dates  from  its  delivery. 
^  AfterSSfen  davs^  debate  the  bill  was  read 
^^  a  first  tipe;  on  2^  March  the  second  reading 
was  earned  by  a  majority  of  one ;  on  l&Apru 
the  ministry  were  m  a  minority  of  eight  on 
the  dei^ate  in  committee ;  after  a  aecond  ad- 
verse vote  they  resigned ;  but,  as  their  le- 
eignation  was  not  accepted  by  the  kingy  they 
appealej^to  the'country .  Lord  John  was  the 
hero  of  the  hoar.  When  h€  wetft  to  Devon^ 
shire  for  re-election  crowds  flocked  to  see  him,"" 
and  Sydney  Smith,  in  his  humorous  way,  in- 
formed Laay  Holland  that '  the  fNSople  along/ 
the  road  were  Terr  much  disappointed  by  hia 
smallness.  I  told  them  he  was  much  largerV 
before  the  bill  was  thrown  out,  but  was  re-i 
daoed  byexceesive  anxiety  about  the  people. 
This  brought  tears  into  tneir  eyes'  (ifemoir 
of  Sydiuy  Smith,  ii.  821).  ThfiLgfiQeraLdeo- 
tjon  gaye  tba  refbrmem  an  increajieomajo- 
lit;:^  Lord  John  was  re-elected  for  Tavis- 
tock (30  April);  and  he  was  also  elected  for 
tCelbathem  diyisionof  Devon  (10  May), for 
which  he  decided  to  sit.  Earljr  in  June  he 
was  admit^  to  the  .cabinet,  still  retaining 
the  office  of  paymaster  of  the  forces.  On  the 
2|th  he  introHiuced  the  Ileform  Bill  for  the 
secondtiine ;  it  passed  through  the  commons 
on  2^  Sept.  Oa  7  Oct.  itJBraa  xejeoted  by  the 
looU,  On  12  Dec  he  introduced  it  into  the 
lower  house  for  the  third  time.  An  adverse 
▼ote  on  7  Hay  1832  in  the  House  of  Lords 
caused  the  resignation  of  himself  and  hia  col- 
leagues; bat  as  Sir  Robert  Peel  could  not 
fonn  a  miaiatry  they  were  reinstated,  and  the 
Reform  Bill  was  read  a  third  time  in  the  House 
of  Lords  on  the  4th  and  receiyed  the  royal 
assent  on  7  June.  Lord-^oha V  popularity 
wirtF»its  eenith.  Even  4^1.6  raoucals,  who 
hated  the  whigs^  were  disposed  to  make  an 


exception  in  his  fayour.  Replying  to  Thomas 
Attwood,  who  had  sent  him  an  address  from 
Birmingham,  in  which  he  was  thanked  and 
the  opposition  of  the  peers  was  denounced, 
he  said :  '  It  is  impossible  that  the  whisper  of 
a  faction  should  prevail  against  the  voice  of  a 
nation.'  ^  These  words  were  repeated  agaiir 
and  again,  and  they  materially  helped  to 
weaken  the  resistance  to  the  Reform  Bill. 

The  first  reformed  parliament  met  on 
29  Jan.  1883,  when  the  government  ma- 
jority was  816.  The  ministry  set  to  work 
to  pass  many  important  measures.  On 
26  Feb.  18a4  Russell  introduced  into  the 
House  of  Commons  the  Dissenters'  Marriage 
Bill  to  enable  dissentingministers  to  celebrate 
marriages  in  places  of  worship  licensed  for 
that  purpose,  while  retaining  tne  publication 
of  banns  in  church.  But  it  &ilea  to  satisfy 
the  dissenters,  and  was  for  the  time  laid  aside 
(EBsxn^E  Mat,  Const  Hist  iii.  100).  But 
Ireland  was,  as  usual,  the  chief  difficulty, 
and  on  this  subject  there  were  serious  dis- 
sensions in  the  cabinet.  Russell  had  yisited 
that  country  in  the  autumn  of  1888,  and 
came  back  opposed  to  the  coercive  measures 
of  Stanley,  tnen  chief  secretary.  These  dif- 
ferences became  acute  on  the  introduction  of 
the  Irish  Tithe  Bill  in  1884,  which  failed  to 
satisfy  either  O'Connell  or  the  radicals.  On 
the  second  reading  of  the  bill  Russell  de- 
clared that  the  revenues  of  the  Irish  chiirch 
were  larger  than  was  necessary  for  the 
relifliousand  moral  instruction  of  its  members 
or  for  the  stability  of  the  church  itself  (Han- 
sard,  xxi.  620).  This  declaration  made  a 
great  impression ;  it  was  quite  at  yariance- 
with  the  views  of  Stanley  and  the  less 
advanced  section  of  the  cabinet.  In  Stanley  V 
words, '  Johnny  had  upset  the  coach  1 '  and 
Stanley,  together  with  the  Duke  of  Rich* 
mond, LordRipon,  andSir  James  Graham, re- 
signed office.  A  few  days  later  Russell  stated 
that  Irish  church  reform  was  the  principle 
on  which  the  existence  of  the  goyemment 
depended;  and  the  yigour  with  which  he 
defended  this  principle  greatly  strengthened 
his  influence  with  the  radicals.  In  July 
Lord  Grey  resigned,  and  was  succeeded  by 
Lord  Melbourne ;  and  in  November  Lord 
Althorp,  the  leaderof  the  House  of  Commons, 
succeeded  to  the  peerage  on  the  death  of  hia 
father.  The  yacant  leadership  was  offered  to 
Lord  John  Russell ;  the  king,  howeyer, 
strongly  objected,  and  took  the  occasion  sum* 
marily  to  dismiss  his  ministry  (16  Nov.) 

Peel  succeeded  in  forming  an  administra- 
tion, parliament  was  dissolved,  and  the  con- 
servatives returned  with  largely  increased 
numbers  (378  to  880  liberals).  Russell  waa 
now  the  recognised  leader  of  the  whigs  in 


Russell 


458 


Russell 


the  House  of  OommoBs,  but  it  waa  no  easy 
task  to  bring  into  line  the  majority  behind 
him,  consisting  as  it  did  of  'old'  whigs, 
radioals,  and  Irish  memberft.  At  a  meeting 
held  at  Lord  Lichfield's  house  in  February 
1S36  an  agreement,  called  the  'Lichfield 
House  compact/  was  arrived  at  between 
O'Connell  and  the  whigs  without  Russell's 
knowledge  (Walpoj[.s,  i.  219-iiS);  and  in 
the  same  month  Buasell  gainea  the  first 
victory  over  the  government  by  carrying  the 
election  of  James  Aberoromby  [q.  v.]  to  the 
speakership  over  Manners-Sutton^  the  mini- 
sterial caojoidate.  Peel's  government  thence- 
forward suffered  frequent  defioats,  and,  in 
the  contest  with  Feel,  Russell  developed 
qualities  of  which  he  had  before  given  no 
evidence.  '  He  poesesses/  wrote  Charles 
Gore,  'all  the  temper  and  tact  of  Lord 
Althorp,  with  ten  thousand  times  his  elo- 
quence and  power/  On  80  March  he  pro- 
posed a  motion  that  the  house  should  resolve 
itself  into  a  committee  to  consider  the  re- 
venues of  the  Irish  church ;  on  3  April  it 
was  carried  by  a  majority  of  thirty-three, 
and  on  the  8th  Peel  resigned. 

Melbourne  now  took  office,  with  Russell  as 
home  secretary  and  leader  of  the  House  of 
Commons.  On  offering  himself  for  re-eleo- 
tion  for  South  Devon  he  was  defeated  by 
627  votes,  but  a  seat  was  at  once  found  for 
him  at  Stroud.  The  position  of  the  govern- 
ment was  difficult;  the  king  abhoned  all 
his  ministers,  but  hated  Lonl  John  worst 
of  all,  and  was  delighted  at  his  defeat  in 
South  Devon  (Grbvillb,  iii.  266).  A  ma- 
jority in  the  House  of  Lords  led  by  Lord 
Lyndhurst  was  no  less  hostile;  m  the 
commons  Sir  Robert  Peel  headed  a  powerful 
opposition ;  and  the  support  of  the  radicals 
una  O'GonneU,  whom  Kussell  desired  to  see 
in  office,  was  not  to  be  depended  on.  The 
£rst  measure  of  the  government  was  the 
Aluncipal  Corporations  Bill^  the  conduct  of 
which  devolved  almost  entirely  on  Russell. 
It  was  Carried  without  material  alteration 
by  large  majorities  in  the  commons,  but 
underwent  radical  changes  in  the  House  of 
Lords.  In  the  conflict  wSxich  ensued  between 
the  two  houses,  the  lords,  on  the  advice  of 
Peel  and  Wellington,  yielded  the  more 
important  matters  in  dispute,  and  the  bill 
became  law  on  7  Sept.  Its  effect  was  to 
place  municipal  government  once  more  on  a 
popular  basis  in  all  the  large  towns,  Lon- 
don excepted  (Ers3Unb  MA.t,  iii.  278-86). 
Other  reforms  of  which  Russell  was  l^e 
principal  author  in  the  session  of  1836  were 
the  commutaticm  of  tithes  into  a  rent  charge 
upon  land,  the  establishment  of  a  civil  regi- 
stration of  fairth^  marriages,  and  deaths,  and 


the  le^isation  of  the  mairiage  of  diseentezs 
in  their  own  chapels.  In  toB  same  sessioa 
Russell  introduced  three  measures  dealing 
with  the  church :  one  equalising  the  bishopr 
incomes,  combining  some  old  sees  and  con- 
stituting some  new  ones;  another  applving 
the  surplus  income  of  capitular  establish* 
ments  to  the  geoieral  purposes  of  the  church ; 
and  a  third  discouraging  pluralitiea.  The 
first  of  these  measures  passed  in  1836 ;  the 
two  others  became  law  in  1838  and  1839. 
In  1837  Lord  John  diminished  the  number 
of  offences  to  which  capital  punishment  was 
applicable,  and  he  introduced  a  bill  for  the 
reform  of  the  poor  law,  and  an  Irish  muni- 
cipal bill;  but  the  progress  of  this  legislatioa 
was  stopped  by  the  death  of  William  IV  and 
the  consequent  dissolution  of  parliament. 

The  general  election  resulted  in  further 
conservaiiive  gains.  Russell's  si^yportersnum* 
bered  840,  the  opposition  numbered  313,  and 
five  were  doubtful.  Russell  tried  to  per- 
suade Mel3>oume  to  admit  some  of  the  more 
advanced  members  of  the  party  into  the 
cabinet,  and  to  make  the  ballot  an  open 
question^  instead  of  reauiring  all  ministers 
to  vote  against  it.  Melboume  refused  and 
Russell  acquiesced  in  his  decision.  In  his 
speech  on  the  address  (November  1837)  he 
declared  that  it  was  impossible  for  him  to 
take  part  in  further  measures  of  electoral 
reform.  This  declaration  eanoed  for  him  the 
hostility  of  the  radicals  and  the  nickname  of 
'  Finality  Jack.'  Later  on  he  denied  having 
used  the  word  '  finalitv '  in  the  sense  attri- 
buted to  him.  The  outbreak  of  the  Canadian 
rebellion  compeUed  Russell  to  propose  the 
suspension  of  the  constitution  of  Lower 
Canada  in  1838 ;  and  he  subsequently  carried 
a  bUl  of  indemnity  to  cover  the  acts  of  Lord 
Durham's  government  [see  Lambtoh,  Johk 
GBOBes].  In  spite  of  this  interruption  to 
domestic  legislation,  Russell  introduced  a 
bill  establishing  reformatories  for  juvenile 
ofienders,  an  Insh  poor-law  bill|  and  tithes 
bill  without  the  appropriation  clause,  on 
which  he  had  previously  msisted ;  these  bills 
became  law  during  1836. 

Meanwhile  Glenelg's  administratioB  of 
the  colonial  office  [see  Gbaivt,  Cha.kl£b] 
was  giving  serious  dissatisfaction,  and  on 
2  Feb.  1839  Russell  threatmied  to  resign 
unless  some  change  were  made.  Normanby 
became  colonial  secretary,  but  in  April  the 
government  had  a  majority  of  only  fire  on 
the  question  of  suspending  the  constitutioa 
of  Jamaica,  and  the  cabinet  resigned.  P^ 
was  summoned,  but  declined  to  form  an 
administration  on  hearing  that  the  queen 
wished  to  retain  the  aervioes  of  her  whig 
ladies-ix^ waiting.    The  Melbourne  aoiniatzy 


Russdl 


459 


Russell 


WM  reetlbd,  Imt  Rnnsoll  now  became  coio- 
sitl  •acietary  while  Normanby  took  the 
home  office.  In  hie  new  capacity  Rueeell  in- 
tiodneed  the  Jamaica  bill,  which  became  law 
after  it  had  been  serionily  modified  by  the 
lords.  The  bills  £or  which  Bueeell  was  more 
farticiilarly  responsible  in  the  following  ees- 
am  were  the  creation  of  a  committee  of  the 
privy  eoosoil  to  deal  with  education,  the 
grant  of  80,000/.  for  educational  purposee, 
and  the  inauguration  of  the  government  in- 
spection of  Bcnoole.  Theae  measores  as  car- 
ried M  far  abort  of  Russell's  original  pro- 
poflali,  which  were  mutilated  in  the  House 
of  Lord«,  but  they  initiated  goTemment 
saperriaion  and  aid  in  education,  and  thus 
proved  of  aupreme  importance.  His  tenure  of 
the  colonial  office  was  distinguished  by  the 
conversiiMi  of  New  Zealand  into  a  British 
colony,  and  the  formal  claim  to  the  whole 
of  Australia. 

In  1840  the  diCnger  of  war  between  Eng- 
land and  France  with  regard  to  Mehemet 
Ali  and  Turkey,  and  the  difference  of  opinion 
between  Busaell,  who  wished  to  come  to 
terms  with  France,  and  Palmereton,  who 
took  an  oppoaite  line,  nearly  led  to  Russell's 
resignation.    Finally  war  was  averted,  and 
bjth  Russell  and  Falmerston  remained  in 
office.    Meanwliile  the  China  war,  coupled 
with  stagnation  in  trade,  caused  recurring 
defidtain  the  budget    Early  in  1841  the 
cabinet  determined  to  reduce  the  duties  on 
foreim  timber,  sugar,  and  otiier  articles,  and 
to  snostitute  a  fixed  duty  of  6$»  on  com  for 
the  sUdinff  scale  established  in  1828.    Rue- 
sell  himself  had  declared,  two  years  before, 
in  favour  of  a  moderate  fixed  duty.    The 
piwaed  change  was  welcomed  by  the  free- 
tndera,  but  it  wron  no  adherents  from  the 
coBserratiye  aide,  and  alienated  many  whigs. 
The  government  was  defeated  by  thirty-eix 
votes  on  18  May.    Keyerthelees  they  deter- 
mined to  perseyere;  but  on  4  June  Peel's 
motion  of  no  confidence  in  the  government 
^as  carried  by  one  vote.   On  the  Ifird  parlia- 
ment was  diseolyed.    The  general  election 
n«ulted  in  a  £reat  conservative   victory. 
Hussell  acceptea  an  invitation  to  contest  the 
city  of  London,  but  was  only  returned  as 
lait  of  the  four  successful  candidates.    On 
the  address  in  August  the  government  were 
defeated  by  ninaty-*OBe  votes,  and  gave  wa,j 
to  Sir  Robert  PeeL 

During  Peers  administration  Russell  led 
the  opposition,  but  he  supported  the  govem- 
mait  on  tbe^ueation  of  the  Maynooth  grant, 
and  in  his  famoaB  *  Edinburgh  Letter,'  dated 
^  Nov.  1845,  declared  for  the  total  repeal 
of  the  com  lawB^  ignorant  of  the  fact  that 
Peel  had  already  proposed  this  measure  to 


his  cabinet.  Unable  to  carry  his  cabinet 
with  him,  Peel  resigned,  and  on  8  Dec 
Russell  was  summoned  to  form  a  ministry. 
But  Lord  Howick  (Earl  Grey  since  his 
father*s  death  in  July  1846)  refused  to  serve 
if  Palmerston  were  reappointed  secretary  for 
foreign  afi&irs,  and  Russell's  attempt  failed. 
Peel  returned  to  office,  repealed  thercom  laws 
with  Russell's  support^  and  then  introdnced 
a  new  coercion  bill  for  Ireland.  Tins  Russell 
opposed,  and  on  26  June  1846,  the  night 
on  which  the  com  bill  passed  the  lords,  the 
coercion  bill  was  defeated  in  the  commons. 

In  July  Russell  succeeded  in  forming  an 
administration  for  the  first  time,  taking  office 
as  first  lord  of  the  treasury  and  premier; 
Palmerston  went  to  the  foreign  office,  Sir 
George  Grey  to  the  home  office,  Oharles 
Wood  to  the  exchequer,  and  Earl  Qtny  be> 
came  secretary  for  war  and  the  colonies. 
The  first  difficulty  that  faced  the  new  ad* 
ministration  was  the  potato  fiunine  in  Lre* 
land,  for  the  relief  of  which  the  government 
granted  ten  millions  to  be  spent  on  public 
works.  Parliament,  which  was  prorogued 
on  28  Au^.,  met  again  in  January  1847. 
After  passing  other  remedial  measures  for 
Irelana,  it  enacted  the  Ten  Hours  Bill,  in- 
troduced by  John  Fielden  [q.  v.],  and  yi- 
fforously  supported  by  Russell,  and  also  a 
bill  establishmflp  the  poor-law  board,  subse- 
quently merged  in  the  local  government 
board.  Parliament  was  dissolved  on  24  July. 
The  new  House  of  Commons  comprised  325 
liberals,  106  conservative  free-traders,  and  226 

Erotectionists.  Russell  was  returned  at  the 
ead  of  the  poll  for  the  city  of  London. 
Parliament  met  in  November ;  Ireland  still 
blocked  the  way,  and  Russell,  who  remained 
prime  minister,  was  compelled  to  introduce 
a  coercion  bill  similar  to  that  on  which  Peel 
had  been  defeated.  It  passed  by  large  ma- 
jorities, in  spite  of  much  opposition  from  the 
radicals.  It  was  accompanied  by  two  r»> 
medial  measures,  the  Encumbered  Estates 
Act  and  another  measure  giving  the  tenant 
compensation  for  improvements.  The  latter 
was,  however,  stubbornly  resisted,  and  then 
referred  to  a  select  oommittee ;  its  principle 
was  not  adopted  bv  the  legislature  tiu  twenty 
years  later.  In  the  autumn  of  1847  Russell 
evoked  a  violent  outcry  among  the  high- 
church  party  by  the  afipointment  of  Dr. 
Hampden  to  the  bishopric  of  Hereford  [see 
HjlUpdei^,  RfiNN  Dicxsok].  Abroad,  his 
anxieties  were  greatly  increased  by  the  danger 
of  rupture  with  France,  and  by  the  revolu- 
tionary moyements  in  France,  Italy,  Spain, 
Pbland,  and  Hungary;  while  further  diffi- 
culty was  created  by  Palmerston's  dispoei- 
tion  to  act  in  foreign  affairs  independently 


Russell 


460 


Russell 


me 


of,  and  often  in  opposition  to,  his  colleagues 
and  tbe  prime  minister  [for  the  foreign  policy 
of  Russell's  govemmenty  see  art.  Temple, 
Hbnbt  JoHir,  third  Viscoitkt  Pa^lmbbstoit]. 
Meanwhile  the  revolutionary  agitation  in 
Gurope  found  faint  echoes  in  England  and 
Ireland.  The  chartist  movement  died  away 
after  the  fiasco  of  the  meeting  in  London 
on  10  April  1848.  In  Ireland  the  Treason 
Felony  Act  of  the  same  month  and  suspen- 
sion of  the  Haheas  Ck)rpus  Act  (July)  were 
followed  hy  the  easy  suppression  of  Smith 
O'Brien's  rebellion.  Russell  attempted  to 
alleyiate  the  situation  in  that  country  by  a 
further  amendment  of  the  poor  law,  by  en- 
dowing the  Roman  catholic  priesthood,  and 
creating  a  fourth  secretary  of  state  for  Ire- 
land in  place  of  the  lord-lieutenant;  but 
the  two  latter  measures  proved  abortive. 
Other  measures  which  Russell  endeavoured 
to  pass  in  1848  were  bills  for  promoting  the 
health  of  towns,  for  removing  Jewish  dis- 
abilities, and  repealing  the  navigation  acts. 
The  first  was  successful,  and  the  second  was 
rejected  by  the  House  of  Lords  [see  Roth- 
schild, LiOKEL  Nathan  de].  The  third 
measure,  after  being  abandoned  by  the  go- 
vernment in  1848,  passed  both  houses  next 
ear  (1849).  In  October  Russell  brought 
efore  the  cabinet  a  new  reform  bill,  but  he 
ffwas  outvoted,  and  tiie  measure  went  no 
'tfurther.  His  great  measure  of  1 850  was  the 
Australian  Oolonies  Act  (18  and  14  Vict, 
cap.  59),  whereby  Port  Phillip  district  was 
erected  into  a  separate  colony  under  the 
name  Victoria,  and  New  South  Wales  was 

fiven  responsible  representative  government, 
n  November  Russell's  letter  to  the  bishop 
of  Durham,  which  was  called  forth  by  the 
*  papal  aggression '  (i.e.  the  bull  creating  Ro- 
man catholic  bishops  in  England),  and  con- 
tained references  to  high  churchmen  as '  un- 
worthy sons  of  the  church '  and  to  Roman 
practices  as  Hhe  mummeries  of  superstition,' 
was  received  with  unbounded  enthusiasm 
by  protestants,  and  with  equal  disgust  by 
hiffh  chmrchmen  and  Roman  catholics.  In 
FeoruarT  1851  a  bill  was  passed  rendering 
illegal  the  assumption  in  England  of  ecclesi- 
astical titles  by  Roman  catholic  priests,  but 
was  suffered  to  fall  into  desuetude.  In  the 
same  month  the  government  was  defeated  by 
one  hundred  to  fifty-two  votes  on  Locke 
King's  motion  for  assimilating  the  county 
to  the  borough  franchise.  Russell  at  once 
resigned,  but  Stanley  (afterwards  Earl  of 
Derby)  was  unable  to  form  a  ministry,  and 
in  March  Russell  returned  to  office. 

In  December  Russell's  disagreement  with 
Palmerston  came  to  a  head.  The  latter, 
without  consulting  his  colleagues,  recognised 


the  government  formed  by  Napoleon  sli;er 
his  coup  d'Hat  of  2  Dec.,  and,  on  the  ground 
that  Palmerston  had  exceeded  his  authority, 
RusseU  demanded  his  resignation.  Ob26])6c. 
Ghranville  succeeded  him  as  foreign  mimflter. 
Palmerston  soon  had  his  revenge.    In  Fs- 
bruaiT  he  moved  an  amendment  extending 
the  Militia  Bill  which  the  government  liaa 
introduced  in  apprehension  of  invasion  from 
France,  and  earned  it  by  eleven  votes.  Rus- 
sell resigned,  after  having  acted  as  premier 
for  four  and  three-quarter  years.  The  £arl  of 
Derby  became  heaa  of  a  conservative  admini- 
stration, with  Disraeli  as  chancellor  of  the 
exchequer.    But  Lord  Derby's  govemment 
had  a  hrief  existence.    Parliament  was  dis- 
solved in  July  1862,  and  the  conservatives 
were  in  a  minority  in  the  new  House  of 
Commons.  Disraeli's  budget  was  defeated  in 
November,  and  Derby  gave  way  next  month 
to  a  coalition  minLBtry  of  whigs  and  P^ites 
under  Lord  Aberdeen  as  prime  minister. 
Palmerston    became   home  secretary,  Mr. 
Gladstone  chancellor  of  the  exchequer,  and 
Russell  foreign  secretary.   It  was  a  coalition, 
but  not  a  union,  and  neither  party  was  satis- 
fied with  the  amount  of  influence  it  possessed. 
Russell  led  the  House  of  Commons,  but  on 
21  Feb.  1863  he  resigned  the  foreign  secre- 
taryship, bein^  succeeded  by  Lord  Claren- 
don; he  remamed  in  the  cabinet  without 
office,  and  continued  to   lead   the  house. 
During  the  session  he  introduced  a  bill  en- 
abling municipalities  to  rate  themselves  for 
the  support  or  voluntary  schools,  but  it  did 
not  pass.    In  October  Aberdeen  proposed  to 
retire  from  the   premiership   in   Russell's 
favour,  but  the  cabinet  would  not  sanction 
the  change.    In  December  Russell  brought 
before  the  cabinet  a  new  reform  bilL    Pal- 
merston objected  to  it,  and  resigned;  he  was 
induced  to  withdraw  his  resignation^ut  it 
became  evident  in  April  1864  that  if  Kussell 
persisted  with  his  bill  the  govemment  would 
break  up ;  he  therefore  postponed  the  mea- 
sure.   In  May  he  suggested  and  carried  into 
effect  the  separation  of  the  war  and  colonial 
departments.    In  June  he  accepted  the  pre- 
siaency  of  the  council. 

Meanwhile  England  had  drifted  into  war 
with  Russia  [see  CAVKiire,  StbatpobdI. 
During  the  negotiations  that  preceded  it  Rus- 
sell threatened  to  resign,  because  he  was  not 
fully  consulted  before  decisions  were  takeot 
and  because  he  was  not  prepared  to  support 
the  porte  against  its  Christian  subjects;  at 
the  same  time  he  was  more  hostile  to  Russia 
than  Lord  Aberdeen.  The  differences  in  the 
cabinet  had  an  evil  effect  on  the  conduct  of 
the  war.  Russell  grew  dissatisfied,  and ,  bdng 
ill  prepared  to  resist  Roebuck's  motion  for 


Russell 


461 


Russell 


inquiry  into  the  management  of  the  war  in 
JanuAiy  1855,  he  retind  from  the  admini- 
stration. He  thensupported Roebuck's  motion, 
which  was  carried  by  a  large  majority,  and 
Aberdeen  resigned.    The  queen  sent  first  for 
Derby  and  then  for  Busseil,  but  neither  was 
able  to  form  a  goyemment,  and  the  task  was 
.  entrusted  to  nlmerston.    He  became  pre- 
mier, retaining  for  the  most  part  Lord  Aber- 
deen's ealnnet.  Russdl  declined  Falmerston's 
invitation  to  join  the  ministry,  but  accepted 
the  post  of  plenipotentiary  to  the  congress 
which  waa  now  assembling  at  Vienna  in  the 
hope  of  peace.    While  on  the  way  at  Paris 
he  leant  that  the  Peelites  (including  Mr. 
Gladstone,  Sir  James  Oraham,  and  Sidney 
Herbert)  had  withdrawn  frt>m  Palmerston's 
newly  formed  administration  (23  Feb.)  Rus- 
sell now  reluctantly  accepted  the  colonial 
office,  without,  however,  giving  up  his  mis- 
sion to  Vienna.    He  arrived  there  in  March, 
after  visiting  Berlin.  Russia  held  out  against 
the  terms  proposed,  and  Russell's  view  that 
adefensive  aUiance  between  England,  France, 
and  Austria  afforded  sufficient  guarantee  for 
the  security  of  Turkey  was  not  accepted  by 
the  ministiy  •   The  congress  efiEected  nothing, 
and  RusseU  once  more  threatened  to  resign. 
Nevertheless  he  was  persuaded  to  remain  in 
office,  and  to  defend  tne  government's  policy 
in  parliament,  a  course  which  involved  him  in 
acnarge  of  inconsistency,  and  raised  a  great 
outcry  when  his  own  proceedings  at  Vienna 
were  revealed  by  Count  Buol.     Unable  by 
reasons  of  state  to  account  in  fiiU  detail  for 
his  coarse  of  action,  Russell  resigned  on 
13  July. 

For  nearlj  four  years  he  remained  out 
of  office  devoting   nis   leisure  to   literary 
work.    He  supported  Palmerston's  govern- 
ment during  the  Indian  mutiny,  but  pro- 
tested against  the  arbitrary  seizure  of  the 
Arrow  in  Chinese  waters,  and  a^nst  the 
Conspiracy  Bill,  introduced,  at  Napoleon's 
instigation,   after  the  Orsini  plot  of  1858. 
This  bill  was  defeated  by  nineteen  votes,  and 
the  conservatives,  under  Derby,  came  into 
office  in  place  of  Pftlmerston  and  his  friends. 
Bussell  supported  the  new  India  Bill,  which 
tiansferxed  the  government  of  that  country 
to  the  crown,  but  led  the  attack  on  Dis^ 
neli*s  Reform  Bill  in  1859.    In  the  general 
election  which  followed  it«  defeat  the  liberals 
had  a  minority  of  forty-eight,  Russell  being 
sgain  returned  for  the  city  of  London.    He 
now  took  office  as  foreign  secretary  under 
Palmerston.      On  1  March  1660  he  intro- 
duced a  reform  hill  into  the  House  of  Com- 
mons, reducing  the  qualification  for  the  fran- 
chise to  lOL  in  the  counties  and  6L  in  towns, 
and  effecting  a  redistribution  of  seats ;  but 


the  measure  fell  a  victim  to  Palmerston's 
antipathy  and  the  popular  apathy.  The 
question  that  mostly  occupied  liim  was  the 
war  of  Italian  liberati<Mi.  JEIe  was  an  ardent 
advocate  of  '  Italy  for  the  Italians,'  and  his 
efforts  had  a  considerable  share  in  bringing 
about  Italian  unity.  Less  successful  was 
his  opposition  to  the  annexation  of  Savoy 
by  France.  During  the  autumn  of  1860 
Russell  accompaniea  the  queen  on  her  visit 
to  Germany.  In  July  Iwl  he  was  raised 
to  the  peerage  as  Earl  Russell  of  Kingston 
Russell  and  Viscount  Amberley  of  Amberley 
and  Ardsalla. 

During  the  American  civil  war  Russell 
maintained  a  strict  neutrality  between  the 
bellifferents.  In  September  1862  he  wished 
to  oner  mediation  between  the  north  and 
south;  but  he  failed  to  stop  the  sailing  of 
the  Alabama,  whose  depredations  subse- 
quently cost  the  government  over  8,000,000/. 
Other  important  episodes  during  his  tenure 
of  the  foreign  office  were  the  !^lish  insur- 
rection and  the  seizure  of  Schleswi^-Hol- 
stein.  Russell  sympathised  warmly  with  the 
Poles,  but  was  empnatic  on  the  impossibility 
of  England  rendering  any  material  assist- 
ance, and  in  the  same  way  he  saw  the  futility 
of  England  alone  attempting  to  resist  the 
Prussian  and  Austrian  occupation  of  Schles- 
wig-Holstein.  On  22  Jan.  1862  he  was 
created  a  knight  of  the  Charter.  There  was 
little  domestic  legislation  during  this  period, 
and  in  a  speech  delivered  at  the  end  of  Sep- 
tember 1864  Russell  described  the  attitude  of 
the  country  as  one  of '  rest  and  be  thankful.* 

The  general  election  of  July  1865  con- 
firmed tne  ministry  in  power,  but  on  18  Oct. 
Palmerston  died.  Russell  became  prime 
minister  for  the  second  time,  with  Mr.  Glad- 
stone as  leader  of  the  House  of  Commons.  In 
March  the  government  introduced  a  reform 
bill  containing  some  of  the  provisions  ot 
Russell's  abortive  measure  of  1860,  with  the 
addition  of  lodger  enfranchisement.  It  met 
with  lukewarm  support  in  parliament,  and/ 
the  formation  of  the  '  Gave  of  Adullam'  leiL' 
to  the  defeat  of  the  government  on  18  June 
1866  [see  Hobsuan,  Edwabd;  Lowe,  Ro- 
bebt].  The  consequent  resignation  of  the 
cabinet  and  the  formation  of  Derby's  govern- 
ment brought  Russell's  official  career  to  a 
close.  He  refused  Mr.  Gladstone's  offer  on 
3  Dec.  1868  of  a  seat  in  the  cabinet '  without 
other  responsibility.' 

During  the  later  years  of  his  life  he  was 
occupied  with  political  speculations  and  lite- 
rary work.  In  the  House  of  Lords  he  fre- 
quently took  part  in  debate,  and  he  was  fore- 
most in  supporting  the  policy  of  conciliation 
in  Ireland,  which  ne  had  adopted  and  pressed 


Russell 


462 


Russell 


upon  parliament  in  earlier  years.  In  1869 
he  introduced  a  bill  in  the  House  of  Lords 
empowering  the  crown  to  create  a  limited 
number  of  life-peeniges ;  it  was  rejected  on 
the  third  reading.  £&  was  natural^  a  warm 
supporter  of  the  Irish  Land  and  Education 
bills  of  1870,  but  voted  against  the  Ballot 
Bill  in  1871.  A  letter  from  him  approving 
in  the  name  of  civil  and  relu^ous  liberty  the 
anti-clerioal  policy  of  the  Qerman  emperor 
was  read  at  a  public  meeting  held  in  St. 
James's  Hall,  London,  on  27  Jan.  1874,  to 
express  approval  of  the  Qerman  govern- 
ment's action  in  expelling  various  religious 
ozders.  His  sympathy  evoked  the  thanus  of 
the  Qerman  emperor  and  of  Prince  Bismarck^ 
who  styled  him  'the  Nestor  of  European 
statesmen.' 

Domestic  sorrow  darkened  his  closing  days. 
In  the  spring  of  1874  his  daughte]s4n-law, 
Lady  Amber&y ,  and  her  child  died.  Early  in 
187obe  losth^  eldest  son  ^Lord  Amberley), 
and  he  was  himself  seizea  with  an  illness 
shortly  KBberwards  £rom  which  he  never  en- 
tirely rallied.  He  died  on  26  May  1878  at 
Pembroke  Lodge  in  Richmond  I^^rk,  where 
he  spent  the  last  thirty  years  of  his  life.  The 
residence  belonged  to  the  queen,  and  she 
had  granted  Russell  tiie  use  of  it  since  1847. 
Lord  Beaconsfield  proposed,  with  the  ap- 
proval of  the  queen,  that  he  should  have 
a  public  fHinearal  and  a  tomb  in  Westminster 
Aobey;  but  his  remains  were  laid,  in  ac- 
cordanoe  with  his  own  wish,  in  the  family 
vault  at  Ohenies. 

Russell  married,  first,  on  11  Apil  1885, 
Adelaide  (d.  1888),  daughter  of  Thomas 
Lister  of  Armitage  Park,  and  widow  of 
Thomas,  second  lord  Ribblesdale,  and  by 
her  had  two  daughters,  Q«orgiana  Adelaide, 
who  married  Archibald,  third  son  of  Jonathan 
Peel  [q.  v.J,  and  Victoria,  who  married  Henry 
Montagu  Y  illiers  fq.  v.],  bishop  of  Durham. 
He  married,  secondly,  on  20  July  1841,  Lady 
Frances  Anna  Maria  Elliot,  dau^ter  of  Qilr 
bert,  second  earl  of  Minto,  -vnio  died  on 
18  Jaa.  1898.  By  her  he  had  three  sons 
and  one  daughter.  The  eldest  son,  John, 
viscount  Amberiey,  is  separately  noticed. 

The  excellence  of  Russeirs  literary  achieve- 
saent  was  not  proporti(med  to  its  quantity. 
His  historical  work,  entitled  'Memoirs  of 
the  AfTaira  of  Europe'  (1824),  is  but  a 
fragment,  and  no  more  than  a  creditable 
compilation.  Mr.  Qladstone  has,  however, 
affirmed  that '  Burke  never  wrote  anytlung 
better '  than  some  passages,  especially  that 
running, '  When  I  am  asked  if  such  or  such 
a  nation  is  fit  to  be  free,  I  ask  in  retmm, 
is  any  man  fit  to  be  a  despot  P '  Russell's 
*  £ssaj.Q«i  the  £figli^  Constitutiou'  (1821) 


is  the  best  work  from  his  pen,  while  that  con- 
taining the  '  Letters^  of  the  Fourth  Duke  of 
Bedford '  (8  vols.,  1842--»-6),  with  an  histo- 
rical introduction^  is  the  most  usefyi  and 
interesting.  He  alsa  edited  the '  Menunials 
and  Letters  of  Fox'  (4  vols.,  1858-4-7)  and 
the  *  Diary  of  Moore,*  but  he  barely  reidised 
the  duties  of  on  editor;  his  '  Life  and  Times 
of  Fox'  (3  vols.,  1869-67)  contains  mxm 
politics  than  biogra^iy.  His  otber  works 
Wude  t&e '  Life  of  Lord  William  RuaseU  * 
(1819),  <  Essays  and  Bkoitches'  (18S0),  and 
'Causes  of  the  French  Revolution '  Q882). 

His  literary  skill  is  most  markea  in  his 
epistolary'  writing  fef.  art.  Mebbwbthbk, 
JoHir],  and  his  s^ecnes  and  writings  abound 
in  happy  and  telling  phrases.  No  cleverer  re- 
tort was  ever  made,  according  to  Mr.  GHad- 
stone,  than  Lord  John's  to  Sir  F^nds  Bur- 
dett :  'The  hoDOuioble  member  talks  of  the 
cant  of  patriotism ;  but  there  is  something 
worse  than  the  cant  of  patriotism,  and  that 
is  the  re^cant  of  patriotism.'    It  would  not 
be  easy  to  match  tiiie  readiness  of  his  r^ly 
to  the  (jueen  and   the  prince  consort,  for 
which  his  nephew,  Mr.  Qeorge  W.E.  Russell, 
is  the  authority  {Contemporary  JSevww,  Ivi. 
814).    The  queen  said,   'Is  it  true.  Lord 
John,  that  you  hold  that  a  subject  is  justi- 
fied, in  certain  circumstances,  in  disobey- 
ing his   sovereign P'     'Well,*  ^^  replied, 
'  speaking  to  a  sovereign  of  the  Bouse  of  xlan- 
over,  I  can  onl;<^  say  that  I  supnose  it  is.' 
Sir  James  Mackintosh  was  struck  with  his 
definition  of  a  proverb,  'One  man's  wit  and 
flJl  men's  wisdom.'    Lord  John  added  a  pro- 
verb to  the  nation's  stock:  'A  spur  in  the 
head  is  worth  two  in  the  heel.' 

His  training  led  him  to  excel  as  a  poli- 
tician, and  he  was  at  home  in  Downing  Street 
and  in  parliament.    The  store  of  constitu- 
tional knowledge  which  he  had  laboriously 
acquired  was  tlwavs  at  his  commaiKi,  and 
this  gave  him  weignt  in  the  House  of  Com- 
mons. He  was  not  an  orator  of  the  fixst  rank: 
still,  he  had  the  gift  of  impressing  an  as- 
semblv.    He  had  not  the  faculty  of  moving 
an  audience  by  perfisrvid  rhetoric ;  but,  de- 
spite certain  mannerisms  of  speech  wfaieb 
grated  on  the  ear,  he  possessed  the  art  of 
convisieing  intelligent  hearers.    It  was  only 
on  save  occasions,  as  Bulwer  Lytton  wrot^ 
in  the '  New  Timon,' '  languid  Johnny  glowed 
to  glorious  John,'  said  he  roused  his  audience 
to  genuine  enthusiasm.  The  impression  which 
he  made  onOhiuples  Sumner,  an  exacting  critic, 
is  noteworthy.    '  Lord  Jbhn  Russett  *'  (Snm- 
ner  wrote  in  1888  of  a  ni^ht  spent  in  the 
House  of  Commons^  *  rose  in  my  mind  the 
more  I  Ustened  to  him.     In  person  diminu- 
tive and  rioleety,  he  reminded  me  of  a  petti«> 


Russell 


463 


Russell 


fogging  attofBiey  who  Uv€8  near  Leehm«re 
Point.  Ho  wrigffled  loimd,  played  with  hiB 
hat,  and  aoemed  unable  to  dispose  of  his 
hands  or  his  feet ;  hia  Yoiee  was  small  and 
thin,  hat  notwithstanding  all  this^  a  house 
of  five  hundred  members  was  hushed  to 
catch  his  smalleBt  accents.  Ton  listened, 
andyouiehtfaat  jouhaardamanof  mindi  of 
thouJi^ty  and  of  moral  elevation'  (L\fe  and 
Letters  of  amour,  i.  8ie> 

In  one  of  his  earlier  speeches  in  the  house 
he  sffirmed  that  too  much  was  talked  about 
the  wisdom  of  our  ancestors,  and  that  he 
wished  their  courage  to  be  imitated.  He 
their  conrsge  in.  oyerflowing  mea- 
>  a  cotmge  wiii^  was  akin  to  rashness, 
d  a  self-confidence  which  resembled  obsU- 
CT.  He  was,  indeed,  what  1^  Duke  of 
ellington  said  of  him  to  Rogers, '  a  host  in 
himAelf*  His  inrincible  self-reliance  was  re- 
garded by  Sydney  Smith  as  his  worst  fiuilt : 
'  I  beliere  Lord  John  Russell  would  perform 
theopsration  for  the  stone,  build  St.  Peter's, 
or  assome— with  or  without  ten  minutes' 
notice-— the  command  of  the  Channel  fleet ; 
and  no  one  would  discover  by  his  manner 
that  the  patient  had  died,  the  church 
tumbled  down,  and  the  Channel  fleet  been 
knocked  to  atoms '  (Stdvbt  Smith,  Works, 
ill  238). 

Like  Fox,  he  was  short  in  stature,  but  he 
was  devoid  of  Fox's  ffeniality.  The  freeeing 
manner  on  which  Biuwer  Ly tton  insisted  in 
lu8  description  of  Lord  John  was  very  mani- 
fest in  his  early  years.    His  father  wrote 
t^im  at  the  end  of  the  session  of  1837-^ : 
'Jthere  ore  circumstances  in  which  you  give 
t  oibnoe  to  yonr  followers  Tor  tail)  in 
House  of  Commons  by  not  neing  cour- 
jom  to  them,  by  treating  them  superci- 
>usly,  and  dt  hmU  en  basyioj  not  listening 
ith  sufficient  patience  to  their  solicitations 
<it  remonstrances'  (Sfxncbb  Walpole,  X^, 
ilKH).   In  private  life  he  was  a  genial  com- 
p^ion,    ana  what    Gbeville  said  of   him 
when  at  Wobum  Abbey  in  1841  (MemoirSf 
n.  140)   apj^iss  to  his  whole  life :   '  John 
Russell  is  always  agreeable,  both  from  what 
he  contributes  himself,  and  his  hearty  en- 
joyment of  the  contributions  of  others.'  Mot- 
ley, the  American  historian,  wrote  of  him 
that, '  in  his  own  home,  I  never  saw  a  more 
sgreeable  manner.'    He  was  never  happier 
than  when  surrounded  by  his  children  and 
his  books.    Field  sports  did  not  attract  him, 
tfaoQgk  he  vractised  shooting  at  birds  when 
a  hojf  ana  kflled  a  boar  when  attending 
Queen  Victona  in  Qermany  in  1860. 

As  a  statesman  he  was  a  sincoe  but  not  a 
demonstrative  patriot ;  he  wrote  of  England 
as  '  the  oountry  whose  freedom  I  have  wor- 


shipped.'   Proud  of  his  oountry  and  jealous  of 
'  its  Bonour.he  noUv  tmh^  the  whignnetto 
of  Ajvtl  ny>A  TftBgiQus  liberty  thro^hout  the 
world.   Every  movement  for  fitaedom  had  his 
hearty  support.    He  diampionad  every  mea- 
sure that  he  believed  would  increase  the 
hapless  of  the  people.    National  education 
was  as  dear  to  him  as  parliamentary  reform. 
He  wasreproached  with  sfaowingunfimefiivourfi 
to  membm  of  his  own  party  and  family,  vetU 
he  was  never  convicted  of  exercising  his] 
patronage  to  the  detriment  of  the  public  wel^  / 
fare,  ana,  while  remembering  his  relatives,  hej 
did  not  neglect  his  friends.   His  own  liteinry 
tastes  made  him  a  discriminating  patron  of 
letters  and  learning.    He  was  responsible  for 
the  appointment  of  Tennyson  as  poetrlaoreate,. 
and  of  Sir  John  Herschel  as  master  of  tlie\ 
mint.    Li  1846,  when  Wordsworth  was  can- 1 
didate  for  the  lord^rectorship  of  Glas^pw 
University,  Russell  declined  to  stand  against 
him.   He  gave  the  Royal  Society  1,0^/. 
public  money  to  be  spent  on  scientific 
search.    In  1872  he  served  as  president 
the  Royal  Historical  Society.    While 
earnest  and  enlightened  churchman,  he  wa» 
the  friend  of  many  nonconformists. 

His  personal  cluuracteristics  were  set  forth 
by  himself  with  modesty  and  truth  in  1880, 
in  the  introduction  to  his  speeches :  '  My 
capacity,  I  always  felt,  was  very  inferior  to 
that  of  the  men  who  have  attained  in  past 
times  the  foremost  place  in  our  parliament 
and  in  the  councils  of  our  sovereign.  I  have 
committed  many  errors,  some  of  them  very 
gross  blundera  But  the  generous  people 
of  England  are  always  forbearing  and  for- 
giving to  those  statesmen  who  have  the 
good  of  their  country  at  heart.'  Nine  yeses 
iter,  when  his  life  was  ebbing  away,  he 
said  to  his  wife,  *I  have  made  mistakes,^ 
but  in  aU  I  did  my  object  was  the  public) 
good.' 

Russell  was  an  original  member  of  the 
Reform  Club,  where  nis  portrait  is  con- 
spicuous in  the  hall.  In  the  National  Por- 
trait Gallery  is  apaintixur  of  Russell,  presented 
by  the  painter,  Q.  F.  Watts,  R.A.,  and  he 
was  also  painted  by  &x  Francis  Grsnt,P.R.  A. 
inhere  is  also  a  marble  bust,  sculptorsd  in 
1832  by  John  Francis. 

[Walpole's  Life  of  Lord  John  Russell;  Raid's 
Lord  John  Kossell;  Speeches  and  DeBpatches, 
and  Becollections  ana  Snggestions  by  Earl 
Russell;  ^nsard'fr Parliamentary  Debates;  Ore- 
ville's  Diariee;  Queen  Victoria's  Lettera,  1907; 
Horle/s  Life  of  Gladstone,  1903;  Toirens's 
Memoirs  of  Lord  Melbourne;  Moore's  Diary; 
Sir  Theodore  Martin's  Life  of  the  P^nce  Con. 
sort ;  Airiiley's  Life  of  PahnoTSton ;  Peel  Papers ; 
Fitspstriok's    Life    of    O'Connell;    Morley's 


Russell 


464 


Russell 


«Cobden ;  Croker  Papers ;  Sydney  Smith's  Works ; 
Schtff s  Cat.  of  Pictures,  &e,,  at  Wobum,  and 
Cat.  of  MoDuments  at.Chenies.]  F.  R. 

RUSSELL,  JOHN  (1795-1883),  'the 
sporting  parson,'  eldest  son  of  John  Kussell, 
rector  of  North  Hill,  near  Gallin^ton  in  Corn- 
wall, and  afterwards  of  Iddesleigh  in  North 
Devon,  by  his  wife  Nora  (Jewell),  was  born  at 
Dartmouth  on  21  Dec.  1705.  His  father  was 
of  the  family  of  Kinffston  Russell,  and  the 
descendant  of  a  branch  which  settled  in  De- 
vonshire in  1551.  He  himself  was  a '  hunting 
parson,'  and  his  sons  and  pupils  took  their 
share  in  field  sports  from  the  earliest  possible 
age.  John  was  sent  to  Plympton  grammar 
school  (where  Sir  Joshua  Bevnolds  was  edu- 
cated), and  thencepassed  to  Blundell's  school, 
Tiverton,  where  he  and  a  friend  started  a 
•scratch  pack  of  hounds  of  various  breeds.  His 
exploits  with  this  ^ack  came  to  the  master^s 
ears,  and  he  was  within  an  ace  of  being  ex- 
pelled, but  recovered  the  gfoodwiU  of  Dr. 
lUchards  by  winning  the  Balliol  scholarship. 
Eventually,  however,  he  matriculated  from 
Exeter  College,  Oxford,  as  '  of  Crediton,'  on 
9  Nov.  1814.  At  Oxford  he  managed,  while 
avoiding  debts,  to  make  aristocratic  friend- 
ships, and  to  enjoy  a  good  deal  of  sport,  hunt- 
ing as  often  as  he  could  afibrd  it  with  Sir 
Thomas  Mostyn's  and  Sir  Harry  Peyton's 
hounds.  To  excel  in  the  hunting  field  was 
4ilready  his  ambition  when,  having  graduated 
B.  A.  on  1 7  Dec  1818,  he  was  ordained  a  deacon 
in  1819.  In  the  folio  wing  year  he  was  ordained 
priest,  and  obtained  his  first  curacy  at  George 
T^ympton,  near  South  Molton,  where  he  en- 
joyea  the  friendship  of  the  Rev.  John  Froude 
of  Know8tone,fiBaned  throughout  Devonshire 
for  his  love  of  hounds  and  disregard  of 
episcopal  authority.  On  SO  M^  1826 
Russeu  married,  at  Bath,  Penelope  Lucledon 
Bury,  daughter  of  Admiral  Bury  of  Den- 
nington  House,  Barnstaple,  and  shortlj 
tifterwards  went  to  Iddesleigh  to  act  as  his 
father's  curate.  He  had  kept  some  otter- 
hounds at  Molton.  At  Iddlesleigh  he  was 
•enabled  to  realise  his  desire  to  keep  and  hunt 
a  fine  pack  of  foxhounds.  The  brilliant  sport 
that  he  showed  with  these  '  wild  red  rovers 
of  Dartmoor'  soon  made  his  name  a  house- 
hold word  in  the  west  of  Enffland;  his  sten- 
torian 'view-halloo'  could  be  sworn  to  by 
every  rustic  between  Dartmoor  and  Exmoor, 
and  sportsmen  journeyed  from  afar  to  have 
A  day  with  the  clerical  Nimrod.  His  ab- 
etemiousness  and  his  powers  of  endurance 
were  remarkable,  and  the  distance  that  he 
rode  to  and  from  cover,  generaUv  on  the 
•same  horse  and  often  over  lonely  moors, 
enhanced  the  q|uality  of  his  achievements  on 
the  hunting  field  proper.  With  the  hounds, 


he  seemed  to  know  instinctively  the  line 
that  the  hunt  would  take.  No  man  had  a 
more  masterful  control  of  his  pack ;  it  was 
said  that  he  never  needed  a  whip  to  turn 
them,  and  that  he  never  lost  a  fox  by  a  false 
cast.  '  Jack  Russell,'  as  he  was  famUiarly 
called,  was  equally  popular  with  the  rural 
population  and  with  the  countj  gentry, 
numbering  amone  his  intimate  friends  Earl 
Fortescue,  the  £^1  of  Portsmouth,  George 
Lane-Fox,  and  Henry  Villebois. 

In  1831  Russell  went  to  live  at  Tor  Down, 
an  old  stone  grange  on  the  Exmoor  road,  not 
far  from  Barnstaple,  and  in  the  following 
year  he  was  {{resented  to  the  perpetual  curacy 
of  the  adjoininjg^  parish  of  Sw^bridge.  Soon 
Bfter  his  appointment  the  bishop  of  Exeter, 
the  martinet  Henry  Phillpotts  [q.v.],  much 
troubled  by  the  number  of  hunting  parsons 
in  his  diocese,  cited  Russell  to  appear  before 
him  and  answer  certain  charges  01  neglect  in 
his  cure,  and  remonstrated  with  him  on  the 
subject  of  keeping  hounds.  The  charges  were 
discovered  to  be  unfounded;  Russell  bluntly 
refused  to  give  up  his   hounds,  and  there 
the  matter  rested.    In  1845  he  was  infitru- 
mental  in  getting  up  the  annual  fox-hunting 
gathering  at  South  Molton,  a  sort  of  Tar- 
porley  meeting  of  the  west,  and  he  helped 
to  revive  the  Exmoor  stag-hunt.    He  did 
what  was  in  his  power  to  further  agricul- 
tural improvement  in  a  backward  part  of  the 
country.   In  1865,  at  the  Royal  Agricultural 
Society^s  Plvmouth  meeting,  hefint  met  the 
Prince  of  Wales,  who  was  much  delig^hted 
by  his  society;  and,  subsequently,  during 
Christmas  week,  he  was  more  than  once  a 
visitor  at  Sandringham.    In  1880  he  was 
collated  to  the  rectory  of  Black  Torrington 
upon  the  presentaticHi  of  Lord  Poltimore, 
and  left  Swymbridge  with  reluctance.    His 
famous  pack  of  smul  foxhounds  was  sold  to 
Henry    villebois.     Russell  was  now   over 
eighty,  but  he  lost  no  time  at  Tozrington  in 
starting  a  pack  of  harriers.    His  local  popu- 
larity and  his  keenness  in  all  matters  con- 
nected with  sport  had  in  no  wise  abated 
when  he  died  at  Black  Torrington  rectory  on 
28  April  1883.    He  was  buried  at  Swym- 
bridge  on  8  May  1883.    His  wife  had  ^ied 
on  1  Jan.  1875,  leaving  a  son  John  Bury,  who 
predeceased  his  father. 

An  insatiable  hunter,  an  untiring  'rider, 
an  excellent  judge  of  horse  and  bounds,  an 
enthusiastic  upholder  of  Devonshire  cider 
and  cream,  ana  no  less  staunch  in  support 
of  Devonshire  wrestlers  against  their  tnidi- 
tional  rivals  across  the  Tamar,  Rlossell  pos- 
sessed everf  element  of  county  popularity. 
With  a  stalwart  frame  and  a  low  leach,  ha 
had  in  his  youth  an  additional  f3»xnx  to 


Russell 


465 


Russell 


cpeet»  for  lie  was  an  admirable  sparrer ;  and 
in  Us  old  age  he  well  knew  how  to  exact 
the  definenoe  due  to  his  station.  A  tali, 
spue,  nnnght  firore,  <  with  a  character  to 
mttdi,'  ne  was  a  heen  discriminator  of  men 
and  an  excellent  talker,  lus  fnll-flavoured 
Deroaisn  speech  being  garnished  with  pic- 
tunsque  westH»nntry  phrases,  and  illumi- 
nated hj  a  pungent  wit.  He  was  a  good 
friend  to  the  poor,  and  left  no  pastoral  duty 
onpez&mied.  In  the  pulpit  he  tried  to  re- 
form oGsiduct  rather  than  to  expound  doctrine, 
beiii^  a  stem  denouncer  of  bad  language, 
strong  drinks,    and   the    'filthy  haoit   of 


[Foeter^s  AlmnDi  Qzon.  1714-1886;  Boese's 
Segi't*  «f  Exeter  Coll.  p.  216 ;  the  Russell 
Albiini,  vith  inttoduetion  by  G.  A.  Mohun 
Hirrii,  and  porixut ;  lUnstrated  London  News, 
12  May  1888  (portndt) ;  Sporting  and  Dramatic 
New%  5  aad  12  tfay  1888 ;  Field,  6  May  1888; 
Men  of  tlie  Reign,  1886,  pp.  783-4 ;  Times 
ObitBaneB,  1883  ;  notes  kmdly  supplied  by  W.  F. 
CoUier,  esq.,  of  Hozcabridge.  In  addition  to  the 
tboTe  a  fnll-length  picture  of  Bussell  amid  his 
>p<»tiDg  snrroandings  was  supplied  during  his 
Jifetine  in  the  gossipy  'Memoir  of  the  Bey. 
John  Bessell,  and  his  Out-of-door  life '  (London, 
1878,8ro;  new  edit.  1888),  compiled  from  papers 
origioally  contributed  to  Baily's  Magasine.] 

T.  8. 

RUSSELL,   JOHN   FULLER   (1814- 
1884),  theological  writer,  bom  in  1814,  was 
eon  of  Thomas  Russell  (1781 P-1846)  [q.  v.l 
and  brother  of  Arthur  Toser  Russell  [q.  v.J 
lie  was  admitted  a  pensioner  of  l^eter^ 
liODse,Cambridge,on4Junel832.  In  1836, 
while  an  undergraduate  there,  he  entered 
into  a  correspondence  with  Puser,  and  was 
one  of  the  first  sympathisers  with  the  *  Ox- 
ford moTement '  at  (Cambridge.    He  became 
a  regidar  correspondent  of  Pusey,  and  in 
1837  visited  him  at  Christ  Ohurch.    He  was 
ordained  deacon  in  1838,  and  appointed  to 
the  curacy  of  St.  Peter^s,  Walworth,  Surrey. 
In  1839  he  graduated  LL.B.,  and  in  the  same 
year  he  was  admitted  into  priest*s  orders. 
He  held  the  perpetual  curacy  of  St.  James, 
Enfield,  from  1841  to  1854,  and  in  1856  he 
was  presented  to  the  rectory  of  Greenhithe, 
Kent.    He  died  on  6  April  1884  at  his  house 
in  Ormonde  Terrace,  Regent*s  Park,  London. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  council  of  the 
Society  of  Antiquaries,  of  the  central  com- 
mittee of  the  Rojial  Ardueological  Institute, 
and  of  the  committee  of  the  Ecclesiological 
Society. 

Anumg  his  works,  which  relate  chiefly  to 
the  doctrine  and  discipline  of  the  chuicn  of 
England,  are :  1.  '  Leitter  to  the  Right  Hon. 
U.  Qoalbnm  on  the  Morals  aad  Religion  of 

wou  xnu 


the  University  of  Cambridge,'  Cambridge, 
1883, 8yo.  2.  <  The  Exclusive  Power  of  an 
episcopally  ordained  ClerBT  to  administer 
the  Sacraments,' 1834.  3.  %e  Judgment  of 
the  Anglican  Church  (posterior  to  the  Re- 
formation) on  the  Sufficiency  of  Holy  Scrip- 
ture, and  the  Authority  of  the  Holy  uathouc 
Church  in  Matters  of  Faith,'  London,  1838, 
8vo.  4.  'Strict  Observance  of  the  Rubric 
recommended,'  1839.  5. '  Anglican  Ordina- 
tions valid ;  a  Refutation  of  certain  State- 
ments in  .  .  .  ''  The  Validity  of  Anglican 
Ordinations  examined,"  by  Feter  Richard 
Kenrick,  V.G.,'  London,  1846, 8vo.  6. '  The 
Life  of  Dr.  Lemuel  Johnson,'  London,  1847, 
12mo.  7.  'The  Ancient  Knu;ht,  or  Chapters 
on  Chivalry,'  London,  1849, 12mo.  8.  <  Oral 
and  Written  Evidence  in  regard  to  the  post- 
Reformation  symbolical  Use  of  Lights  in 
the  Church  of  England,' in  the  second  report 
of  the  Ritual  Commission,  London,  1867,  fol. 
He  was  co-editor  with  Dean  Hook  of  the 
'Voice  of  the  Church'  (2  vols.  1840),  and 
with  Dr.  Irons  of  '  Tracts  of  the  Anglican 
Fathers'  (1841).  He  was  also  editor  of 
'Hierurgia  Anglicana,  or  Documents  and 
Extracts  illustrative  of  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land after  the  Reformation '  (1848). 

[Groekford's  Clerical  Direetoiy,  1876  and 
1884;  liddon's  Life  of  Pusey,  i.  400-8,ii.  141^ ; 
Stephens's  Life  and  Letters  of  W.F.  Hook,  ii.2a- 
28;  GraduatiOantabr.  1878;  Notes  and  Queries, 
6Ui  ser.  iz.  800;  Proc  Soe.  Antiquaries,  2nd 
ser.  X.  280,  281 ;  Simms*8  Kbl.  Staflfordiensis,  p. 
384 ;  Times,  10  April  1884 ;  Notes  and  Queries, 
6th  ser.  xL  466-6,  6th  ler.  i.  92.]  T.  C. 

RUSSELL,  JOHN  SCOTT  (1808-1882), 
civil  engineer,  eldest  son  of  David  Russell,  a 
Scottish  clergyman,  was  horn  at  Parkhead, 
near  Glasgow,  on  8  May  1808.  Originally 
intended  lor  the  church,  he  entered  a  work- 
shoo  to  learn  the  trade  of  an  emnneer,  and 
studied  at  the  universities  of  Edinburgh, 
St.  Andrews,  and  Qlasgow.  He  graduated 
at  Glasgow  at  the  age  of  sixteen.  On  the 
death  of  Sir  John  Leslie,  professor  of 
natural  philosophy  at  Edinburgh,  in  1832, 
he  was  elected  to  fill  the  vacancy  tempo- 
rarily. With  the  view  of  imnroving  the 
forms  of  vessels,  he  commencea  researches 
into  the  nature  of  waves.  He  read  a  pa]^r 
on  this  sulnect  before  the  British  Associa- 
tion in  1835,  when  a  committee  was  ap- 
pointed to  make  experiments.  Durinj^  these 
researches  Russell  discovered  the  exuitenoe 
of  the  wave  of  translation,  and  developed 
the  wave-line  system  of  construction  of 
ships.  In  1837  he  read  a  paper  before  the 
Royal  Society  of  Edinburrii  'On  the  Laws 
by  whidi  Water  opposes  Resistance  to  the 
Motion  of  Floating  Bodies,'  finr  which  he 


Russell 


466 


Russell 


feceived  the  large  gold  medal  of  the  society, 
and  was  elected  a  member  of  the  council. 
He  was  employed  at  this  time  as  manager 
of  the  large  shipbuilding  works  at  Greenock 
subsequently  owned  by  Caird  &  Co.  The 
Ware,  the  first  yessel  constructed  on  the 
wave  system,  was  built  under  his  direction 
in  1635,  the  Scott  Russell  in  1836,  and  the 
Flambeau  and  the  Fire-King  in  1839.  His 
system  was  employed  in  the  construction 
of  the  new  fleet  01  the  West  India  Rojjral 
Mail  Company,  four  of  the  ressels  being 
designed  and  built  by  him.  He  also  con- 
structed some  common  road  steam  carriages, 
which  ran  successfully  for  a  ^me  between 
PaisleT  and  Glasgow.  Six  of  these  were  at 
work  m  1834. 

BemoTing  to  London  in  1844,  Russell  be- 
came F.R.S.  in  1847  and  a  member  of  the  In- 
stitute of  Oiyil  Engineers,  of  which  he  was  for 
some  time  vice-president.  In  1845  he  was 
amK>inted  secretary  of  the  Society  of  Arts, 
which  was  then  occupied  with  a  proposal 
for  the  holding  of  a  national  exhibition. 
Russell  took  up  the  idea  with  his  accustomed 
energy,  and  it  was  in  no  small  degree  due  to 
his  initiative  and  persistence  that  the  sug- 
gested national  exhibition  developed  into 
the  Ghreat  International  Exhibition  of  1861. 
fie  took  an  active  part  in  the  earlier  work  of 
the  undertaking,  and  when  in  1860  a  royal 
commission  was  appointed,  he  was  made  one 
of  the  joint  secretaries,  Stafford  Northcote 
(afterwards  Lord  Iddesleigh^  bein^  the 
other.  The  oivanisation  01  the  exhibition 
itself  fell  into  the  hands  of  an  executive  com- 
mittee, and  Russell  had  a  very  small  share 
in  it.  Hence  his  part  in  the  grsat  work  was 
overlooked,  and  never  reoeiv^  nublic  recog- 
nition. In  the  same  vear  ( 1 860)  he  resigned 
the  secretaryship  of  the  Society  of  Arts. 

For  mAny  years  a  shipbuilder  on  the 
Thames,  he  constructed  the  Great  Eastern, 
and  became  joint  designer  of  the  Warrior, 
the  first  seargoing  armoured  frigate.  He 
was  a  strong  advocate  of  ironclad  men-of- 
war,  and  was  one  of  the  founders  and  vice- 
presidente  of  the  Institute  of  Naval  Archi- 
tects. The  failure  of  the  Gh-eat  Eastern  led 
to  the  suspension  of  his  firm,  but  he  con- 
tinued to  practise  as  a  consulting  engineer. 
His  last  work  in  naval  construction  was  a 
steamer  to  carry  railway  trains  between  the 
German  and  the  Swiss  terminus  on  the  oppo- 
site shores  of  Lake  Constance.  His  greatest 
work  apart  from  shi^buDding  was  the  dome 
of  the  Vienna  Exhibition  in  1878.  He  also 
dBsigned  a  high-level  bridge  to  cross  the 
Thames  below  London  Bridge.  He  died  at 
Yentnor,  insomewhatreduocMlcircumstanoes, 
«n  8  Jane  1882. 


Russell  was  a  man  of  brilliant  and  versa- 
tile intellectual  powers,  a  good  sohokr,  a 
clever  and  original  speaker,  and  a  bright  coo- 
versationaHst.  A  certain  lack  of  stability,  or 
of  that  business  capacity  so  rarely  united  toin- 
ventive  genius,  hampered  his  success  in  life. 

RusseU  pttblifihea:  1.  'On  the  Natme, 
Properties,  and  Applications  of  S^team  in 
Steam  Navigation,'  from  the  seventh  edition 
of  the  *  Enoyclopssdia  Britannica,'  Edinburgh, 
1841,  8vo.  2.  'The  Fleet  of  the  Future: 
Iron  or  Wood  P  Containing  a  Reply  to  some 
Conclusions  of  General  w  H.  Douglas  in 
fiivour  of  Wooden  Walls,'  London,  1861, 
8vo ;  2nd  ed.  <  The  Fleet  of  the  Future  in 
1862,  or  England  without  a  Fleet/  Lon- 
don, 1862,  8vo.  3.  'Very  large  Shipfl, 
their  Advantages  and  Defects,'  £c.,  Lon- 
don, 1863,  8vo.  4.  '  The  Modem  System  of 
Naval  Architecture  for  Commerce  and  War/ 
London, 8 vols. (1864-^), foL  6,  'Systematic 
Technical  Training  for  the  English  People,' 
London,  1869, 8vo.  6.  'The  Wave  of  Transla- 
tion in  the  Ocean  of  Water,  Air,  and  Ether/ 
new  edition,  London,  1886,  8vo. 

[Annual  Begistor,  1882,  p.  186 ;  Proe.  Inst. 
C.  £.|  Izzxrii.  434 ;  Engineer,  liii.  480;  En- 
gineering, zxiii.  583;  Times,  10  June  1882; 
Proe.  Boy.  Soe.  xzxiv.  15;  Iron,  six*  472; 
Journal  of  the  Society  of  Arts,  xzz.  833; 
Athensnm,  1882,  i.  768;  Transactions  of  the 
Institute  of  Kaval  Architects,  1882,  p|.  258; 
Bnilder,  zlii.  740;  Building  News,  xlii.  746; 
Nature,  zxtL  159 ;  Guardian,  xzzvii.  825  a ;  in- 
formation from  Sir  Henry  Trneman  Wood.1 

W.  A.  a  tt, 

RUSSELL,  JOSEPH  (1760-1846),  agri- 
culturist, son  of  Richard  Russell,  of  the 
Forge  in  the  parish  of  LiUington,  Warwick- 
shire, was  horn  at  Ashow,  Warwickshire,  in 
1760.  Educated  at  Birmingham ,  he  settled  at 
Guhington  ahout  1780,  renting  a  farm  of  320 
acres  from  Edward  I^igh,  fifth  lord  Leigh. 
He  introduced  the  hreed  of  Leicester  sheep 
into  Warwickshire,  and  imported  Talarera 
wheat  into  England  as  early  aa  1810.  He 
also  improved  the  subsoil  plough,  and  in- 
vented the  clover-head  gatnering*  machine. 
A  model  of  the  latter  was  exhibited  at  the 
Society  of  Arts.  Abandoning  the  pursuit  of 
agriculture,  he  removed  in  1820  to  London, 
and  in  18^  to  Kenilwc^h,  where  he  died  in 
1846. 

Russell  published:  1.  'A  Treatise  on 
Practical  and  Chemical  Agriculture,'  War- 
wick, 1831,  8vo;  2nd  ed.  with  additions, 
1840.  2.  *  Observations  on  the  Growth  of 
British  Com,'  1882.  3.  <  A  New  System  of 
AgricultuPB,'  1840,  8vo. 

[Work  in  Brit.  Mns.Libr.;  Colvile'a  Worthies 
of  Warwickshire,  pp.  614-20.]    W.  A.  S.  H. 


Russell 


467 


'Russell 


RUSSBLL,  LUOY,  Ooithtbbb  op  Bao^ 
FOBD  (d  1627),  patroneas  of  poets,  was  the 
daughter  of  Jolm  Harington,  first  lord  Ha- 
rin^n  of  Exkm  [q.  v.],  Rutloiid,  hy  Anne 
(<i.  1620),  daugktttr  and  heir  of  Robert  Kel- 
wty,  esq.   She  married,  on  13  Bee.  16d4,  at 
SteineT,  Edward  Rnasall,  third  earl  of  Bed- 
fordi  (lo74-ld27),  mndson  of  Franois  Rus- 
sell, aeoond  earl  of  Bedford  [q.  t.]  Her  name 
18  rsndered  of  interest  bj  the  honourable 
mention  repeatedly  made  of  her  by  the  chief 
men  of  letters  ol  the  dvp*,  inolnding  Ben 
JoDMn,  Bonne,  Daniel,  Drayton,  and  Ohap- 
msQ.   Probably  the  most  chaKaetef  istio  and 
ransikable  of  all  Donne's  Terse  ave  his  five 
poems  addieesed  to  her  (iPoems  of  Donne,  in 
Gboiabt's  FSdUr  WartkiM  Library,  2  vols. 
8vo).^  Similarly,  'rare  Ben'  concentrated 
in  epigrsms  addressed  to  her  his  moat  con- 
summstepmise  in  his  most  graoioas  manner. 
Geoige  Cnapman  prefixed  to  his  translation 
of  the  'Diad,'  published  in  1606^  a  sonnet 
'to  the  right  noble  patroness  and  grace  of 
Tirtae,  theOonntesa  of  Bedford.'  J<din  Davies 
of  Hereford,  in  his  'Seanets  to  Worthy 
Peisons'  (added  to  his  '  Sooiuge  of  FoUy '), 
addressed  a    sonnet    'To  honor,  wit,  and 
beauties  eKoelle&ey,  Lucy,  Oountesse  of  Bed- 
fold'  ( WorkBy  in  Chertsey  Wordiies'  Library, 
yroL  \i,)    The  same  poet,  when  dedieatin^^ 
his  '  Muses'  Sacrifice^ (1619)  to  her,  termed 
her  a  darlinflr  as  well  as  a  patroness  of  the 
Muses. 

Drayton  was  less  whole*hearted  in  his 
admiration.  He  was  introduced  to  the 
eoonteis  by  Sir  Henry  Oeodeeie  of  Powles^ 
worth,  and  received  some  attention  from 
her.  But  he  was  apparently  jealous  of  the 
notice  that  the  countess  wae  bestowing 
on  some  other  poet  (possibly  Jonson),  and 
in  the  8th  EUslogue  or  his  '  Idea,  the  8hep- 
herd*8  Garland,'  of  1508,  and  republished  in 
'  Poems  Lyrick  and  Heroick '  (circa  1606), 
he  ungallantly  reproached  ^er  with  neglect, 
•ddressing  her  as  Selena  under  his  poetic 
name  of  Rowland : — 

So  ones  Selena  seemed  to  reguard 
That  faithfttU  Bowlaod  her  so  highly  praysed, 
Aod  did  his  trayeU  for  a  while  reward 
Aj  his  estate  she  parpofl^d  to  hare  raysM : 
Bat  soone  she  fled  bim,  and  the  swaine  defies : 
HI  is  his  sted  that  on  snch  faith  relies. 

Drayton  dedicated  to  her  and  scattered 
eomplimentary  refeienoee  to  her  up  and  down 
his  'Mertimeriados'  (1696) ;  but  when  he 
republished  the  work  in  1603  under  the  new 
tHle  of  tbe  'Banoxl^s  Wanes,'  he  not  only 
withdrerw  die  dedication  to  her,  bat  CKiefully 
eaneelled  OTery  AUasion. 

From  allnsiona  made  bf  her  panegyrists, 


it  seems  certain  that  the  countess  wrote 
verse,  but  none  of  it  is  known  to  be  extant. 
Sir  Thomas  Roe  praises  her  as  wonderfiilly 
informed  on  <  ancient  medali^'  while  'Sir 
William  Temple  extols  her  for  haying  ^pro- 
jected the  most  perfect  figure  of  a  gavden 
that  erer  he  BB,yif^{Carr&$pondMM), 

The  ooimtees  was  eoheiresa  to  her  brother, 
John  Harington,  second  lord  fiatrington  of 
Exton  [q.  y.J^who  died  m  1614.  Her  husband 
died  at  Moor  Park,  Hertfordshire,  on  8  May 
1627,  and  was  buried  at  Chenies  on  11  May. 
She  herself  died  at  Moor  Park  on  the  fol- 
lowing 26  May,  and  was  buried,  with  her 
own  mmily,  at  Exton.    She  had  no  issue. 

[Doyle's  Official  Baronage ;  Q.  £.  C^okayneTs 
Complete  Peerage;  Wifren's  Memoirs  of  the 
Hoose  of  Russell;  Gosse's  I4fe  of  I>onne; 
Elton's  Michael  Drayton.] 

RUSSELL,  MICHAEL  (1781-1848), 
bishop  of  Glasgow  and  GaUowa^,  eldest  son 
of  John  RusseU,  a  citiaen  c^  BdiAbiuifh,  was 
bom  in  1781 .  Matncalat  ing  at  Glasgow  Nov. 
1800,  he  graduated  M. A.  iniSOS.  Aitefwards 
he  was  appointed  second  master  oi  the  gram- 
mar school  at  Stirling ;  but,  haying  become  a 
conyert  to  episcopalianism,  he  resigned  his 
situation  and  opened  a  sdiool  of  his  own.  In 
1808  he  was  admitted  into  deacon's  oxdeis, 
and  ordained  to  the  charge  of  a  small  oongie- 
gationin  AUoa;  but  he  continued  to  letain  his 
school  until  his  appointment  in  the  autumn  of 
the  following  year  to  tbe  charge  of  St.  James's 
Chapel,  Leith.  In  1881  he  was  made  dean  of 
the  diocese  of  Edinburgh,  and  on  8  Oct.  18S7 
he  was  ordained  bishop  of  Glasgow  and 
Galloway,  on  the  separation  of  that  diocese 
from  Edmburgh  and  St.  Andrews.   The  reli- 

Slous  opinions  of  Russell  had  a  tincture  of 
berality  which  caused  his  orthodoxy  to  be 
questioned  by  the  more  intolerant  oi  his 
brethren.  In  the  administration  of  the  affairs 
of  the  diocese  he  was  at  once  conciliatoiy 
and  energetic,  and  it  is  chiefly  to  him  that 
the  Scottish  church  was  indebted  for  the 
bill  passed  in  1840  removing  religious  dis- 
abilities from  Scottish  episeoealians.  In  1820 
he  rec^ved  the  degree  of  1jL.D.  from  the 
univeraity  of  Glasgow,  and  in  1842  the  uni- 
yersity  of  Oxford  conferred  on  him  the  diploma 
degree  of  D.O.L.,  for  which  purpose  he  was 
admitted  a  member  of  St.  John's  Cc^sge. 
He  died  suddenly  on  2  April  1848,  and  was 
buried  at  Restsirig ;  a  marble  slab .  was 
erected  to  his  memory  in  St.  James's  efii- 
sconal  chapel,  Leith. 

Russell  was  a  voluminous  author.  For 
many  yean  he  was  a  contributor  to  the 
'  EncTclop»dia  Metropolitana'  and  the  *  Bri- 
tish CtitiCy'  and  he  was  iat  some  time  editor 

hh2 


Russell 


468 


Russell 


of  tlie '  Soottidi  Epifloopal  Review  and  MaffSp 
zine.'  To  the  Edinbuigh  Cabinet  Librajnjrhe 
contributed  Tolomes  on  'Palestine/  loSl, 
'Ancient  and  Modern  Egypt/  1881,  'Nubia 
and  Abyssinia,'  1888,  'The  Barbary  States,' 
1886, '  Polynesia/ 1842,  and '  Iceland,  Green- 
lancL  and  the  Faroe  Isles,' 1850.  For 'Con- 
stable's Miscellany'  he  wrote  a  life  of  Oliver 
Cromwell  (1829,  2  vols.  8vo).  Besides 
many  single  sermons  and  changes,  he  was 
also  the  author  of  'A  View  of  Vacation  in 
Scotland/  1813;  'Connection  of  Sacred  and 
Fh>fane  History  from  the  Death  of  Joshua 
to  the  Decline  of  the  Kingdoms  of  Israel 
and  Jttdah/  8  vols.  1827,  intended  to  com- 
plete the  works  of  Shuckford  and  Prideaux ; 
'  Observations  on  the  Advantages  of  Classical 
Leaminff/1880;  anda'HistorvoftheChurch 
of  Scodand'  in  Rivin^tons  Theological 
Library,  1834.  He  published  an  edition  of 
Keith's  'Scottish  Bishojps'  (1824, 8vo),  and 
edited  Archbishop  Spotiswood's  '  History  of 
the  Church  of  Scotland'  for  the  Bannatyne 
Club  and  the  Spotiswood  Society  jointly 
(1847  and  1861). 

[Oent  Maff.  1848,  i.  551-2;  Walker's  Three 
Churchmen,  1893;  Brit.  Mas.  Oat]  T.  F.  H. 

RUSSELL,  ODO  WILLIAM  LEO- 
FOLD,  first  B^BOir  Axfthill  (1829-1884), 
son  of  Major-general  Lord  Gtoorge  William 
Russell  [q.  v.l  was  bom  at  Florence  on 

20  Feb.  1829.  lie  owed  his  education  chiefly 
to  tutors  and  largely  to  the  training  of  his 
mother,  Elisabeth  Ann,  daughter  of  the 
Hon.  John  Theophilus  Rawdon,  brother  of 
the  Marq^uis  of  Hastings.  The  result  was 
that,  while  he  never  became  a  classical 
scholar,  he  could  read  Dante  and  spmk 
French,  Italian,  and  German  with  excep- 
tional purity.  The  diplomatic  career  was 
thus  naturally  marked  out  for  him,  and  on 
16  March  lo49  he  was  appointed  attache 
at  the  embassy  at  Vienna,  then  under  Sir 
Arthur  Magenis.  From  1850  to  1862  he  had 
the  advantage  of  steady  work  at  the  foreign 
office  in  London  under  Lord  Pahnerston, 
and  afterwards  under  Lord  Granville.     On 

21  Feb.  1862  he  was  attached  to  the  Paris  em- 
basey,  but  was  transferred  two  months  later  to 
his  &rmer  post  at  Vienna,  where  for  a  short 
time  in  1862  he  acted  as  cliarg6  d*afiaires. 
In  September  1868  he  became  second  paid 
attache  at  Paris  under  Lord  Cowley,  and  in 
August  1864  first  attache  at  Constantinople. 
Here  he  found  himself  under  a  great  chiei  at 
a  great  crisip.  Lord  Stratford  de  Redclifie 
Tsee  CAinnN0,  Stratford]  ruled  the  em- 
oassy  at  the  Porte,  and  the  Crimean  war  was 
ittst  beginning.  Although  a  young  man,  Odo 
Russell  was  a  steady  worker,  extremely 


methodical,  and  well  versed  in  offidal  fonns. 
Lord  Stratford  found  him  a  valuable  assist- 
ant, upon  whom   he   could  rely  for  any 
pressure  of  work  ^Lahb-Poolb,  Lift  of 
Stratford  Ca$mn^^  li.  64).    Dunng  Lord 
Stratford's  two  visits  to  the  Crimea  in  1855, 
Odo  Russell  took  charge  of  the  embassy^  and 
had  to  resist,  to  the  beet  of  his  experience 
and  ability,  a  Frendi  intrigue  against  Lord 
Stratford's  policy  {ib.  iL  4%).    After  a  brief 
residence  at  the  legation  at  Washington 
under  Lord  Napier,  whom  he  accompamed 
to  the  United  States  in  February  16157,  he 
was  given  a  commission  as  secrettfy  of  lega- 
tion at  Florence,  on  28  Nov.  1868;  he  was 
to  reside  at  Rome,  and  thus  began  a  valuable 
term  of  diplomatic  service  in  Italy,  which 
lasted  twelve  years,  till  9  Au^.  1870.  During 
this  period  he  was  temporanly  attached  in 
May  1869  to  Sir  Henry  Elliotts  special  mis- 
sion of  congratulation  to  Francis  II,  king 
of  the  Two  Sicilies,  and  in  March  1860  lue 
post  was  nominally  transferred  to  Naples, 
though  he  continued  to  reside  at  Home. 
After    the   mission  was  withdrawn  from 
Naples  in  November  1860,  he  was  still  re- 
tained at  Rome  on  special  service  for  ten 
years  longer,  attaining  the  rank  of  second 
secretary  on  1   Oct.  1862.     During  theee 
years  he  was  practically,  though  informaUy, 
minister  at  the  Vatican  at  a  critical  period 
of  Italian  history.     It  was  a  position  of 
great  delicacy  and  responsibility,  and  Odo 
Russell  acquitted  himself  to  the  satisfaction 
of  his  official  chiefs. 

In  1 870he  returned  once  more  to  the  foreign 
office  at  London,  where  he  was  appointed  ae- 
sistant  under-aecretary  in  Au^^t.  In  No- 
vember he  was  sent  on  a  special  missioo  to 
the  headquarters  of  the  German  army  at 
Versailles,  where  he  remained  till  March 
1 871 .  His  object  was  to  endeavour  to  secnre 
the  countenance  of  Prussia,  as  one  of  the 
signatory  powers  of  the  treaty  of  Parist  to 
England's  protMt  affainst  Russia's  repudia- 
tion of  the  Black  Se^  clause  in  the  treaty. 
The  Prussian  government,  however,  bad 
more  to  gain  from  a  policj  of  conciliation 
towards  Russia ;  and,  despite  his  stienuooe 
exertions,  Germany  preserved  a  strict  neu- 
trality. But  the  favourable  impression 
produced  upon  Count  Bismarck  by  Kosseirs 
conduct  of  this  difficult  mission  doubtless 
formed  one  of  the  reasons  which  led  to  hie 
appointment,  on  16  Oct.  1871,  as  ambasssdor  ' 
at  Berlin,  where  he  succeeded  Lord  Augustus 
Loftus. 

In  G^ermany  Russell  found  himself  com-    j 
pletely  at    home.     His   father   had  been 
minister  there  from  1886  to  1841,  and  the 
son  was  personally  on  the  best  of  terms 


Russell 


469 


Russell 


with  Bismarck,  and  highly  esteemed  by 
the  royal  family  of  FkuMia.  His  political 
preDOflocesions  were  fortimately  m  time 
witn  his  diplomatic  situation.  He  was 
an  honest  admirer  of  Germany  and  an 
earnest  adTOoate  of  a  cordial  understanding, 
or  CTen  alliance,  between  Germany  aiMl 
England;  and  nothing  surprised  or  Texed 
him  more  than  the  lack  of  sym]^thy  with 
Germany,  and  want  of  interest  in  German 
politics  and  literature,  common  among  £ng- 
Tishmftn.  The  Berlin  congress  took  place 
during  his  embassjr;  at  it  he  held  fidl 
powers,  as  third  plenipotentiary,  with  Lords 
Beaeonsfield  ana  Salisbury,  and  proved  an 
observant  and  valuable  counsellor.  At  the 
subsequent  conference  upon  the  delimita- 
tion of  the  Greek  frontier  he  was  the  sole 
English  representative,  and  took  a  more  pro- 
minent part  In  the  delicate  art  of  removinff 
miscont^ions  and  causes  of  friction,  ana 
enconragi^  a  friendly  understanding  be- 
tween thefiiffUsh  and  German  governments, 
his  tact  and  sincerity  achieved  notable 
success. 

In  spite  of  a  certain  shy  modesty,  he 
was  an  excellent  catueur,  as  well  as  a  wide 
reader;  while  as  a  tenor  singer  he  stood 
much  above  the  rank  of  the  amateur.    He 
delighted  in  the  society  of   learned  men, 
and  Banke,  Helmholtz,   Brandis,   Gneist, 
Virchow,  and  others  were  among  his  friends. 
"When  the  Empress  Auffusta  visited  Englimd, 
she  asked  Lord  Odo  Kussell  which  authors 
she  ought  to  see,  and  he  unhesitatingly  sub- 
mitted the  names  of  Carlyle  and  '  George 
Eliot.*    The  result  was  Carlyle's  summons 
to  an  audience,  which  formed  one  of  the 
steps  which  led  to  his  receiving  the  ordre 
pour  le  mirite.    Li  1674  Odo  Kussell  re- 
ceived a  patent  of  precedence  as  son  of  a 
duke,  on  his  brother's  succession  to  the  duke- 
dom of  Bedford,  and,  after  the  congress  of 
Berlin,  Lord  Beaeonsfield  offered  him   a 
peerage.    He  preferred,  however,  to  receive 
it  from  the  liberal  party,  to  which  he  had 
always  belonged,  and  on  7  March  1881  he 
was  created  fiaron  Ampthill  of  Ampthill  in 
Bedfordshire.    He  had  been  called  to  the 
priry  council  in  1872,  given  the  grand  cross 
of  the  Bath  in  1874,  ana  the  grana  cross  of  St. 
Michael  and  St.  George  in  1879.    He  died, 
after  a  short  illness,  at  the  summer  villa 
which  he  always  occupied  at  Potsdam,  on 
S5  Aug.  1884,  and  was  buried  on  2  Sept.  in 
the  Rnssell  vault  at  St.  Michael's  Church, 
Chenies,  Buckinghamshire.  Ld  1868  he  mar- 
ried  Lady  Emuv  Theresa  Villiers,  third 
dacu^ter  of  the  f^irl  of  Clarendon,  by  whom 
he  left  four  sons  and  two  daughters;  the 
eldest  son,  Arthur  Oliver  Villiers  Russell, 


succeeded  to  the  title.  A  portrait  of  Lord 
Odo  RusseU  by  Wieder  u  at  Ampthill 
Park,  and  another  by  Werner  at  Stratford 
Place ;  the  ambassador  also  appears  in  War* 
ner^s  picture  of  the  Berlin  congress  at  the- 
Rathhausy  Berlin. 

[ForBign  OiBee  List,  1884 ;  Times,  88  Aug. 
and  8  Sept.  1884 ;  Deutsche  Revue,  April  1888  ; 
private  inlbrmation.]  8.  L.*P. 

RUSSELL,  PATRICK  (162»-ie92), 
archbishop  of  Dublin,  son  of  James  Russell 
of  Rush,  CO.  Dublin,  was  bom  in  that  parish 
in  1629.  It  is  probable  that  he  was  edu- 
cated for  the  priesthood  and  held  preferment 
abroad  prior  to  his  election  as  archbishop  of 
Dublin  on  2  Aug.  1688.  The  first  two  yeais 
of  his  archiepiscopate  were  full  of  danger. 
He  was  frequently  obliged  to  retire  to  Rush 
and  seek  concealment  in  the  house  of  his 
kinsman,  Geoffirey  Russell.  In  1685,  how- 
ever, the  accession  of  James  II  was  followed 
b}[  a  suspension  of  the  penal  laws.  Russell 
seized  the  opportunity  of  restoring  the  disci- 
pline of  the  church.  For  this  purpose  he 
convened  two  provincial  assembhes  m  1685 
and  1688,  and  three  diocesan  synods  in  1686, 
1688,  and  1689.  He  signed  the  petition  pre- 
sented to  James  by  the  catholic  bifdiops  of 
Ireland  on  21  July  1685,  praying  him  to 
confer  on  Tyrconnel  authority  to  protect 
them  in  the  exercise  of  their  ministry,  and 
took  an  active  part  in  appointing  delates 
to  su^st  to  the  king  the  best  method  for 
securmg  religious  liberty.  James  granted 
him  a  pension  of  200/.  a  year. 

Durm^  James's  residence  in  Ireland  Rus- 
sell was  m  personal  attendance  on  him,  and 
performed  tne  services  of  the  church  in  the 
royal  presence.  On  the  flight  of  James  he 
lay  concealed  for  some  time  in  the  country, 
but  was  ultimately  captured  and  imprisoned. 
He  was  temporarily  released  on  bail,  but 
again  arrested,  and,  it  is  said,  thrown  into 
an  underground  cell.  He  succumbed  to 
these  har£hip8,  and  died  in  prison  on  14  July 
1692.  He  was  buried  in  the  churchyard  at 
Lusk. 

[Renehan's  Collections  on  Irish  Church  Hist, 
i.  229 ;  D'Alton's  Archbithope  of  Dublin,  p. 
446;  Moran's  Spicilegiom  OBsoriense,  ii.  271, 
280,  295.]  £.  I.  C. 

RUSSELL,  PATRICK  (1727-1806), 
physician  and  naturalist,  fifth  son  of  John 
Russell  of  Braidshaw,  Midlothian,  by  his 
third  wife,  and  half-brother  of  Alexander 
Russell  (1716P-1768)  [q.  v.],  was  bom  in 
Edinburgh  on  6  Feb.  1726-7,  and  graduated 
M.D.,  doubtless  in  his  natire  city.  In  1760 
he  joined  his  brother  Alexander  at  Aleppo, 
and  in  1753  succeeded  him  as  physician  to  the 


Russell 


470 


Russell 


BafflishfaictoiT.  H^  was  much  respected  there, 
alid  was  granted  by  the  pasha  the  privilege 
(£  i^nwmg  a  turban.  From  the  date  of  the 
pablication  of  his  brother's '  Natural  EUstory 
of  Aleppo '  (1756^  until  Alexander's  death 
in  1768  Patrick  forwarded  many  emenda^ 
tion9  for  the  work.  The  epidemic  of  plaffue 
at  Aleppo  in  1760, 1761,  and  1762  afforded 
him  exceptional  opportunities  of  adding  to 
Us  brother's  studies  of  the  disease,  and  in 
1759  and  1708  he  sent  home  accounts  of  de- 
structive earthquakes  in  Syria,  and  of  the 
method  of  inoculation  practised  in  Arabia, 
which  were  published  in  the  '  Philosophical 
Transactions^  for  1760  and  1768  respectively. 
In  1771  he  left  Aleppo,  returning,  as  his 
brother  had  done,  through  Italy  ana  France, 
in  order  to  examine  the  lazarettos.  Reach- 
ing home  in  1772,  he  at  first  thought  of 
practising  as  a  physician  in  Edinburgh,  but, 
bv  fbthergill's  advice,  settled  in  London. 
He  was  elected  RII.S.  in  1777. 

In  1781  his  younger  brother,  Claud,  having 
been  appointed  administrator  of  Vizagapa- 
tam,  Russell  accompanied  him  to  India,  and 
in  November  1786  he  succeeded  John  Gerard 
Koenig  as  botanist  or  naturalist  to  the  East 
India  Company  in  the  Camatic.  In  this  capa- 
city he  made  large  collections  of  specimens 
and  drawings  of  tiie  plants,  &hes,  and  reptiles 
of  the  eountrv ;  ana  he  proposed  to  the  go- 
vernor of  Madras  in  1786  that  the  company's 
medical  officers  and  others  should  be  om- 
cially  requested  to  collect  specimens  and  in- 
formation concerning  useful  plants  of  the 
various  districts  of  India.  In  1787  he  drew 
up  a  preliminary  memoir  on  the  poisonous 
snakes  of  the  Ooromandel  coast,  which 
was  jprinted  officially  at  Madras  in  quarto ; 
and  m  1788  he  sent  Sir  Joseph  Banks  an  ac- 
count of  the  siliceous  secretion  in  the  bamboo 
known  as  tabashlr,  which  was  printed  in 
the  'Philosophical  Transactions '  for  1791. 
Russell  while  in  India  also  arranged  the 
materials  he  had  collected  as  to  the  plague. 
These  he  sent  home  in  1787  for  the  revision 
of  his  fHends,  William  Robertson,  Adam 
Ferguson,  and  Adam  Smith. 

He  left  India  with  his  brother  Claud  in 
January  1789,  placing  his  collections  of 
plants  and  fishes  in  the  company's  museum 
at  Madras.  His  '  Treatise  on  the  Plague ' 
appeared  at  London  in  2  vols.  '4to  in  1/91. 
In  1794  be  issued  a  much  enlarged  edition, 
in  two  volumes  quarto,  of  his  brother's 
*  Natural  History  of  Aleppo.'  In  1796  he 
wrote  the  preface  to  the '  Pliuits  of  the  Coto- 
numdel  Coast,'  by  William  Roxburgh  [q.  v.], 
Bf  sumptuous  work  published  at  the  expense 
of  the  East  India  Company,  and  one  out- 
come of  his  own  recomanenaattons  made  tea 


years  before.  In  1796  he  published  on  the 
same  scale,  at  the  cost  of  the  company,  the 
first  faseiculua  of  his  '  Account  of  Indian 
Serpents  collected  on  the  Coast  of  Covoman* 
del,  la  {(AiOf  with  forty-six  plates,  forty** 
four  of  which  were  coloured.  A  second  fasci- 
culus, compriaingtwentyi-two  coloured  plates, 
issued  in  1801  and  1602,  and  twenty-four 
issued  in  1804,  wae  all  that  appeared  anring 
his  lifetime;  but  the  third  fasciculue  was 
published  in  1607,  and  the  fourth  in  1809, 
the  latter  reprintinff  two  papers  by  him 
from  the  '  I^losophical  Tianfiactiona '  for 
1804,  and  accompanied  by  a  memoir  and  a 
portrait  of  the  author  in  his  fifty-fifth  year, 
engraved  by  Evans  after  Yariet  of  Badu 
In  1799  RnsseU  was  oooBulted  b^  the  privy 
oounoil  as  to  quarantine  regulntionB  alter  a 
fredi  outbreak  of  plagae  in  the  Levant.  In 
1808  he  published,  <  by  order  of  the  court  of 
directors,'  *  Descriptions  and  Fig^ures  of  Two 
Hundred  Fishes  oollected  fby  him]  at  Viza« 
^patam/  in  two  folio  volumes.  He  died 
in  JLondon,  unmarried,  on  2  July  1805.  He 
bequeathed  his  collection  oif  Indian  plants 
to  the  university  of  Edinburgh,*  but  those 
made  over  to  tbbe  East  India  Company  aro 
now  at  Kew,  and  his  drawings  and  ^ecimens 
&om  Aleppo,  together  with  those  of  hig 
brother  Alexander,  are  in  the  botaniod  de* 
nartment  of  the  British  (Natural  History) 
Museum. 

[Gufioingtaam's  Lives  of  Emiaent  En^ish- 
meo,  viii.  11^-20;  Thomson's  Hist,  of  Royal 
Soc.  App.  p.  In ;  Memoir  in  Rossell's  Indian  Ser- 
pents, 4th  iMciculas,  180^]  €h.  S.  B. 

RITSSELL,  RACHEL,  Lady  Russell 
(1636-1723).    [See  under  RirssBii,  Wil- 

LIAM,  LOBD  RtmSELL.] 

RUSSELL,  RICHARD,  MJ).  (d,  1771), 
physician,  graduated  M.D.  at  Rheima  on 
7  Jan.  1738.  He  was  in  practice  at  Ware, 
and  on  23  July  1742  was  admitted  an  extra 
licentiate  of  the  College  of  Physicians  of 
London.  He  published  in  1750  at  Oibford  a 
dissertation  *  ue  Tabs  Glandukxi,'  in  which 
he  recommends  the  uee  of  sea-water  for  the 
cure  of  enlarged  lymphatic  glands.  This 
was  afterwards  published  in  ^iglish  by  W. 
Owen  in  London,  and  in  1760  veacfaed  a  sixth 
editiom  He  was  dected  F.R.8.  on  13  Fel>. 
1762)  and  in  1755  published  '(Economia 
Natures  in  Morfois  acutis  et  ohronicis  Glanda* 
larum,'  dedicated  to  Thomas  Pelham^HoUeey 
duke  of  Newoastle  [q.  v.],  in  which  he  dis- 
cusses the  condition,  diseases,  and  treatment 
of  glands  thioughont  the  body,  regacrdiDg 
them  as  of  one  system  or  tissue,  whether 
secretory  or  lymphatic.  In  the  volume  is 
printed  a  lettevfixmi  him  to  Richard  Frewin, 


Russell 


47» 


Russell 


M.D^  OB  the  uae  of  salt  WAtar  externally  in 
the  ouie  of  tuberculouB  glands.  It  is  dated 
from  LeweSy  January  1762.  He  went  to  live 
in  Reading,  and  there  died  on  6  July  1771 
(GoU.  Mag.  1771,  p.  885). 

[Monk's  OoU.    of  Phys.   ii.    149;   Works; 
Tbomao&'a  Hist,  of  the  Boyal  Soc.  1812.1 

N.  M. 

ETI8SELL,  SAMUEL  THOMAS(1769P* 
1845),  actor,  the  son  of  Samuel  RusseU,  a 
coantzy  actor,  was  horn  in  London  in  1769, 
or,  sooozdinff  to  another  account,  in  1766. 
4s  a  child  ne  acted  juvenile  parts  in  tibe 
coimtTf 9  and  ia  1782  at  tiie  'Boyvkl  Giroua 
and  £^piestrian  Philhannonio '  opened  by 
Charles  Dibdin  [q.  v.]  and  Charles  Hughes 
on  the  spot  suMcquently  occunied  by  the 
Surrey  Theatre.    He  vas  one  of  the  yonthr 
fal  perfofmere,  and,  it  is  reported,  spi^e 
an  opening  address.     About  1790  he  was 
pUyug  leading  business  with  a  '  sharing 
comjiBay '  at  Eastbourne.     In  Dover  he 
married  tiie  daughter  of  Mate,  a  printer, 
as  well  aa  an  actor  and  manager  and  pro- 
wietor  of  tLe  theatre.    At  Margate,  where 
be  actedy  liis  lather  was  a  member  of  tiie 
oompanj,  and  was  famous  for  his  Jerry 
Sneak  in  Footers  '  Mayor  of  Garratt,'  the 
trsditione  of  which  he  had  inherited  from 
Weston,  the  original  exponent.    The  atten- 
tion of  the  Prince  of  Wales  was  drawn  bj 
Giptain  Charles  Morris  [q.T.]  in  1795  to  this 
impet8onnti<m.     On  the  recommendation  of 
the  prince*  BuseelVs  lather  was  engaged  by 
King  for  Prory  Lane,    The  son,  howeyer. 
was,  through  a  trick,  as  is  said,  engaged 
instead.     Kussell  appeared  accordingly  at 
Druiy  Lane,  on  21  %pt.  1796,  as  Charles 
Soriace  in  the  '  Sohool  for  Scandal '  and 
Fribble  ia  'Miss in  her  Teens.'    The  per« 
fofiBanoe  in  unchronided  b^  (}enest,  wnose 
first  mention  of  Russell  is  on  6  Oct  as 
Humphrey  Grizzle,  Fawcett*s  party  in  Prince 
Hoare's  'Three  and  the  Deuce.'    Though 
dis^proring  of  Bussell's  Oharlee  Surface, 
the  prince  commended  his  Fribble.    Russell 
maae  a  attccess^  17  May  1796,  in  an  orig^inal 
part  unaanaed  m  an  anon3anou6  farce  called 
*  Aliye  and  Merry/  imprinted.  On  2  June  he 
to<^,  jointly  with  Robert  Palmer  [see  under 
PiiMSB,  JoHH,  1742F~17961  a  benefit.  The 
pieces  were  *  Hamlet '  and  '  Follies  of  a  Day.' 
What  Buseell  played  is  unknown.    Theee 
were  hie  only  recorded  appearances  at  this 
time.    During  the  summer  months  he  took 
the  Richmond  Theatre,  at  which  he  played 
leading  bumness,  and  he  also  acted  as  a  star 
in  the  country.    On  19  April  1797  he  was, 
at  Druiy  Lansy  the  first  Robert  in  Rev^ 
nolda's '  Will'    He  also  pUyed  Valeotia  in 


the  <  Child  of  Nature.'  Tattle  in  <  Love  for 
Love'  was  assigned  him,  d8  Nov..  and  on 
6  June  1798  be  was  the  original  Jeremy 
Jumps  in  O'Keeffis's  imprinted  <  Nosegay 
of  Weeds,  or  Old  Servants  in  New  Places,' 
and  the  original  Diaphanous  in  t^e  *  Ugly 
Club,'  a  dramatic  caricature  taken  fi^ 
No.  17  of  the  'Spectator,'  and  announced 
as  by  Edmund  Spenser  the  younger.  Lord 
Trinket  ia  the  <  Jealous  Wife'  and  Sayille 
in  '  Will  and  no  Will '  were  given  the  fol- 
lowing season,  and  he  was,  3  May  1799, 
the  original  Sir  Charles  Careless  in  <  First 
Faults,^  daimed  by  Miss  de  Camps. 

In  1612  he  was  stage  manager  at  the  Sux^ 
r^  under  Robert  Wimam  Elluton  [q.  v.l  and 
he  subseouently  discharged  the  same  liine* 
tions  at  tne  Olympic,  playing  '  all  lines  from 
Jerry  Sneak  and  Peter  Pastoral  to  Rover  and 
Joseph  Surface.'  On  28  Axxa.  1814  he  was, 
at  the  Haymiarket,  the  first  Sheers  in  Jame* 
son's '  Love  and  Qout.'  On  25  July  1615  he 
was  at  the  same  house  the  first  Pap  in 
Barrett's  'My  Wife !  What  WifeP'  and  on 
5  Aug.  the  mrst  Lord  KiUoare  in  Jameson's 
'  Living  in  London.'  He  played  also  Plethora 
in  Morton's  *■  Secrets  worth  knowing.'  Still 
at  the  Haymarket,  he  was,  22  July  1816,  the 
fint  Rattletrap  in  Jameson's  unprinted 
'  Exit  by  Mistake ; '  Timothy  Button,  10  Aug., 
in  Oulton's  'My  Landlady's  Gown;'  on 
16  July  1818  Lord  Liquorish  in  Jameson's 
'  Nine  Points  of  the  Law ; '  and,  15  Aug., 
Fungus  in  the  '  Green  Man,'  adapted  from 
the  French  by  Richard  Jones  (1779-1851) 
rq.y.]  He  also  played  Archer  in  the '  Beaux' 
Stratagem.'  At  Drury  Lane,  11  Feb.  1819, 
he  was  the  origmal  Brisk  in  Parry's  '  Hi^h 
Notions;'  on  3  May,  Arthur  Wildfire  m 
Moncnefs  'Wanted  a  Wife.'  He  also 
played  the  Coraeor  Captain  in  'Rale  a  Wife 
and  have  a  Wife.'  Back  at  the  Hay- 
market,  he  played,  31  July,  Peter  Pastoral 
in  '  Teazing  made  Easy,'  and  was  the  fint 
Bob  in  '  I'm  Puzzled,'  and,  28  Aug.,  Wadd 
in  '  Pigeons  and  Crows.'  In  the  autumn  ot 
1819  he  was  appointed  by  Elliston  stage- 
manager  at  Drury  Lane,  and  played  Jack 
Meggott  in  the  ' Suspicious  Husband;'  waa 
1  Dec.  the  first  Sir  Marmaduke  Meti^hor  in 
'  Disagreeable  Surprise/  an  anonymous  adap- 
tation from  Beaumont  and  Fletcher :  played 
Level  in  '  High  Life  below  Stain,'  and 
Forge,  an  origmal  part,  in  'Shakespeara 
venus  Harlequin,'  8  April  1620,  and 
Dominie  Sampson  in  '  Guy  mannering.'  He 
was,  15  Jan.  1820,  the  original  Don  Hec- 
torio  in '  Gallantry,  or  Adventures  in  Madrid/ 
attributed  to  Oultonr  He  played,  19  Feb., 
Leopold  in  the  '  Siege  of  Belgrade'  for  the 
first  appearance  of  Madame  vestris  on  the 


Russell 


47« 


Russell 


English  stage.  In  Jameson's  *  Wild  Goose 
Chase/  Drury  Lane,  21  Nov.,  he  was  Captain 
Flank.  Mercutio  was  allotted  him  the  fol- 
lowing season,  with  Motley  in  the  '  Castle 
Spectre.'  and  Tom  Shuifletonin '  JohnBulL' 
from  tnis  time  his  name,  never  frequent  in 
the  London  bills,  disappears  from  them. 
During  ei^t  or  ten  years  he  managed  the 
Brighton  Theatre.  Li  1887  and  1888  he  was 
stuge-manager  at  the  Haymarket,  and  in  the 
latter  year  became,  under  Bunn,  stage* 
manager  for  a  second  period  at  Drury  Lane. 
In  1840  he  pished  at  Her  Majesty's  his  great 
part  of  Jerry  Sneak  toDowton's  Major  Stur- 
pfeon.  At  the  Haymarket  he  took  a  benefit 
in  1842«  Russell  was  supposed  to  be  a  well- 
to-do  man.  The  proceeds  of  his  benefit  were, 
however,  swallowed  up  in  the  defjedcations 
of  a  dishonest  broker,  and  he  was  reduced 
to  poverty.  He  died  at  Gravesend,  in  the 
house  of  a  daughter,  25  Feb.  1846,  at  the 
reputed  age  of  seventy-nine.  He  was  twice 
married,  and  left  three  daughters. 

Russeirs  great  part  was  Jerry  Sneak ;  he 
was  unsurpassed  in  the  Copper  Captain,  and 
excellent  in  Paul  Fry,  Billy  Lackaday, 
Sparkish,  Hover,  and  Young  Rapid^  in  some 
of  which  characters  he  was  a  formidable 
rival  to  Richard  Jones.  In  parts  such  as 
Doricourt  and  Belcour  he  never  rose  above 
mediocrity.  Mrs.  Mathews  speaks  of  him 
as  the  prince  of  hoaxers,  and  tells  amusing 
stories  of  the  tricks  he  used  to  play  on 
his  firiend  and  associate,  William  Dowton 
[q.  v.] 

A  portrait  by  De  Wilde  of  Russell  as  Jerry 
Sneak,  with  Mrs.  Harlowe  as  Mrs.  Sneak, 
and  Dowton  as  Major  Sturffeon,  and  a 
second  of  him,  also  by  De  Wilde,  as  Jerry 
Sneak,  are  in  the  Matnews  collection  in  the 
Garrick  Club.  An  engraved  portrait  of  him 
after  Wageman,  in  the  same  character,  ac- 
companies the  memoir  in  Oxberry's  'Dra- 
matic Biography.' 

Another  actor,  J.  Russell  from  York  and 
from  Edinburgh,  appeared  in  London  at  the 
Haymarket,  15  July  1818,  as  Doctor  Ollapod, 
in  the '  Poor  Gentleman,'  and  played,  among 
other  parte,  Dandie  Dinmont  and  Shylock. 
He  was  a  good  actor,  and  his  appearance  at 
the  same  house  with  Russell  caused  some 
confusion.  While  at  Edinburgh  he  visited 
Sir  Walter  Scott  and  sat  for  his  ]^rtrait  as 
Clown  in  'Twelfth  Night,'  in  a  picture  for 
some  years  on  the  walls  at  Abbotsford. 

[Genest's  Account  of  the  English  Stage ;  Ox- 
berry's  Dramatic  Biography,  L  97*  new  ser.  ii. 
37;  Gent.  Mag.  1845,  i.  446 ;  Theatrical  Inqni- 
sitor,  various  years ;  Georgian  Era ;  Dramatic 
and  idnsical  Review,  various  years ;  Clark  Bus- 
eell's  Bepresentatire  Actom;  Dibdin's  Remini- 


scences, 18S7,  passim ;  Mrs.  Mathews'sTea-Tabl^ 
Talk,  1867.]  J.  K. 

RUSSELL,  THEODORE  (1614-1689), 
portrait-painter.    [See  Rvssbl.] 

RUSSELL,  THOMAS  (1762-1788),  poet, 
second  son  of  John  Russell  (1725-1808),  a. 
prosperous  attorney  of  Beaminster  in  Dorset, 
by  his  wife  Virtue  (1743-1768),  daughter  of 
Richard  Brickie  of  Shaftesbury,  was  oom  at 
Beaminster  in  January  or  F'ebruary  1762 
(baptised  2  March).  His  father^s  family 
haa  been  for  generations  merchants  and 
shipowners  at  Weymouth.  His  elder  brother, 
John  Banger,  had  antiquarian  tastes,  and  con* 
tributed  to  the  second  edition  of  HutchinsV 
'  Dorset '  (1796-1803).  After  attending  the 
grammar  school  at  Bridport,  he  entered 
Winchester  as  a  commoner  in  1777,  and 
before  the  end  of  the  vear  was  already  in 
sixth  book  and  fifteenth  boy  in  the  school. 
In  1778  he  entered  college,  and  next  year  was 
senior  in  the  school ;  he  gained  medals  for 
Latin  verse  and  Latin  essay  (1778-9),  and  wa» 
elected  to  New  €k)llege  in  1/80,  being  second 
on  the  rolL  He  gnuluated  B.A.  in  October 
1784,  was  ordained  deacon  in  1785,  and  priest 
in  1786.  In  the  'Gentleman's  Magazine' 
(1782,  p.  674,  and  1783,  i.  124),  under  the 
signature  *A.  S.,*  he  wrote  two  erudite 
papers  on  the  poetry  of  Mosen  Jordi  and 
the  Proven^l  language,  defending  his  former 
master,  Thomas  Warton,  against  Ritson's 
ill-tenu>ered  '  Observations '  upon  the  '  Hi»- 
tory  of  Poetry.'  A  career  of  brilliant  pro- 
mise was  cut  short  by  phthisis,  of  which 
Russell  died  at  Bristol  Hotwells  on  31  July 
1788.  He  was  buried  in  the  chmchyard  of 
Powerstock,  Dorset,  a  mural  tablet  being 
erected  to  his  memory  in  the  tower  of  the 
church.  Until  shortly  before  hiib  death  he 
was  engaged  in  correcting  his  poems.  He 
left  a  few  fragments  in  manuscript,  now  in 
the  possession  of  Captain  Thomas  Russell  of 
Beaminster. 

In  1789  appeared  'Sonnets  and  Miscel- 
laneous Poems  by  the  late  Thomas  Russell, 
Fellow  of  New  Ck>llege,'  Oxford,  sm.  4to; 
these  were  dedicated  to  Warton  by  the 
editor,  William  Howley,  afterwards  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury.  A  fine  scholarly 
taste  is  exhibited  in  the  versions  from 
Petrarch,  Camoens,  and  Weisse,  but  the 
most  noteworthy  feature  of  the  little  volume 
is  the  excellence  of  Russell's  sonnets.  To- 
gether with  William  Lisle  Bowles,  a  fellow* 
Wykehamist  of  kindred  sympathies,  he  mar 
claim  an  important  place  in  the  revival  of 
the  sonnet  m  England.  Wordsworth  not 
only  wrote  with  warm  appreciation  of 
Russell's  genius  as  a  sonneteer  (cf.  PuMe 


Russell 


473 


Russell 


Workif  ed.  Giosart,  1876,  iii.  888),  bat  in  his 
loniiet,  'lona  (upon  landing)/  he  adopted 
from  Russell,  as  conyeying  his  feeling  better 
than  any  woids  of  his  own  could  do  {Poet 
Work$,  1869,  p.  356)^  the  four  concluding 
lines: 

Asd  'hopes, perhaps,  more  heavenly  bright  than 
thine, 

A  grace  by  thee  nnsought  and  nnpossest, 
A  faith  mofo  fixed,  a  rapture  more  aivine 

Shall  gild  their  passage  to  eternal  rest' 

Another  sonnet  of  Russell's  seems  to  have 


Landor  wrote   that    it   alone    authorised 
Huasell  to  join  the  shades  of  Sophocles  and 
Eoripides.     Coleridge,  Gary,  and   Bowles 
applaud  this  '  Miltonic '  sonnet,  which  finds 
a  plaee  in  the  anthologies  of  Dyce,  Capel 
Lofil,  Tomlinson,  Main,   Hall  uaine^  and 
^ViIlJam  Sharp.    Southey  in  his  *  Vision  of 
Judgment'  asaociated  Russell  with  Chatter^ 
ton  and  Bampfylde  among  the  young  spirits 
whom  the  muses  '  marked  for  themselves  at 
hirth  and  with  dews  from  Castalia  sprinkled/ 
He  lacked  the  originality  of  genius,  but, 
EajsCaiy,  'hia  ear  was  tuned  to  the  har- 
monies of  Spenaer,  Milton,  and  Dryden,  and 
fragments  of  their  sounds  he  gives  us  back 
as  ^m  an  echo,  but  so  combined  as  to  make 
a  sweet  music  of  his  own  *  (Cabt,  Memoir^ 
lS47,iL  297-3)-    The  Oxford  edition  of  Rue- 
sell's  sonnets  is  scarce,  but  his  remains  are 
printed  in   Thomas  Park's  'Collection  of 
^ririah  Poets,'   1808,  vol.  xli.,  in  Sanford's 
'British  Poets/  1819,  xxxvii.,  and  in  the 
Chiswick  edition  of  the  <  British  Poets/ 1822, 
IxziiL 

[Gent  Mag.  1788  ii.  762,  and  1847  i.  858; 
FofterV  Alnmnt  Ozon.  1716-1886;  Kirby's  Wio- 
ebester  Scholars,  p.  270;  Hntchins's  Dorset,  ii. 
321-2;  Lonnffer*8  Common  Place  Book,  1805, 
iti.  121 ;  BiySges's  Censnra  Literaria,  i.  320 ; 
Soathey's  Poetical  Works,  1845,  p.  784 ;  Bowles's 
Clifden  Grove ;  Porster's  Life  of  Landor,  1869, 
i.  194,  ii.  8;  Warton's  Hist,  of  Poetry,  ed. 
^^t,  and  also  ed.  Hazlitt ;  Dyee's  Specimens  of 
EogHsh  Sonnets,  1883 ;  Notee  and  Queries,  4th 
Kr.  X.  473,  zi.  23,  8th  ser.  ix.  145,  214,  450; 
Um\y  papers  through  Captain  Thomas  Russell 
of  Beanunater ;  notes  kindly  famished  by  Mr. 
C.  W.  Holgata  of  The  Close,  Salisbury ;  Wyke- 
ittmist,  31  July  1888  (containing  a  memoir  by 
Mr.  C.  W.  Holgate).]  T.  8. 

RUSSELL,  THOMAS  (1767-1803), 
pnited  Irisliman,  was  bom  at  Betsborough, 
in  the  parish  of  Kilshanick,  co.  Cork,  on 
n  ^OY.  1707.  His  father,  John  Bussell, 
entered  the  anny,  was  present  at  the  battle 


of  Dettinffen  in  1743,  commanded  a  company 
in  the  inSintry  at  the  battle  of  Fontenov  in 
1746,  and  in  1761-2  served  in  Portugal  in 
the  foreign  auxiliary  force.  Returning  to 
Lreland,  he  was  appomted  to  a  situation  in  tho 
Boyal  Hospital  at  Kilmainham.  He  died, 
at  a  very  advanced  a^e,  in  December  1792, 
and  is  described  by  Wolfe  Tone  as  a  gentle* 
man  of  charming  manners  and  conversation. 
A  portrait  of  him  is  prefixed  to  MaddenV 
<  United  Irishmen,'  3rd  ser.  vol.  ii. 

Like  his  father,  Russell  was  originally  in* 
tended  for  the  church,  and  consequently 
received  a  fairly  good  education  in  classics' 
and  mathematics,  out  like  him,  too,  he  be- 
came a  soldier,  and  in  1782  accompanied  bis- 
eldest  brother.  Captain  Ambrose  Russell 
(1766-1798),  of  the  62nd  regiment,  as  a. 
volunteer  to  India.  He  was  commended 
for  his  conduct  in  the  field  by  Sir  John  Bur- 
goyne  and  fiven  a  commission  in  his  brother's 
regiment,  but  afterwards  transferred  to  one^ 
newly  raised.  The  regiment  was  one  o% 
those  subsequently  reduced,  and  so  after  five- 
years'  service  Russell  quitted  India,  dis- 
gusted, it  is  said,  with  the  rapacity  and  cruelty 
of  English  officials.  Returning  to  Ireland,  he 
resumed  his  project  of  entenng  the  church,, 
but  again  relinquished  it  on  receiving  a 
commission  in  the  64th  regiment.  In  1789, 
while  listening  to  a  debate  in  the  House  of 
Oommons,  he  made  the  acquaintance  of  Theo- 
bald Wolfe  Tone  fq.  v.]  The  acquaintance 
thus  formed  speedily  ripened  into  friendship. 
'  P.  P.,'  or  '  parish  priest,'  as  Tone  called  him^ 
in  playful  allusion  to  his  sedate  and  cleri- 
cal demeanour,  figures  largely  in  the  earlier 
pafi^  of  Tone's  'Journal.'  In  1791  Rus- 
seU's  regiment  was  quartered  at  Belfast,  and 
in  this  way  he  became  acquainted  with  the- 
leading  men  of  liberal  nofitics  in  the  town, 
notably  with  Samuel  r^eilson  [q.  v.]  and 
Henry  Joy  McCracken  [^q.  v.J  Accordingly,, 
when  Tone  visited  Belfast  in  October,  the- 
nucleus  of  the  United  Irish  Society  was 
already  in  existence,  and  only  required  or- 
ffanising.  About  this  time  Russell  was 
forced  to  sell  his  commission,  having  gone 
bail  for  an  American  swindler  named 
Digges.  Through  the  friendly  interest  of 
Ckuonel  Knox,  he  was  on  21  Dec.  ap- 
pointed seneschal  of  the  manor  court  of  Dun- 
cannon  and  a  J.P.  for  co.  Tyrone.  But,  find- 
ing it,  as  he  said,  impossible '  to  reconcile  it 
to  his  conscience  to  sit  as  magistrate  on  a 
bench  where  the  practice  prevailed  of  in- 
quiring what  a  man's  religion  was  before  in- 
quiring into  the  crimes  with  which  a  pri- 
soner was  accused/  he  resigned  his  post  on 
16  Oct.  1792.  Possessing  no  means  of  live- 
lihood; he  was  bent  on  sewng  his  fortune  iai 


Russell 


474 


Russell 


Fraaoe,  but  was  Feetrained  by  the  kindneas 
of  his  Belfast  friends,  and  in  the  meantime 
devoted  himself  actively  to  the  ezteiision  of 
the  principles  of  the  United  Irish  Society. 
Inf^lvuary  17d4he  was  appointed  librarian 
to  the  Belfast  Library  at  a  salary  of  80/., 
shortly  afterwards  raised  to  60/.  a  year.  When. 
Tone  quitted  Ireland  in  May  1795,  Russell  was 
made  privy  to,  and  approved  of,  his  design  of 
seeking  to  bring  about  a  separation  from 
England  with  the  aid  of  France,  though,  like 
the  Belfast  party  generally,  he  seems  to 
have  thought  that  more  was  to  be  expected 
from  a  national  rising.  On  the  reconstitu- 
tion  of  the  society  on  a  purely  revolutionary 
basis,  he  took  the  oath  of  secrecy  from  James 
Agnew  Farrell  of  Maghermon,  near  Lame, 
and,  with  Neilson  and  M'Cracken,  was  re- 

Srded  as  responsible  for  the  northern  party, 
e  appears  to  have  been  a  freqiient  contri- 
butor to  the  *  Northern  Star.'  In  the  sum- 
mer of  1796  he  published  '  A  Letter  to  the 
People  of  Ireland  on  the  present  Situation 
of  the  Country,'  in  advocacy  of  the  catholic 
claims,  of  which  two  editions  were  speedily 
exhausted. 

Since  his  return  to  Belfast  in  1792  he 
had  been  under  government  surveillance, 
and,  in  order  to  withdraw  him  from  the 
danger  that  menaced  him,  an  offer  was 
made  him  in  1794  of  an  ensigncv  in  a 
militia  regiment,  with  the  prospect  or  speedy 
promotion  to  the  rank  of^  lieutenant.  The 
offer  was  declined,  and  on  16  Sept.  1796  he 
was  arrested  at  Belfast  with  Keilson  and 
other  prominent  United  Irishmen.  He  re* 
mained  in  dose  confinement  in  Newgate  at 
Dublin  till  19  March  1799,  when,  in  con- 
sequence of  the  compact  of  29  Jvlj  1798, 
whereby  he  and  his  fellow  political  prisoners 
consented  to  banishment  in  order  to  pre- 
vent further  executions,  he  was  transported 
to  Fort  George  in  Scotland.  Liberated 
after  the  peace  of  Amiens,  he  landed  at 
Ouxhaven  in  Holland  on  4  July  1802.  He 
proceeded  to  Paris,  and,  meeting  shortly 
afterwards  with  Robert  Emmiet  |^.  v.],  he 
entered  into  his  plans  with  enthusiasm.  He 
managed  to  return  disguised  to  Ireland  in 
April  1803,  and  for  several  weeks  lay  con* 
cealed  in  Dublin,  seldom  goingabroad,  except 
at  night.  The  task  of  raising  Ulster  was  as- 
signed him  by  Emmet,  together  with  the  title 
ofgeneral,and  at  thebeginningof  Mayhepaid 
a  hurried  visit  to  the  norths  accompanied  by 
James  Hope  (1764-1646^  [q.  v.]  But  de- 
s|Ht«  the  secrecy  with  wnich  the  visit  was 
managed,  a  rumour  of  impending  trouble 
spread  abroad,  and  when  ha  went  to  Belfast 
a  second  time  in  July  he  found  his  enemies 
on  the  alert,  and  his  old  friends  utterly  it^ 


different  to  his  project  and  desirous  onlr  of 
being  left  alone.    A  proclamation  issued  by 
him  on  24  July  as  *  Member  of  the  Ptch 
visional  Government  and  Qen«ral-in-chief  of 
the  Northern  District '  failed  to  elicit  anj 
response  from  'the  Men  of  Ireland  *  to  whom 
it  was  addressed.    Still,  even  after  the  news 
of  Emmet's  failure  reached  him,  he  did  not 
despair  of  ultimate  success.    'I  ho]^,'  he 
wrote  to  Mary  M'Cracken, '  your  spirits  are 
not  depressed  by  a  temporary  damp  in  con- 
sequence of  the  recent  failure  ...  of  ulti- 
mate success  I  am  still  certain.'    But  his 
ardour  was  unavailing.  Ultimately  he  sought 
shelter  at  Dublin,  in  t^e  house  of  A  gonsmith 
of  the  name  of  Muley,  in  Parliam^t  Street. 
Bewards  to  the  amount  of  1,600/.  w«re  offered 
for  his  apprehension.  He  was  tracked byaspy 
named  Emerson  and  arrested  by  Major  Sin 
on  9  Sept.,  and  removed  to  Silmainbam. 
An  unsuccessful  attempt  was  made  Inr  Misa 
M'Gracken  to  bribe  his  gaoler,  and  on  12  Oct. 
he  was  sent  down  for  trial  to  Downpatrick. 
His  life  was  already  fbrfelted  under  the  pro- 
visions of  the  Act  of  Banishment  (38  Geo. 
in,  c.  78),  but  it  was  determined  to  proceed 
against  him  on  a  charge  of  high  treason.  He 
was  tried  at  Downpatrick  by  special  com- 
mismon   before  Boron  George  on  20  Oct, 
and,  being  found  guilty,  was  sentenced  to  be 
executed  the  fol£)wing  day.    Of  the  jury 
that  tried  him,  six,  he  remarked,  had  at  one 
time  or  another  taken  the  T/nited  Irish  oath. 
In  a  speedi  of  singular  modesty  and  firmness, 
through  which  there  ran  a  strain  of  religiouB 
fanaticism,  he  declared    himself   perfectly 
satisfied  with  the  part  he  had  play^  in  try- 
ing to  regenerate  his  country.     His  Greek 
testament,  his  sole  earthly  possession,  he  gave 
to  Mr.  Forde,  the  clergyman  who  attended 
him  on  the  scaffold.    He  waa  buried  in 
Downpatrick  narish  churchyard^  and  over  hie 
grave  was  laid  a  stone  slab  with,  the  inscrip- 
tion, ^  The  grave  of  Bnssell.' 

His  sister,  to  whom  he  was  devotedly  at- 
tached, was  left  by  his  death  entirely  desti- 
tute ;  but  found  a  friend  and  protector  in 
Mary  M'Oracken,  who  placed  her  in  an  asylum 
for  aged  females  at  Drmncondra;,  where 
she  died  in  September  1834,  agisd  82,  Russell 
was  over  six  feet  high,  and  proportionately 
broad.  To  a  somewnat  sallow  complexion, 
an  abundance  of  black  hair  and  dark-brown 
eyes,  he  added  a  voice  of  singular  depth  and 
sweetness.  The  dominant  idea  of  lus  life  was 
that  the  laws  of  God  were  outraged  in  Ire- 
land, and  that  revolution  was  a  «aored  duty 
and  a  political  right.  There  in  a  poor  portrait 
of  him,  corrected  from  a  sketch  in  the 
'  Hibernian  Magakine '  of  I803>  in  Madden*8 
<  United  Irishmen,' did  M«  vol.  ii.   The  only 


Rtissell 


475 


Russell 


^ood  pOTtrtit|.a  miaiAtare,  belonged,  accord- 
ing to  Maddwi,  at  one  time  to  Major  Sirr. 

[A  ilicvt  Botice  of  BvseeU's  life,  for  which  the 
materiali  were  fiimUhed  bj  Siiw  M'Craoken,  was 
pnblklied  in  the  Ulster  Maffuine  of  Janaary  1 880; 
aod  another  by  Samuel  MSkimmiii,  tfaehistoriaB 
of  Gkniekfeigiu,  in  Fzazer'a  Magasine  of  Norem- 
b«r  18$6 ;  the  fornar  raiy  inoomplete,  the  latter 
uDsjapeUkekic  and  iaaecorate,  6oth  hare  been 
Bep«ned«d  by  the  life  in  Madden's  United  Iziih- 
men,  Srd  Mr.  rol.  ii.  A  fsw  additional  particttlara 
iriU  be  fovsd  in  lliet  M^Cleeiy's  Life  of  Mary 
Ana  H'Cmckan  in  Yonng*8  Bifitorieal  Notices  of 
Old  Bel&st,  1896;  Buui«U'a  «orreepoodenoe  ie 
io  the  libr^y  of  Trinity  College,  BubUn.l 

R.D. 

RU88JELL     or    Ocoim,     THOMAS 
(1781  P-ld46),  inde^pendent  minister,  wafe 
bom  at  Maiden;  Kent,  about  1781.     His 
father  and  gnmdftither  wei»  members  of  the 
ehorch  of  Bngland,  and  he  was  himself  con- 
firmed in  that  communion,  but  was  edu- 
cated for  the  dissenting  ministiy  at  Hoxton 
Acadezny  (September  l§(XKFune  1808),  under 
Bobert  Simpson^  D.D.    His  first  settlement 
^ras  at  Tonbrid^e,  Kent,  in  180S.    In  1806 
be  became  minister  of  Pell  Street  Chapel, 
Rsteliff  Highway,  where  he  was  ordained 
•a  5  Sept    His  tsfttee  were  literary,  and  he 
edited  a  collection  of  hymns  as  an  appendix 
to  Watts ;  but  his  ministry  was  not  popular. 
About  1820  he  adopted  the  name  of  Itussell, 
and  obtained  in  1828  the  king's  patent  for 
the  diange.     Soon  afterwards  he  received 
from  a  &ottish  univvrsilrf  the  diploma  of 
M  JL    Chi  tlie  dosing  of  Pell  Street  Chapel 
a  ibw  years  before  iiis  death,  he  became 
minister  of  Baker  Street  Chapel,  Enfield, 
Middlesex.    "Ha  was  a  Coward  trustee,  and 
(£rom  1842)  a  trustee  of  the  foundations  of 
Daniel  Williams,  D.D.  [a,  v.] ;  he  was  also 
•ecrataiT  of  the  Aged  Ministers'  Relief  So- 
ciety.  Contrsry  to  the  general  sentiment  of 
his  denomination,  he  was  a  promoter  of  the 
Dissenters'  Chapels  Act  of  1844  [see  Field, 
Edwik  WiKKUrs].   He  died  at  his  residence, 
Penton  Row,  Walwortli,  Surrey,  on  10  Dec. 
1846.    13is  sons,  Arthur  Tocer  Russell  and 
John  Fdller  Buee^,  are  separately  noticed. 
Under  the  name  of  Cftoutt  he  published 
Um  sermons  (1806-18),  and  a  <  Collection  of 
Hymns,'  181$,  13mo  (17th  edit.  1832, 12mo). 
Hi8  'Jubilee  Sermon'  (1809)  was  rou^y 
ha&dl^  in  tha  '  Anti- Jacobin  Reriew,' No- 
Tembef  1809,  and  he  issued  a  defensive '  Ap- 
pendix,' eiTing  autobiograj^hical  particulars, 
in  1833  he  began  his  edition  of  the  ;works 
of  John  Owen,  D.D.  [q.  r.l  finishing  it  in 
1826  in  twenty  octavo  Toiumes,  uniform 
with  the  'Life  of  Ow€»,'  1820,  8vo,  by 
WiUiMa  Ovme  [q.  v.] ;  seta  are  usus^y  com- 


pleted by  prefixing  this  *  Life,'  and  adding 
the  seven  volumes  of  Owen  on  Hebrews 
(Edinburgh,  1812-14,  8vo),  edited  by  Jamee 
Wriffht;  but  Russell's  edition  has  been  super- 
seded b>^  that  of  W.  H.  Qoold,  D.D.  In 
1828  he  issued  proposals  kft  a  series  of '  The 
Works  of  the  English  and  Scottish  Re- 
formetB ; '  only  three  vols*  1829-31 ,  8vo,  were 

?ublished,  containing  works  of  William 
'indal  [q.  v.]  and  John  Erith  [q.v.] 
[BiographieEd  Diet  of  Living  Authors,  1816, 
p.  67 ;  Oongregational  Year  Book,  1846,  p.  177 ; 
Christian  Reformer,  1847,  p.  64 ;  Jeremy's  Pres- 
byterian Fandf  188^,  p.  208;  Jidian's  Diet,  of 
HynuK^ogy,  1692.]  A.  G. 

BU8SELL,  THOMAS  MAONAMARA 
ri740  P-^1824),  admiral,  bom  about  1740,  is 
desoribed  as  the  son.  of  an  Englishman  who 
settled  in  Ipslaad,  where  he  married  a  Miss 
Macnamara,  probab^  a  daughter  and  co- 
heiress of  Sheedy  JMuacnamara  of  Bslyally, 
CO.  Clare  [see  Hatbs,  Sib  John  Macnikaba]. 
On  the  death  of  hia  father  when  he  was  five 
years  old,  he  is  said  to  have  inherited  a  large 
fortune,  which,  by  the  carelessness  or  dis- 
honesty of  his  trustees,  disappeared  before  he 
was  fourteen.  This  was  probably  the  cause 
of  his  going  to  sea  in  the  merchant  service. 
He  does  not  seem  to  have  entered  the  navy 
taU  about  1766,  when  he  joined  the  Cornwall 
guardtlup  at  Plymouth,  and  in  her,  and 
afterwards  in  the  Arrogant,  served  for  nearly: 
three  years  in  the  rating  of  *  able  seaman.' 
He  was  then  fbr  about  two  years  midship^ 
man  or  second  mastw  of  the  Hunter  cutter, 
employed  on  preventive  service  m  the  North 
Sea,  and  for  about  eighteen  months  as  master's 
mate  in  the Terribleg^rdshipat Portsmouth, 
wiUi  Captain  Harriot  Arbuthnot.  He  passed 
his  examination  on  2  Dec.  1772,  being  then 
described  in  his  certificate  as '  more  than  82.' 
In  1776  he  was  serving  on  the  coast  of  North 
America,  and  on  2  June  was  promoted  by 
RearHidmiral  Shuldham  to  be  lieutenant  of 
the  Albanj  sloop,  from  which  he  was  moved 
to  the  Dibgent.  On  his  return  to  England 
he  was  appointed  to  the  Raleigh,  with  Cap- 
tain James  Qambier,  afterwards  Lord  Qam- 
bier  [q.  v.l  and  was  present  at  the  relief  of 
Jersey  in  May  1779,  and  at  the  capture  of 
Charlestown.  At  Charlestown  he  was  pro- 
moted Irf  Arbuthnot  on  11  May  1780  to  the 
command  of  the  Beaumont  sloop,  from  which, 
on  7  May  1781,  he  was  posted  to  the  Bed- 
ford. Apparently  this  was  for  rank  only, 
and  he  was  almost  immediately  appointed  to 
the  Hussar  of  20  guns,  in  which  he  cruised 
on  the  coast  of  North  America  with  marked 
success,  making  several  prizes. 

On  22  Jan.  1788  he  fell  in  with  the  French. 
32-gun   frigate   Sibylle,  which   had   been 


J 


Russell 


476 


Russell 


rouffhly  handled  by  the  Ma^cienne  three 
weeks  before,  and  afterwardBy  in  a  violent 
gale,  had  been  dismasted,  and  obliged  to 
throw  twelve  of  her  guns  overboard.  When 
she  siffhted  the  Hussar  she  hoisted  the  Eng- 
lish flisff  over  the-  French,  the  recog[nised 
signal  of  a  prise,  and  at  the  same  time,  in  the 
slurouds,  another  English  flag,  union  down- 
wards, the  signal  of  distress.  Russell  ao> 
cordingly  bore  down  to  her  assistance,  but 
as  he  drew  near,  his  suspicions  being  roused, 
he  did  not  close  her.  On  this  the  Sibylle, 
under  English  colours,  attempted  to  board 
the  Hussar,  but  was  beaten  off  with  great 
loss,  and  when  the  Centurion,  attracted  by 
the  firing,  came  within  gunshot,  the  Sibylle 
surrendered.  Indignant  at  the  treacherous 
conduct  of  her  captain,  the  Comte  de  Ker- 

Siriou,  Russell  broke  his  sword  and  made 
m  a  close  prisoner,  with  a  sentry  over  him. 
When  he  brought  the  prize  into  New  York 
he  reported  the  circumstance,  but,  as  neace 
was  then  on  the  point  of  being  concluded,  the 
affair  was  hushed  up.  Kergariou  threatened 
to  demand  personal  satisfaction,  and  after 
the  peace  Russell  went  to  Paris  to  meet  him, 
but  returned  on  findinflr  that  his  would-be 
enemy  had  gone  to  the  I^renees. 

In  1789  he  was  appointed  to  the  Diana 
frigate  on  the  West  Indian  station,  and  in 
the  end  of  1791  was  sent  to  St.  Dominso  with 
a  convoy  of  provisions  for  the  French.  He 
learned  that  an  English  officer,  Lieutenant 
Perkins,  was  imprisoned  at  Jeremie  in  Hayti, 
on  a  charge  of  havinff  sufiplied  the  revolted 
blacks  with  arms.  Russell  convinced  him- 
self that  the  charge  was  false,  went  round  to 
Jeremie,  and,  under  a  threat  of  laying  the 
town  in  ruins,  secured  Perkins's  release. 
He  returned  to  England  in  1792,  and  in  1790 
was  appointed  to  tne  Yenffeance  of  74  guns, 
again  for  service  in  the  West  Indies,  where, 
under  Rear-admiral  Henry  Ilsrvey  [a.  v.j, 
he  took  part  in  the  reduction  of  St.  Lucia 
and  Trinidad.  The  Vengeance  returned  to 
England  in  the  spring  o?  1799,  and  formed 
part  of  the  Channel  fleet  during  the  summer, 
after  which  she  was  paid  ofi*,  and  in  the  fol- 
lowing April  Russell  was  appointed  to  the 
Princess  Koyal,  which  he  commanded  till  his 
promotion  to  the  rank  of  rear-admiral  on 
1  Jan.  1801.  On  the  renewal  of  the  war  in 
1 803  he  hoisted  his  flag  on  board  the  Dictator, 
under  the  orders  of  Lord  Keith  in  the  Downs. 
On  9  Nov.  1805  he  was  promoted  to  be  vice- 
admiral,  and  in  1807  was  appointed  com- 
mander-in-chief of  the  squadron  in  the  North 
Sea.  In  September,  on  the  news  of  war 
having  been  declared  by  Denmark,  he  took 
possession  of  Heligoland,  which  during  the 
war  continued  to  be  the  great  dep6t  of  the 


English  trade  with  Germany.  He  became 
an  admiral  on  13  Avig,  1812,  and  died  sud- 
denly, in  his  carriage,  in  the  neiri&bourhood  . 
of  Poole,  on  22  July  1824.  He  married, 
about  1793,  a  Miss  Phillips,  who  died  in 
1818,  leaving  no  children. 

[Gent  Hag.  1824,  ii.  869;  Naral  Ohro&tde, 
xvii.  441,  with  a  portrait  after  a  painting  by 
C.  G-.  Stuart,  then  (1806)  in  the  posseMion  of 
Sir  John  Macoamara  Hayes;  ib,  zzr.  239; 
official  correspondeiiee  in  the  Public  Beeoxd 
OlBce ;  Marshall's  Royal  Naval  Biogr.  i.  137, 
606 ;  Beataon's  Nayal  and  Militaij  Memoirs,  ▼. 
662,  vi.  849 ;  Tronde's  Batailles  Navales  de  la 
France,  ii.  288.]  .   J.  K.  L 

KUSSELL,  Sib  WILLIAM,  first  BiBOV 

RUSSBLL   OF    THORVHAVeH    (1568  P-1618), 
fourth  and  youngest  son  of  Francis  Russell, 
second  earl  of  B^ford  [q.  v.J,  was  bom  about 
1 668.  He  was  educatea  at  Magdalen  College, 
Oxford,  where  he  'sat  at  the  feetof  that  excel- 
lent divine,  Dr.  Humphrys'  [see  Humphret, 
LAXTBBiroE,  D.D.],  but  apparently  did  not  gra- 
duate.   He  then  spent  several  years  in  tra- 
velling through  France,  Gharmanv,  Italy,  snd 
Hungary.  Returning  to  Englandl  about  1579, 
he  was  sent  to  Ireland  in  October  of  the  fol- 
lowing year  in  command  of  a  oompanv  of  re- 
cruits  raised  by  theEnglishdergy  for  thewar» 
in  Ireland.    He  was  stationed  on  the  "Wick- 
low  frontier  to  hold  FiaghMac  Hugh  O^Byme 
[q.  v.]  in  check,  and  on  4  April  1681  he  and 
Sir  WilUam  Stanley  a648-l«29)  [q.  v.l  suc- 
ceeded in  burning  Iliagh's  house  of  BsUi- 
nacor  and  killing  some  of  his  followers.    He 
was  rewarded  with  a  lease  of  the  abbey  of 
Baltin^las  in  co.   Carlow  on  4  Sept.,  andt 
beinff  bcensed  to  return  to  England,  he  vra» 
knighted  by  the  lord-deputy,  Arthur  Grey, 
fourteenth    lord    Grey  de    Wilton  [q.  v.], 
on  10  Sept.    On  the  occasion  of  the  Due 
d'Alen^on's  visit  to  England  in  November, 
he  took  part  in  a  royal  combat  and  fight  on 
foot,  wherein  the  duke  and  the  prince  dau- 
phin were  the  challengers  and  Kussell  and 
Lord  Thomas  Howard  the  defenders. 

In  December  1686  Russell  accompanied 
the  Earl  of  Leicester  on  hie  expedition  to 
the  Netherlands,  and  was  by  him  appointed, 
lieutenant-general  of  cavalr]^.  He  repaired 
to  England  in  April  1686  in  order  to  raise 
a  band  of  horse,  but  returned  in  time  to 
take  part  in  the  fight  at  Wamsfeld  before 
Zutpnen  on  22  Sept.,  when  he  led  the  at- 
tack, and,  according  to  Stow  {AniuUs,  n.  737), 
'so  terribly  he  charged  that  after  he  hsd 
broke  his  lance,  he  with  his  curtle-axe  bo 
playe<f  his  part  that  the  enemy  reputed  him 
a  devil  and  no  nuin.'  On  the  death  of 
Sir  Philip  Sidney,  who  in  token  of  friendship 
bequeathed  him  his  best  gilt  armour^  he 


Russell 


477 


Russell 


succeeded  him  m  governor  of  thecautionaTy 
town  of  Fliuhinff   (oatent  dated    1  Feb. 
1587,  in  RrxEB^  loedera^  xvi.    2).     On 
5  Oct  following  he  commanded  a  party  of 
six  hundred  hor^e,  and  succeeefully  inter- 
cepted a  oonTOj  of  provisions  designed  for 
the  relief  of   Zutpnen.    As  governor    of 
Flodung  he  justified  the  oonfiaenoe  placed 
in  him.   In  June  1687  he  despatched  a  force 
withjarorisions  to  strengthen  Slujs,  which 
the  Duke  of  Parma  was  on  the  point  of 
blockadinffy  and,  according  to  Roger  Wil- 
liams rq.v!j,  who  commanded  the  party,  it  was 
eotirelj  due  to  his  resolution  and  quick  de- 
spatch that  the  town  was  not  lost  without  a 
wow,  'ss  a  number  of  others  were  in  those 
countries  far  better  than  Sluys '  {Ducow9e 
of  Warrty  p.  57).     In  the  quarrel  between 
the  estates  and  the  Earl  of  Leicester  he 
loyally  supported  the  latter,  and,  after  Lei- 
cester s  withdrawal  from  the  Netherlands  in 
December  1567,   he  himself  incurred  the 
censure  of  the  estates  by  supporting  a  move- 
ment on  the  part  of  the  citizens  of  Gamp- 
Teer  and  Amemuf  den  to  place  themselves 
under  the  immediate  protection  of  Eliza- 
beth. Others  attributed  his  action  to  a  desire 
to  make  himself  master  of  Walcheren,  out 
of  a  feeling  of  pique  because  the  estates 
had  ffiven  away  the  raiment  of  Zeeland,  of 
whidi  his  predecessor,  Sir  Philip  Sidney,  had 
been  colonel,  to  Count  Solms.    Russell  dis- 
avowed being  actuated  by  any  feeling  of 
ill-will  towards  either  the  estates  or  Prince 
Maurice,  and  the  dispute  was  finally  termi- 
nated bv  ElijEabeth  disclaiming  any  wish  to 
encroach  on    the  authority  of  the  estates 
(GuxsTONB,  Hist,  of  the  Netkeriand«,'p]^867- 
871).  Otherwise,  Russell's  conduct  as  gover- 
nor of  flushing  seems  to  have  afforded  gene- 
nl  satisfiu^ion.  and  Elizabeth  was  particu- 
larly gratified  by  the  reauest  of  the  aeputies 
of  the  churches  of  the  Netherlands  that  he 
might  be  continued  at  his  post  ^f.  Motlbt, 
United  Neiherlandij  ii.  444).    But  he  was 
not  on  verv  friendly  terms  with  Leicester*s 
successor.  Lord  Willoughby  [see  Bektib, 

PBRBSBHTEyLOBD  WlLLOUGHBT  DE  ErBSBTI. 

Ihough  subsequently  reconciled  to  Wil- 
looghby  (Bbbha,  JFVne  Generati4me,  p.  210), 
•^  begged  his  friends '  to  help  him  away  from 
so  heggBily  A  government  wherein  he  should 
but  undo  niniself  without  hope  of  service  or 
reward'  (HarL  MS,  286,  f.  95).  His  petition 
was  granted,  and  on  16  JuW  1588  he  was 
rapeneded  by  Sir  Robert  Suuiey. 

On  16  May  1594  he  was  appointed  lord- 
deputy  of  Ireland,  in  place  of  Sir  William 
FitswiUiam  (152&-1599)  [q.  v.] ;  and  in  July 
ioDowingthe  degree  of  M.A.  was  conferred  on 
him  by  the  university  of  Oxford.  He  landed  at 


Howth  on  81  July,  and  on  11  Aug.  was  sworn 
in  with  due  solemnity.  The  chief  danger  that 
threatened  the  peace  of  the  eountey  was  due 
to  the  menacing  attitude  of  the  £!arl  of  Ty- 
rone [see  O'Neill,  HueH,  second  Eabl  of 
Ttbokb]  and  Huffh  Boe  O'Donnell  [q.v.] 
Four  da^  later  'fynne  unexpectedly  pre* 
sented  himself  berore  the  council  and  ten- 
dered his  submission.    This  step  took  Rus- 
sell and  the  council  by  surprise,  and  Tyrone 
was  allowed  to  return  to  his  own  country  in 
safety.  Afterwards,  when  Russell  recognised 
his  mistake  in  thus  letting  Tyrone  escape, 
he  tried,  not  perhaps  very  successfully,  to 
shift   the  blame  on  to  the  council;  but 
Elizabeth,  while  publicly  accepting  his  ex* 
cuses,  did  not  fail  to  read  him   a  severe 
lecture  in  private.    Meanwhile  the  garrison 
at  EnniskiUen  was  being  hard  prised  by 
Sir  Hugh  Maguire  [q.  v.]  and  0*Donnell, 
and,  a  relief  party  under  Sir  Henry  Duke 
having  been  repulsed  with  loss,  Russell  was 
constrained  to  march  thither  in  person.    Ac- 
cordinffly,  leaving  the  Earl  of  Ormonde  *  to 
keep  the  borders"  against  Fiagh  Mac  Hugh 
ana  Walter  Reafh  Fitsgerala,  he  set  out 
towards  the  north  on  18  Aug.    Proceeding 
by  way  of  MuUinffar,  Athlone,  Roscommon, 
and  Boyle,  and  through  the  mountains  and 
bo^  of  O'Rourke's  country,  he  succeeded  in 
reheving  EnniskiUen  on  30  Aug.,  and  ten 
days  later  returned  in  safety  to  Dublin. 
Seeing  how  completely  he  had  been  deceived 
by  Tyrone's  specious  promises,  he  tried  to 
retrieve  his  blunder  by  inviting  the  earl 
again  to  Dublin.    Tyrone  declin^  the  invi- 
tation, and  on  8  Dec.  Russell  wrote  that  he 
had.  broken  off  all  manner  of  temporising 
courses  with  him.     Recognising  the  neces- 
sity for  vigorous  action,  he  applied  for  rein- 
forcements under  the  command  of  an  ex- 
perienced leader.    His  request  was  granted ; 
out  he  was  mortified  to  find  that  the  gene- 
ral selected  to  co-operate  with  him  was  Sir 
John  Norris  (1547  P-1597)  [<j.  v.],  president 
of  Munster.    Norris  had  petitioned  against 
RusseU's  appointment  as  Leicester's  successor 
in  the  government  of  the  Netherlands,  and 
a  commission,  with  the  title  of  general  of 
the  army  in  Ulster  in  the  absence  of  the  lord- 
deputy,  was  now  given  him  with  authority 
almost  equal  to  Russell's.    Norris,  however, 
did  not  arrive  in  Ireland  till  the  bennning 
of  May  1595,  and  in  the  meantime  RusseU 
made  several  unsuccessful  attempts  to  cap- 
ture Fiagh  Mac  Hugh. 

On  16  Jan.  he  instituted  '  a  hunting  jour- 
ney '  to  Ballinacor,  and,  liuving  proclaimed 
Fiagh,  his  wife,  and  Walter  Reagh  traitors, 
returned  to  Dublin.  A  fortnight  later,  ac- 
companied by  Sir  George  Bouichier,  Sir 


Russell 


478 


Russell 


Geoffrey  Fenton,  and  other  officers,  he  made 
another  expedition  thither.  Ballinacor  was 
fortified  and  garrisoned,  and  a  number  of 
Fiaffh's  followers  slain;  but  Fiae-h  himself 
evaded  capture,  and  on  the  24tn  Russell 
again  returned  to  Dublin.  Barly  in  April 
Walter  Reagh  was  captured  and  hianged,  and 
another  effort  made  to  capture  Fia|fh.  Fixing 
his  headquarters  at  Money,  hau  way  be- 
tween Tuilow  and  Shillelagh,  on  the  borders 
of  Garlow,  the  deputy  made  frequent  incur- 
sions into  the  glens  of  Wicklow,  combining 
the  business  of  rebel-hunting  with  the  more 
peaceful  recreation  of  shootmg  and  fishing. 
A  number  of  Fiagh's  relations,  including  his 
wife  Rose,  fell  into  his  hands,  but  ]^a^h 
himself,  though  he  had  one  or  two  hair- 
breadth escapes,  contrived  to  elude  his  pur- 
suers. On  4  May  Norria  landed  at  Water- 
foxd.  Russell,  though  resenting  his  appoint- 
ment, received  him  with  courtesy,  and  even 
with  hospitality.  Meanwhile  amiirs  in  the 
north  had  assumed  a  more  threatenin|r  as- 
pect. A  general  hosting  was  proclaimed 
tor  12  June,  and  on  the  18th  r^orris  set 
out  for  Newry,  whither  he  was  followed 
five  days  later  by  RusseU.  On  the  23rd 
Tyrone,  O'Donnell,  Maguire,  and  their  as- 
sociates were  proclaim^  traitc^s  in  Enff- 
lish  and  Irish,  and  a  few  days  afterwards 
the  army  moved  to  Armagh,  which  Russell 
set  to  work  to  fortify,  at  the  same  time  re- 
lieving Monaghan.  Subsequently  a  council 
of  war  was  held  at  Dundalk,  and  on  16  July 
RusseU,  in  accordance  with  his  instructions, 
returned  to  Dublin,  leaving  the  army  in  the 
north  to  the  sole  command  of  Norris.  So 
far  they  had  managed  to  agree  fairly  well ; 
but  Norris  was  annoyed  at  having  to  play 
a  subordinate  part,  and  as  the  summer  wore 
to  a  close  his  relations  with  Russell  grew 
more  and  more  strained.  Early  in  September 
he  suffered  a  slight  repulse  by  Tyrone,  and 
Russell  at  once  moved  to  Eells,  partly  to 
support  him,  partly  to  watch  the  situation  in 
Oonnaugh  t,  where  Sir  Richard  Bingham  [q.  v.] 
was  being  hard  pressed  by  O'Donnell  and  the 
Burkes.  But  the  home  government  having, 
at  Norris^s  suggestion,  authorised  a  compro- 
mise, he  returned  to  Dublin,  leaving  Koms  to 
come  to  terms  with  Tyrone,  which  he  even- 
tually did  on  2  Oct. 

Early  next  month  Fiagh  Mac  Hugh  came 
to  Dublin  to  beff  for  pardon,  and  RusseU, 
havin^r  referred  his  case  to  the  privy  coun- 
council,  immediately  set  out  for  Connaught. 
He  was  received  in  state  at  Galway,  but  was 
everywhere  met  with  complaints  against 
Bingham,  whose  harsh  government  was  said 
to  be  the  principal  cause  of  disorder.  At  Ath- 
lone  he  sat  in  council  to  consider  these  com- 


plaints and,  having  promised  to  institute  an 
inquiry  into  their  grievances,  a  peace  wu 
patched  up  with  the  Burkes,  and  Kuasell  re- 
turned to  Dublin  shortly  before  Christmas. 
Owing  to  O'Donneirs  intrigues  the  pacifica- 
tion was  of  short  duration,  and  Russell  was 
forced  to  confess  that  he  had  gone  but  'on  a 
sleeveless  errand.'    Early  in  Mardi  1596  the 
Burkes,  reinforced  by  a  body  of  Scottish 
mercenaries,  crossed  the  Shannon  and  laid 
waste  Mac  Coghktn's  country,  but  were  igi- 
mediately  attacked  and  put  to  flight  bj  the 
deputy.    In  consequence  of  Norris's  repre- 
sentations, Bingham  was  removed,  greatlj 
to  the  annoyance  of  RusseU  and  all  those 
who  were  in  favour  of  strong  measures.  The 
fact  that  TVrone  delayed  several  weeks  be- 
fore he '  took  out '  his  pardon  natnraUy  raised 
suspicions  as  to  his  sincerity,  and  when  he 
eventually  did  so,  about  the  middle  of  July, 
Russell  insisted  that  '  the  dangers  of  the 
realm  were  in  no  way  diminish^  ...  hut 
rather  increased  by  a  deeper  subtlety  dis- 
sembled with  a  show  of  duty  and  good  mean* 
ing  when  he  saw  he  could  do  no  other.' 
Norris  protested  that  the  deputy  was  doing 
aU  in  his  power  to  nullify  rns  efforts  at  a 
settlement.  It  was  manifest  that  the  sjstem 
of  dual  government  was  working  mcon- 
cei  vable  mischief,  and  both  RusseU  and  Norris 
begged  to  be  recalled.    Matters  grew  worse 
when  the  deputy,  in  consequence  of  a  fresh 
rising  on  the  part  of  Fiagh  Mao  Hugh  O'Bjme 
in  September,  determined  to  make  a  vigorous 
eChrt  to  capture  him.  This,  Norris  declared, 
was  simply  to  endanger  the  safety  of  the  whole 
kingdom  ;  but  the  deputy  held  resolutely  to 
his  purpose.  Day  after  daj  during  the  entire 
winter  and  into  the  following  spring,  despite 
the  remonstrances  of  Norris  and  the  o^n 
threats  of  Tyrone,  he  scoured  the  mountains 
and  glens  of  Wicklow.  His  nerseverance  was 
at  last  rewarded  on  8  May  i6fl^  hy  the  cap- 
ture and  death  of  Fiafi[h.  On  his  way  back  to 
Dublin  *  the  people  of  the  country  met  him 
with  great  joy  and  gladness,  and,  as  their 
manner  is,  bestowed  manv  bleasines  on  him 
for  performing  so  good  a  deed  and  deUvering 
them  from  their  longonpressions.'  But  Fiagh*s 
death  did  not  affect  the  situation. 

In  anticipation  of  his  recaU  Russell  had 
already,  in  March,  removed  from  the  Oastle 
and  put  his  train  on  board  wages  (OoiinrSr 
Sidney  Papers,  ii.  25).  His  successor,  Thomas, 
lord  Burgh,  arrived  on  16  May,  and  on  96  May 
he  quitted  Ireland.  On  his  return  there  was 
some  talkofmakinghim  governor  of  Berwick, 
-and,  after  lord  Bnrgh*s  death,  he  and  Sir  Ro- 
bert Sidney  were  suggested  for  the  vacant 
post ;  but  he  stood '  stiffly  not  to  go '  unless  he 
might  have  it  on  as  good  terms  as  Lord  Burgh 


Russell 


479 


^Russell 


(t5.  ti.  71).  He  was  frequently  consulted  on 
Irish  affiiire  and,  in  anticipation  of  a  Spanish 
inirasion  in  the  summer  of  1699,  he  was  ap- 

Sinted  commander  of  the  forces  in  the  west. 
6  was  an  unsuccessful  competitor  with  Sir 
Waltef  Rakgh  for  the  goyemorship  of  Jersey 
^t  cf .  Edwabbs,  Lift  of  Sir  WcUUr  Ealegh, 
u  21^),  and  in  September  1602  he  had  the 
honour  of  entertaining  the  queen  at  his  house 
at  Chiflwick.  He  was  created  Baron  RusseU  of 
Thomhaugh  in  Northamptonshire  by  James  I 
on  21  July  1603.  His  last  public  appearance 
was  at  the  foBeral  of  Prince  Henry,  to  whom 
he  was  much  attached.  He  died  at  his  seat 
at  Noithall  on  9  March  1613,  and  was  buried 
in  the  church  of  Thomhaugh,  where  there  b 
a  monument  to  his  memory. 

RusseU  married,  about  1690,  Elisabeth  (J. 
1611),  daughter  and  heiress  of  Henry  Long 
of  Shengay,  Northamptonshire.  He  had  an 
only  son,  Francis  Russell,  fourth  earl  of  Bed- 
ford [q.y.l  There  are  lull-length  portraits 
of  him  and  his  wife  at  Wobum  Abbey. 

fWifiBn*8  Hist.  Memoirs  of  the  House  of 
Rnasell,  with  extracts  ftom  Walker's  Faneral 
Sermon,  of  which  there  is  no  copy  in  the  British 
Mnseam;  CoUins's  Peerage,  i.  274;  Bugdale's 
Buooage,  ii.  880 ;  Or,  £.  CrockayneVs  Peerage ; 
Foster^s  Alumni  Oxon. ;  Bioxam's  Keg.  Magd. 
College,  Oxford ;  StoVs  Annals ;  Leyceeter  Cor- 
respondence (Camden  Soc);  Clements  Mark- 
ham's  Fightbg  Veres;  lady  Georgina  Bertie's 
Five  O<4ienitions  of  a  Loyal  Hoase ;  Wright's 
C^naen  Elizabeth  and  her  Tames  ;  Lloyd's  State 
Worthiea;  Gal.  State  Papers,  Dom.  1647-80  p. 
491,  151^6-7  p.  148,  and  other  references,  chiefly 
is  lett«ES  from  John  Chamberlain  to  Dudley 
Carietooiprintedin  full  in  Chamberlain's  Letters 
(Camden  Soc);  Uk  Foreign  xi.  294;  Simancas 
ill  435,  65$;  Ireland  ii.  264,  296,  317,  319,  v. 
tL  Tii.  passim ;  CaL  Carew  MSS.  containing  his 
Jonmal  in  Ireland,  iii.  260,  of  which  there  is 
iDother  copy  among  the  Russell  Papers  at  Wo- 
hvn  (cf.  Hist.  MSS.  Q-omm,  2nd  Hep.  p.  2) ;  Cal. 
Hatfield  MSS.  iii.  190,  878, 427,  ir.  60, 385,  499, 
616  (chiefly  relating  to  Flushing  affairs) ;  Cal. 
Fianta  £Us.  No.  3746;  Annals  of  the  Four 
)f;tfters,  ed.  O'Bonoran,  ri.  1966, 1989,  2019; 
(ySunivan-Beare's  HistorisB  Catholics  IbemiA 
GooipeBdinm,  pp.  171,  176^7;  Bagwell's  Ireland 
nder  tlie  Tndors,  iii.  242-79 ;  Shirley's  Hist. 
of  CO.  Honaghan,  p.  100 ;  Hist.  MSS.  Comm. 
JOth  Rep.  pt.  ii.  (Gawdy  MSS.)  p.  30 ;  Egerton 
MS.  1694,  p.  61  (protest  against  appointment  of 
Sir  John  Morris);  Cotton  MSS.  Galba  D.  i.  f.  140, 
D.  ii.  flE.  13,  18,  60,  273.  284,  D.  iii.  ff.  3.  32.  36, 
40,  42,  48,  64  (letters  to  the  Earl  of  Leicester  on 
Flushing  affairs),  Titus  B.  ii.  f.  317  (to  the  Earl 
of  Sossez,  2  Jan.  1676),  Titus  B.  rii.  f.  94  (re- 
commending Darison  to  Leicester),  B.  zii.  f. 
347  ^  xiii.  ff  477,  486,  497  (relatire  to  govern- 
ment of  Ireland);  Addit  MS.  84218,  f.  1916 
(pateat  oC  creation);  Add.  Ch.  6220.]     R.  D. 


RUSSELL,  Sib  WILLLIM  (d,  1064), 
treasurer  of  the  navy,  the  son  or  William 
Russell  of  Surrey,  and  grandson  of  Maurice 
Russell  of  YaverlMid,  Isle  of  Wight,  was  a 
prominent  member  of  several  of  the  great 
trading  companies.  He  was  sworn  a  free 
brother  of  the  Eaat  India  Company  on 
20  Oct.  1609,  '  having  formerly  bought  Sir 
Francis  Chernr's  adventure/  and  became  a 
director  on  5  July  1016.  He  was  appointed 
a  director  of  the  Company  of  the  Merchants 
of  London,  the  discoverers  of  the  North-West 
Passage,  in  July  1612,  For  many  years  he 
traded  as  an  adventurer  in  the  Muscovy 
Company,  but,  dissatisfied  with  the  manage- 
ment, withdrew  his  capital.  He  after- 
wards became  involved  in  legal  proceedings 
with  the  comnany.  In  May  1618  he  bought 
the  Ireasurersnip  of  the  navy  from  Sir  Robert 
Mansell.  He  held  this  office  until  about 
1627,  when  Sir  Sackville  Crow  succeeded 
him.  But  the  latter  appears  to  have  been 
so  incompetent  that  Russell  was  reappointed 
in  Januaiy  1630  and  created  a  baronet.  In 
1682  he  was  appointed  a  commissioner  to 
inquire  into  frauds  on  the  customs;  on 
11  Jan.  1689  Sir  Henry  Vane  was  as- 
sociated with  him  in  the  treasnrership  of  the 
navy.  A  man  of  considerable  wealthy 
Russell  frequently  lent  money  to  the  govern- 
ment of  Charles  I.  He  was  one  of  tne  pro- 
moters of  the  Persian  O^mpany,  to  which 
he  subscribed  8,000^.,  and  took  part  in 
numerous  projects  for  draining  the  Fens. 
He  died  in  1664,  and  was  buried  (8  Feb.)  at 
Chippenham,  Cambridgeshire. 

Russell  married,  first,  Elieabeth  (d.  1626), 
daughter  of  Sir  Francis  Cherry;  secondly, 
Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Thomas  Gerard  of 
Bumell,  Cambridgeshire,  bv  whom  he  had 
seven  sons  and  three  daughters.  Cf  these 
the  eldest,  Sir  Francis,  succeeded  as  second 
baronet,  and  his  daughter  Elizabeth  married 
Henry  Cromwell ;  the  second  son,  Sir  Wil- 
liam, hnt.,  was  called  *  Black '  Sir  William ; 
the  third,  Gerard,  was  father  of  William 
Russell  of  Fordham  (d,  1701),  who  married 
Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Henry  Cromwell. 
Thirdly,  Russell  married  Elizabeth,  daughter 
and  coheiress  of  Michael  Smallpage  of 
Chichester,  and  widow  of  John  Wheatley  of 
Cateefield,  Sussex,  by  whom  he  had  two  sons. 
Of  these.  Sir  William  (called  *  White '  Sir 
William),  was  created  &  baronet  on  8  Nov. 
1660;  the  dignity  became  extinct  on  his 
death  without  male  issue. 

Russell  must  be  distinguished  from  Sir 
William  Russell,  hart.,  of  Strensham,  high 
^eriff  of  Worcestershire  in  1648  and  go- 
vernor of  Worcester  durinsp  the  civil  war; 
he  took  an  active  part  on  toe  royalist  side. 


Russell 


480 


Russell 


rand  died  on  SO  Nov.  1069  (Cilajcbebs,  Biogr. 
lUustr.  of  Worcestershire,  pp.  118-20). 

[NobWfl  HouM  of  CromweU,  pp.  403,  404 ; 
Wajleo'fl  HoQBe  of  Czomvell,  1891,  p.  28; 
Clarendon's  History  of  the  Rebellion ;  Burke's 
JBztiDct  Barooetcies,  p.  455 ;  Visitation  of  Lon- 
don (Harleian  Society),  ii.  217:  Collectanea 
Topographica  et  Genealogica,  iii.  159 ;  Calendar 
of  Domestic  State  Papers  (James  land  Charles  1), 
passim ;  Calendar  of  Colonial  State  Papers  (East 
Indies,  1618-1634),  passim.]         W.  A.  S.  H. 

RUSdELL,  WILLIAM,  Lobd  Russeli. 
(1639-1683),  *  the  patriot/  was  the  third  son 
of  William,  fifth  earl  (and  afterwards  first 
duke^  of  Bedford  [q.Y.li  and  of  his  wife,  Anne, 
daughter  of  Robert  Carr,  earl  of  Somerset 
[a.  v.]  He  was  bom  on  29  Sept.  1039, and  was 
educated  with  his  elder  brother,  Francis,  who, 
^y  the  death  in  infancy  of  the  eldest  son,  John, 
had  become  heir  to  the  paternal  earldom. 
From  the  father's  domestic  chaplain,  John 
Thornton,  both  brothers  seem  to  have  im- 
bibed an  inclination  to  favour  the  noncon- 
formists (cf.  BuRNBT,  Ovm  Time,  ii.  85).  In 
1654  they  were  residinsr  at  Cambridge  (it  is 
not  known  at  what  college).  Thence  the^ 
proceeded  to  the  continent.  Early  in  their 
travels,  on  which  they  were  accompanied  by 
A  French  protestant*  named  De  la  Faisse, 
the  brothers  visited  Lyons,  where  William's 
admiration  was  excited  by  Queen  Christina 
of  Sweden;  they  passed  the  winter  of  1656- 
1657  at  Augsburg.  In  1658  William  was  at 
Paris,  where  a  violent  illness  '  reduced  him 
almost  to  the  gates  of  death.' 

After  the  Restoration,  which  the  Earl  of 
Bedford  had  promoted,  ^  ISIr.  Russell '  (as  he 
was  styled)  was  elected  M.P.  for  the  family 
through  of  Tavistock,  which  he  represented 
till  the  dissolution  of  1678.  Dunng  many 
sessions — apparently  till  1672 — he  remained 
a  silent  member ;  for  some  time  he  was  much 
occupied  with  matters  of  a  different  sort. 
In  July  1663,  and  again  in  August  1664,  he 
writes  to  his  father,  requesting  the  payment 
of  his  modest  debts  in  the  event  of  his  death 
in  an  imminent  dueL  In  one  such  affiur  he 
was  wounded. 

In  May  1669  Russell  married  Rachel 
Wriothesley  (1636-1723),  widow  of  Francis, 
lord  Vaughan,  and  seccmd  dauffhter  of  Thomas 
Wriotheslejr,  fourth  earl  of  Southampton 
[q.  v.],  by  his  first  wife,  Rachel  de  Ruvigny 
(J.  16  Feb.  1640),  <la  belle  et  vertueuse 
jluguenotte'  {Stre^ord  Papers  t^p.  Wiffbn, 
ii.  214).  Her  mother  was  eldest  daughter  of 
Daniel  de  Massue,  seigneur  of  Ruviffny  and 
of  Raineval,  and  brother  of  Henri  de  Massue, 
first  marauis  de  Ruvigny,  some  time  ambas- 
sador at  tne  court  of  Cnarles  II ;  she  was  thus 
fint  cousin  of  Henri,  the  famous  Earl  of  Gal- 


way  [see  Massitb  db  Ruviey  t,  IIevsi  db;  ct 
Bibhothhque  Natianale,  Cat  de  Titres  {Piket 
Originales)  fVol,  1886].  I«ady  Russell  was  bom 
in  1636,  and  was  therefore  Russell's  senior  by 
three  years.  She  married,  in  1653,  her  &nt 
husband,  Francis,  lord  Vaughan,  eldest  son 
of  Richard,  second  earl  of  Oarbery,  and 
chiefly  lived  at  Lord  Garbexv's  seat.  Golden 
Grove  in  Carmarthenshire.  In  1665  she  gare 
birth  to  a  child  that  died  almost  immediately; 
in  1667  Lord  Vaughan  died,  and  in  the  same 
vear  she  lost  her  father,  from  whom  she  in- 
herited the  estate  of  Stratton  in  Hsmpshin 
i  afterwards  her  and  her  second  httsband's 
avourite  residence).  In  the  earlv  days  of 
her  widowhood  she  resided  with  ner  elder 
sister  and  coheiress,  Lady  Elisabeth  Noel 
(whose  husband  afterwards  became  first  Earl 
of  Gainsborough),  at  Tichfield  in  Hampshire; 
on  the  death,  in  1680,  of  her  beloved  sister 
and  'delicious  friend,'  she  inherited  this 
estate  also,  together  with  Southampton 
House  (afterwards  called  Bedford  House) 
in  Bloomsbury  Square.  Tott«ridge  in  Hert- 
fordshire was  another  of  her  later  residences. 

The  political  tendencies,  as  well  as  the 
religious  sympathies,  of  the  Wriothesley  and 
Russell  families  were  in  ^neral  accord.  Rus- 
sell was  desirous  of  obtaining  her  hand  in  the 
first  year  of  her  widowhood.  Their  union 
(May  1669)  was  from  first  to  last  one  of  un- 
broken afiection.  Their  elder  daughter, 
Rachel,  was  bom  in  January  1674;  their 
second,  Catherine,  on  23  Aug.  1676;  their 
onW  son,  Wriothesley,  on  1  Nov.  1680. 

Russell  was  one  of  those  members  of  the 
country  party  who,  in  Macaulay's  words,  were 
*  driven  into  opposition  by  dread  of  popery, 
by  dread  of  France,  and  by  disgust  at  the 
extravagance,  dissoluteness,  and  faithless- 
ness of  the  court.'     The    country  party 
seemed  at  last  in  the  ascendant,  when  in 
1673  it  became  evident  that  the  days  of  the 
Cabal  were  numbered,  and  Shaftesburv  (who 
was  by  marriage  nearly  connected  witn  Lady 
Vaughan),  after  helpmg  to  carry  the  Test 
Act,  was  dismissed  Irom  the  chimcellorship 
and  identified  hiuLself  with  the  opposition. 
When  parliament  reassembled  in  1674,  in- 
tent upon  a  protestant  policy  at  home  and 
abroad,  as  well  as  upon  the  dismissal  of  all 
recalcitrant  ministers,  Russell  (22  Jan.)  de- 
livered his  first  speech  in  a  debate  on  these 
topics,  inveighing  against  the  stop  of  the  ex- 
chequer and  the  attemnt  made  to  capture  the 
Dutch  Smyrna  fleet  betore  the  actual  declara- 
tion of  war.  In  the  course  of  the  same  session 
he  made  a  savage  attack  upon  Buckingham 
during  the  discussion  of  the  proposal  to  re* 
move  him  and  Lauderdale  from  the  king^s 
presence  and  counsels.  Of  greater  importance 


Russell 


481 


Russell 


was  the  aliare  taken  by  him  in  1675  in  the 
■attempt  to  overthrow  Danby,  whom  the 
ooimtry  party  suspected  of  supporting  the 
king's  cormpt  subserviency  to  France.  Soon 
after  the  meeting  of  parliament  (April} 
Russell  moved  an  address  for  his  dismissal, 
and  on  hia  demand  articles  of  impeachment 
were  brought  in.  But  the  attempt,  based  on 
general  charges  of  financial  mismanagement 
and  unconstitutional  utterances,  was  defeated 
by  Banby's  cleverness  in  the  management  of 
votes,  l^arliament  separated  in  November, 
and  did  not  meet  a^om  till  February  1677, 
when  Russell's  motion  for  an  address  to  the 
throne  to  settle  the  nice  question  whether 
a  prorogation  extending  over  more  than  a 
year  amounted  to  a  dissolution  was  thrown 
out 

Earlv  in  1678  he  succeeded  to  the  courtesj 
title  of  Lord  Russell,  on  the  death  of  his 
brother  Francis,  who,  owing  to  a  hvpochon- 
driacal  malady,  had  long  remained  abroad 
and  had  never  taken  any  part  in  active  life. 
The  event  increased  his  importance  at  a  time 
when  hifl  partv  watched  withjealous  anxiety 
the  conduct  of  the  king  and  of  his  chief  mim- 
ster,  without  being  able  to  see  clearly  into 
the  policy  of  either.    While  the  Dutch  alli- 
ance, foUowing  upon  the  marriage  of  the 
Princess  Mary,  favoured  the  prospect  of  a 
war  with  France,  the  king's  designs  were  so 
closely  suspected  as  to  make  it  hazardous  to 
Tote  him  large  siuns  on  account  of  the  war. 
Thus,  on  Sir  Gilbert  Gkrrard's  motion  for  an 
addr^  asking  the  king  to  declare  war  against 
Franoe,  Lord  Russell  carried  a  proposal  for 
a  committee  of  the  whole  house  *  to  consider 
of  the  sad  and  deplorable  condition  we  are 
in,  and  the  apprehensions  we  are  under  of 
popery  aud  a  standing  army.'    It  was  the 
ssme   apprehension   that  the  king,  under 
the  advice  of  the  Duke  of  York,  and  with 
the  connivance  of  Danby,  had  no  intention 
of  viffoiously  prosecuting  the  war,  but  was 
mer^  seeking  to  obtain  supplies  for  his  own 
ends,  whidi  mduced   the  leaders  of  the 
country  party  to  listen  to  overtures  firom 
Louis  ]&J[V.    In  the  negotiations  which  en- 
sued the  whigs  and  the  French  kin^  both 
aimed  at  overthrowing  Danby  and  bringing 
about  A  dissolution  of  the  existing  parlia- 
ment, Louis  hoping  to  nip  the  Anglo-French 
war  in  the  bud,  the  opposition  leaders  look- 
ing to  the  election  of  a  house  in  which  their 
views  should  prevail.     At  the  banning 
of  1678  the  Itutrquis  de  Ruvigny  (orother 
of  Lady  Russell's  mother)  was  sent  over 
to  England  to  manage  the  negotiation,  as 
better  acquainted  with  English  affairs  than 
Barillon,  virho  had  been  accredited  ambassador 
only  a  few  months  previously.    On  14  March 
VOL.  xm. 


Barillon  reported  that  Lords  Russell  and 
HoUes  had  expressed  to  Ruvigny  their  satis* 
faction  with  his  assurances  that  Louis  had  no 
wish  to  make  King  Charles  absolute,  and 
was  ready  to  co-operate  towards  a  dissolution 
of  narliament.  Russell,  he  further  reported, 
had  undertaken  to  worksecretly  with  Snaftes- 
bury  for  preventing  an  augmentation  of  the 
supply  (1,000,000/.)  already  voted  for  the 
war,  and  for  imposing  conditions  which 
would  make  Charles  turn  back  to  France 
rather  than  assent  to  them.  In  reply  to 
Ruvigny's  reference  to  the  money  he  had 
brought  with  him  for  distribution  among 
members  of  parliament,  Russell  observed 
that  he  would  be  sorry  to  have  any  com- 
merce with  persons  capable  of  being  gained 
by  money,  but  he  seemed  pleased  wim  this 
proof  of  the  friendliness  of  the  king  of 
France,  by  whose  aid  the  purpose  of  the 
opposition — the  dissolution  of  parliament- 
could  alone  be  effected.  Finally,  Russell 
acquainted  Ruvigny  with  his  intention  of 
talang  part  in  the  attack  upon  Danby,  and 
of  even  moving  against  the  Duke  01  York 
and  all  the  catholics.  In  a  subsequent  in- 
terview, after  the  subsidy  had  been  granted 
without  being  openly  opposed  by  Russell,  he 
and  Holies  were  reported  to  liave  adhered 
to  their  previous  expressions,  though  in  no 
very  confident  spirit.  In  April  Barillon  wrote 
that  Russell  and  Holies,  as  well  as  Bucking- 
ham and  Shaftesbury,  had  urcred  that  Louis 
must  oblige  Charles  to  declare  nimself  defini- 
tively for  peace  or  war  (cf.  Dalbtkplb, 
Memoirs,  1778,  ii.  168-72). 

Whether  or  no  Barillon  (whose  despatches 
were  correctly  copied  by  Dalrymple)  was 
perfectly  accurate  in  his  language  may  be 
open  to  Question;  but  as  to  the  fact  and 
purport  of  the  neg6tiations  reported  by  him 
no  doubt  remains.  The  policy  of  'filling 
the  cup '  against  the  court  mvolved  the  whig 
politicians  in  clandestine  dealings  with  the 
French  king,  who  was,  as  they  themselves  un- 
tiringly proclaimed,  the  worst  enemy  of  their 
country^  independence;  and,  even  while 
stooping  to  this  humiliating  policy,  they 
were  being  made  the  dupes  of  the  superior 
adroitness  of  Charles  II. 

The  '  Popish  Plot'  agitation,  which  set  in 
before  the  meeting  of  parliament  in  October 
1678,  directed  the  efforts  of  the  opposition 
to  an  attack  upon  the  Duke  of  Tone.  An 
address  for  his  removal  from  the  king's  pre- 
sence and  counsels  was  accordingly  proposed 
by  Lord  Russell.  But  though  tne  principle 
of  the  Exclusion  Bill  was  already  in  the  air, 
the  opposition  was  even  more  mtent  upon 
the  removal  of  Dnnby ;  and  their  insistence 
in  demanding  his  impeachment  led  to  parlia- 

II 


Russell 


482 


Russell 


mcnt  being  prorogued  (90  Deo.  1978)  imd 
•diflaolved  (§4  Jmi.  1679). 

In  the  ensuing  general  election  Lord  Rue- 
4Beil  was  Tetumed  for  two  counties — an  event 
then  eoctremely  rare — ^riz.  Bedfordshire  and 
.Hampehiie.  He  decided  for  the  former,  for 
which  he  had  been  invited  to  stand  not  only 
becanse  of  local  connection,  but  'as  bearing 
'90  great  a  figure  in  the  public  affairs.'  In  the 
new  hoose  his  party  was  predominant ;  and 
though  its  first  nominee  tor  the  speakership 
was  rejected  by  the  crown,  Russell  and  hk 
friend,  Lord  Oayendish,  carried  the  appoint- 
ment to  the  chair  of  Seijeant  Gregory  in 
March.  Soon  afterwards  he  was  sworn  on  the 
new  priyy  council  of  thirty,  formed  byTemple's 
advice  under  the  presidency  of  Shaftesbury, 
without,  however,  being  admitted  into  the 
cabinet  ^A,pril).  At  first  Russell  restricted 
himse^,  Doth  in  the  council  and  in  the  house, 
te  advocating  legislative  securities  against 
the  possible  procc^adings  of  a  popish  sucoeseor. 
On  the  outbreak  of  insurrection  in  Scotland 
(Hay),  he  launched  in  council  an  attack 
upon  Lauderdale,  which  the  king  contrived 
to  ignore  (June).  The  dissolution  of  parlia- 
ment  (July)  raised  to  its  height  the  popular 
excitement  provided  by  the  'Popish  Flot.' 
Early  in  looO  Russell  and  his  immediate 
friends,  with  the  kin^s  hearty  approval, 
withdrew  from  the  privy  council.  He  and 
Cavendish  backed  the  bill  of  indictment  of 
the  Duke  of  York  as  a  popish  recusant  pre- 
sented by  Shaftesbury  to  the  Westminster 
grand  jury  (June) ;  and  when  the  newparlia- 
ment  at  last  assembled  (October),  Russell 
identified  himself  with  the  policy  of  direct 
exclusion  by  moving  that  the  house  should 
)roceed  to  prevent  a  popish  successor,  and 
^2  Nov.)  by  eecondinff  the  resolution  of 
"lolonel  Titus  for  a  bill  disabling  the  Duke 
of  York  from  inheriting  the  crown.  The 
JEkclusion  Bill,  backed  at  every  stage  by 
Russell's  personal  influence,  passed  its  t^ird 
reading  on  16  Nov.,  and  on  the  19th  was 
carried  up  b^  him  to  the  lords.  Their  re- 
jection of  it  is  (^apocryphally)  said  to  have 
made  him  exclaim  that  had  his  own  father 
been  one  of  the  majoritv  he  would  have 
voted  him  an  enemy  to  the  king  and  king- 
dom (Oldmizon,  cited  ib.  p.  204).  With  a 
limilar,  but  as  it  proved  less  empty,  flourish 
(f  should  I  not  have  liberty  to  live  a  pro* 
testant,  I  am  resolved  to  die  one '),  he  sup- 
ported  the  refiisal  of  a  supply  for  Tangier 
until  the  danger  of  a  popish  successor  should 
have  been  obviated  (Wipfbn,  ii.  263). 
!F^7etich  intrigues  were  now  again  on  foot ; 
but  Barillon^  despatches  of  17  May  and 
18  Jxme  1681  (not  published  by  Dalrymple^ 
show  him  to  have  weU  understood  the  dif^ 


ference  between  the  turbulence  of  Shaftes- 
bury and  the  steady  determination  of  the 
'  Bouthamptons,'  as  Russell  and  his  associatsB 
(including  Ralph  Montagu  [q.  v.])  were  called 
from  their  meetings  at  Southampton  House 
(ib.  ii.  263,  and  notes). 

In  the  transactions  connected  with  the  exe- 
cution of  Stafford  (December  1680),  Rnseell 
bore  a  part  ei^licable  only  by  the  conTiction 
avowea  by  him  in  the  paper  delivered  bj 
him  to  the  sheriffs  at  his  own  execution,  that 
he  had  from  first  to  last  believed  both  bi  the 
reality  of  the  conspiracy  against  the  king,  the 
nation,  and  the  protestant  religion.    He  pro- 
mised to  exert  himself  in  Stafford's  beWf 
if  the  latter  would  'discover  all  he  knew 
concerning  the  pamsts*  designs,  and  moxe 
especially  as  to  the  Duke  of  York '  (BTrmrar, 
Ovm  Time,  ii.  271).     Bchard  {EuUrry  of 
England,  ii.  108-6,  fol.^  is  responsible  for  the 
statement  that  Russell  was  one  of  those  wha 
'questioned  the  king^s  power  in  aUowing 
Lord  Stafford  to  be  only  beheaded,'  instead 
of  hanged  and  quartered  according  to  the 
sentence  (see  Cf.  J.  Fox,  JSuftory  of  th^ 
Early  PaH  of  the  Bmgn  of  Jtemes  II,  1888, 
pp.  44-6;  cf.  App.  ii.  by  J.  M[artin],  ap. 
LoBD  lo-tts  RrssiiLL,  and  Calamus  pam- 
phlet of  1718  in  defence  of  Russell  agaioBt 
fechard). 

The  rumour  may  be  taken  for  what  it  is 
worth — ^that  in  the  supposed  overtures  from 
the  crown  to  the  opposition,  which  occa- 
sioned the  self-denying  vote  of  the  parlia- 
ment of  1680,  Russell  nad  been  offered  the 
governorship  of  Portsmouth  (see  Giases,I«^ 
of  James  II,  1816,  i.  649).    In  the  Oxford 
parliament  (21-7  March  1681)  he  seconded 
the  introduction  of  the  Exclusion  Bill,  thus 
becoming  largely  responsiblefor  that  reiection 
of  the  hug's  terms  which  so  largely  helped  to 
brin^  about  a  royalist  reaction.    During  the 
hevS&j  of  that  reaction  Russell  for  a  time 
held  his  hand,  but  he  maintained  an  under- 
standing with  William  of  Orange.  When  the 
prince  came  to  London  in  July  1681,  Rus- 
sell emerged  from  his  country  retirement  to 
pay  him  a  visit,  and  there  can  be  no  doubt 
that  Southampton  Housecontinued  thechosen 
meeting-place  of  the  adversaries  of  the  Stuart 
monarchy.    Yet  Shaftesbury,  who  in  his  con- 
cealment was  now  projecting  a  final  appeal 
to  the  revolutionary  elements  of  protestant 
discontent,  fretted  at  the  hesitations  of  Mon- 
mouth and  the  caution  of  Essex  and  Russell 
(BvRsrBT,  Own  Time,  ii.  249).    It  cannot  be 
supposed  that  they  were  unaware  of  Shaftes- 
bury's design  of  raising  an  insurrection  in  the 
city  through  agents  more  or  less  known  to 
them.    Thus  when,  during  a  visit  to  London 
in  October  1682,  Lord  Russell  accompanied 


Russell 


483 


Russell 


Monmonth,  Essex,  and  Sir  Thomas  Arm- 
BtroBffto  the  house  of  one  Sheppard,  a  wine 
merchant  in  tiie  city,  where  they  found 
Rmiuey  and  Ferguson,  it  is  improbable  that 
the  sole  (x*  principal  purpose  was  to  taste 
Sheppaid's  sherry.  But  no  reason  exists  for 
SQppoBuig  Russell  to  have  been  co^sant  of 
the  desperate  scheme  for  theassassmation  of 
the  kmg  and  the  Duke  of  York  which  some 
of  the  irfug  agents  and  their  associates  were 
simultaneously  concocting. 

Soon  after  tfas  Shaftesbury  fled  to  Holland ; 
but  meetings  of  his  former  agents  continued 
to  be  hsld,  in  which  the  '  Kye-house  plot ' 
was  matured.     A  yintner  named  Keeling, 
baring  discovered  what  he  knew  of  the  ^lot 
to  L<nd  Dartmouth  and  Secretary  Jenkins, 
introduced  hie  brother  into  the  company 
of  one  cf  the  plotters ;  the  two  spies  swore 
that  Lord    Russell   had   promised  to  en- 
gage in  the  design,  and  to  use  all  his  in- 
terest in  acoomplishing  the  double  assassi- 
nation.  The  pnvy  council  delayed  proceed- 
ings against  him  till  the  king  should  have 
returned  from  Windsor  to  London,  but  a 
proclamation  was  issued  for  the  apprehen- 
flion  of  the  obscurer  persons  involved,  and 
two  of  theae  (West  and  Rumsey)  quickly 
came  in  and  confessed  the  ^  Rye-house  plot ' 
(23-4  June).    On  the  day  of  the  king's  re- 
turn (26  June)  Lord  Russell  was  brought 
before  the  privy  council  and  sent  to  the 
Tower  (Luttbell,  Brief  Relation,  i.  262-3). 
During  the  interval  he  had  declined  to  leave 
hiB  house ;  but,  on  being  arrested,  he  told 
his  servant  that  he  knew  his  enemies  would 
have  his  life  (Lobd  John  Rttbsell,  p.  268). 
With  the  instinct  of  affection,  Lady  Russell, 
as  she  afterwards  wrote  {Letters j  p.  ISO),  at 
once  felt  assured  '  of  quickly  after  losing 
the  sight  of  him  for  ever  in  this  world.'    In 
the  Tower  lie  showed  perfect  composure, 
reading  l^e  Bible,  refusing  an  offer  which 
reacliM  him  firom  Monmouth  to  share  his 
fortunes,  and,  on  examination  by  commis- 
Roners  of  the  privy  council,  admitting  no- 
thing beyond  the  fact  of  his  visit  to  Sheppard's 
house.  The  few  days  intervening  before  his 
trial  were  devoted  by  Lady  Russell  to  all 
possible  preparations  for  his  defence. 

The  trial  of  Russell  for  hif  h  treason  took 
place  on  13  July  1683  at  the  Old  Bailey, 
where  two  obscurer  prisoners  had  already 
been  fonitd  guilty  of^a  share  in  the  new 
'plot.'  Early  on  the  same  morning  the  Earl 
of  Eases,  Russell's  political  and  personal 
intimate,  had  been  found  dead  in  the  Tower, 
under  suspicions  of  suicide  which  are  said  to 
have  &ta&y  influenced  the  jury  in  his  case 
{LuTTBBLL,  p.  266;  LjlDT  Chawobth  ap. 
Loio  JoHB*  KiTBBBLL,  p.  271 ;  Letters  of  Lady 


Busselly  p.  100).  Lord-chief-justice  Pem- 
berton  presided  over  the  nine  judges  at  the 
trial;  the  counsel  for  the  crown  were  the 
attorney-  and  solicitor-general  (Sawyer  and 
Rnch)  with  Sei^eant  Jeffreys,  who  was 
not  wanting  to  his  growing  reputation,  and 
Roger  NorUi,  who  m  his  *  Autobiography ' 
(ed.  Jessopp,  1887)  refers  to  this  trial  as  a 
special  example  of  the  fairness  then,  if  ever, 
common  in  English  courts  oli  law.  Ward, 
Holt,  and  Pollexfen  were  for  l^e  defence. 
The  jury  consisted  of  ordinary  citizens  of 
London  (Luttbbll,  i.  268 ;  portraits  of  all 
the  chief  participants  in  the  trial  were  in- 
cluded in  Hayter%  well-known  picture  (1825) 
at  Wobum;  cf.  Sohakf,  pp.  240-1).  The 
presiding  judge  at  first  showed  himself  not 
unwilling  to  allow  the  prisoner  a  postpone- 
ment till  the  afternoon ;  and,  on  Russell's 
asking  for  the  assistance  of  a  writer  and 
mentioning  the  presence  of  his  wife,  Pem- 
berton  courteously  invited  her  to  act  in  this 
capacity.  Having  pleaded '  not  guilty,'  Rus- 
sell was  accused  of  having  joined  in  a  '  con- 
salt'  to  raise  an  insurrection  against  the 
king,  and  of  having  in  Sheppard's  nouse  con- 
curred to  that  end  in  a  scneme  to  seize  the 
royal  guards.  The  defence  turned  chiefly  on 
the  arguments:  (1)  that  to  imagine  the 
levying  of  war  upon  the  king  was  not  equiva- 
lent to  a  design  to  kill  him,  and  thus  not 
treason  under  the  statute  of  Edward  HI, 
under  which  the  prisoner  was  charged ;  and 
(2)  that  no  two  witnesses  had  sworn  to  the 
same  overt  act  proving  him  to  have  sought 
to  compass  the  king's  death  by  seizing  his 
guards.  The  chief  witness  as  to  uie  '  consult ' 
was  William  Howard,  third  lord  Howard  of 
Escrick  [q.  v.] ;  the  two  witnesses  as  to  the 
meetinjgpat  Sheppard'swereRumseyandShep- 
pard  himself,  whose  statements  could  not  be 
made  to  converge  upon  the  same  damnatory 
point.  Russell  denied  having  so  much  as 
heard  the  particular  design  discussed  on  the 
occasion ;  his  own  witnesses,  among  whom 
were  Cavendish  and  the  Duke  of  Somerset, 
Tillotson,  and  Burnet,  spoke  partly  to  refute 
the  incriminating  evidence,  but  chiefly  to 
character.  The  summing  up,  although  tem- 
perate in  tone,  ignored  the  chief  argument 
for  the  defence,  the  absence  of  two  witnesses, 
which  had  been  similarly  disregarded  in  Staf- 
ford's case ;  a  verdict  of  guillr  was  returned 
(see  CoBBBrr,i®tofe  Trials,  18ll,ix.  577-636; 
cf.  Bttknbt,  Ovm  Time,  ii.  875-80.  In  the 
State  Trials,  v^,  696-813,  will  also  be  found 
an  analysis  of  a  series  of  contemporary  pam- 
phlets on  the  law  of  the  case,  including  Sir 
Robert  Atkins's  Defence  of  the  late  Ijord 
Itttsselfs  Irmocency,  The  whig  view  of  the 
case  as  'a  most  flagrant  violation  of  law 

Ii2 


Russell 


484 


Russell 


and  justice '  is  sommarised  by  Fox  ia  the 
introductory  chapter  to  his  Jaistofy  of  the 
£arly  Fart  of  the  Itewn  of  James  II). 

On  14  Jul^  Rttsseu,  siter  a  final  protest 
against  the  illegality  of  his  condemnation, 
was  sentenced  to  death  by  the  recorder,  Sir 
George  Treby.  The  king  commuted  the  sen- 
tence into  simple  beheading,  accordin^^  to  the 
fltory  mentioned  by  Echara  (ii.  1034),  with 
'  a  sarcastical  glance  at  Lord  Stafford's  case.' 
During  the  brief  interval  allowed  between 
sentence  and  execution  every  exertion  was 
made  to  save  Russell's  life.  His  wife  was 
the  soul  of  these  endeavours.  The  Earl  of 
Bedford,  besides  addressing  a  petition  to  the 
Mng,  is  said  to  have  offered  50,000/.  for  a 
pardon  (Lttttbell,  i.  269),  and  Charles  II  is 
said  to  have  refused  '  to  purchase  his  and  his 
subjects  blood  at  so  easy  a  rate'  (ib,) ;  accord- 
'ing  to  another  account,  he  offered  100,000/. 
through  the  Duchess  of  Portsmouth.  Lady 
Ilanelagh,  through  Lord  Bochester,  sought  to 
obtain  a  month's  reprieve  in  the  first  instance ; 
Dartmouth  strove  to  convince  the  king  of 
the  imwisdom  of  refusing  to  extend  mercy 
to  the  heir  of  so  influential  a  house  (see  his 
jQote  to  BunNBT,  Ovm  Time,  ii.  380) ;  Mon- 
mouth's abortive  attempt  at  remonstrance 
.  must  belong  to  a  later  date.  Hussell  himself 
addressed  to  the  king  a  petition  for  his  life. 
This  should  be  distinguisned  from  the  letter 
to  the  king  written  by  him  for  delivery  after 
'.his  death,  and  craving  the  royal  considera- 
tion for  his  wife  and  children,  of  which,  by 
Burnet's  advice,  a  copy  was  sent  to  Charles 
before  the  execution  (Lobd  John  Russell, 
pp.  328-31).  He  also  addressed  a  letter  to 
the  Duke  of  York,  which  was  delivered  to 
the  duchess  by  Lady  Russell  (cf.  Buknet, 
Oum  Time,  ii.  380).  Lastly,  it  seems  estab- 
lished that  even  Louis  XIY  desired  Barillon 
to  convey  to  Charles  some  expressions,  how- 
ever few  and  faint,  in  favour  of  mercy  to 
BusseU  (see  Gvizot,  p.  33  n.) 

Of  Russell's  own  bearing  in  New^te 
during  the  last  week  of  his  life  a  detailed 
account  was  ffiven  in  the  journal  written 
by  Burnet,  wno  was  constantly  in  his  com- 
pany (printed  as  an  appendix  by  Lobb 
JoHK  ilussELL ;  the  substance  is  reproduced 
in  Ovm  Time,  ii.  380  sqq. ;  Burnet's  Sermons 
to  Lord  BusseU  were  published  in  1713). 
He  refused  the  proposal  of  his  faithful 
friend  Cavendish  to  bring  about  an  escape 
by  means  of  an  exchange  of  clothes ;  on  the 
other  hand,  he  resisted  uie  endeavours  of  Til- 
lotson  and  Burnet  to  induce  him  to  conciliate 
the  king  by  disavowing  his  belief  in  the  law- 
fulness of  resistance  (for  Tillotson's  letter, 
afterwards  much  discussed,  see  State  Trials, 
p.  818;  cf.  EcHABD,  ii.  1036,  and  Lord  JoHir 


RussBLL,  Appendix).  His  demeanour  was 
cheerful  and  resigned,  and  his  time,  in  so  far 
as  it  was  not  claimed  by  religion  and  private 
affection,  was  given  up  to  the  composition  of 
the  paper  delivered  by  him  to  the  sheriffi  on 
the  scaffold.  His  execution  took  place  on 
21  July  in  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields.  Tillotson 
and  Burnet  accompanied  him  on  the  scaffold. 
The  king  allowed  an  escutcheon  to  be  placed 
over  the  door  of  the  attainted  man's  noose, 
and  made  known  his  intention  not  to  profit 
by  the  forfeiture  of  the  personal  estate.  The 
remains  were  buried  in  the  Bedford  chapel 
of  Chenies  church  in  Buckinghamshire,  wheia 
a  large  medallion  of  Russell  occupies  the 
centre  of  the  elaborate  monument  to  his  &ther 
and  mother  (who  survived  her  son  only  by 
a  few  months)  and  their  children. 

The  publication  of  the  paper  griven  to  the 
sheriffs  deeply  incensed  the  court.  Wlule 
the  printer  was  prosecuted,  an  attempt  was 
made  to  contest  Russell's  authorship  of  the 
'libel,'  but  Lady  Russell  asseverated  it  in 
a  letter  to  the  kinir  {Letters,  pp.  7-9).  In 
February  1684  Sir  Samuel  Bamurdiston  was 
fined  10,000/.  for  having  written  lamenting 
the  death  of  Russell  and  execrating  the 
treachery  of  Howard  {ib,  p.  55,  note  from 
The  Di^lay  of  Tyranny),  On  the  accession 
of  William  and  Mary,  Russell's  memory  was 
vindicated  by  the  reversal  of  his  attainder 

g larch  1689),  and  by  the  appointment  of  a 
ouse  of  Commons  committee  to  find  out 
the  advisers  and  promoters  of  his  '  murder.' 
In  1694  his  father,  who  had  been  named  as 
a  petitioner  with  Lady  Russell  in  the  act 
of  reversal,  was  created  a  duke,  the  preamble 
to  the  patent  describing  him  as  lather  to 
Russell, '  the  ornament  of  his  age.' 

Russell  was  'conspicuous  for  aense  and 
integrity  rather  than  for  brilliancy  of  talent ' 
(Lord  John  Russell).  He  cannot  be  said 
to  have  found  his  way  through  the  intrigues 
which  beset  his  path  with  notable  insight  or 
discretion,  but  he  brought  his  personal  honour 
out  of  them  unstained.  His  tragic  fate  has 
not  unnaturally  excited  a  degree  of  admira- 
tion for  his  career  which  seems  out  of  pro- 
portion to  the  intrinsic  value  of  his  achieve- 
ments. 

The  portraits  of  Russell  at  Wobum  Abbey 
include,  besides  a  vouthful  one  (1659),  in 
armour,  by  Claude  iLef^vre,  one  by  Sir  Peter 
Lely  Tengraved  by  Jenkins  in  Lodge's  '  For* 
traits  ),  and  two  by  John  Riley.  A  third, 
by  the  last-named  painter,  is  in  the  National 
Portrait  Galley,  and  others  aze  at  Hard- 
wick  and  at  Weston  Hall.  The  engravinfi 
by  Vanderbank  and  that  prefixed  to  Lord 
John  Russell's  biography  are  after  Kneller 
(SoHABV).    The  m^aUion  at  Ghenies  (pos- 


Russell 


48s  Russell 


tSh\j  by  Grabriel  Cibber)  and  the  historical 
picture  by  Sir  G.  Hayter  have  been  already 
mentionea. 

After  her  husband's  death  Lady  Riuaell 
pined  ten  montiis  at  Wobaniy  and  then  re- 
Tiated  Stratton  (^Letters,  p.  27;  cf.  Miss 
Bbrbt,  p.  80)y  and  her  desolate  London 
habitation,  Southampton  House  (LetUrSf  p. 
60).   At  times  she  resided  at  Totterid^. 
In  a  spirit  of  patient  and  courageous  resig- 
nation, trhich  tempers  eren  her  &:st  pathetic 
outbonts  of  grief  in  her  letters  to  her  faith- 
ful conesponaent,  Dr.  Fitzwilliam,  she  com- 
posed herself  to  the  duties  before  her.  Among 
these  she  ffKve  the  first,  and  for  some  years 
an  exclusive,  place  to  the  training  of  her 
children  (Miss  Bbbbt,  p.  68).    Li  June  1688 
she  married  her  elder  daughter,  Rachel,  to 
the  eldest  son  of  her  husband's  closest  friend, 
Earl  (and  soon  afterwards  Duke)  of  Devon- 
shire; in  August  1693  Q)vercoming  certain 
ecclesisstical  scruples  with  cool  sense)  she 
brought  about  the  marriage  to  Lord  Itoss 
(afterwards  Duke  of  Rutland)  of  her  second 
daughter,  Catherine,  whose  death  in  1711 
.«he  survived    to  mourn.     Her   only  son, 
Wriothesley ,  when  Marquis  of  Tavistock,  she 
married  in  1695,  at  the  a^  of  fifteen,  to  a 
wealthy  Sunev  heiress,  Elisabeth,  daughter 
of  John  Howland  of  Streatham.    He,  too, 
diedinl711y  havingsucceededhis  grand&ther 
as  second  Duke  of  Bedford  in  1700.   The  re- 
tirement in  which  Lady  Russell  spent  the 
early  years  of  her  widowhood  did  not  prevent 
her  ^m  following  the  course  of  events  with 
keen  interest.  In  1687  Dyckveldt  waited  on 
her  with  sympathetic  messages  firom  the 
Hague;  and  her  advice  largely  helped  to  de- 
termine the  Princess  Anne's  formal  adhesion 
to  the  new  regime  (tb.  pp.  67-8).    Queen 
3Iaiy's  relations  with  her  had  long  been 
kindly  (tb,  pp.  132,  148),  and  a  letter  from 
her  to  King  William,  thanking  him  for 
favours  to  her  family,  was  found  in  his  pocket 
after  his  death  (&.  pp.  828-9).      in  the 
management  of  her  large  property  Lady 
Russell  showed  herself  an  excellent  woman 
of  business,  taking  particular  interest  in  be- 
stowing the  clerical  benefices  at  her  disposal 
in  accordance  with  her  o  wn  and  her  husband's 
principles.     She  was  a  good  housewife,  a 
oiecriminating  reader,  and,  like  so   many 
active-minded  women  of  her  times,  a  volu- 
minous letter-writer.    Her  published  letters 
probably  only  represent  a  small  proportion 
of  her  activity  in  this  direction.    Her  let- 
tets  to  Fitswilliam,  Tillotson,  and  her  other 
more  intimate  correspondents  have  the  charm 
of  naturalness   ana   the  distinction  of   a 
noble  iuitnx«.  '  Litegrity,'  she  writes, '  is  my 
idol ; '  and  in  small  thuigSi  as  in  great,  she 


avoids  whatever  is  false  or  deceptive.  The 
last  of  her  latters,  which  appears  to  have 
been  penned  in  1718,  is  characteristic  both  of 
her  unaffected  depth  of  religious  feeling  and 
of  her  humorously  vivacious  interest  in  the 
young  generation,  which  she  loved  to  have 
around  her.  In  1693-4  her  correspondence 
with  Tillotson  was  interrupted  for  several 
months  by  a  disorder  of  the  eyes.  She  died| 
at  Southampton  House,  on  29  Sept  1728,  in 
her  eighty-seventh  year,  and  was  buried  at 
Chenies,  by  her  husband's  side. 

The  portrait  of  Lady  Russell  in  advanced 
age,  by  lonelier,  at  Wobum  is  that  of  which, 
the  upper  part,  engraved  by  C.  Knight^ 
forms  the  well-known  frontispiece  to  the 
numerous  editions  of  her  '  Letters.'  A  small 
enflrraving  of  the  head  has  been  separately 
published.  Another  portrait  of  her  in  enamel 
18  in  the  drawing-room  at  Wobum.  A  minia- 
ture of  her,  by  C.  Bolt,  is  preserved  at 
Althorp ;  other  portraits  of  her  are  in  the 
National  Portrait  Gallery  (by  Kneller),  at 
Madresfield  Court,  and  at  Weston  Hall. 

[Lord  John  Rnssell's  Life  of  William,  Lord 
Rassell,  &c.  2  vols,  in  one,  1820,  here  cited  in 
the  4th  edit.  1853;  Wifien's  Historical  Me- 
moirs  of  the  House  of  Rnssell  (1833),  voL  ii.; 
Letters  of  Lady  Rachel  Rnssell,  from  the  manu- 
seript,  transcribed  by  Thomas  Sellwood,  in  Wo- 
barn  Abbey,  first  published  in  1773  with  an  in- 
troduction vindicating  the  Character  of  Lord 
Rnssell  against  Sir  John  Dalrymple,  &c.,  here 
cited  in  the  6th  edit.  1801 ;  Some  Account  of 
the  Life  of  Rachel  Wriothesley,  Lady  Rnssell, 
by  the  editor  of  Madame  Du  Deffand's  Letters 
rMiss  Berry],  followed  by  Letters  from  Lady 
Knssell  to  her  Husband,  together  with  some 
Miseellaneons  Letters  to  and  from  Lady  Rnssell. 
published  fh)ai  the  originals  in  the  possession  of 
the  Duke  of  Devonshire,  here  cited  in  the  3rd 
edit.  1820  (of  the  letters  from  Rnssell  to  his 
wife  only  a  few  fragments  have  been  preserved); 
Guizot's  The  Married  Life  of  Each  el.  Lady  Rus- 
sell (Revaedes  DonxMondes,  March  1855),  trans- 
lated  by  J.  Martin,  1855.  For  a  list  of  manu- 
scripts by  or  concerning  Lord  and  Lady  Russell 
at  Wobum  Abbey  see  Appendix  to  2nd  Keport  of 
Hist.  MSS.  Comra.  1871,  pp.  1-4.  Through  the 
kindness  of  the  Duke  of  Bedford  use  has  also 
been  made  of  Sir  Q.  Scbarf 's  Catalogue  of  the 
Collection  of  Pictures  at  Wobnm  Abbey,  pri- 
vately printed,  1890,  and  of  The  Rnssell  Monn* 
ments  in  the  Bedford  Chapel  at  Chenies,  by  the 
same  writer,  privately  printed,  1892.  See  also 
Burnet's  Own  Time;  Oobbet's  State  Trials, 
vol.  ix.  (1811);  Collins's  Peerage  of  Enghmd, 
6th  ed.  1779, 1.  269-72.]  A.  W.  W. 

RUSSELL,  Wn^LIAM,  first  Dukb  of 
Bbbtosb  (1613-1700),  was  eldest  son  of 
Francis,  fourth  earl  of  Bedfbrd  [q.  v.], 
and  he  was  bom  in  1613.  He  was  edu- 
cated|  according  to  GIarendoD|  at  Magdalen 


Russell 


486 


Russell 


College,  Ozfordf  and  waa  created  a  knigiit 
of  the  Bath  on  1  Feb.  1626  (Dotlb,  OJ/icial 
Barofioge,  L  16S ;  CiAAXEKDOSfSebeUionfYu, 
189^.  In  1637  he  married  Anne,  daughter 
of  itobert  Garr,  earl  of  Somerset  {Strafford 
Zettergj  iL  68,  86).  In  the  Long  parliament 
ke  repreeented  Tavistock,  with  John  Frm 
fbr  hiB  odleague,  and  Bucceeded  his  fatner 
as  Eari  of  Bedford  on  9  May  1641.  On 
13  Aug.  1641  the  Honae  of  Loros  appointed 
Imn  one  of  the  commiasioners  to  attend  the 
Idng  to  Scotland,  but  he  oonttived  to  get 
eizciised.  On  0  Sept.  he  protested  against 
publidunpf  the  order  of  the  upper  house 
against  innoyations  in  religion,  and  on 
24  Dec.  rigned  another  protest  in  favour  of 
the  policy  of  the  popular  leaders  in  the  corn- 
mow  {LorcW  JoumaUf  iy.  S62,  395, 490). 

In  1642  parliament  appointed  him  lord- 
lieutenant  <n  the  counties  of  Devon  (28  Feb.) 
and  Somerset  (25  March)  (Commons^  J<mr- 
nalif  iL  459,  497).  On  14  Julv  he  "was  also 
made  general  of  the  horse  in  the  parliamen- 
tary army,  with  a  salaiy  of  01.  per  diem 
(XorcZff'  Jawnali,  v.  211,  306).  On  17  Aug. 
Bedford  was  instructed  to  suppress  the  Mar- 
quis of  Hertford's  attempt  to  execute  the 
king's  commission  of  array  in  Somerset,  and, 
proceeding  into  the  west,  besieged  Hertford 
in  Sherborne  Castle;  but,  in  spite  of  the  su- 
perior numbers  of  his  forces,  he  was  unable 
to  take  the  castle  or  to  prevent  Hertford's 
escape  (t^.  v.  299 ;  But.  MSS,  Camm.  10th  Rep. 
vi.l47;CLASBKl)0H,i2e^/2u>n,vi.7,3d).  Mar- 
ten attacked  Bedford  for  incapacity,  but 
Holies  defended  him,  saying  that  the  earl 
'had  done  as  much  as  it  was  poesible  for  a 
man  to  do,  having  neither  money  nor  other 
necessaries  sent  him  for  the  siege,'  adding 
also  '  that  he  was  always  ready  and  forward 
to  hasard  his  own  person,  or  to  hearken  or 
follow  any  advice  that  was  given  him.'  The 
House  of  Lords  also  expreraed  its  satisfac- 
tion with  his  conduct  {Lord^  Joumah,  v. 
385 ;  Sahfobd,  Studies  and  Ulugtrations  of 
the  Great  Bebellum,  p.  532).  Bedford  re- 
joined Essex  at  Worcester,  and  fought  at 
Edgehill  {Hist.  M8S.  Comm.  10th  Eep. 
vi.  88;  Clabbitbov,  Rebellion,  vi.  81). 

In  1643  he  began  to  grow  weary  of  the 
war,  and,  after  the  fsulure  of  the  peace  pro- 
positions put  forward  by  the  House  of  Lords 
in  August  1643,  he  abandoned  the  j^arlia- 
mentary  cause.  The  king's  council  hesitated 
to  allow  him  to  come  to  Oxford,  alleginff 
the  danger  of  a  duel  between  Hertford  and 
Bedford;  but  Oharles  allowed  him  to  kiss 
his  hand,  granted  him  a  pardon  under  the 
great  seal,  and  treated  hun  with  civility. 
Bedford  aocompanied  the  king  to  the  siege 
of  Olottceiter^  and  fought  in  the  royal  ranks 


at  the  first  battle  of  Newbury  (%b.  vii.  174, 
189,  241, 245).  Dissatisfied,  however,  with 
the  king's  policy,  he  resolved  to  return  to 
the  parliament,  and  surrendcced  himself  to 
the  Earl  of  Essex  at  the  end  of  December 
1643.  In  a  letter  to  the  speaker  of  the  House 
of  Lords  he  explained  his  0(mdnct  as  dictated 
bv  a  desire  'to  procure  His  Mi^esty  to  com* 
ply  with  his  paniament,  for  which  purpose  I 
went  to  Oxford,'  but  perceiving  tne  fruit* 
lessnesa  of  the  attempt,  '  I  resolved  thence- 
forth, whatsoever  prejudice  might  befall 
me  thereby,  to  cast  myself  wholly  upon  the 
m&TQj  of  die  parliament'  {Lordi  JcwnaUf 
vL  356).  Bedford  was  in  custody  for  a  few 
days,  but  on  16  July  1644  the  sequestntioa 
was  taken  off  his  estates  {ib,  vL  529, 634). 
Attempts  made  to  procure  his  readmisHion 
to  the  House  of  Lords,  though  frequentlj 
repeated,  alwa3rs  fSuled  {ib.  viii.  718 ;  Sifdnaf 
Papers^  ed.  Blenoowe,  pp.  7, 10, 14, 19). 

From  this  date  to  the  Restoration  Bed* 
ford  took  no  further  part  in  English  politicfl. 
In  1649  he  took  up  the  work  of  draining 
the  fens  which  his  father  had  left  unfinished, 
and  successfully  completed  the  Bedford  level 
(CoLB,  CollecUon  of  Laws  of  the  Bedford 


Level  Corporation^  1761,  pp.  25,  245, 
At  the  coronation  of  Chanes  II  he  bore  St. 
Edward's  staff,  was  made  governor  of  Fly- 
mouth  in  1671,  and  was  in  1673  joint  com- 
missioner for  the  execution  of  the  office  of 
earl  marshal  (Dotlb,  i  159).  But  he  never 
held  any  post  of  importance.   In  1675,  when 
Danby   proposed   an  'act   to  prevent  the 
dangers  which  may  arise  from  persons  dis- 
affected to  the  government,'  which  prescribed 
a  non-resistance  oath  for  aU  officers  in  church 
and   state,    Bedford    voted  steadily   with 
Shaftesbury  against  it,  and  signed  tfc^  pro- 
tests (Hist,  and  Froc,  of  the  Mouse  of  Lorisj 
1660-1742,  i.  139-41, 157).    In  1680  he  was 
one  of  the  sub-committee  which  prepared 
the  Protestant  Association  Bill  {Hist.  MS& 
Ootnm.  11th  Bep.  iL  211).    He    was  also 
among  the  fifteen  peers  who  on    25  Jan. 
1681  petitioned  the  king  against  holding  the 
next  parlisment  at  Oxford,  instead  of  West- 
minster (Chbistib,  Life  of  Shaftesbury,  iL 
390]).    But,  though  following  Shaftesburf's 
lead  in  the  struggle  for  the  Exclusion  Bill, 
Bedford  was  not  disposed  to  go  beyond  psr- 
Uamentary  action,  and  his  name  was  not 
mixed  up  in  the  plots  against  the  govern- 
ment,for  which  his  son,  Lord  Russell,  sufiered 
[see  BxrssELL,  William,  1689-1683].  It  was 
said  that  he  offered  the  Duchess  of  Portsmouth 
50,000/.  for  his  son's  pardon;  but  Bedford, 
in  petitioning  for  the  kin^s  mercy,  adds  that, 
henever  had  the  presumption  to  tbank  it  could 
be  obtained  by  any  indirect  mesns  (L^s  of 


Russell 


487 


Russell 


WUUam,  Lord  Rimell,  ed.  1820,  iL  78  ;  itf«- 
moin  ofTkomM^  Earl  qf  Aylesbury,  p.  77). 

After  his  son's  execution  he  took  reij  little 
part  in  public  Ixfb,  and  left  his  nephew,  Ed- 
ward Eusselli  to  represent  the  Russell  family 
in  the  moyement  which  produced  the  fall  of 
JanetlL  Acurious  account  of  Bedford's  way 
of  living  durinff  his  later  years  is  giTen  by  the 
E&rl  of  Aylesbury  {ib,  p.  182).  When  the 
leTolntian  took  place  Bedford  was  appointed 
a  ynjj  eouBciUor  (14  Feb.  1689),  and  bore 
the  floeptie  at  the  coronation  of  William 
and  Ma^  (11  April  1689).  He  was  made 
lord  lieutenant  ox  the  counties  of  Bedford, 
Cambridge  (10  May  1689),  and  Middlesex 
(8  Feb.  1693),  and  on  11  May  1694  was 
created  Duke  of  Bedford  and  Marauis  of 
Tavistock.  According  to  Macaulay  he  had 
been  repeatedly  offered  a  dukedom  before^ 
and  acospted  it  now  somewhat  reluctantly 
(Hut.  rfEraffland,  ii.  487,  ed.  1871).  On 
13  June  16M  Bedford  was  further  created 
Baron  Howland  of  Streatham,  Surrey  (Ck>]> 
LiVB,  Peero^«,  ed.  Brydges,  i.  288,  294).  He 
died  on  7  Sept.  1700,  and  was  buried  at 
Chenies. 

By  his  ^vrife,  Anne  Carr  (who  died  on 
10  May  1684,  aged  64),  Bedford  had  seven 
eons  and  four  daughters.  Of  the  sons,  Wil- 
liam [q.t.]  was  executed  in  1683,  and  Edward 
{<L  1714)  repxesented  Bedfordshire  from  1689 
to  1705.  Of  the  daughters,  Margaret,  bom 
in  1656y  married  her  cousin,  Edward  Bossell^ 
earl  of  Orford. 

Theie  are  portraits  of  Bedford  at  Wobum 
Abbey,  both  by  Vandyck  and  Kneller.  A 
nictnre  by  Vandyck  represented  him  with 
his  brother-in-law,  Qeorge  Digby  (afterwards 
•eeond  Earl  of  Bristol) ;  it  belongs  to  Earl 
Spencer.  Vandyck  also  painted  the  Coun- 
tas  of  Bedford,  whose  portrait  is  one  of  the 
series  engraTed  by  Lombart.  That  of  her 
kusband  was  engrayed  by  Houbraken. 

[WilTen's  House  of  Buisell;  Doyle's  Official 
fiaiooage ;  Collins's  Peaiage,  ed.  Brydges ;  au- 
ibontuB  dted.]  0.  H.  F. 

RUSSELL,  WILLIAM  (1741-1793), 
liigtorical  and  miscellaneous  writer,  son  of 
Alexander  Russell,  fEurmer,  and  his  wife 
Chnstian  Ballantyne,  was  bom  at  the  farm 
of  Windydoors,  Selkirkshire,  in  1741.  He 
was  at  school,  first,  at  Innerleithen,  Peebles- 
ihire,  and  then  for  ten  months  in  Edin- 
buigh,  where  in  1766  ha  was  apprenticed 
to  a  bookseller  and  printer.  When  a  journey- 
man he  joined  in  1763  the  Miecellaneous 
Society,  comjposed  of  university  and  other 
students.  ISb  friends  revised  a  translation 
by  him  of  Crebillon's  'Bhadamisthe  and  Ze- 
Qobia/  which  he  unsuccessfully  submitted  to 


Garrick  for  lepiesentation.  He  spent  the 
autumn  of  1766  with  Lord  Elibai^  at  his 
seat  in  Midlothian,  and  presently  forsook  his 
trade,  trusting  to  prosper  under  his  lord- 
ship's patronage.  After  a  short  stay  with  his 
father,  he  proceeded  to  London  in  1767  as  a 
man  of  letters.  For  a  time  he  was  corrector 
of  the  press  for  Strahan,  and  in  1769  became 
pinting  overseer  to  Messrs.  Brown  &Adlard, 
but  soon  after  1770  appears  to  have  lived 
exclusively  by  literary  work.  In  1780  he 
visited  Jamaica  to  secure  money  as  his  bn^ 
ther's  heir,  and  on  his  return  prosecuted  his 
literary  calling  in  London  with  vigour  and 
success. 

In  1787  Kussell  nmrried,  and  retired  to 
Knottyholm,  near  Lan^olm,  Dum&iesshire* 
In  1792  he  received  t£»  honorary  degree  of 
LLD.  from  St.  Andrews  University.  He 
died  suddenly  of  paralysis  on  25  Deo.  1793y 
and  was  buried  in  the  churchyard  <if  Wester- 
kirk,  Langholm.  His  widow,  whose  maiden 
name  was  Scott,  and  one  daughter  survived 
hina. 

Russell  achieved  his  chief  Deputation  as 
an  historian.  The  first  of  his  works  to 
meet  with  any  success  was  *  The  History  of 
America,  from  the  first  Discovery  by  Co* 
lumbus  to  the  Conclusion  of  the  late  War^ 
1779.  In  the  same  year  he  issued,  anony- 
mously, the  first  two  volumes  o£  his  ^  History 
of  Modem  Europe,  in  a  Series  of  Letters 
firom  a  Nobleman  to  his  Son.'  Three  further 
v:>lumes,  with  the  author's  namey  appeared 
in  1784,  and  the  whole  work  was  puMished 
in  five  volumes  in  1786.  It  deals  with  the 
rise  of  the  modem  kingdoms  of  Europe  down 
to  the  peace  of  Westphalia  (1763).  Before 
his  death  Russell  planned  a  continuation  to 
1783,  and  J>i.  Charles  Coote,  Rev.  William 
Jones,  and  others  carried  the  compilation 
forward  to  various  stages  in  the  nineteenth 
centurv.  An  epitome  appeared  in  1867. 
Russell  summarises  dexterously,  knows  and 
names  his  authorities,  and  occasionally  ad-* 
vances  an  original  opinion.  It  was  super* 
seded  by  the  'Modem  Europe'  (ld61--4) 
of  Thomas  Henty  Dyer  [q.v.]  Russell's 
'  Hist<^  of  Ancient  Europe,  with  a  View  of 
the  Revolutions  in  Asia  and  Africa '  (2  vols. 
1793),  was  a  fragment,  and  had  indifferent 
success.  Cadell  arranged  to  pay  him  760/« 
for  a  histoid'  of  Enffland  f^m  the  accession 
of  Ghorge  III  to  the  end  of  the  Ajnericaii 
war,  but  this  was  not  begun. 

Russell's  other  works,  all  creditahla  to  tha 
taste  and  judgment  of  a  self-^uoaled  man^ 
were :  1. '  CoUeetion  of  Modem  Poems/  in^ 
eluding  pieces  by  Gray  and  Shenstone,  1766* 
2.  <  Ode  to  Fortitude,'  1769.  8. '  Sentimental 
Tales,'  1770.    4.  <  Fables  Moral  and  Bmtm 


Russell 


488 


Russell 


mental/ 1772.  6.  *  Eaat^  on  the  CharacteTy 
Manners,  and  Genius  of  Women/ 1772.  from 
the  French  of  M.  Thomas.  6. '  Julia,  a  Poeti- 
cal Bomance/  1774,  an  ambitious  failure. 
7.  '  TnLffic  Music/  1788,  a  spirited  tribute  to 
Mrs.  Siddons. 

[Irving's  Litos  of  Scotish  Anthois,  Tiz.  Fer- 
gusaon,  Falconer,  and  RuBsell ;  Chahners's  Biogr. 
I)ict. ;  Chambers's  Eminent  Scotsmen.]  T.  B. 

RUSSELL,  WILLIAM  a777-1813\  or- 
ganist and  composer,  son  ox  William  Rus- 
sell, organ-builder,  was  bom  in  London  on 
60ct.l777.  From hiseighth year Hussell's in- 
structors were  the  organists  Cope,  Shrubsole, 
and  Qroombridge.  Setween  1/89  and  1793 
he  was  deputy  to  his  father,  who  was  omnist 
to  St.  Mary's,  Aldermanbury.  In  1793  Rus- 
sell was  appointed  organist  to  the  Ghreat 
Queen  Street  chapel ;  cathedral  services  were 
performed  there  imtil  1798,  when  the  chapel 
became  a  Wesleyan  meeting-house.  Un 
2  Sept.  1798  he  was  elected  organist  at  St. 
Anne's,  Limehouse.  In  1801  he  was  elected 
to  a  similar  post  at  the  Foimdling  Hospital. 
About  the  same  time  he  resumed  his  musical 
studies  under  Dr.  Samuel  Arnold  [a.  ▼.], 
through  whose  influence  he  obtained  em- 
ployment as  composer  and  accompanist  at 
theatres.  In  1808  he  graduated  Mus.  Bac. 
at  Oxford.  He  died  on  21  Not.  1813  at 
Cobham  Row,  Coldbath-fields. 

Russell  was  a  clever,  even  powerful,  execu- 
tant, and  a  facile  if  not  very  original  writer  of 
scores.  His  organ  voluntaries,  in  suite  form, 
'  generally  contain  a  melodious  fugue,  with 
clever  modulation  and  climax'  (Grovb). 
Besides  many  son^,  Russell  wrote  overtures 
or  incidental  music  for  theatrical  entertain- 
ments. For  Sadler's  Wells  he  composed  an 
overture  to  the  *  Highland  Camp'  (1800); 
music  to  <  Old  Sadlers  Ghost,'  to  the  '  Great 
Devil '  (with  Broad),  to  '  Harlequin  Green- 
lander,'  to  *St.  George/  to  *Zba/  and  to 
*  Wizard's  Wake '  in  1802.  For  Covent  Gar- 
den he  wrote  a  dance  in  Busby's  'Rugan- 
tino '  (1805),  a  new  overture  to  'Wild  Is- 
landers/ and  music  for  '  Adrian  and  Onlla ' 
(1806).  For  the  Royal  Circus  he  prepa^ 
music  for  pieces  entitled  respectively  'Har- 
lequin and  Time '  and  '  False  Friend  ^^(1806). 
He  also  composed  music  to  Christopher 
Smart's  *  Ode  on  St.  Cecilia's  Day '  (1800) 
and  the  'Redemption  of  Israel,'  both  of 
which  were  probably  performed  by  the  Ceci- 
llan  Society,  of  which  he  was  a  member. 
A  Yoliime  of  psalms,  hymns,  and  anthems 
was  compiled  for  the  Foundling  Chapel  in 
1809.  He  further  published  '  Twelve  Volun- 
taries for  the  Organ  or  Pianoforte'  (1807  P), 
and  a  'Second  Book'  (1812),  while  'Job/ 


an  oratorio  adapted  for  omn  or  pianoforte, 
by  Wesley,  was  issued  in  1826. 

[Dictionary  of  Music,  1827i  ii.  401 ;  Grofe's 
Dictionaiy,  lii.  205,  ir.  339;  Baptie*B  Hand- 
book; Abdy  Williams's  Musical  Degrees,  pp. 
99,  100;  Husk's  Celebrations,  p.  80;  GentMsg. 
1813,  ii.  625;  Collection  rekting  to  Sadler's 
Wells,  voL  iii.  passim.]  L.  M.  M. 

RUSSELL,    WILLIAM    (1740-1818), 
merchant  and  reformer,  son  of  Thomas  Rus- 
sell (1696-1760),  ironmaster,  and  Frances 
(1718-1767),  daughter  of  Thomas  Pougher 
of  Leicester,  was  bom  in  Birmingham  on 
11  Nov.  1740,  and  educated  for  a  mercantile 
life.     His  business  was  the  export  trade 
from  Birmingham  and  Sheffield  to  Russia, 
Sj^ain,  and  the  United  States.    As  a  Bir- 
mingham townsman  he  showed  g^reat  public 
spirit.    In  politics  he  was  a  strong  advo<^te 
for  measures  of  reform,  especially  interesting 
himself  in  the  agitation  for  the  repeal  oi 
tbe  Test  and  Corporation  Acts.    On  tne  set- 
tlement of  Joseph  Priestley  [q.  v.]  at  Bir- 
mingham in  1780,  Russell,  who  was  a  mem- 
ber of  his  congregation,  became  his  generous 
supporter  and  intimate  friend.  The  dinner  of 
14  July  1791,  which  led  to  the  Birmingham 
riots,  was  mainly  promoted  by  Russell,  and, 
as  he    states,  on   commercial  grounds,  in 
tbe  interest  of  the  Birmingham  trade  with 
France  (Letter  in  Priestlei's  Appeal,  1792, 
ii.  136).    On  the  third  day  of  the  riots  his 
house  at  Showell  Green  was  burned  bv  the 
mob.     He  went  up  to  London  with  his 
family,  arriving  on  18  July,  and,  at  an  inter- 
view with  Pitt,  obtained  assurance  that  the 
government  would  indemnify  the  sufferers. 
His  letter  (20  July)  to  the  *  Morning  Chro- 
nicle' gives  an  account  of  the  dinner,  in  cor- 
rection of  an  inflammatory  article  in  the 
*  Times' of  19  July. 

Soon    afterwards   Bussell    retired  from, 
business,  and  lived  near  Gloucester.     In 
August  1794  he  set  out  from  Falmouth  for 
the  United  States  with  his  son  Thomas  and 
two  of  his  daughters,  intending  to  wind  up 
matters  connected  with  his  American  trade, 
and  to  look  after  his  paternal  estate  in  Mary- 
land.   His  vessel  was  captured  by  a  French 
squadron  and  detained  in  Brest  harbour.  He 
did  not  reach  America  till  September  1795. 
Here  he  stayed  nearly  five  years,  seeing  much 
of  the  leaders  of  American  affairs,  Tisiting 
Washington  in  his  retirement   at   Mount 
Vernon,  and  beginning  a  correspondence  with 
him.    In  1802  he  visited  France  on  his  way 
to  England,  and  was  detained,  on  the  out- 
break of  war,  at  Ardennes,  in  Normandy, 
where  his  kindness  to  the  needy  gained  him 
the  name  of '  le  pdre  des  pauvres.'    He  re* 


Russell 


489 


Russell 


turned  to  England  aftife  the  peace,  arriying 
on  26  Oct.  1814. 

His  last  years  were  spent  under  the  roof 
of  his  son-in-law,  James  Skey,  at  The  Hyde, 
near  Upton-on-SeTem,  Worceetershire.  He 
died  there  on  26  Jan.  1818,  and  was  buried 
on  8  Feb.  in  a  family  yault  at  St.  Philip's 
Church,  Birmingham.  He  married,  in  Sep- 
tember 1762,  Martha  Twamley  (1741-1790), 
and  had  a  son,  Thomas  Pougher  Russell 
(1775-1851),  and  four  daughters. 

[Memoirin  Monthly  Repository,  1818,  pp.  153 
seq. ;  Butt's  Memoirs  of  Priestley;  Journal  re- 
Istiqg  to  the  Birmingham  Riots,  in  Christian 
Beformer,  1835,  pp.  898  aeq.  (by  RnsseH's  eldest 
daogfater) ;  ait.  Priestlbt,  Josbph  ;  information 
from  T.  H.  BuBsell,  esq.,  Birmingham.]    A.  G. 

RUSSELL,  Sib  WILLIAM  (1822-1892), 
lieatenant-general,  bom  at  Calcutta  on 
5  April  1822,  was  only  son  of  Sir  Wilxjah 
Russell,  M.D.  (1773-1889),  first  baronet,  of 
Charlton  Park,  Gloucestershire,  by  his  second 
wife,  Jane  Eliza,  daughter  of  Major-general 
James  Doddington  Sherwood. 

The  father,  bom  at  Edinburgh  on  29  May 
1773,  waa  sixth  son  of  John  Russell  of  Rose- 
bume^  near  Edinburgh,  a  writer  to  the  sig- 
net. Aiter  taking  the  degree  of  M.D.  at 
Edinburgh,  he  migrated  to  Calcutta,  where 
he  acquired  a  large  practice.  Returning  to 
London  before  1832,  he  distinguished  him- 
self in  that  year  by  his  energy  during  the 
cholara  epidemic,  and  was  for  his  services 
created  a  baronet. 

The  son,  who  succeeded  to  the  baronetcy  on 
his  £ither*s  death  on  26  Sept.  1839,  obtamed 
a  commission  as  comet  in  Uie  7th  hussars  on 
2  July  1841,  became  lieutenant  on  27  Feb. 
1846,  captain  on  16  April  1847,  and  major 
on  13  Aug.  1857.  He  was  master  of  the 
hone  (1849-50),  and  aide-de-camp  (1850-2) 
to  Lora  Clarendon  when  lord  lieutenant  of 
Ireland.  From  1857  to  1859  he  was  M.P. 
for  Dover. 

He  BtL-w  much  active  service  during  the 
latt^  part  of  the  Indian  mutiny.  Russell's 
regiment,  the  7th  hussars,  joined  the  force 
u^er  Outram  at  the  AlamMigh  in  February 
1858,  and  was  at  the  siege  of  Lucknow.  After 
the  capture  of  Lucknow  it  formed  part  of 
the  column  with  which  Sir  Hope  Grant  de- 
feated the  rebels  at  Barree  on  13  April. 
Rufisell  "waa  in  command  of  it,  and  was  men- 
tioned in  Oranfs  despatch  (Ixmdon  Gaxette, 
7  July).  In  the  action  at  Nawabganj,  where 
some  of  the  rebels  attacked  the  British  in 
rear  with  a  courage  of  which  Grant  said  that 
he  ^  nerer  witnessed  anything  more  magni- 
fieeaxt/  the  7th  hussars,  under  Kussell,  cha^;ed 
twice  through  the  enemjr  and  dispened 
than.     In  r^orting  the  action  at  Sultanpore 


(22  Au^.),  Grant  spoke  of  the  assistance  he 
had  received  from  Russell,  who  was  in  com« 
mand  of  the  cavalry  and  superintended  the 
outpost  dutv.  The  7th  hussars,  under  Rus- 
sell, formed  part  of  the  field  force  under 
Horsford  in  the  latter  part  of  1858,  and 
particularly  distinguishea  themselves  (as  Sir 
Colin  Campbell  reported)  on  30  Dec.  in  the 
pursuit  of  the  enemy  to  the  Raptee.  They 
crossed  the  Raptee  and  helped  to  drive  the 
rebels  into  Nepaul  in  February  1859.  Rus- 
sell was  made  brevet  lieutenant-colonel  on 
20  July  1858,  And  became  lieutenant-colonel 
of  his  reffiment  on  12  Nov.  He  was  made 
C.B.  on  11  May  1859,  and  received  the  Indian 
medal  with  clasp. 

Having  returned  to  England,  he  was 
elected  in  the  liberal  interest  for  Norwich  in 
1860  and  retained  his  seat  till  1874.  In  1861 
he  exchanged  from  the  7th  to  the  14th  huK- 
sars,  and  on  29  Nov.  1864  he  was  placed  on 
half  pay. 

In  1871  Russell  published  a  *  Scheme  for 
the  Reorganisation  of  the  Land  Forces.'  He 
proposed  to  have  a  general  militia  enlisted 
for  one  year's  service,  from  which  men  should 
pass  either  into  the  standing  army  for  twelve 
years,  or  into  the  local  mil!  tia  for  five  years.  In 
both  cases  theywould  afterwards  pass  into 
the  reserves.  With  a  general  militia  of  fifty 
thousand  men  he  reckoned  on  maintaining  a 
standing  army  of  150,000,  a  local  militia  of 
125,000,  and  reserves  of  300,000,  in  addition 
to  the  volunteers. 

He  became  lieutenant-general  on  1  July 
1881,  and  died  in  London  on  19  March  1892. 
He  married  the  only  daughter  of  Robert 
Wilson  of  Aberdeen,  and  was  succeeded  in 
the  baronetcy  by  his  eldest  son,  WilUam. 

[Fostex^B  Baronetage ;  Times,  22  March  1892; 
Malleson's  History  of  the  Indian  Mutiny ;  Be- 
ban's  Bulletins  from  the  London  Gazette.] 

E.M.L. 

RUSSELL,  WILLIAM  ARMSTRONG 

8821-1879),  bishop  of  North  China,  son  of 
arcus  Carew  Russell,  by  Fann^  Potts,  waa 
bom  at  Ballydavid  House,  Littleton,  co. 
Tipperary,  in  1821,  and  was  educated  at 
Middleton  school,  Cork,  and  at  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Dublin.  He  was  ordained  b^  £ishop 
Blomfield  in  1847,  and  as  a  missionary  in 
connection  with  the  Church  Missionary  So- 
ciety went  to  China  in  that  year  in  com- 
pany with  Robert  Henry  Cobbold,  after- 
wards archdeacon  of  Ninffpo.  These  two 
men  were  the  first  English  missionaries  in 
Ningpo.  Russell  translated  into  the  local 
dialect  of  Ningpo  the  greater  part  of  the 
New  Testament,  portions  of  the  Old  Testa- 
ment, and  the  Book  of  Common  Prayer,  be* 


Russell 


490 


Rust 


■ides  writing  many  tracts  and  eesaTS.  He 
was  appointed  the  first  missionary  bishop  of 
North  China  in  November  1872»  and  on  15Dec. 
was  consecrated  in  Westminster  Abbey. 
After  his  return  to  China  he  admitted  four 
Chinamen  to  deacons'  and  priests'  orders ; 
he  confirmed  nearly  three  hundred  Chinese 
Christians,  and  dedicated  several  mission 
churches.  He  died  at  Shanghai  on  6  Oct. 
1879.  He  married,  in  1852,  Mary  Ann, 
dauffhter  of  Charles  William  Leisk. 

He  published  *  The  Tezm  Question,  or  an 
Enquiry  as  to  the  Term  in  the  Chinese  Lan- 
guage which  most  nearly  represents  Elohim 
and  Theos,  as  they  are  used  in  the  Holy 
Scriptures,'  Shanghai^  1877, 

[Record,  17  Oct  1S79,  p.  2;  Times,  18  Oct. 
1879,  p.  8 ;  Guardian,  18  Oct.  1879,  pp.  1438, 
1488;  Dod'B  Peerage^  1879.]  G-.  0.  B. 

RUSSELL,  Sib  WILLLA.M  OLDNALL 

i  1785-1883),  chief  justice  of  Bengal,  bom  in 
.785,  was  eldest  son  of  Samuel  Oldnall, 
rector  of  St.  Nicholas,  Worcester,  and  North 
Piddle,  and  Maiy,  daughter  of  William 
Bussell,  esq.,  of  Powick.  In  1816,  in  accord- 
ance with  the  will  of  his  maternal  grand- 
father, Sir  William  took  the  surname  of 
Russell.  He  matriculated  from  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  on  22  Dec.  1801,  and  was  a  student 
till  1812.  He  graduated  B.A.  in  1804  and 
M.A.  in  1807.  He  was  called  to  the  bar  from 
Lincoln's  Inn  in  1809,  became  serjeant-at- 
law  on  25  June  1827,  and  chief  justice  of 
Bengal  in  1832,  when  he  was  knighted.  He 
died  on  22  Jan.  1838.  Russell's  <  Treatise  on 
Crimes  and  Misdemeanours,'  which  appeared 
in  2  vols.  8vo  in  1819,  was  pronounced  by 
Warren  (^Law  Student,  2nd  edit.  p.  620)*  the 
best  general  treatise  in  criminal  law.'  A 
second  edition  appeared  in  1827;  a  third, 
edited  hy  C.  S.  Greaves,  in  1843,  with  a  sup- 
plement in  1851 ;  a  fourth,  in  3  vols.,  in  1865 ; 
and  a  fifth,  edited  by  S.  Prentice,  Q.C.,  in 
1877.  The  seven  American  editions  between 
1824  and  1853  omit  parts  of  the  work. 

Russell  also  published:  1. 'Practice  in  the 
Court  of  Great  Sessions  on  the  Caermarthen 
Circuit,'  3  pts.  8vo,  1814.  2.  With  (Sir) 
Edward  Ryan  [q.  v.],  'Crown  Cases  reserved 
and  decided,  1799-1824,' 1825,  8vo  J  repub- 
lished in  J.  W.  Wallace's  'British  Crown 
Cases  reserved.' 

Russell  married,  in  1825,  Louisa  Maria, 
daughter  of  John  Lloyd  Williams,  and  left 
issue. 

[Grasebrook's  Heraldiy  of  Worcs. ;  Foster's 
Alumni  Oxon.  1716-1886;  Marvin's  Legal  BibL; 
Gent.  Mag.  1836,  ii.  445.]  G.  La  G.  N. 

RXJSSEN,  DAVID  (^.  1706)^  author, 
was  in  1702  resident  at  Hythe,  Kent.    In 


1703  he  published  'It&r  Lnnare ;  or  a  Voyage 
to  the  Moon/  It  was  reissued  in  17(^. 
The  book  consists  of  a  detailed  account  and 
criticism  of  Cyrano  Bergeiac's '  Sedenarchiay' 
which  Russen  had  read  'with  abundanos 
of  delight '  in  the  English  version  by  Thomas 
St.  Sere.  He  holds  Bergerac's  view  that 
the  moon  was  inhabited,  and  proposed  to 
ascend  to  the  moon  by  means  of '  a  spring  of 
well-tempered  steel  mstened  to  the  top  of  a 
high  mountain,  having  attached  to  it  a  nrame 
or  seat,  the  spring  bemg  with  cords,  pullies, 
or  other  engines  bent,  and  then  let  loose  by 
degrees  by  those  who  manage  the  pullies.' 
The  moon  must  be  at  the  time  of  ascent '  in 
the  full  in  Cancer.' 

Russen  also  published  *  Fundamentals 
without  a  Foundation,  or  a  True  Picture  of 
the  Anabaptists  in  their  Rise,  Progtess,  and 
Practice '  (1698  ?).  There  is  no  copy  in  the 
l^itish  Museum  Library.  A  reply  by  Joseph 
Stennett  appeared  about  1699,  and  was  re- 
printed in  1704.  Russen  made  insinua- 
tions against  the  private  character  of  Ben- 
jandn  Keach  [q.  v.],  the  bsptist  preacher. 
A  rejoinder  to  Stennett  Iry  James  Barry, 
published  in  1609,  was  repnnted  in  1848. 

[BuBsen's  Iter  Lunare;  Stennett's  reply  to 
Fcmdamentals  without  a  Foundation ;  Qent.  Mag. 
1777,  pp.  606,  609.]  G.  La  G.  N. 

RUST,  GEOBOE  (d.  1670),  bishop  of 
Dromore,  was  a  native  of  Cambrid^,  where 
he  graduated  B.A.  from  St.  Catharme's  Hall 
early  in  164T.  He  became  a  fellow  of  Christ's 
College  in  1649,  and  proceeded  M.A.  in  16&0. 
His  reputation  for  learning  was  considerable 
even  in  youth.  In  1665  he  deliTered  a 
Latin,  discourse  in  St.  Mary's,  Cambridge,  in 
answer  to  Pilate'squestion, '  What  is  Trotii  ? ' 
At  the  commencement  of  1658  he  maintained 
in  the  same  place  the  thesis  that  scripture 
teaches  the  resurrection  of  the  body,  and 
that  reason  does  not  refute  it.  He  belonged 
to  the  Cambridge  Platonist  school,  and  among 
his  friends  at  Christ's  were  Sir  John  Fin(£ 
(1626-1682)  [q.  v.]  and  Henry  More  (1614- 
1687)  [q.  T.J  He  was  also  intimate  with 
Joseph  Glanvill  [q.  t.],  an  Oxford  man.  He 
gave  up  his  fellowship  in  1669. 

Soon  after  the  Restoration,  Rust  was  in- 
vited to  Ireland  by  his  fellow-townsman 
Jeremy  Taylor  [q.  v.],  ordained  deacon  and 
priest  on  the  same  day,  7  May  1661,  and 
made  dean  of  Connor  in  Aug^t.  In  16612 
he  was  presented  by  the  crown  to  the  rectory 
of  Island  Magee.  On  20  Oct  1663,  preaching 
at  Newtownards  at  the  frineral  of  Hug£ 
Montgomery,  first  earl  of  Moitnt  Alexander 
^q.  T.T,  Rust  remarked,  '  New  presbyter  is 
ut  old  priest  writ  lai^e.'    Milton,  whoee 


E 


Rust 


491 


Rustat 


soimet  w"taMwmg  the  same  line,  jstohMj 
mitten  in  1646,  waa  not  publiahed  till  1673, 
vaa  a  Christ's  man,  and  Roat  ^hm  de- 
riTsd  the  phraae  from  liim.  For  himweir,  said 
Rmt,  he  nad  studied  all  oreeds,  and  pre- 
femdtheduireh  of  England.  In  1664  Rust 
was  rector  of  Lisbam,  whete  Loid  Conwaj 
lifed.  He  nAturally  became  the  friend  of 
Taylor  8  firiends,  and  in  1666  he  Tisited  Con- 
way in  England,  when  Valentine  Greatrakes 
Tq.  T.]  was  trying  to  cur©  Lady  Conway's 
iieadaches  (Rawdon  Papm^  pp.  206,  218). 
Jeremy  Taylor  died  at  Idsbmn  on  13  Aug. 
1667jttul  Kast  preached  a  well-known  funeral 
sermon.  In  snoceesion  to  Taylor,  Rust  was 
appointed  bishop  of  Dromore  by  patent  in 
NoTemher  1667,  and  consecrated  m  Christ 
Ghnrdi,  Dublin,  on  16  Dec.  He  died  of 
fsrer  in  the  prime  of  life  in  December  1670, 
and  was  buried  in  the  choir  of  Dromore 
Cathedral  in  the  same  Tault  with  his  friend 
Taylor.  No  monument  was  erected  there  to 
either  of  tlMsm,  and  the  bones  of  both  were 
distnited  a  century  later  to  make  room  for 
another  prelate.  Bishop  Percry  of  the  '  Re- 
liqnes '  collected  the  remains  of  his  two  pre- 
decessors and  restored  them  to  their  origmal 
rssting-place. 

Joseph  GlanTill  J^.T.]  says  Rust  gave  a 
new  torn  to  Caznbriage  studies :  '  he  had  too 
great  a  soul  for  trifles  of  that  age^  and  saw 
clearly  the  nakedness  of  phrases  and  fancies ; 
lie  outgrew  the  pretended  orthodoxy  of  those 
days,  and  addicted  himself  to  the  primitiye 
learning  and  theology  in  which  he  eyen  then 
became  a  great  master.'    Rust's  works  are : 
1.  'A   Letter    of  Resolution   concerning 
Origen,'  &c,  London,  1661,  4to.    2.  '  Ser- 
mon on  iL  Tim.  i.  10,  preached  at  Newtown, 
iOOet  1663,  at  the  Fimeral  of  Hugh,  earl 
of  Moront   Alexander,'  Dublin,  1664,  4to. 
3.  <  Sermon  at    Jeremy  Taylor's  Funeral,' 
DibUn,  1667,  4to ;  numerous  later  editions ; 
it  was  included  by  Heber  in  yoL  i.  of  Tay- 
lors »Work8.'     4.  '  A  Discourse  of  Truth,' 
Loadon,  1677, 12mo ;  another  edition,  with 
copious   notes    and   a   preface   by  Joseph 
Gknyill,  was  published  by  James  Collins, 
London,  1682;   this  is  not  identical  with 
Ku!>t'8  disoourae  deliyered  at  Cambridge  in 
1656.    5.  *  A  Discourse  of  the  Use  of  Rea- 
son in  Matters  <^  Religion,  showing  that 
Cfaiistianity  contains  nothing  repugnant  to 
Rifht   Reason,    against    Enthusiasts    and 
Deists,'  London,  1688,  4to  \  this  coinprises 
the  Latin  original  edited  \xj^  Henry  Hally- 
well,  with  a  translation,  copious  notes,  and  a 
dedication  to  Henir  More.    6.  'Remains,' 
edited  by  Henrr  Hallywell  and  dedicated 
to  his  diocesan,  John  Lake  [q.T.],  bishop  of 
Chichester,  Lo&d<m,  1686, 4to. 


[An  aeconnt  of  Bust  is  giyen  in  Oooper^v 
Anoahi  of  Cambridge,  iiL  646.-6 ;  see  also  Wars'* 
Bishops  and  Writers  of  Ireland,  ed.  Harris;^ 
Worihington's  Diazy  and  Corresp.  (Chatham 
Sec.),  pp.  iii,  118,  134,  801,  305, 818,  880;  Cot- 
ton's Fasti  Bedeaiss  Hibermcss,  toL  iiL ;  Berwick's 
Bawdon  Papers;  Jeremy  Taylor's  Works,  ed. 
Heber;  Wood's  AthenssOxon.  ed. Bliss;  Cooper^ 
Memorials  of  Cambridge ;  notes  supplied  by  the 
master  of  Christ's  College.]  B.  B-l. 

RUST,  CYPRIAN  THOMAS  (1808- 
1895),  diyine,  bom  at  Stowmarket,  Suffolk^ 
on  25  March  1808,  was  educated  in  a  board- 
ing school  at  Halesworth.  He  became  a 
bantist  preacher  in  London,  and  in  1838  was 
oraainea  pastor  of  the  baptist  chapel,  Eld 
Lane,  Colchester.  In  1840  he  joined  the 
communion  of  the  church  of  England,  and 
entered  Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  where 
he  graduated  LL.B.  in  1866.  He  had  pre* 
yiously  been  licensed  to  the  perpetual  curacy 
of  St.  Michael  at  Thorn,  mrwich,  and  in 
1860  he  was  presented  by  Dr.  Pelham,  bishop 
of  Norwich,  to  the  rectory  of  Heigham.  That 
huge  parish  was  subsequently  divided  into 
three,  and  Rust  chose  for  himself  the  newly 
constituted  parish  of  Holy  Trinity,  South 
Heigham,  to  the  rectory  of  which  he  was 
adnutted  on  3  April  1868.  In  1876  he  was 
presented  to  the  rectory  of  Westerfield,  near 
Ipswich,  which  he  resigned  in  1890.  He 
died  at  Soham,  Cambridgeshire,  on  7  March 
1896,  in  the  house  of  Qs  onlj  child,  John 
Cyprian  Rust,  yicar  of  the  parish. 

Kust  was  an  acoomplishea  Hebrew  scholar, 
and  published :  1.  '  Essays  and  Reviews :  a 
Lecture,'  Norwich,  1861.  2.  'The  Higher 
Criticism :  some  Account  of  its  Labours  on 
the  Primitiye  History — the  Pentateuch  and 
Book  of  Joshua,'  London,  1878 ;  this  treatise, 
which  chiefly  criticised  the  writing  of  E wald, 
was  entirely  rewritten  and  republished  under 
the  same  title  in  1890,  in  order  to  deal  with 
the  theories  of  Wellhausen  and  Kuenen. 
8.  '  Break  of  Day  in  the  Eighteenth  Century: 
a  History  and  specimen  of  its  First  Book  of 
English  Sacred  Song:  900  Hymns  of  Dr. 
Watts  carefully  selected  and  arranged,  with 
a  Sketch  of  their  History,'  London,  1880. 

[Private  information.]  T.  C. 

RUSTAT,  TOBIAS  (1606P-ie94),  nni- 
versity  benefactor,  bom  at  Barrow-upon- 
Soar,  Leicestershire,  about  1606,  and  said  to 
have  been  the  descendant  of  a  refugee  from 
Saxony,  was  the  grandson  of  William  Rustat, 
vicar  of  Barrow  from  1668  to  1688.  He  was 
the  second  son  of  Robert  RuMat  (d.  1687), 
M.A.,  of  Jesus  College,  Cambridge,  vicar  of 
Barrow-^upoB-Soar  and  rector  of  Skeffington 
in  Leioestershiie.    Hia  mother  w«s  a  daugh- 


Rustat 


492 


Ruthall 


ter  of  Ralph  Snoden  of  Mansfield,  Notting- 
hamBhire,  and  sister  of  Robert  Snoden,  bishop 
of  Carlisle. 

Early  in  life  Rustat  was  apprenticed  to  a 
barber-surgeon  in  London,  but  soon  left,  and 
entered  the  service  of  Basil,  viscount  Feilding, 
eldest  son  of  William  Fielding,  Earl  of  Den- 
bigh [q.v.]  About  1683  he  attended  that 
nobleman  in  his  embassy  to  Venice;  he 
was  next  attached  to  the  youthful  George 
Yilliers,  second  duke  of  Buckingham,  and 
became  a  servant  of  the  young  Prince  of 
Wales  (Charles  11)  when  he  was  about  four- 
teen years  old.  While  in  this  position  he 
was  often  employed  in  carrying  letters  be- 
tween Charles  I  and  the  queen,  discharging 
his  dutv  during  the  civil  war  at  great  bodily 
risk,  "be  was  personally  engaged  in  July 
1648  during  the  royalist  rising  instigated 
in  Kent  by  the  Earl  of  Holland,  and,  hav- 
ing saved  the  life  of  the  Duke  of  Bucking 
ham,  he  escaped  with  him  to  the  conti- 
nent. 

Rustat  bought  the  reversion  of  the  post  of 
yeoman  of  the  robes  to  Charles  II,  and  suc- 
ceeded to  that  empty  honour  about  1650. 
At  the  Restoration  he  was  sworn  inte  office 
(9  Nov.  1660),  and  held  his  place  until  the 
death  of  Charles  II  in  1685.  His  salary^  was 
only  40/.  a  year,  but  the  king  gave  him  in 
addition  an  annuity  of  the  same  amount.  By 
patent  for  his  life  he  was  created  in  1660 
nnder-housekeeper  of  the  palace  at  Hampton 
Court,  and,  according  to  John  Evelvn,  he 
was  also  'a  page  of  the  back-stairs.  The 
emoluments  attached  to  these  posts  were  not 
excessive,  but  through  strict  frugalitv  he 
became  rich.  He  was  a  great  benemctor 
to  '  Churches,  Hospitalls,  Universities,  and 
Colleges,'  and  found,  says  his  epitaph,  that 
the  more  he  distributed  '  the  more  he  had  at 
the  year's  end.' 

A  grace  to  bestow  on  Rustat  the  degree 
of  M.  A.  was  passed  by  the  university  of  Cam- 
bridge on  18  Oct.  1674,  and  he  was  admitted 
per  literas  regiag  on  20  Oct.  In  1676  his 
armorial  bearings  were  confirmed  by  the  king. 
Towards  the  end  of  his  days  he  lived  mostly 
at  Chelsea,  and  for  the  last  eight  years  of 
his  life  he  kept  his  funeral  monument  in  his 
house,  with  tne  inscription  fullv  written,  ex- 
cepting the  date  of  aeath,  and  with  the  in- 
junction that  no  alteration  or  addition  should 
be  made  in  it.  He  died  a  bachelor  on  1 5  March 
1693-4,  and  was  buried  in  the  chapel  of 
Jesus  College,  Cambridge,  on  23  March.  The 
white  marble  monument  to  his  memory,  with 
his  own  inscription  on  it,  is  now  placed  in 
the  south  transept,  and  a  small  stone  in  the 
pavement  of  the  chancel  marks  the  place  of 
sepulture.    His  will  was  dated  on  20  Oct. 


1693,  and  precisely  a  century  later  the  f&mily 
became  extinct.  His  portrait,  bv  Sir  Peter 
Lely,  hangs  in  the  hall  of  Jesus  College,  and 
was  engraved  b^  Ghirdiner  in  1795,  and  for 
Hewett's  memour  of  Rustat  in  1849.  There 
is  preserved  at  the  British  Museum  a  unique 
copy  of  a  very  fine  menotint  engravino;  of 
him,  with  a  long  Latin  quotation,  in  wnich 
he  is  represented  as  a  young  man  (J.  G. 
Smith,  FoHrcdU,  iv.  1670). 

Rustat  founded  at  Jesus  Colle^  in  1(^1 
seventeen  scholarships,  ranging  m  annual 
value  from  40/.  to  50/.,  for  the  sons  of  clergy- 
men deceased  or  living.  To  the  same  college 
he  gave  money  to  provide  annuities  for  the 
widows  of  six  clergymen,  and  to  defray  the 
cost  of  the  annual  commemoration  and  visita- 
tion on  Easter  Thursdav.  He  was  a  bene- 
factor to  the  library  of  St.  John's  College  at 
Cambridge,  and  to  the  college  of  the  same 
name  at  Oxford  he  left  a  large  sum  Ux  the 
encouragement  of '  the  most  indigent  Fellows 
or  SchoUrs,'  and  for  the  endowment  of  loyal 
lectures  on  certain  days  connected  with  the 
Stuart  kings.  On  1  June  1666  he  flfave  1,000/. 
to  the  universitv  of  Cambrid^  ror  the  pur- 
chase of  choice  books  for  its  hbrary. 

The  copper  statue  at  Windsor  by  Stada 
of  Charles  II  on  horseback,  on  a  marble 
pedestal  by  Grinling  Gibbons,  was  given  by 
Kustat  in  1680.  A  orass  statue  of  the  same 
monarch,  draped  in  the  Ronaan  habit,  by 
Grinling  Gibbons,  now  in  the  centre  of  the 
quadrangle  at  Chelsea  Hospital,  was  simi- 
larly the  gift  of  Rustat,  who  also  presented 
the  hospiUl  with  the  sum  of  1,000/.  The 
fine  bronze  statue  of  James  II  behind  White- 
hall, set  up  on  81  Dec.  1686,  was  also  the 
work  of  Gibbons,  and  the  fiSt  of  Rustat. 
Nor  does  this  list  exhaust  his  benefactions. 
He  is  described  by  Evelyn  as  '  a  very  simple^ 
ignorant,  but  honest  and  loyal  creature.' 

[Wordsworth's  Scheie  Acad.  pp.  294-6 ;  Feck's 
Cromwell,  pp.  83-5 ;  Law's  Hampton  Court,  ii. 
246 ;  Byer^  Cambridge,  ii.  70 ;  Krelyn's  Diaiy 
(1827  ed.),  iii.  27;  Cambridge  Univ.  CaL  pp. 
A38,  663;  Cooper's  Annals  of  Cambr.  iii.  519; 
Baker's  St.  Joan's  Coll.  Cambr.  ed.  Mayor,  i. 
341,  ii.  1 108;  Beaver's  Chelsea,  p.  288 ;  Canniag- 
ham's  London,  ed.  Wheatley,  i.  884,  iii.  513; 
Peck's  Desid.  Curiosa,  ii.  553-564 ;  Clark's  Ox- 
ford Colleges,  p.  861 ;  information  frnm  the 
Rev.  Dr.  Morgan,  master  of  Jesus  ColL  Cambr. 
A  memoir  of  him  by  William  Hewett,  jnn.,  was 
published  in  1849.]  W.  P.  C. 

RUTHALLorROWTHAIil,,  THOifAS 
{d,  1628),  bishop  of  Durham,  was  a  native 
of  Cirencester.  His  mother's  name  seems  to 
have  been  Avenyng.  He  was  educated  at 
Oxford,  and  incorporated  D.D.  at  Oamlnridgs 


Ruthall 


493 


Rutherford 


in  1500 ;  bat  before  this  date  he  had  entered 
the  senrice  of  Hcoury  VII.    In  June  1499, 
being  then  deacribea  as  prothonotaiy,  he 
vent  on  an  embassy  to  Loais  XII  of  France, 
and  be,  on  his  return,  oocapied  the  position 
of  king's  secretary  (cf.  Gaibbheb,  Letters 
smf  PSpen  of  SMard  III  and  Henry  VII, 
RoUfl  Ser.  i.  406,  &a ;  Cat.  State  Papers, 
Venetian,  L  795,  799).    Ruthall  had  a  long 
serieeof  ecclesiastical  preferments.    In  1495 
he  bad  the  rectory  of  fiockinff,  Essex,  in  1502 
be  became  a  prebendary  of  Wells,  and  in 
1503aitbdeacon  of  Gloucester  and  chancellor 
of  Cambridge  University.    In  1505  he  was 
made  raebendary  of  Lincoln,  and  was  ap- 
pointea  dean  there  (not,  as  Wood  says,  at 
Saliabury).     Henry  Vll,  who  had  already 
made  him  a  privy  councillor,  appointed  him 
bidiop  of  Durham  in  1509,  but  died  before 
be  was  consecrated.    Henrp-  VICI  confirmed 
his  appomtment,  and  contmued  him  in  the 
office  of  secretary.    He  went  to  France  with 
tbe  long  in  1518  with  a  hundred  men,  but 
was  sent  back  to  England  when  James  IV 
tbieatened  war.  He  took  a  great  part  in  the 
preparations  for  defence,  and  wrote  to Wolsey 
after  Flodden.    He  was  present  at  the  mar- 
riage of  Louis  Xn  and  the  Princess  Mary  in 
1514,  and  in  1616  was  made  keeper  of  the 
piiTT  seaL     In  1518  he  was  present  when 
Wolsey  was  made  legate,  and  was  one  of  the 
conunissioneTS  when  the  Princess  Mary  was 
betrothed  to  the  Dauphin.    He  was  at  the 
Field  of  the  Cloth  of  Gold  in  1520,  and  was 
agam  at  Calais  with  Wolsey  in  1521.  When 
Buckinffham  was  examined  by  the  kin^, 
Bathalf  was  present  as  secretary.   A  story  is 
told  that  being  asked  to  make  up  an  account 
of  tbe  kingdom,  he  did  so,  but  accidentally 
^Te  in  to  the  king  another  account  treat- 
ing of  his  own  property,  which  was  very 
large,  and  that  he  became  ill  with  chaipin. 
He  was  a  hardworking  official  who  cUd  a 

nt  deal  of  the  interriewing  necessary  in 
.  9niatic  negotiations.  Brewer  represents 
bim  as  WolMy's  drudffe,  and  Giustinian 
speaks  of  his '  singing  treole  to  the  cardinal's 
bass.'  He  died  on  4  Feb.  1522-3  at  Durham 
Place,  London,  and  was  buried  in  St.  John's 
Chapel,  Westminster  Abbey. 

Itnthall  "was  interested  in  architecture. 
He  repaired  the  bridge  at  Newcastle,  and 
built  a  great  chamber  at  Bishop  Auckland. 
He  also  increased  the  endowment  of  the 
giammar  school  at  Cirencester  which  had 
ieen  established  by  John  Ched  worth,  bishop 
of  Lincoln,  in  1460.  It  afterwards  fell  into 
difficulties  -when  the  chantry  commissioners 
of  Edward  VPs  day  attacked  its  endow- 
ments, which  were  not  fully  restored  till 
1578. 


rCooper's  Athenie  Cantabr.  i.  27;  Wood's 
Athena  Ozon.  ed.  Blise,  ii.  722 ;  Wriotbesley's 
Chron.  (Camd.  Soc.)  i.  12;  Chron.  of  Calais 
(Camd.  Soe.),  pp.  12. 19, 30;  Letters  and  Papers 
of  Bichardni  and  Henry  VII,  ed.  Qairdner  (Rolls 
Ser.),  i.  132, 405, 412,  414.  ii.  388 ;  Friedmaon's 
Anne  Eoleyn,  ii.  822 ;  LeUnd's  Itinerary,  iL  50, 
51 ;  Brewer's  Henry  VIII,  i.  27  ». ;  Qiustinian's 
Four  Years  at  tbe  Court  of  Henry  VIII  (ed, 
Bawdon  Brown),  i.  73  n.,  ii.  25  fi. ;  Chesham's 
Cirencester,  {>.  213 ;  Cal.  State  Papers,  Venetian, 
1509-19  pauim,  1520-6  passim;  in  the  index 
to  Tol.  i.  of  the  Spanish  Series  he  is  confused 
with  Fox,  cf.  p.  158;  Letters  and  Papers  of 
Henry  VIII,  voU.  i.  and  ii.]  W.  A,  J.  A, 

RXJTHEBFOICD,  ANDREW,  Eabl  o» 
Tetiot  (d,  1684),  was  the  only  son  of  Wil- 
liam Rutherford  of  Quarrelholes,  Roxburgh- 
shire,  a  cadet  of  the  Rutherfords  of  Hunthill, 
by  Isabella,  daughter  of  Sir  James  Stuart  of 
Ira^uair.  He  was  educated  at  the  uni- 
versity of  Edinburgh,  and  at  an  early  period 
he  entered  the  French  service,  where  he  rose 
to  the  rank  of  lieutenant-general.  He  re- 
turned to  Scotland  at  the  Restoration,  and, 
being  specially  recommended  by  the  f^nch 
kin^  to  Charles  II,  was  by  patent  dated 
Whitehall,  10  Jan.1661,  created  JLord  Ruther- 
ford '  to  his  heirs  and  assignees  whatsoevw, 
and  that  under  the  provisions,  restrictions, 
and  conditions  which  the  said  Lord  Ruther- 
ford should  think  fit.' 

Soon  afterwards  he  was  appointed  governor 
of  Dunkirk,  which  had  IxMn  captured  from 
the  Spanish  in  1658,  and  was  held  by  the 
French  and  English.  On  the  transference 
of  the  town  in  1662  to  Louis  XH  of  France 
for  400,000/.,  Rutherford  returned  to  Eng- 
land, and  in  recognition  of  his  able  services 
as  governor  he  was  on  2  Feb.  1663  created 
Earl  of  Teviot,  with  limitation  to  heirs  maJe 
of  his  body.  In  April  he  was  appointed 
colonel  of  the  second  or  Tangier  regiment 
of  foot,  and  the  same  year  was  named  governor 
of  Tangier,  where  he  was  killed  in  a  sally 
ag[ain8t  the  Moors  on  4  May  1664.  By  bis 
will  he  made  provision  for  the  erection  of 
eight  chambers  in  the  college  of  Edinburgh, 
and  gave  directions  that  a  Latin  inscription 
whicm  he  had  composed  should  be  placed 
upon  the  building,  fiy  his  death  without  law- 
ful male  issue  the  earldom  of  Teviot  became 
extinct;  but  on  28  Dec.  1663  he  had  exe- 
cuted at  Portsmouth  a  general  settlement  of 
his  estates  and  dignities  to  Sir  Thomas 
Rutherford  of  Hunthill,  who  on  16  Dec. 
1665  was  served  heir  in  his  title  of  Lord 
Rutherford  and  also  in  his  lands. 

[Monteath's  Theatre  of  Mortality;  Douglas's 
Scottish  Peerage  (Wood),  ii.  458-9;  Jeffrey's 
Hist,  of  fiosbargbshire,  ii.  286-^.]  T.  F.  H. 


Rutherford 


494 


Rutherford 


RTTEHEBFOBD,  DANIEL  (1749- 
1619^,  physician  and  botanist,  bom  at  Edin- 
^urgn  on  3  Nov.  1749.  was  son  of  Dr.  Jolin 
Jtuttterford  (1696-1779)  [q.  v.l  by  his  second 
^fe,  AnnOi  bom  Mackay.  Eancated  at  first 
at  home,  he  was  sent,  when  seven  years  old, 
to  the  school  of  a  Mr.  Mundell,  aifcerwardfl 
to  an  academy  in  England,  and  thence  to 
jt>lie  uniTersity  of  Edinburgh,  where,  after 
graduating  M. A.,  he  entered  on  his  medical 
studies.  He  studied  under  William  Oul- 
len  j]q.  t.]  and  Joseph  Black  [q.  v.],  and 
obtained  his  diploma  as  M.D.  12  Sept. 
1772,  his  inaugural  dissertation  being  'De 
aereflxodictoautMephitico.'  This  tract  owes 
its  impoitanoe  to  tne  distinction,  clearly 
establifflied    in   it,   between  carlxmic  acid 

rand  nitrogen  [see  Pbibstlet,  Joseph]. 
opens  with  an  aocoimt  of  the  work  of 
Blaek  and  of  Henry  GavendiBh  [q.  v.]  on 
*fix!ed'  or  *mephitic  air*  (carbonic  add). 
Rutherford  proceeds  to  point  out  (p.  17) 
that  *  by  means  of  animal  respiration^  pure 
air  not  only  in  part  becomes  mephitic,  but 
also  undergoes  another  singular  chan^  in 
its  nature ;  lor  even  after  the  mephitic  air 
has  been  absorbed  by  a  caustic  lye  from 
air  which  has  been  rendered  noxious  by  re- 
spiration, the  residual  gas  (atmospheric 
nitrogen)  also  extinguishes  flame  and  life. 
The  mephitic  air  he  supposes  to  have  been 
probably  generated  from  the  food,  and  to 
nave  been  efxpeUed  as  a  harmful  substance 
from  the  blood,  by  means  of  the  lungs.  He 
found  experimentally  that  air  passed  over 
ignited  charcoal  and  treated  with  caustic 
lye  behayes  in  the  same  way  as  air  made 
noxious  by  respiration;  but  that  when 
a  metal,  phosnhorus,  or  sulphur  is  calcined 
in  air  (probably  in  the  case  <tf  the  sulphur 
in  the  presence  of  water),  the  residual  gas 
eontains  no  '  me^itic  air,'  but  only  under- 
gt)es  the  *  singular  chan^ '  aboye  referred  to. 
It  follows  then  'that  this  change  is  the  only 
one  which  can  be  ascribed  to  combustion.' 
Rutlierfofd  gaye  no  name  to  the  residual  gas 
(which  has  since  been  called  nitrogen),  but 
supposed  that  it  was  *  atmospheric  air  aa  it 
were  united  with  and  saturated  with  phlo- 
giston.' John  Mayow  [q.  y.]  had  already 
conjectured  that  the  atmosphere  was  com- 
posed of  two  constituents,  of  which  one  re- 
mained unchanged  in  the  process  of  combus- 
tion, and  had  supported  tnis  yiew  by  experi- 
ments. Moreover,  practically  all  the  tacts 
and  yiews  recorded  oy  Rutherford  are  to  be 
found  in  Priestley's  memoir  published  in  the 
*  Philosophical  Transactions  ^for  1772  (p.  280 
and  passim),  and  read  six  months  before  the 
publication  of  Rutherford's  tract;  but  Priest- 
ley'a  exposition  is  less  methodical  and  precise. 


Rutherford  mentiona  that  he  had  heard  of 
Priestley's  researches  on  the  action  of  plants 
on  mephitic  air  (p.  26),  bat  makes  no  okher 
reference  to  Prieatley's  work,  which  he  had 
Quito  possibly  not  seen.  Neither  of  the  two 
chemists  regarded  the  gaa  aa  an  element  at 
this  time.  Rutherford's  comparison  of  patze- 
faction  to  slow  oomhustion  (p.  24)  is  inte- 
resting, although  Priestley  mid  also  pre^- 
ously  shown  the  similazity  of  the  two  pro- 
cesses. 

Havinff  published  this  valuable  paver  and 
com]^eted  his  nniyersity  course,  Bulaerford 
travelled  in  England,  went  to  France  inl773, 
and  thence  to  Italy.  He  returned  in  1775  to 
Edinburgh,  where  he  began  to  practise.  He 
became  a  licentiate  of  the  Royal  College  of 
Physicians  of  Edinburgh  on  6  Feb.  1776, 
and  a  fellow  on  6  May  1777.  He  was  pre- 
sident of  the  college  from  December  1796  to 
Dec.  17fi8. 

On  1  Dec.  1786  he  succeeded  Dr.  Jobn 
Hope  as  professor  of  botany  in  the  uniyep- 
sity  and  Keeper  of  the  Royal  Botanic  Garden 
at  Edinbursh,  and  waa  nominated  ameidKr 
of  the  faculty  of  medicine  in  the  umversitj, 
which  brought  him  into  connection  with  t&B 
royal  infirmary  as  one  of  the  diniealuio- 
fessors,  and,  on  the  death  of  Henry  Cmleu 
in  1791,  he  was  elected  one  of  the  physiciiuis 
in  ordinary  to  that  eatablishment.  He  was 
elected  a  fellow  of  the  Philosophical  (after- 
wards the  Royal)  Society  of  Edinburgh  about 
1776,  and  of  the  Linnean  Societv  m  1796. 
He  was  also  a  member  of  the  J^sculapian, 
Harveian,  and  Gymnastic  Clnbg. 

When  ten  years  old  Rutherford  sdfered 
from  ^out,  which  increased  in  severity  in 
later  life,  and  was  probably  the  cause  of  his 
sudden  death,  on  15  Nov.  1619,  as  he  was 
preparing  to  go  hia  usual  round.  He  mar- 
rieo,  on  13  Dec.  1786,  Harriet,  youngest 
daughter  of  John  Mitchelsoa  of  Middle- 
ton. 

Besides  the  important  dissertatiotn  referred 
to,  Rutherford  was  author  of  *  Chazacteres 
Generum  Plantarum,'  &C.,  Svo^  Edinbur^ 
1793,  and  of  a  paper  containing  '  A  Descnp- 
tion  of  an  Improved  Thermometer '  in  the 
'  Transactions  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Edin* 
burgh,'  vol.  iii.  A  letter  of  hia  also  appears 
in  *  Correspondence  relative  to  the  Publica- 
tion of  a  Pamphlet,  entitled  '  A  Guide  for 
Gentlemen  studying  Medicine  at  the  Uni- 
yersity  of  Edinbur^,"  by  Jamea  Hamilton, 
jun.,  D.  Rutherford,  and  James  Gregory,* 
4to  [Edinburgh,  1798]. 

A  portrait  in  oils  oy  Raebum  is  in  the 
possession  of  Mrs.  Ruthe^ord-Haldane ;  a 
replica  hangs  in  the  haU  of  the  Royal  College 
or  Physicians  in  Edinburgh.     This  was  enr 


Rutherford 


495 


Rutherford 


grayed  br  HoU^  ^blished  in  London  on 
1  Jnne  1804^  and  included  m  R.  J.  Thorn- 
ton's *  New  niustration  of  the  Sexual  System 
of  OBroluB  iron  Lmn»u8/ 1607. 

pDformation  kindly  supplied  by  F.  J.  Hartog, 
esq.  of  Owens  Collese,  Manchester,  and  D'Arcy 
P<nrer,  H3.,  F.B.O^. ;  Ann.  Biogr.  and  Obit. 
1821,  pp.  18S-46 ;  Hoefer^s  Hist,  de  la  Ohemie, 
1st  edit  ii.  486 ;  Kopp*s  Gesehichte  der  Chemie, 
iii.  194,  300,  and  passim ;  Black's  Lectares  on 
Cbemiitzy,  ed,  Bobison,  1803,  ii.  105 ;  Britten 
and  Boolger's  Brit.  Botanists ;  Index  Oat.  Libr. 
Biug.-G«iil.  United  States  Army;  Historical 
fikfltch  el  the  Boyal  College  of  Physicians,  Edin- 
buglL]  B.  B.  W. 

EUTH13tFOBD,JOHN((f.l577),diYine, 
born  at  Jedbm^h,  studied  under  Nicolaus 
Grachittfi  at  the  college  of  Guienne  at  Bor- 
deaux.   He  accompanied  his  teacher  and 
Oeorse  Buohanan  (1606-1682)  [q.  v.]  in  their 
expedition  to  the  new  uniyersity  of  Uoimbra, 
and  thence  in  1662  he  proceeded  to  the  uni- 
versity of  Paris.  His  reputation  attracted  the 
noticeof  John  Hamilton(1511  P-1671)  [q.T.], 
archbishop  of  St.  Andrews,  who  offered  him 
a  chair  in  the  college  of  St.  Mary,  which 
he  had  recently  orffanised  at  St.  Andrews 
(Sovai  OratiOf  Mo.  in  Archiv.  Umr.  St. 
Andr.) ;  and^  after  teachingfor  some  years 
ts  pmeseor  of  humanity,  Rutherford  was 
translated  in  1660  to  be  principal  of  St.  Sal- 
Tater^B  College  in  the  same  univoiBxty.    Soon 
after  his  admission  to  the  univeraity  he  was 
abomade  dean  of  the  faculty  of  arts,  although 
not  qualified  fay  the  statutes.    He  had  em- 
bnu»d  the  reformed  doctrines  abroad,  and  on 
20  Dec  1660  the  assembly  declared  him  one 
of  those  whom  'they  think  maist  qualified 
for  minislreing  and  teaching,'  and  on  26  June 
1568  he  was  ordained  minister  of  Cults,  a 
parish  in  the  gift  of  his  college  (Caldbb- 
wooB,  Hist,   of  the  Kirk,  ii,  46;    Kbcch, 
Af&un  of  C^nwreh  and  State,  iii.  72). 

RutheMrford  retained  the  provostship  of 
8t  Salyator^a  till  a  short  tmie  before  his 
death,  at  the  close  of  1677.  He  had  a 
eon,  John,  "who  became  minister  of  St.  An- 
drews in  1684,  and  died  of  the  plague  in  the 
following*  year. 

Rutherrord  was  the  author  of  '  De  Arte 
Disserendi,'  lib.  ir.,  Edinburgh,  1677, 4to:  a 
work  said  by  Thomas  McCrie  (1772-1886) 
[o.  Y.]  to  mark  'a  stace  in  the  progress  of 
pniloeophT  in  Scotland.'  He  also  wrote  a 
reply  to  ^hn  DaTidson's  '  IHalogue  betwixt 
a  Clerk  and  a  Conrteour,'  which  was  not 
printed ;  it  ineorrsd  the  censure  of  the  aa- 
fiembly  (OAi.i>BBWOon,  iii.  810-12).  There 
are  further  assigned  to  him  '  CoUatio  Philo- 
soj^use  Platonics  et  Aristotelicfis,' '  CoUatio 
Diyi  Thonse  Aquinatls  et  Sooti  in  Philo- 


sophicis,'  and '  Praefationes  Solennes,  Farisiis 
et  Conimbri»  habit».' 

[Scott*8  Fasti  EoelesisB  Scoticana,  ii.  ii.  422, 
483  ;  McCrie's  Life  of  Andrew  Melville,  i.  107- 
110,  127,  249;  Dempster's  Hist.  Eccles.  Gentis 
Scotonnn,  ii.  565 ;  Masson's  Register  of  Scottish 
Privy  Conncil.  1569-78,  p.  208.]         E.  I.  C. 

BXJTH£JRJ*ORB,  JOHN  (1696-1779), 
physician,  son  of  John  Rutherford,  minister 
of  Yarrow,  Selkirkshire,  bom  1  Aug.  1696, 
was  educated  at  the  grammar  school  of  Sel- 
kirk. He  entered  the  university  of  Edin- 
burgh in  1709-10,  and,  after  passing  through 
the  ordinary  arte  course,  was  apprenticed  to 
Alexander  I^esbit,  an  eminent  surgeon,  with 
whom  he  remained  until  1716.  He  then  pro- 
ceeded to  London,  and  attended  the  vanous 
hospitals,  hearing  the  lectures  of  Dt.  Douglas 
on  anatomy  and  the  surgical  lectures  of 
Andr6.  From  London  he  went  to  Leyden, 
which  Boerhaave  was  then  rendering  famoue 
as  a  centre  of  medical  teaching.  He  obtained 
the  degree  of  M.D.  at  Rheims  about  the  end 
of  July  1719,  and  passed  the  winter  of  that 
year  in  Paris ;  he  attended  the  priyate  de- 
monstrations of  Winslow.  In  1720  he  re- 
turned to  Great  Britain.  He  settled  in  Edin- 
burgh in  1721,  and  started,  with  Drs.  Sin- 
clair, Plummer,  and  Innes,  a  laboratory  for 
the  preparation  of  compound  medicines,  an 
art  which  was  then  little  understood  in  Soot- 
land.  They  also  taught  the  rudiments  of 
chemistry,  and  afterwards,  by  the  advice  of 
Boerhaave,  lectured  on  other  branches  of 
physic.  Each  member  of  the  band  became 
a  professor  in  the  university  of  Edinburgh, 
Dr.  Rutherford  being  appointed  in  1726  to 
the  chair  of  the  practice  of  medicine,  from 
which  he  delivered  lectures  in  Latin  until 
1766,  when  he  resigned.  He  was  succeeded 
hy  Dr.  James  Gregory  [q.  v.] 

Butherford  commancea  the  clinical  teach- 
ing of  medicine  in  the  university  of  Edin- 
burgh. Id.  1748  he  was  granted  permission 
to  give  a  course  of  clinical  lectures  in  the 
Royal  Infirmary.  He  enconraged  his  pupile 
to  bring  patients  to  him  on  Saturdays^  when 
he  inquired  into  the  nature  of  the  disease  and 
prescribed  for  its  relief  in  the  presence  of  the 
class.  The  success  of  this  innovation  was  so 
great,  and  the  number  of  students  increased 
8orapidly,that  within  two  years  the  managera 
of  the  Royal  Infirmary  appropriated  a  special 
ward  to  the  exclusive  use  of  Kutherford,  and 
they  thus  laid  the  foundation  of  that  form  of 
teaching  in  which  the  university  of  Edinburgh 
has  long  held  a  proud  pre-eminence.  Ruther- 
ford was  buried  on  10  March  1779  in  Grey- 
finars  Churchyard,  Edinburgh.  Sir  Walter 
Soott  says,  in  his  'Autobiography:  *  'In  April 


Rutherford 


496 


Rutherford 


1768  my  father  married  Anne  Butherford, 
eldeat  daughter  of  Dr.  JohnHutherford,  pro- 
fessor of  medicine  in  the  university  of  Edin- 
burgh. He  was  one  of  those  punils  of  Boer- 
haave  to  whom  the  school  of  medicine  in  our 
northern  metropolis  owes  its  rise,  and  a  man 
distinguished  for  professional  talent,  for  lively 
wit,  and  for  literary  acquirement.  Dr.  Ruther- 
ford was  twice  mamed.  His  first  wife,  of 
whom  my  mother  is  the  sole  surviving  child, 
was  a  daughter  of  Sir  John  Swinton  of  S win- 
ton.  •  .  •  My  ffrandfuther's  second  wife  was 
Miss  [Anne]  Sfackay,'  a  descendant  of  the 
family  of  Lord  Rae,  an  ancient  peer  of  Scot- 
land. His  son  by  this  marriage  was  Dr. 
Daniel  Rutherford  fq.  v.l 

A  three-quarter  length,  in  oils,  unsigned, 
represents  Rutherford  with  powdered  nair, 
and  holding  a  copy  of  Boerhaa  ve's  'Aphorisms ' 
in  his  left  hand,  at  about  the  age  of  fortv-five. 
This  paintixig  is  in  the  possession  of  Mrs. 
Hutherford-Haldane,  the  wife  of  his  great- 
grandson,  and  a  copy  of  it  han^  in  the  hall 
of  the  Royal  College  of  Physicians  of  Edin- 
burgh. A  second  portrait  is  in  existence,  of 
which  there  is  a  replica  at  Abbotsford,  and  a 
reduced  watercolour  copy  in  the  possession 
of  Mrs.  Rutherford-Hahmne.  It  represents 
Rutherford  at  least  twenty  years  later  than 
the  previous  one. 

[Chalmers's  Biographical  Dictionary ;  Stewart's 
History  of  the  Royal  Infirmary,  in  the  Edinb. 
Hospital  Reports,  1893,  voL  i. ;  Obituary  Notice 
of  Dr.  Daniel  Rutherford,  in  the  Annual  Bio- 
l^raphy  and  Obituary  for  1821;  information-kindly 
given  by  Mr.  James  Haldane  and  Mrs.  Ruther- 
ford-Haldane.]  D'A  P. 

RUTHERFORD,  SAMUEL  (1600?- 
1661),  principal  of  St.  Mary's  College,  St. 
Andrews,  was  bom  about  1600  in  the  parish  of 
Nisbet,  now  part  of  Orailing,  Roxburghshire. 
His  secretary  says  that  'he  was  a  gentle- 
man by  extraction,'  and  he  used  the  arms 
of  the  Rutherford  family.  He  had  two 
brothers,  one  an  officer  in  the  Dutch  army, 
the  other,  schoolmaster  of  Kirkcudbright. 
It  is  believed  that  he  received  his  early 
oducation  at  Jedburgh.  He  entered  the 
university  of  Edinburgh  in  1617,  graduated 
in  1621,  and  in  1623  was  appointed  recent 
of  humanity,  having  been  recommendea  by 
the  professors  for  '  his  eminent  abilities  of 
znind  and  virtuous  disposition.'  The  re- 
cords of  the  town  council  of  Edinburgh 
under  3  Feb.  1626  contain  the  following: 
'Forasmuch  as  it  being  declared  by  the 
principal  of  the  college  that  Mr.  Samuel 
Rutherford,  regent  of  numanity,  has  fallen 
in  fornication  with  Eupham  Hamilton,  and 
has  committed  a  great  scandal  in  the  college 
and  . . .  has  since  demitted  his  charge  there- 


in, therefore  elects  and  nominates  . .  •  com- 
missioners .  .  •  with  nower  • .  •  to  insist  for 
depriving  of  the  said  Mr.  Samuel,  and  being 
deprived  for  filling  of  the  said  place  with  a 
sufficient  person.'  Rutherford  married  the 
said  Eupham,  and  his  whole  subsequent  life 
wa^  a  reparation  for  the  wrong  he  had  done. 
According  to  his  own  statement,  he  had 
'suffered  the  sun  to  be  high  in  heaven' 
before  he  became  seriously  rSigious.  After 
this  change  he  began  to  study  theologj 
under  Anourew  Ramsay,  and  in  1627  Gordon 
of  Kenmure  chose  him  for  the  pastorate  of 
Anwoth  in  Qalloway.  He  was  no  doubt 
ordained  by  Lamb,  bishop  of  that  diocese, 
who  lived  chiefly  in  Edmburgh  or  Leith, 
and  was  very  tolerant  towards  those  of  hit 
clergy  who  did  not  observe  the  five  articles 
of  Perth.  Rutherford's  secretary  says  that 
he  entered  '  without  giving  any  engagement 
to  the  bishop,'  which  probably  means  that 
he  took  only  the  oath  of  obedience  to  the 
bishop  prescribed  by  law  in  1612,  and  not 
the  later  engagements  imposed  by  the 
bishops  on  their  own  authority. 

At  Anwoth  he  rose  at  8  a.h .,  spent  the 
forenoon  in  devotion  and  study,  and  the 
afternoon  in  visiting  the  sick  and  in  catechis- 
ing his  flock.     Multitudes  flocked  to  his 
church,  and  he  became  the  spiritual  director 
of  the  principal  families  in  that  part  of  Gal- 
lowav.    In  1630  he  was  summoned  by  ^a 
profligate  parishioner'  before  the  high  com- 
mission at  Edinburgh  for  nonconformity  to 
the  Perdi  articles,  but  the  proceedings  were 
stopped  as  the  primate  was   unavoidably 
absent,  and  one  of  the  judges  befriended 
him.     In  1636  he  published '  Exercitationes 
Apologeticss  pro  Divina  Gratia,'  a  treatise 
against  Arminianism,  which  attracted  much 
attention.    There  is  a  tradition  (which  has 
a  certain  probability  in  its  favour)  that  Arch- 
bishop Ussher  paid  him  a  visit  in  disguise  at 
Anwoth,  but  was  discovered  and  officiated 
for  him  on  the  following  Sunday.    Thomas 
Sydserf  [q.  v.],  appointed  bishop  of  QaUoway 
in  1634,  had  frequent  interviews  with  Ruther- 
ford to  induce  him  to  conform,  but  without 
effect.    Upon  the  appearance  of  the  '  Exer- 
citationes   Sydserf  took  proceedings  a^^ainst 
him,  and,  after  a  preliminary  trial  at  Wigton, 
summoned  him  before  the  high  commission 
at  Edinburgh  in  July  1636,  when  he  was 
forbidden  to  exercise  his  ministry,  and  was 
ordered  to  reside  at  Aberdeen  during  the 
king's  pleasure.     Baillie,  in   hia  'Letters,' 
gpives   in    detail  the    causes  of  his  being 
silenced.    Qreat  efforts  were  made  by  Argyll 
and  other  notables  and  by  his  own  flock  to 
have  the  sentence  modified,  but  to  no  purpose, 
and  in  August  1636,  'convoyed'  by  a  number 


Rutherford 


497 


Rutherford 


of  AnwoUi  friends,  he  proceeded  to  Aberdeen. 
Butherford  gloried  in  his  trials,  but  it  was 
s  great  priTation  not  to  be  allowed  to  preach. 
'  1  had  but  one  eye/  he  says,  '  one  joy,  one 
delight,  ever  to  preach  Christ.'  In  exile  he 
caiTied  on  his  theological  studies,  and  en- 
nged  in  controversy  with  the  Aberdeen 
docton.  'Dr.  Barron '  (nrofessor  of  divinity), 
he  says,  'often  disputed  with  me,  especially 
about  Azminian  controversies  and  for  the 
oeremonies.  Three  yokings  laid  him  by  . . . 
BOW  he  hath  appointed  a  dispute  before 
witnesses.'  He  wrote  numerous  letters, 
chieflj  to  his  Galloway  friends.  After 
eighteen  months  of  exile  he  took  advan- 
tage of  the  covenanting  revolution  to  re- 
turn to  Anwoth.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  Glasgow  Assembly  of  1638,  and  by  the 
eommissioa  of  that  assembly  was  appomted 
professor  of  divinity  at  St.  Mary's  College, 
St.  Andrews.  He  was  reluctant  to  accept 
the  post,  and  petitions  against  his  removal 
were  sent  in,  one  from  his  parishioners, 
another  from  Galloway  generally.  In  the 
end  he  consented,  but  on  condition  that  he 
should  be  allowed  to  act  as  colleague  to 
I^bert  Blair  [q.  v.],  one  of  the  ministers  of 
the  city. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  covenanting  as- 
semblies in  following  vears,  and  took  an 
important  part  in  their  delib^tions,  though 
'he  was  never  disposed  to  say  much  m 
judicatories.'  One  of  the  burning  questions 
at  that  time  was  the  action  of  some  Scots, 
with  Brownist  leanings,  who  had  returned 
from  Ireland  and  troubled  the  church  by 
holding  private  religious  meetings,  and  by 
opposing  the  reading  of  prayers,  the  singing 
of  the  Uloria,  the  use  of  the  Lord's  Prayer, 
and  ministers  kneeling  for  mrivate  devotion 
on  entering  the  pulpit.  Kutherford  be- 
friended them  to  some  extent  on  account  of 
their  aeal.  In  1642  he  published  his  '  Plea 
for  Presbytery,'  a  defence  of  that  system 
against  independency. 

In  1648  ne  was  appointed  one  of  the 
oonuniasionerB  of  the  church  of  Scotland  to 
the  Westminster  Assembly.  He  went  to 
London  in  November  of  that  year,  and  re- 
mained there  for  the  next  four  years.  He 
preached  several  times  before  parliament, 
and  published  his  sermons.  He  also  pub- 
lished^ in  1644, '  Lex  Bex,'  a  political  trea- 
tise ;  in  1644, '  Due  Ri^ht  of  Presbyteries ; ' 
in  1645,  'Trial  and  Triumph  of  Faith;'  m 
1646,  'Divine  Ri^htof  Church  Government,' 
and  in  1647 '  Chnst  dyin^  and  drawing  Sin- 
ners to  Himsel£'  For  his  attacks  on  inde- 
pendency Milton  named  him  in  the  sonnet 
en  'The  new  Forcers  of  Conscience  under 
the  Long  Parliament.'    Butherford  took  a 

VOL.    XVII. 


prominent  part  in  the  Westminster  As- 
sembly, and  was  much  respected  for  his 
talents  and  learning.  In  November  1647, 
before  leaving  the  assembly,  he  and  the  other 
Scots  commissioners  were  thanked  for  their 
services. 

Butherford  then  resumed  his  duties  at 
St.  Andrews,  and  was  soon  afterwards 
made  principal  of  St.  Mary's.  In  1648  he 
publisned  '  A  Survey  of  the  Spiritual  Anti« 
Christ,'  a  treatise  aeainst  sectaries  and  en- 
thusiasts ; '  A  Free  Disputation  a^^ainst  pre- 
tended Liberty  of  Conscience,'  which  Bishop 
Heber  characterised  as  'perhaps  the  most 
elaborate  defence  of  persecution  which  has 
ever  appeared  in  a  protestant  country ; '  and 
'  The  Last  and  Heavenly  Speeches  of  Lord 
Kenmure.'  In  this  year  Butherford  was 
offered  a  divinity  professorship  at  Harder- 
wyck  in  Holland,  in  1649  a  similar  ap- 
pointment in  Edinburgh,  and  in  1661  he 
was  twice  elected  to  a  theological  chair  at 
Utrecht,  but  all  these  he  declined.  In  1651 
he  was  appointed  rector  of  the  university 
of  St.  Andrews,  and  in  that  year  he  pub- 
lished a  treatise  in  Latin, '  De  Divina  Provi- 
dentia.' 

On  returning  firom  London,  Butherford 
found  his  countrymen  divided  into  moderate 
and  rigid  covenanters,  and  he  took  part  with 
the  latter  in  opposing  the  '  engagement '  and 
in  overturning  the  government.  After  the 
death  of  Charles  I  tnere  was  a  coalition  of 
parties,  and  Charles  II  was  proclaimed  king. 
On  4  July  1650  Charles  visited  St.  An- 
drews, and  Butherford  made  a  Latin  speech 
before  him  'running  much  on  the  duty  of 
kings.'  He  afterwards  joined  with  the 
western  remonstrants  who  condemned  the 
treaty  with  the  king  as  sinfid,  and  opposed 
the  resolution  to  relax  the  laws  against  the 
engagers  so  as  to  enable  them  to  tane  part  in 
the  defence  of  the  country  against  Crom- 
well. Butherford  was  the  only  member  of 
the  presbytery  of  St.  Andrews  who  adhered 
to  their  protest.  When  the  assembly  met 
at  St.  Andrews  in  July  1651,  a  protesta- 
tion against  its  lawfulness  was  given  in  by 
him  and  twenty-two  others,  and  thus  began 
the  schism  which  mainly  brought  about 
the  restoration  of  episcopacy  ten  years 
later. 

The  last  decade  of  Butherford's  life  was 
spent  in  fighting  out  this  quarrel.  A  section 
of  the  protesters  went  over  to  Cromwell 
and  sectarianism,  but  he  testified  against 
those  'who  sinifully  complied  with  the 
usurpers/  against  the  encroachments  of  the 
English  on  the  courts  of  the  church,  'against 
their  usurpation,  covenant-breaking,  tolera- 
tion of  all  religion  and  corrupt  sectarian 


Rutherford 


498 


Rutherford 


ways/  On  tlie  other  lisnd  he  was  at  war 
with  those  of  his  own  house ;  his  colleagues 
in  the  coll^;e  were  all  against  him,  and  one 
of  them,  '  weaxj  of  his  plaee  exceedingly ' 
because  of '  his  daily  contentions '  with  the 
principal,  removed  to  another  college.  He 
preached  and  prayed  against  the  resolutionersy 
and  would  not  take  part  with  Blair  in  the 
holy  communion,  which  because  of  strife 
was  not  celebrated  at  St.  Andrews  for  six 
years.  In  1665  Rutherford  published  'The 
Covenant  of  Life  opened/  and  in  1668  'A 
Survey  of  the  Survey  of  Church  Discipline/ 
by  Mr.  Thomas  Hooker,  New  Enfflana.  In 
the  prefeuM  to  this  work  he  attacks  the  re- 
Bolutioners,  and  says  of  his  own  party^ '  we 
go  under  the  name  of  protesters,  troubled  on 
every  side,  in  the  streets,  pulpits,  in  divers 
synods  and  presbyteries,  more  than  under 
prelacy.'  The  last  work  he  gave  to  the  press 
was  a  practical  treatise  free  from  contro- 
versy, 'Influences  of  the  Life  of  Grace^' 
1659. 

After  the  Restoration  the  committee  of 
estates  ordered  Rutherford's  '  Lex  Rex '  to  be 
burnt  at  the  crosses  of  Edinburgh  and  St. 
Andrews,  deprived  him  of  his  offices,  and 
summoned  him  to  appear  before  parliament 
on  a  charge  of  treason ;  but  he  was  in  his  last 
illness,  and  unable  to  obey  the  citation.  In 
February  1661  he  emitted  '  a  testimony  to 
the  covenanting  work  of  reformation,'  and 
in  March  following  he  died,  in  raptures, 
testifying  at  intervals  in  favour  of  the  '  pro- 
testers/ out  forgiving  his  enemies.  His  last 
words  were  'Glory,  Glory  dwelleth  in 
Emmanuel's  land.'  He  was  buried  in  St. 
Andrews.  In  1842  a  fine  monument  was 
4%cted  to  his  memory  on  a  conspicuous  site 
m '  Sweet  Anwoth  by  the  Solway.'  Ruther- 
ford was  much  annoyed  when  he  heard  that 
collections  of  his  letters  were  being  made, 
and  copies  circulated.  They  were  published 
by  Mr.  Ward,  his  secretary,  in  1664,  were 
translated  into  Butch  in  1674,  and  have 
since  appeared  with  additions  and  expur^- 
tions  in  many  English  editions.  His  favourite 
topic  in  these  letters  is  the  union  of  Christ 
and  his  people  as  illustrated  by  courtship 
and  marriage,  and  the  language  is  sometimes 
coarse  and  indelicate.  He  left  in  manuscript 
'Examen  Arminianismi/  which  was  pub- 
lished at  Utrecht  in  1668,  also  a  catechism 
printed  in  Mitchell's  'Collection  of  Cate- 
chisms.' He  was  best  known  during  life  by 
his  books  against  Arminianism,  and  his  repu- 
tation since  has  rested  chiefly  on  his  letters. 
He  was  a  '  little  fair  man,'  and  is  said  to 
have  been  '  naturally  of  a  hot  and  fiery  tem- 
ner.'  He  was  certainly  one  of  the  most  per- 
fbrvid  of  Scotsmen,  but  seems  to  have  had 


little  of  that  humour  which  was  s^dom 
wanting  in  the  grimmest  of  his  contem- 
poraries. '  In  the  pulpit  he  had '  (says  a 
friend^ '  a  strange  utterance,  a  kind  of  skreigh 
that  I  never  heard  the  like.  Many  a  time 
I  thought  he  would  have  flown  out  of  the 
pulpit  when  he  came  to  speak  of  Jesus 
Chnst.'  His  abilities  were  01  a  high  order^ 
but  as  a  church  leader  by  his  narrowness 
he  helped  to  degrade  and  destroy  preeby* 
terianism  which  he  loved  so  well,  and  in 
controversy  he  was  too  often  bitter  and 
scurrilous  (see  e.g.  his  Preface  to  Lex  Bex\ 
With  all  his  faults,  his  honesty,  his  steao- 
fast  zeal,  and  his  freedom  from  persmul 
ambition  nve  him  some  claim  to  the  title 
that  has  been  given  him  of  the  '  saint  of 
the  covenant/ 

In  1680  his  first  wife  died.  In  1640  he 
married  Jean  M'Math,  who,  with  a  daughter 
Agnes,  survived  him.  All  lus  children  by  the 
first  marriage,  and  six  of  the  second,  pre- 
deceased him.  Agnes  married  W.  Chiesly, 
W.S.,  and  left  issue. 

[Lamont's  Diary;  Baillie's  Letters;  Blair^s 
Autobiogr.  (Wod.  Soc.^ ;  Crawford's  Hist,  of 
Univ.  of  Edin.;  life  by  Mnrray;  Records  of 
the  Kirk;  Sonar's  edition  of  Rntherford'a 
Letters.]  G-.  W.  a 


RUTHERFORD,  WILLIAM  (17^8  P- 
1871),  mathematician,  was  bom  about  1798. 
He  was  a  master  at  a  school  at  Woodbum 
from  1822  to  1825,  when  he  went  to  Hawick^ 
Roxburghshire,  and  he  was  afterwards  (1832- 
1837)  a  master  at  Corporation  Academy, 
Berwick.  In  1838  he  obtained  a  mathe- 
matical post  at  the  Royal  Military  Academy, 
Woolwich,  where  he  was  popular  with  his 
pupils.  His  mode  of  instruction  was  prac- 
tical and  clear.  Rutherford  was  a  member 
of  the  council  of  the  Royal  Astronomical 
Society  from  1844  to  1847,  and  honoraiy 
secretary  in  1845  and  1846.  He  is  said  to 
have  been  well  versed  in  both  theoretical  and 
practical  astronomy,  and  interested  in  the 
proceedings  of  the  society,  but  did  not  con- 
tribute to  its '  Transactions.'  He  sent  many 
problems  and  solutions  and  occasional  papers 
to  the '  Lady's  Diary '  from  1822  to  1869,  and 
also  contributed  to  the '  Gentlemen's  Diazy.' 
He  always  delighted  in  a  '  pretty  problem,*^ 
although  his  mathematical  studies  were  quite 
of  the  old  north-Ksountrv  type.  He  was  a 
friend  of  Woolhouse.  fie  retired  from  his 
post  at  Woolwich  about  1864,  and  died  on 
16  Sent.  1871,  at  his  residence,  Tweed  Cot- 
tage, Manron  Road,  Charlton,  at  the  age  of 
seventv-three. 

Rutherford  was  the  editor,  in  conjunction 
with  Stephen  Fenwiok  and  (for  the  fint 


Rutherforth 


499 


Rutherforth 


Tolume  only)  with  Thomas  Stephen  Dayies, 
of  *Tbie  Mathematician/  vol.  i.  1846,  toL  ii. 
1847,  Tol.  iii.  1850,  to  which  he  contributed 
many  papers.     He  edited '  Simson's  Euclid ' 
(1841, 1847)  and  Hutton's  'Course  of  Mathe- 
matics,' 'remodelled  for  R.  M.  A.,  Woolwich,' 
1841, 1846, 1854, 1860;  Bonnycastle's  '  Al- 
gebxa,'  with  William  Galbraith,  1848 ;  Tho- 
mas Csrrcnter'B  '  Arithmetic,'  1852,  1850 ; 
Tyson's  * ICey  to  Bonnycastle's  Arithmetic,' 
1660;  and  published :  1. '  Computation  of  fr 
to  208  Decimal  Places  (correct  to   158),' 
('PbtL  Trans.'),  1841.  2. '  Demonstration  of 
Pascal's   Theorem'    ('Phil.    Mag.*),    1848. 
3.  '  Theorems    in  Co-ordinate  Geometry ' 
('PhiL  Mag.')  1848.    4.  '  Elementary  Pro- 
positions in  the  Geometry  of  Co-ordmates ' 
(with  Stephen  Fenwick),  1848.    6. '  Earth- 
work Tables'  (with  G.  K.  Sibley),  1847. 
6.  '  Complete  Solution  of  Numerical  Equa- 
tions,' 1849.     7.  The  Arithmetic,  Algeora, 
and  Differential  and  Integral  Calculus  in 
'  OouTBe  of  Mathematics  for  R.M.A.  Wool- 
wich,' I860.     8.  'The  Extension  of  ir  to 
440  Places  '  ('Royal  Soc.  Proc'  1858,  p.  274). 
9.  'On  Statical  Friction  and  Heretments,' 
1859.    Among  several  mathematical  pam- 
phlets he  "wrote  one   on   the   solution   of 
gpheiical  triangles. 

pUonthly Notices  Royal  Astionom.  Soc.  1871- 
1872,  p.  146;  Allibone;  Brit.  Mus.  Cat.;  in- 
formation from  Mr.  W.  J.  Miller,  Richmond-on- 
Thames.]  W.  P.  8. 

RUTHERFORTH,    THOMAS,     D.D. 
(1712-1771),  regius  professor  of  divinity  at 
Cambridge,  was  the  son  of  Thomas  Ruther- 
forth, rector  of  Papworth  Everard,  Cam- 
bridgeshirey  who  had    made  large  manu- 
script collections   for   a   history   of  that 
county.      He  was  bom   at  Papworth  St. 
A^es,  Cambridgeshire,  on  8  Oct.  1712,  re- 
ceived his  education  at  Huntingdon  school 
nnder  Mr.  Matthews,  and  was  admitted  a 
nzar   of  St.    John's   College,   Cambridge, 
6  April  1726.    He  proceeded  B.A.  in  1729, 
commenced  M.A.  in  1783,  served  the  office 
of  junior  taxor  or  moderator  in  the  schools 
in  1736,  and  graduated  B.D.  in  1740.    On 
38  Jan.  1741-2  he  was  elected  a  member  of 
the  Gentlemen's  Society  at  Spalding,  and 
on  27  Jan.  1742-8  he  was  elected  a  fellow 
of  the  Roy^  Society  (Thomson,   C^rtmo^ 
logical  .List,  p.  xliii).     He  taught  physical 
science  privately  at  Cambridge,  and  issued 
in  1748  'Ordo  InstitutionumPhysicarum.'  In 
1745  he  was  appointed  regius  professor  of 
divinity   at  Cambridge,  and  created  D.D. 
His  disaertation  on  that  occasion,  concenmur 
the  sacrifice  of  Isaac  as  a  type  of  Christ^ 
death,  was  published  in  Latin,  and  elicited  a 


reply- from  Joseph  Edwards,  M.A.  He  be- 
came chaplain  to  Frederick,  prince  of  Wales, 
and  afterwards  to  the  princess  dowager.  He 
also  became  rector  or  Shenfield,  Essex,  and 
was  instituted  to  the  rectory  of  Barley, 
Hertfordshire,  13  April  1751  (Clttttebbuck, 
Hertfordshire,  iii.  887,  388).  On  28  Nov. 
1762  he  was  presented  to  the  archdeaconry 
of  Essex  (Lb  Nbvb,  Fastif  ed.  Hardy,  ii. 
337).  He  died  in  the  house  of  his  wife's 
brother,  Sir  Anthony  Abdy,  on  5  Oct.  1771, 
and  was  buried  in  the  chancel  of  Barley 
church;  a  memorial  slab  placed  over  his 
tomb  was  removed  in  1871  to  the  west  wall 
of  the  south  aisle. 

Cole  says  that  Rutherforth  'was  pitted 
with  the  smallpox,  and  very  yellow  or 
sallow  complexioned.'  He  married  Char- 
lotte Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Sir  William 
Abdy,  hart.,  and  left  one  son,  Thomas 
Abdy  Rutherforth,  who  became  rector  of 
Theydon  Gamon,  Essex,  and  died  on  14  Oct. 
1798. 

Besides  single  sermons,  tracts,  charges, 
and  a  paper  read  before  the  Gentlemen's 
Society  at  Spalding,  on  Plutarch's  descrip- 
tion of  the  mstrument  used  to  renew  the 
Vestal  fire  (cf.  Nichols,  Lit  Anecd,  ii.  196), 
Rutherforth  published :  1.  '  An  Essay  on  the 
Nature  and  Obligations  of  Virtue,'  Cam- 
bridge, 1744,  4to;  of  this  Mrs.  Catherine 
Cocfibum  wrote  a  confutation,  which  War- 
burton,  afterwards  bishop  of  Gloucester, 
published  with  a  preface  of  his  own  as  '  Re- 
marks upon . . .  Dr.  Rutherforth's  Essay  ...  in 
Vindication  of  the  contraiy  Principles  and 
Reasonings  inforced  in  the  Writings  of  the 
late  Dr.  Samuel  Clarke,'  1747.  2.  <  A  System 
of  Natural  Philosophy,  being  a  Course  of 
Lectures  in  Mechanics,  Optics,  Hydrostatics, 
and  Astronomy,' 2  vols.  Cambridge,  1748, 4to. 
8.  *  A  Defence  of  the  Bishop  of  London  [T. 
Sherlock]'s  Discourses  concerning  the  use 
and  intent  of  Prophecy ;  in  a  Letter  to  Dr. 
Middleton;'  2nd  edit.  London,  1760,  8vo. 
4.  'The  Credibility  of  Miracles  defended 
against  [David  Hume]  the  Author  of  Philo- 
sophical Essays,'  Cambridge,  1761,  4to. 
6.  'Institutes  of  Natural  Law;  being  the 
substance  of  a  Course  of  Lectures  on  Grotius 
de  Jure  Belli  et  Pacis,'  2  vols.  Cambridge, 
1764-6,  8vo;  second  American  edit,  care- 
fully revised,  Baltimore,  1832,  8vo.  6.  'A 
Letter  to  .  .  .  Mr.  Kennicott,  in  which  his 
Defence  of  the  Samaritan  Pentateuch  is  ex- 
amined, and  his  second  Dissertation  on  the 
State  of  the  printed  Hebrew  Text  of  the 
Old  Testament  is  shewn  to  be  in  mairy  in- 
stances Injudicious  and  Inaccurate,'  Cam- 
bridge, 17ol,  8vo.  Eennicott  published  in 
1762  an  answer,  to  which  Rutherforth  at 

kk2 


Rutherfurd 


500 


Rutherfurd 


jonce  retorted  in  '  A  Second  Letter.'  7.  '  A 
Vindication  of  the  Right  of  Protestant 
Churches  to  require  the  Clergy  to  sahscribe 
to  an  established  Confession  of  Faith  and 
Doctrines,  in  a  Charge  delivered  at  a  Visitation 
in  July  1766/  Cambridge  [1766],  8vo.  '  An 
Examination '  of  this  charge  *  by  a  Clergyman 
of  the  Church  of  England '  [[Benjamin  Daw- 
son] reached  a  fifth  ^ition  in  1767.  8.  '  A 
Second  Vindication  of  the  Right  of  Protes- 
tant Churches/  &c.y  Cambridge,  1766,  8vo. 
This  was  also  answered  anonymously  by  Daw- 
son. 9.  'A  Defence  of  a  Charge  concern- 
ing Subscriptions,  in  a  Letter  to  [F.  filack- 
bume]  the  Author  of  the  Confessional/ 
Cambridge,  1767,  8yo«  This  caused  further 
controversy. 

[Addit.  MS.  5879,  f.  62 ;  Brydges's  Restitata, 
iii.  224,  iy.  230,  283,  401 ;  Batterworth's  Lav 
Oat.  p.  178 ;  Mrs.  Catherine  Cockbnm's  Works, 
ii.  326,  and  Life  prefixed,  p.  xlv;  Cooke's 
Preacher's  Assistant,  ii.  291;  Gent.  Mag.  1771, 
p.  475,  1780,  p.  226,  1798,  ii.  913;  Georgian 
Era,  i.  503 ;  Hatton's  Philoeopbical  and  Mathe- 
onatical  Diet.  ii.  344 ;  Le  Neve's  Fasti  (Hardy), 
lii.  643,  656;  Nichols's  Literary  Anecdotes, 
'ii.  196-8,  705,  yi.361 ;  Account  of  the  Gentle- 
men's Society  at  Spalding  (1784),  pp.  xxxiv, 
.xxxr.]  T.  C. 

RUTHERFURD,  ANDREW,  Lobd 
RuTUEBFUBD  (1791-1854),  Scottish  judge, 
bom  on  13  Dec.  1791,  was  educated  at  uie 
high  school  and  university  of  Edinburgh. 
*  T£rough  '  his  mother  Mrs.  Janet  Bervie  ne 
was  descended  from  the  old  Scottish  house 
-^i  Rutherfurd,  and  he  and  the  other  mem- 
bers of  his  family  assumed  this  patronymic ' 
(Bx>QiSB8,  Monuments  and  Monumental  In' 
ascriptions  in  Scotland^  1871,  i.  131).  Ruther- 
furd passed  advocate  on  27  June  1812,  and 
jrapidly  acquired  a  great  junior  practice.  On 
a  June  18o3  he  was  appointed  a  member  of 
the  commission  of  inquiry  into  the  state  of 
the  laws  and  judicatories  of  Scotland  ^see 
Pari,  Papers^  1834  xxvi.,  1835  xxxv.,  1838 
xzix.,  1840  zx.)  He  was  described  by  Cock- 
burn  in  November  1834  as  '  beyond  all  com- 
parison the  most  eminent  person  now  in  the 
profession '  (Journal^  1874,  i.  77).  He  suc- 
ceeded John  Cunninghams  as  solicitor-gene- 
ral for  Scotland  in  Lord  Melbourne's  second 
administration  on  18  July  1837  {London 
Gazette^  1837,  ii.  1833).  He  was  promoted 
to  the  post  of  lord  advocate  in  the  room  of 
Sir  John  Archibald  Murray  on  20  April  1839 
(td.  1839,  i.  857),  and  in  the  same  month  was 
elected  to  the  House  of  Commons  as  mem- 
ber for  Leith  Burghs,  which  he  continued  to 
represent  until  his  elevation  to  the  judicial 
bench.  He  made  his  maiden  speech  in  the 
House   of  Commons  during  a  debate    on 


Scottish  business  on  3   July  1839  (Pari 
Debates,   3rd   ser.    zlviii.  1158,  1168-70). 
On  7  Feb.  1840  he  made  an  able  reply  to  Sir 
Edward  Sugden  during  the  adjourned  de- 
bate on  the  question  of  privilege  arising  out 
of  the  case  of  Stockdale  v.  Hansard  (ib.  Srd 
ser.  lii.  25-33).    During  this  session  he  con- 
ducted the  bill  for  the  amendment  of  the 
Scottish  law  of  evidence  (3  &  4  Vict.  aw.  59) 
throuffh  the  House  of  Commons.     He  re- 
signed office  with  the  rest  of  his  colleagues 
on  the  accession  of  Sir  Robert  Peel  to  power 
in  September  1841.    Cockbum,  in  a  review 
of  Rutherfurd's  official  career,  records,  under 
27  Sept.  of  this  year :  '  Rutherfurd  has  made 
an  excellent  Lord  Advocate,  but  far  lew  a 
speaker  than  in  other  respects.    The  whole 
business  part  of  his  office  has  been  done  ad- 
mirably, out  he  has  scarcely  fulfilled  the 
expectations  which  his  reputation  had  ex- 
cited as  a  parliamentary  debater  or  mana^. 
.  .  .  Yet  the  House  of  Commons  contains 
few  more  able  or  eloquent  men '  (Joumalj  1. 
307).    In  March  1843  he  urged  m  vain  the 
expediency  of  considering  the  petition  of  the 
general  assembly  of  the  churcn  of  Scotland, 
and  warned  the  house  that  unless  the  peti- 
tion was  granted  '  a  schism  would  almost 
inevitably  be  created    in   Scotland  which 
would  never  be  cured  *  (Pari.  Hist.  3rd  ser. 
Ixvii.  394-411).    On  31  July  1843  he  op- 
posed the  second  reading  of  Sir  James  Gra- 
nam's  Scotch  Benefices  Bill,  the  only  effect 
of  which  he  declared '  would  be  to  deprive 
the  Church  of  any  small  claim  it  miffht 
have  on  the  affections  of  the  people '  {ib,  ord 
ser.  Ixxi.  32-44).    In  the  following  session 
he  supported  Fox-Maule*s  bill  for  tne  aboli- 
tion of  tests  in  Scottish  universities  {ib,  3rd 
ser.  Ixxiv.  480-6).     He  was  chosen  lord 
rector  of  Glasgow  University  on  16  Nov. 
1844  by  a  majority  of  three  nations,  his  op- 
ponent beinff  Lord  Eglinton.     He  was  in- 
stalled on  10  Jan.  1845,  when  he  '  made  a 
judicious  and  pleasant  address,  in  his  style 
of  pure  and  elevated  thought  and  finished 
expression '  {Journal  of  Henry  Cdckbum,  iL 
98).    On  16  April  1845  he  spoke  in  favour 
of  the  Maynooth  grant,  thouffh  '  he  knew 
that  he  was  delivering  an  opinion  against 
the  sentiments  of  many  of  his  constituents ' 
(Pari.  Debates,  3rd  ser.  Ixxii.  831-8).    On 
the  1st  of  the  following  month  he  brought 
in  a  bill  for  regulating  admission  to  the 
secular  chairs  of  the  Scottish  universities 
{ib,  3rd  ser.  Ixxx.  11-16).     So  ffood  was  his 
speech  on  this  occasion  that  *  it  liad  the  rare 
effect  of  changing  the  previously  announced 
resolution  of  ffovemment  to  refuse  the  leave  * 
(CocKBTTRN,  JoumeUf  ii.  1 1 1).     The  bill  was, 
however,  subsequently  defeated  on  the  se- 


Rutherfurd 


SOI 


Rutherfurd 


cond  reading  in  spite  of  Maoaulay's  eloquent 
appeal  on  its  behalf.   On  2  Dec.  1845  Rather* 
fara  and  Macaulay  addreaaed  a  public  meet* 
ing  in  Edinburgh  in  favour  of  the  abolition 
of  the  com  laws  (ib.  ii.  188).    Rutherfurd 
▼as  reappointed  lord  advocate  on  the  for- 
mation of  Lord  John  Ruaaeira  first  admini- 
itration  (6  July  1846).    Owing  to  Ruther- 
fiiid'sexertions,  five  acts  dealing  with  Scottish 
law  reform  were  passed  during  the  following 
sessioo.    These  were  about  services  of  heirs 
(10  ft  11  Vict.  cap.  47),  the  transference  of 
heritages  not  held  in  burgage  tenure  (cap. 
48),  the  transference  of  those  neld  in  burgage 
(cap.  49),  the  transference  of  heritable  secu- 
ritiee  for  debt  (cap.  50),  and  about  crown 
charters  and  precepts  from  chancery  (cap.  51). 
He  failed,  however,  to  pass  his  Registration 
and  Marriage  bills  {Pari,  D^Kctes,  8rd  ser.  xc. 
386-7,  zciii.  280-8).    On  28  June  1847  he 
was  nominated  a  member  of  the  commission 
apj^inted  to  inquire  into  '  the  state  and  ope- 
ration of  the  law  of  marriage  as  relating  to  the 
prohibited  decrees  of  afiinity  and  to  mar- 
riages solemnised  abroad  or  in  the  British 
colonies  *  (see  Pari  Papers,  1847-8  xxviii., 
1860  XX.}    On  24  Feb.  1848  he  moved  for 
leave  to  oring  in  a  bill  to  amend  the  law  of 
entail  in  Scotland,  the  object  of  which,  he 
explained,  was  'to  get  nd  of  an  absurd 
and  prepoeterous  system  which  had  been  the 
curse  of  the  country  for  160  years '  {ib,  8rd 
«ec  xcvi.  1307-18).    The  credit  of  this  im- 
portant measure,  which  received  the  royal 
assent  on  14  Aug.  1848  (11  &  12  Vict.  cap. 
36),  belongs  entirely  to  Rutherfurd.     On 
20  June  1849  he  sujyported  the  second  read- 
ing of  Stuart- Wortley's  bill  to  amend  the 
law  of  marriage  (Pari.  Debates,  8rd  ser.  cvi. 
613-16),  and  on  9  July  he  nrged  the  house 
to  pass  the  Scotch  nuuriage  bill  which  had 
received  the  sanction  of  the  House  of  Lords 
no  fewer  than  three  times  (tb.  cvii.  8,  9- 
18,  87).     During  the  following  session  he 
conducted  the  Scotch  Police  and  Improve- 
ment of  Towns  Bill  (18  &  14  Vict.  cap.  88) 
through  the  commons.    He  spoke  for  the  last 
time  m  the  house  on  16  May  1850  (ParL 
Mist.  8rd  ser.  cxi.  146-7).  At  the  commence- 
ment of  1851  Rutherfurd  was  seized  with  a 
severe  attack  of  illness.    On  7  April  1851 
he  WBB  appointed  an  ordinair  lord  of  session 
in  the  place  of  Sir  James  Wellwood  Mon« 
creiff  [q.T.]    He  was  sworn  a  member  of 
the  privy  council  on  5  May  following  (London 
Gazette,  1851,  i.  981,  1196),  and  took  his 
seat  on  the  bench,  with  the  title  of  Lord 
Hatherfard,  on  the  28rd  of  the  same  month. 
He   died    at  his  residence  in   St.  Golme 
Street,  Edinburgh,  after  an  illness  of  some 
nonthB,  on  18 1^  1854^  and  was  buried  on 


the  20th  in  the  Dean  cemetery,  under  a 
pyramid  of  red  granite.  He  married,  on 
lo  April  1822,  Sophia  Fnuices,  youngest 
daughter  of  Sir  James  Stewart,  hart.,  of  Fort 
Stewart,Ramelton,co.  Donegal;  she  died  at 
Lauriston  Castle,  Kincardineshire,  on  10  Oct. 
1852.  There  were  no  children  of  the  mar* 
riage.  His  nephew.  Lord  Rutherfurd  Clark, 
was  a  judge  of^court  of  session  from  1875  to 
1896.  The  fine  library  which  Rutherfurd 
formed  at  Lauriston  was  sold  in  Edinburgh 
by  T.  Nisbet  on  22  March  1855  and  the  '  ten 
following  lawful  days'  (Gent.  Mag,  1855,  i. 
891 ,  502).  His  Glasgow  speech  will  be  found 
in  'Inaugural  Addresses  delivered  by  Lords 
Rectors  of  the  University  of  Glasgow,'  1848, 
pp.  147-57. 

Although  Rutherfurd's  manner  was  af« 
footed  and  artificial,  he  was  an  admirable 
speaker  and  a  powerful  advocate.  '  In  legal 
acuteness  and  argument,  for  which  his  pecu« 
liar  powers  gave  him  a  j^reat  predilection,  he 
was  superior  to  both  his  friends,  Cockbum 
and  Jeffirey'  (SiB  Abohibald  Alisoit,  lAfe 
and  Writings,  1888,  i.  280).  He  was  a  pro- 
found lawyer,  a  successful  law-reformer,  and 
an  accomplished  scholar.  He  could  read 
Greek  witn  ease,  and  he  possessed  an  extra- 
ordinary knowledge  of  Italian.  Aocordinff  toi 
Sir  James  Lacaita,  Rutherfurd  'and  Mr*. 
Gladstone  were  the  only  two  Englishmen^ 
he  had  ever  known  who  could  conquer  the 
difficulty  of  obsolete  Italian  dialects'  (J2e- 
collections  of  Dean  Boyle,  1895,  p.  27).    Iw 

Erivate  life  he  was  a  delig[htful  companion, 
ut  as  a  public  man  he  incurred  unpopu-« 
larity  owing  to  his  unconciliatory  and  some- 
what haughty  demeanour. 

There  is  a  portrait  of  Rutherfurd,  by  Col- 
vin  Smith,  in  JParliament  House,  Edinburgh^ 
where  there  is  also  a  bust,  by  Brodie.  A, 
portrait,  by  Sir  John  Watson  Gordon,  is  iik 
the  National  Gkillery  of  Scotland.  Another 
portrait,  by  the  last-named  artist,  belongs 
to  the  Leith  town  council. 

[Besides  the  authorities  quoted  in  the  text  the 
following  have  been  consulted :  Mrs.  €K>rdon'a 
Memoir  of  Christopher  North,  1862,  i.  185,  ii» 
248-9,  367-6,  867  ;  Anderson's  Scottish  Nation ». 
1863,  iii.  892-3 ;  Grant's  Old  and  New  Edin. 
burgh,  ii.  98,  156,  174,  iii.  68,  111 ;  Scotsman, 
16  Dec.  1864 ;  Times,  16  Dee.  1864 ;  Illustrated 
London  News,  23  Dec  1854 ;  Gent.  Mag.  1852 
ii.  656,  1866  i.  194-6;  Annual  Register,  1854, 
App.  to  Chron.  p.  378  ;  Scots  Mag.  1822,  i.  694; 
IiTing*8  Book  of  Scotsmen,  1881,  p.  466  ;  Foster's 
Members  of  Parliament,  Scotland,  1882,  p.  801 ; 
Official  Return  of  Lists  of  Members  of  Parlia* 
ment,  ii.  874,  392,  409;  Notes  and  Queries^ 
8th  ser.  Tii.867;  Haydn's  Book  of  Dignities, 
1890.]  a.  F.  B.  B» 


Ruthven 


502 


Ruthven 


RUTHVEN,  ALEXANDER  (1580 P- 
1000^,  master  of  RathTen,  third  son  of 
WiUiam,  fourth  lord  Ruthven  and  first  earl 
of  (Jowrie  [q.  v.l  and  Dorothea  Stewart, 
was  bom  probably  in  December  1560,  and 
was  baptised  on  22  Jan.  1580-1.  Like  his 
brother  John,  third  earl  of  Gowrie  fq.  t.], 
he  was  educated  at  the  grammar  school  of 
Perth,  and  afterwards,  imder  the  special 
superintendence  of  Principal  Robert  Rollock 
[q.  v.],  at  the  luiiyersity  of  Edinburgh. 
He  became  a  gentleman  of  the  bedchamber 
to  James  VI^  and  was  a  fSeLYOurite  and  even 
the  reputed  lover  of  the  queen.  Accord* 
ing  to  tradition,  he  received  on  one  occa- 
sion from  the  queen  a  ribbon  she  had  got 
from  the  king,  and  having  gone  into  the 
garden  at  Falkland  Palace  on  a  sultry  day, 
and  fallen  asleep,  his  breast  became  acci- 
dentally exposed,  and  the  ribbon  was  seen 
by  the  King,  in  passing,  about  his  neck  below 
the  cravat  (Pinkerton's  '  Dissertation  on  the 
Gh>wrie  Conspiracy'  in  Malcolm  Laing's 
Hist  of  Scotland,  1st  edit.  i.  583).  For 
whatever  reason,  Ruthven,  either  before  or 
after  the  return  of  his  brother  to  Scotland  in 
May  1600,  left  the  court,  and  he  was  present 
with  his  brother  during  the  hunting  in  Stra- 
bran  in  the  following  July.  If  we  accept  the 
genuineness  of  the  correspondence  of  the 
earl  with  Robert  Logan  [q.  v.],  the  master 
was  also  at  the  time  engaged  in  maturing  a 
plot  for  the  capture  of  the  icing.  According 
to  the  official  account  of  the  conspiracy,  the 
visit  of  Ruthven  to  the  king  at  lalkland  on 
the  morning  of  5  Aug.  was  totally  unex- 
pected ;  but  the  entries  in  the  treasurer's 
accounts  seem  rather  to  bear  out  the  state- 
ment that  he  went  to  Falkland  on  the 
summons  of  the  king.  Gowrie's  chamberlain, 
Andrew  Henderson,  Hhe  man  in  armour/ 
stated  that  Ruthven  set  out  for  Perth  after 
a  conference  on  the  previous  evening  with 
Gowrie,  and  took  Henderson  with  him; 
but  there  is  no  other  evidence  as  to  this, 
and  the  king  asserted  that  he  was  igno- 
rant that  'any  man  living  had  come'  with 
Ruthven.  According  to  the  officifd  account, 
when  the  kinff,  between  six -and  seven  in 
the  morning  of  5  Aug.,  was  about  to  mount 
his  horse  to  beffin  Duck-hunting,  he  was 
suddenly  accosted  by  Ruthven,  who  informed 
him  that  he  had  ridden  in  haste  from  Perth 
to  bring  him  important  news.  This  was  that 
he  had  accidentally  met  outside  the  town  of 
Perth  a  man  unknown  to  him,  who  had  (con- 
cealed below  his  arm^  a  large  jK)t  of  coined 
gold  in  great  pieces.  Tnis  mysterious  stranger 
e  had  left  bound  in  a  'priviedemed[i.e.  con- 
cealed] house,'  and  his  pot  with  him,  and  he 
naw  impetuously  requested  the  king — ^if  the 


king's  testimony  is  to  be  accepted — ^  with  all 
diligence  and  secrecy'  to  'take  order  there- 
with before  any  one  knew  thereof.'  The  long 
became  convinced  of  the  truth  of  the  Strang 
story,  and,  after  a  long  process  of  scholastic 
quibbling  as  to  his  duty  in  the  matter,  ulti- 
mately persuaded  himself,  although  Ruthven 
a{>parently  brought  no  information  as  to  the 
mint  of  the  great  pieces,  that '  it  was  foreign 
coin  broughtin  by  practising  Jesuits,' and  tlmt 
the  matter  therefore  demanded  his  personal 
inquiry.  At  first,  however,  he  merely  stated 
to  Ruthven  that  he  would  give  him  a  definite 
answer  at  the  'end  of  the  hunt;' and — so 
the  kin^  asserted — ^it  was  only  by  the  in- 
cessant importuning  of  Ruthven  that  he  was 
induced  to  ride  off  with  him  to  Perth  as  soon 
as  the  hunt  ended.  The  king  further  asserted 
that  Ruthven  strongly  urged  him  not  to  take 
any  attendants  with  him,  or,  if  he  thought 
this  necessary,  not  to  take  Lennox  or  Mar, 
but '  only  three  orfour  of  his  own  mean  ser- 
vants ; '  but  the  king,  struck — and  justly  so,  if 
Ruthven  did  make  this  suspicious  proviso— 
by  his  anxiety  on  this  point,  consulted  Lennox, 
mentioning  also  the  character  of  the  errand 
on  which  he  was  bound.  Lennox  did  not  think 
that  Ruthven  could  cherish  any  evil  inten- 
tions, but  the  king  nevertheless  desired  Len- 
nox without  fail  to  follow  him.  In  any  case 
Lennox  and  Mar,  with  a  considerable  number 
of  attendants,  did  not  fail  to  follow  the  king, 
and  gradually  came  up  with  him.  When  tl^y 
were  about  a  mile  from  Perth,  Ruthven  rode 
forward  to  inform  his  brother  of  the  king's 
approach.  This  is  the  one  indisputable  fact. 
Tne  whole  story  of  the  pot  of  gold  rests 
solely  on  the  evidence  of  the  king,  and  if 
Ruthven  did  manufacture  the  strange  narra- 
tive, and  conduct  himself  in  his  interview 
with  the  king  in  the  fashion  described,  the 
king  displayed  a  marvellous  simplicity  in 
allowing  himself  to  be  made  Ruthven's 
dupe.  When  it  is  remembered  also  that 
the  king  was  at  this  time  greatly  in  Gow- 
rie's  debt,  his  belief  in  the  earnest  anxiety 
of  Ruthven  to  deliver  the  pot  of  gold 
into  the  royal  hands  becomes  more  inex- 
plicaUfi. 

After  dinn^  in  Gowrie's  house  the  king 
left  the  table  accompanied  by  Ruthven,  but, 
instead  of  proceeding  to  the  '  privie  d«med 
house,'  passed  into  an  upper  chamber,  which 
Ruthven  locked  on  entering.     What  took 

Elace  in  that  upper  chamber  between  the 
ing  and  Ruthven  was  witnessed  hj  not 
more  than  two  persons,  Henderson,  the  '  man 
in  armour,'  who  according  to  his  own  account 
had  been  stationed  in  the  room  by  Gowrie, 
with  orders  to  do  whatever  the  master  might 
require  of  him,  and  Sir  John  Ramsay  (after- 


Ruthven 


503 


Ruthven 


wai^s  Earl  <^  Holderoefle)  [q.  ▼.!  to  whom 
the  master  owed  liia  death.    It  haa,  how- 
wv,  been  argued  that  there  never  was  a 
<  man  in  aimour '  in  the  chamber,  but  that  he 
was  HiTented  hj  the  king  in  order  to  obtain 
indopendent  endenoe  re^urding  the  death  of 
the  master.    In  support  of  this  theory  it  has 
been  urged  that,  although  Henderson  was 
well  known  to  the  king,  and  his  being  in 
aimour— if  he  were  in  armour — must  have 
been  known  to  other  serrants  of  Qowrie,  it 
wes  at  first  found  impossible  to  identify  the 
man  in  armouri  notwithstanding  that  many 
Misons  were  arrested  on  suspicion,  until 
Menderson  voluntarily  came  forward,  and 
Uus  through  Patrick  Galloway,  with  whom 
presumably  he  made  aome  kind  of  bargain, 
end  dedared  that  he  was  the  person  sought 
ior ;  and,  secondly,  that  the  story  of  Hender- 
eoQ  is  in  itself  strangely  confused  and  oon- 
tndietcxy,  his  passivity  at  certain  stages  of 
the  straggle  contrastix^  almost  inexplicably 
with  his  occasional  flasnes  of  energetic  de^ 
eisioo.     According  to  the  official  account, 
Buthven,  after   locking  the   door  of  the 
chamber,  drew  a  dagger  from  the  girdle  of 
the  *  man  in  armour,'  and  holding  it  at  the 
long's  breast,  swore  that  '  he  behoved  to  be 
at  ius  will,'  and  that  if  he  opened  the  window 
or  ciied  out,  the  dagger  would  be  plunged 
mtohis  heart.    Henoerson,  however,  ssserts 
that  but  for  his  internosition  the  king  would 
have  been  immediately  despatched :  that  he 
threw  the  dagger  out  of  Buthven's  hand  as 
he  was  about  to  strike  home.    In  further 
coatndiction  of  the  statement  of  Henderson, 
theoffidnl  account  affirms  that  while  Ruthven 
continued  standing  with  his  drawn  dagger 
in  his  hajid  and  his  sword  by  his  side,  the 
king  made  him  a  long  harangue  on  his  un- 
grateful and  heinous  conduct,  which  ap- 
peared so  to  move  him  that  he  went  out  pro- 
■Bisedly  to  consult  his  brother,  the  Ean  of 
Oowrie,  after  causing  the  king  to  swear  nei- 
ther meanwhile  to  open  the  window  nor  to  cry 
out.    With,  acmpulotts  rmrd  for  the  letter 
of  his  oathy  the  kmg  prevaued  on  Henderson 
to  do  Imn  the  favour  to  open  the  window, 
but  refrained  from  asking  him  to  give  an 
alarm,  although  from  the  utuation  of  the 
room,  strangelv  chosen  as  it  was  for  a  con- 
ten^^Iated  &ea  of  .vielence,  an  alarm  would 
•at  once  have :  proved  effectual.    It  has  been 
snppoaed  tihat  one  reason  why  the  master 
went  out  was  to  spread  the  xeoort  that  the 
kinff  had  left  Gowzie  House.    On  his  return 
to&e  dutfnber  he  did  not  bring  his  brother 
with  hisay  aa  he  had  nromised,  out  affirmed 
that  there  was  no  h4^  for  it,  but  that  the 
king  moat  die.    He,  however,  proceeded  first 
to  go  tltfough  the  unnecessary  formality  of 


binding  him  with  a  garter ;  but  this  Hender- 
son  affirms  he  prevented  by  snatchiog  the 
garter  from  Kuthven's  hands.  Nevertheless 
Henderson,  on  his  own  confession,  stood  a 
passive  spectator  while  the  kinfp  and  Ruthven 
were  in  grips,  and  took  no  part  m  the  struggle 
except  that  he  withdrew  Ruthven's  hands 
from  the  king's  mouth,  so  as  to  permit  the 
^^g  to  give  the  alarm  at  the  window.  In 
the  course  of  the  struggle  the  king,  accord- 
ing to  his  own  account,  practically  mastered 
Ruthven,  dragging  him  first  to  the  window, 
whence,  holding  out  his  hand,  he  oalled  for 
help,  and  then  dragging  him  back  and  out 
of  tne  chamber  through  the  door,  which  had 
been  left  open  by  Ruthven  on  his  second 
entry,  to  the  door  of  the  *  turnpike.'  Here 
the  king  was  just  drawing  his  sword  to 
despatch  Ruthven,  when  Sir  John  Ramsay, 
having  heard  the  king's  cries,  rushed  in,  and 
the  king  exclaiming  'Fy,  strike  him  high, 
because  he  has  a  cluiyne  doublet  iipon  him, 
Ramsay  struck  him  once  or  twice  with  his 
dagger.  The  king  continued  to  hold  him 
some  time  in  his  grip,  until  the  *  other  man,' 
who,  accustomed  though  he  was  to  act  with 
decision  in  the  apprenension  of  Highland 
desperadoes,  had  borne  himself  throughout 
as  tne  veriest  poltroon, '  withdrew  himselL' 
Immediately  on  his  withdrawal  the  king 
'took  the  said  Master  Alexander  by  the 
shoulders,  and  shot  him  down  the  stair,  who 
was  no  sooner  shot  out  at  the  door  but  he 
was  met  hj  Sir  Thomas  Erskine  and  Sir 
Hew  Hemes,  who  there  upon  the  stairs 
ended  him.'  As  he  was  struck  he  exclaimed, 
<  Alas  I  I  had  no  wjte  [blame]  of  it.'  One 
difficulty  in  acceptmg  the  kin^s  version  is 
that  it  represents  him  as  playing  a  part  for 
which  to  all  appearance  he  was  physically 
unfit,  Ruthven  being  a  hardy  athletic  youth, 
and,  as  was  said,  ^  thrice  as  strong  as  the 
king.'  Ruthven's  own  account  of  the  reason 
of  the  king's  visit  was,  as  given  by  Cran- 
stoun,  Gowrie's  servant,  that '  Robert  Aber- 
crombie,  that  false  knave,  had  brought  the 
king  there  to  make  his  majesty  take  order 
for  iiis  debts.'  Gowrie's  estates  were  then 
burdened  with  debts  on  account  of  money 
Advanced  out  of  his  father's  own  pocket, 
while  treasurer,  on  behalf  of  the  government 
[see  under  Ruthven,  John,  third  £abl]  ;  but 
as  Gowrie  had  no  private  interview  with  the 
king,  it  is  unlikely  that  the  king  broached 
the  subject  of  the  earl's  debts  to  Ruthven  in 
the  upper  chamber.  The  general  opinion 
at  the  tane  was  that  the  discoverv  of  some 
affection  between  the  queen  and  the  Earl  of 
Gowrie's  brother  *  was  the  truest  motive  of 
the  tragedy'  (Winwood,  MemoriaU,  i.  274). 
On  this  supposition  it  ia  possible  that  tHa 


Ruthven 


504 


Ruthven 


king  taxed  Ruthyen  with  his  intimacy  with 
the  queen,  that  in  consequence  they  in  some 
way  or  other  *  got  into  gnps/  and  that  Ruth- 
yen  was  slain  by  Eamsay  somewhat  in  the 
manner  described  by  the  king.  Another 
theory  is  that  the  king's  account  of  Ruth- 
yen's  procedure  is  substantially  correct,  but 
that  Kuthyen  was  labouring  imder  insanity. 
Either  of  these  theories  seems  at  least  as 
probable  as  that  there  was  a  conspiracy  to 
carry  off  the  king  to  Fort  Castle,  and  subse- 
quently to  England.  The  legal  processes 
against  Ruthyen  were  identical  with  those 
against  his  brother  John,  third  earl  of  Qowrie 
[q.  y.] 

[For  authorities  see  under  RuTHysN,  John, 
third  Eabl  of  Gowrib.]  T.  F.  H. 

RUTHVEN,  EDWARD  SOUTH- 
WELL (1772-1886),  Irish  politician,  bom 
in  1772,  was  the  eldest  of  the  three  sons  of 
Edward  Trotter,  a  clergyman  of  the  esta- 
blished church  in  co.  Down.  John  Bernard 
Trotter  [q^']  was  a  younger  brother,  and 
the  third,  Kuthyen  Trotter,  became  a  major 
in  the  army  and  was  killed  at  Buenos  Ayres 
in  1807.  The  family  claimed  descent  mm 
the  earls  of  Gbwrie,  and  in  1800  Edward 
Southwell  assumed  the  name  Ruthyeninstead 
of  Trotter.  On  9  Oct.  1790  he  entered 
Wadham  College,  Oxford,  as  a  fellow  com- 
moner, matricmating  two  days  later,  but 
he  left  the  uniyersity  without  a  degree. 
Haying  succeeded  to  his  father's  estates  at 
Oakley,  co.  Down,  he  successfully  contested 
the  parliamentary'  representation  of  Doym- 
patrick  as  a  wHig,  against  John  Wilson 
Croker  [|q.  y.],  in  Noyember  1806.  He  made 
his  maiden  speech  on  17  Jan.  1807,  but 
parliament  was  dissolyed  in  the  following 
April,  and  in  the  general  election  of  May 
Croker  succeeded  in  ousting  Ruthyen  from 
Downpatrick.  Ruthyen  did  not  enter  parlia- 
ment again  till  7  Aug.  1880,  when  he  was 
re-elected  member  for  Downpatrick  as  a 
supporter  of  0*Connell.  He  was  re-elected 
for  the  same  constituency  on  9  May  1831, 
but  on  17  Dec.  1832  was  returned  with 
O'Connell  as  member  for  Dublin.  From  this 
time  he  took  an  actiye  part  in  parliamen- 
tary debates.  He  is  said  to  haye  spoken 
well;  but,  according  to  the  author  of 
'Random  Recollections  of  the  House  of 
Commons,'  his  yoice  was  harsh,  his  articula- 
tion bad,  and  he  was  giyen  to  the  perpetra- 
tion of  '  bulls.'  He  acted  with  O'Connell 
and  generally  supported  Hume  and  the 
radicals,  frequently  moying  for  reductions 
in  the  estimates.  He  made  many  speeches 
in  fayour  of  the  Reform  Bill  of  1881,  but 
demanded  a  large  increase  in  the  number  of 


Irish  members.  He  also  supported  Eail 
Grey's  Irish  church  legislation  as  a  protes- 
tant,  though  he  did  not  consider  it  went  Ur 
enough.  On  12  Feb.  1888  he  proposed  that 
the  number  of  Irish  bishops  should  be  re- 
duced to  four ;  he  approyed  of  the  abolition 
of  church  rates,  and  maintained  that  diurcb 
lands  were  nubile  property,  and  ought  to  be 
appropriatea  to  the  education  of  the  people 
and  maintenance  of  the  clergy  of  all  sects. 
During  the  session  of  1834  he  acquired  noto- 
riety by  moying  the  adjournment  of  the 
house  night  after  night,  and  members  made 
an  organised  attempt  to  preyent  his  being 
heard  by  coughing  and  yawning,  till  Ruth- 
yen threatened  to  find  a  cure  for  their 
coughs  outside  the  house;  he  exchanged 
three  shots  with  Louis  Perrin  [q.  y.J  la 
January  1836  he  was  again  returned  with 
O'Connell  for  Dublin,  but  a  petition  was  at 
once  presented ;  the  inquiry  was  prolonged 
until  May  1836,  when  O'Connell  and  Ruth- 
yen were  unseated.  Meanwhile  Ruthyen 
had  died  on  81  March  1836  at  his  lodging  in 
North  Street,  Westminster.  He  was  buried 
in  Glasneyin  cemetery,  Dublin,  his  funeral 
being  the  occasion  of  a  popular  demonstra- 
tion ;  a  handsome  monument,  of  which  the 
foundation-stone  was  laid  by  O'Connell,  wa» 
erected  to  his  memory. 

Ruthyen  married  Harriet  Jane,  daughter 
of  Francis  Price  of  Saintfield,  00.  Down. 
According  to  Fitspatrick,  he  was  son-in-law 
of  Sir  Philip  Crampton  [q.  y.],  but  this  is 
a  confusion  with  Ruthyen's  son  Edward,  of 
Ballyfan  House,  Kildare,  who  represented 
CO.  KQdare  in  the  parliaments  of  1833  and 
1835,  and  married  Cecilia,  only  daughter  of 
John  Crampton  (1769-1840),  surgeon-general 
of  Ireland. 

[Foster's  Alumni  Ozon.  1715-1886 ;  Gardiner*9 
Res.  Wadham  College,  1719-1871,  p.  192 ;  Fos- 
tere  Peerage  and  Baronetage ;  Gent  Mag.  1836» 
i.  664-5;  Annual  Reg.  1888  pp.  89-90,  1834 
pp.  287-8, 1836  pp.196,  204;  Hansaid's  Parlia- 
mentary Debates,  passim;  Official  Return  of 
Members  of  Parliament ;  J.  B.  Trotter's  WaUoi 
in  Ireland,  p.  yi ;  Croker  Papers,  i.  1 1 ;  flu- 
patrick*8  Correspondence  of  OConnell,  passim; 
O'Brien's  Fifty  Years  of  Concession  to  Ircdand, 
i.  419.]  A.  F.  P. 

RUTHVEN,  JOHN,  third  Eabl  or 
GowBiB  (1678P-1600\  second  son  of  Wi}« 
liam,  fourth  lord  Rutnven  and  first  earl  of 
Gowrie,  hy  Dorothea  Stewart,  was  bom  either 
in  1677  or  1678,  and  succeeded  to  the  earl* 
dom  on  the  death  of  his  elder  brother,  James^ 
second  earl,  in  1688.  After  attending  th» 
grammar  school  of  Perth,  he  entered  in  169L 
the  university  of  Edinbimh,  where  he  gra«> 
duated  M.A.  in  1693.    Se  had  af  priyata 


Ruthven 


505 


Ruthven 


tutor  William  Rind,  a  natiye  of  Pertb,  and 
his  studiee   in   Edinbunrh  were  specially 
directed  hj  Robert  Rolloi^c  [q.  v.],  principu 
of  the  univeraityi  with  whom  he  was  after* 
wards  on  terms  of  special  friendship.    In 
15^  he  was  elected  provost  of  Perth,  and 
the  same  year  had  a  ratification  to  him  by 
parliament  of  the  earldom  of  Qowrie  and 
abbacy  of  Scone  (Acta  ParL  Scot,  iii.  691). 
Bat  thongh  restored  to  his  dignities,  his 
sympathies,  if  not  directly  hostile  to  the 
king,  were  with    the   extreme  protestant 
party.    It  was  by  the  connivance  of  the 
TOUDg  earrs  mother,  Lady  Qowrie,  and  his 
brother-in-law,  the  Earl  of  Atholl,  that  the 
unroly  Earl  of  Bothwell  [see    Hepburv, 
Fiuircis  Stewabt,  fifth  Earl]  succeeded  on 
24  July  1593  in  gaining  admission  to  Holy  rood 
Pakce,  where  he  had  the  strange  interview 
with  the  king.  In  October  of  the  same  year 
Gowrie  himself  attended  an  armed  conven- 
tion sommoned  to  meet  the  Earl  of  Atholl 
at  the  castle  of  Doune,  Perthshire ;  bat  on 
the  approach  of  the  king  with  a  large  force, 
Atholl  fled,  and  Qowrie  and  Montrose,  hav- 
ing awaited  the  coming  of  the  king,  made 
their  peace  with  him  (Dattd  Motsie,  Me-- 
moin,  p.   105).    On  the  8th  of  the  same 
month  Atholl  informed  Elisabeth  that  what- 
erer  Bothwell  should  conclude  with  her,  he 
(Atholl),    Gk)wrie,  Montrose,    and    others 
would  hold  unto  with  the  utmost  of  their 
power  (Oal,  State   Papers,  Scot,  Ser.  p. 
638). 

On  16  Aug.  1594  Qowiie  gave  notice  to  the 
town  oouncu  of  Perth  of  his  intention  to  go 
to  the  continent  to  prosecute  his  studies, 
whereupon  they  agreea  to  elect  him  annually 
IS  their  provost  during  his  absence.  Along 
with  his  tutor,  William  Rind,  he  proceeded 
to  Padoa,  where  he  so  greatly  distinguished 
himself  that,  according  to  Ualderwood,  he 
was  elected  rector  of  the  university  during 
the  last  year  of  his  stav  there  (^History,  vi. 
67).  The  studies  to  which  he  particularly 
devoted  himself  were  the  natural  sciences, 
especially  chemistry.  From  Padua  Growrie, 
on  24  Nov.  1595,  addressed  a  letter  to  King 
James,  in  which  he  expressed  the  prayer- 
fid  hope  that  Qod  would  bless  his  majesty 
'with  all  felicity  and  satisfaction  in  health, 
with  an  increase  of  many  prosperous  days ' 
(PlTCAiBH,  Criminal  Trials,  ii.  830).  Qowrie 
concluded  his  education  by  a  continental  tour, 
snd,  after  visiting  Rome  and  Venice,  arrived 
about  the  close  of  1599  at  Qeneva  on  his 
wsy  back  to  Scotland.  At  Qeneva  he  stayed 
for  about  three  months  in  the  house  of 
Theodore  Besa,  the  successor  of  Calvin,  to 
whom  he  had  an  introduction  from  Prin- 
dpal  RoUockj  and  who,  according  to  Calder- 


wood,  conceived  for  him,  from  his  intercourse 
with  him,  such  an  affection  '  that  he  never 
heard  nor  made  mention  of  his  death  but  with 
tears '  (History ^yi,  67).  From  Qeneva  Qowrie 
proceeded  to  Paris,  where  he  was  well  re- 
ceived at  the  French  court ;  he  there  made 
the  acquaintance  of  the  English  ambassador, 
Sir  Henry  Neville,  who  '  found  him  to  be 
exceedingly  well  affected  to  the  cause  of 
religion,  devoted  to  Elizabeth's  service,  and, 
in  short,  a  nobleman  of  whom,  for  his  good 
judgment,  zeal,  and  ability,  exceeding  good 
use  could  be  made  on  his  return '  (Neville  to 
Cecil,  27  Feb.  1599-1600,  in  Winwood's  Me- 
morials, i.  166).  On  arriving  in  London  on 
3  April  1600,  Qowrie  was  consequently 
wannly  welcomed  by  Elizabeth,  with  whom, 
and  with  Cecil,  he  had  frequent  conferences* 
The  statement  that  he  made  a  prolonged 
stay  at  the  English  court  cannot,  however, 
be  admitted.  On  his  return  to  Scotland,  al- 
though he  spent  some  time  in  attendance  on 
the  king  at  Holyrood,  he  reached  Perth  by 
20  May.  Nor  can  any  faith  be  placed  in 
the  anonymous  manuscript  which  states  that 
Elizabeth  ordered  that '  all  honours  should 
be  paid  to  him  that  were  due  to  a  prince  of 
Wales,  and  to  her  first  cousin '  (quoted  in 
Scott's  lAfe  and  Death  of  the  Earl  of  Gowrie, 
p.  118). 

On  his  arrival  at  Edinburgh  Qowrie  was 
met  by  a  large  cavalcade  of  his  friends,  who 
had  come  to  welcome  him  back  to  Scotland ; 
and  when  the  king  heard  of  this  half- 
triumphal  entry  into  the  city,  he  is  said  to 
have  given  vent  to  his  chagrin  in  the  sar* 
casm  tnat '  there  were  more  with  his  father 
when  he  was  convoyed  to  the  scaffold' 
(Caldbbwood,  History,  vi.  71).  Other  anec* 
dotes  have  been  related  to  show  that  the 
king  was  more  or  less  ill-disposed  towards 
him.  A  more  tangible  motive  for  mutual 
discontent  is  to  be  found  in  the  fact  that 
the  king  was  Qowrie's  debtor  to  the  extent 
of  no  less  than  80,000/.,  representing  a  sum 
of  48,036/.  due  to  his  father  while  treasurer^ 
with  the  interest  at  10  per  cent,  per  annum 
for  the  succeeding  years.  With  this  sum  the 
old  Earl  of  Qowrie,  when  treasurer,  was 
forced  to  burden  himself  in  order  to  meet  the 
current  expenses  of  the  government.  It  was 
probably  his  inability  to  meet  the  obligations 
incurred  by  his  father  that  had  compeUed  the 
young  earl  to  remain  abroad;  and  on  his 
return  he  presented  a  petition  to  the  court 
of  session,  stating  that  he  was  unfit  to  pay 
any  more  to  his  creditors  than  he  had  done 
already,  and  asking  to  be  relieved  of  these  royal 
debts.  In  answer  to  his  application  he  on 
20  June  1600  obtained  a  protection  from 
debt  for  a  year,  '  that  in  the  meantime  his 


Ruthven 


506 


rRuthven 


highness  may  see  the  said  lord  satisfied  of 
the  said  super  expenses  resting  bj  his  ma- 
jesty to  his  said  umquhile  father.' 

In  attendance  on  the  king  at  court,  while 
Gowrie  was  in  Edinburgh,  was  Oolonel  Wil- 
liam Stewart^  brother  of  Arran,  who  had 
arrested  Gowrie's  father  in  Dundee ;  and  it 
was  supposed  that  GK)wrie  would  sooner  or 
later  take  rev^enge  on  Stewart  (Hudson  to 
Cecil,  Col,  State  Papers^  Soot.  Ser.  p.  784). 
It  would  appear,  however,  that  GDwne 
scorned  to  fly  at  such  small  game,  for  when, 
with  some  of  his  suite,  he  happened  to  meet 
Stewart  with  some  of  his  servants  in  a  cor- 
ridor of  Holyrood  Palace,  and  a  m616e  seemed 
imminent,  he  is  said  to  have  Btnick  up  the 
swords  of  his  attendants  and  allowed  Stewart 
to  psss  with  the  contemptuous  remark, 
'  Aquila  non  captat  muscas  ^MS.  quoted  in 
Pitcaibn's  Criminal  Trials,  u.  293).  But, 
apart  firom  Colonel  Stewart^  Gowrie  seems 
to  have  found  his  attendance  at  court  un- 
pleasant, if  not  even  danj;erous,  on  account 
of  the  antagonism  of  political  parties,  and  he 
shortly  retired  to  his  estates,  '  to  be  a  be- 
holder of  the  issue  of  these  nias^  suspicions' 
(Nicolson  to  Cecil,  22  May,  in  Txtleb's  Hia^ 
tory,  br,  282).  He,  however,  not  only  at- 
tended the  convention  of  estates  on  20  June, 
summoned  to  consider  the  burning  question 
4U  to  the  preparations  which  should  be  made 
by  James  to  insure  his  succession  to  the 
throne  of  England  in  case  of  Elizabeth's 
^eath,  but  in  a  speech-— in  itself  tem^rate 
and  well  reasoned— headed  the  opposition  of 
the  barons  and  burgesses  to  the  proposal  of 
the  kinff  to  raise  one  hundred  thousand 
crowns  by  taxation  for  the  maintenance  of 
«n  army.  His  opposition  may  have  been 
partly  dictated  by  tine  fact  that  the  king  was 
so  deeply  in  his  own  debt;  but  since  the 
protection  to  him  for  a  year  and  the  king's 
promise  to  pay  the  debt  had  probabl;^  been 
granted  with  a  special  view  to  obtain  his 
jfcgreement  to  the  king's  proposal,  his  inter- 
ference was  doubly  irritating  to  the  king, 
who  did  not  hesitate  to  express  his  resent- 
ment. While  listening  to  the  speech  of 
Gowrie,  Sir  David  Murray  of  Gorthy  is  also 
reported  to  have  said,  pointing  to  Gowrie, 
*  Yonder  is  an  unhappy  man ;  thery  are  but 
-seeking  occasion  of  nis  death,  which  now 
he  has  given '  (Oaldbewood,  vL  71).  After 
the  convention  GK>wrie  again  retiz«d  to  his 
•estates,  and  about  the  beginning  of  July 
went  from  Buthven  to  Strabran  to  engage 
in  hunting.  If,  however,  the  letters  of 
Itobert  Log:an  [q.  vj  are  aco^ted  as  genuine, 
Gowrie  while  at  Strabran  must  have  been 
chiefly  occupied  in  the  perfecting  of  a  scheme 
to  convey  the  king  to  Jjqgan's  atroDghold  of 


Fast  Castle.    This  would  also  seem  to  im* 
nly  that  Gowrie  either  directly  or  indirectly 
had  been  induced  by  Elizabetn  to  undertake 
the  ultimate  conveyance  of.  ths  Scottish  king 
to  England;  and  it  is  almost  incredible  that 
Elizabeth  should  have  really  desired  this. 
Against  the  genoinenoBs  of  the  lettes  it 
has  been  urged  that  the  proof  that  thsj 
were  in  Logan's  handwriting  is  not  conclu- 
sive; that  they  were  not  found  in  Gowrie's 
possession,  but  in  Logan's,  and  that  the  sup- 
position that  Gowrie  returned  them  is  im- 
probable; that  no  letters  of  Gowrie  in  wglj 
were  produced;  and  that  even  if  the  letters 
were  written  hj  Logan  they  may  have  been 
concocted  by  him  and  Sprott  after  the  00- 
eurrences  at  Gowrie,  for  some  special  pii> 
pose  now  unknown.     But  if  not  in  com- 
munication with  Xxigan,  Gowrie  is  stated  to 
have  been  in  communication  with  the  king. 
According  to  Galderwood,  '  while  the  earl 
was  in  Strabran,  fifteen  days  before  the  &ct) 
the  king  wrote  sandry  letters  to  the  earl, 
desiring  him  to  come  and  hunt  with  him  in 
the  wood  of  Falkland,  which  letters  veie 
found  in  my  lord's  pocket  at  his  death,  as  is 
re|K>rted,  but  destroyed'  {HiHory,  vi.  71). 
This  rumourit  was  deemedof  some  importanee 
to  contradict,  apparently  in  order  to  estaUish 
the  fact  that  the  sudden  visit  of  Gowrie's 
brother,  Alexander,  master  of  Ruthven  [q.  v.], 
to  the  king  at  Falkland  was  entirely  volun- 
tary on  bis  part.    Consequently  Crajgenvelt, 
Gowrie's  butler,  was  specially  questioned  on 
the  matter,  and  denied  that  anj[  masBeager 
had  come  to  Gowrie  from  the  kiiigf  or  that 
he  had  given  any  such  messenger  meat  or 
drink.     But  whether  seen  by  Craigenvelt 
or  not,  or  whether  thej  went  to  Perth  or 
direct  to  Stxabran,  it  is  deariy  estaUished 
from  entries  of  payments  in  the  treasurer's 
accounts    that    m   July   messengers  were 
sent  from  the  king  both  to  Gowrie  and  his 
brother. 

Gowrie  returned  to  Perth  from  his  hunt- 
ing expedition  on  2  Ai:w.  Calderwood  states 
that  he  intended  on  5  Aug.  to  set  out  to 
TiOthian  to  see  his  mother  at  DudLeton,  bat 
delayed  his  journey  until  his  brother  should 
return  from  FalkLuid  {History^  vi.  72).  If 
we  are  to  accept  the  evidence  of  Gowrie's 
chamberlain,  Andrew  Henderson,  Henderson 
in  the  early  morning  accompanied  the  master 
of  Ruthven  in  his  ride  to  Falkland,  haring 
orders  to  return  speedily  to  Gowne  with  any 
letter  or  message  he  m^ht  receive;  but  U 
Henderson  did  go  to  Fidkland,  he  was  not 
seen  there  by  any  one,  nor  Ib  there  any 
evidence  that  he  was  seen  going  or  return- 
ing. Li  any  case,  he  confiaMed  that  he  re- 
ceived no  message  from  RuthTen,  aJdiough 


Ruthven 


507 


Ruthven 


he  informed  Gowrie  both  that  the  master  was 
well  leeeiTed  and  that  not  merely  the  kinff 
lot  all  the  hmiting  party  would  be  at  Perth 
iscotttmentl^.  Thus  Henderson  must  have 
been  better  mformed  than  the  master  him- 
eelf,who,aocordinff  to  the  official  statement, 
did  not  obtain  a  decisive  answer  to  his  le- 

C.    If  Qowrie  from  the  information  of 
lenon  expected  such  a  party,  he,  from 
whateTer  motive,  mado  no  preparations  to 
neeive  his  guests ;  and  it  was  while  in  the 
midst  of  dinner  that  the  master  of  Ruthven, 
who  had  gaUoped  on  in  advance,  arrived  to 
announce  the  approach  of  the  king.    There- 
npon  Gowrie  rose,  and,  along  with  me  master, 
weot  out  to  meet  him  at  the  Inch.    Some 
time  before  the  arrival  of  the  king,  Hender- 
son, according  to  his  own  statement,  had  by 
6owrie*fi  orders  put  on  his  armour  to  arrest 
a  highlandman;  and  after  the  arrival  of  the 
king,  Qowrie,  while  the  king  was  stiU  at 
dinner,  ordered  Henderson  to  go  up  to  the 
chamber  to  the  master  of  Ruthven;    and, 
following  him  as  he  went  up,  Qowrie  in- 
fomed  hun  that  he  was  to  be  at  the  master's 
orders  and  do  anything  he  told  him.    Ao- 
eozding  to  the  omcial  account  in  the  '  Dis- 
conrae  of  the  Vile  andUnnatural  Conspiracy,' 
Gowrie  during  the  king*s  visit  was  very  lU 
at  ease;  but  this  is  as  consistent  with  in- 
nocence as  with  guilt.    That  he  had  been 
prerioQsly  in  communication  with  the  king 
18  certain,  but  the  nature  of  these  communi- 
cations is  unknown.    The  master  stated  to 
a  serrant  that  the  visit  of  the  king  had 
reference  to  the  earVs  debts;    and  as  the 
earl  b^  his  speech  on  taxation  had  incurred 
the  long's  violent  displeasure,  he  may  have 
inferred  that  the  visit  bodefd  to  him  no 
good. 

When  the  king,  accompanied  by  the  master 
of  Ruthven,  left  the  dining  table,  Gk>wiie 
led  Lennox  and  the  other  attendants  into  the 
garden  to  'eat  cherries,'  stating,  according 
to  Lennox,  who  had  nioposed  to  follow  the 
hngf  that  the  king  had  gone  on  'a  ouiet 
errand,' and  would  not  be  disturbed  (Fix- 
CAiBsr,  Crimmal  Trials,  ii.  172).  WhUe  they 
were  in  the  garden,  Cranston,  one  of  Gk>wrie  s 
attendants,  came  with  the  message,  given,  he 
Asserted,  in  perfect  good  faith,  that  the  lang 
had  left  the  castle  by  the  back  way,  and  was 
riding  to  the  Inch.  Gowrie  then  called  *  to 
horse,'  but  the  porter  affirmed  that  the  kinff 
coald  not  have  left,  as  the  ^tes  were  locked 
ind  he  had  the  key.  Gowrie,  it  is  said,  then 
went  up  to  make  inauiry,  and,  returning, 
psertea  that  the  king  nad  certainly  left,  ft 
i-''  supposed  to  have  been  the  master  who 
(when  he  left  the  chamber)  spread  the 
nuBour  that  ike  kimr  had  left.   Bat  before 


they  had  time  to  decide  as  to  the  truth  of  the 
rumour,  the  voice  of  the  king  was  heard 
shouting '  Treason!'  and  his  face  was  seen  for 
a  moment  at  a  window  of  the  turret.  There- 
upon Sir  Thomas  Erskine  seized  Gh)wrie,with 
the  words  *  Traitor,  thou  shalt  die  the  death,' 
but  was  immediately  felled  to  the  ground  by 
a  blow  of  the  fist  from  Andrew  Ruthven  of 
Forgan.  Thereupon  Lennox,  Mar,  and  others 
rushed  towards  the  apartment  whence  pro- 
ceeded the  cries;  and  Gowrie,  running  up  the 
street  to  the  house  of  a  citizen,  drew  two 
swords  from  a  scabbard,  and,  returning,  ex- 
claimed that  he  'would  gang  into  his  own 
house  or  die  by  the  way.'  According  to  the 
official  account,  he  passed  up  the  back  stairs 
with  seven  of  his  servants,  all  with  drawn 
swords,  and,  entering  the  chamber, '  cried  out 
with  a  great  oath  that  they  should  all  die  as 
traitors;'  but  Calderwood  asserts  that  the  only 
servant  who  accompanied  him  was  Cranston 
{History,  vi.  72).  The  result  of  the  conflict 
tallies  best  with  the  latter  supposition.  There 
were  only  four  of  the  king's  foUowers  in  the 
chamber — Sir  Thomas  Erskine,  Sir  Hew 
Henries,  Sir  John  Ramsay,  and  John  Wil-* 
son — ^who  would  scarcely  have  been  a  match 
for  eight.  Moreover,  the  only  servant  hurt 
was  Cranston,  who  was  mortolly  wounded. 
Gowrie,  an  expert  swordsman,  and  rendered 
desperate  by  the  sight  of  his  bleeding  brother, 
whose  body  he  had  passed  on  the  way  up, 
attacked  the  kinffs  friends  with  fury;  but 
his  attention  having  been  suddenly  diverted 
by  an  exclamation  from  some  one  that  the 
king  was  lolled,  he  either  permitted  Ramsay 
to  get  within  his  guard  or  else  was  stabbed 
from  behind. 

The  deaths  of  Gowrie  and  his  brother 
removed  the  only  witnesses  for  the  defence. 
Since  both  were  killed  by  the  king  or  his 
immediate  attendants,  it  was  almost  inevi- 
table that  the  judicial  verdict  should  go 
against  them.  It  must  further  be  remem- 
bered that,  while  the  king's  attendants  were 
naturally  biassed  in  his  favour,  the  ser- 
vants of^^  Gowrie  gave  their  evidence — such 
as  it  was — under  threat  of  torture  or  under 
actual  torture,  the  boot  and  the  lokman 
having  been  brought  from  Edinburgh  to 
Falkland  for  this  purpose;  and  that  no 
evidence  favourable  to  Gowrie  would  be 
accepted. 

The  fact  that  the  earl  had  spent  but  a  few 
months  of  his  manhood  in  Scotland,  and 
these  chiefly  in  retirement,  deprives  us  of 
materials  for  an  adequate  knowledge  of  his 
character.  If  he  did  concoct  such  a  plot  as 
thatindicated  in  the  letters — ^not  then  brought 
to  light— of  Robert  Logan  [q.  v.],  he  must 
have  been  the  weak  victim  of  English  diplo- 


Ruthven 


so3 


Ruthven 


macy,  for  if  Elizabeth  did  suggest  such  a  plot, 
she  cannot  be  credited  with  intending  any- 
thing so  foolish  as  to  acknowledge  it,  or  to 
accept  the  custody  of  the  Scottish  king. 
Moreover,  on  the  supposition  that  there  was 
a  plot,  the  methods  adopted  by  Gowrie  and 
his  brother  to  carry  it  out  displayed  a  fan- 
tastic audacity,  which,  if  consistent  with 
sanity,  indicates  an  amazing  contempt  for 
anything  resembling  precaution.  As  regards 
Qowrie  nimself,  it  must  further  be  remem- 
bered that  at  first  he  was  merely  passive. 
Even  supposing  that  the  master  intended  to 
kill  the  King,  the  only  suspicious  circum- 
stance in  the  conduct  of  Gowrie  is  his  state- 
ment that  the  king  had  left  the  house; 
and,  accepting  the  evidence  against  him 
as  genuine,  it  does  not  show  beyond  doubt 
that  the  statement  was  not  made  in  ^ood 
iaith.  Before  he  entered  his  house  with  a 
dravm  sword,  he  had  been  denounced  and 
threatened  by  the  kine*s  attendants ;  and  it 
was  to  revenge  his  brother's  death,  over 
whose  bleeding  body  he  had  stepped,  that  he 
attacked  his  supposed  murderers  in  the 
chamber.  On  the  other  hand,  to  exculpate 
Gowrie  is  not  necessarily  to  inculpate  the 
king.  Indeed,  all  the  weight  of  even  cir- 
cumstantial evidence  is  against  the  theory 
that  the  purpose  of  the  kin^s  visit  to  Perth 
was  to  effect  the  assassination  of  Gowrie  or 
his  brother.  The  question  mainly  turns  on 
the  character  of  the  interview  between  the 
master  of  Ruthven  and  the  kin^  in  the 
upper  chamber ;  and  unless  the  evidence  of 
Henderson,  the  man  in  armour,  be  re- 
garded as  unimpeachable,  it  is  impossible 
to  decide  conclusively  as  to  the  origin  of 
the  sudden  quarrel  which  had  such  a  tragic 
ending;  for  besides  Henderson,  who  may 
or  may  not  have  been  present,  the  only 
survivors  of  the  interview  were  the  king 
and  Hamsay,  to  whom  the  master  owed  his 
death. 

On  7  Aug.  the  privy  council  ordered  that 
the  corpses  of  Gowne  and  the  master  of 
Ruthven  should  remain  unburied  until  further 
order  were  taken  with  the  matter,  and  also 
that  no  person  of  the  name  of  Ruthven  should 
approach  within  ten  miles  of  the  court  {Reg, 
JP,  C.  Scotl.  vi.  145).  Orders  were  also  sent 
for  the  apprehension  of  the  earVs  brothers 
"William  and  Patrick  [see  under  Rttthvbw, 
William,  first  Ea.bl  op  Gowrie],  but  they 
made  their  escape  to  England.  The  bodies 
of  Gowrie  and  tne  master  were  embowelled 
and  preserved  by  one  James  Melville,  who, 
however,  was  paid  for  his  services,  not  by 
the  magistrates  of  Perth,  but  by  the  privy 
council ;  and  on  80  Oct.  they  were  sent  to 
Edinburgh  to  be  produced  at  the  bar  of 


parliament.  On  20  Nov.  the  estates  of  the 
kuthvens  were  decerned  by  parliament  to 
be  forfeited  and  their  family  name  and 
honours  extinct.  The  corpses  of  the  earl  and 
master  were  also  ordered  to  be  hanged  and 
quartered  at  the  cross  of  Edinburgh,  and  the 
mgments  to  be  put  up  on  spikes  in  £din« 
burgh,  Perth,  Dundee,  and  Stirling.  An 
act  was  further  passed  abolishing  for  ever 
the  name  of  Ruthven,  ordering  that  the 
house  wherein  the  tragedy  happened  should 
be  levelled  with  the  grotmd,  and  decreeing 
that  the  barony  of  Ruthven  should  hence- 
forth be  known  as  the  baiony  of  Hunting- 
tower  (Acta  Pari,  Soot,  iv.  212-13). 

It  must  be  confessed  that  the  severity  of 
the  acts  against  the  Ruthvens,  and  especially 
the  merciless  prosecution  of  the  two  younger 
brothers,  who  were  then  mere  children,  was 
scarcely  justified  by  the  character  of  the  evi- 
dence  adauced  against  them.  It  is  by  no  means 
certain,  even  if  they  were  the  aggressors, 
that  they  intended  to  do  more  than  wnng  from 
the  king  a  settlement  of  their  debts ;  on  the 
other  hand,  the  relentless  procedure  of  the 
king  suggests  the  suspicion  that  he  was  at 
least  anxious  to  utilise  to   the  utmost  a 
favourable    opportunity  to  get  rid  of  his 
debts,  not  merely  by  the   confiscation  of 
the  earl's  estates,  out  by  niacin?  the  whole 
family  under  the  ban  or  the  law.     It  is 
characteristic  of  James  that  he  should  hare 
directed  a  special  inquiry  into  the  reputed 
dealings  of  Gowrie  in  the  black  art.    Some 
absurd  evidence  as  to  Ruthven's  practice 
of  carrying  supposed  magical  charms  upon 
his  person  was  adduced,  on   the  strength 
of  wnich,  and  similar  tales,  Patrick  Gallo- 
way, in  his  sermon  at  the  cross  of  Edin- 
burgh, pronounced  Gowrie    to  have  been 
'a  deep  dissimulate  hypocrite,  a  profound 
atheist,  and  an  incarnate  devil  in  the  coat 
of  an  an^l ; '  and  also  asserted  that  he  had 
been  plamly  proved  to   be  '  a  studier  of 
magic,  a  conjuror  of  devils,  and  to  hare 
had  so  many  at  his  command.'    It  is  worth 
noting  that  similar  charges  of  sorcery  were 
brought  against  both  his  grandfather  and  his 
father. 

[Cal.  State  Papers,  Scot  Ser.  and  For.  Sei^ 
Reign  of  Elizabeth ;  Winwood's  Memorials  of 
State ;  Calderwood's  History  of  the  Kirk  of 
Scotland;  Pitcaim's  Criminal  Trials;  Begi&ter 
of  the  Privy  Council  of  Scotland,  vol.  vi. ;  Acta 
Pari.  Scot.  vol.  iv. ;  Moysie's  Memoirs  and  His- 
tory of  James  the  Sext  (Bannatyne  Club) ;  Spotis- 
wood*8  History  of  Scotland;  A  Discourse  of 
the  Unnatural  and  Vile  Conspiracy  attempted 
against  his  Majesty's  Person  at  St.  Johnston's, 
1600  (republished  with  additions  by  Lord 
Hailes,  1770,  translated  into  Latin  with  addi- 


Ruthven 


509 


Ruthven 


tions,  under  th»  title  Buvenorum  Co^joratio, 
1601);  Vindication  of  the  Earl  of  Gowrie,  pub- 
lished in  1600,  bat  immediately  suppressed; 
Earl  of  Cromarty's  Historical  Account  of  the 
Conspiracy  of  Gowrie  and  Bobert  Logan  of  Bee- 
talrig  against  James  VI,  1713;  Historical  Disser- 
latioQ  00  the  Gowrie  Conspiracy  in  Malcolm 
Laing  8  History  of  Scotland,  vol.  i. ;  Cant*s  Notes 
to  Adamson's  Muses  Threnodie,  1774 ;  Panton's 
GoTiie  Conspiracy,  1812 ;  Scott's  History  of  the 
Life  and  Death  of  John,  Earl  of  Gowrie,  1818 ; 
Barbi'i  Tragedy  of  Gowrie  Honse,  1887;  Histo- 
ries of  SeoUand  by  Tytler  and  Burton.  The 
'conspiracy'  forms  the  subject  of  G-.  P.  B. 
James's  romance  '  Gowrie,  or  the  King's  Plot ' 
(1861).]  T.  F.  H. 

RUTHVEN,   PATRICK,   third   Lord 
BuTHTBN  (1520P-1566),  eldest  son  of  Wil- 
liam, second  lord  Ruthven  [q.T.land  Janet, 
eldest  daughter  of  Patrick,  lord  Haliburton, 
was  bom  about  1520,  and  educated  at  the 
university  of  St.  Andrews.    While  master  of 
BnthTen  he,  in  July  1544,  commanded  the 
forces  of  the  town  of  Perth  aorainst  Lord 
Gray,  when  an  attempt  was  made  by  Cardi- 
nal Beaton   to  intruae  John  Charteris   of 
Kinfauna  as  provost  of  the  town  in  opposi- 
tion to  Lord  Ruthven  (Knox,   Works,  ii. 
113).    On  .8  Aug.  1546  he  received  a  grant 
under  the  gpreat  seal  to  him  and  his  wife, 
Jean  Douglas,  of  the  lands  of  Humbie,  and 
of  Easter,  Wester,  and  Over  Newton  {Beg, 
Mag.  8ig.  Scot.  1513-46,  No.  3289).     In 
1548  the  master  delivered  up  St.  Johnstoun 
ri&  Perth]  to  the  English  i^Cal.  Scottish  State 
Fapers,  p.  82) ;  but,  although  for  a  time  he 
pretended  to  be  on  the  side  of  the  EngUsh, 
be  was  latterly  spoken  of  as  a  traitor  (id.  p. 
96).    In  1662  he  was  appointed  to  the  com- 
mand of  the  footmen  01  the  army  sent  to 
France  (Jteg.  P.  C.  ScotL  i.  135).    He  suc- 
ceeded his  father  before  15  Dec.  of  the  same 
Tear,  when  the  queen  conceded  to  him  and 
ius  wife,  Janet  Douglas,  a  third  part  of  the 
lands  of  Dirleton,  Haliburton,  and  Hassiu- 
dean,  Eerwickshire    {Beg.  Mag.  Sig.  Scot. 
1546-80,  No.  735).    From  1553  until  his 
death  he  wan  annually  elected  provost  of 
Perth,   of    which  he  was  also  nereditary 
sberifT. 

When  Ruthven  in  1559  was  requested  by 
the  queen  regent  to  suppress  the  Reformation 
heresy  among  the  inhabitants  of  Perth,  he 
is  reported  to  have  answered  '  that  he  would 
make  their  bodies  come  to  her  grace,  and  to 
prostrate  themselves  before  her,  but  that  to 
'  cause  them  do  against  their  conscience  he 
could  not  promise '  (Enoz,  i.  316).  He  is 
also  suppooed  to  have  lent  his  countenance 
to  the  destruction  of  the  monasteries  at 
Perth  on  11  May  of  the  same  year  (Lbslib, 


Hist  qf  Scotland,  Bannatvne  ed.  p.  272) ; 
but  when  the  army  of  tne  queen  regent 
approachedPerth,Ruthven,althoughdeemed 
by  many  <  godly  and  stout  in  that  action,'  left 
the  town  and  went  to  his  own  country  resi- 
dence (£[koz,  i.  337).  The  action  of  the  queen 
regent,  however,  after  her  entrance  into  the 
town  on  29  May,  in  deposing  him  and  the 
bailies  of  the  town  from  their  offices  (t^.  p. 
346)  caused  him  immediatelv  to  join  ArgyU, 
Lord  James,  and  other  leaders  of  the  con- 
gregation, who  shortly  afterwards  held   a 
council  at  St.  Andrews,  when  it  was  re- 
solved to  begin  the  Reformation  there  by 
'  removing    all    monuments    of    idolatry, 
which  they  did  with  expedition '  (ib.  p.  350 ; 
Cal.  State  Papers,  For.  Ser.  1558-9,  No. 
862).    In  command  of  a  number  of  horse 
he  also  joined  the  lords  at  Gupar-Muir,  to 
oppose  tne  progress  of  the  queen  regent 
eastwards  (KK0X,p.  350) ;  and  he  took  part  in 
the  capture  of  Perth  from  the  French  troops 
on  24  J  une,  firing  the  first  volley  on  the  west 
side  {ib.  p.  358 ;  Cal.  State  Papers,  For.  Ser. 
1558-9,  r^o.  880).    He  was  one  of  the  com- 
missioners sent  to  treat  with  the  queen  re- 
gent at  Preston;    and  subsequently,  as  the 
representative  of  the  lords,  succeeded  in  ne- 
gotiating an  agreement  for  which  he  and 
the  laird  of  Pitarrow  entered  themselves  as 
pledges  (Knox,  pp.  367-75, 378 ;  Cal.  State 
Papers,  For.  Ser.  1558-9,  No.  1052).    On 
19  Sept.  he  signed  the  letter  of  the  lords  pro- 
testing against  the  sieffe  of  Leith  by  the 
French  army  (Kkox,  i.  414).    Shortly  after- 
wards the  queen  regent  endeavourea  to  de- 
tach him  from  the  lords  by  promises  convened 
to  him  through  Sir  John  Bellenden,  lord  jus- 
tice clerk,  and  his  wife,  who  was  the  daugh- 
ter of  Ruthven's  second  wife  by  her  former 
marriage  to  Lord  Methven  {ib.  p.  418) ;  but 
the  negotiation  was  the  reverse  of  successful. 
Ruthven  acted  as  president  at  the  conven- 
tion of  the  nobility,  barons,  and  burgesses 
held  at  Edinburgh  on  21  Oct.,  and  made  a 
strong  speech  in  favour  of  the  suspension  of 
the  queen  dowager  from  the  office  of  regent, 
whicn  was  carried  {Cal,  State  Papers,  For. 
Ser,  1559-60,  No.  234).    Subseouently  the 
lords  came  to  entertain  doubts  01  the  faith- 
fulness of  Ruthven  (Sadler  to  the  Earl  of 
Arran  in  Sadler's  State  Papers,  i.  628; 
Cal.  State  Papers,  For.  Ser.  No.  781)  j  but  if 
their  suspicions  were  not  quite  groundless, 
Ruthven  nevertheless  did  not  mially  com- 
mit himself  against  them.  In  January  1559- 
1560  he  came  to  their  aid  aj^nst  the  French, 
whom  he  defeated  in  a  skirmish  near  King- 
horn  in  Fife  (Knox  ii.  6-7).    Afterwards  he 
was  received  into  the  full  confidence  of  the 
lords,  and  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  com- 


Ruthven 


Sio 


Ruthven 


mxflsioneTS  who,  on  27  Feb.  1669-60,  signed 
the  contract  with  the  English  commission's 
at  Berwick,  and  his  son  Alexander  was  one 
of  the  pledges  for  the  performance  of  the 
treaty  (CaL  StatePapert,  For.  Ser.  1669-60, 
No.  787).  He  also  signed  the  band  of  27  April 
1660  in'  defence  of  the  liberty  of  the  evangel,' 
and  for  the  expulsion  of  the  French  mm 
Scotland  (Knox,  ii.  68). 

In  February  1668  Ruthven,  at  the  instance 
of  Maitland  of  Lethington,  was  chosen  a 
privy  councillor  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots. 
Keferring  to  his  election,  Randolnh  affirmed 
that  the  appointment  'misliked Moray'  on 
account  or  his  sorcery ;  that  *  an  nn- 
worthier  there  is  not  in  Scotland  than  he,' 
and  that  more  might  be  spoken  than  he 
dared  write  (OaL  State  Papers^  For.  Ser. 
1663,  No.  870).  In  a  later  letter  he  also 
mentions  that  the  queen  *  cannot  abide  him,' 
and  that '  all  men  hate  him '  (ib.  No.  889). 
The  explanation  of  these  rumours  regarding 
Buthven  is  partly  supplied  by  Knox,  who 
states  that  the  queen  in  conversation  referred 
to  the  '  offering  of  a  ring  to  her  by  Lord 
Ruthven,'  and  declared  that,  though  at 
Maitland's  instance  he  had  been  made  one  of 
her  privy  council,  she  '  could  not  love '  him, 
for  she  knew  him  'to  use  enchantment' 
(Knoz,  Works,  ii.  878). 

Ruthven,  notwithstanding  his  admission 
to  the  privy  council,  continued  to  be  a  staimch 
defender  of  protestantism ;  and  at  a  meeting 
of  the  council,  before  which  Knox  was 
brought  in  1663,  he  defended  Knox's  right 
to  '  make  convocation  of  the  queen's  lieges ' 
(t3.  p.  406).  On  22  Sept.  of  this  year 
Ruthven  was  appointed  to  expel  the  clan 
Gregor  out  of  tne  bounds  of  Stratheam 
(Heff.  P.  a  Scotl  i.  249) ;  and  on  8  May 
1664  the  queen  conceded  to  him  the  office  of 
sheriff-clerk  of  Perthshire.  On  1  Dec.  1664 
he  received  a  grant  of  a  waste  house  ad- 
joining Holyrood  House  (Reg,  Moff.  JS^g, 
Scot.  1646-80,  No.  1667),  which  he  pre- 
sumably fitted  up  for  a  residence,  and  in 
which  he  may  have  been  living  at  the  time 
of  the  murder  of  Rizzio,  a  fact  which  would 
sufficiently  explain  his  appearance  there  from 
a  sick-bed,  and  also  the  first  thought  of  Marv's 
attendants,  that  he  had  escaped  £rom  his 
chamber  while  raving  in  a  fever.  On  the 
same  date  on  which  lie  received  a  grant  of 
the  waste  house,  Ruthven  also  obtained  a 

grant  to  him  and  his  second  wife,  Janet 
tewart,  widow  of  Lord  Methven,  of  the 
lands  and  lordship  of  Methven,  Perthshire 
(«.  No.  1668). 

The  first  wife  of  Ruthven  having  been  a 
I)ou|rla8,  and  his  children  by  her  being 
cousms-german  of  Lord  Damfey,  Ruthven 


was  naturally  a  supporter  of  the  Daniley 
marriage.  Rand(^ph  represents  him  as  the 
*  chief  councillor '  of  those  who  were  beat 
on  the  marriage  (Qtl.  State  Papen,  For. 
Ser.  1664-6,  No.  1140) ;  and  Knox  states 
that  at  Mary's  council  at  this  time  were  only 
the  Earls  of  Atholl  and  Lennox  and  Loid 
Ruthven  (  Works,  ii.  483),  It  was  Ruthven 
and  Atholl  who,  with  three  hundred  horse- 
men, escorted  the  queen  safely  £rom  Perth 
through  Fife  to  Callendar  House,  when  a 
nlot  was  suspected  to  have  been  formed  by 
Moray  for  her  capture  on  the  joumev  aoutk. 
Durinff  the  rebdlion  of  Moray,  alter  tlie 
^ueen%  marriage  to  Damley,  Ruthven  also 
joined  the  forces  of  the  queen  with  a  com- 
mand in  the  rearguard  of  the  battle  (Reg. 
P.  a  Sootl  i.  879). 

The  rise  of  Riado  in  the  favour  of  Uie 
jueen,  accompanied  as  it  was  by  the  dedin- 
mg  infiuence  of  Damley  and  of  the  relatiTes 
and  friends  who  had  been  the  main  sup- 

g»rters  of  the  marriage,  was  observed  by 
uthven  with  feelings  of  deep  resentment 
As  early  a8l20ct.  1566  Randolph  wrote  thst 
Morton  and  Ruthven  *  only  spy  their  time, 
and  make  fair  weather  until  it  oome  to  the 
ninch'  (Cat,  State  Papers,  For.  Ser.  1564-6, 
No.  1680).  It  was  probably  at  the  suggestion 
of  Morton  or  Ruthven  that  Geoiwe  Douglas 
inspired  Damley  to  apply  to  Ruthven  to  aid 
him  against  the  *  villain  David.'    Ruthven, 
although  then  so  ill  that  he  '  was  scarcely 
able  to  walk  twice  the  leng^  of  his  cham- 
ber '  (Rttthven,  Belation),  agreed  to  asaist 
him  to  the  utmost  of  his  power,  and  formally 
made  known  the  proposal  to  Morton.    It 
was  Ruthven  and  Morton  who  agreed  to 
undertake  the  management  of  the  arrange- 
ments for  seizing  Rusio.    Their  names  are 
the  only  ones  known  to  have  been  attached 
to  the  band  signed  by  Damley,  and  probably 
they  were  attached  as  witnesses.    Ruthven, 
in  complete  armour  and  pale  and  haggardfirom 
his  long  sidmess,  was  thefirstof  the  conspira- 
tors to  enter  into  the  queen's  supper  chamber 
after  Damley  had  taken  his  seat  beside  the 
queen  (9  March  1666-6).    The  first  conjec- 
ture of  the  ^ueen  and  her  attendants  was  that 
he  was '  ravmg  through  the  vehemency  of  a 
fever.'  In  a  stem  voice  Ruthven  commanded 
Riuio  to  come  out  from  the  presence  of  the 
queen, '  as  it  was  no  place  for  him ; '  and  as 
he  was  about  to  seize  Rizauo,  who  dun^  to 
the  garments  of  the  queen,  the  other  conspira- 
tors broke  in  and  hurried  Riszio  to  the  outer 
chamber.    When  Atholl,  Huntly,  Bothwell, 
and  other  nobles  then  in  attendance  on  the 
queen  in  the  palace,  alarmed  at  the  uproar, 
appeared  to  be  meditating  a  rescue,  Ruthven 
went  down,  and  explaining  to  thena  that 


Ruthven 


S" 


Ruthven 


luurai  muB  intended  U>  no  one  except  BizriO; 
md  that  they  were  acting  at  the  inetanoe  of 
Darnley,  who  was  present,  persuaded  them 
to  retire  to  their  chambeiB.  He  then  returned 
to  the  queen's  chamber,  and,  being  faint,  sat 
down  and  called  for  a  onp  of  wine.  Then  fol- 
lowed the  remarkable  conrersation  with  the 
qaeen  detailed  at  length  by  Ruthven  in  his 
*  Kelation'  (Brit.  Mus.  MS.  Cotton  Calig.  bk. 
ix.  f.  219,  printed  in  appendix  to  Keith's  JTm- 
iofy  of  Scotland  and  also  separately).   After 
the  morder,  Bnthven,  ill  though  he  was, 
took  part  with  the  other  conepiratora  in  the 
deliberations  as  to  the  future  goremment  of 
the  coontry.    After  the  arriTal  of  Moray 
the  qaeen  was  also  persuaded  to  admit  him 
and  Morton  into  her  presence   and  g^rant 
them  a  promise  of  pardon;    but  on  the 
qneen's  escape  to  Dun  oar  they  fled  into  Eng- 
land.   While  in  England  Ruthven  penned 
the  description  of  the  murder  known  as  the 
'  Relation ; '  but  as  it  was  specially  intended 
ibr  the  perusal  of  Elizabeth,  and  as  a  justifi- 
cation of  the  conspiracy  on  the  only  ground 
that  would  be  acceptable  to  Elizabeth — that 
Mary  had  been  uniaithfol  to  her  husband — 
its  statements,  notwithstanding  the  gra]^hic 
ferocity  of  their  tone,  are  open  to  suspicion. 
The  excitement  of  the  assassmation,  followed 
by  a  hurried  flight  into  England,  brought 
about  a  serious  reaction  in  Buthven's  health, 
and  after  several  months  of  great  weakness 
he  died  at    Newcastle  on  13  June  1666. 
According  to  Calderwood  he '  made  a  Chris- 
tian end,  thanking   God   for   the    leisure 
panted  to  liim  to  qelLI  for  mercy'  (HUtory, 
li.  317). 

Bj  his  first  wife,  Jean  or  Janet  Douglas^ 
natural  daughter  of  Archibald,  earl  of  An^s, 
hehad  three  sons  and  two  daughters :  Patrick, 
master  of  Ruthven ;  William,  fourth  lord 
Ruthven  and  first  earl  of  Gowrie  [q.  v.] ; 
Alexander;  Jean,  married  first  to  Henry, 
second  loi^  Methven,  and  secondly  to 
Andrew,  fifth  earl  of  Bothes ;  and  Isabel, 
!narried  to  James,  first  lord  GolviUe  of  Gul- 
loss.  By  his  second  wife,  Ladv  Jane  Stewart, 
eldest  daughter  of  the  second,  earl  of  Atholl, 
and  mamed  three  times  previous  to  her 
marriage  to  Ruthven — first  to  Alexander, 
master  cxF  Sutherland ;  secondly,  to  Sir  Hugh 
Kennedy;  and  thirdly  to  Henry,  lord 
Methven — ^he  had  a  son  James,  who  in  1582 
had  a  charter  of  a  part  of  the  barony  of 
Ruthven. 

[HiBtories  by  Knox,  Buchanan,  Leslie,  Calder- 
vood,  aad  Keith ;  Cal.  State  Papezs,  For.  Ser., 
B«ign  of  Elisabeth ;  Cal.  State  Papers,  Scottish 
Ser.;  Beg.  of  Uag.  Sig.  Scot.  1546>80;  Reg. 
PHvy  Council  of  Scotland,  vol.  i.;   Douglas's 

(Wood),  i.  662-3.]  T.  P.  H. 


RUTHVEN,  PATBICK,  Eabl  ofFobth 
Ain>  Bbhnttobd  (1678  P-1651),  second  son  of 
William  Buthven  of  Ballindean,  Perthshire 
(great-grandson  of  William,  first  lord  Buth- 
yen),  and  Katherine  Stewart,  daughter  of 
John,  lord  Stewart  of  Invermeath,  was  bom 
about  1578.  Hb  name  appears  in  the  lists 
of  Swedish  captains  about  1606-9.  He  was 
appointed  cantain  in  a  regiment  of  Scots  in 
Sweden,  enrolled  in  1612 ;  and  in  1616,  while 
still  captain,  he  was  directed  by  Gustavns 
Adolphus  to  leyy  one  thousand  foreign  sol- 
diers and  conduct  them  to  Narva.  In  1616 
he  was  appointed  to  the  command  of  an  East 
Gothland  troop  of  three  hundred  men ;  and 
haying,  notwithstanding  the  proscription  of 
theButhven  family  on  account  of  the  Gowrie- 
conspiracy,  obtained  in  June  1618  fifom 
James  I  of  England  a  certificate  of  gentle 
descent,  he  was  appointed  by  Gustavus  to  the 
command  of  a  Smaland  company  of  five  hun- 
dred foot,  and  shortly  afterwards  was  pro- 
moted colonel  of  a  regiment.  From  this  time 
he  distinguished  himself  in  many  important 
engagements,  especially  at  the  battle  of  Dir- 
schau,  on  8  Au^.  1627 ;  and  on  28  Sept.  he  re- 
ceived, along  with  several  others,  the  honour  of 
knighthood  from  Gustavus  Adolphus,  in  pre- 
sence of  the  whole  army.  He  is  said  to  have 
won  the  special  favour  of  Gustavus  Adolphus 
mainly  by  the  important  services  he  rendered 
him  through  his  extraordinary  power  of 
withstanding  the  effects  of  intoxicating 
liquor.  'When  the  king  wanted,'  says 
Harte,  'to  regale  ministers  and  officers  of 
the  adverse  party,  in  order  to  extract  secrete 
from  them  in  their  more  cheerful  hours,  he 
made  Buthven  field-marshal  of  the  bottle 
and  glasses,  as  he  could  drink  immeasurably 
and  preserve  his  understanding  to  the  last ' 
(Hartb,  Life  (^QustavuB  Adolphus,  i,  177). 
He  was  present  at  the  capture  of  Strasburg 
in  1628,  and  the  battle  of  Leipzig,  2  Sept. 

1681.  On  the  surrender  of  Ulm,  m  February 

1682,  he  was  appointed  commander  of  the 
Swedish  garrison  left  to  hold  it,  and  shortly 
afterwards  he  received  the  grafschait  or  earl- 
dom of  Kirchberg,  near  Ulm,  worth  about 
1,800/.  a  year.  In  May  he  was  raised  to  the 
rank  of  major-general,  and  left  in  Swabia  in 
joint   command,    with    Duke    Bernard    of 

W  eimar,  of  eight  thousand  men.  In  October 
he  was  sent  as  sergeant-major-general  to  the 
Palatine  Christian  of  Birckemelt,  and  was 
present  at  the  capture  of  Landsberg.  In 
December  he  was  appointed  to  the  joint 
command,  with  Colonel  Sparruyter,  of  the 
forces  under  General  Banier,  then  incapaci- 
tated. He  proceeded  to  England  in  March 
1684  for  the  purpose  of  raising  new  levies 
{Oea.    State   Papers,    Dom.    Ser.    1688^ 


Ruthven 


5" 


Ruthven 


pp.  496,  518);  and  having,  after  his  re- 
turn, been  appointed  lieutenant-general  to 
Banier  in  Thuringia,  and  fdso  to  the  com- 
mand of  a  regiment  of  cavalry,  he  distin- 
guished himself  in  several  important  en- 
gagements. 

liuthven,  having  finally  quitted  the  Swedish 
lervice  in  1638,  was  about  the  close  of  that 
year  appointed  muster  master-general  of  the 
forces  in  Scotland.  He  was  also  one  of 
the  commissioners  appointed  in  1638  to  re- 
quire subscription  to  the  king's  covenant 
(GoBDON,  Scots  Affairs,  i.  109).  Although 
his  appointment  as  muster  master-general 
impliea  the  command  of  Edinburgh  Castle,  he 
was  prevented  by  the  covenanters  from  en- 
tering it,  and  finally  retired  to  Newcastle, 
where  he  obtained  a  letter  of  thanks  from  the 
king,  dated  York,  6  April  1689.  He  was  also 
created  Lord  Ruthven  of  Ettrick.  After  the 
treaty  of  the  king  with  the  Scots  at  Berwick, 
he  was  placed  in  command  of  the  castle  by 
his  old  Swedish  companion-in-arms,  the 
Marquis  of  Hamilton  (Car/.  State  Papers, 
Dom.  Ser.  1689,  p.  849),  and  entered  it  with 
three  hundred  men  and  a  large  quantity  of 
ammunition  without  any  opposition  £rom 
the  estates  (Balfoitr,  Annals,  ii.  873).  On 
11  Nov.  1689  he  received  special  instruc- 
tions from,  the  king  to  hold  it  (CaL  State 
Papers,  Dom.  Ser.  1639-40,  p.  86),  and  on 
10  Feb.  the  covenanters,  under  protest, 
allowed  reinforcements  and  a  supply  of 
ammunition  to  enter  it  (Gobdok,  Scots 
Affairs,  iii.  100-2).  Ultimately,  realising 
the  danger  which  threatened  from  Ruthven^ 
occupation  of  the  castle,  the  citizens  began 
to  take  measures  nominally  to  defend  the 
town  against  attack,  but  in  reality  to  reduce 
the  castle  by  blockade ;  and  in  June  1640 
Montrose,  then  acting  with  the  covenanters, 
was  sent  under  a  flag  of  truce  to  demand  its 
surrender  (Spaldikq,  ii.  279).  This  Ruthven 
refused,  and  on  the  10th  an  act  of  for- 
fi&ultry  was  passed  against  him  by  the  Scot- 
tish parliament.  To  the  demand  for  its 
surrender  he  replied  that  '  if  they  aimed  to 
take  it  by  force,  they  should  never  have  it  so 
long  as  he  had  life ;  and  if  they  should  beat 
down  the  walls,  he  should  fight  it  out  upon 
the  bare  rock'  (Ca/.  State  Papers,  Dom. 
Ser.  1640,  p.  361).  A  furious  attack  was 
made  against  it  on  12  June,  and,  although  It 
failed,  the  garrison  ultimately  surrendered 
after  more  than  two  hundred  had  died  from 
accident  or  sickness.  The  garrison  were 
permitted  to  march  out  with  colours  flying 
and  drums  beating.  They  '^owed  much 
resolution,  but  marched  with  feeble  bodies,' 
and  *  were  guarded  to  Leith  by  six  hundred 
men,  otherwise  those  of  the  good  town  had 


torn  them  to  pieces'  (CaL  State  Papen, 
Dom.  Ser.  1641-2,  p.  136).  Ruthven  him- 
self, who  was  'spoiled  with  the  scurvy,  his 
legs  swelled,  ana  many  of  his  teeth  fallen 
out '  (Balfoub,  ii.  403),  after  journeying  to 
Berwick  by  coach,  ultimately  went  southf 
to  London. 

Ruthven  remained  in  London  until  1641, 
when  he  returned  to  Edinburgh  with  a 
warrant  from  the  king  for  a  loan  to  him  of 
the  house  of  the  dean  of  Edinburgh  and  an 
annual  pension  of  800/.  until  a  grant  of 
5,000/.  promised  to  him  should  be  paid.  On 
12  Oct.  ne  presented  a  petition  for  the  repeal 
of  the  sentence  of  for&ultry  (Balfoub,  iii. 
102),  which  was  granted  on  9  Nov.  (ib, 
p.  148).  Shortly  after  being  created  Earl 
of  Forth  on  27  March  1642,  he  went  to 
Germany  on  his  private  affairs ;  but  return- 
ing to  England  in  the  autumn,  bringing 
with  him  some  officers  for  the  kini^s  service 
(Spaldiko,  Memorials,  ii.  198),  he  joined 
the  king  at  Shrewsbury  in  October,  and  on  the 
22nd  was  created  '  marshal-general.'  From 
Shrewsbury  he  accompanied  the  king  in  his 
march  towards  London ;  and  having  g^reatly 
distinguished  himself  in  the  engagement  at 
Edgehill  on  the  28rd,  where  he  commanded 
the  left  winff,  he  was  appointed  by  the  king 
general-in-cnief  of  the  army  in  succession  to 
the  Earl  of  Lindsey,  slain  in  the  battle.  From 
this  time  the  king  depended  chiefly  on  his  ad- 
vice in  the  arrangement  of  the  campaigns ;  and, 
if  he  somewhat  lacked  energy  and  prompti- 
tude on  the  battlefield^  his  plans  indicated 
considerable  strategic  skill.  On  the  day 
after  Edgehill  he  earnestly  urged  the  king 
to  permit  him  to  make  a  forced  march  on 
London  with  the  horse  and  three  thousand 
foot,  assuring  him  that  he  would  be  able  to 
reach  it  before  the  Earl  of  Essex,  a  propoeal 
which,  had  it  been  accepted,  would  in  all 
likelihood  have  been  successful.  As  it  was, 
Ruthven  commanded  at  the  successful  cap- 
ture of  Brentford,  after  a  sharp  engagement, 
on  12  Nov.  1642. 

On  26  April  1643  Ruthven  was  present 
with  the  kmg  when  a  vain  attempt  was 
made  to  raise  the  siege  of  Reading ;  he  wa3 
shot  in  the  head  on  7  August  during  the 
operations  against  Gloucester;  and  he  waa 
wounded  at  the  battle  of  Newbury  on 
20  Sept.  On  7  March  1644  he  was  sent  to 
join  Lord  Hopton  at  Winchester  and  assist 
him  with  his  advice ;  but  after  the  battle  of 
Brandon  Heath,  on  the  29th,  he  returned 
again  to  the  king  at  Oxford.  On  27  May 
he  was  created  by  the  king  Earl  of  Brent- 
ford. On  25  July  he  was,  however,  declared 
a  traitor  b^  the  Scottish  parliament,  and  on 
the  26th  his  estates  were  forfeited  and  Ua 


Ruthven 


5»3 


Ruthven 


arms  riven  at  the  cross  of  Edinburgh  (Bal- 
lOUB,  AnnaU^  iii.  235-7). 

On  26  June  1644  Ruthven  accompanied 
the  king  from  Oxford  to  Worcester,  and 
after  the  victory  of  Cropredy  Bridge,  on  the 
29th,  proceeded  with  him  to  the  west,  and 
saooenfully  blockaded  the  army  of  Essex  at 
Lostwithiel,  compelling  it  to  surrender  on 
2  Sept.  He  was  wounded  in  the  head  at 
the  second  battle  of  Newbury  on  27  Oct., 
and  while  lying  exhausted  at  Donnington 
Castle,  Colonel  Urry  came  to  him  during  the 
night  and  sought  to  persuade  him  to  join 
the  parliamentary  party ;  but  his  overtures 
were  rejected  with  scorn.  By  this  time 
the  influence  of  Ruthven  in  the  king's  coun- 
sels was  on  the  wane,  and  in  the  b^inning 
of  November  he  was  superseded  as  com- 
mander-in-chief by  Rupert,  the  chief  reason 
being  probably  that,  on  account  of  his  grow- 
ing infirmitiesi  his  strategic  skill  was  more 
than  counterbalanced  by  his  lack  of  alert- 
ness and  initiative  power.  'Although  he 
had  been  without  a  doubt  a  very  good 
officer  and  had  great  experience,'  says  Cla- 
rendon, '  and  was  still  a  man  of  unquestion- 
able courage  and  integrity,  yet  he  was  now 
much  decayed  in  his  parts,  and,  with  the 
longH»ntinued  cnstomof  immoderate  drink- 
ing, dosed  in  his  understanding,  which  had 
been  never  quick  and  vigorous,  he  having 
been  always  illiterate  to  the  greatest  degree 
that  can  lie  imagined.  He  was  now  become 
very  deaf,  yet  often  pretended  not  to  have 
hem  what  he  did  not  then  contradict,  and 
thought  fit  afterwards  to  disclaim.  He  was 
a  man  of  few  words  and  of  great  compliance, 
and  usually  delivered  that  as  his  opinion 
which  he  mesaw  would  be  grateful  to  the 
king '  {History  of  the  Hebeliunif  viii.  80).  But, 
although  superseded,  Ruthven  continued 
to  retain  the  kin^s  favour.  He  was  ap- 
pointed chamberlam  to  the  Prince  of  Wales ; 
and  by  a  grant  dated  Oxford,  26  March 
1645,  his  paternal  coat-of-arms  was  aug- 
mented with  bearings  borrowed  from  the 
rojal  arms  of  England  and  of  Scotland.  He 
remained  with  the  Prince  of  Wales  in  the 
west  from  March  1645  to  March  1646,  and 
afterwards  accompanied  him  to  Jersey  and 
France. 

Notwithstanding  his  advanced  age,  Ruth- 
ven continued  to  the  last  to  take  an  active 
interest  in  the  royal  cause.  In  February  1649 
he  set  out  from  the  king  to  Queen  Chris- 
tina  of  Sweden  to  entreat  her  to  extend 
her  ud  to  the  exiled  king.  He  left  Sweden 
in  the  beginning  of  June,  returning  first  to 
Breda,  and  afterwards  ^ing  to  St.  Qermains 
w^th  arms  and  ammtmition  obtained  chiefly 
by  pledging  his  estate  in  Sweden.  In  Sep- 
fOL.  xvn. 


tember  he  removed  to  The  Hague,  and, 
notwithstanding  the  objections  of  the  Scot- 
tish commissioners,  accompanied  Charles  II 
to  Scotland.  On  4  June  1650  an  act  was 
passed  excluding  him  and  other  royalists 
'beyond  seas '  from  entering  Scotland, and 
on  27  June  an  act  was  passed  against  his 
remaining  in  the  kingdom  {Acta  Pari.  Soot. 
vi.  530,  ^7^,  whereupon  he  retired  to  Perth. 
At  the  parliament  held  at  Perth  in  Decem- 
ber— when  a  coalition  of  covenanters  and 
royalists  against  Cromwell  was  deemed  ad- 
visable— an  act  was  passed  in  his  favour 
it5.  vi.  551).  He  died  at  Dundee  on  2  Feb. 
ollowing,  and  was  buried  in  Grange  Dur- 
ham's aisle  in  the  parish  church  of  Monifieth 
(BaIiFOUB,  Annals,  iv.  256).  By  his  fljrst 
wife,  a  sister  of  Colonel  John  Henderson, 
who  held  the  command  of  Dumbarton  Castle 
in  1640,  he  had  one  son  and  three  daughters : 
Alexander,  lord  Ettrick,  who  predeceased 
him ;  Elspeth,  married  flrst  to  William 
Lundie  of  Lundie,  and  afterwards  to  G^rge 
Pringle;  Jean  or  Janet,  married  to  Lord 
Forester ;  and  Christian,  married  first  to  Sir 
Thomas  Kerr  of  Fairmallie,  Selkirkshire,  and 
afterwards  to  Sir  Thomas  Ogilvie.  By  his 
second  wife,  Clara,  daughter  of  John  Bemer 
of  Saskeudorfi;  Mecklenburg,  he  left  no 
issue. 

A  large  number  of  letters  6om  Ruthven  to 
Axel  Oxenstiema — 1624  to  1649 — are  among 
the  '  Oxenstiema  Papers '  in  the  Royal  Ar- 
chives at  Stockholm.  There  are  oil  portraits 
at  Skokloste  Castle  and  in  the  Bodluan 
Library,  Oxford. 

[In  the  Rev.  W.  D.  Macray's  valnable  Intro- 
duction to  the  Ruthyen  Correspondence  (Rox- 
bnrghe  Club),  the  ascertained  facts  concerning 
Rndven  are  combined  into  a  connected  narra- 
tive for  the  first  time.  See  also  Gordon's  Scots 
Affiiirs  and  Spalding's  Memorialls  (Spalding 
See.) ;  Robert  Baillie's  Letters  and  Journals 
(Bannatyne  Clnb) ;  Sir  James  Balfour's  Annals ; 
OaL  State  Papers,  Dom.  Ser.  daring  Charles  I 
and  the  Commonwealth;  ActaPrtrl.  Scot. vol. yi. ; 
Clarendon's  History  of  the  Rebellion ;  Harte's 
Life  of  Qustavns  Adolphas ;  Warburton's  Life 
of  Prince  Rupert ;  Douglas's  Scottish  Pperage 
(Wood),  i.  606 ;  information  from  the  Rev.W.  D. 
Macray.]  T   F.  H. 

RUTHVEN,  WILLIAM,  second  Lobd 
RiTTHVEK  (d.  1652),  was  descended  from  an 
ancient  Scottish  fi^n^ilyy  ^^^  earliest  of  whom 
is  said  to  have  been  Thor,  a  Saxon  or  Dane, 
who  settled  in  Scotland  in  the  reign  of 
David  I,  and  whose  son  Swan,  in  the  reign 
of  William  the  Lion,  possessed  the  manors 
of  Ruthven,  Tibbermuir,  and  other  lands  in 
Pertbdiire.  The  first  Lord  Ruthven,  created 
on  29  Jan.  1488,  was  the  son  of  William  de 


Ruthven 


514 


Ruthven 


Ruthven,  said  to  have  been  the  ninth  in  de-> 
scent  from  Thor ;  and  Sir  William's  grand- 
father, also  named  Sir  William  de  Ruthven, 
received  from  Robert  III  a  charter  of  sheriff- 
ship of  St.  Johnstoun  [i.e.  Perth],  and  also  of 
Ruthven  and  other  lands.  The  second  Lord 
Ruthven  was  the  son  of  the  master  of  Ruth- 
ven ;  the  latter,  known  as  Lindsay  until  his 
legitimation  on  2  July  1480,  was  the  son  of 
the  first  Lord  Ruthven ;  he  was  slain  at 
Flodden  on  9  Sept.  1613.  The  second  lord's 
mother  was  Catherine,  bom  Buttorgask.  He 
succeeded  his  grandfather,  the  first  Lord 
Ruthven,  some  time  before  10  Sept.  1628, 
when  the  king  bestowed  on  him  the  office 
of  custodian  and  constable  of  the  king's  hos- 
pital, near  the  Speygate,  Perth  {Reg,  Mag* 
Sig.  Soot.  1613-46,  No.  683).  In  February 
1632  he,  Lord  Oliphant,  and  various  barons  in 
this  district  of  Scotland  were  fined  for  not 
appearing  to  sit  as  jurvmen  at  the  trial  of 
Lady  Glamis  at  Forfar  for  poisoning  her  hus- 
band (FiTOAlRJ(,CrimmalTrials,i.  *168).  He 
was  admitted  an  extraordinary  lord  of  session 
on  27  Nov.  1633 ;  and  on  8  Aug.  1642  he  was 
named  a  member  of  the  privy  council  (^Heg* 
Mag.  Sig.  Soot.  1613-46,  No.  2747).  On 
28  Au^.  1636  the  king  confirmed  to  him 
and  his  heirs  the  lands  of  Glenshie  in 
Stratheam,  erected  into  a  free  forest  (ib. 
No.  1617). 

At  the  parliament  held  at  Edinburgh  in 
March  1^,  after  the  death  of  James  V, 
Ruthven,  who  is  called  by  Knox  '  a  stout 
and  discreet  man  in  the  cause  of  GK)d,' spoke 
in  behalf  of  liberty  being  ^nted  to  the 
laity  to  read  the  Scriptures  in  the  English 
tongue  (Ekox,  Works,  i.  98);  and  at  the 
same  parliament  he  was  chosen  one  of  the 
eight  noblemen,  two  of  whom  were  to  have 
the  charge  of  the  younff  queen  every  three 
months  (Acta  Pari.  Scot.  ii.  414).  On 
24  July  1643  he  signed  a  band  to  support 
Cardinal  Beaton  (CStl.  Hamilton  Papers,  ed. 
Bain,  i.  631),  but  nis  adherence  to  the  C£^i- 
nal  seems  to  have  been  only  temporary,  for 
in  1644  he  resisted  by  force  of  arms  the  car- 
dinal's candidate  for  the  provostship  of  Perth 
(DiumalofOccurrents,  p.  34 ;  Enox,  Works, 
L  111-13 ;  HsBBiEB,  Memoirs,  p.  16).  Ruth- 
ven was  appointed  keeper  of  the  privy  seal 
in  July  1646  (^.  Mag.  Sig.  Soot.  1613-46, 
No.  3281 ;  Beg.  P.  C.  Sootl.  i.  36).  On  24  Aug. 
of  the  same  year  he  appeared  before  the  privy 
council  with  Patrick,  earl  of  Bothweu,  as 
caution  that  Bothwell's  ship,  the  Mary,  and 
other  four  barks  should  not  take  any  ships 
belongings  to  the  Dutch,  Flemings,  or  Hun- 
garians (ib.  i.  41).  On  13  Sept.  ne  obtained 
an  heritable  grant  of  the  king's  house  of 
Perth,  of  which  he  was  keeper.     Ho  died 


early  in  December  1662  (Beg.  Mag.  8ig. 
Scot.  1646-80,  Nos.  726,  736).  By  his  wife 
Janet,  eldest  of  three  daughters  and  co- 
heiresses of  Patrick,  lord  Haliburton,  with 
whom  he  got  that  barony,  he  had  three 
sons  and  seven  daughters :  Patrick,  third 
lord  [q. v.] ;  James  oiForteviot ;  Alexander 
of  Freeland ;  Lilias,  married  to  David,  second 
lord  Drummond — she  was  of  high  repute  for 
herpiety,  and  to  her  Robert  Alexander  in 
1639  dedicated  the  Testament  of  William 
Hay,  earl  of  ErroU,  which  he  set  forth  in 
Scottish  metre  (printed  Edinburgh  1671); 
Gatherine,  to  Sir  Oolin  OampbeU  of  Glen- 
orchy;  Cecilia,  to  Sir  David  Wemyss  of 
Wemyss;  Barbara,  to  Patrick,  first  lord 
GFray ;  Janet,  to  John  Griohton  of  Strathaird ; 
Margaret,  to  John  Johnstone  of  Elphin- 
stone;  and  GhriBtina,  to  William  Lunoin  of 
Lundin. 

[Reg.  Mag.  Sig.  Soot.  151 3^e,  and  154d-S0; 
Reg.  P.  C.  Scotl.  vol.  i. ;  Acta  Pari.  Scot,  vol  ii. ; 
Diornal  of  Oocorrents  (Bannatyne  Club) ;  Loid 
Herries's  Memoirs  of  the  Reign  of  Mary  (Abbots- 
ford  Clnb);  Knox's  Works;  Douglas's  SoottiBh 
Peerage,  ed.  Wood,  i.  660.]  T.  F.  H. 

RUTHVEN,  WILLIAM,  fourth  Lob» 
RuTHVBir  and  first  E^bl  ov  Gowsie  (1641 P- 
1584),  second  son  of  Patrick,  third  lord 
Ruthven  [q.v.],  b^  Janet  Douglas,  natural 
daughter  of  Ajrchibald,  earl  of  Ajigus,  was 
bom  about  1641.  On  4  April  1562  the 
queen  conceded  to  him  and  his  wife,  Dorothy 
Stewart,  certain  lands  in  the  barony  of  Ruth- 
ven which  his  father  resigned  in  his  favour 
(J^.  Mag.  Sig.  Scot.  1546-80,  No.  1413). 
WiUi  his  father  he  joined  the  conspiracy 
against  RuEzio  on  9  March  1566,  and  on  the 

gueen's  escape  to  Dunbar  he  accompanied 
is  father  in  uis  flight  to  England.     On  the 
death  of  his  fSather  at  Newcastle  on  13  June 
1566,  he  nominally  succeeded  hinr^  aa  fourth 
lord,  but  previous  to  this  he  had  been  de- 
nounced as  a  rebel  and  forfeited.     Along 
with  Morton,  he  was,  however,  through  an 
agreement  of  Bothwell  and  the  aueen  with 
the  proteetant  lords,  pardoned  ana  permitted 
to  return  to  Scotland,  which  he  did  about 
the  end  of  December  (CaL  State  Papers,  For. 
Ser.  1566-8,  No.  872).    Possibly  he  was  un- 
aware of  the  plot  which  was  then,  being 
hatched  against  his  cousin.  Lord  Damlev ; 
and  in  any  case  there  is  no  evidence  that  he 
had  any  direct  connection  with  it.     Nor  was 
he  present  in  Ainslie's  tavern  when,  after 
Botnwell's  acquittal  of  the  murder,  certain 
lords  signed  a  paper  recommending  Bothwell 
OB  a  suitable  husband  for  the  q  ueen.  Probably 
he  was  one  of  the  few  nobles  who  ioined 
the  band  against  Bothwell  with,  a  sincere 


Ruthven 


s^s 


Ruthven 


desire  to  revenge  the  murder ;  and  he  was  pre- 
sent against  the  aueen  when  she  surrendered 
to  the  lords  at  Oarberry  Hill.  Along  with 
Lord  Idndsajy  he  was  appointed  to  conduct 
the  queen  to  the  fortalice  of  Lochleyeni  and 
to  have  charffe  of  her  during  her  imprison- 
ment there ;  but,  according  to  Throckmorton, 
bong  suspected  of  haying  shown  '  favour  to 
the  queen/  he  was  subseqaently  employed 
on  another  commission  {Illustrations  of  the 
Meign  of  Mary,  Bannatyne  Club,  p.  208). 
Along  with  Ix)rd  Lindsay,  Ruthven  acted 
as  procurator  in  obtaining  the  queen's  de- 
mission of  the  government  in  favour  of  her 
aon  (JUff,  P.  C.  8coU.  i.  588),  and  at  the 
coronation  of  the  young  king  at  Stirling  he 
certified  with  Lord  Lindsay  that  she  nad 
demitted  the  government  willingly  and 
-without  compulsion.  On  24  Aug.  he  was 
selected  provost  of  Perth  (ib,  p.  605^ ;  after 
the  queen's  escape  from  Lochleven  ne  took 
up  arms  acainst  her,  and  was  present  at  her 
defeat  at  Langside  on  18  Mavl668(^w^.  of 
James  the  8ext,v.  27);  ana  in  August  he 
stopped  at  the  Fords  of  Tay  the  Earl  of 
Huntly,  a  supporter  of  the  queen,  who  was 
ooming  to  attend  the  parliament,  accompanied 
with  a  thousand  horse  (Oaldbbwood,  History, 
IL  418).  At  the  convention  of  Perth  in  July 
1G69  ne  voted  against  the  queen's  divorce 
frtmi  Bothwell  {Reg.  P.  C\  Scotl.  ii.  8).  On 
24  Nov.  of  the  same  year  he  was  appointed 
lieutenant  of  Perth,  and  bailie  and  justice 
of  the  king's  lands  of  Scone  (Beg*  Mag,  Sig, 
Soot  1646-80,  No.  1894) ;  and  on  7  Dec.  he 
leeeived  a  grant  of  certain  lands  in  South 
Kinkell  (d.  No.  1902). 

Ruthven  was  one  of  those  who  bore  the 
body  of  the  regent  Morav  from  Holyrood  to 
its  bnrial  in  St.  Giles's  Church  (Randolph  to 
Gedl  in  Kiirox's  Works,  vi.  671).  He  con- 
tinued to  adhere  to  the  lords  in  their  contest 
with  the  Bunporters  of  Mary,  who  held  pos- 
seenon  of  the  castle  of  Edinburgh,  and  dis* 
tingnished  himself  inseveral engagements.  In 
15^  he  assisted  in  the  capture  of  the  garrison 
of  the  enemy  at  Brechin  (Cau>iibwooi>,  iii.  8). 
In  February  1671-2  he  was  sent  to  defend 
Jedburgh  affainst  Ker  of  Femiehinrt,  whom 
he  sarpised  and  completely  defeated  (Heg, 
P.  a  SootL  iL  11&-17 ;  Mist  of  James  the  Sejct, 
p.  96 ;  CaIiDBBWOOB,  History ,  iii.  166 ;  Cal. 
Biate  Papers,  For.  Ser.  1672-4,  No.  116); 
and  in  July  1672  he  defeated  a  sortie  from 
Edinborgh  GasUe  (t5.  No.  468).  On  24  July 
1671  he  was,  in  room  of  Robert  Richardson 
[q.  v.],  who  resigned,  appointed  lord  high 
treasurer  far  life.  He  was  a  commissioner 
for  the  pacification  of  Perth  on  28  Feb. 
1572-S  (Beg.  P.  C.  Sostl,  ii.  193) ;  and  he 
iSgWt  the  undertaking  wilih  the  English 


ambassador  Draiv  as  to  the  arrangements  to 
be  observed  on  the  capture  of  the  castle  of 
Edinburgh  (Cal,  State  Papers,  For.  Ser. 
1672-4,  No.  897). 

Lord  Ruthven  was  one  of  those  deputed 
by  Morton  to  represent  him  at  the  con- 
vention of  nobles  at  Stirling  in  March  1677- 
1678,  at  which  it  was  ae^reed  that  Morton 
should  be  deprived  of  the  office  of  recent 
(MoTSiB,  Memoirs,  p.  2),  and  on  the  16th 
he  was  sent  with  others  of  a  deputation  to 
Morton  to  request  him  to  surrender  the  castle 
of  Edinburgh  {ib,  p.  8),  when  he  was  chosen 
b}r  Morton  as  one  of  the  '  neutral  men'  who 
might  meanwhile  be  named  keepers  of  the 
castle  {id.)  In  April  he  was  also  named  one 
of  the  new  counciUors  under  whose  direction 
the  king  was  to  carry  on  the  government 
{ib,  p.  6).  Subsequently  he  joined  Morton, 
who  had  obtained  access  to  the  castle  of 
Stirling,  and  he  was  present  at  the  meeting 
of  parnieiment  held  there  under  Morton^ 
auspices,  and  was  chosen  a  lord  of  the  articles 
{ib.  p.  12).  On  8  Sept.  1678  he  was  nomi- 
nated one  of  eight  noblemen  for  the  recon- 
ciliation of  the  two  factions,  and  also  lieu- 
tenant of  the  borders,  with  specifd  powers 
for  reducing  them  to  obedience  {Iteg,  P,  C, 
Sootl,  iii.  26-6).  On  26  Nov.  he  was  ap- 
pointed an  extraordinary  lord  of  session.  He 
signed  the  order  for  the  prosecution  of  the 
Hamiltons  on  30  April  1679  (ib.  n.  147),  and 
on  20  May  was  thanked  for  the  discharge  of 
his  commission  against  them.  Ruthven  had 
long  been  at  feud  with  James,  fourth  lord 
Oliphant,  a  supporter  of  Queen  Mary,  and 
while  returning  in  October  1680  from  Kin- 
cardine, where  he  had  been  at  the  marriage 
of  the  Earl  of  Mar,  he  happened  to  pass  near 
the  house  of  Lord  Oliphant  at  I>upplin,where- 
upon  he  was  pursued  hy  Lord  Oliphant,  and 
his  kinsman,  Alexander  Stewart,  shot  dead 
with  a  hacbut.  Ruthven  pursued  the  master 
of  Oliphant  at  law  for  the  slaughter,  and  on 
16  Nov.  both  parties  were  bound  over  by  the 
council  to  keep  the  peace  {ib,  iii.  ^9).  Ulti- 
mately the  master  m  March  1682  went  to 
the  lodgings  of  Ruthven  in  Edinburgh  with- 
out sword  or  weapon,  and  offered  himself  to 
his  will. 

During  a  convention  of  the  lords  at  Dal- 
keith on  3  May  1681,  to  consult  on  the  trial 
of  Morton,  Ruthven  fell  sick  through  a  drink 
of  beer  he  got  in  Dfdkeith,  and  it  was 
rumoured  that  he  had  been  poisoned,  but  the 
evil  effects  were  only  temporary  (Caldbb- 
wooD,  iiL  666).  After  the  execution  of  Moi«- 
ton  it  was  deemed  advisable  to  gratify  him 
bv  creating  him  by  patent,  28  Aug.  1661, 
£arl  of  Gowrie  and  Lord  Ruthven  and 
Dirleton,  and  on  20  Oct.  the  lands  and  barony 

ll2 


Ruthven 


516 


Ruthven 


of  Gowrie  belonging  to  the  monastery  of ' 
Scone  were  erected  into  an  earldom,  and 
bestowed  on  him  by  charter  under  the  great 
seal  {^Beg,  Mag,  Sig,  Scot.  1580-93,  No. 
258).  On  14  Dec.  he  had  also  a  grant  of  the 
lordship  of  Abemethy  (tb,v-  296). 

In  the  dispute  between  James  Stewart  or 
Stuart,  earl  of  Arran,  and  the  Duke  of  Len- 
nox, in  regard  to  their  right  to  bear  the  crown 
at  the  opening  of  parliament  as  next  of  kin  to 
the  crown,  Gowrie  sided  with  Arran,  and  sub- 
sequently he  si^ed  a  band  with  other  protes- 
tant  nobles  against  Lennox ;  they  were  led  to 
take  action  mainly  by  information  conveyed 
to  them  by  Bowes,  the  English  ambassador, 
that  Lennox  had  determined  to  seize  them, 
and  chaiffe  them  with  meditated  treason 
against  the  king  (Bowes,  Correspondence, 
Surteee  See.  p.  170).  Thereupon  Gowrie 
and  other  conspirators  immediately  deyised 
the  plot  now  known  as  the '  Raid  of  Kuthven,' 
by  which  the  kinff  on  28  Aug.  1682  was 
induced  or  compeUed  to  leave  the  town  of 
Perth,  and  go  to  Gowrie's  seat  at  Ruthven, 
where  he  was  practically  placed  under  the 
custody  of  the  conspirators.  Arran  and  his 
brother.  Colonel  Stewart,  on  learning  that 
the  king  was  at  Ruthven,  determined  to 
effect  a  rescue,  but  Colonel  Stewart,  with  a 
strong  body  of  horse,  was  defeated  by  Mar ; 
and  Arran,  who  had  galloped  by  a  nearer 
way  to  Ruthven,  was  promptly  seized  and  | 
placed  under  a  guard,  it  was  only  the  inter- 
position of  Gowrie  that  saved  him  from 
oeing  slain  by  the  conspirators  (Mblville, 
Af«motfv,  p.  ^81\  but  it  was  finally  agreed 
that  he  should  oe  placed  under  the  charge 
of  Gk>wrie  in  Stirling. 

After  the  '  Raid  of  Ruthven'  the  English 
ambassador,  at  the  request  of  Elizabeth,  was 
directed  to  use  every  means  to  obtain  pos- 
session of  the  silver  casket  containing  the 
letters  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  to  Bothwell, 
which  it  was  stated  that  Morton  had  deli- 
vered into  the  keeping  of  Gowrie  (Bowes  to 
Walsingham,  8  Nov.  1582,  in  Bow£S*s  Cl^rre- 
tpondencef  Surtees  Soc.  p.  286);  bui  Gowrie, 
while  declaring  that  the  lords  had  deter- 
mined to  keep  them  in  vindication  of  their 
conduct,  declmed  at  first  to  state  whether 
they  were  in  his  possession  or  not  (f&.  p.  240) ; 
then,  while  practically  admitting  that  they 
were  in  his  possession,  he  affirmed  that  he 
could  not  give  them  up  without  the  king's 
privity  (ib,  p.  254),  and  finally  he  insisted 
that  it  was  necessary  to  keep  their  where- 


abouts secret  from  the  king,  as  the  Duke  of 
Lennox  had  sought  earnestly  to  ^t  posses- 
sion of  them  {w,  p.  265).     Their  custody 
cannot  be  traced  further. 
On  17  Dec.  1582,  at  a  convention  of  certain 


of  the  lords  with  the  ministers  of  Edinburgh, 
Gowrie  earnestly  desired  that  he  might  be 
allowed  to  set  Ajran  at  liberty, '  so  tluat  the 
good  action  had  no  hurt  thereby,'  but  it  was 
determined  that  he  should  be  retained  in 
confinement  (Caxdebwood,  iii.  698).  All 
that  Gowrie  would,  however,  agree  to  was 
that  he  should  be  kept  in  confinement  uutQ 
it  was  certainly  known  that  Lennox  had  left 
the  country  (Bowes,  Correeponderioey  p.  222). 
It  was  thought  Gtowrie  was  p^vy  to  the 
king's  escape  from  Falkland  to  St.  Andrews 
on  27  June  1583  (Melville,  JIfemoirv,  p. 
284;  Caldebwood,  History ,  iiL  715);  m 
any  case,  on  making  his  appearance  at  St. 
Andrews,  he  was  permitted  to  enter  the 
presence  of  the  king,  received  from  him  a 
formal  pardon,  and  was  nominated  one  of 
his  new  privy  council.  On  28  Dec.  the  king 
also  under  tne  great  seal  granted  full  re- 
mission both  to  him  and  his  servants  for 
their  share  in  the  Ruthven  raid  {Beg^  Mag. 
6ig.  Scot  1580-98,  No.  648). 

Gowrie  oppbsed  a  proposal  of  the  king  that 
Arran  shoula  be  permitted  to  visit  the  court ; 
but  on  the  king's  assurance  that  he  merely 
wished  Arran  to  come  and  kiss  his  hand  ana 
then  return,  Gbwrie  withdrew  his  opposition 

i Melville,  Memoire,  pp.  292-8).  Arran, 
Lowever,  took  advantage  of  his  viBit  to  re- 
gain his  old  influence  over  the  king,  and 
remained  at  the  court  as  his  chief  adviser. 
Gowrie  and  Arran  were  then  nominally  re- 
conciled, but  in  February  1688-4  Gowrie 
was,  at  the  instance  of  Arran,  commanded 
to  leave  the  country.  He  made  various  ex- 
cuses for  delay  in  obeying  the  command,  and 
meanwhile  hie  concerted  with  Angus,  Mar, 
and  others  a  plot  for  the  capture  01  Stirling 
Castle.  Ultimately  he  came  to  Dundee  on 
the  pretence  of  intending  to  take  ship  iJiera, 
but  in  reality  to  be  in  readiness  to  concert 
measures  with  the  other  conspirators.  Hia 
purpose  was,  however,  fathomed  by  Arxan, 
and  on  18  April  Colonel  Stewart  was  sent  by 
sea  to  Dundee  with  one  hundred  men,  charged 
by  a  royal  warrant,  written  by  Arran,  to 
bring  Gowrie  to  Edinburgh.  On  the  arrival 
of  Stewart  on  the  15th,  Gowrie  immediately 
went  to  his  lodgings,  which  he  barricaded 
and  resolved  to  h(N[a,  with  the  aid  of  his 
servants ;  but  finding  that  the  townspeople, 
through  the  influence  of  the  Earl  of  Craw« 
ford,  sided  with  Stewart,  he  finally  surren- 
dered. His  capture  upset  the  plans  of  the  other 
conspirators,  who  took  refuge  in  England. 
He  was  brought  to  Edinburgh  on  the  18th, 
thence  to  Einkell  on  the  25tn,  and  five  days 
thereafter  to  Stirling,  to  be  put  upon  ma 
trial.  Although  the  delay  of  Gk>wrie  in 
leaving  the  country  was  BUBpiciona,  iharo 


Ruthven 


S17 


Ruthven 


WM  DO  dinet  proof  that  he  was  inyolyed 
in  a  oonapiracy  against  the  king  or  Anan. 
Earnest  attempts  were  therefore  made  to 
indnoe  him  to  make  a  confession  (seespecially 
the  papers  printed  in  Papen  relating  to 
WOham,  Jkift  Earl  of  Chwrie,  pp.  25-48); 
and  on  a  solemn  Terhal  assurance  of  the  king's 
promise  of  pardon,  he  did  confess  that  he 
was  oonoemed  in  the  conspiracy  with  the 
other  nohles  who  had  fled  to  England,  hat, 
except  as  remds  his  share  in  the  conspiracy, 
TeTealednoUiing  that  was  not  already  known. 
His  own  confessicm  was  nerertheless  used  as 
the  main  eridence  against  him  at  his  trial, 
and,  heing  oonTicted  of  high  treason,  he  was 
beheaded  at  Stirling  on  2  May  1584,  and  his 
lands  were  forfeited.  In  addition  to  the 
accusation  of  treason,  he  was  charged  with 
witchcraft ;  but  he  repelled  the  accusation  as 
a  malicious  slander,  and  it  was  not  persisted 
in. 

Gh)wrie  was  married  to  Dorothea  Stewart^ 
daughter  or  granddaughter  of  Henry  Stewart, 
second  lord  Methren.  It  has  been  disputed 
whether  she  was  the  daughter  of  the  second 
Iiord  Methven  by  his  first  wife,  Margaret 
Tudor,  widow  of  James  IV,  or  by  his  second 
wife,  Lftdy  Jane  Stewart,  who  afterwards 
married  Gfowrie's  father,  Patrick,  third  lord 
Bnthyen.  It  has,  however,  been  clearly 
shown  that  she  could  not  hare  been  a  daugh- 
ter of  Margaret  Tudor,  inasmuch  as  in  that 
case  she  would  have  been  much  too  old  to 
haTe  borne  so  many  children  to  Gowrie ;  but 
it  has  also  been  argued  that  Lord  Mediven 
had  by  Margaret  Tudor  a  son,  the  master  of 
MethTsn,  kuled  at  Pinkie  in  1547,  and  that 
Dorothea  was  the  master's  daughter,  and 
therefore  agranddaughter of  Margaret  Tudor. 
The  theory  is,  howeyer,  unsupported  by  eyi- 
dence,  and  owes  its  existence  simply  to  the 
fact  that  it  affords  a  plausible  explanation 
of  the  so-called  *  Gowrie  Conspiracy'  of  1600 
[see  under  RuTHyEK,  Albzakdbb,  master  o^ 
and  RuTUVJUi,  John,  third  Eabl  of  Gow- 
bib],  inasmuch  as  on  this  supposition  the 
young  Earl  of  Gowrie  would  haye  had  ariyal 
title  with  James  to  the  throne  of  England. 
Be  this  as  it  may,  Dorothea  and  her  children 
were  for  a  time  treated  with  great  seyerity. 
Not  only  was  she  lefb  completely  destitute, 
bat  when  during  the  progress  of  the  kinff  to 
the  parliament  in  Augiut  she  appearea  to 
ask  mercy  for  herself  and  children,  she  was 
forcibly  repelled  at  the  instance  of  Arran, 
and  feu  down  in  the  street  in  a  swoon  (Cal- 
9BBW00D,  Hittory,  iy.  Id7).  After  the  fall 
of  Arran  in  1586  the  forfeited  lands  and 
dignities  were,  howeyer,  restored.  At  lus 
death  Gowrie  was  indebtiad  to  the  amount 
of  48,068/.,  being  the  amount  adyanced  to 


him  on  the  security  of  his  lands  for  the  de- 
frayment of  public  expenses  while  he  held 
the  office  of  treasurer.  After  the  Gk>wrie 
conspiracy  the  Countess  of  Gowrie  penned  a 
petition  on  1  Noy.  1600,  in  which  she  wrote : 
'  I  am  so  oyerchamd  with  the  payment  of 
annual  rents  for  his  majesty*s  debts  con- 
tracted during  the  time  of  my  husband's 
being  in  office  of  treasurer,  wmch  sums  of 
money  were  taken  on  my  compact  fee  lands, 
that  scarce  am  I  able  to  entertain  my  own 
estate'  (Hist  MSS.  Oomm.  9th  Rep.  pt  ii. 
p.  196^. 

By  Dorothea  Stewart,  Gk>wrie  had  fiye  sons 
and  eight  daughters.  The  sons  were  James, 
second  earl,  who  died  in  1588;  John,  third 


earl  [q.y.],  and  Alexander,  master  of  Ruthyen 

S.  y.  I,  both  killed  in  the  affidr  of  Gowrie 
( 


.ouseinl600;  William,  and  Patrick.  After 
the  affair  of  Gowrie  House  an  order  was  sent 
to  apprehend  WiUiam  and  Patrick,  then  boys 
at  sdiiool  in  Edinburgh,  but,  being  feie- 
wamed,  they  fled  into  England.  On  S&  April 
1608  James,  during  his  progress  southwiurd 
to  accept  the  crown  of  England,  issued  an 
order  for  their  apprehension  (Cb/.  Stats 
Papers,  Dom.  Ser.  1603-10,  p.  5).  William 
escaped  and  went  to  the  continent,  where  ha 
gained  a  high  reputation  by  his  scientific 
acquirements;  but  Patrick  was  apprehended 
and  lodged  in  the  Tower.  While  there  he 
on  24  July  1616  receiyed  a  grant  of  200^ 
per  annum  for  apparel  and  b<K)k8  (t5. 1611— 
1618,  p.  387).  In  1622  he  obtamed  per- 
mission to  reside  within  the  bounds  of  the 
uniyersity  of  Cambridge,  and  there  was  a^ 
the  same  time  settled  on  him  a  pension  of 
500/.  a  year.  On  4  Feb.  1623<4  he  was  per- 
mitted to  reside  in  Somerset.  In  February 
1639-40  he  was  liying  in  St.  MartinVin-the- 
Fields.  He  died  in  1662,  in  the  king's  bendi 
prison.  He  married  Elizabeth,  daughter  of 
Robert  Woodford,  and  widow  of  Thomas, 
lord  (Gerard,  by  whom  he  had,  besides  other 
children,  Patnek,  who  succeeded  him,  and 
Mary,  maid  of  honour  to  Queen  Henrietta 
Mana,  who  married  Sir  Anthony  Vandyke, 
On  8  Noy.  1657  the  son,  who  styled  himself 
Patrick,  lord  Ruthyen,  presented  a  petition 
to  Cromwell  for  arrears  of  pension  due  to  his 
father,  in  which  he  statea  that  the  barony 
of  Euthyen  had  been  restored  by  parliament 
to  his  father  in  1641  (for  information  regard- 
ing Patrick  Huthyen,  see  especially  Papers 
rating  to  WilUam,  first  Earl  qf  QowrUf 
and  Patrick  Ruthven^  Ms  fifth  and  last  sur^ 
viving  Son,  1867).  The  daughters  of  the  first 
Lord  Gowrie  were  Mary,  married  to  John, 
first  earl  of  Atholl ;  Jean  to  James,  lord 
Ogilyie,  ancestor  of  the  earls  of  Airlie; 
Sophia  to  Ludoyick  Stewart,  second  duke 


Rutland 


5x8 


Rutledge 


of  Lennox ;  Elizabeth  to  John,  lord  Qraham, 
afterwardB  fourth  earl  of  Montrose ;  LQias 
to  Sir  John  Gordon  of  Lochinvar ;  Dorothea 
to  Sir  John  Wemyss  ofPittencrieff;  Gatho- 
rine  died  in  infancy ;  and  Barbara,  lady  of  the 
bedchamber  to  Queen  Anne  of  Denmark,  who 
retained  her  position  notwithstandinff  the  for- 
feiture of  the  family,  and  in  Septemoer  1603 
obtained  from  the  king  a  pension  of  200/., 
on  the  ground  that,  notwithstanding  'the 
abominable  attempt  of  her  family  against 
the  king,  she  had  shown  no  malicious  de- 
signs' (Col.  StaU  Papers  f  Dom.  Ser.  1603-10, 
p.  43).  She  married  Sir  John  Hume  of 
Coldingknowes. 

[HistorieB  by  Enoz,  Calderwood,  and  Spoti»- 
wood ;  Sir  James  Mel7ille*B  Memoirs,  and  David 
Moysie's  Memoirs  (fianoatyne  Clab) ;  Bowes's 
Correspondence  (Sartees  Society);  Keg.  Mag. 
Sig.  Scot  1646-80,  and  1680-93;  Beg.  Privy 
Oonnoil  of  Scotland,  vols.  ii.-iT. ;  Gal.  State 
Papers,  Soot.  Ser.  and  For.  Ser.  reign  of  Eliza- 
beth; Papers  relating  to  William,  let  Earl  of 
Govrie,  privately  printed,  1867 ;  DougWs  Scot- 
tish Peerage  (Wood),  i.  662.3.]         T.  F.  H. 

BUTLAND,  Dukes  op.  [See  Manners, 
John,  first  duke,  1638-1711:  Mahtnbes, 
Ohaelbs,  fourth  duke,  1754-1787;  Man- 
ners, Charles  Cecil  John,  sixth  duke, 

1815-1888.] 

KUTLAND,  Earls  oi*.  [See  Manners, 
Thomas,  first  earl,  d.  1 543 ;  Manners,  Hbnrt, 
second  earl,  d,  1563;  Manners,  Edward, 
third  earl,  1549-1587 ;  Manners,  RoOBR,fifbh 
earl,  157&-1612 1  Manners,  Francis,  sixth 
earl,  1578-1632;  Manners,  John,  eighth 
earl,  1604-1679.] 

RUTLAND,  HUGH  of  (^.1185), 
Anglo-Norman  poet.  [See  Rotelande, 
Hub  de.] 

RUTLEDGE.  JAMES  or  JOHN  JAMES 
(1743-1794),  i>uDlicist,  was  the  grandson  of 
an  Irish  Jacobite  who  settled  in  France,  and 
was  son  of  Walter  Rutledge  (d,  1779),  a 
banker  and  shipowner  at  Dunkirk,  who 
assisted  the  Pretender  in  his  expedition 
of  1715,  and  was  consequently  created  a 
baronet  by  him.  James  accordingly  styled 
himself '  chevalier'  or  *  baronet.*  JBom,  pro- 
bably at  Dunkirk,  in  1743,  he  was  brought 
up  to  speak  both  French  and  English.  Me 
entered,  without  pay,  Berwick's  Franco-Irish 
cavalry  regiment ;  but  on  its  being  disbanded 
in  1762  he  returned  to  Dunkirk,  where  he 
married  a  shipowner's  daughter.  In  1772 
his  father-in-law's  embarrassments  induced 
him  to  go  to  Paris,  with  a  view  to  selling  his 
reversionary  interest  in  his  father's  property 
near  Rheims ;  but  his  father's  want  of  afiection 


for  him,  the  rapacity  of  his  stepmother  and 
her  children,  anid  the  dishonesty  of  a  notary 
reduced  the  proceeds,  he  asserted,  to  a  very 
small  sum.  Thenceforth  he  lived  by  his  pen, 
and  he  did  much  to  make  English  literature 
known  in  France.  He  did  not  indeed,  as  is 
stated  by  the  *  Biographic  Universelle,'  assist 
in  Letourneor's  translation  of  Shakespeare, 
for  he  criticised  that  translation  as  inaccurate ; 
but  in  *  Observations  ^rAcad6mie'  (1776)  he 
extolled  Shakespeare,  in  reply  to  Voltaire,  t^ 
far  superior  to  French  dramatists.  He  wrote 
a  long  letter  to  Goldsmith,  accompanied  by 
an  imitation  in  French  of  a  portion  of  the 
'Deserted  ViUaffe,'  and  published  this,  with 
Goldsmith's  reply.  In  1783  he  was  cast  in 
damages  at  the  suit  of  the  notary,  Deherainy 
whom  he  had  libelled,  and,  in  demult  of  pay- 
ment, was  imprisoned.  The  revolution  gave 
scope  for  his  mania  for  delation.  He  charged 
Necker  with  a  conspiracy  to  deprive  Paris  of 
bread,  oovered  the  walls  of  Paris  with  de- 
nunciations of  him,  became  the  spokesman 
of  the  bakers  in  their  ffrievaaces  against  the 
millers,  and  in  November  1789  was  arrested 
on  the  charge  of  usurpation  of  powers,  in 
proposing  to  raise  a  loan  for  the  biUcers  on 
easier  terms  than  those  offered  by  the  muni- 
cipality. Released  in  the  following  January, 
he  renewed  his  scurrilous  attacks  on  Necker 
and  his  family.  He  was  a  leading  member 
of  the  Cordeliers'  Club  till  his  expulsion  in 
November  1791 ;  but  in  1790  he  was  refused 
admission  to  the  Jacobin  Club,  then  consist- 
ixig  mainly  of  moderate  men,  on  account  of 
his  calumniating  disposition.  After  the  death, 
on  13  July  1793,  of  Marat,  who  had  ap- 
plauded his  denunciations,  he  seems  to  have 
lallen  into  obscurity,  but  was  imprisoned  by 
the  committee  of  general  security  in  the  fol- 
lowing October.  His  death,  in  March  1794, 
passea  unnoticed  except  in  the  necrology  of 
the  Petites  Afhches. 

Itutledge*s  numerous  productions  include : 
1.  'Thamar:  trag§die,' 1769,  8vo.  2.  *M6- 
moire  sur  le  caractdre  et  les  moaurs  des 
FrauQais  compares  k  ceux  des  Anglais,'  1776, 
8vo.  3.  'La  Quinsaine  An^laise,'  Londoz&, 
1776,  8vo;  this  sketch,  which  depicts  the 
rapidity  with  which  a  'plunger'  may  be 
reduced  to  destitution  by  the  harpies  of 
Paris  and  purports  to  be  a  posthumous  work 
by  Sterne,  to  whose  works  it  bears  no  sort 
of  resemblance,  was  translated  as  *  The 
Englishman's  Fortnight  in  Paris,'  by  'An 
Observer,'  Dublin,  1771.  The  writer  states 
that  attempts  had  been  made  to  auppreae 
the  work  in  Paris.    A  species  of  sequel,  en* 

titled  *  Le  Second  Voyage  de  milord / 

appeared  in  1779.    4.  '  Le  Train  de  Paris, 
ou  les  Bourgeois  du   Tours,'  1777,    8vo. 


Rutt 


519 


Rutter 


5*  '  Lea  Oomidiena  oa  le  Foyer :  com6die/ 
1777.  6.  '  Le  Babillard/ 1778,  an  imitation 
ofthe'Tatkr.'  7. '  Oalypso/ 1784-6.  a'Le 
Crenaet,'  Janoary  to  August  1791. 

[Manuaeripts  at  the  AxchiyeB  Nationalea  and 
Mna^  Ownavalet,  Paris;  Memorial  an  Roi, 
1770,  and  biographieal  data  in  hia  other  worlcs; 
G^nun'aGorTeepODdanceLitt^raire;  Lallemant'a 
Hartehal-de-eamp  Warren;  Anlard's  CLub  dea 
Jaoobina ;  Paris  newspapeni,  1789 ;  Alger^s  Eng- 
liahry"  in  French  Revolntion ;  Journal  d'Adrien 
Baqueeaoj,  Paris,  1894  ;  Brit.  Mus.  Gat.] 

J.  G.  A. 

BUTT,  JOHN  TOWILL  (1760-1841), 
politician  and  man  of  lettera,  bom  in  London 
on  4  April  1760,  waa  only  son  of  George 
Rutty  at  firat  a  druggist  in  Friday  Street, 
C^ieapaide,  and  afterwards  a  wholeaale  mep- 
diant  in  drugs  in  Uppo'  Thamea  Street,  who 
macried  Elizabeth  Towill.  In  early  boyhood 
lie  waa  placed  for  some  time  under  the  care 
of  Dr.  Toulmin  at  Taunton  f  Rutt,  Ltfe  of 
Priestley,  i.  164),  and  on  1  JiUy  1771  he  was 
admitted  at  St.  FauFs  School,  London,  under 
Dr.  Richard  Roberts.  The  headmaster  re- 
commended his  uarents  to  send  him  to  the 
uniTeraity,  but  they  were  strict  nonconfor- 
mists, and  would  not  accept  the  advice.  The 
lad  went  into  hia  father's  business,  and  did 
not  wholly  withdraw  from  mercantile  pur- 
suits until  near  the  end  of  his  days.  But  for 
his  literary  tast<e  and  public  seal  he  would 
have  died  a  man  of  sreat  wealth. 

Rutt  joined  in  1780  the  Society  for  Gon- 
atittttional  Information,  which  was  founded 
miunly  by  Major  Cartwright  (cf.  Life  of 
Cartwriffht,  L  184,  ii.  296).  Under  the 
BpeW  of  the  French  reyolution  he  became 
an  original  and  active  member  of  the  *  So- 
eiety  of  the  Frienda  of  the  People/  to  which 
Ijoid  Grey,  Erakine,  and  other  prominent 
whiga  belonged.  The  aufferinga  of  the  Scottiah 
r^ormera,  Mnir,  Palmer,  and  Skirving.  ex- 
cited hia  warmest  sympathy;  he  risitM^  the 
eonvicts  on  board  the  hulks,  when  awaiting 
orden  to  sail,  and  sent  papera  and  pamphlets 
to  them  in  New  South  Wales  (Bblshax , 
Memoire  of  T.  Lindeey,  p.  624).  His  reli- 
gious couTictions  gradually  became  unitarian, 
and  by  1796  be  waa  a  leading  member  of  the 
Ghravel  Pit  congregation  at  Ebickney,  of 
which  Belsham  was  the  pastor.  With 
Priestley  and  CKlbert  Wakefield  he  was  on 
the  closest  terms  of  friendship.  He  rendered 
good  service  to  the  former  arter  the  riots  at 
Birmingham,  and  he  was  one  of  Wakefield's 
bail^and  smoothed  his  lot  after  his  incarcerar 
tion  in  Dorchester  gaol.  Another  intimate 
friend  was  Henrr  (^bb  Robinson  [q.  y.] 

On  his  partial  withdrawal  from  ousiness 
ftboat  1600  Rutt  dwelt  for  some  years  at 


Whitegate  Houae,  near  Witham  in  Easex, 
afterwarda  alternately  at  Clapton  and  Brom- 
ley by  Bow,  and  finally  aettled  at  Bexley.  He 
aided  in  founding  the  '  Monthly  Repoaitory,' 
was  a  regular  contributor  to  its  columns,  and 
occasionallr  acted  as  its  editor  (AsPLAin), 
Memoir  qf  Robert  Atpland,  pp.  191,  666)* 
He  also  wrote  in  the  '  Christian  Reformer,' 
the  other  journal  of  the  unitarians.  In  1802 
he  edited  lor  that  religious  body  a '  Collection 
of  Prayers,  Psalms,  and  Hymns.'  As  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Clothworkers'  he  worked  energad- 
caU^r  in  the  administration  of  the  company's 
charities,  and  he  laid  the  first  stone  of  tne 
Domestic  Society's  school  and  chapel  in  Spicer 
Street,  Spitalfields.  His  public  s^eakinf  was 
vigorous,  his  conversation  was  anmiated,  and 
his  verses  showed  facility  and  plajrful  humour. 
He  died  at  Bezley  on  8  March  1841.  He 
married,  in  June  1786,  Rachel,  second  daugh- 
ter of  Joseph  Fattisson  of  Maldon,  Essex. 
They  had  thirteen  children,  seven  of  whom, 
wit£  his  widow,  survived  him.  Rachel,  the 
eldest  daughter,  married  Sir  Thomas  Noon 
Talfourd  [q.  v.] 

Rutt  was  the  author  of  a  small  volume  of 
poetry,  entitled  '  The  Sympathy  of  Priests. 
Addressed  to  T.  F.  Palmer,  at  Port  Jackson* 
With  Odes,'  1792.  In  conjunction  with 
Arnold  Wainewright,  he  published  in  1804 
an  enlarged  edition,  brought  down  to  the 
date  of  death,  of  the  '  Memoirs  of  Gilbert 
Wakefield,'  orinnally  published  by  Wake- 
field in  1792.  The  years  between  1817  and 
1831  were  chiefly  spent  in  editing  the '  Theo- 
loffical  and  Miscellaneous  Works  of  Dr. 
Priestley '  in  twenty-five  volumes,  portions  of 
which  were  subsequently  issued  separately. 
The  first  volume  Rutt  separately  issued  as 
'Life  and  Correspondence  of  Joseph  Priest- 
ley,' 1881-2, 2  vols.  RuU  also  edited  with 
ample  notes,  historical  and  biographical,  the 
*  Diary  of  Thomas  Burton,  M.P.,  1066  to 
1069'  (1828), '  Calamy's  Historical  Account 
of  my  own  Life,  1671-1781 '  (1830),  and  *The 
Life,  Journals,  and  Correspondence  of  Samuel 
Pepys.  With  a  Narrative  of  his  Voyage  to 
Tangier '  (1841)  (cf.  Maobat,  Bodleian  Id- 
brary,  2nd  ed.,  pp.  236-7).  He  contributed 
several  articles  to  the '  Encyclopedia  Metro- 
politana,'  including  that  on  the  history  of 
Greece. 

[Memorials  of  J.  T.  Ratt,  for  private  circala- 
tion,  1845;  Gent.  Mag.  1841,  i.  437-8;  Gar- 
diner's St.  Paul's  School,  p.  161 ;  Crabb  Robin- 
son's Diary,  passim;  Christian  Reformer,  1841, 
pp.  122,  261-2.]  W.  P.  C. 

RUTTBR,  JOHN  (1796-1861),  topo- 
grapher, son  of  Thomas  Rutter,  a  quaker,  of 
Bristol,  was  bom  there  on  10  April  1796. 


Ruttef 


520 


Rutty 


He  was  brought  up  as  a  quaker.  About  1818 
he  settled  as  a  bookseller  and  printer  at 
Shaftesbury,  Dorset.  He  obtained  an  intro- 
duction to  William  Beckford  [q.  yA  author 
of  '  Vathek/  who  invited  him  to  Fonthill 
Abbey.  Butter  published  at  Shaftesbury, 
in  18§2  'Delineations  of  Fonthill  Abbey  and 
Desmesne,  Wiltshire/  which  ran  to  a  sixth 
edition  in  the  same  year.  In  1823  there 
appeared  a  handsomely  illustrated  large- 
paper  edition.  Tom  Moore,  who  visited 
Shaftesbury  on  21  July  1826  {Diary,  v.  92), 
describes  Kutter,  'the  quaker  bookseller,' 
as  thrusting  a  copy  of  '  tnis  splendid  work ' 
into  his  carriage  as  he  was  driving  off,  saying 
it  was  a  mark  of  his  respect  for  the  indepen- 
dent roirit  Moore  had  shown  in  his  life  of 
Sheridan. 

Rutter  also  published :  '  History  of  War- 
dour  Castle,'  1823,  8vo ;  '  Guide  to  Gleve- 
don,'  1829;  'Delineations  of  North-West 
Somersetshire,'  1829,  4to ;  '  The  Westonian 
Ouide,'  1829,  8vo  (republished  as  '  A  New 
Guide  to  Weston-supei^Mare,'  1840  (P),  8yo); 
and  '  Guide  to  Banwell  Bone  Caverns,'  1 829, 
8vo.  Rutter's  *  Letters  in  Defence  of  the 
Bible  Society  to  L.  Neville'  appeared  at 
London  in  1836. 

Butter  was  a  strong  reformer  in  politics, 
and  was  fined  5/.  for  printing  a  circular 
note  without  putting  his  name  to  it  during 
the  election  of  1830.  An  account  of  the 
election  was  published  by  Butter  anony- 
mously. 

Soon  afterwards  Butter  gave  up  his  busi- 
ness and  studied  law.  He  eventually  acquired 
considerable  practice  in  Shaftesbury  and  the 
neighbourhood.  He  withdrew  from  the  So- 
ciety of  Friends  in  1836,  at  the  time  of  Isaac 
Crewdson's  publication  of  'The  Beacon,' 
but  he  attended  quaker  meetings  all  his  life, 
and  on  his  death,  at  Shaftesbury,  on  2  April 
1851,  was  buried  in  the  Friends'  buruil- 
ground  there.  By  his  wife,  Anne  Burchell 
(1791-^1879),  he  had  six  chUdren. 

[Smith's  Gat.  of  Friends'  Books,  ii.  519 ; 
Nichols's  Lit.  lllustr.  vi.  242 ;  Allibone's  Dic- 
tionary of  English  Literature,  ii.  1904  ;  Annual 
Monitor,  1880,  p.  142 ;  Registers  at  Devonshire 
House.]  0.  F.  S. 

RUTTEB,  JOSEPH  (^.  1635),  poet,  be- 
longed to  Ben  Jonson's  latest  circle  of 
friends.  In  1635  he  published  <  The  Shep- 
heard's  Holy  Day.  A  Pastorall  Tragi 
Comcedie  Acted  before  both  their  Majesties 
at  White  HaU.  With  an  Elegie  on  the  most 
noble  lady  Venetia  Digby,' London,  1635, 8vo. 
Butter  appears  to  have  lived  with  Sir  Kenelm 
Digby  [q.  v.l  for  a  time  after  the  death  of  his 
wife  in  1633.    To  Butter's  work  Ben  Jonaon 


wrote  a  preface  addressed  '  to  my  deare  sonne 
and  right  learned  friend.'  Another  is  pre- 
fixed by  Thomas  May  [q.  v.]  Butter  has  an 
elegy  on  Ben  Jonson  in  '  Jonsonus  Virbius,' 
London,  1638,  4to.  For  some  years  Butter 
was  tutor  to  the  two  sons  of  Edward  Sack- 
ville,  fourth  earl  of  Dorset  [q.  v.],  lord  cham* 
berlain  to  Queen  Henrietta  Maria.  At  the 
earl's  desire  Butter  translated  from  Comeille 
'  The  Cid.  A  Tragi  comedy  out  of  French, 
made  English  and  acted  before  their  Majes* 
ties  at  Court,  and  on  the  Cock  pit  stage  in 
Drury  Lane,  by  the  servants  to  both  their 
Majesties,'  London,  1637, 12mo.  Part  of  the 
translation  is  said  to  have  been  the  work  of 
Butter's  pupils,  Bichard  Sackville,  after- 
wards Earl  of  Dorset,  and  Edward  (d,  1645). 
The  second  part  was  published  at  tlie  king^a 
command  in  1640,  and  both  were  repub- 
lished at  London,  1660,  4to.  Some  verses 
'  On  a  Lady's  tempting  eye,'  attributed  to  a 
John  Butter  in  Harleian  MS.  6917,  f.  77, 
may  probably  be  his. 

[Ward's  Hist,  of  Engl.  Dram.  Lit.  vol.  i.  p.xlvi ; 
Fleay's  Biogr,  Chron.  of  the  English  Drama,  ii. 
178;  Baker's  Biosr.  Dram.  1.  614;  Dodsle/s 
Select  Coll.  of  Old  Plays,  ed.  Haslitt,  xii.  361 ; 
Gray's  Index  to  Hazlitt,  p.  622 ;  Oat.  of  Books 
before  1640,  iii.  1334 ;  Bunter's  Ohorus  Vatum, 
Addit.  MS.  24489,  f.  294.]  0.  F.  & 

BUTTY,  JOHN,  M.D.  (1 698-1 77d),  physi- 
cian, was  bom  in  Wiltshire,  of  quaker  parents, 
on  26  Dec.  1698,  and  after  medical  educa- 
tion at  Leyden,  where  he  graduated  M  D.  in 
1723,  reading  a  thesis  '  De  Diarrhoea,'  settled 
in  Dublin  as  a  physician  in  1724,  and  there 
practised  throughout  his  life.  He  had  been 
brought  up  a  member  of  the  Society  of  Friends, 
and  was  zealously  attached  to  its  tenets  and 
discipline.  He  was  a  constant  student  of 
medicine  and  the  allied  sciences,  as  well  aa 
of  spiritual  books,  such  as  those  of  Thomas  A 
Kempis,  Law,  the  Port  Boyalists,and  Watts. 
He  lived  sparely,  sometimes  dined  on  nettles, 
practised  various  forms  of  abstinence,  drank 
very  little  alcohol,  and  often  gave  his  services 
to  the  ]^or.  In  1737  he  b^an,  he  says,  to 
form  a  lust  conception  of  the  nature  oi  this 
life,  and  saw  it  as  a  scene  of  sorrows,  infirmi- 
ties, and  sins.  In  1753  he  began  on  13  Sept. 
to  keep  '  a  spiritual  diary  and  soliloquiea/ 
and  continued  it  till  December  1774, 
leaving  directions  in  his  will  for  its  publica- 
tion. The  chief  ill-doings  of  which  he  ac- 
cuses himself  are  too  great  a  love  for  the 
studies  of  the  materia  medica  and  meteoro- 
logy, irritability,  and  excessive  enjoyment 
of  food.  Thou||ffa  he  deplores  these  excesses 
in  language  which  seems  disproportioned,  and 
which  justly  excited  Dr.  Johnson's  laugh 


Rutty 


S«i 


Ryall 


(BoswBLL'b  Jchutm,  ii.  166),  it  ia  dear  that 
he  ms  amoere  and  that  hia  life  waa  blame- 
leaa.  He  aToided  eTezy  kind  of  excess  ex- 
cept that  of  verbal  expression,  aa  when  he 
^eaha,  in  1708,  of  the  'dismal  wounding 
news  from  England,  even  the  Tain  profdsion 
of  expense  in  diamonds  on  occasion  of  the 
riait  of  the  king  of  Denmark.'  His  first 
medical  book  was  '  An  Account  of  Experi- 
ments on  Joanna  Stephen's  Medicine  for  the 
Stone,'  published  in  London  in  1742.  He 
published  in  Dublin  in  1761  'A  Histoxy 
<ii  the  Rise  and  Ptwrees  of  the  People  called 
Quakers  in  Ireland,  from  1668  to  1761,'  a 
continuation  of  a  book  originally  written  by 
Thomas  Wight  of  Cork  ui  1700 ;  a  fourth 
edition  was  issued  in  1811.  In  1767  he 
published  in  London  *  A  Methodical  Synopsis 
of  Mineral  Waters,'  a  quarto  of  068  pages, 
which  gires  an  account  of  the  chief  mmeral 

3 rings  of  the  British  Isles  and  of  Europe, 
e  had  thrown  doubt  on  some  statements 
of  Charles  Lucas  (171S-1771)  [q.  y.]  in  hia 
•ooount  of  the  spa  of  Lisdoonyama,  co.  Glare, 
and  Lucas  issued  a  general  attack  on  the 
book,  of  which  Rutt^  remarks  in  his  diary 
'a  wholesome  diBCipline,  thouffh  seyere.' 
He  published  in  Dublin,  in  17o2,  a  tract 
called  <The  Analysis  of  Milk,'  and  in  1770 
'The  Weather  and  Seasons  in  Dublin  for 
Forty  Years,'  which  mentions  the  preyalent 
diseases  throughout  that  period.  He  was 
alwa^  fond  of  natural  history,  and  in  1772 
published  *  A  Natural  History  of  the  County 
of  Dublin '  in  two  volumes.  His  last  work 
-was  published  in  quarto  at  Rotterdam  in 
1776.  It  was  a  Latin  treatise  on  drugs, 
containing  much  learning,  entitled  '  Materia 
Medica  Antiqua  et  Nova,'  and  \b  sUll  useful 
for  reference.  It  had  occupied  him  for 
forty  years.  On  6  April  1776  John  Wesley 
(Jcmmaif  iy.  40)  records  that  he  'yisited 
that  yenerable  man  Dr.  Rutty.'  Rutty  then 
liyed  in  rooms,  for  which  he  paid  an  annual 
rent  of  10/.,  at  the  eastern  comer  of  Boot 
Lane  and  MaiVs  Lane  in  Dublin.  He 
died  on  27  April  1776,  and  was  buried  in  a 
Quaker  burial-ground  which  occupied  the 
sit«  of  the  preeent  College  of  Surgeons  in 
Stephen's  Gneen,  Dublin. 

fJEtntty's  Spiritual  Diaiy,  2  yols.  1776,  2Dd 
edit.  1796, 1  ToL;  Hibernian  Mag.  1776,  p.  320; 
Leadbeater^B  Biographical  Notices  of  Members 
of  the  Society  of  Friends.  London,  1828;  Webb's 
Compendium  of  Irish  Biography,  Dublin,  1878 ; 
Lucas's  Analysis  of  Dr.  KattVs  Methodiod 
Sjnopsis  of  Mineral  Waters,  London,  1757; 
Smith's  Catalogue  of  Friends'  Books;  Qent. 
Msg.  1808,  li.  1 10 ;  Works ;  Peacock's  Index  of 
Leydeu  Stadents;  Boswell's  Life  of  Johnson, 
adit  1791.]  N.  M. 


BX7TTY,  WILLIAM,  M.D.  (1687-1780), 
phyaiciany  waa  bom  in  London  in  1687.  He 
entered  at  Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  in 
1707,  and  there  mduated  M.B.  in  1712  and 
M.D.on  17  July  1719.  He  was  admitted  a  can- 
didate or  member  of  the  College  of  Physidana 
SO  Sept.  1719,  and  was  elected  a  fellow 
30  Sent.  1720.  On  13  Aug.  1720  he  waa  a 
candidate  for  the  osteology  lecture  at  the 
Barbei^urgeons'  Hall,  and  again  30  Oct. 
1721 ;  and  waa  successful  when  a  candidate 
for  the  third  time  on  29  March  1721.  On 
20  Aug.  1724  he  was  elected  to  the  yiscera 
lecturrahip  at  the  same  place,  and  16  Aur. 
1728  to  the  muscular  lectureship.  In  Marui 
1722  he  deliyered  the  Oulstonian  lectures  at 
the  CoUege  of  Physicians  on  the  anatomy 
and  diseases  of  the  urinary  organs,  and  pub- 
lished them  in  quarto  in  1726  as  'A  Treatise 
of  the  Urinary  Passages,'  with  a  dedication 
to  Sir  Hans  Sloane.  The  lectures  contain  a 
dear  statement  of  the  existing  knowledge 
of  the  subject,  and  relate  two  interesting 
cases,  not  to  be  found  elsewhere :  one  in 
the  practice  of  John  Bamber,  lithotomist  to 
St.  JButholomew'a  Hospital,  of  calcified 
concretions  in  the  caecum  giying  rise  to 
symptoms  resembling  renal  colic,  and  the 
other  of  double  renal  oilculus  in  the  daughter 
of  Sir  Hugh  Myddelton  [q.  y.],  from  a  note 
by  Dr.  Francis  Glisson  [q.  y.]  He  was 
elected  a  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  SO  June 
1720,  and  became  second  secretary  80  Noy. 
1727.    He  died  on  10  June  1780. 

[Munk's  Coll.  of  Phys.  ii.  74 ;  Young's  His- 
tory of  the  Barber  Surgeons ;  Thomson's  History 
of  the  Royal  Society ;  entry  in  the  manuscript 
matricolation  lists  at  Cambridge  sent  by  Dr. 
John  Peile,  master  of  Christ's  C^lege ;  Works.] 

K.  M. 

RXJVIGNY,  MAjftQtTifl  DB.  [See  Massub 
BB  Rt7VIgnt,  Hbnbi  db,  secoud  marquis, 
1648-1720.] 

RYALL,  HENRY  THOMAS  (1811- 
1867),  engrayer,  was  bom  atlVome,  Somerset, 
in  August?  1811.  He  was  a  pupil  of  Samuel 
William  Reynolds  [q.  y.],  the  meicotinto 
engrayer,  but  the  style  in  which  he  at  first 
worked  was  that  known  as  'chalk '  or  'stipple.' 
He  be^n  his  career  by  engraving  plates  for 
the  editions  in  folio  and  in  octayo  of  Lodge's 
'  Portraits  of  Dlustrious  Personages  of  Qreat 
Britain,'  and  for  the  series  of  'Portraits  of 
Eminent  Conseryatiyes  and  Statesmen,'  as 
well  as  for  Heath's '  Book  of  Beauty '  and  other 
works.  His  larger  and  more  important  plates, 
howeyer,  are  a  combination  of  line  and  stipple, 
which  he  brought  to  a  degree  of  perfection  it 
had  neyer  reached  before.  Foremost  among 
these  are '  The  Coronation  of  Queen  Victoria/ 


Ryan 


53a 


Ryan 


after  the  pictuie  by  Sir  Gboige  Hayter,  and 
'  The  Christening  of  the  Princess  Boy al/  after 
Charles  Robert  Leslie,  R.  A.,  the  engraving 
of  which  procured  for  him  the  honorary 
appointment  of  historical  engraver  to  the 

^iieen.  He  likewise  engraved  *  Christopher 
iolumbus  at  the  Convent  of  La  Rabida/ 
after  Sir  David  Wilkie,  R  A. ;  *  The  Blind 
Girl  at  the  Holy  Well/  after  Sir  Frederick  W. 
Burton,  the  first  publication  of  the  Eo^al 
Lrish  AjTt  Union ;  '  Landais  Peasants  gomg 
to  Market'  and  'Changing  Pasture/  after 
Rosa  Bonheur ;  <  The  Death  of  a  Stag/  '  The 
Combat/  '  The  Fight  for  the  Standard/  *  Just 
Caught/  and  '  Dogs  and  their  Game '  (a  series 
of  sue  plates);  after  Richard  Ansdell,  R.A. ; 

*  The  Halt '  and  <  The  Keeper's  Daughter/ 
after  R.  Ansdell,  RA.,  and  W.  P.  Frith, 
R.  A. ;  *  The  Pursuit  of  Pleasure '  and '  Home  I 
The  Return  firom  the  Crimea,'  after  Sir  Joseph 
Noel  Paton,  R.S.A. ;  'Knox  administering 
the  first  Protestant  Sacrament  in  Scotland,' 
after  William  Bonnar,  R.S.A. ;  '  Queen  Vio- 
toria  and  the  Prince  of  Wales,'  after  Robert 
Thorbum,  A.R.  A. ;  '  The  Princess  Helena  and 
Prince  Alfred/  after  F.  Winterhalter ;  'Adam 
and  Eve '  ('  The  Temptation  and  the  Fall '), 
after  Claude  Marie  Dubufe ; '  Devotion,'  after 
£:doaard  Fr^re ; '  A  Duel  after  a  Bal  Masqu6,' 
after  Jean  L^on  G6r6me ;  '  The  Prayer,'  after 
Jean  Baptiste  Jules  Trayer ;  and  the  follow- 
ing, among  other  plates,  after  Sir  Edwin 
Landseer,  R. A. :  'There's  Life  in  the  Old 
Dog  yet/  '  The  Reaper/  '  The  Daiiy  Maid/ 
'The  Deerstalker's  Return/  'A  Highland 
Interior,'  'Waiting  for  the  Deer  to  rise/ 

*  Coming  Events/  and  '  The  Hawking  Party,* 
from  Sir  Walter  Scott's  novel  'The  Be- 
trothed.' He  engraved  also  Sir  William 
Charles  Ross's  miniatures  of  Queen  Victoria 
and  the  pnnce  consort,  and  several  other 
portraits.  He  painted  occasionally  in  oils,  and 
exhibited  in  1846  at  the  Society  of  British 
Artists  '  Waiting  for  an  Answer/  and  at  the 
Royal  Academy  '  A  Reverie '  in  1862,  and 
'  The  Crochet  Lesson '  in  1869. 

Ryall  died  at  his  residence  at  Cookham, 
Berkshire,  on  14  Sept.  1867. 

[Gent.  Mag.  1867,  ii.  683;  Athenaeum,  1867, 
ii.  868;  Art  Joarnal,  1867,p.  249;  Bryan's  Dic- 
tionary of  Painters  and  Elngravers,  ed.  GFraves 
and  Armstrong,  1886>9,  ii.  481 ;  Redgrave's 
Dictionary  of  Artists  of  the  English  School, 
1878.]  B.  £.  O. 

RYAN,  DANIELFREDERICK(1762?- 
1798),  Irish  loyalist,  bom  about  1762,  was 
the  son  of  Dr.  R^an  of  Wexford  and  Mary, 
daughter  of  William  Morton  of  BaUinaclash, 
CO.  Wexford.  He  was  educated  at  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  and  afterwards  entered  the 


army  as  surgeon  in  the  103rd  regiment,  com- 
manded by  Sir  Ralph  Abercrombjr  [q.  v.]  On 
the  reduction  of  tnat  regiment  in  1784  he 
married  Catherine  Bishopp  of  Kinsale,  co. 
Cork,  and  obtained  an  appomtment  as  editor  of 
the '  Dublin  Journal,'  one  of  the  chief  govern- 
ment Pftperei  of  which  his  uncle  by  marriage, 
John  Ginara,  was  proprietor.  Li  this  way 
he  was  brought  into  close  relations  with  Lord 
Castlereagh  and  under-secretary  Edward 
Cooke  [q.  v.l  He  was  soon  noted  for  his 
loyalty,  and,  naving  raised  the  St.  Sepulchre's 
yeomanry  corps,  of  which  he  was  captain,  he 
was  £requently  employed  in  assisting  town- 
majors  Henry  Charles  Sirr  [q.  v.]  and  Swan 
in  the  execution  of  their  police  duties  (cf. 
CoBtlereagh  Corrup.  i.  464).  He  was  instru- 
mental in  capturing  William  Putnam  M'Oabe 
[q.  v.]  (cf.  Auckland  Correap,  iii.  413),  and  at 
Cooke's  request  he  consented  to  help  Sirr  and 
Swan  on  19  May  1798  in  arresting  Lord  Ed- 
ward Fitzgerald  [q*  v.]  Arrived  at  Murphy's 
house  in  Thomas  Street,  where  Fitzgerald 
lay  in  hiding.  Major  Sirr,  with  eight  men, 
remained  bSow  with  his  men  to  guard  the 
exits  and  to  prevent  a  rescue,  while  Kyan  and 
Swan  searched  the  house.  It  was  Swan  who 
first  entered  the  apartment  where  Fitzgerald 
lay,  but  the  details  of  the  conflict  that  ensued 
are  rather  confused,  some  claiming  for  Swan 
an  equal  if  not  a  greater  share  than  Ryan  in, 
the  capture  of  Fitzgerald,  while  others  attri- 
bute his  capture  solely  to  the  bravery  of 
R}[an.  On  a  careful  comparison  of  the  autho- 
rities, and  with  due  regard  to  the  testimony 
of  Ryan's  family,  it  would  appear  that  Swaa, 
having  been  shghtly,  but,  as  he  believed, 
mortally,  wounded  by  Fitzgerald,  hastily 
retired  to  seek  assistance,  leaving  R^an,  who 
entered  at  that  moment,  alone  with  Fits- 

Serald.  Though  possessing  no  more  formi- 
able  weapon  uian  a  swora-cane,  which  bent 
harmlessly  against  him,  Ryan  at  once  grapided 
with  him,  while  Fitzgerald,  enraged  at  finding* 
his  escape  thus  barred,  inflicted  on  him  fouiv 
teen  severe  wounds  with  his  dagger.  When 
Sirr  appeared,  and  with  a  shot  from  his  pis- 
tol wounded  Fitzgerald  in  the  right  arm, 
and  thus  terminated  the  unequal  strugdLey 
Ryan  presented  a  pitiable  spectacle.  He 
was  at  once  removed  to  a  neighbouring' 
house,  and,  though  at  first  hopes  were  givon 
of  his  recoveiy  (ib.  iii.  416),  he  expired  of 
his  wounds  on  §0  May  1798.  Before  his  death 
he  gave  an  account  of  the  scene  to  a  relative, 
who  committed  it  to  writing,  and  it  is  still 
in  the  possession  of  his  descendants.  He  waa 
buried  on  2  June,  his  funeral  being  attended 
by  a  large  concourse  of  citizens,  including  his 
own  yeomanry  corps.  He  left  a  wife  and 
three  young  children.    His  widow  received  a 


Ryan 


523 


Ryan 


Dendon  from  goYemment  of  200/.  per  annum 
for  herself  and  her  two  daughters,  while  her 
son,  Daniel  Frederick  R^an,  hecame  a  bar- 
rifiter  at  Dublin,  an  aasistant  secretary  in 
the  excise  office,  London,  and  subseouently 
found  a  friend  and  patron  in  Sir  Kobert 
PeeL 


E 


[Madden's  United  Irishmen,  2nd  edit.  2nd  ser. 

.  43S>7;  Oent.  Mag.  1798,  i.  639,  ii.  720; 
jeeky'a  Hiat.  of  England,  viii.  42-8 ;  FitzpatridL's 
Secret  Sernee  under  Pitt,  with  Swan's  own  ao- 
connt  from  the  Express  of  26  May  1798;  Gastle- 
reagh  Corresp.  i.  458-68 ;  Moore's  Life  of  Lord 
Edward  Fits^erald,  iL  82-90 ;  Auckland  Corresp. 
iii.  41 8-1 8 ;  Beynolds's  Lifeof  Thomas  Beynolds, 
ii.  230--6 ;  Froude*s  English  in  Lreland,  ed.  1881, 
iii.  893 ;  information  furnished  by  Ryan's  grand- 
son, Daniel  Bishopp  Ryan,  esq.,  of  Glen  Elgin, 
Vew  South  Wales,  and  Mrs.  Eleanor  D.  Coffey, 
Byan's  granddaughter.]  R.  D. 

BYAN,  EDWARD,  D.D.  (A  1819),  pre- 
bendaiy  of  St.  Patrick's,  Dublin,  second  son 
of  Jolm  Philip  Ryan,  by  his  wife,  Miss 
ICniphy,  waa  Dom  in  Ireland.  He  entered 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  as  a  scholar,  1767, 
graduated  B.A.  1769.  M.A.  1778,  LL.B. 
1779,  B  J).  1782,  and  D.D.  m  1789.  He  was 
curate  at  St.  Anne's,  Dublin,  from  1776, 
Ticar  of  St.  Luke's,  Dublin,  and  prebendary 
of  St.  Patrick's  from  16  June  1790  until  his 
death  in  January  1819.  Although  some  of 
his  fiunily  were  strictly  cath^c,  Ryan 
Btrenuousfy  attacked  Catholicism  in  a  '  His- 
tory of  the  Effects  of  Religion  on  Mankind' 
(voL  L  London,  1788,  8vo,  vol.  il  1798 ; 
8rd  ed.  Edinburgh,  1806,  8yo).  It  was 
tranalsted  into  French  ('  Bienfaits  de  la  Re- 
ligion,' Paris,  1810,  8vo).  The  proceeds  of 
the  publication  Ryan  devoted  to  the  poor  of 
the  parish  of  St.  Luke's.  Other  works  by 
him  are :  1.  '  A  Short  but  Comprehensive 
Wew  of  the  Evidences  of  the  Mosaic  and 
Chrifltian  Codes,'  &c.,  Dublin,  1796,  8vo. 
2.  'An  Analysb  of  Ward's  Errata  of  the 
Fh)te8tant  Bible'  (published  1688),  Dublin, 
1808,  8vo ;  this  was  answered  by  Dr.  Milner 
in  '  An  Inquirv  into  certain  Opinions  con- 
cerning the  Catholic  Inhabitants  of  Ireland,' 
&c. ;  8rd  ed.  London,  1818.  8.  'Letter  to  G. 
£nsor,  &c.,  to  which  are  added  Reasons  for 
being  a  Christian,'  Dublin,  1811,  8vo. 

[Cat  of  Grad.  Trin.  OoU.  Dublin,  p.  499 ; 
Cotton's  Fasti  Eccles.  Hib.  ii.  163*,  186,  v.  125 ; 
Biogr.  Dict.of  Living Authors,1816,  p.  303 ;  Gent 
Hag.  1819,  i.  92 ;  Notes  and  Queries,  2nd  ser. 
iv.  328,  and  8rd  ser.  iii.  344;  Nichols's  Lite- 
lazy  Rlnstrations,  vii.  106,  187,  149,  183,  82d; 
Honck  Mason's  History  and  Antiquities  of  St 
BitridE's,  Am^fe  pp.  Ixzxi,  Ixxxir ;  informa- 
tion from  C.  M.  Tenison,  esq.,  of  Hobart,  Tas- 
naoia»l  CL  F.  &L 


RYAN,  Sib   EDWARD   (1798-1876), 
chief  justice  of  Bengal  and  ciTil-service  com- 
missioner, second  son  of  William  Ryan,  was 
bom  on  28  Aug.  1708.    In  the  autumn  of 
1810  he  matriculated  from  Trinity  CoUege, 
Cambridge,  where  he  was  the  friend  and 
contemporaxT  of  John  F.  W.  Herschel,  F.R.S., 
Charles  Babbage,  F.RS.,  and  George  Pea- 
cock, F.R.S.    Graduating  B.A.  in  1814,  he 
directed  his  attention  to  the  study  of  law, 
and  on  28  Jane  1817  was  called  to  t^e  bar 
at  Lincoln's  Inn,  and  went  the  O^ord  cir- 
cuit.   His  acquaintance  with  Herschel  led 
him  to  join  the  Royal  Astronomical  Society 
in  February  1820.  In  1826  he  was  appointed 
a  puisne  judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  Cal- 
cutta ana  was  knighted.    He  was  promoted 
to  the  chief-justiceship  of  the  presidency  of 
Bengal  in  1838.    During  his  residence  in 
Calcutta  he  exercised  much  hospitality  and 
was  Yerj  popular.    In  January  1848  he  re- 
signed lus  office  and  returned  to  England, 
and  on  10  June  1843  was  sworn  a  privy 
councillor,  so  that  the  country  might  haye 
the  benefit  of  his  experience  aa  a  judge  in 
cases  of  Indian  appeals  to  the  judicial  com- 
mittee of  the  privy  council,  a  duty  which  he 
discharffed  until  November  1865.    He  was 
gazettea  a  railway  commissioner  on  4  Nov. 
1846,  and  served  as  assistant  controller  of 
the  exchequer  from  1861  to  1862.    On  the 
formation  of  the  civil  service  commission,  he 
was  by  an  order  in  council  dated  21  May 
1855  named  one  of  the  first  unpaid  com- 
missioners.   In  April  1862  he  became  first 
commissioner  and  a  salaried  officer,  resigning 
the    assistant-comptroUership  of   the    ex- 
chequer and  his  membership  of  the  judicial 
committee  of  the  privy  council.    Under  his 
presidency  the  scope  of  the  commission  was 
enlarged  m>m  year  to  year,  the  test  examina* 
tion  of  nominees   for    civil    appointments 
being  succeeded  by  limited  competition  as 
recommended  by  "Lord  Derby's  committee  of 
1860^  and  that  being  followed  by  open  com- 
petition aa  established  by  the  order  in  council 
of  June  1870.    In  addition,  the  commission 
from  1858  conducted  the  examinations  for 
the  civil  service  of  India,  and  also  for  the  ad- 
missions to  the  army.  During  all  this  period 
Ryan,  assisted  by  his  colleagues,  was  the 
guiding  spirit,  performing  his  duties  with  a 
rare  tact  and  sagacity. 

Ryan  alao  took  much  interest  in  the  pro- 
sperity of  the  university  of  London,  of  which 
he  was  a  member  of  the  senate,  and  from 
1871  to  1874  vice-chancellor.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  council  of  University  College, 
London,  and  was  elected  F.G.S.  in  1846,  and 
F.RS.  2  Feb.  1860.  He  died  at  Dover  on 
22  Aug.  1875.   He  married,  in  1814,  Louisa, 


Ryan 


524 


Ryan 


sixtli  daugliter  of  WiUiam  Whitmore  of 
Dudmaston,  Bridgnorth,  Shropshire,  and  by 
her,  who  died  on  6  Feb.  1866,  he  had  five 
children.  His  third  8on,  William  OaTen- 
dish  Bentinck,  became  a  colonel  of  the  Ben- 
gal army. 

^an  was  the  author  of '  Reports  of  Gases 
at  Nisi  PriuB,  in  the  Kizig's  Bench  and  Com- 
mon Pleas,  and  on  the  Oxford  and  Western 
Circuits,  182S-26,'  1827^  and  with  Sir  WU- 
liun  Oldnall  Russell  fq.  v.]  he  published 
'  Crown  Cases  reserved  for  Consideration  and 
decided  by  the  Twelve  Judges  of  England 
from  the  year  1799,'  1826. 

[Emily  Eden's  Letters  from  India,  1872,  i. 
114  et  seq. ;  Solicitors*  Journal,  1875,  ziz.  825; 
Iaw  Times,  1875,  lix.  321 ;  Illustrated  London 
News,  1875,  Ixvii.  215,  258,  367,  with  portrait; 
Dankin's  Obituary  Notices  of  Astronomers,  1879, 
pp.  221-8;  Annual  Register,  1875,  p.  146; 
Times,  25  Aug.  1875,  p.  7.]  G.  C.  B. 

RYAN,  LACY  (1694  P-1760),  actor,  the 
son  of  a  tailor,  of  descent  presumedly  Irish, 
was  bom  in  the  parish  of  St.  Margaret,  West- 
minster, about  1694.  He  was  intended  for  the 
law,  educated  at  St.  Paul's  School,  and  sent 
into  the  office  of  his  godfather,  one  Lacy,  a 
solicitor.  This  occupation  he  abandoned, 
and  on  1  July  1710  he  played  at  Greenwich, 
under  William  Pinketnman  [q.  v.],  Rosen- 
crantz  in  'Hamlet.'  He  must  have  pre- 
Tiously  appeared  at  the  Haymarket,  smoe 
Betterton,  who  saw  him  as  Seyton  in  'Mac^ 
beth'  (28  Nov.  1709  P),  and  who  died  on 
4  May  1710,  is  said  to  have  commended 
him  while  chiding  Downes  the  prompter  for 
sending  on  a  child  in  a  full-bottomed  wig  to 
sustain  a  man's  part.  On  3  Jan.  1711  Ryan 
played  at  Drury  Lane  Lorenzo  in  the  '  Jew 
of  Venice,'  Lord  Lansdowne's  alteration  of 
the  '  Merchant  of  Venice.'  Qranius  in 
'Caius  Marius'  followed  on  17  March  1711, 
and  on  17  Aug.  he  was  the  original 
Young  Qentleman  in  Settle's  '  City  Ramble, 
or  a  Playhouse  Wedding.'  On  12  Nov.  he 
was  the  first  Valentine  in  the  'Wife's 
Relief,  or  the  Husband's  Cure,'  an  altera^ 
tion  by  Charles  Johnson  of  Shirley's  *  Game- 
ster.' In  the  '  Humours  of  the  Army '  of 
Charles  Shadwell  he  was  on  29  Jan.  1718 
the  original  Ensign  Standard.  On  the  re- 
commendation of  Steele,  he  was  assigned  the 
part  of  Marcus  in  the  original  production  of 
'Cato'  on  14  April,  and  09  12  May  he 
was  the  first  Astrolabe  in  Gkty's  'Wife  of 
Bath.'  At  Drury  Lane  he  was  on  6  Jan. 
1714  the  original  Areas  in  Charles  Johnson's 
'  Victim,'  played  Ferdinand  in  the '  Tempest,' 
Sir  Andrew  Tipstaff  in  the  '  Puritan,  or  die 
Widow  of  Watling  Street,'  Loveday  in 
'  London  Cuckolds,'  and  LoveweU  in  the 


'Gamester;'  he  was  on  20  April  1716  the 
original  Sussex  in  Rowe's  '  Lady  Jane  Gra^,' 
played  Laertes,  Vincent  in  the  'Jovud 
Crew,'  Edgfworth  in  'Bartholomew  Fair,' 
Richmond  in  'Richard  III,'  Frederick  in 
the  '  Rover,'  Prince  of  Tanais  in  '  Tamer- 
lane,' Bonario  in  '  Volpone,'  Cassio,  Lucius 
in  '  TituB  Andronicus,'  Sir  William  Rant  in 
the  'Scourers,'  Bertram  in  the  'Spanish 
Friar,'  Clerimont  in  the  'Little  French 
Lawyer;'  was  on  17  Dec  1716  the  first 
Learchus  in  Mrs.  Centlivre's  'Cruel  Gift,' 
on  25  Feb.  1717  the  first  Osmyn  in  Charles 
Johnson's  'Sultaness,'  and  on  11  April  the 
first  Vortimer  in  Mrs.  Mauley's  'Lucius,  the 
first  Christian  Kin^  of  Britain .'  In  the  autumn 
of  1717  he  was  acting  in  the  booth  of  Bullock 
and  Leigh  at  Southwark  Fair.  In  the  fol- 
lowing summer,  while  eating  his  supper  at 
the  Sun  tavern,  Ryan  was  assaulted  by  a 
notorious  tippler  and  bully  named  Kdly, 
whom  in  self-defence  he  ran  through  with 
his  sword  and  killed,  fortunately  without 
serious  consequence  to  himself  (20  June 
1718).  On  1  March  1718  he  had  made,  as 
Cassius  in  'Julius  Csesar,'  his  first  appear- 
ance at  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields,  where  he 
remained  about  fourteen  years.  Quite  in- 
terminable would  be  a  list  of  the  parts  he 
placed  at  this  house,  where  he  shared  with 
Quin  the  lead  in  tragedy  and  comedy. 
Among  them  may  be  mentioned  Torrismond 
in  the '  Spanish  Friar,' Careless  in  the '  Double 
Dealer,'  Lysimachus  in  the  '  Rival  Queens,' 
Portius  in  '  Cato,'  Courtwell  in  '  Woman's  a 
Riddle,'  Banquo,  Essex,  Hamlet,  Richard  II, 
lago,  OroonoKo,  Edgar,  Ford,  Troilus,  Bene- 
dlck,  Hotspur,  Castalio,  Moneses,  Archer, 
Sir  George  Airy,  Hippolitus,  Macduff,  Mar- 
donius  in  'King  and  No  King,'  Loveless 
in  'Love's  Last  Shift,'  Captain  Plume, 
Julius  CcBsar,  Buckingham  in  '  Henry  VIII,' 
Amintor  in  the  '  Maid's  Tragedy,'  Sir  Harry 
Wildair,  the  Copper  Captain,  and  Lord 
Townly.  Among  very  many  original  parts, 
Howard  in  Sewell's  'Sir  Walter  Raleigh,' 
16  Jan.  1719,  and  Flaminius  in  Fenton's 
'  Mariamne,'  22  Feb.  1723,  alone  need  be  men- 
tioned. 

On  the  opening  of  the  new  house  in  Covent 
Garden,  on  7  Dec.  1732,  by  the  Lincoln's  Inn 
Fields  company,  Ryan  took  part  as  Mirabell 
in  the  performance  of  the  'Way  of  the 
World.'  At  this  house  he  continued  during 
the  remainder  of  his  career.  On  15  March 
1735  Ryan  was  shot  through  the  jaw  and 
robbed  by  a  footpad  in  Great  Queen  Street. 
On  the  17th,  when  his  name  was  in  the  bill 
for  Loveless,  he  wrote  to  the  'Daily  Post'  ex- 
pressing his  fear  that  he  would  never  be  able 
to  appear  again,  and  apologising  for  not  being 


Ryan 


5^5 


Ryan 


able  to  appeal  in  person  to  his  patrons  at  his 
benefitonuieSOth.  The  benefit  was,  however, 
a  great  success.  The  Princeof  Wales  sent  ten 
guineas,  and  there  was  a  crowded  house,  for 
which|  on  the  22nd,  in  the  same  paper,  Kyan 
returned  thanks.  His  upper  jaw  was  prin- 
cipally injured.  He  reappeared  on  25  April 
ss  the  original  Bellair  in  Popple's  '  Double 
Beoeity  or  a  Cure  for  Jealousy/  On  7  Feb. 
1760,  as  Eumenes  in  the  ^  Siege  of  Damascus/ 
he  was  seen  for  what  seems  to  have  been  the 
last  time.  On  1  March  he  advertised  that  he 
had  been  for  some  time  much  indisposed,  and 
had  postponed  his  benefit  until  14  April,  in 
the  hope  of  being  able  to  pay  his  personal 
attendance  on  his  friends.  jFor  that  benefit 
'  Gomus '  and  the  *  Cheats  of  Scapin '  were 
played.  It  does  not  appear  that  he  took  part 
m  either  piece,  and  on  15  Au^.  1760,  at  hie 
house  in  Crown  Court,  Westmmster,  or,  ac- 
cording  to  another  account,  in  Bath,  he  died. 

After  his  first  success  as  Marcus  in  Addi- 
son's 'Oato,'  Ryan  enjoyed  for  nearly  thirty 
years  a  claim  rarely  disputed  to  the  lovers 
m  tragedy  and  the  mie  gentlemen  in  comedy. 
Above  the  middle  height,  easy  rather  than 
graceful  in  action  and  aeportment,  and  awk- 
ward in  the  management  of  his  head,  he  ap- 
peared at  times  extravagantly  ridiculous  in 
characters  such  as  Phocyas  or  Sir  Gborse 
Airy,  yet  for  a  long  time  he  was  highly 
esteemed.  His  parts  were  very  numerous. 
His  most  important  original  part  was  Falcon- 
bridge  in  OiDber's  'Papal  Tyranny  in  the 
Be^of  King  John,' 15  Feb.  1746.  His  best 
jarrormanoes  were  as  Edgar  in  '  Lear/  Ford, 
Dnmont,  lago,  Mosca  in  '  Volpone,'  Cassius, 
Frankly  in  the  '  Suspicious  Husband,'  Mo- 
nesee,  and  JafiBer.  In  the  fourth  act  of 
'  Macbeth '  he  was  excellent  as  Macduff.  His 
mad  scene  in '  Orestes '  won  high  commenda- 
tion, and  in  Ids  last  act  as  Lord  Townly  he 
triumphed,  though  he  had  to  encounter  the 
fiormiaable  rivalry  of  Barry.  He  was  too  old 
when  he  played  Alonzo  m  the  'Revenge,' 
bat  showed  power  in  the  scenes  of  jealousy 
ind  distraction,  and  his  Captain  Plume,  one 
of  his  latest  assumptions,  displayed  much 
spirit.  WiUioat  ever  getting  quite  into  the 
lust  rank,  he  approached  very  near  it,  and 
was  one  of  the  most  genuinely  oseful  actors 
of  the  day. 

Ryan,  whose  voice  had  a  drawling^  croak- 
bg  accent,  due  to  the  injury  to  his  jaw,  by 
which  hie  features,  naturally  handsome,  were 
also  damaged,  was  one  of  the  actors  whom 
Garriek,  in  his  early  and  saucy  mimicries, 
derided  on  the  stage.  In  subsequent  years 
Garrick  went  to  see  Ryan  for  the  purpose  of 
laughing  at  his  imgraoefiil  and  lU-oressed 
6gnre  in '  Richard  In/  but  found  unexpected 


excellence  in  his  performance,  by  which  he 
modified  and  improved  his  own  impersonation. 
Quin's  firiendship  with  Rvan  was  constant, 
and  was  creditable  to  both  actors  [see  QuiH, 

Jambs]. 

[Genest's  Account  of  the  English  Stage; 
Dibdin's  English  Stage;  Davies's  Life  of  Garrick 
and  Dramatic  Miscellanies;  Tata  Wilkinson's 
Memoirs  and  Wandering  Patentee;  Theatrical 
Examiner,  1767:  Boran's  Stage  Annals,  ed. 
Lowe;  Life  of  Qarrick,  1894;  Thespian  Bic- 
tionaiy;  Georgian  Era;  Clark  Kassells  Eepre- 
sentative  Actors ;  Dramatic  Censor.]     J.  "iL 

RYAN,  MICHAEL  (1800-1841),  phy 
sician  and  author,  was  bom  in  1800.  Me  was 
a  member  of  both  the  Collie  of  Surgeons 
and  the  college  ofPhysicians  in  London,  where  ' 
he  practLsed,  and  was  physician  to  the  Me- 
tropolitan Free  Hospital.  In  1880  he  was  a 
candidate  for  the  professorship  of  toxicology 
in  the  Medico^Botanical  Society.  On  11  May 
of  the  same  year  he  communicated  to  that 
society  a  paper  on  '  The  Use  of  Uie  Secale 
Ck)mutum  or  Ergot  of  Rye  in  Midwifery.' 

Besides  editii^  from  1882  to  1838  the 
original '  London  Medical  and  Surffical  Jour- 
nal '  (J.  F.  Olasxb,  Avtobiogn^huial  Mdool* 
lections,  1874,  pp.  279-80).  he  published  in 
1831  part  of  a  course  of  lectures  on  medi- 
cal |urisrarudence,  deliyered  at  the  medical 
theatre,  Hitton  Garden,  imder  the  title  *  Lee* 
tures  on  Population,  Marriage,  and  Divorce 
as  Questions  of  State  Medicine,  comprising 
an  Account  of  the  Causes  and  Treatment  of 
Impotence  and  Sterility.' 

In  the  same  year  appeared  the  completed 
'Manual  of  Medical  Jurisprudence,  being 
an  Analysis  of  a  Course  of  Lectures  on 
Forensic  Medicine,  &c.'  A  second  and  en- 
larged edition  was  issued  in  1836,  an  edition 
wiUi  notes  by  R  £.  Griffith,  M.D.,  haying 
been  published  in  Philadelphia  in  1882.  In 
1881  also  appeared  the  third  edition,  in 
12mo,  of  Ryan's  '  Manual  of  Midwifery  . . . 
comprising  a  new  Nomenclature  of  Obstetric 
Medicine,  with  a  concise  Account  of  the 
Symptoms  and  Treatment  of  the  most  im- 
portant Diseases  of  Women  and  Children. 
Illustrated  by  plates.'  An  enlarged  octayo 
edition  was  issued  in  1841,  rewritten,  and 
containing^ a  complete  atlas  including  120 
figures.'  The  'Atlas  of  Obstetricity^  had 
been  issued  separately  in  1840.  An  Ameri- 
can edition  of  the  'Manual'  appeared  at 
Burlington,  Vermont,  in  1836.  Ryan's  later 
nublications  included  'The  Philosophy  of 
Marriage  in  its  Social,  Moral,  and  Physical 
Relations ;  with  an  Account  of  the  Diseases 
of  the  Genito-Urinary  Organs  and  the  Phy- 
siology of  G^eration  in  the  Vegetable  and 
Animal  Kingdom,'  1837,  dyo;  this  formed 


Ryan 


536 


Ryan 


part  of  a  course  of  obstetric  lectures  delivered 
at  the  North  London  School  of  Medicine. 
Twelve  editions  in  all,  the  last  in  1867,  were 
issaed.  It  was  followed  in  1889  by '  I^ 
stitation  in  London,  with  a  Ck>mparative 
View  of  that  of  Paris  and  New  York  .  .  . 
with  an  Account  of  the  Nature  and  Treat- 
ment of  the  various  Diseases,  &c.  Ulus- , 
trated  by  plates.'  1 

He  died  in  London  on  11  Dec.  1841,  leav-  | 
ing  a  yonng  family  improvided  for. 

Besides  the  works  mentioned,  Ryan  pub- 
lished 'The  Medico-Chirurgical  Pharmsr- 
copoeia,'  1837, 12mo^  2nd  ed.  1899 ;  and  T. 
Denman's '  Obstetrician's  Vade-Mecum,  edited 
and  augmented,'  1886, 12mo.  He  also  trans- 
lated and  added  to  '  Le  Nouveau  Formulaire 
pratiquedesHdpitaux'by  Milne-Edwards  and 
Vavasour. 

Another  Miohabl  Btan  (^.1800),  medi- 
cal writer,  graduated  M.D.  at  Edinburgh  in 
1784,  his  thesis  being 'De  Ranhania.^  He 
was  a  fellow  of  the  Irish  College  of  Sur- 

feons,  and  practised  for  some  years  at  Kil- 
enny.  He  afterwards  gained  some  reputa- 
tion at  Edinburgh,  and  is  described  as  a 
fellow  of  the  Scottish  Societv  of  Antiquaries, 
though  his  name  is  not  in  the  lists.  In  1787 
he  published  at  Dublin  '  An  Enquiry  into 
the  Nature,  Causes,  and  Cure  of  Consump- 
tion of  the  Lungs,  &c.'  This  work  was  m 
the  nature  of  a  comment  upon  CuUen's '  First 
Lines  of  the  Practice  of  Pnysic,'  and  had  an 
appendix  combating  the  views  contained  in 
Keid's  *  Essay  on  the  Phthisis  Pulmonalis.' 
In  1798  Ryan  published  'Observations  on 
the  History  and  Cure  of  the  Asthma,  in 
which  the  propriety  of  using  the  cold  bath 
in  that  disorder  is  fully  considered;'  and  in 
1794  a  treatise  '  On  Peruvian  Bark.'  He  also 
contributed  to  the 'London  Medical  and  Phy- 
sical Journal ' '  Observations  on  the  Medical 
Qualities  of  Acetate  of  Lead ; ' '  Remarks  on 
the  Cure  of  Autumnal  Fever; ' '  Observations 
on  the  Influenza  of  1808 ;"  An  Account  of 
an  Epidemic  at  Kilkenny  in  1800,'  and  other 
articles.  He  appears  to  have  ioined  the  Royal 
College  of  Surgeons  (London),  and  afterwards 
entered  the  colonial  service.  His  -mdow 
died  at  Ranelagh,  Dublin,  in  1851.  His  son, 
Michael  Desmond  Ryan,  is  separately  noticed 
(pent  Mag,  1861,  ii.  665 ;  of.  Lit.  Memoirs  of 
Living  Authors^  1798 ;  Biogr,  Diet,  of  Living 
Authors,  1814-16 ;  Cambsok,  Higt,  of  the 
Moyal  Coll,  of  Surgeons  m  Ireland,  p.  46 ; 
Cat,  Bay,  Med.  and  Chirurg,  Society ;  Brit, 
Mw.  Cat,) 

[Gent.  Mag.  1880  i.  861,  460,  18411.  106; 
List  of  Eoyal  Coll.  of  Surg,  and  Physicians ; 
Cat  Royal  Med.  and  Chirarg.  Society ;  Brit 
Mus.  Cat;  Ryan's  works;  AUibone's  Diet  of 


Engl.  Lit  ii.  1904,  which  assigns  the  works  of 
the  two  Mirhael  Ryans  to  one  author.] 

Or,  Ls  G.  N. 

RTAN,  MICHAEL  DESMOND  (1816- 
1868),  dramatic  and  musical  critic,  son  of 
Dr.  Michael  Ryan  {Jl,  1800)  [see  under 
Rtav,  Michael],  was  bom  at  SLilkennv  on 
3  March  1816.  He  was  educated  at  ^n- 
burgh  for  the  medical  profession,  but  went 
to  London  in  1836  and  gradually  drifted 
into  literature.  'Christopher  among  the 
Mountains,'  a  satire  upon  Irofessor  Wuson's 
criticism  of  the  last  canto  of  'Childe  Harold,' 
and  a  parody  of  the  'Noctes  Ambrosians' 
were  his  first  notable  efforts.  In  1844  he  be- 
came a  contributor  to  the  '  Musical  World,' 
of  which  he  was  sub-editor  from  1846  to 
1868.  He  was  also  connected  as  musical 
and  dramatic  critic  with  the  '  Mominp^Poet,' 
'Morning  Chronicle,'  *  Morning  Herald,'  and 
other  journals.  In  1849  he  wrote  the  libretto 
of  Macfarren's  '  Charles  II,'  and  a  8]^ta- 
cular  opera,  'Fietro  11  Grande,'  commissioned 
by  Jullien,  was  produced  at  the  Royal  Italian 
(>pera  on  17  Aug.  1852.  In  collaboration 
with  Frank  Mori  he  wrote  an  opera, '  Lam- 
bert Simnel,'  intended  for  Mr.  Sims  Reeves, 
but  never  produced.  He  wrote  the  words 
of  a  very  lar^  number  of  song^  of  which 
may  be  mentioned  '  Songs  of  Even,'  with 
music  by  F.  N.  Crouch  (ifil),  a  set  of  twelve 
'Sacred  Songs  and  Ballads'  W  Edward 
Loder  (1845),  and  a  collection  of 'Songs  of 
Ireland,'  in  which,  in  conjunction  with 
F.  N.  Orouch^e  fitted  old  melodies  with 
new  words.  He  died  in  London  on  8  Dec. 
1868. 

[Grove's  Diet,  of  Music  and  Mnsieians;  CDo- 
noghne's  Poets  of  Ireland ;  Obituary  notices  in 
Musical  World  and  Morning  Post.]  J.  C.  H. 

RYAN,  RICHARD  (1796-1849),  bio- 
mpher,  bom  in  1796,  was  son  of  Richard 
Ryan,  a  bookseller  in  Camden  Town,  who 
died  before  1830  (cf.  Chmt,  Mao,  1830,  pt.  i.) 
Ryan  seems  to  have  followed  the  buainees  of 
a  bookseller,  but  found  time  to  write  several 
interesting  books,  a  few  plays,  and  some 
songs  which  were  set  to  music  by  eminent 
composers.  His  plays — '  Everybody's  Hus^ 
bana,'  a  comic  drama  in  one  act ; '  Quite  at 
Home,'  a  comic  entertainment  in  one  act ; 
and  'Le  Pauvre  Jacques,'  a  vaudeville  in 
one  act,  from  the  French — are  printed  in  J. 
Cumberland's  '  Acting  Plays,'  1825.  Ryan 
died  in  1849. 

Besides  the  works  mentioned,  he  published 

1.  'Eij[ht  Ballads  on  the  Superstitions  of 
the  Irish  Peasantry,'  8vo,  London,   1822. 

2.  '  Biographia  Hibemica,  a  Biogzaphical 
Dictionary  of  the  Worthies  of  Ireland^  from 


Ryan 


5«7 


Rycaut 


the  eariiest  periods  to  the  prcocnt  tune,*  2 
ToU.  8to,  London,  1819-21.  3.  *  Pbems  on 
Secnd  Solnects,'  &c.,  Byo,  London,  1824. 
4.  <  Dnmntic  Table  Talk,  or  Soenee,  ^tna- 
tioni,  and  AdTentuies,  serious  and  comic,  in 
Theatrical  Histoty  and  BiogiaphT,  with  en- 
graYingSy'  8  toIb.  12mo,  London,  1825. 
&  'Pbekzy  and  Poets,  hdng  a  Oolleetion  of 
the  choiffwt  Anecdotes  relative  to  the  Poets 
of  every  affe  and  nation,  illustrated  by  eik- 
grarings,'  S  vols.  12mo,  London,  1826. 

fAmboae's  Diet,  of  E^L  Idt.  vol.  iii; 
Ol>0Boa;lne*8  Pbets  of  IielaDd,  p.  220.1 

D.  J.  (fD. 

BTAH,  VINCENT  WILLIAM  (1816- 
1888),  first  Anglican  bishop  of  theMaoridns, 
aoa  of  John  Ryan  of  the  o2nd  regiment,  by 
hia  iri£e  Harriett,  daughter  of  Pierre  Ganvain, 
jndse,  of  Aldemey,  was  bom  in  Cork  Bar- 
racEs  on  18  Dec  1816,  and  within  three  years 
went  with  his  parents  to  the  Manritina  On 
their  letom  to  England  he  was  educated  at 
Goaport.  He  entered  MagdalenHall  (after- 
winds  Hertford  College),  Oxford,  in  1838, 
and  graduated  B.A.  in  1841,  MJL 1848,  and 
DJ>.  186S.  Taking  holy  ordeis,  he  went  as 
curate  to  St.  Anne's  parish,  Aldemey,  of 
whidi  he  became  ineumbent  in  1842.  Li 
1847  he  became  curate  of  Edge  Hill,  near 
Liveraool,  and  vice-president  of  the  Liver- 
pool Collegiate  Institute.  He  moved  to  the 
principalshi^  of  the  Church  of  England  Metro- 
politan Traminff  Institution  at  Highbury, 
London,  on  1  J^y  1860.  In  1854  he  was 
nominated  bishop  of  Mauritius,  a  post  for 
vriiich  his  familiarity  with  the  French  lan- 
guage ^ecially  adapted  hinu  He  sailed  for 
Jfauritaus  on  15  March  1865,  and  landed  at 
Bort  Louis  on  12  June.    ^ 

R^an  found  only  two  clergymen  in  Port 
Lovisand  a  missionary  in  the  countiy  districts, 
but  there  were  signs  of  awakening  interest 
of  which  he  took  nill  advantage.  On  8  Jan. 
1856  he  consecrated  a  new  church  at  Mah6- 
boaz|p.  Later  in  the  year  (11  Oct.^  hestarted 
on  Ins  first  visit  to  the  Sevchelles  Islands, 
which  were  included  in  his  diocese.  In  18^ 
he  TiaiUMl  them  again,  and  consecrated  the 
new  church  at  Mah6.  To  the  schools  aU  over 
his  diocese  he  gave  particular  attention,  and 
interested  himself  in  the  Hindu  population. 

In  June  1860  Ryan  visited  England  to 
luae  further  funds  for  his  missionary  work. 
On  12  July  1862  he  went,  in  H  Ji.S.  Qorgon, 
vrith  the  special  commissioner  to  Madaga^ 
car,  with  a  view  to  establishing  a  new  mission 
to  that  island.  He  visited  uie  capital  and 
the  scene  of  the  massacres  of  the  dnristians, 
and  returned  to  Mauritius  in  indifferent 
health.    In  October  1882  he  revisited  Sey- 


chelles after  the  hurricane  of  that  year. 
He  paid  a  second  visit  to  England  in  the 
soring  of  186S.  In  1807  he  finally  left 
Mauritius. 

After  holding  for  four  months  the  arch- 
deaconry of  Su&Ur,  Ryan  beeamerectorof  St. 
NicholssyGuildford,  and  commissary  of  Win- 
chester. In  May  1870  he  was  transforred  to 
the  vicarage  of  Bradford,  Yorkshire,  where 
his  ministration  was  marked  bya  great  de- 
velopment of  the  parish  work.  He  was  rural 
dean  firom  1870  to  1876,  and  in  1875  became 
archdeacon  of  Graven  and  commissary  to  the 
bishop  of  Ripon.  In  1872  he  went  on  a  special 
mission  to  the  Mauritius.  In  August  1880 
Ryan  became  vicar  of  St.  Peter^s,  Bourne- 
mouth, and  in  1881  rector  of  Middleham, 
whence  he  removed  in  1888  to  the  rectory  of 
Stanhope  in  Durham.  He  died  at  Stanhope 
on  11  Jan.  1888. 

Ryan  married  Elinbeth  Doirse,  daughter 
of  (diaries  Atkins  of  Romford,  Hampsnire, 
and  left  two  sons,  who  both  took  holy  orders, 
and  one  daughter. 

He  held  pronounced  evangelical  views, 
and  had  notable  power  of  oiganisation.  He 
was  the  author  of:  1.  '  Lectures  on  Amos,' 
London,  1850.  2.  *  The  Oommumon  of  Saints : 
a  Series  of  Sermons/  London,  1854.  8. '  Mau- 
ritius and  Madagascar,'  extracts  from  his 
journals,  London,  1864. 

[Gmckford*8  Clerical  Directory,  1887; 
Colonial  Chnreh  Chrooiele,  1854-62;  Mavri- 
tiiis  and  Madagascar,  LoodoB,  1884;  A  Me> 
morial  Sketch,  hj  W.  M.  i^gsg^sstone,  Stanhops^ 
18S9.]  a  A  H. 

RTGAUT  or  RIOAUT,  Sib  PAUL 
(1828-1700),  traveller  and  author,  was  bom 
at  The  Friary,  his  Other's  seat  at  Aylesford 
in  Kent,  in  the  autumn  of  1628.  His  nand- 
&ther  was  Andrew  Rycaut,  a  granaee  of 
Brabant^  who  married  Emerantia,  daughter 
of  Gkixcia  Gk>nialei  of  Spain.  Their  son 
Peter,  a  financier  who  lent  money  to  the 
sovereigns  of  Spain  and  England,  came  to 
London  in  James  Ps  reign,  bought  lands  at 
Aylesford  and  at  Wittersham  in  Kent,  and 
was  knighted  at  Whitehall  by  Charles  I  on 
18  May  1641.  He  devoted  a  large  treasure 
to  the  royal  cause,  and  was  assei^ed  by  the 
parliamentary  commissioners  to  pay  a  fine  of 
1,500/.,  or  one  twentieth  of  his  income.  The 
fine  remaining  unpaid,  his  debtors  were  or- 
dered to  make  pavments  to  the  committee, 
before  whom  Sir  t^ter  was  frequently  sum- 
moned, untU,  on  8  March  1649,  he  was  found 
to  be  ruined,  and  his  assessment  *  discharged^ 
(Cb/.  qfl^nocqfOomm,  /orAdvaneeqfMimey, 
p.  184).  Having  sold  his  estates  in  Kent,  he 
tried,  but  without  success,  to  obtain  letters 
of  marque  from  Cromwell  in  order  to  re* 


Rycaut 


528 


Rycaut 


eoTer  lus  debt  from  the  king  of  Spain.  He 
died  about  1667,  leaving  by  his  wife  MaxT, 
daughter  of  Boger  Vercolad,  a  large  £eunily 
of  sons  and  a  daughter  Mary.  She  married 
Sir  John  Mayney  of  Linton,  Kent,  who  was 
created  a  baronet  in  1641,  and  ruined  him- 
self bj  his  sacrifices  for  the  royal  cause,  his 
son  Sir  Anthony  dying  of  want  in  1706. 

Sir  Peter's  youngest  son,  Paul,  was  educated 
at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  matriculating 
in  1647,  and  graduating  B.A.  in  1650.  He 
spent  the  greater  part  of  the  next  ten  years 
abroad,  and  in  Iwl  was  sent  to  Turkey  as 
secretary  in  the  embassy  of  Heneage  Finch, 
second  earl  of  Winchilsea  [q.  v.]  He  was 
attached  to  the  Porte  about  six  years,  and 
during  that  period  twice  trayelled  to  Eng- 
land, once  through  Venice  and  once  through 
Hungary.  He  published  in  1663,  in  his 
official  capacity,  'The  Capitulations  and  Ar- 
ticles of  Peace  between  England  and  the 
Porte,  as  modified  at  Adrianople,  January 
1661,^  dedicated  to  the  company  of  Levant 
merchants,  and  printed  at  Constantinople  by 
Abraham  Gabai, '  chafhahar.'  In  the  mean- 
time he  was  collecting  materials  for  his 
most  important  work,  based  largely  upon  his 
own  observations,  and  entitled  '  The  Present 
State  of  the  Ottoman  Empire,  containing  the 
Maxims  of  the  Turkish  Poutie,the  most  mate- 
rial points  of  the  Mahometan  Religion,  their 
Military  Discipline,  a  particular  Description 
of  the  Seraglio  .  .  .  illustrated  with  divers 
pieces  of  Sculpture,  representing  the  varieties 
of  Habits  among  the  Turks,  in  three  books,' 
1668,  London,  4to.  A  third  edition  appeared 
in  1670,  and  a  sixth,  dedicated  to  Lord  Ar- 
lington, in  1686,  while  an  abridgment  was 
appended  to  Savage's  '  History  of  the  Turks 
in  1701.'  It  was  translated  by  Briot,  Paris, 
1670,  and  by  Bespier,  with  valuable  notes 
and  corrections,  Rouen,  1677,  2  vols.  12mo. 
It  was  also  translated  into  Polish,  1678,  and 
German,  Augsburg,  1694.  Dudley  North, 
who  knew  Turkey  well^  condemned  the  work 
as  superficial  and  erroneous,  and  Bespier 
pointed  out  a  few  direct  misstatements,  such 
as  that  Mahometan  women  have  no  hope  of 
heaven.  It  nevertheless  presents  an  ani- 
mated and,  on  the  whole,  faithful  picture  of 
Turkish  manners.  It  long  provea  a  useful 
companion  to  Richard  Ejiolles's  'History,' 
while  the  writer's  impartiality  renders  it  of 
interest  to  the  modem  reader.  It  is  quoted 
by  Gibbon  in  his  account  of  the  rise  of  the 
Ottomans  (Decline  and  FeUlf  ed.  Milman, 
viii.  60). 

Meanwhile,  in  1667,  Rycaut  was  appointed 
by  the  Levant  Company  to  be  their  consul 
at  Smyrna,  and  he  remained  there  eleven 
years*    A  summary  of  his  instructions  upon 


taking  the  post  is  printed  (OaL  State  PaperSy 
Dom.  1667-8,  pp.  402-S).  In  1669  he  ob- 
tained a  gratuity  of  two  thousand  dollars  for 
two  years'  employment,  while  a  post  in  the 
consulate  was  granted  to  his  kinsman,  James 
Rycaut.  In  1679  he  returned  to  England, 
and  printed  by  command  of  the  king  '  The 
Present  State  of  the  Greek  and  Armeniaa 
Churches,  Anno  Christi  1678,'  an  essay  cha- 
racterised by  his  former  spirit  of  fairness,  and 
expressing  in  the  preface  a  desire  for  Christian 
reunion.  In  the  lol lowing  jrear  he  published 
*  The  History  of  the  Turkish  Empire  from 
1623  to  1677,  containing  the  reigns  of  the  last 
three  emperors  (Amurath  IV-Mahomet  IV),' 
London,  4to,  dedicated  to  the  king.  Tms 
was  a  continuation  of  EnoUes's  'Turkish 
History,'  to  the  sixth  edition  of  which  (8 
vols.  1687-1700)  it  was  printed  as  a  supple- 
ment. The  whole  work  was  abridged,  with 
some  addenda  by  Savage,  in  1701. 

Early  in  October  1685  Rycaut  was  ap- 
pointed secretary  to  the  Earl  of  Clarendon, 
recently  created  lord-lieutenant  of  Ireland, 
and  he  was  knighted  at  Whitehall  on  the 
8th  of  the  monui,  and  sworn  a  privy  coun- 
cillor and  judge  of  the  admiralty  in  Ireland. 
The  position  was  not  a  grateful  one,  as  Cla- 
rendon soon  became  a  cipher  in  Irish  politics, 
and  some  charges  of  extortion  were  fomented 
by  the  Roman  catholic  party  against  the 
secretary.  These,  however,  were  warmly 
rebutted  by  Clarendon,  who  spoke  highly  of 
Rycaut's  integrity  and  generosity  to  his  sub- 
orainatee.  In  January  1688,  after  their  return 
to  England,  Rycaut  was  instrumental  in 
bringing  about  an  interview  between  Cla- 
rendon and  Halifax,  who  was  urged  to  in- 
fluence the  king  in  the  former's  favour.  In 
July  1689  Rycaut^  ability  as  a  lingpiist  and 
experience  in  affairs  gained  him  the  appoint- 
ment of  resident  in  Hamburg  and  the  Hanse 
Towns.  His  letters  contain  numerous  warn- 
ings of  privateers  fitted  out  in  the  Hanse 
ports,  in  December  1698  he  caused  to  be 
seized  a  Malagasy  pirate  ship  which  had  been 
built  in  England.  He  remained  at  Ham- 
burg, with  a  few  intervals,  until  June  170Q, 
when  he  was  finally  recalled.  He  died  of 
apoplexy  on  16  Nov.  1700,  and  was  buried 
near  his  father  and  mother  in  the  south 
chancel  of  Aylesford  church. 

Rycaut  was  elected  a  fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society  on  12  Dec.  1666  (Thoksoit,  App.Ydi. 
iv.  p.  xxv),  and  contributed  to  the  '  Philo- 
sopnical  Transactions'  (No.  261]|  in  April 
1699  a  paper  on  the  gregarious  habits  of  sable 
mice,  described  as  'mures  norwegici'  by 
Olaus  Wormius  in  his  *  Museum,'  l&d,  4to, 
and  now  known  as  'mures  decumani'  (2bo2!t)^. 
80c.  Proo.  1868,  p.  860).    He  also  translated 


Ryder 


529 


Ryder 


'The  Oritick'  from  tlie  Spanish  of  Balthaxar 
Qncian*  1681,  12mo;  <The  Liyes  of  the 
Popes,  translated  from  the  Latin  of  Baptist 
Platina,  and  continued  from  1471  to  this 
present  time,'  1685,  foL  and  1688  fol. ;  and 
*  The  Royal  Commentaries  of  Peru,  from  the 
Spanish  of  Garcilasso  de  la  Vega,'  1688,  fol. 
Some  of  his  diplomatic  P&pors  from  Ham- 
burg were  printeil  from  Sir  xhomas  Phillipps's 
manuscripts  {Brii.  Mas,  677,  L  28). 
A  Dortraity  by  Sir  Peter  Lely,  was  en- 

Smvea  by  R.  White  for  a  frontispiece  to 
ycaut's  'Turkish  History,' and  represents 
the  traveller  with  a  refined  and  sensitive 
&oe,  bearing  a  resemblance  to  Molidre's; 
another  portrait  was  painted  by  Johann 
Rondt  at  Amsterdam  m  1691  (cf.  Eyans, 
Cat.  of  Engraved  Portraits^  p.  801). 

[La  Neve's  Pedigrees  of  the  Knif  hts,  pp.  899, 
400;  Melealfe's  Book  of  Knights,  p.  196; 
Bnzke's  £xtinct  Baronetcies,  8.v.  *  Mayney ' ;  Bio- 

S«phia  Britamiica,  1760,  s.v.  Ricaot;  Hasted's 
ent,  ii.  170;  Archsologia  CaDtiaoa,  iv.  134; 
Luttiell's  Brief  Hist  Relation,  i.  361,  660,  683, 
ii.  861.  iv.  96,  888,  416,  457,  670,  660,  708-9; 
Hyde  OofreRwndence,  ed.  Singer,  passim ;  Kem- 
ble's  State  Papers;  Evelyn's  Diary,  November 
1685;  LivesoftheNorths,ed.Je88opp;  Granger's 
Kogr.  Hist  of  England,  iv.  67--8 ;  Chalmers's 
Bi<^.  Diet.;  Lowndes's  Bibl.  Man.  (Bohn); 
AUibone's  Diet  of  English  Lit. ;  Rycant's  Works 
in  the  British  Museum.]  T.  S. 

BYDER.    [See  also  Rideb.] 

BYDER,  Sib  ALFRED  PHILLIPPS 
(1820-1688),  admiral  of  the  fleet,  bom  on 
97  Nov.  1820,  was  seventh  son  of  Henry 
Ryder  [q.  v.],  bishop  of  Lichfield,  and  of  his 
wife  Sophia,  daughter  of  Thomas  March 
Plifllipps  of  Garendon  Park,  Leicestershire. 
He  entered  the  navy  in  May  1833,  passed 
his  examination  in  July  1839,  and  m  the 
special  competitive  course  at  the  Royal  Naval 
(Allege  won  his  commission  as  bentenant 
on  20  July  1841.  He  was  then  appointed  to 
the  42-gun  friffate  BelviderI^  in  which  he 
served  in  the  3(&diterranean  tUl  his  ship  was 
paid  off  in  1845.  On  16  Jan.  1846  he  was 
promoted  to  the  rank  of  commander,  and  in 
May  1847  was  appointed  to  the  steam  sloop 
Vixen,  on  the  North  America  and  West 
Indies  station,  from  which  he  was  promoted 
Ml  2  May  1848,  for  brilliant  service  at  the 
capture  of  Fort  Serapique  on  the  San  Juan 
river.  From  1853  to  1857  he  commanded 
the  Dauntless  frigate  in  the  Channel,  and 
afterwards  in  the  Black  Sea  during  the 
Russian  war.  From  1863  to  1866  he  was 
controller  of  the  coastguard,  and  was  pro- 
moted to  be  rear-admiral  on  2  April  1866. 
He  was  second  in  command  of  the  Channel 
fleet  in  1868-9,  and  was  afterwards  naval 

VOL,  XVTL 


attach^  at  Paris.  On  7  May  1872  he  became 
vice-admiral,  was  commander-in-chief  iq 
China  from  1874  to  1877,  became  admiral  on 
5  Aug.  1877,  and  from  1879  to  1882  was 
commander-in-chief  at  Portsmouth.  On 
24  May  1884  he  was  nominated  a  K.C.B., 
and  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  admiral  of 
the  fleet  on  29  April  1885.  After  resigning 
the  Portsmouth  command  he  lived  for  the 
most  part  at  Torquay.  His  health,  never 
robust,  was  impaired,  and  he  suflered  from 
depression  of  spirits.  In  April  1888  he  came 
to  London  for  medical  treatment,  and  while 
takinff  a  trip  on  the  river  was  drovmed  near 
Vauxhall  pier.  He  was  buried  on  5  May  at 
Hambleden,  near  Henley-on-Thames. 

Ryder  was  a  man  of  high  attainments,  and 
made  persistent  exertions  to  raise  the  stan- 
dard of  education  in  the  navy.  He  devoted 
much  of  his  time  on  shore  to  scientific  study, 
and  was  the  author  of  some  pamphlets  on 
professional  subjects,  including  one  on  a  new 
method  of  determining  distances  at  sea. 

[CByme'sNaval Biogr.Dict.;  Times,  2-3  May 
1888;  Catal<^gae  of  the  Royal  United  Service 
Institution  library ;  Nary  Lists ;  personal  know- 
ledge.}  J.  E.  L. 

RYDER,  Sib  DUDLEY  (1691-1756), 
lord  chief  justice  of  the  king^s  bench,  born 
4  Nov.  1691,  was  the  second  son  of  Richard 
Ryder,  a  mercer  in  West  Smithfield.  His 
mother's  maiden  name  was  Marshall.  His 
srandfather,  the  Rev.  Dudley  Ryder  {d. 
1683),  lost  a  good  estate  owing  to  an  uncle's 
dislike  of  his  puritan  principles ;  he  was  a 
graduate  of  Magdalene  College,  Cambridge, 
was  ejected  from  his  living  at  Bedworth, 
Warwickshire,  after  the  passing  of  the  Act 
of  Uniformity,  and,  after  much  suflering,  was 
received  into  the  family  of  Sir  Samuel  Clark. 
Both  his  sons  were  tradesmen,  one  at  Nun- 
eaton and  the  other  in  Smithfield,  the  latteri 
Dudley  R\der,  being  father  of  John  Ryder 
(1697  P-1775)  [q.  v.] 

Dudley  Rvder  the  younger,  after  having 
been  at  a  dissentinff  academy  at  Hackney, 
studied  at  Edinburgh  aud  Ley  den  Universi- 
ties. He  was  at  first  designed  for  the  mini- 
stry, but  afterwards  decided  to|[o  to  the  bar. 
Soon  after  his  entrance  at  the  Middle  Temple 
he  became  a  member  of  the  church  of  Eng* 
land.  He  was  called  to  the  bar  on  8  July 
1725.  On  26  Jan.  1726  he  was  admitted  at 
Lincoln's  Inn,  of  which  he  subsequently  be- 
came bencher  (28  Jan.  1783),  treasurer 
(8  Nov.  1734),  and  master  of  the  library 
(28  Nov.  1735).  His  success  at  the  bar  was 
diiefly  due  to  Peter,  first  lord  King  [q.  v.],  who 
was,  like  himself,  the  son  of  a  nonconformist 
tradesman,  and  had  been  a  Leyden  student. 


Ryder 


530 


Ryder 


By  KingRyder  was  introduced  to  the  notice 
of  Sir  Kobert  Walpole,  who  immediately 
discerned  his  merits.  Ryder  entered  parliar 
ment  as  member  for  St.  Germans  in  March 
1783^  and  in  the  following  November  was 
appointed  solicitor-generaL  He  was  elected 
for  Tiverton  on  27  April  1784,  and  gained 
an  interest  in  the  borough,  which  his  family 
maintained  till  the  first  Iteform  Bill.  In  the 
spring  of  1787  he  became  attorney-general, 
and  was  knighted  in  May  1740. 

In  1788  he  was  designed  as  saccessor  to  Sir 
Joseph  Jekyll  [q.  v.],  master  of  the  rolls,  but 
the  appointment,  though  actuallv  announced, 
did  not  take  place,  owing  mainly  to  Ryder^s 
disinclination  to  accept  it.  As  first  law  o£Soer 
he  was  a  frequent  sneaker  in  the  House  of 
Commons,  but  usually  confined  himself  to 
le^l  questions.  He  never  engaged  in  politi- 
cal intrigues.  Ryder's  first  important  parlia- 
mentary duty  was  to  take  charge  of  the  bill  of 
pains  and  penalties  against  the  city  of  Edin- 
burgh which  followed  the  murder  of  Captain 
John  Porteous  [q^.v.]  {Pari,  Hist  x.  274-5). 
In  1741  he  spoke  in  support  of  the  bill  whicn 
was  to  give  justices  of  tne  peace  the  riffht  of 
authorising  impressment  {ib.  xii.  26).  Horace 
Walpole  mentions  a  speech  made  by  Ryder 
in  January  1742  as  '  ^orious '  (Walpole  to 
Mann,  22  Jan.  1742).  In  1744  the  attorney- 
general  had  to  move  the  suspension  of  the 
Habeas  Corpus  Act  in  view  of^the  threatened 
Jacobite  rebellion ;  and  his  '  greatest  efibrt ' 
in  parliament,  in  Lord  Campbell's  opinion, 
was  his  speech  in  favour  of  the  unpopular 
bill  attainting  the  sons  of  the  Pretender 
should  they  land  in  England,  and  making  it 
high  treason  to  correspond  with  them.  At 
'  enormous  length  but  with  very  consider- 
able ability '  he  proceeded  to  justify  the  pro- 
vision in  tne  same  bill  by  which  the  property 
of  rebels*  children  was  declared  forfeit  (Part 
Hist.  xiii.  859-66).  In  1747he  unsuccessfully 
opposed,  on  the  principles  of  free  trade,  a 
bill  prohibiting  insurances  on  French  ships 
during  the  war  (t5.  xiv.  128).  In  1751  he 
had  to  defend  the  restrictions  to  be  imposed 
on  the  Princess  of  Wales  as  rej;ent  (ib,  p. 
1028).  His  last  speech  in  parliament  was 
an  able  advocacy  of  Lord  Hiurdwicke's  mar- 
riage bill  (ib.  XV,  1  &c.)  Walpole  told  a 
correspondent  that  Ryder  '  did  amply  gossip 
over '  the  bill,  and  that  during  one  of  the 
debates  he  came  into  conflict  witn  the  speaker 
^Arthur  Onslow),  who  gave  him  *  a  flat  lie ' 
(Walpole  to  Hon.  H.  8.  Conway,  24  May 
1768). 

Ryder  prosecuted  for  the  crown  the  cap- 
tured rebels  of  '45.  Walpole,  in  describing  the 
impeachment  of  Lord  Lovat,  characterised 
Ryder  as  '  cold  and  tedious,'  though  a  much 


better  lawyer  than  Murrav,  the  solicitor- 
general  (to  Sir  H.  Mann,  20  March  1747). 
In  1758  Ryder  met  with  a  rebuff  in  a  case 
of  some  constitutional  interest.  In  that 
year  he  prosecuted  a  bookseller  named  Owen 
for  libelling  the  House  of  Commons  in  a 
pamphlet  reflecting  on  its  conduct  in  com- 
mitting to  Newgate  the  Hon.  Alexander 
Murray  (d.  1777)  [q.  v.]  Pratt,  afterwards 
Lord  Camden,  was  for  the  defence.  The 
jury,  refusing  to  confine  themselves  to  the 

S roved  fact  of  publication,  returned  a  ver^ 
ict  of  not  guilty  in  the  face  of  Ryder^s 
strongly  expressed  views  of  the  dignity  and 
privileges  of  the  House  of  Commons.  After 
the  trial  he  had  to  conceal  himself  from 
the  mob  in  the  lord-mayor's  closet,  and  to 
^ive  them  money  to  drink  the  health  of  the 
jury  before  his  coach  was  allowed  to  pass 
down  Fleet  Street  to  his  house  in  Chancery 
Lane.  The  popular  triumph  was  celebrated 
in  a  song,  said  to  have  been  composed  by  an 
Irish  porter,  in  which  the  attorney-general 
was  addressed : 

Sir  Doodley,  Sir  Doodley,  do  not  use  us  so 
rudely, 
You  look  pale  as  if  we  had  kilt  ye ; 
Sir  Doodley,  Sir  Doodley,  we  shamefidly  should 
lye 
If  we  say  the  defendant  is  guilty 

(Land,  Mag,  1758).  On  2  May  1754  Ryder 
was  made  lord  chief  justice  of  the  king's 
bench.  He  also  became  a  privy  councillor. 
It  was  not  then  the  practice  to  create  the 
lord  chief  justice  a  peer  immediately  on  his 
appointment,  and  Ryder  remained  a  com- 
moner. Two  years  later  Newcastle  proposed 
his  elevation,  and  on  24  May  1766  the  king 
signed  a  patent  creating  Ryder  Baron  Ryder 
of  Harrowby,  and  the  chief  justice  was  to 
have  kissed  hands  on  the  following  day.  On 
25  May,  however,  he  died  suddenly.  A  me- 
morial was  presented  to  George  li  in  favour 
of  inserting  the  name  of  his  son  in  the  patent, 
but  in  the  midst  of  the  existing  political  crisis 
the  matter  was  overlooked. 

Lord  Waldegrave  sums  up  Ryder's  cha- 
racter as  that  of '  an  honest  man  and  a  good 
lawyer,  but  not  considerable  in  any  other 
capacity.'  Horace  Walpole  was  of  much  the 
same  opinion,  declaring  that  he '  talked  him- 
self out  of  all  consideration  in  parliament  by 
laying  too  great  stress  on  every  part  of  his 
diffusive  knowledge.'  Innrivatelife  Ryder 
wss  amiable  but  somewl&t  uxorious.  He 
corresponded  daily  with  his  wife,  a  cultivated 
woman,  who  managed  all  his  money  matters 
as  well  as  his  household  affairs. 

Ryder  was  buried  at  Gbantham,  Lincoln- 
shire, where  there  is  in  the  chuxoh  a  marble 


Ryder 


S3« 


Ryder 


monument  to  liis  memory,  with  a  figure  of 
Justice  and  a  medallion  by  Sir  Henry  de  la 
Ghere.  A  portrait  of  him  in  robes  was 
painted  by  James  Oranke  [q.T.]  and  engraved 
byFaber. 

By  his  wife  Anne,  daughter  of  Nathaniel 
Newnham  of  Streatham,  he  had  an  only 
son,  Nathaniel,  first  baron  Harrowby. 

Nathaitiel  Rtdeb,  first  Babon  Hab- 
BOWBT  r  1785-1808),  bom  on  3  July  1736,  gra- 
duated M. A.  from  Glare  Hall,  Cambridge,  in 
1756.  He  represented  'Rverton  in  the  House 
of  Commons  from  1756  to  1776.  On  20  May 
1776  he  was  created  Baron  Harrowby  of 
Harrowby,  Lincolnshire.  In  1796  he  was 
named  a  D.L.  for  Staffordshire  and  Lincoln- 
shire. He  died  at  Bath  on  20  June  1803.  On 
22  Jan.  1762  he  married  Elizabeth  (c?.  1804), 
daughter  and  coheiress  of  Richard  Terrick 
fq.  ▼.],  bishop  of  London.  By  her  he  had 
issue  three  sons,  Dudley,  first  earl  of  Har- 


on  20  Oct.  1830. 


[Calamy  and  Palmer's  NoDCODformist  Memo- 
rial, 2iid  ed.  iii.  339;  Lord  Campbell's  Chief 
Jnstices  of  £n|;land,  ii.  238-65 ;  Foss's  Judges 
of  England,  viii.  164-6  (the  dates  in  which  some- 
times differ  from  Campbell's);  Walpole's  Letters, 
ed.  Cnnningham,  i.  119,  ii.  76,  140,  204,  334-6, 
iiL  14,  Memoire  of  George  H,  ed.  Holland, 
2nd  ed.  i  123, 1 24,  iL  202,  Memoirs  of  Oeoige  III, 
«d.  Barker,  iii.  106;  Grenrille  Papers,  i.  160; 
Lord  Wald^grare's  Memoirs,  p.  66  ;  Pari.  Hist. 
Tola.  x-XT.  passim;  W.  M.  Torrens's  Hist  of 
Cabmsts,  passim;  Howell's  State  Trials,  zriii. 
629-B64;  Allen's  Hist,  of  Lincolnshire,  ii.  306; 
Street's  Hist.  Notes  on  Grantham,  p.  146 ;  Evans's 
Cat.  of  EngraTed  Portraits,  No.  20996;  Nichols's 
Lit.  Anecd.  ix.  683 ;  Gent  Mag.  1803,  ii.  1694 ; 
Bojlels  Baronage ,  Burke's  Peerage.] 

G.  Lb  G.  N. 

BTDSR,  DUDLEY,  first  Eabi  op  Har- 
BOWBT  and  ViBCOuirr  Sandoit,  and  second 
Barobt  Habbowbt  (1762-1847),  was  bom  in 
London  on  32  Dec.  1762.  He  was  the  eldest 
son  of  Nathaniel  Ryder,  first  baron  Harrowby 
fsee  under  Rtseb,  Sib  DcrDLET][,  by  EHsa- 
bethy  daughter  of  Richard  Temck  [q.  v.], 
btahop  of  London.  Henry  Ryder  [o.  vJ  and 
Richard  Ryder  [q.  yJ  were  his  brothers. 
He  was  sent  to  St.  John's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, where  in  1782  he  graduated  M.A., 
and  then  entered  parliament  at  the  general 
election  of  1784  as  member  for  Tiverton,  the 
fottily  borough  (cf.  ffcmsard,  Srd  ser.  vii. 
1 147).  In  August  1789,  while  the  Duke  of 
JLeeds  was  foreign  secretary,  he  became  under- 
eecretaiy  of  state  for  foreienafl^TS.  Early  in 
1790  he  was  promoted  to  be  controller  of  the 


household  and  a  member  of  the  India  board, 
and  on  3  March  1790  he  was  sworn  of  the 
privy  council.  Thanks  to  his  aptitude  both 
for  parliamentary  and  for  departmental  work, 
he  was  advanced  in  February  1791  to  be  pay- 
master of  the  forces  and  vice-president  of 
the  board  of  trade,  and  continued  to  hold 
this  nost  for  many  years.  He  was  a  clear 
and  fairly  pleasing  speaker,  with  a  good 
presence,  and  steadily  gained  in  parliamentary 
experience  and  reputation.  He  was  appointed 
chairman  of  the  finance  committee  in  1791, 
and  chairman  of  the  coin  committee  in  1800. 
His  intimacy  with  Pitt,  which  had  no  doubt 
assisted  his  promotion,  was  in  turn  increased 
bv  his  services  to  his  chief  both  in  office  and 
elsewhere,  and  on  27  May  1798,  when  Pitt 
fought  a  duel  with  Tiemey,  Ryder  was  one  of 
Pitt*s  seconds.  In  May  1800,  while  retain- 
ing his  office  at  the  board  of  trade,  he  became 
also  treasurer  of  the  navy,  and  continued  to 
hold  both  posts  until  November  1801.  His 
father's  death  on  20  June  1808  raised  him 
to  the  House  of  Lords.  When  Pitt  suc- 
ceeded Addington  in  1804,  Lord  Harrowby 
became  his  foreign  secretary,  but  retained 
that  office  onlv  for  a  few  months.  At  the 
end  of  1804,  having  fallen  downstairs  on 
his  head  at  the  foreign  office,  he  became  at 
once  *  totally  disquafified  for  so  laborious  a 
post,'  and  was  compelled  by  ill  health  to 
resign  (Malmesbury  Diaries,  iv.  887 ;  Staw- 
HOPB,  PiUy  iv.  286 ;  Colchester  Diaries,  i. 
531 ;  Auckland  Oorrespondencef  iv.  251 ;  Life 
of  WHberforee.  iii.  208).  After  a  stay  at 
Bath  his  health  was  restored,  and  on  1  July 
1805  he  was  appointed  to  the  chancellorship 
of  the  duchy  of  Lancaster,  retaining  his  seat 
in  the  cabinet.  At  the  end  of  October  1805, 
when  England  was  attempting  to  unite  the 
continental  powers  in  a  fresn  coalition  against 
Napoleon,  liard  Harrowby  was  accredited  to 
the  emperors  of  Austria  and  Russia,  and 
general  directions  were  given  to  all  the  Bri- 
tish ministers  on  the  continent  to  follow  his 
instructions,  winter  having  interrupted  the 
usual  communications  with  England.  He 
was  ordered  to  proceed  to  Berlin,  Vienna, 
and  St.  Petersburg,  to  negotiate  with  the 
several  courts,  and  after  very  great  labour 
(Cabtlebbaok,  Memoirs,  i.  18i3)  he  had  suc- 
ceeded in  effecting  an  ofiensive  and  defensive 
alliance  with  Prussia,  and  in  making  an  ex- 
cellent general  impression  (Auckland,  Cor- 
respondence,  iv.  255),  when  the  battle  of 
Austerlitz  (2  Dec.)  put  an  end  to  any  fiirther 
prosecution  of  his  mission. 

For  the  first  two  years  after  the  Duke  of 
Portland's  ministrv  was  formed  Lord  Har- 
rowby was  out  01  office,  though  its  warm 
supporter;  but  in  1809  he  held  for  a  few 

MM  2 


Ryder 


532 


Ryder 


mouths  the  presidency  of  the  board  of  control, 
and  then,  resigning  that  office,  remained  till 
Percevars  death  a  member  of  the  cabinet 
without  office.  Meantime,  on  20  July  1809, 
he.  had  been  created  Earl  of  Harrowbv  and 
Viscount  Sandon.  He  had  particularly  in- 
terested himself  in  church  questions,  publish- 
ing one  or  two  pamphlets  on  the  augmenta- 
tion of  benefices,  and  introducing  the  bill 
which  ultimately  passed  as  the '  Curates  Act ' 
in  1813  (58  Geo.  Ill,  c.  149).  In  1812  he 
again  became  a  minister — ^president  of  the 
council — in  Lord  LiverpooVs  administration, 
and  retained  that  office  till  August  1827, 
when  he  retired  from  office  on  the  formation 
of  the  Goderich  administration,  and  was  suo- 
ceeded  by  the  Duke  of  Portland.  When  the 
British  army  had  occupied  Belgium  in  1816, 
the  cabinet  despatched  Lord  Harrowby  and 
WeUesley-Pole  on  a  special  mission  to  Brus- 
sels to  confer  with  Wellington.  They  started 
on  6  April,  and  after  meeting  both  Welling- 
ton and  Louis  XYIII,  reported  to  Lora 
Oastlereagh,  and  returned  about  the  middle 
of  the  month  (WBLLDrerON,  Supplemental 
JDe^atcheSfXAlSl;  GABTLEBBkQK,MemoirSf 
X.  803;  YoNGB,  Zi/e  of  Lord  Liverpool,  ii. 
178).  Lord  Harrowby  had  devoted  con- 
siderable thought  and  study  to  currency 
questions,  and  accordingly  he  became  chair- 
man of  the  lords'  committee  on  the  currency 
in  1819,  prepared  its  valuable  report,  and 
moved  the  ministerial  resolutions  on  21  Maj 
which  were  founded  on  it.  It  was  at  his 
house  in  Grosvenor  Square  that  the  Cato 
Street  conspiracy  for  the  assassination  of 
ministers  was  to  nave  been  accomplished  by 
Thistlewood  and  his  accomplices  in  February 
1820.  and  it  was  to  him  that  the  plot  was 
first  oetrayed. 

Except  on  questions  which  were  strictlv 

Suestions  of  party  politics,  Lord  Harrowby^s 
isposition  was  towards  a  liberal  and  re- 
forming legislation.  He  had  given  proof  of 
this  in  April  1791,  when  he  avowed  himself 
convertea  by  the  arguments  of  Wilberforce 
and  Fox  in  the  slave-trade  debate  of  that 
month  (Stanhopb,  L{fe  of  Pitt,  iL  88).  As 
early  as  1812  he  was  known  (Coxohbbibb, 
Diaries,  ii.  408)  as  a  supporter  of  the  catholic 
claims,  and  in  1828  and  1824  he  spoke  and 
voted  in  their  favour.  He  also  approved  the 
repeal  of  the  Test  and  Corporation  Act-s.  On 
the  death  of  Canning,  to  whom  he  had 
adhered  when  Peel  and  Wellington  resigned, 
Harrowby  finally  retired  from  office,  and 
even  refused  the  prime  ministership  when 
Goderich  resigned  in  November  1827.  Never- 
theless, when  reform  became  a  practical 
and  pressing  question,  he  retumea  to  the 
debates  of  the  House  of  Lords  and  to  a  con- 


siderable political  activity.  As  early  as 
4  Oct.  1831  he  declared  his  opinion  in  the 
House  of  Lords  that  the  time  for  some  measore 
of  parliamentary  reform  was  come,  and  even 
indicated  the  changes  which  he  would  support, 
namely,  a  generous  extension  of  the  firanchise 
to  wealthy  and  populous  places,  and  a  re- 
duction in  the  numoer  of  small  boroughs  so 
as  to  make  room  for  an  increased  represen- 
tation of  the  large  counties.  His  speech 
was  subsequently  corrected  and  published  by 
Boake  and  Varty  (^Hansard,  3rd  ser.  vii. 
1146,  viii.  686).  During  the  winter  of  1831 
and  the  Bpru^  of  1832  he  was  active,  along 
with  Lora  Whamcliffe,  in  endeavouring  to 
arrange  some  compromise  between  Earl  (my 
and  the  tory  lords,  by  which  a  creation  of 
fresh  peers  might  be  averted.  He  issued  a 
circular  letter  to  various  members  of  the 
House  of  Lords,  and  repeatedly  met  Lord 
Grey  (see  Correspondence  of  Earl  Chrey  and 
Princess  Ideven,  ii.  330),  but  he  failed  to 
obtain  any  definite  terms  from  either  side, 
and  met  with  little  but  reproaches  from  both. 
He  and  those  who  acted  with  him  were 
known  as  'the  waverers'  {Cfreville  Memoirs ^ 
Ist  ser.  ii.  275;  Croker  Papers,  iL  166). 
After  this  time  he  took  little  part  in  politics, 
though  for  the  party  funds  at  the  election  of 
1834  he  subflcnbed,  in  spite  of  his  being  a 
poor  man,  a  sum  of  1,000/. 

Of  Lord  Harrowby  Greville  says  that  his 
manner  was  pert,  rigid,  and  provoking ;  that 
he  was  crotchety,  full  of  indecision,  and  an 
alarmist,  but  exceedingly  well-informed,  not 
illiberal  in  his  views,  and  one  of  the  moat 
conscientious,  disinterested,  and  unambitious 
statesmen  that  ever  lived;  but  the  very 
openness  of  view  and  honesty  of  temper 
which  had  led  him  to  try  to  moderate  be- 
tween the  two  parties  in  1881  had  earned 
him  the  enmity  of  both.  Pitt  is  said  shortly 
before  he  died  to  have  selected  Harrowby 
as  the  fittest  person  to  be  his  successor; 
but  defects  of  temper  diminished  his  in- 
fluence with  his  own  party,  nor  were  his  gifts 
as  a  speaker  sufficiently  signal  to  counter- 
balance  them  (see  Stakhopb,  Conversations 
toith  the  Duke  of  Wellington,  p.  167 ;  but  see 
also  Stanhopb's  Life  of  Pitt,  iv.  189).  Lord 
Liverpool  indeedboldly  accusedhim  of  having 
'a  wretched  mind,  or  a  distempered  body 
which  operates  on  his  mind'  to  an  extent 
which  disqualified  him  for  business,  of  being 
interested,  and  of  winning  Pitt's  good  opinion 
by  mere  subserviency  (AuoKLAmD,  Oorre" 
spondenoe,  iv.  226) ;  and  Lord  G^y  told  the 
Princess  Lieven  that  although  he  found 
Lord  Harrowby  an  able  and  a^preeable  man 
'as  long  as  he  keeps  to  Enghsh,  when  he 
talks  ^nch  he  bores  me,  for  he  is  pre- 


Ryder 


533 


Ryder 


tentiouB,  is  a  purist  in  literature,  recites 
TeiaeSy  and  has  a  gratins  voice,  all  of  which 
are  antipathetic  to  me  {Correspondenoe  of 
Princess  JUeven  and  Earl  Qrey,  iii.  24,  43 ; 
cf.  Moobb's  MenunrSy  iy.  89). 

In  addition  to  his  high  offices  of  state  Lord 
fiarrowby  was  at  different  times  high  steward 
of- Tiverton,  a  commissioner  for  building 
churches,  a  trustee  of  the  British  Museum, 
a  governor  of  Charterhouse,  and  was  made 
D.C.L.  of  Oxford  on  16  June  1814,  and 
LL.D.  of  Cambridge  in  1838.  He  died  at 
Sandon  Hall,  Staffordshire,  on  26  Dec.  1847. 
He  was  succeeded  by  his  eldest  son,  Dudley, 
second  earl  of  Harrowby  [q.  v.1 

Harrowby  married,  on  30  July  1795,  Lady 
Susan  Leveson-Gower,  sixth  daughter  of  the 
first  Marquis  of  Stafford,  by  whom  he  had  four 
sons  and  five  daughters.  Greville  describes 
her  as  superior  to  all  the  women  he  had  ever 
known,  praising  her  noble,  independent  cha> 
racter,  her  sound  judgment,  vigorous  under- 
standmg,  and  brilliant  conversation.  She 
died  on  26  May  1838  (Gent.  Mag,  1888,  ii. 
106). 

[In  addition  to  the  references  given  in  the  text 
see  Oent.  Mag.  1848,  pt.  i.  198,  and  Correspon- 
deDoe  of  William  IV  and  Earl  Grey,  i.  437, 464 ; 
Burke's  Peerage,  1896.]  J.  A.  H. 

BYDEK,  DUDLEY,  second  Easl  ov 
Hasbowbt  (1798-1882),  bom  at  the  army 
nay  oflice,  Whitehall,  London,  on  19  May 
1798,  was  the  eldest  son  of  Dudley,  first  earl 
rq.  v.],  b^  his  wife,  Ladv  Susan  Leveson- 
Uower,  sixth  daughter  of  the  first  Marquis 
of  Stafiford.  He  was  known  until  his  father*s 
death  as  Viscount  Sandon.  At  first  privately 
educated,  he  matriculatedfrom  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  on  19  Oct.  1816,  and  in  1819  secured 
a  double-first.*  He  graduated  B.A.  on 
10  Feb.  1820,  M.A.  on  21  June  1832,  and 
was  created  D.C.L.  on  6  Julv  1848.  Among 
his  personal  friends  at  Oxford  were  the  four- 
teenth Earl  of  Derby,  Henry  Labouchere 
(afterwards  Lord  Taunton)  [q.  v.].  Lord  Os- 
sington,  and  Lord  F.  Egerton  (afterwards 
Lord  EUesmere).  In  1819  he  was  elected  to 
parliament  as  member  for  the  family  borough 
of  Tiverton  [see  Ktbbb,  Sib  Din>j:.ET].  He 
was  re-elected  in  1820, 1826,  and  1830. 

In  1827  Lord  Sandon  was  am^inted  a 
lord  of  the  admiralty  in  Lord  laverpool's 
administration,  but  resigned  next  year,  be- 
lieving that  the  Duke  of  Wellington,  who 
then  became  premier,  would  oppose  catholic 
emancipation.  Though  a  conservative,  he 
held,  like  his  father,  man^r  liberal  opinions; 
He  voted  for  the  inquiry  into  the  civil  list 
which  overturned  the  Wellington  admini- 
itratioii(1880>  But  on  18  Dec.  in  the  same 


year  he  again  accepted  office  under  Welling* 
ton  as  secrstary  to  the  India  board,  and  re- 
tained that  post  till  May  1831.    At  the  dis- 
:  solution  in  this  year  Ix>rd  Sandon  did  not 
!  again  contest  Tiverton,  but,  accepting  an 
I  invitation  from  Liverpool,  he  was  duly  re- 
,  turned,  and  thus  at  the  age  of  thirty-Uiree 
became  one  of  the  representatives  of  that 
great  commercial  town.    Its  business  inte- 
rests largely  engrossed  his  time  for  eighteen 
,  vears,  and  made  official  work  difficult.    He 
had  many  memorable  contests  for  this  seat, 
'  but  was  always  returned  by  triumphant  ma- 
jorities, beingre-elected  in  1832, 1835, 1887, 
and  1841.    He  supported  the  Reform  Bill 
'  as  a  measure  of  peace '  {Address  to  Liver* 
poolJBlectors,  lS34t). 

In  1835,  when  Sir  Robert  Peel  was  prime 
minister.  Lord  Sandon  was  appointed  com- 
missioner for  inquiring  into  army  punish- 
ments, a  subject  then  attracting  much  atten- 
tion. Again,  in  the  events  which  led  to  the 
dissolution  of  1841,  he  took  a  prominent 
part.  The  whig  ministry  of  Lord  Melbourne, 
to  regain  its  waning  popularity,  proposed  to 
abolish  the  sliding  scale  and  mipose  a  fixed 
duty  on  com,  and  no  longer  to  prohibit  the 
importation  of  slave-grown  sugar.  A  reso- 
lution to  this  efiect  was  brougnt  before  the 
House  of  Commons  by  Lord  John  Russell ; 
but  Sandon  moved  an  amendment  which, 
being  carried,  virtually  turned  out  the  whig 
government.  The  general  election  which 
ensued  made  Sir  Robert  Peel  prime  mini- 
ster (DiBBikHLi,  Lard  O.  Bentdnck,  p.  329). 
Sandon  followed  Peel  in  his  adoption  of 
free-trade  principles  in  1845,  not  because  he 
was  convmced  by  Peel's  arguments,  but 
because  he  considered  that  the  policy  was  no 
lonser  a  matter  for  discussion  now  that  tbe 
leaders  on  both  sides  of  the  House  were 
hostile  to  protection.  He  was  by  tempera- 
ment indi^osed  to  support  unreservedly  any 
tory  dogma.  He  haa  already  voted,  though 
a  conservative  and  strong  protestant,  for  the 
repeal  of  the  Test  Acts  and  for  the  grant  to 
Maynooth ;  he  further,  aided  bv  his  friend 
Lord  Ashley  (afterwards  Lord  ShaftCTbury), 
was  active  m  supporting  philanthropic  mea- 
sures, such  as  the  emancipation  of  negroes, 
and  the  shortening  of  work-time  in  factories. 
When  parliament  was  dissolved  in  1847, 
Sandon  did  not  seek  re-election.  He  was 
appointed  an  ecclesiastical  commissioner  on 
18  Dec,  and  on  the  26th  he  succeeded  his 
father  as  second  Earl  of  Harrowby.  In  the 
House  of  Lords  his  liberal  sympathies  en- 
abled him  in  1852  to  act  successfully  as 
mediator  between  Lord  Derby  and  the  free- 
traders. On  31  March  1856  he  became 
chancellor  of  the  duchy  of  Lancaster  in 


Ryder 


534 


Ryder 


Palmeraton's  first  adminiBtxation,  and  was 
Bwom  of  the  privy  counciL  From  December 
1855  to  December  1857  he  was  lord  privy 
seal.  He  was  intimate  with  Palmerstou, 
and  supported  his  foreign  policy.  During 
the  closing  episodes  of  the  Crimean  war  he 
fully  shared  with  his  colleagues  the  con- 
sequent labours  and  anxieties ;  out  his  health 
gave  way,  and  he  was  forced  to  resign,  his 
services  being  subsequently  recognised  by  his 
admission  to  the  order  of  the  darter  on 
28  June  1859.  The  first  standing  com- 
mittee of  the  cabinet,  consisting  of  the  poli- 
tical heads  of  the  admiralty,  war,  and  colo- 
nial departments,  was  established  at  his 
instance,  and  succeeded  in  redeemiujg  many 
of  the  errors  and  shortcomings  which  had 
led  to  disaster  in  the  early  stages  of  the  war. 

Harrowby  seldom  made  speeches  in  the 
House  of  Lords.  But  he  spoke  in  July  1861 
on  behalf  of  Poland,  and  again  in  1862  of  the 
changes  effected  in  Italy.  His  two  most 
important  interventions  in  public  affairs  were 
in  the  interests  of  the  established  church,  to 
which  he  was  eamestlv  devoted.  On  the 
first  occasion,  in  1869,  ne  moved  the  rejec- 
tion of  Mr.  Gladstone's  Irbh  Church  bill 
in  a  speech  of  vigour  and  ability.  Secondly, 
in  1880  in  connection  with  the  Burials  Bill, 
he  acted  as  peacemaker,  beiuf  the  author  of 
the  arrangement  which  was  mially  adopted* 
Harrowbv  did  good  public  service  as  cnaiiv 
man  of  the  Maynootn  commission,  member 
of  the  first  Qjuord  University  commission, 
of  the  ritual  commission,  and  of  the  clerical 
subscription  commission ;  he  was  also  a  go- 
vernor of  the  Charterhouse  and  of  King's 
College,  London,  a  magistrate  for  the  coun- 
ties of  Stafford  and  Gloucester,  and  was 
much  interested  in  prison  reform.  As  a 
speaker  he  was  solid,  sensible,  and  reason- 
able, remarkable  for  independent  thought 
and  felicity  of  expression,  without  attempt- 
ing oratorical  display. 

He  continued  through  life  that  connection 
with  literary  and  scientific  pursuits  which 
he  had  commenced  at  the  university.  He 
was  elected  fellow  of  the  Boyal  Societv  on 
24  Nov.  1853,  and  frequently  attended  its 
meetings,  and  presided  over  one  of  the  early 
meeting  of  the  British  Association;  thus 
maintaming  friendly  relations  with  the  chief 
scientific  men  of  his  time.  He  wsa  an  early 
member  of  the  Geographical  and  Statistical 
Societies,  and  lengthened  residences  at  Rome 
in  his  later  years  rendered  him  an  acknow- 
ledged judge  and  authority  on  the  works  of 
the  old  masters.  Being  an  accomplished 
French  and  Italian  scholar,  he  cultivated 
relations  with  the  leading  men  on  the  conti- 
nent whom  he  had  met  in  his  father's  house 


in  Grosvenor  Square  when  it  was  the  centie 
of  the  leading  diplomatic  and  official  society 
of  London. 

As  a  landlord  he  was  one  of  the  earliest 
promoters  of  reform  and  of  county  agricul- 
tural societies,  bein^  a  founder  of  that  in 
Staffordshire.  Till  his  eightieth  year  he  was 
the  active  president  of  Sm  Society  for  the 
Prevention  of  Cruelty  to  Animals,  and 
pleaded  its  cause  in  English  and  French  with 
equal  facility  and  success. 

Lord  Harrowby  died  at  Sandon,  Stone, 
Staffordshire,  on  19  Nov.  1882. 

He  married  at  Berne,  in  1828,  Lady  Fran- 
ces Stuart,  fourth  daughter  of  the  first  Mar- 
quis of  Bute,  a  lady  of  great  beauty  and 
attractive  character,  who  died  in  London 
in  1859.  They  had  two  daughters  and 
four  sons.  Dudley  Francis  Stuart  Ryder 
(1881-1900),  his  eldest  surviving  son,  soo- 
ceeded  to  the  peerage  [see  SupPLBXEurT]. 

His  portrait  by  Richmond  is  at  Sandon ; 
it  has  been  engraved,  and  there  is  an  excel- 
lent oopv  at  High  Ashurst,  Surrey,  belongs 
ing  to  his  second  son,  the  Hon.  Henry 
Dudley  Ryder,  who  also  has  miniatures  of 
Lady  Harrowby. 

[Notes  and  Memoranda  siipplied  by  the  Earl 
of  Harrowby;  Documents  kindly  lent  by  the 
Hon.  H.  D.  Ryder ;  a  sermon  preached  in  San- 
don Cbnreh  and  a  memoir,  reprinted  from  the 
Staffordshire  Advertiser,  25  Nov.  1882;  Obi- 
tuary notices:  Times,  21  Nov.  1882;  Morning 
Poet,  21  No?.  1882;  Hertfordshire  Express, 
26  Not.  1882;  Tablettes  Biographiques  des 
Hommes  du  Temps,  Paris-Neniily,  1882;  Dod*s 
Peerage;  Lbts  of  the  Fellows  of  the  Boyid 
Society;  Foster's  Alumni  Oxon.  1715-1886; 
Official  Return  of  Members  of  Parliament; 
Doyle's  Baronage ;  Torrens*s  Memoirs  of  Lord 
Melbourne.]  W.  B-r. 

RYDER,  HENRY  (1777-1886),  succoh 
sively  bishop  of  Gloucester  and  of  Lichfield 
and  Coventry,  was  the  youngest  eon  of 
Nathaniel,  first  baron  Harrowby,  of  Sandon 
in  Staffordshire,  by  his  wife  Elisabeth, 
daughter  and  coheiress  of  Richard  Terrick 
[q.  v.],  bishop  of  Londcm  [see  under  Rtdbb, 
Sis  DublbtJ.  He  was  born  on  21  July 
1777,  and  was  educated  at  St.  John's  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  where  he  graduated  M.A. 

,  in  1796  and  D.D.  in  1818.  In  1800  he  waa 
ordained  by  Bisho])  Comwallis  to  the  curacy 
of  Sandon,  the  faniily  seat  of  the  Harrowbys; 
in  1801  he  was  presented  by  the  crown  to 

I  the  rectory  of  Lutterworth  in  Leicestershire, 
and  in  1805  to  the  neighbouring  vicarage 
of  Claybrook  in  addition.  In  his  early  mini- 
sterial life  Ryder  was  regarded  as  a  model 
parish  priest;  at  the  same  time  he  found 

I  leisure  to  read  the  early  fathers  and  to  study 


Ryder 


S3S 


Ryder 


criticallj  the  sacred  text,  and  mixed  freely  in 
genenl  society.  But  he  stood  aloof  from 
the  risinff  evangelical  party,  of  which  he 
afterwaxds  became  a  distinguished  adherent. 
When,  in  1807,  Eyder  was  called  upon  to 
preach  the  sermon  at  the  archdeacon's  visita- 
tion at  Leicester,  he  attacked  the  principles 
of  the  evangelicals  as  being  at  variance  with 
the  principles  of  the  church  of  England.  One 
of  toe  most  prominent  leaders  of  the  party, 
Thomas  Bobmson  [q.  v.],  vicar  of  St.  Mary's, 
Leicester,  was  present.  In  the  following 
year  (1608^  it  fell  to  Robinson's  lot  to  preach 
at  the  archaeaeon's  visitation,  but  he  declined 
the  opportunity  of  replying  to  Ryder.  Such 
maffiianimity  dispelled  some  of  Ryder's  pre- 
judices, which  were  also  mitigated  by  read- 
ing Richard  Cecil's '  Friendly  Visit  to  the. 
House  of  Mourning '  [see  Cboil,  Riohabd]. 
The  death  of  a  favourite  sister  in  1801  and  of 
his  father  in  1808  further  encouraged  a  chan^ 
of  view,  and  he  was  impressed  by  reading  m 
1800  or  1810  John  Newton's  <  Cardiphonia' 
and '  Letters  to  a  Nobleman.'  Very  soon  after 
he  openly  identified  himself  with  the  evan- 
gelicals, tddn^  the  chair  at  a  Bible  Society 
meeting  at  Leicester  in  1811,  and  preaching 
RoUnson's  funeral  sermon  in  1818.  In  1808 
he  was  made  a  canon  of  Windsor,  and  was  as 
sealous  and  active  there  as  in  all  his  mini- 
tteriiJ  spheres.  He  became  'lecturer  of  St. 
Qeoige's,'  and  in  that  capacity  delivered 
sermons  which  made  a  great  sensation. 
Qeorge  III  greatly  admired  his  sermons, 
saying  that  *  they  reminded  him  of  the  di- 
vinity of  former  days.'  He  took  pains  in 
examining  and  instructing  in  religious  know- 
ledge the  choristers  of  St.  George's  Chapel, 
and  strove  to  influence  for  good  the  military 
officers  stationed  around  the  court. 

In  1812  Ryder  was  promoted  to  thedecmery 
of  Wells,  to  the  dismay  of  the  old-fashioned 
churchmen  there.  The  discontent  was  not 
dispeUed  when  he  preached  in  WeUs  Cathe- 
dral on  worldliness  and  formalism,  and  when 
he  got  an  evening  service  introduceid  into  the 
pansh  church,  evening  services  being  then 
regarded  as  sure  signs  of  '  methodism.'  He 
was  in  the  habit,  too,  of  preaching  at  the 
nttghbouring  churches,  especially  those  of 
Mark  and  Wedmere,  feeling  an  obligation  to 
do  so  because  part  of  the  endowment  of  his 
deanery  came  nom  those  places.  He  was 
also  diieflv  instrumental  in  establishing  a 
national  sdiool,  then  quite  a  new  institution, 
at  WeUs.  He  was  now  a  neighbour  of 
Haamah  More  [q*v.l,  who  had  made  his 
acquaintance  in  18ll  at  Yoxal  Lodge,  the 
residence  of  Thomas  Oisbome,  the  noted 
evangelical,  and  had  been  much  impressed 
by  him.    In  1816  Ryder  received  the  ofSsr  of 


the  bishopric  of  Gloucester,  vacant  by  the 
translation  of  Bishop  Huntingford  to  Here- 
ford. There  was  much  opposition  to  the  ap- 
pointment in  high  quarters,  both  civil  and 
ecclesiastical,  on  account  of  his  being '  iden- 
tified with  a  party;'  but  his  brother  Dudley, 
first  earl  of  Marrowby  [a.  v.],  who  was  an 
influential  member  of  tne  administration, 

Sressed  his  claims,  and  the  opposition  was 
efeated.  The  clergy  of  the  diocese  were  not 
disposed  to  welcome  him  warmly ;  but  the 
preiudices,  however,  against  him  soon  va- 
nisned,  partly  through  his  own  attractive 
personality,  and  parUy  because  the  clergy 
found  that  he  was  a  better  scholar  and 
divine  than  they  had  supposed,  and  that, 
though  he  was  '  a  low  churchman,'  he  was 
thoroughlv  loyal  to  his  church.  He  was  a 
vigorous  bishop.  He  rarely  preached  lesa 
than  twice,  often  three  times,  on  a  Sunday, 
besides  a  weekly  lecture  which  he .  held  in 
one  of  the  Gloucester  churches ;  and  on  Sun- 
day afternoons  he  used  to  examine  and  in- 
struct the  children  in  the  Gloucester  National 
School.  In  1818  Hannah  More  wrote  to 
the  '  Christian  Observer : '  '  The  bishop  of 
Gloucester  has  been  almost  the  only  visitor 
in  my  sick  room.  When  I  saw  him  he  had 
confirmed  some  thousands,  consecrated  one 
church  and  two  churchyards,  and  preached 
nine  sermons  within  ten  days.'  He  established 
in  1816  the  Gloucester  Diocesan  Society  for 
the  education  of  the  poor,  and  the  female 
penitentiary  owed  its  existeuce  largely  to  his 
exertions.  Opposition  to  him  as  an  evan- 
gelical did  not  entirelv  cease ;  at  a  public 
meeting  on  behfUf  of  the  Church  MiBsionary 
Societv  at  Bath  in  1818,  he  was  publicly  re- 
buked by  the  archdeacon  of  Bath  (Dr.  Thomas) 
for  taking  the  chair. 

In  1824  Ryder  was  translated  to  the  see 
of  Lichfield.  Here  there  was  far  greater 
scope  for  his  energies.  The  population  was 
very  much  larger,  and  the  late  bishop,  Earl 
Comwallis,  had  been  incapacitated  for  some 
time  firom  taking  active  part  in  diocesan 
work.  It  was  no  small  advantage  to  Ryder 
that  he  was  a  member  of  one  of  the  leading 
families  in  the  county.  *  On  coming  to  the 
diocese,'  writes  Mr.  Beresford,  the  diocesan 
historian, '  he  startled  everybody  hj  plunging 
into  evangelistic  work  in  all  directions.  .  .  . 
He  worked  on  the  old  lines  of  the  church  of 
England  in  his  attempt  to  recover  the  masses. 
He  used  the  parochial  system  as  the  basis  of 
his  plan,  and  strove  to  find  room  for  every- 
body in  his  parish  church.  After  eight  years 
of  faithful  labour,  he  could  point  to  twenty 
new  churches  opened  and  ten  in  building.' 
He  was  largely  assisted  by  his  friend,  Arch- 
deacon Hoobon,  with  whose  aid  he  organised 


.^ 


Ryder 


536 


Ryder 


aCHiurch  Building  Association  in  the  diocese. 
Svder*8  days  were  shortened  hj  overwork. 
fife  died  at  Hastings,  where  he  was  huried, 
on  81  March  1836.  A  monument  by  Ohantrey 
was  erected  in  Lichfield  Cathedral,  and  a 
memorial  church,  called  Bishop  Ryder's 
ehurch,  was  built  in  Gosta  Green,  a  populous 
suburb  of  Birmingham.  In  1802  he  married 
Sophia,  daughter  of  Thomas  March  Phillipps 
of  Ghirendon  Park,  Leicestershire,  by  whom 
he  had  ten  sons  and  three  daughters.  His 
wife  and  all  his  children  survivea  him  except 
one  son,  Charles,  who  was  drowned  at  sea 
in  1825.  The  seventh  son  was  Sir  Alfred 
Phillipps  Ryder  fq.  ▼.] 

Ryaer's  published  works  consist  merelyof 
single  sermons  and  episcopal  charges.  His 
reputation  for  piety  and  energy  was  extra- 
ordinarily but  deservedly  high.  The  evan- 
gelicals of  course  rejoiced  in  the  first  bishop 
who  was  chosen  from  amon^  their  ranks. 
Wilberforce '  highly  prized  ana  loved  Bishop 
Ryder  as  a  prelate  arter  his  own  heart,  who 
united  to  tne  seal  of  an  apostle  the  most 
amiable  and  endearing  qualities,  and  the  po- 
lished manners  of  the  heist  society'  (Hecolleo- 
Honsqf  WilUam  WiUberforc^,  Charles  Simeon 
' delighted '  in  him;  Hannah  More  is  full  of 
his  praise ;  a  person  of  a  very  different  type, 
Br.  Samuel  Parr,  said  'there  is  an  halo  of 
holiness  about  that  man,'  and  left  him  at  his 
death  a  mourning  ring  in  token  of  his  re- 
spect, though  he  Knew  little  of  him  except 
his  public  acts.  It  is  a  curious  instance  of 
the  lax  notions  about  pluralities  which  then 
prevailed  that  even  so  conscientious  a  man 
as  Ryder  thought  it  no  shame  to  hold  a 
deanery  tn  cf/miMndam  with  a  bishopric  from 
1815  to  1831,  when  *•  from  conscientious  mo- 
tives '  (as  his  contemporary  hiographer  puts 
it),  he  did  not  resign,  but  exchanged  it  with 
Dr.  Goodenough  for  '  a  less  lucrative  pr^ 
bendal  stall  at  Westminster,'  which  he  held 
till  his  death. 

[Christian  Obseirer,  May,  August,  and  Sep- 
tember 1886,  and  April  1887,  coTitaining  long 
notices,  equivalent  to  a  volume  in  bulk,  hj  a 
personal  mend  of  Bishop  Ryder ;  Annual  Bio- 
graphy and  Obituary,  1837,  and  Christian  Keep- 
sake (same  accounts) ;  Annual  Register,  1886; 
Gent.  Maff.  1886;  Diocesan  Hiatories,  'Lich- 
field,' by  W.  Beresford;  Roberts's  Life  of  Mrs. 
Hannah  More ;  Recollections  of  William  Wil- 
berforce (Colquhoun)  ;  Overton's  Englisb  Church 
in  the  Nineteenth  Century  (1800-.1833).] 

J.  H.  0. 

EYDEB,  JOHN,  D.D.  (1697  P-.1776), 
archbishop  of  Tuam,  son  of  Dudley  Rvder, 
haberdasher,  was  bom  at  Nuneaton,  War- 
wickshire, about  1697.  His  grandfather  was 
Dudley  Ryder  (A  1688)  the  ejected  rector 


of  Bedworth.  He  was  educated  at  Queens* 
College,  Cambridge,  where  be  graduated 
B.A.1716,  M.A.  1719,  D.D.  1741.  In  1721 
he  became  vicar  of  Nuneaton,  and  held  the 
living  till  his  appointment  to  the  see  of 
Killaloe  by  patent  of  30  Jan.  1742.  He  was 
consecrated  in  St.  Bridget's,  Dublin,  on 
21  Feb.  Next  year  he  was  translated  to  the 
see  of  Down  and  Connor,  and  was  further 

Promoted,  in  March  1762,  to  be  archbishop  of 
'uam  and  bishop  of  Ardaf^h.  His  views  were 
evangelical  and  nis  disposition  courteous  and 
kindly.  His  latter  years  he  spent  at  Nice, 
where  he  died  on  4  Feb.  1775  from  the  effects 
of  a  fall  firom  his  horse.  He  was  buried  on 
6  Feb.  in  a  ground  near  the  shore,  purchased 
for  protestant  burials  by  the  British  consul, 
and  since  washed  away  by  the  sea.  His 
portrait  is  at  Queens'  College,  Cambridge. 

His  eldest  son,  John,  bom  at  Nuneaton 
in  1723,  rector  of  Templemichael,  co.  Long- 
ford, prebendary  of  Tuam  (1754),  and  dean 
of  Lismore  (1762),  died  at  Nuneaton  on 
18  Anril  1791,  and  is  buried  in  the  parish 
church. 

[Cotton's  Fasti  Eceles.  Hibem.;  Graduati 
Cantabr.  1823;  6«nt.  Mag.  1832,i.  663  ;  Mant's 
Hist,  of  the  Chnrch  of  Ireland.  1840,  ii.  667 ; 
Colvile's  Worthies  of  Warwickshire  [1870],  pp. 
620  sq.]  A.  a. 

RYDER,  JOHN  (1814-1886),  actor,  bom 
in  the  Isle  of  Thanet  on  5  April  1814,  had 
obtained  in  the  country  some  recognition  in 
the  soKMilled  'legitimate  drama'  when  he 
was  engaged  by  Macreadv  for  Dmry  Lane 
Theatre,  at  which  house  be  appeared  as  the 
Duke  Frederick  in  '  As  yon  like  it '  on  1  Oct. 
1842.  He  took  part  in  most  of  Macready's 
productions,  and  was  (24  April)  the  original 
IQng  in  Sheridan  Enowles's '  Secretary?  In 
September  1843  he  accompanied  Maoready 
to  America,  supporting  him,  on  a  second 
visit  in  1848,  through  an  arduous  and,  as 
events  proved,  dangerous  campaign.  More 
than  once  in  his  'Diaries'  Macready  ex- 
presses his  contentment  at  his  choice  of  a 
companion,  saying  that  without  him  he '  could 
not  have  got  through'  (jR^mmwomoet,  ii. 
222).  Macready  also  owns  to  cutting  down 
his  parts.  On  13  Oct.  1845,  at  the  Princess's, 
Ryder  was  Claudius  to  Macready's  Hamlet. 
On  20  May  1846  he  was  the  original  Sir 
Adam  Weir  in  White's  *  King  of  the  Com- 
mons.' At  the  production  (22  Nov.  1848J  of 
Macready's  abridgment  of  Taylor's  'Philip 
van  Artevelde,'  Kyder  was  Van  den  Bosch, 
and  at  that  of  Oxenford's  version  of  Cor- 
neille's  'Ariane,'  28  Jan.  1860,  he  was 
(Enarus.  In  the  opening  performance  at 
the  Princess's  under  the  Kean  and  Keeley 
management,  on  28  Sept.  1860,  he  played 


I 


Ryder 


537 


Ryder 


Antonio  in '  Twelfth  Night/  In  the  character 
of  A  jmer  de  la  Roche,  the  grand-master  in 
A.  R.  Sloos's '  Templar/  on  9  Not.  1860,  he 
won  fayoorahle  recoffnition,  being  said  to 
look  the  part  magnificently,  and  act  with 
mnoh  judgment.  After  Keeley's  retire- 
ment from  management  Rjder  played,  under 
Charles  Eean  at  the  same  house.  Pistol  in 
the  'Merry  WItos  of  Windsor' ;  Hubert  in 
'  King  John '  (a  great  snccees.  more  than  once 
repeated);  Macduff,  and  Buckingham  in '  King 
Henry  Yin ; '  and  was  the  original  Colonel 
Boswell  in  Lovell's '  Trial  of  Love '  (7  June 
1863).  On  9  Oct.  1864  he  was  the  first  John 
r^ond  in  Jerrold's '  Heart  of  Gh)ld.'  He 
was  snbseouently  seen  as  Polixenes,  Boling- 
broke  in  'King  Richard  11,'  Caliban,  Ed^r 
in  '  Kinff  Lear,'  Piaano,  William  in  '  King 
Henry  V/ and  Bassanio.  Upon  Kean's  retire- 
ment from  the  Princess's,  Ryder  remained 
under  Augustus  Harris,  sen.,  creating  the 
T^Ies  of  Giovanni  Orseolo  in  Falconer's 
'  Master  Passion '  (2  Nor.  1869),  an  adapta- 
tion of  *  Les  Noces  V6nitiennes '  of  Victor 
S6jour,  and  Mark  Beresford  in  *  Gossip,'  an 
adaptation  by  T.  J.  Williams  and  A.  Harris 
of '  li'Bnfant  Terrible '  (26  Dec.),  and  was,  so 
hx  as  England  is  concerned,  the  first  Timothy 
Orabfltick  in  Brougham's*  Playing  with  Fire,' 
S8  Sept.  1861.  He  also  played  Kent  in 
'Lear,^  and  was,  23  Oct.,Iago  toFechter's 
Othello.  He  subsequently  changed  parts, 
|laying  Othello  to  Fechter's  lago ;  played 
Falstaff  in  the  '  Merry  Wives  of  Windsor,' 
and  Jaquee,  and  was,  on  16  Feb.  1862,  the 
original  Colonel  Lambeth  in  Brougham's 
'Angel  of  Midnight'  ('L'Anp  de  Minuit' 
of  Barri^re  and  Plouvier).  At  Astley's,  re- 
christened  the  Westminster,  he  was,  26  Jan. 
1868,  David  Deans  in  Boucicault's  <  Trial  of 
Effie  Deans.'  Ryder  had  previously  appeared 
at  Dmry  Lane,  19  Sept.  1862,  as  the  Kajah 
Gholam  Bahadoor  in  Bouctcaulf  s '  Relief  of 
Lncknow.'  On  12  Sept.  1863  he  played  an 
mffinal  part  at  the  same  house  in  Falconer's 
'Nature 's  above  Art/  and  on  8  Jan.  1864 
Santoni,  a  monk,  in  the '  Night  and  Morning ' 
of  the  same  author.  On  Phelm's  revival  of 
'Manfred,'  he  was  the  Abbot  of  Saint  Mau- 
rice. On  22  Oct.,  at  the  Lyceum,  under 
Feehter,  he  was  the  first  Baron  d'Alvares  in 
the  'fijng's  Butterfly,'  an  adaptation  of 
'Fanfan  la  Tnlipe.'  Don  Salluste  in  'Ruy 
Bias '  followed  at  the  same  house,  and  on 
11  Nov.  1867,  in  consequence  of  the  sudden 
iOnees  of  Feehter,  he  played  the  last  four 
acts  of  'Hamlet.  At  Drury  Lane  he  was, 
on  80  March  1869,  the  original  Javert  in 
Bayle  Bernard's '  Man  with  two  Lives '('Les 
Mis^rables ').  In  Bumand's  'Turn  of  the 
Tide '  (Queen'Si  29  May),  he  was  the  first 


Doctor  Mortimer.  At  the  Queen's  he  was, 
on  10  Dec.,  the  original  Sir  Norwold  in  Bur- 
nand's '  Morden  Grange.'  In  Tom  Taylor's 
"Twist  Axe  and  Grown,'  22  Jan.  1870,  be 
was  the  first  Simon  Rensid,  and  on  10  April 
1871  the  first  Raoul  de  Gaucourt  in  Taylor's 
'  Joan  of  Arc,'  his  son  William,  who  was  for 
a  short  time  on  the  London  stsffe,  playing 
the  Count  de  la  Tr^mouiUe.  fachimo  in 
*  Oymbeline '  and  Virginius  were  played  at 
the  Queen's,  and  on  8  July  1872  he  was  the 
first  Oreon  in  Wills's  <  Medea  in  Corinth.' 
In  Sir  Charles  Young's '  Montcalm,'  28  Sept., 
he  was  the  first  Chevalier  Malcome,  and  at 
the  same  house  played  the  original  Ireton  in 
Bate  Richard's  '  Cromwell,'  21  Dec. ;  Master 
Walter  in  <  The  Hunchback '  followed.  On 
16  Dec  1874,  at  the  Lyceum,  he  was  Friar 
Lawrence,  and  in  April  1876,  at  the  Gaiety 
Leonato  in  '  Much  Ado  about  Nothing.'  He 
plaved  for  a  benefit  Banquo  at  Drury  Lane, 
12  Nov.  1882,  and  on  6  Oct.  of  the  same  year 
was,  at  the  Adelnhi,  the  original  Colonel 
Wynter  in  'In  tne  Ranks,'  by  Sims  and 
Pettitt  This  ]>art  he  was  compelled  by  ill- 
ness to  relinquish.  He  died,  m  poverty  it 
is  said,  on  27  March  1886. 

Tall,  well  built,  and  with  a  powerful  voice, 
Ryder  was  a  serviceable  actor  in  secondary 

Earts.  Friar  Lawrence  and  Hubert  were 
is  best  characters.  He  was  a  good  stage- 
manager  and  a  competent  instructor. 
Among  many  pupils  whom  he  trained  and 
brought  on  the  staffe  were  Stella  Colas  and 
Lilian  Adelaide  Neilson  [q.  v.]  An  excel- 
lent  portrait  of  Ryder,  from  a  photograph, 
appears  in  Pascoe's  *  Dramatic  List.' 

[Personal  recollecHons ;  Pascoe's  Dramatio 
LiAt ;  Seott  and  Howard's  Blancbard ;  Cole's  Life 
and  'Tiroes of  Charles  Kean ;  Macready's  Beminis- 
eences,  ed.  Pollock ;  Coleman's  Playen  and  Play- 
wrights; Stirling's  Dmry  Lane;  Sunday  Times, 
various  yean ;  Era  Almanac,  varioas  years ;  Era 
Newspaper,  28  March  1885  ;  Pemberton's  Life 
and  Writings  of  T.  W.  Robertson.]         J.  K. 

EYDER,  RICHARD  (1766-1883),  poli- 
tician,  second  son  of  Nathaniel  Ryder,  first 
baron  Harrowby  [see  Rtdes,  Sir  Dudlht], 
by  EliKabeth^  daughter  and  coheiress  of 
Richard  Temck  [q.  v.],  bishop  of  London, 
was  bom  6  July  1766.  Dudley  Ryder,  first 
earl  of  Harrowby  [q.  v.]  and  Henry  Ryder 
[q.  v.]  were  his  brothers.  After  being  edu- 
cated at  Harrow,  he  proceeded  to  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge,  where  he  graduated  M.  A. 
in  1787.  He  was  admitted  a  student  of  Lin* 
coin's  Inn,  9  Feb.  1788,  and  was  called  to  the 
bar,  19  Nov.  1791.  Having  entered  parlia^ 
ment  in  February  1795,  at  a  by-election,  for 
l^verton,  where  his  family  had  considerable 
influence,  he  retained  the  seat  for  thirty-five 


Ryder 


538 


Ryder 


TBan,  retiriiig  at  the  dissolution  in  1890. 
He  was  M^pointed  second  instice  of  the  great 
sessions  for  the  counties  of  Carmarthen,  Car- 
digan, and  Pembroke,  in  July  1804,  and  con- 
tinued to  act  as  a  Welsh  judge  until  1807. 
He  also  took  office  under  the  Duke  of  Port- 
land as  a  lord-commissioner  of  the  treasury, 
16  Sept.  1807.  He  was  sworn  in  a  member 
of  the  privy  council,  25  Nov.  1807,  and  pro- 
moted to  be  Judge-advocate-general,  4  Dec. 
foUowing.  In  the  ministry  of  Spencer 
Perceval  [q.  v.],  from  1  Nov.  1809  to  June 
1812,  he  was  secretary  of  state  for  the  home 
department,  and  was  ex  officio  a  commis- 
sioner of  the  board  of  control  for  the  affairs 
of  India.  He  proved  himself  a  useful  speaker 
in  defence  of  ministerial  measures.  He  was 
elected  a  bencher  of  Lincoln's  Inn  in  1812, 
^d  served  as  treasurer  in  1819.  For  many 
years  he  held,  too,  the  lucrative  appointment 
of  re^trar  of  the  consistory  court.  He  died 
at  his  seat,  Westbrook  Hay,  Hertfordshire, 
18  Se^t.  1832.  He  married,  1  Aug.  1799, 
Frederiea,  daughter  and  heiress  of  Sir  John 
Skynner^  knt.,  lord  chief  baron  of  the  ex- 
chequer; she  died  8  Aug.  1821.  By  her 
Ryder  left  an  only  surviving  daughter,  Susan. 

[Fostei^s  Peerage;  Parliamentary  Betorns; 
G«Dt.  Mag. ;  "Royal  Kalendar;  Haydn's  Book  of 
Dignities.]  W.  R.  W. 

RYDER»  THOMAS  (1785-1790),  actor, 
•on  of  a  printer  named  Darley,  by  some  sup- 
posed to  nave  been  an  Irishman,  is  believed 
to  have  been  bom  in  Nottingham  in  1735, 
and  brought  up  to  his  father's  occupation, 
which  he  quitted  for  the  stage.  After  some 
practice  in  the  countiy,  notably  in  York, 
ne  appeared  on  7  Dec.  1757  at  Smock  Alley 
Theatre,  Dublin,  then  under  the  management 
of  Thomas  Sheridan  [q. 'v.],  ^layinj?  Captain 
Plume  in  Farquhsr^s '  Kecruiting  Officer '  to 
the  Captain  Brazen  of  Foote.  He  sprang  into 
immediate  favour.  Hitchcock,  the  historian 
of  the  Irish  stage,  says :  *  Mr.  Ryder,  whose 
merit,  even  at  this  early  period,  was  univer- 
sally acknowledged,  proved  of  infinite  service 
to  the  cause.  As  few  ever  deserved  public 
favour  more,  so  have  none  enjoyed  it  longer 
than  this  excellent  comedian '  {Irish  Stage, 
ii.  23^.  After  the  failure  of  Sheridan,  Ryder 
remained  under  his  successor,  Brown,  sup- 
porting Mrs.  Abington  as  Sir  Harry  in '  High 
Life  below  Stairs '  and  in  other  parts.  Under 
Henry  Mossop  [q.  v.]  he  played  at  the  same 
house  in  1764  Tressel  in  *  King  Richard  III,' 
Scapin,  Lord  Aim  worth  in '  Maid  of  the  Mill,' 
and  Rimenes  in  the  opera  of  '  Artaxerxes.' 
During  five  years  Rvder  then  conducted  a 
company  through  Kilkenny,  Waterford,Sligo, 
Qalway,  Denry,  and   Belfast,  reopening  at 


Smock  Alley  Theatre  as  Sir  J(dm  Restless  In 
*  All  in  the  Wron^/  and  temporarily  bring- 
ing back  prosperity  to  the  management. 
Lionel  in  tne  opera  00  named,  Cymon  in  a 
dramatic  romance  so  named,  and  attributed 
to  Ghurrick,  and  the  Copper  Captain  followed. 
During  the  slack  season  Ryder  performed  at 
RanelaffhGhirdens  (Dublin).  He  had  married 
before  uie  season  of  1771-2,  when  Mrs.  Ryder 
was  seen  as  Clementina,  Constance  in '  King 
John,'  Lady  Macbeth,  and  other  characters. 
She  is  saia  b^  Hitchcock  to  have  been  the 
original  Ghrecu&n  Daughter  in  Ireland. 

Ixk  the  autumn  of  1772,  Moesop  having 
retired  ruined,  Ryder stejraed  into  the  manage- 
ment of  Smock  Alley  Theatre,  and  opened 
in  September  with  'She  would  ana  she 
would  not,'  in  which  he  played  for  the  first 
time  Trappanti.  He  was  then  declared  to 
be  the  most  general  actor  living  for  tragedy, 
comedy,  opera,  and  farce. 

Ryder  remained  in  management  in  Dublin 
with  vsrying  success,  though  generally,  like 
most  Irish  managers,  with  a  downwaid  ten- 
dency, until  1782.  A  prize  in  a  lotteary  helped 
him  at  the  outset.  When  a  formidable  oppo- 
sition began  at  the  Fishamble  Street  Theatre, 
he  encountered  it  by  causing  to  be  taken 
down  in  shorthand  the  words  of  the  'Duenna,' 
which  his  opponents  were  mounting  at  gteat 
expense,  producing  it  with  the  tiUe  01  the 
'  Ghovemess,'  and  himself  playing  Isaac,  re- 
named Enoch.  A  prosecution  ensued,  but  was 
unsuccessfuL  Henow,i^urredonbyhiswifey 
launched  out  into  great  expense,  keeping 
horses,  carriages,  and  a  country  house,  as  well 
as  a  town  house,  costing  him  4,000/.,  and 
known  as  '  Rydei^s  Folly.'  This  he  sold  un* 
finished  for  600/.  He  also  started  as  printer, 
editioj^,  after  the  fashion  of  Grarrick,  the  plays 
in  which  he  appeared,  printing  them  ana  pao- 
lishing  a  tri-weekly  theatrical  paper.  After 
trying  in  vain  to  manage  both  nouses,  Crow 
Street  and  Smock  Alley,  and  engaging  at 
high  terms  actors  such  as  the  Barrys,  Sheri- 
dan, Foote,  Henderson,  Dodd,  Palmer,  Red- 
dish, and  Mrs.  Abington,  he  yielded  up  Crow 
Street  to  Daly,  to  whose  better  fortune  he 
succumbed,  resigning  management  in  1782, 
and  becoming  a  m^nber  of  Daly*s  company. 

On  25  Oct.  1787,  at  Covent  Garden  as  Sir 
John  Brute  in  the '  Provoked  Wife,'  he  made 
his  first  appearance  in  England.  His  d6but 
was  not  a  conspicuous  sucoess.  He  had  been 
overpuffed,  and  Edwin,  a  better  actor  than 
he,  held  possession  of  many  of  his  best  parts. 
During  his  first  season  he  repeated,  however, 
many  favourite  characters,  and  was  seen  aa 
Sir  John  Restless,  Scapin,  Ben  in  *  Love  for 
Love,'  Falstaff  in  *  First  Part  of  Henry  TV ' 
and  '  Merry  Wives  of  Windsor,'  Crispin  in 


Ryder 


539 


Ryder 


the  '  Aiutomist,'  Lissardo  in  the '  Wonder/ 
Colonel  Feignivell  in  '  A  Bold  Stroke  tot  a 
Wife/  Hob  in  <  Hob  in  the  Well,'  Trim  in 
the  *  Funeral/  Tom  in  the  *  ConBcioiiB  LfOvers,' 
Lady  Pentweatle  in  'Lady  Pentweaale  in 
Town/  Oener&l  Savage  in  the  '  School  for 
WiTea,'  Drunken  Colonel  in  the  '  Intriguing 
Chambermaid/  Captain  Ironside  in  the 
'Brothexa,'  Sir  Hany's  Servant  in  'High 
Ule  below  Stairs,' Lovegold  in  the  'Mieer/ 
and  pUjed  an  original  part,  unnamed,  in 
'Bonds  without  Judgment/  attributed  to 
Toi^iam,  and  Sebastian  in  Mrs.  Inchbald's 
' Midnight Hour/on22Mavl787.  Theseparts 
indicate  to  some  extent  what  must  have  oeen 
his  Dublin  repertoire,  where,  however,  he  also 
played  Eichud  in,Sorub,Macheath,Wol8eyy 
Pierre,  and  other  parts.  At  Covent  Ghuden, 
with  one  summer  visit  to  the  Haymarket,  he 
remained  until  his  death.  He  was  seen  as 
lago,  Duret^te  in  the '  Inconstant,'  Heartweli 
in  the  '  Old  Bachelor/  BailiiBT  in  the  '  Good- 
natured  Man/  Shylock,  Beau  Clincher, 
Peachum,Don  Jerome  in  the '  Duenna,'  Lo^ 
in  '  Lovers'  Quarrels,'  Old  Hardcastle,  Major 
Benbow  in  t^e  '  Flitch  of  Bacon,'  Leon,  Sir 
Tunbell^  Clumsy  in  the  '  Man  of  Quality,' 
Darby  m  the  'Foor  Soldier,'  with  other 
characters;  and  at  the  Haymarket,  where 
he  made  as  Shylock  his  first  appearance  on 
S3  June  1790,  as  Sidney,  an  orinnal  charac- 
ter in  a  farce  called  '  Try  Again,  Don  Lopez, 
an  original  part  in  Scaweirs  two-act  opera, 
'  New  Spain,  or  Love  in  Mexico,'  and  the 
Marquis  de  Champlain  (also  original)  in 
O^Keeffe's 'Basket Maker.'  The  nnncipal  ori- 
ginal parts  he  played  at  Covent  Garden  were 
Carty  in  O'Keeffe^s  '  Tantarara  Bogues  All ' 
on  1  March  1768,  Duke  Murda  in  Mrs.  Inch- 
bald's  '  Child  of  Nature '  on  2S  Nov.,  and 
Hector  in  O'Eeeffe's '  Phazo  Table/  on  4  April 
1789. 

On  19  Nov.  1790  he  nlaved  Old  Groveby 
in  the  '  Maid  of  the  OaJra.^  A  week  later 
(26  Nov.  1790)  he  died  at  Sandvmount, 
Dublin,  and  was  buried  in  the  churchyard  of 
Dmmcondra.  Portraits  of  Ryder,  painted  by 
Martin  (afterwards  Sir  Martm)  Archer  Shoe 
and  S.  Hardinff,  were  en^fraved  respectively 
by  J.  Ford  and  W.  Gardiner  (Bbomxbt). 

Ryder  was  a  diligent  and  versatile  actor, 
seen  at  his  best  in  low  comedy,  in  which, 
however,  he  had  in  England  to  sustain  for- 
midable rivalry.  Two  daughters  were  for  a 
short  time  on  the  stage  at  Covent  Garden, 
Vppetainat  respectively,  Miss  Ryder  as  £sti- 
laniA  and  Miss  R.  Ryder  as  Leonora  to  their 
father's  Leon  in  '  Rule  a  Wife  and  have  a 
Wife/  on  16  April  1790.  Rvder's  son,  who 
was  in  the  army,  was  killed  in  1796  in  a 
duaL 


Ryder  was  responsible  for  two  plays : '  lake 
Master  Like  Man,'  a  faroe,  12mo,  Dublin, 
1770;  this  is  simply  a  reduction  to  two 
acts  of  Yanhrugh's  '  Mistake,'  itself  derived 
from  '  Le  D^t  Amoureuz,'  and  was  doubt* 
lees  played  in  Dublin  and  brought  over  to 
Englsnd  hy  Reddish,  who  played  it  at  Drury 
Lane  on  12  April  1768 ;  it  was  revived  at 
Drury  Lane  on  30  Mardi  1778.  His  second 
piece,  'Such  Things  have  been,'  a  two-ac* 
comedy  taken  from  Jackman's '  Man  of  Parts/ 
was  played  by  IWder  for  his  benefit  at  Coveut 
Garden  on  81  luoch  1789,  and  was  printed. 

[Hitchcock's  Irish  Stage;  Q«QMt*s  Aeeount 
of  the  English  Stage ;  The  Thespian  Dietioiazy ; 
Gilliland's  Bramatio  Mirror,  the  aooount  in  which 
is  copied  into  the  Biqgraphia  Dramattea;  Wil- 
kinson's Momoits  and  Wandering  Patentee; 
Georgian  £ra,  and  Histozy  of  the  Dublin  Stagei 
1870!l  J.  K. 

BTDEB,  THOMAS  (1746-1810),  en- 
graver,  bom  in  1746,  was  a  pupil  of  James 
Basire  [see  under  Baserb,  la^Ao],  and 
during  his  apprenticeshi]^  exhibited  draw- 
ings with  the  Free  Society  in  1766  and 
1767.  He  was  also  one  of  the  first  students 
in  the  schools  of  the  Boyal  Academy.  Ryder 
en^ved  a  few  plates  in  the  line  manner,  of 
wmch  the  most  important  are  'The  Poli«> 
tician'  (a  portrait  of  Bemamin  Franklin), 
after  S.  Euner,  1782 ;  and  '  Vortigem  and 
Rowena,'  after  A.  Kanflfman,  1802 ;  but  he  is 
best  known  by  his  works  in  stipj^e,  which  are 
amongthe  finest  of  their  daas.  These  include 
'  The  Last  Supper,'  after  Benjamin  West ; 
'  The  Murder  of  James  I  of  S(M>tland,'  affcev 
Opie ;  *  Prudence  and  Beauty,'  after  A.  Kauff- 
man ;  nine  of  the  plates  to  the  larsre  edition 
of  Boydell's  '  Shakspeare ; '  and  others  firom 
designs  by  Biffg,  Bunbuzy,  Cipriani,  Oosway, 
Ryley,  and  Snelley.    Ryder  also  enmved 

S»rtraits  of  Mrs.  Damer,  after  Kaumnan; 
enrv  Bunbury,  after  Lawrence ;  Sir  Wil- 
liam Watson,  M.D.,  after  Abbot ;  and  Maria 
linley,  after  WestalL  His  plates  are  usually 
printed  in  brown  ink  and  occasionally  in 
colours.  He  had  a  son  of  the  same  ohristian 
name  who  was  also  an  engraver,  and  to* 
gather  they  executed  the  whole-length  por- 
trait of  Queen  Charlotte,  after  fieechey, 
prefixed  to  the  second  volume  of  Boydell's 
<  Shakspeare.'    Ryder  died  in  1810. 

[Redgrave's  Diet,  of  Artists ;  Dodd's  Memoirs 
of  English  Engrsvem  (Brit.  Mus.  Addit.  M8. 
38404);  Free  Society  CatalogoeB.] 

F.  M.  O'D. 

RYDER  or  RITHBR,  Sib  WILLIAM 
(1644P~1611),  lord  mavor  of  London,  bom 
about  1644,  vras  grandson  of  Thomas  Ry<- 
ther  of  Lynstead  in  Kent,  and  son  of  Thomas 
Ryther  or  Ryder  of  Muoldestone,  Stafibrd- 


Ryder 


540 


Ryder 


•hire,  to  which  county  his  mother  belonged, 
her  maiden  name  beixigPoole.  The  family  were 
descended  from  Sir  William  Ryther  of  By- 
ther  in  the  county  of  York.  In  1664,  while 
serying  an  apprenticeship  to  Thomas  Burdet, 
he  noticed,  according  to  Stow,  in  an  Italian 
merchanlfs  shop  a  pair  of  knitted  worsted 
stockings  from  Mantua,  and,  having  borrowed 
them,  he  made  a  pair  exactly  like,  and 
presented  them  to  we  Earl  of  Pembroke. 
These  were.  Stow  says,  the  first  stockings 
knit  in  England  of  woollen  yam.  He  even- 
tually set  up  in  business,  joined  the  Company 
of  Haberdashers,  and  became  one  of  the 
most  prosperous  London  merchants.  He  was 
elected  alderman  of  Bridge^without  on 
8  July  1690  (Bepertory  22,  fol.  2906)  and 
of  Oomhill  on  11  Feb.  1594  (ib,  23,  fol. 
868  b\  He  served  the  office  of  sheriff  in 
1591. 

RydOT  was  elected  lord  mayor  in  1600. 
He  Kept  his  mayoralty  in  Walbrook,  his 
house  adjoining  St.  Stephen's  Church.  On 
18  Nov.  the  mayor,  aldermen,  and  sherifis, 
attended  by  five  hundred  of  the  principal 
citizens  on  horseback,  and  '  sumptuously  ap- 
pareled in  velvet  with  golden  chains,'  met 
thequeen  at  Chelsea,  and  accompanied  her 
to  Westminster. 

Ryder's  loyalty  to  the  queen  triumphantly 
stooa  a  severe  test  in  February  1601,  during 
the  rebellion  of  the  Earl  of  Essex.  It  was  ru- 
moured (though,  as  the  event  proved,  falsely) 
that  the  earl  might  safely  count  on  the  affec- 
tion of  the  citizens,  and  that  out  of  twenty- 
four  aldermen,  twenty  or  twenty-one  would 
probably  declare  themselves  his  adherents. 
On  Sunday,  8  Feb.,  the  mayor,  sheriffs,  and 
aldermen  attended  service  at  St.  Paul's.  A 
messenger  hurriedly  entered  with  Essex's 
friends,  the  Earls  of  Rutland  and  Southamp- 
ton, and  a  body  of  Essex's  supporters  armed 
with  rapiers  marched  througn  the  city  and 
appealea  to  the  citizens  to  join  them  [see 

DjBVfiBEITZ,  ROBHRT,  SeCOnd  EA.BL  07  EsSEX]. 

When  the  earl  halted  his  small  force  in 
Gbacechurch  Street,  the  lord  mayor  appeared 
on  horseback,  and  Essex  demanded  to  speak 
with  him.  This  Ryder  declined  to  do,  but, 
retiring,  drew  up  again  with  his  followers 
at  the  stocks.  Essex  rode  by,  and  Ryder 
sent  a  messenger  begging  him  to  come  to 
his  house,  and  pledging  his  word  that  no 
violence  should  be  offered  him.  Essex  re- 
torted that  the  mayor  meant  to  betray  him. 
On  the  apprehension  of  the  rebels,  six  were 
lodged  in  the  mayor's  house.  Next  day 
Elizabeth  sent  grateful  acknowledgments  for 
the  loyaltv  of  the  mayor  and  citizens.  Ryder 
received  the  honour  of  knighthood. 

On  the  accession  of  James  I  in  1603,  Ry- 


'  dor's  sendees  received  full  recognition  in  his 
appointment  as  '  coUectoivgeneral '  of  his 
majesty's  '  customs  inwards.'  On  the  cap- 
ture of  the  Spanish  '  caricke,'  the  St.  Valen- 
tine of  lisbon,  and  other  prizes,  a  commis- 
sion, with  Sir  William  as  treasurer,  was 
appointed  to  superintend  the  sale  of  the 
cax^,  which  comprised  lurge  quantities  of 
indigo,  pepper,  cinnamon,  rice,  gmger,  calico, 
'  silk,  and  pearls.  In  1606  Ryd^  was  in  con- 
t  ference  with  the  lord  chancellor  '  about  the 
customs  on  kersies.'  In  1606  he  was  appointed 
collector  of  '  toll,  tonnage,  and  poundage  in 
London  for  life,'  the  impost  on  sea-coal  bang 
included.  This  formed  a  profitable  source  of 
income,  and  the  coal  duties  are  mentioned  in 
his  will.  His  name  and  that  of  Sir  Thomas 
Lake,  his  son-in-law,  appear  as  '  farmers  of 
the  impost  on  sugars,'  a  tax  which  supplied 
the  queen's  purse ;  and  the  same  jjersons,  with 
others,  figure  in  various  transactions  as '  con- 
tractors for  rectories  and  chantry  lands.' 

From  1600  to  1605  Sir  William  was  pre- 
sident of  Bridewell  and  Bethlehem  hospitals 
(CopELAKD,  History  of  Bridewell,  p.  124). 
In  1610  he  built  a  chancel  for  Leyton  parish 
church,  having  inherited  the  manor  and 
lordship  of  Leyton,  Essex,  from  his  brother 
Edward,  who  aied  in  1609.  His  arms  appear 
on  a  partially  defaced  monument  in  Leyton 
churcn,  in  conjunction  with  the  arms  of  the 
Stone  family,  to  which  his  wife  belonged. 

Ryder  diied  at  Leyton  on  80  Aug.  161 1, 
according  to  one  authority ;  but  the  parish 
registers  of  St.  Olave,  Hart  Street,  contain 
the  following  entry  under  19  Nov.  1611 : 
'  Sir  William  Rider,  diing  at  Levton,  had 
his  funeralle  solemnized  in  our  cnurch,  the 
heaiss  being  brought  from  Clothworkers' 
Hall.' 

He  married  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Richard 
Stone  of  Holme  in  Norfolk,  by  whom  he  had 
a  son  Ferdinando,  who  predeceased  him  in 
1603,  and  two  dau^ters,  Maiy  and  Sosan. 
Mary  married  Sir  Thomas  Lake  [q.  v.]  of 
Canons,  Middlesex,  and  was  the  ancestress  of 
the  Viscounts  Lake ;  Susan  became  the  third 
wife  of  Sir  Thomas  Csdsar  [q.  v.],  buon  of  the 
exchequer. 

Ryder's  will,  dated  November  1610,  was 
proved  on  2  Bee.  1614  TLawe  119).  He  left 
bequests  to  '  Christe  Cnurche  HospitalV  to 
the  prisoners  in  Ludgate,  Newgate,  and  each 
of  the  compters,  for  the  benefit  of  Drayton 
school  in  Smropshire,  and  to  the  poor  of  Low 
Leyton  and  ot  Mucklestone,  where  he  waa 
born.  Among  his  estates  be  enumerates 
lands  in  Greenwich,  Stepney,  Leyton,  Great 
Bunmow,  and  Eythomo  Manor  in  Kent. 
The  daughters  disnuted  the  terms  of  the 
will  'f  though  Sir  William  had  obviously  in- 


Rye 


S4X 


Ryerson 


tended  to  divide  his  property  equally,  *  as  if 
there  went  but  a  payer  of  cheers  betwene 
then. 

[Metcalfe's  Book  of  Knights,  p.  188 ;  G^nen- 
logiat^  new  ser.  t.  47 ;  Cal.  S^ate  Papers,  Dom. 
1601-18;  Lysons's  En-nrons  of  London, 
IT.  160-1 ;  Strype's  Stow,  1765,  iL  229,  279, 
777,  779 ;  CoU.  Top.  et  Gen.  ii.  816 ;  Notes  and 
^series,  1st  ser.  i.  268-9;  Morsat's  Easex,  i. 
33 ;  Lodge's  Memoir  of  the  CtBsar  Family,  p. 
39 ;  Whitaker^s  Loidis  and  Ehnete,  1816,  p.  166 ; 
SoneyAxch.  OoU.  Hi.  87i-6;  PoTah's  Annals 
of  at  Olave,  Hart  Street,  pp.  181-2 ;  Maitland's 
BigL  of  London,  1760,  i.  280-1 ;  Brit.  Mns. 
Add.M8S.  6762  ff.  69,  118,  122-4,  126,  134, 
140,  5766  f.  60.  5843  f.  451.1  C*  ^-H. 

RYE,  EDWARD  CALDWELL  (1882- 
1885),  entomologist^  eldest  son  of  Eclwazd 
Rye,  a  London  solicitor  of  Norfolk  descent, 
was  bom  at  Gh)lden  Square  on  10  Anril  1882. 
His  sister,  Miss  M.  S.  Kye,  was  well  Known  in 
connection  with  female  pauper  emigration ; 
and  his  brother,  Mr.  Walter  Rye,  wrote  toI- 
uminouely  on  Norfolk  antiquities.  Originally 
intended  to  succeed  to  his  father's  business, 
Edward   was  educated  at  King's   OoUege 
School,  but.  tiring  of  routine  work,  he  de- 
voted hie  li(e  to  the  study  of  natural  history, 
end  especially  of  entomology.    He  made 
yaluable  collections  of  the  English  ooleop- 
tera  (to  the  list  of  which  he  added  very 
many  species).    He  was  the  author  of  a 
useful  work  on  < British  Beetles'  (1866), 
was  co-editor  of  the '  Entomologists'  Monthly 
Msffacine/  and  for  several  years  was  editor 
of  ue  '  Zoolo^cal  Record.'    Later  in  life  he 
became  librarian  of  the  Royal  G^craphical 
Society  and  was  a  constant  contnoutor  to 
the  'Field,'  and  for  some  years  honorary 
secretary  of  the  jfeogpraphical  section  of  the 
British  Association.    He  died  of  smallpox 
on  7  Feb.  1886,  in  his  fifty-third  year. 

He  married  the  daughter  of  Q.  R.  Water- 
house,  F.itS.,  of  the  British  Museum,  the 
writer  on  jnammalia. 

[Private  information.] 

BTESRSON,  EGERTON  (1808-1882), 
founder  of  the  school  system  of  Ontario, 
bom  at  Oharlotteville,  Upper  Canada,  on 
21  Mai^  1803,  was  the  youngest  of  the  six 
sons  of  OolonelJoseph  Ryerson ^1761-1854), 
and  his  wife  Mehetabel  Stickney.  The 
hihatf  who  was  bom  at  Paterson,  New 
Jersey,  suffered  as  a  loyalist  during  the 
American  war  of  independence.  After  the 
peace  he  settled  near  Fredericton,  New  Bruns- 
wick; thence  he  removed  in  1799  to  Port 
Ryene,  near  Long  Point,  co.  Norfolk,  Upper 
Canada,  and  took  an  active  part  in  the  war 
of  1812->14  against  the  United  States.    He 


died  in  1864  (see  Rtbbson,  The  AtMrioan 
LoyaUaU^  ii.  257).  Egerton  was  educated 
at  the  district  fframmar  school,  and  then 
worked  on  his  nither's  &rm.  In  1821  he 
joined  the  methodist  church  against  the 
wishes  of  his  &ther,  who  gave  him  the  option 
of  leaving  his  house  or  renouncing  his  metho* 
dist  principles.  Adopting  the  former  alter- 
native, Ryerson  became  an  assistant  teacher 
in  the  London  district  grammar  school, 
Ontario.  Two  years  later  he  returned  home 
at  his  father's  request,  and  aff ain  took  to 
farming ;  he  continued  his  studies,  however, 
and  at  the  age  of  twenty-one  was  admitted 
a  minister  of  the  methodist  church,  and 
assigned  to  the  Niagara  circuit.  Thence  he 
was  transferred  to  the  Yonge-street  circuit, 
indudinff  York,  as  Toronto  was  then  caUed. 
In  1826  he  made  his  first  appearance  as  an 
author  by  publishing  a  reply  to  archdeacon 
(afterwards  bishop)  Stracnan's  strictures  on 
the  dissenters  [see  Stba^chan,  John,  177^ 
1867].  In  1829  he  started  at  York  the 
*  Christian  Ouardian,'  of  which  he  wss  ap- 

Souited  editor.  In  1838  he  was  sent  as  a 
eleffate  to  the  Weedejan  conference  in 
England,  and  succeeded  m  brin^png  about  a 
union  between  it  and  the  methodist  episcopal 
church  in  Canada. 

In  1836  Ryerson  aeain  visited  England  to 
enlist  support  for  the  establishment  of  a 
methodist  academy  in  Canada.  The  scheme 
resulted  in  the  erection  of  Victoria  College, 
Coburg,  Ontario ;  and  Ryerson  was  appointed 
first  ]^resident  of  the  college  upon  its  incor- 
poration in  1841.  During  uiis  visit  he  wrote 
several  letters  to  the  '  Times '  to  counteract 
the  support  Hume  and  Roebuck  were  giving 
to  WiUiam  Lvon  Mackenzie  [q.  v.],  whose 
reform  principles  Ryerson  disliked.  On  the 
same  occasion  he  supplied  Mr.  Gladstone, 
then  under-secretary  of  state  lor  war  and 
the  colonies,  with  materials  for  his  reply  to 
Hume's  attack  on  the  government  with  refe* 
rence  to  Charles  Duncombe's  petition.  Dur* 
ing  Lord  Durham's  mission  to  Canada  [see 
LTmbton,  John  Geobgb]  Rjrerson  was  fre- 
quently called  upon  to  advise  the  govern- 
ment, and  furnished  some  of  the  data  for 
Durham's  report.  Similarly  he  supported 
Sir  Charles Theophilus  Metcslferq.  v.  Jagainst 
the  reform  party,  and  published  a  defence  of 
the  governor. 

In  1844  Ryerson  was  appointed  superin- 
tendent of  schools  in  Upper  Canada,  and  he 
at  once  set  to  work  to  remodel  the  existing 
svstem  of  education.  He  travelled  through 
the  United  States,  England,  and  the  continent 
of  Europe  to  study  educational  methods,  and 
on  his  return  published  an  elaborate  report  of 
his  results  (Montieal|  1847).    His  ideas  were 


Ryerson 


542 


Rygge 


approved  by  a  xnajority  of  the  legislature  of 
the  province,  and  a  school  bill  which  he 
draft;ed  became  law  in  1846.  Three  years 
later  the  Baldwin-Lafontaine  administration 
passed  another  act  making  radical  alterations 
m  Ryerson's  scheme ;  but  owing  to  Ryerson's 
representations  the  governor  suspended  the 
working  of  the  act,  and,  in  conjunction  with 
Baldwin,  Ryerson  drafted  a  measure  which 
retained  the  chief  features  of  the  1846  act, 
and  became  law  in  1850.  Public  education 
in  Ontario  is  still  directed  on  the  lines  there 
laid  down.  In  1868  he  induced  the  govern- 
ment to  pass  a  law  revising  the  Grammar 
School  Act,  and  he  drafted  the  Education 
Bill  of  1860.  In  1864  he  severed  his  con- 
nection with  the  Wesleyan  methodist  body, 
publishing  his  reasons  in  a  pamphlet  entitled 
*  Scriptural  Rights  of  the  Memben  of  Christ's 
^^ble  Church '  (Toronto,  1864,  8vo).  In 
1866  he  established  meteorological  stations 
in  connection  with  the  county  grammar 
schools  throughout  the  province.  He  was 
created  LL.D.  by  Middletown  University  in 
1842,  and  D.D.  by  Victoria  College  in  1866. 
In  1876  he  resigned  lus  position  as  superin- 
tendent of  schools ;  the  office  was  abolished 
and  its  fiinctions  transferred  to  the  minister 
of  education.  Ryerson  died  at  Toronto  on 
10  Feb.  1882,  and  was  buried  in  Mount 
Pleasant  cemetery.  A  statue  with  an  in- 
scription to  his  memory  was  unveiled  in  the 
grounds  of  the  education  department,  Toronto, 
hi  1889. 

Ryerson  was  twice  married,  first,  in  1828, 
to  a  daughter  of  John  Aikman  of  Barton 
township,  who  died  without  issue  in  1832 ; 
and,  secondly,  in  1883,  to  a  daughter  of  J.  R. 
Armstrong  of  Toronto,  who  with  a  son, 
Egerton,  and  a  daughter,  Mn.  Himris,  sur- 
vived him. 

Ryerson's  chief  works  were:  1.  'The 
Loyalists  of  America  and  their  Times,'  2 
vols.,  Toronto,  1880,  8vd ;  containing  much 
historical  information  (cf.  Timesj  81  Jan.  1882). 
2.  'The  Story  of  my  Life,'  Toronto,  1884,8vo, 
completed  and  edited  by  J.  G.  Hodgins.  He 
also  contributed  *  First  Lessons  in  Christian 
Morals '  and  '  Fint  Lessons  on  Agriculture ' 
to  the  Canadian  Series  of  School  Books, 
1867,  &c.;  edited  'The  Journal  of  Educar 
tion  [Toronto] '  from  1848  to  1876,  and  pub- 
lished numerous  tracts,  letten,  and  reports 
in  reference  especially  to  the  clergy  reserve 
and  education  questions. 

His  eldest  brother,  Wiluav  Rtbbson 
(1791*1882),  bom  near  Fredericton,  New 
Brunswick,  took  an  active  part  in  the  war 
of  1812-14;  on  its  outbreak  he  received  a 
commission  as  lieutenant  in  the  18th  Nor- 
folk regiment  of  Canadian  militiai  was  pifr- 


sent  at  the  capture  of  Detroit  on  21  Aug. 
1812,  and  earned  the  despatches  announcing 
the  event  at  headquarters ;  he  was  incapaci- 
tated for  several  V  ears  by  a  wound  received 
at  the  battle  of  Lundv's  Lane.  In  1819  he 
entered  the  ministry  of  the  methodist  church, 
and  in  1831  was  sent  to  England  as  a  dele- 

Ebte  to  conference.  There  he  met  Edward 
ving,  and  became  a  convert  to  his  views ; 
on  his  return  to  Canada  he  established  the 
catholic  apostolic  church  in  that  country, 
and  acted  as  its  head  until  1872.  He  was 
thrice  married,  and  left  a  numerous  family. 
He  died  at  his  son's  residence,  317  Church 
Street,  Toronto,  on  19  Dec.  1882  (Toronto 
Globe,  21  Dec.  1882). 

[Story  of  my  Life,  ed.  Hodgins,  Toronto, 
1884;  Hodgins's  Ryerson  Memorial  Volume, 
1889;  Toronto  Globe,  20  and  23  Feb.  1882; 
Richardson's  Eight  Years  in  Canada;  Appleton's 
Cyd.  of  American  Biography ;  McClintock  and 
Strong^s  Oyclopaodia  (Supplement);  Allibone's 
Diet.  English  Lit.]  A.  F.  P. 

BYGGE,  RIQGE,  or  RUGGE,  ROBERT 
(d.  1410),  chancellor  of  the  university  of 
03cford,  was  a  native  of  Devonshire,  and 
possibly  a  relative  of  Thomas  de  Bitton, 
bishop  of  Exeter.  He  was  elected  fellow  of 
Exeter  College  in  1862,  and  held  that  posi- 
tion till  the  autumn  of  1372.  Afterwards 
he  was  a  fellow  of  Merton  College,  and  was 
bursar  in  1374-6.  He  may  be  the  Robert 
Rjgge  who  was  goin^  abroad  in  the  suite  of 
Sir  John  de  la  Pole  in  March  1378  (Nauer, 
Swynoombe  and  Swelme,  p.  268).  In  March 
1381  he  had  license,  with  other  clerks,  to 
alienate  in  mortmain  to  Merton  College  cer- 
tain lands  at  Bushey,  Hertfordshire  ( Cal.  Pat, 
Rolls,  Jtichard  II,  pp,  608,611).  Ryggewas 
a  secular  priest,  and  had  graduated  as  B.D. 
before  22  Sept.  1378  (Boase,  p.  lix),  and  aa 
D.D.  before  the  date  of  the  condemnation 
of  Widif  by  William  of  Berton  [q.  v.], 
probably  in  1379-^0  (cf.  JEnglish  mat  J2»- 
view,  v.  329-80).  As  a  member  of  Merton 
College,  Rygge  would  naturally  be  inclined 
in  favour  of  the  Widifites ;  and  his  accession 
as  chancellor  of  the  university,  on  80  May 
1381,probably  marked  the  temporary  ascen- 
dency of  the  reformer's  party  (cf.  Ma.tthbw, 
JEnglish  Works  of  Wyclrf  hitherto  unprintsd, 
Introd.  p.  xxv). 

In  the  spring  of  1882  doctrinal  questions 
at  Ozfbrd  came  to  a  head.  Rygge^  in  efiect 
if  not  openly,  favoured  Wiclif  ^  followers, 
Nicholas  of  Hereford  [q.  v.]  and  Philip  Rct- 
ington(^q.v.],  and  supported  them  against  the 
Carmelite,  Peter  Stokes  [q.  v.]  Eventually 
he  appointed  Hereford  to  preach  the  sermon 
at  St.  fVideawide's  on  Ascension  day,  15  May« 


Rygge 


543 


Ryland 


On  90  May  Archbishop  Courtenay  wrote  to 
Rygge  rebuking  him  for  nisfavourto  Hereford 
and  opposition  to  Stokes.   But  the  chanceUor 
neTertneless  continued  his  former  course  of 
action,  because  Stokes's  conduct  was  con- 
trary to  the  privileges  of  the  univerpity. 
He  even  assembled  armed  men  for  the  inti- 
midation of  his  opponents,  and  appointed 
Repington  to  preach  the  university  sermon 
at  the  feast  of  Corpus  Ghristi  (6  June). 
Stokes  had  presented  the  archbishop's  letter 
on  4  June,  but  Rygge  did  not  publish  ^it  till 
two  days  later;  and  Stokes,  on  reporting 
the  matter  to  the  archbishop,  announced  that 
he  dare  not  for  his  life  proceed  any  further. 
Ryege  himself  went  to  London  immediately, 
and  was  present  in  the  council  at  Blackfriars 
on  12  June.    He  was  severely  rebuked  for 
his  conduct,  but  nevertheless  signed  the  de- 
crees of  the  council.    A  fresh  mandate  was 
at  the  same  time  issued,  forbidding  him  to 
molest  the  archbishop's  supporters,  or  to 
permit  any  further  tea^nfi^  oi  false  doctrine. 
Kygge  declared  that  he  oared  not  publish 
tms  order  at  Oxford,  but  under  pressure 
from  the  royal  council  published  it,  amid 
great  excitement,  on  15  June.    However,  he 
still  held  out  so  far  as  to  suspend  Henry 
Crump  [q.  v.]  for  attacking  the  lollards,  and 
was  in  consequence  summoned  once  more  to 
London.    A  royal  writ  dated  18  July  or- 
dered Rygge  to  proceed  against  Widif's 
followers,   and  send    all    the  writings    of 
Widif  and  Hereford  to  the  archbishop.    A 
second  writ  on  the  same  day  cancelled  the 
suspension  of  Crump,  and  directed  Rygge  to 
abstain  from  molesting  Crump,  Stokes,  or 
Stephen  Patrington  [q.  v.]      Kygge  after 
this  gave  way,  and  abandoned  the  Wiclifites. 
"When  in  November  the  convocation  of  Can- 
terbury met  at  Oxford,  Rygge,  as  chancellor, 
preached  at  St.Frideswide's  on  the  text  'Con- 
giegati  sunt  in  valle  benedicttonis.'     On 
25  Nov.,  acting  no  doubt  in  defence  of  uni- 
versity privileges,  he  accused  Crump  and 
Stokes  before  the  convocation  of  heresy.  But 
they  declared  that  what  thev  had  done  was 
'  causa  exercitii  et  doctrinie '  in  the  schools, 
and  with  some  diflSculty  they  were  recon- 
ciled to  the  university  (Wilkins,  Concilia, 

iii.  172i 

In  lo84  Rvgge  obtained  the  exemption  of 
the  colleges  from  the  payment  of  tenths.  Li 
1886  he  was  one  of  the  commissioners  for 
settling  the  dispute  at  Oriel  College  about  the 
election  of  a  provost.  In  the  same  year  he 
expelled  Robert  Lytham  of  Merton  College 
from  the  university  for  disturbing  the  peace 
of  the  town  (Booebs,  Hittory  of  Prices,  ii. 
667).  He  had  been  ordered  in  1385  to  prohibit 
the  quarrels  of  north  and  south,  and  in  1888 


was  deposed  from  his  office  as  chancellor  by 
authority  of  parliament  for  having  failed  to 
preserve  the  peace  (Wood,  Hist,  and  Antiq. 
1.  516,  519 ;  Abam  of  XJsk,  p.  7 ;  Ltte,  p. 
308).  Nevertheless  he  was  again  chancellor 
in  1891,  but  held  the  office  onlv  one  year. 
On  16  Feb.  1895  he  was  appomted  canon 
of  Exeter  and  archdeacon  of  Barnstaple. 
He  was  one  of  the  doctors  appointed  in  1398 
to  consider  the  letter  of  the  university  of 
Paris  on  the  schism.  In  1400  he  xesigned 
his  archdeaconry,  and  on  80  Jan.  was  ap- 
pointed chancellor  of  Exeter  Cathednd.  He 
was  vicar-general  for  Edmund  de  StaflTord, 
bishop  of  Exeter,  on  27  Sept.  1400,  and  in 
April  1404  was  the  bishop's  proctor  in  con- 
vocation. He  died  in  the  sprinfir  of  1410 
before  10  April,  which  was  tine  date  when 
his  successor  at  Exeter  was  collated.  Pre- 
viously to  1892  Ryffge  had  endowed  a  chest 
for  loans  to  poor  scmolars  at  Exeter  College, 
and  at  his  death  bequeathed  some  books  to 
the  college  (Boabb,  p.  11). 

[Fascienli  Zisaniorum  (Rolls  8er.) ;  Knighton 
ftp.  Seriptores  Decern,  eol.  2705;  Brodrick's 
Memorials  of  Merton ;  Boa8e*8  Register  of  Exeter 
College  (these  two  in  Oxf.  Hist.Soc.);  Register 
of  Bishop  Stafford,  ed.  Hingeston  Randolph,  pp. 
166,  811 ;  Mftxwell-Lyte's  Hist.  Univ.  Oxford ; 
Wood's  Histoty  and  Antiquities  of  the  University 
of  Oxford,  i.  402,  499,  504,  510,  616,  519,  534, 
and  Fasti,  pp.  30-3;  Le  Neve's  Fasti  Eocl. 
Angl.  i.  406,  418.]  C.  L.  K. 

RYLAND,  HERMAN  WITSIUS  (1760- 
1888),  Canadian  statesman,  bom  at  North- 
ampton in  1760,  was  younger  son  of  John 
Oollett  Ryland  [q.  v.]  and  orother  of  John 
Ryhind  (176S-1826)  [q.  v.]  He  was  edu- 
cated for  the  army,  and  in  1781  was  assis- 
tant deputy-paymaster-general  to  the  forces 
under  Bur;^yne  and  OomwaUia  in  America, 
renderincp  important  service  at  New  York 
prior  to  its  final  evacuation  in  1782.  He 
returned  to  England  with  Sir  Guy  Carleton 
(afterwards  first  Lord  Dorchester)  [q.  v.], 
who  had  negotiated  the  peace.  In  1793 
Lord  Dorchester,  being  appoint-ed  goyemor- 
in-chief  of  British  North  America,  took  Ry- 
land with  him  to  Canada  as  his  civil  seere- 
tarv;  and  thenceforward  for  many  years 
Ryiand's  influence  on  the  administration  of 
affairs  in  Lower  Canada  was  paramount.  He 
was  continued  as  secretary  oy  Dorchester's 
successor,  General  Robert  Preecott  [q.  v.j, 
in  1797,  and  again  (after  serving  with  Sir 
Robert  Miles,  the  lieutenant-goremor)  by 
Sir  James  Craig  on  22  Oct.  1807.  To  Craig 
he  seems  to  have  been  chiefiy  attached.  He 
became  also  clerk  of  the  executive  council, 
clerk  of  the  crown  in  chancery,  and  treasurer 
for  the  jesuita'  estates;  and  he  reoeiyed  a 


Ryland 


544 


Ryland 


pension  in  respect  of  his  services  prior  to 
1804. 

Ryland,  a  somewhat  prejucQced  Eng- 
lishman, set  himself  to  establish  in  Canada 
the  supremacy  of  the  croTTn  and  the 
church  of  England,  and  to  anglicise  the 
French  Canadians.  He  was  the  fountain- 
head  of  the  opposition  to  Archbishop  Joseph 
Octave  PlessiB  [q.  v.] ;  in  constant  fear  of 
'  demagoffues '  and  '  sedition/  he  advised  the 
seizure  of  the  reactionary  press  in  March  1810. 
Soon  afterwards  he  was  despatched  to  Eng- 
land on  a  special  mission,  the  objects  of  whidi 
were  to  obtain  an  alteration  of  the  constitu- 
tion of  Lower  Canada,  to  appropriate  to  the 
use  of  the  crown  the  revenues  of  the  Jesuits' 
estates,  and  to  induce  the  government  to 
seize  the  patronage  of  the  Homan  catholic 
bishop  of  Quebec.  On  81  July  1810  he  ar- 
rived at  Plymouth,  and  was  admitted  to  a 
meeting  of  the  cabinet  on  the  subject  of  his 
mission  on  23  Aug. ;  but  after  about  two  years' 
delay  he  returned  unsuccessful  to  Canada, 
arriving  at  Quebec  on  19  Aug.  1812.  Mean- 
while Sir  James  Craig  had  retired,  and  Sir 
George  Prevost  (1767-1816)  [q.  v.l  took  his 
place.  The  new  governor  did  not  approve 
Kyland's  views,  and,  though  Ryland  came 
back  with  a  recommendation  from  Lord  Liver- 
pool and  with  the  honour  of  a  seat  in  the 
legislative  council,  he  did  not  retain  his  old 
position  of  secretary  more  than  a  few  months, 
resigning  in  April  1818. 

Henceforth  Ky land's  influence  was  chiefly 
felt  in  the  legislative  council ;  but  after  1820 
he  appeared  little  in  public  life.  He  died  at 
his  seat,  Beauport,  near  Quebec,  on  20  July 
1888.  He  was  married,  and  left  children 
settled  in  Canada.  A  son,  George  Herman 
Ryland  (d.  24  Sept.  1888),  was  clerk  of  the 
legislative  council. 

[Morgan's  Sketches  of  Oelebrated  Canadians ; 
Christie's  History  of  Canada,  especially  vol.  vi.; 
Bogers's  History  of  Canada.]  C.  A.  H. 

RYLAND,  JOHN  (1717  P-1798^,  friend 
of  Dr.  Johnson,  was  bom  in  London,  but 
spent  his  early  years  at  Stratford-upon-Avon, 
l^ough  bred  for  the  law,  he  took  to  business, 
and  for  many  years  was  a  West  India  mer- 
chant on  Tower  Hill,  London.  As  a  young 
man  he  spent  much  of  his  time  with  John 
Hawkesworth  [q.v.],  and  subsequently  mar- 
ried hia  sister.  Through  this  relationship 
he  contributed  to  the  'Gentleman's  Maga- 
sine,'  and  during  Hawkesworth's  occasional 
abscoices  from  London  he  saw  the  periodical 
through  the  press.  He  died  at  Cooper's  Row, 
Crutched  Friars,  London,  on  24  June  1798, 
aged  81. 

Ryland  was  acquainted  with  Dr.  Johnson 


for  manv  ^ ears,  and  was  the  last  surviving 
firiend  oi  hia  early  life.  He  belonged  to  the 
old  club  that  met  weekly  in  1749  at  the 
King's  Head  in  Ivy  Lane  and  was  broken  up 
about  1768,  and  he  was  one  of  the  four  sur- 
viving members  that  dined  together  in  1783. 
He  auo  belonged  to  the  Essex  Head  Club, 
which  Johnson  formed  at  the  close  of  his  life. 
He  constantly  visited  the  doctor  in  his  last 
illness,  he  supplied  Nichols  with  several  of 
the  particulsrs  which  are  inserted  in  the 
article  in  the  'Gentleman's  Magasine'  for 
1784  (p.  967),  and  attended  the  funeraL 
Several  of  Dr.  Johnson's  letters  to  him  are 
included  in  the  correspondence  edited  by  Dr. 
G.  B.  Hill,  but  he  is  seldom  mentioned  by 
Boswell,  possibly  because  these  letters  were 
withheld  from  publication  inBoswall's  'Life.' 
In  rel^ion  a  dissenter,  in  politics  a  staunch 
whig,  Kvland  was  a  good  scholar,  and  ex* 
pressed  himself  well  both  in  speech  and  in 
writing;  he  saw  many  aspects  of  life  and 
owned  a  rich  fund  of  anecdote. 

[Boswell's  Johnson,  ed.  Hill,  i.  242,  iv.  360, 
436-6;  Gent.  Mag.  1798,  ii.  629^^0;  Nichols's 
Lit.  Anecdotes,  ix.  600-2.]  W.  P.  G. 

RYLAND,  JOHN  (1763-1826),  baptist 
minister,  son  of  John  Collett  Ryland  [q.  vA 
was  bom  at  Warwick  on  29  Jan.  176^.  He 
learnt  Hebrew  when  only  five  years  old, 
and  Greek  when  under  nine,  and  before  he 
was  fifteen  began  teaching  in  his  fiatther's 
school.  On  18  Sept.  1767  he  was  baptiscMi 
in  the  river  Nen,  near  Northampton,  and, 
after  preaching  at  small  gatherings  of  bap- 
tists m>m  1769,  was  fomuilly  admitted  into 
the  ministiv  on  10  March  1771.  Until  his 
twenty-fifth  year  he  assisted  his  father  in 
his  school  at  [Northampton,  and  in  1781  was 
associated  with  him  m  the  charge  of  his 
church.  On  his  father's  retirement  in  1786, 
he  was  entrusted  with  the  sole  charge  of  the 
congregation. 

In  December  1798  Ryland  became  minister 
of  the  Broadmead  chapel  at  Bristol,combining 
with  the  post  the  presidencjr  of  the  baptist 
college  at  Bristol.  These  positions  he  retained 
until  his  death.  He  joined,  on  2  Oct.  1792, 
in  founding  the  Baptist  Missionary  Society, 
and  acted  as  its  secretary  from  1816  until 
his  death  at  Bristol  on  26  May  1826.  On 
2  June  he  was  buried  in  the  ground  adioining 
Broadmead  chapel,  and  on  6  June  Robert 
Hall,  who  succeeded  him  in  his  church, 
preached  a  memorial  sermon  (published  sepa- 
rately in  1826^  and  included  inHaU's  'Works,' 
i.  369-414).  Portraits  of  Ryland,  painted  by 
J.  Russell  and  J.  Burgniss,  were  engraved 
respectively  by  R.  Houston  (1776)  and  J. 
Thomthwaite.    There  are  other  eugraTinga 


Ryland 


545 


Ryland 


hj  J.  Goldar  and  Granger.  The  degree  of 
DJ).  was  oon^Brred  upon  him  hv  Brown 
(JniTeraity,  Rhode  Island,  in  1792.  Ry- 
land married,  on  12  Jan.  1780,  Elisabetn, 
daughter  of  Robert  Tyler  of  Banbury,  who 
died  on  23  Jan.  1787,  a  few  weeks  after 
the  birth  of  her  only  child.  His  second 
wife  was  Frances,  eldest  daughter  of  Wil- 
liam Barrett  of  Northampton,  whom  he 
married  on  18  June  1789.  She  survived 
him,  with  one  son,  Jonathan  Edwards  Ry- 
land fq.  y.1,  and  three  daughters. 

Ryland^  reading  was  'various  and  exten- 
sive;' he  was  a  profound  oriental  scholar, 
and  he  had  a  passion  for  natural  history. 
Though  not  a  great  preacher,  he  possessed, 
through  his  learning  and  uprightness,  a  great 
influence  among  the  baptists.  His  views  were 
Galvinistic,  but  in  middle  life  he  ffrew  to 
symnathise  with  the  opinions  of  Jonathan  Ed- 
wards, and  was  more  tolerant  towards  those 
who  differed  from  him.  He  is  said  to  have 
preached  no  fewer  than  8,691  sermons.  A 
considerable  number  of  manuscripts  and 
sermons  by  him  are  at  the  College  Street 
church,  Northampton,  and  the  baptist  col- 
lege, Bristol.  Among  his  friends  were  Wil- 
liam Carey,  Dr.  John  Erskine,  Andrew  Fuller, 
Robert  ^all,  John  Newton,  Dr.  John  Rippon, 
mod  Thomas  Scott. 

Numerous  sermons  and  charges  were  pub- 
lished by  Ryland,  and  he  drew  up  many  re- 
commendatory prefaces  for  religious  works 
and  for  biographies  of  his  friends.  His  chief 
works  were :  1. '  The  Plagues  of  Egypt,  by  a 
School-boy  thirteen  years  of  Age,'  n.  p.  ord. 
[1766]  (cf.  Halkstt  and  JjAJSQ,  Diet,  of 
Antmymou9  Lit,  iii.  1918).  2.  'Serious 
Essajrs  on  the  Truths  of  the  Gospel,'  1771 
(oonsisting  of  121  pieces  in  verse) ;  2nd  edit. 
corrected  and  enlarged,  1775;  Srd  edit,  re- 
vised by  the  Rev.  J.  A.  Jones,  1829.  3.  <  The 
Divine  Inspiration  of  the  Holy  Scriptures; 
a  Poem,'  1772.  4.  'The  Faithfulness  of 
Qod  in  His  Word  evinced,'  1773  U  poetic 
rendering  of  the  first  argument  of  Robert 
Fleming  the  elder  in  his  work  on  '  The  Ful- 
filment of  Scripture *).  6.  'Compendious 
View  of  the  Principal  Truths  of  the  GK>spel,' 
1774.  6. '  Salvation  Finished :  a  Funeral  ser- 
monon  Robert  Hall  senior ;  with  an  Appendix 
oo  the  Church  at  Amsby,'  1791 ;  2nd  edit. 
reivisedbytheRev.J.  A.Jones,1850.  7. 'Ear- 
nest Charge  of  an  Affectionate  Pastor,'  1794. 
8.  'Christian®  Militis  Viaticum;  a  brief 
Directory  for  Evangelical  Ministers;'  2nd 
edit.  1798;  6th  e£t.  1825.  9.  'Candid 
Statement  of  the  Reasons  for  the  Baptists,' 
1814  and  1827.  10.  'Memoir  of  the  Rev. 
Andrew  Fuller,'  1816  and  1818.  11. '  Serious 
Remarks   on  the  diflibrent  Representations 

VOL.  XVII. 


of  Evangelical  Doctrine,'  pt.  i.  1817,  pt.  11. 
1818.  Two  volumes  of '  Pastoral  Memorials,' 
consisting  of  abstracts  of  some  of  his  ser- 
mons, twenty-five  of  his  hymns,  and  a  short 
memoir,  by  his  son,  were  published  after  Lis 
death  (vol.  L  in  1826  and  vol.  ii.  in  1828). 

Ryland  was  a  popular  hymn-writer.  His 
earliest  hymns  appeared  in  the  'Serious 
Essays '  (1771).  Others  appeared  in  the  re- 
ligious magasmes  between  1770  and  1790, 
and  twenty-five  were  included  in  the  '  Pas- 
toral Memorials.'  Ninety-nine  '  Hymns  and 
Verses  on  Sacred  subjects '  (mainly  from  un- 
published manuscripts),  with  a  bioffraphical 
sketch,  came  out  in  1862.  Rylanas  hvmns 
are  simple  in  thought  and  language,  ana  lack 
passion  or  poetry.  Thirteen  of  them  are  In 
common  use  ( Juuan,  Hymnology), 

[Memoir  added  to  Pastoral  Memorials,  vol. 
ii. ;  Golrile's  Warwickshire  Worthies,  pp.  628- 
626;  Tverman's  Oxford  Methodists;  Life  of 
Rowland  Hill,  1834,  p.  92  ;  Life  of  Simeon,  p.  48 ; 
Cox's  Baptist  Missionary  Soc  i.  1-290 ;  Swaine's 
Men  at  Bristol  Baptist  GoU.  passim.]  W.  P.  G. 

EYLAND,  JOHN  COLLETT  (1723- 
1792),  divine,  son  of  Joseph  Ryland,  a  rarmer 
and  grazier  of  Lower  Ditchford,  Gloucester- 
shire, and  grandson  of  John  Rylaud,  veoman, 
of  Hinton-on-the-Green,  Gloucestershire,  was 
horn  at  Bourton-on-the-Water  in  the  same 
county  on  12  Oct.  1728.  His  mother,  Free- 
love  Uollett,  of  Slaughter,  was  a  collateral 
descendant  of  John  Golet  [o.  v.l,  dean  of  St. 
Paul's.  Ryland  was  baptised  in  1741  by  Ben- 
jamin Beddome  [q.  v.],  who,  perceiving  him 
to  be  a  lad  of  promise,  sent  him  about  1744 
to  Bernard  Foskett's  academv  at  Bristol  to 
prepare  for  the  ministry.  Auer  undergoing 
much  spiritual  conflict  he  left  Bristol  in  1760 
to  be  pastor  of  the  baptist  church  at  Warwick, 
where  he  had  already  preached  for  four  or  five 
years.  Here  he  kept  school  in  St.  Mary's  par- 
sonage^house,  rented  of  the  rector.  Dr.  Tate, 
who,  when  remonstrated  with  on  harbouring 
a  dissenter,  used  to  retort  that  he  had  brought 
the  man  as  near  the  church  as  he  coiud, 
though  he  could  not  force  him  into  it. 

In  October  1759  Ryland  lefb Warwick  for 
Northampton,  where  he  lived  twenty-six 
years  as  minister  and  schoolmaster,  his  pupils 
often  numbering  as  many  as  ninety.  Among 
them  was  Samuel  Baxter.  It  is  his  chief 
merit  to  have  done  more  perhaps  than  any 
man  of  his  time  to  promote  nohte  learning 
among  the  baptists  and  orthodox  dissenters. 
Twice  his  church  was  enlaived,  and  in  1781 
his  son,  John  Ryland  (1758-1826)  [q-v-l 
joined  him  as  co-pastor.  On  2  July  1784  he 
delivered  at  sunrise  over  the  grave  of  Dr. 
Andrew  Gi£fbrd  [q.  v.]  in  Bunhill  Fields  an 
'  Oration,'  which  was  published,  and  has  been 


Ryland 


546 


Ryland 


twice  reprinted  (1834  and  1888).  In  1786 
Ryland  resigned  to  his  son  the  care  of  the 
church,  and  removed  his  school  to  Enfield, 
where  it  grew  and  flourished.  Ryland  fre- 
quently preached  in  the  neighbournood.  He 
is  said  to  have  once  addressed  from  a  coach- 
box, in  a  seven-storied  wig,  holiday  crowds 
assembled  on  the  flat  banks  of  the  Lea,  near 
Ponder's  End.  He  was  massive  in  person^ 
and  his  voice  in  singing  was  compared  to  the 
roaring  of  the  sea.  The  degree  of  M.  A.  was 
conferred  upon  him  in  1769  bv  Brown  Uni- 
versity, Providence,  Rhode  island,  U.S.A. 
(founded  1765). 

Ryland  died  at  Enfield  on  24  July  1792, 
and  was  buried  at  Northampton,  his  funeral 
sermon  (two  editions,  1792}  being  preached 
by  Dr.  John  Rippon  [a.  v.J     An  elegy  by 

*  tiegatus'  was  published  ( London,  1792, 4to). 
He  was  twice  married :  first,  on  23  Dec.  1748, 
to  Elizabeth  Frith  of  Warwick  (d.  1779) ;  and 
secondly  to  Mrs  Stott,  widow  of  an  officer. 
His  sons  by  his  first  wife,  John  (1763-1825) 
and  Herman  Witsius,  are  noticed  separately. 
Aportrait  by  JohnRussell  (1745-1806)  [q.  v.], 
in  full-bottomed  wiff  and  bands,  engraved  by 
Granger,  is  prefixed  to  his  ^Address  to  the 
Ingenuous  Youth  of  Great  Britain,'  LondoUi 
1792, 12mo. 

Ryland's  passion  for  book-making  once 
or  twice  involved  him  in  pecuniary  diffi- 
culties. Neither  printer,  publisher,  nor  en- 
graver could  turn  out  their  work  half  fast 
enough  for  him.  As  his  friends  James 
Hervey  (1714-1758)  [q.  v.]  and  Augustus 
Tonlady  told  him,  he  would  have  done  more 
haa  he  done  less.  With  James  Femison 
(1710-1776)  [a.  v.]  he  issued  'An  Easy  Intro- 
auction  to  Mecnanics,'  1 768, 8vo,  and  'A  Series 
of  Optical  Cards.'    He  contributed  to  the 

*  Baptist  Register,'  edited  by  John  Rippon, 
wrote  many  of  the  articles  for  Buck's  'Theo- 
lo^cal  Dictionary/  London,  1802,  8vo,  and 
edited  Edward  Polhill*s  '  Christus  in  Ck)rde,' 
Quarles's  'Emblems,'  Jonathan  Edwards's 
'  Sermons'  (1780),  and  Cotton  Mather's  'Stu- 
dent and  Poacher '  (1781). 

His  separate  publications  (all  issued  at  Lon- 
don unless  otherwise  stated)  were :  1.  '  Me- 
moir of  J.  Alleine,'  8vo,  1766;  2nd  ed.  1768. 
2. '  Life  and  Actions  of  Jesus  Christ ;  by  Way 
of  Question  and  Answer,  in  Verse,'  1767, 
12mo.  3.  'Scheme  of  Infidelity,' London, 
1770,  8vo.  4.  'A  Contemplation  on  the 
Existence  and  Perfection  of  God,'  1774, 
8vo.  6. '  Contemplation  on  the  Insufficiency 
of  Reason,'  1775,  8vo.^  6.  '  Contemplation 
on  the  Nature  and  Evidences  of  Divine  In- 
spiration,'Northampton,  1776,  8vo.  These 
three,  with  additions,  republished,  Northamp- 
ton, 1779|  Bvo,  with  portrait,  as  '  Conteni- 


plations  on  the  Beauties  of  Creation ; '  Snl 
ed.  8  vols.  Northampton,  1780.  7.  'The 
Preceptor  or  Counsellor  of  Human  Life,' 
1776,  12mo.  8.  '  A  Key  to  the  Greek  Tes- 
tament,' 1777, 8vo.  9.  '  Character  of  James 
Hervey,  with  Letters,'  1790,  8vo.  10.  '  A 
Translation  of  John  Owen's  Demonstrations 
of  Divine  Justice,'  1790.  11.  '  A  Picture  of 
Popery,  prefixed  to  Luther's  Discourses  by 
Capt.  Henry  Bell ; '  2nd  ed.  1791,  fol.  12.  'A 
Body  of  Divinity,'  1790,  12mo.  13.  '  Evi- 
dences  that  the  Christian  Religion  is  of  God ; ' 
2nd  ed.  1798, 12mo.  14,  '  Select  Essays  on 
the  Moral  Virtne,  and  on  Genius,  Science, 
and  Taste,'  1792. 

[Ivimey's  Hist,  of  Engl.  Baptists,  iv.  609 ; 
Sibree's  Independency  in  Warwickshire,  p.  128 ; 
Bogue  and  Bennett's  Hist,  of  Diss.  ii.  64S  ;  Gent. 
Mag.  July  1792,  p.  678;  Evangel.  Mag.  Octol^r 
1800,  p.  397 ;  Biiptist  Ann.  Reg.  1790-3,  pp.  124, 
126,  829  ;  European  Mag.  Angnst.  1792,  p.  167  ; 
Morris's  Biogr.  Kecoll.  of  Robert  Hall,  18(6, 
pp.  20-1 ;  Newman's  Rylandiana,  1835,  passim; 
Cat.  Sen.  Acad.  Univ.  Bmn.  Proridence,  R.  I., 
p.  47 ;  Chaloner  Smith's  Brit.  Mezz.  Portraits, 
p.  686 ;  Willi  imson's  John  Ruf«eU,  R.A..  1894, 
pp.  47,  63,  l«3.]  C.  F.  S. 

BYLAND,  JONATHAN  EDWARDS 

g 798-1866),  man  of  letters,  only  son  of  John 
yland  (175S-1826)  [q.v.],  by  his  second 
wife,  was  bom  at  Northampton  on  6  May 
1798.  His  earlier  years  were  spent  in  Bris- 
tol, and  he  was  educated  at  the  baptist  col- 
lege, over  which  his  father  presided,  and  at 
Edinburgh  University,  where  he  was  a  pupil 
of  Dr.  Thomas  Brown.  For  a  time  he  was 
mathematical  and  classical  tutor  at  Mill  Hill 
College,  and  for  a  short  period  he  tAught  at 
Bradford  College.  He  atlterwards  moved  to 
Bristol,  and  in  1885  went  to  Northampton, 
where  he  remained  for  the  rest  of  his  life.  The 
degree  of  M.A.  was  in  1862  conferred  upon 
him  by  Brown  University,  Rhode  Island .  He 
died  at  Waterloo,  Northampton,  on  16  April 
1866.  On  4  Jan.  1828  he  married  Frances, 
daughter  of  John  Buxton  of  Northampton. 

Ryland  was  well  acquainted  with  Hebrew, 
Latin,  Greek,  and  German,  but  he  was  shy 
and  reserved  in  manner,  and  did  not  do  him- 
self justice.  He  chiefly  employed  himself  in 
editing  and  translating  the  works  of  others. 
His  earliest  compositions  were  inserted  in  the 
*  Visitor'  (Bristol,  1823);  he  was  a  writer 
in  the  'Baptist  Magazine,'  and  he  edited 
vols,  ix.-xii.  of  the  fifth  series  of  the '  Eclectic 
Review.*  He  Vrote  for  Kitto's  '  Cyclopredia 
of  Biblical  Literature,'  and  he  published  in 
1856  a  *  Memoir '  of  Kitto.  In  1864  he  pro- 
duced 'Wholesome Words;  or  One  Hundred 
Choice  Passages  from  Old  Authors.'  To  the 
eighth  edition  of  the  'Encyclopaedia  Bri- 


Ryland 


547 


Ryland 


tonnica '  he  contributed  memoirB  of  JoUn 
Poster,  Andrew  Fuller,  John  Eitto,  Bobert 
i  (obinson,  Schleiermacher,  and  Schwartz,  and 
rhe  articles  on  Northampton  and  Northamp- 
tonshire. 

The  translations,  by  Bjland,  included 
Pascal's  *  Thoughts  on  Religion/  Jacobi  on 
the  'General  Epistle  of  St.  James/  Felix 
Neff's '  Dialogues  on  Sin  and  Salvation/  Sar- 
torius's  '  Lectures  on  Christ/  Semisch*s  '  Life 
of  Justin  Martyr/  Gaussen's  '  Canon  of  the 
Holy  Scriptures/  Tholuck's  '  Guide  and  Ju- 
lius/ Tholuck's  'Old  Testament  and  the 
New/  Barth's '  Weaver  of  Quelbrunn,'  Lange*s 
'  Life  of  Christ '  (vol.  ii.),  two  treatises  by 
Hengstenberg,  and  several  volumes  by  Nean- 
der  on  the  'History  of  the  Church  and  its 
Dogmas.' 

Ryland  edited  the  '  Pastoral  Memorials ' 
of  his  father  (182&-8),  and  the '  Life  and  Cor- 
reepondence  of  John  Foster'  (1846,  2  vols.) 
Healso  edited  collections  of  Foster's'  Essays ' 
and '  Lectures.' 

[Gent.  Mag.  1866,  i.  771 ;  Freeman,  27  April 
1866.  pp.  263,  269,  279;  Works  of  J.  E.  Ry- 
land.] W.  P.  C. 

RYLAND,  WHiLIAM  WYNNE  (1732- 
1783\  engraver,  bom  in  the  Old  Bailey, 
Lonoon,  in  July  1732,  was  the  eldest  of  seven 
sons  of  Edwara  Ryland,  a  native  of  Wales, 
who  came  to  London  and  worked  as  an  en- 
naver  and  copperplate  printer  in  the  Old 
Bailey,  where  he  died  on  26  July  1771. 
Young  Ryland  was  apprenticed  to  Simon 
Francis  Ravenet  [q.  v.j  in  London,  and,  after 
the  expiration  of  ms  articles,  he  was  assisted 
by  his  god&ther,  SirWatkinWiUiams-Wjnn, 
to  yisit  France  and  Italy  in  company  with  a 
former  schoolfellow  named  Howard  and 
Gabriel  Smith,  the  engraver.  He  remained 
in  Paris  about  five  years,  studying  drawing 
under  Francois  Boucner,and  engraving  under 
Jacques  Philippe  Le  Bas.  In  1767  he  gained 
a  medal  for  a  study  from  the  life  at  the  Aca- 
d6mie  Royale  de  JPeinture  et  de  Sculpture, 
and  while  abroad  he  engraved  several  plates 
after  the  old  masters  and  from  the  composi- 
tions of  Boucher.  On  his  return  to  England, 
soon  after  the  accession  of  George  III,  he 
was  commissioned  to  engrave  Allan  Ram- 
say's full-length  portraits  of  the  king  and 
of  the  Earl  of  Bute,  which  had  been  de- 
clined by  Sir  Robert  Strange,  and  afterwards 
that  of  Queen  Charlotte  with  the  infant 
princess  royal,  after  Francis  Cotes,  R. A.  He 
thus  secured  the  patronage  and  friendship  of 
George  UI,  and  received  the  appointment  of 
en^rraver  to  the  king,  with  an  annual  salary 
of200i: 

Ryland  had  in  1761  sent  his  plate  of '  Jupi- 


piter  and  Leda,'  after  Boucher,  to  the  ezhi- 
bition  of  the  Society  of  Artists,  of  which  he 
became  a  member  on  its  incorporation  in 
1765.  In  1767  he  exhibited  his  plate  of 
George  HI  in  coronation  robes,  after  Ram- 
say, and  in  1769  three  drawings.  After  this 
he  exhibited  only  a  few  drawings  after 
Angelica  Kauffinann  and  some  small  por- 
traits at  the  Royal  Academy  between  1772 
and  1775. 

Some  time  after  his  return  from  abroad  he 
adopted  the  'chalk'  or  dotted  manner  of 
engraving,  which  he  had  introduced  into 
England,  and  carried  to  a  higher  degree  of 
peifection  than  it  had  ever  before  attained. 
The  plates  which  he  executed  in  this  popular 
style  were  chiefly  after  the  works  of  Angelica 
Kauflinann,  R.A.,  and  included  '  Juno  bop- 


with  Helen,'  *  Cupid  Bound,' '  Cupid  Asleep,' 
*A  Sacrifice  to  Pan,"GVmon  and  Iphigenia,' 
'Achilles  lamenting  the  Death  of  ratro- 
clus,' '  Telemachus  at  the  Court  of  Sparta,' 
^Penelope  awakened  by  Euryclea,' '  Patience,' 
'  Perseverance,' '  Faith '  and  *  Hope,'  *  Eleanor, 
the  wife  of  Edward  I,  sucking  the  Poison 
from  his  Wound,'  'Lady  Elizabeth  Grey 
soliciting  of  Edward  IV  the  restoration  of 
her  deceased  Husband's  Lands,'  *  Maria'  (from 
Sterne's '  Sentimental  Journey '),  a  full-length 
of  Mary,  duchess  of  Richmond,  in  a  Grecian 
dress,  and  a  companion  plate  of  a  lady  in  a 
Turkish  costume.  Among  other  worxs  by 
him  were  '  Antiochus  and  Stratonice,'  aft^^ 
Pietro  da  Cortona,  engraved  in  line  for  Boy- 
dell's  collection ;  '  Charity,'  after  Vandyck ; 
'  The  Graces  Bathing,'  after  Francois  Bou- 
cher; four  plates  of  'The  Muses,'  after 
G.  B.  Cipriani,  R.A. ;  fourteen  plates  from 
the  designs  of  Samuel  Wale,  R.A.,  for  Sir 
John  Hawkins's  edition  of  Walton's  'Angler,' 
published  in  1760 ;  and  fifty-seven  plates  for 
Charles  Rogers's  'Collection  of  Prints  in  imi- 
tation of  Drawings,'  completed  in  1778,  as  well 
as  the  fine  mezzotint  portrait  of  Rogers,  after 
Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,  prefixed  to  that  work. 
Ryland  was  at  one  time  in  possession  of  a 
handsome  income.  It  is  stated  that  he  made 
no  less  than  3,000/.  a  year  by  the  sale  of  his 
engravings,  and  a  friend  had  left  him  an 
eleventh  share  in  the  Liverpool  waterworks, 
valued  at  10,000/.  Infatuated  by  his  pro- 
sperity he  launched  out  into  every  kind  of 
expense.  Tiring  of  a  sedentary  life,  he  entered 
into  partnership  with  his  pupil,  Henry  Bryer, 
and  they  together  opened  a  print-shop  in 
Comhill,  where  they  carried  on  a  very  exten- 
sive business  untU  December  1771,  when  they 
became  bankrupt.  After  an  interval  Ryland 

1192 


Rylands 


548 


Rylands 


resumed  businesg  as  a  print-seller  in  the 
8trand|  but  before  long  he  retired  to  a  private 
residence  at  Knightsbridcre,  from  which  he 
disappeared  on  1  April  17o3.  On  the  follow- 
ing aay  an  advertisement  was  issued  offering 
a  reward  of  800/.  for  his  apprehension  on  a 
charge  of  forging  and  uttering  two  bills  of 
ezcluuige  for  7,114/.  with  intent  to  defraud 
the  East  India  Company.  On  the  arriyal  of 
the  officers  to  arrest  him  in  a  small  house 
near  Ste]^ ney,  he  made  a  desperate  attempt 
to  commit  suicide  by  cutting  nis  throat.  On 
27  July  he  was  tried  at  the  Old  Bailey 
before  Sir  Francis  Buller,  convicted,  and 
sentenced  to  death.  He  was  hanged  at 
Tyburn  on  29  Au^.  1788,  the  execution 
being  delayed  some  time  by  a  violent  thunder^ 
•torm,  ana  was  buried  at  Feltham,  Middle- 
sex. He  left  a  widow  and  six  children,  for 
whose  benefit  two  plates  left  by  him  un- 
finished, ^  King  John  ratifying  Magna  Oharta,' 
after  John  Hamilton  Mortimer,  A.R.A.,  and 
'  The  Interview  between  Edgar  and  Elfrida 
after  her  Marriage  with  Athelwold,'  after 
Angelica  Kauffmann,  B.A.,  were  completed 
respectiveljr  by  Francesco  BartoloEzi,  K.A., 
ana  by  William  Sharp.  His  widow  kept  a 
print-shop  for  many  years  in  Oxford  Boad, 
and  his  daughter  became  a  teacher  of  drawing, 
and  instructed  the  Princess  Elizabeth  and 
others  of  the  royal  family.  One  of  Bjland's 
brothers  was  in  1762  convicted  of  highway 
robbery,  committed  in  a  drunken  frolic,  and 
was  reprieved  only  on  the  morning  of  the 
day  of  execution  through  his  brother's  per- 
sonal infiuence  with  the  king. 

There  is  a  medallion  portrait  in  profile  of 
Byland,  engraved  by  D.  P.  Pariset  from  a 
drawing  made  by  Pierre  £tienne  Falconet  in 
1768,  of  which  a  smaller  copy  was  pub- 
lished in  1788.  The  Bev.  Mr.  tfotton,  ordi- 
nary of  Newgate,  had  a  drawing  of  Byland 
for  which  he  sat  while  in  prison  after  his  trial. 
A  copy  of  it,  by  Bobert  G^ves,  A.B.A.,  is  in 
the  possession  of  the  writer  of  this  article. 

[AnthenticKemoirB  of  William  WynneByland, 
1784 ;  Dodd's  Memoirs  of  English  Engravers,  xi. 
104.10  (Brit.  Mns.  Add.  MS.  38404) ;  Noble's 
Catalogue  of  Engravers,  1806,  manuscript  in 
possession  of  B.  E.  Graves ;  Boberts's  Memoir 
of  Hannah  More,  i.  280 ;  Btmtt's  Biogr.  Diet, 
of  Enoravers,  1785^,  ii.  286;  Bedgrave's  Diet, 
of  ArtisU  of  the  English  School,  1878 ;  Bryan's 
Diet,  of  Painters  ana  Engravers,  ed.  Graves  and 
Armstrong,  1886-^,  ii.  432;  Exhibition  Cata- 
logues of  the  Incorporated  Society  of  Artists, 
1761-9,  and  of  the  Boyal  Academy,  1772-5.1 

B.  KG. 

BTLANDS^  JOHN  (1801-1888),  mer^ 
ehant  and  manufacturer,  third  son  of  Joseph 
Bylands,  manufacturer  of  cotton  goods,  of 


St.  Helens,  Lancashire,  was  bom  on  7  Feb. 
1801,  and  educated  at  the  grammar  school 
of  his  native  town.  His  aptitude  for  trade 
declared  itself  early,  and,  after  carrying  on 
a  small  weaving  concern  on  his  own  account, 
he,  before  the  age  of  eighteen,  entered  into 
partnership  with  his  elder  brothers  Joseph 
and  Bichard.  Their  father  joined  them  m 
1819,  when  the  firm  of  Bylands  Sc  Sons  was 
established,  the  seat  of  operations  being  re- 
moved to  Wigan.  Their  manufactures  for 
some  years  consisted  of  ginghams,  checks, 
ticks,  dowlases,  calicoes,  and  linena.  John, 
the  youngest  partner,  occupied  himself  with 
travelling  over  several  counties  for  ordt^i^ 
until  1828,  when  he  opened  a  warehoun 
for  the  firm  in  Manchester.  Business  in- 
creased rapidly,  and  in  the  course  of  a  few 
years  extensive  properties  at  Wigan,  along 
with  dye  works  and  bleach  works,  were 
purchased.  Valuable  seams  of  coal  were 
afterwards  discovered  under  these  properties, 
and  proved  a  great  source  of  wealth  to  the 
purchasers.  !m  1825  the  firm  became  mer- 
chants as  well  as  manufacturers,  and  about 
the  same  time  they  erected  a  new  spinning 
mill.  The  Ainsworth  mills,  near  Bolton, 
and  other  factories  were  subsequently  ac- 
quired. The  brothers  Joseph  and  Bichard 
retired  about  1839.  Joseph  Bylands  senior 
died  in  July  1847,  leaving  his  son  John  sole 
proprietor  of  the  undertaEing.  A  warehouae 
was  opened  in  Wood  Street,  London,  in  1849. 
A  great  fire  occurred  at  the  Manchester  ware- 
house in  1854,  but  the  loss,  although  very- 
large,  was  speedily  repaired.  In  1873  Kylan^b 
converted  his  business  into  a  limited  company, 
retaining,  however,  the  entire  management 
of  it,  ana  purchasing  new  mills,  and  entering 
into  firesh  business  m  manv  quarters  of  the 
globe.  The  firm,  which  had  a  capital  of  two 
millions,  became  the  largest  textile  manu- 
facturing concern  in  the  kingdom. 

Bylands  was  personally  of  a  peculiarly  re- 
tiring and  reserved  disposition,  except  among 
his  personal  friends,  and  always  shrank  firom 
public  office  of  any  kind,  although  he  was 
not  indifferent  to  public  interests.  When 
the  Manchester  Ship  Canal  was  mooted,  and 
there  seemed  a  doubt  as  to  the  ways  and 
means  for  the  enterprise,  he  took  up  50,000/. 
worth  of  shares,  increasing  his  contribution 
when  the  project  appearea  again  in  danger. 
In  politics  he  was  a  liberal,  and  in  religion 
a  congregationalist,  with  leaning  to  the 
baptist  form  of  faith.  His  chanties  were 
numerous  but  unobtrusive.  Among  other 
benefactions  he  established  and  maintained 
orphanages,  homes  for  aged  gentlewomen, 
a  home  of  rest  for  ministers  of  slender  means, 
and  he  provided  a  town-hall,  bathsi  library. 


Rylands 


549 


Ryley 


and  a  cofiee-hoase  in  the  village  of  Strat- 
ford, where  he  lived.  He  also  built  an 
institute  for  the  benefit  of  the  villagers  of 
Haven  Street  in  the  Isle  of  Wight,  where 
Rylands  passed  some  of  his  later  years.  His 
benefactions  to  the  poor  of  Rome  were  so 
liberal  as  to  induce  the  king  to  decorate 
him  in  1880  with  the  order  of  the  'crown 
of  Italy/  For  many  years  he  employed  the 
Rev.  Jr.  Bugby,  Jolm  Oaskin,  and  other  com- 
petent scholars  to  prepare  special  editions 
of  the  bible  and  religious  works  which  he 

r*  nted  for  free  distribution.  These  included : 
'  The  Holy  Bible/  arranged  in  numbered 
paragraphs,  1863,  4to,  1272  pages,  with  an 
exceUent  index  in  a  separate  volume  of  277 
pages.  Two  subsequent  editions  were  printed 
m  1878  and  1886.  2.  '  Biodati's  Italian 
Testament,'  similarly  arranged  and  indexed, 
printed  for  distribution  in  Italy.  3. '  Oster- 
vald*8  French  Testament,'  arranged  on  a 
similar  plan.  4. '  Hymns  of  the  Church  Uni- 
versal, with  Prefaces,  Annotations,  and  In- 
dexes,' Manchester,  1885,  pp.  604,  royal  8vo ; 
a  selection  from  a  collection  made  by  Ry- 
lands of  sixty  thousand  hymns. 

He  died  at  his  residence,  Longford  Hall, 
Stretford,  Manchester,  on  11  Dec.  1888,  being 
Imried  at  the  Manchester  Southern  cemetery. 

He  married  thrice :  (I)  in  1825,  Dinah, 
daughter  of  W.  Raby  of  Ardwick,  Manchester 
(by  her  he  had  six  children,  none  of  whom 
survived  him) ;  (2)  in  1848,  Martha,  widow 
of  Richard  Garden ;  and  (3)  in  1875,  Enri- 
qneta  Augustina  (d.  4  Feb.  1908),  eldest  sur- 
vivinff  daughter  of  Stephen  Catley  Tennant. 

Rylands^s  widow  erected  in  Manchester  a 
permanent  memorial  of  her  husband  in  the 
John  Rylands  Library,  of  which  the  famous 
Althorp  Libran^,  purchased  by  her  from  Earl 
Spencer  in  1892,  and  Lord  Crawford's  MSS., 
purchased  by  her  in  1901,  form  part  of  the 
contents.  The  library  was  opened  6  Oct. 
1899,  when  Mrs.  Rylands  received  the  free- 
dom of  the  city  of  Manchester. 

[In  Memoriam,  John  Rylands,  1889  (by  Dr. 
8.  O.  Green),  -with  portrait ;  Sunday  at  Home, 
23  March  1889,  with  aaother  portrait;  Man- 
chester City  News,  15  Dec.  1888 ;  Fox  Bonme's 
Romaoee  of  Trade;  Quaritch's  English  Book 
Collectors ;  Papers  of  the  Manchester  Literary 
Clnb  (article  by  W.  B.  Credland),  1898,  p.  184 ; 
private  information.]  C.  W.  S. 

BYLANDS,  PETER  (1820-1887),  poU- 
tician,  bom  in  Bewsey  House,  Wamngton, 
on  IS  Jan.  1820,  was  the  yojxngest  son  of  John 
Rylands,  a  mannfactnrer,  by  his  wife,  a 
daughter  of  the  Rev.  James  Qlazebrook,  vicar 
of  Belton,  Letoestershire.  He  was  educated 
at  the  Boteler  grammar  school  in  his  native 
town.  At  a  boy  he  had  a  passion  for  politics, 


and  in  1835  presided  at  a  whig  banauet  of 
two  hundred  sons  of  Warrington  electors, 
who  had  taken  part  in  a  mock  election.  Up 
to  the  a^  of  twenty-one  his  time  was  chiefly 
passed  m  studying  and  writing  papers  on 
natural  history  and  phrenology.  He  then 
found,  however,  that  nis  feither  s  means  had 
shrunk,  owin^  to  the  diversion  of  the  manu- 
facture of  sail-<doth  from  Warrin|rton,  and 
that  the  manufacture  of  steel  and  iron  wire, 
another  business  conducted  by  his  father,  had 
ceased  to  pay.  In  concert  with  his  brothers, 
Peter  reconstituted  the  latter  business,  which 
in  the  course  of  a  few  years  increased  so 
largely  as  to  contribute  to  the  prosperity  of 
Warrington. 

Rylands  interested  himself  in  religious 
topics.  Originally  a  nonconformist,  he  joined 
the  church  of  England.  In  1845  he  published 
a  little  pamphlet  on  'The  Mission  of  the 
Church.'  A  larger  work,  on  'TTie  Pulpit 
and  the  People,'  appeared  in  1847.  He  also 
took  an  active  part  m  politics,  and  became  a 
working  member  of  the  Anti-Comlaw  League. 
He  was  elected  mayor  of  Warrinffton  in 
1852,  and  in  1859  he  was  invited  to  become 
a  liberal  candidate  in  opposition  to  Mr. 
Greenall;  but  he  declined  on  the  ground  of 
business  engagements.  In  concert  with  Mr. 
McMinnies  and  the  Rev.  R.  A.  Mould,  he 
contributed  a  series  of  letters  to  the  'War- 
rington Guardian,'  si^ed  Oliver  West.  They 
attracted  wide  attention,  andstirredtoenergy 
the  liberal  sentiment  of  the  district.  The 
authorship  was  not  disclosed  until  after  Ry- 
lands's  death  {Life,  p.  26).  Rylands  entered 

Parliament  as  member  for  Warrington  in 
868.  He  was  a  candidate  in  1874,  first  for 
Warrington,  and  next  for  south-east  Lanca- 
shire, but  failed  in  each  case.  In  1876  he 
returned  to  the  House  of  Commons  as  mem- 
ber for  Burnley,  and  represented  it  till  his 
death. 

In  parliament,  Rylands  proved  himself  an 
earnest  and  hard-working,  but  independent 
radical.  He  frequently  criticised  the  foreign 
policy  of  both  parties,  and  in  1886  joined 
the  party  of  bberal  unionists  which  was 
formed  when  Mr.  Gladstone  adopted  the 
policy  of  home  rule  for  Ireland.  He  died 
on  8  Feb.  1887  at  his  house,  Massey  Hall, 
Thelwall,  Cheshire.  He  married  twice  and 
left  issue. 

[Correspondence  and  Speeches  of  Mr.  Peter 
Rylands,  by  L.  Gordon  Rylands,  2  vols.! 

T.  R, 

BYLEY.    [See  also  Rilbt.] 

RYLEY  or  RILBY,  CHARLES 
REUBEN  (1752  P-1798),  painter,  son  of  a 
trooper  in  the  horse-guiurds,  was  bom  in 


Ryley 


sso 


Ryley 


London  about  1762.  He  was  of  wea^ 
constitution  and  deformed  in  figure,  lie 
showed  an  early  taate  for  art,  and  at  first 
studied  engraving,  for  which  he  received  a 
premium  in  1767  from  the  Society  of  Arts. 
Afterwards  he  took  to  painting  and  became  a 
pupil  of  John  Hamilton  Mortimer,  R.  A.  [q.  v.] 
and  a  student  of  the  Royal  Academy,  where 
he  obtained  a  gold  medal  in  1778  for  a  paint- 
ing of  '  Orestes  on  the  point  of  beinff  sacri- 
ficed by  Iphiffenia.'  This  picture  he  ex- 
hibited at  the  Koyal  Academy  in  1779,  from 
which  date  he  was  a  constant  exhibitor  of 
drawings  and  small  pictiu^  mostly  in  the 
style  of  his  master,  Mortimer.  Indifferent 
health  prevented  him  from  making  much 
proopress  in  his  art,  and  he  was  compelled 
to  fall  back  upon  working  for  booksellers 
and  teaching  in  schools.  He  was  employed 
on  decorative  paintings  by  the  Duke  of  Rich- 
mond at  Goodwood,  Mr.  Willett  at  Merly, 
Mr.  Conolly  in  Ireland,  and  elsewhere.  Alter 
beginning  life  with  strict  methodist  views, 
Ryley  feU  into  irregular  habits,  which,  acting 
on  his  enfeebled  constitution,  brought  about 
his  death  on  18  Oct.  I7d8,  at  his  house  in 
what  was  then  the  New  Road,  Marylebone. 
Some  of  his  works  have  been  engraved. 

[Edwards's  Anecdotes  of  Fainting;  Redgrave's 
Diet,  of  Artists;  Ghraves's  Diet,  of  Artists,  1760- 
1893.]  L.  C. 

RYLEY,  JOHN  (1747-1815),  mathe- 
matician, was  the  eldest  son  of  Samuel 
Ryley,  a  farmer  and  clothier,  of  Alcoates, 
near  Fudsey,  Yorkshire,  where  he  was  born 
on  30  Nov.  1747.  He  received  a  village 
education,  and  was  then  employed  at  home 
as  husbandman  and  cloth  manufacturer,  de- 
voting his  leisure  to  mathematics  with  such 
success  that  in  1774  he  was  appointed  ma- 
thematical master  at  Dri^hliiu^n  gram- 
mar school.  Here  he  studied  fluxions  and 
the  higher  parts  of  algebra.  In  1775  he 
opened  a  school  of  his  own  at  Pudsey,  where 
he  married  Miss  Dawson  of  Topcliffe.  In 
1776  he  became  schoolmaster  of  Beeston,  and 
soon  began  to  contribute  solutions  of  pro- 
blems to  the  *  Ladies'  Diary,'  winning  many 
prizes.  In  1789  Ryley  was  made  hea£naster 
of  the  Bluecoat  school  in  Leeds,  retaining 
the  post  till  death.  He  also  taught  (about 
1800)  in  the  grammar  school,  and  took 
private  pupils,  several  of  whom  distinguished 
themselves  at  Cambridge.  Manj^  eminent 
mathematicians  visited  mm.  He  died  of  gout 
on  22  April  1815.  He  had  three  sons  and 
four  daughtera. 

Ryley  was  a  self-made  man,  but,  though 
his  *  countenance  was  repulsive,  from  his 
fi^ced  habits  of  dose  thinking,'  he  was  of  bene- 


volent character.  In  his  hasty  and  nervous 
manner  of  speech,  as  well  as  in  his  heavy 
build,  he  somewhat  resembled  Dr.  Johnson. 
Besides  being  a  very  successful  teacher  of 
mathematics,  he  was  the  first  editor  of  the 
'Leeds  Correspondent,'  1815,  a  literary,  ma- 
thematical, and  philosophical  miscellany. 
He  also  contribut«Mi  to  many  other  mathe- 
matical periodicals  for  nearly  half  a  century, 
and  compile  <  The  Leeds  Guide,'  containing 
a  history  of  Leeds  and  adjacent  villages, 
1806  and  1808  (now  very  scarce). 

[Leeds  Correspondent,  ii.  97,  242;  Taylor^s 
Leeds  Worthies ;  Bayner's  Hist,  of  Pudsey.  See 
also  Leeds  Inteiiigeneer,  April  1815,  and  Padsoy 
Almanao  for  1873.]  W.  F.  8. 

RYLEY,  SAMUEL  WILLIAM  (1759- 
1837),  actor  and  author,  the  son  ana  only 
child  of  Samuel  Romney,  a  wholesale  grocer 
of  St.  James's  Market,  London,  was  bom  in 
London  in  1759.  After  his  retirement  from 
affairs  consequent  upon  ill-health,  the  elder 
Ronmey  lived  on  an  income  of  350/.  a  year 
bequeathed  to  Mrs.  Romney  by  her  uncle, 
Sir  William  Heathcote,  who  also  leflr4,000iL 
to  her  children.  Young  Romney  was  edu- 
cated at  a  day  school  m  Kensington,  and 
afterwards  at  a  second  in  Fulham,  Icept  by  a 
Mr.  Day.  In  his  seventh  year  he  went  with 
his  parents  to  Chester,  where  he  was  placed 
at  tne  grammar  school.  Bound  apprentice 
to  William  Een  worthy  of  Quickwooa,  Saddle- 
worth,  Yorkshire,  a  wooUen  manufacturer, 
he  ran  away  with  his  master^s  daughter  Ann 
,  (baptised  at  St.  (George's  Church,  Mossier,  on 
9  Dec.  1759),  and  married  her  at  Gretna ureen 
j  on  15  Sept.  1776,  remarrying  her  subsequenUy 
I  in  Clifton,  near  Preston,  where,  aftor  his 
mother's  death,  his  father  resided. 

In  five  years  the  money  he  had  inherited 
was  s^nt,  and  he  retired  in  April  1782  on  a 
small  income  of  his  wife's  to  Kewbv  Bridge, 
Westmoreland.  In  February  1783  he  joined 
on  sharing  terms  Austin  &  Whitlock's  thea- 
trical company  at  Newcastle-on-Tyne,  where 
he  appeared  as  George  Bamweu  in  *  The 
Lonaon  Merchant.'  After  losing  about  20^ 
by  the  engagement,  he  retired  to  Join  Powell's 
company  in  the  west  of  England,  and  in 
1784,  after  raising  200/.,  joined  Powell  in 
management,  begmning  in  Worcester  [see 
Powell,  William].  Soon  buying  out  his 
partner  with  borrowed  money,  he  became  solo 
manager.  The  result  was  disastrous,  and 
Romney,  burdened  with  debt,  had  to  resume 
his  occupation  of  a  strolling  actor.  At  Taun- 
ton Mrs.  Romney  appeared  as  an  actress. 
Among  other  parts  sue  played  Fanny  to  his 
Lord  Ogleby  in  the  '  Clandestine  Marriage.' 
Aft^r  rambling  up  and  down  principally  ia 


Ryley 


55X 


Ryley 


the  west  of  England,  Romney  found  his  way 
to  London,  ana  tried  unsuccessfully  for  an 
enzagement  at  Druzy  Lane.  As  Lora  Oeleby 
and  Fanny  the  Honmeys  appeared  in  Man- 
chester, where  he  gave  to  the  stage  some 
ballads  which  were  Tavourably  received,  and 
produced  in  1792 'The  Civilian,  or  the  Farmer 
turned  Footman,'  a  musical  farce,  Hudders- 
field,  12mo,  no  date.  After  an  unsuccessful 
trip  with  a  portion  of  the  company  to  various 
country  towns,  he  produced  in  1793  at  Man- 
chester 'Roderic  Kandom,'  a  comic  opera 
taken  from  Smollett,  Huddersfield,  12mo,  no 
date.  He  then  resigned  the  stage,  in  order 
'  to  commence  tradesman  in  the  spirit  line.* 
Upon  the  failure  of  this  experiment  he  re- 
sum^  a  wandering  Ufe.  witn  an  entertain- 
ment written  by  himself,  and  called  '  New 
Brooms.*  With  this  he  travelled  in  Yorkshire, 
where  he  gave  it,  under  Tate  Wilkinson's 
management,  in  Wales  and  in  Cumberland. 
He  then  joined  the  company  of  Francis  Aickin 

Eq.  v.]  at  Liverpool,  and  afterwards  that  of 
Stephen  Kemble  at  Newcastle-on-Tyne,  and 
proceeded  with  the  latter  to  Edinburgh.  This 
most  have  been  in  1797,  since  ou  16  Jan. 
1797,  between  the  play  and  the  farce  '  Mr. 
Rylejr '  from  Liverpool  gave  his  popular  en- 
tertainment, *New  Brooms*  ana  'Lover's 
Quarrels.'  This  is  the  first  time  we  trace  his 
use  of  the  name  of  Ryley.  After  playing  in 
Glasgow  and  other  Scottish  towns,  he  re- 
turned to  Newcastle  where,  while  playinff 
Sir  I^Vancis  Wronghead,  he  had  a  first  attack 
of  paralvsis.  A  series  of  experiments  fol- 
lowed with  varying  success.  Possessed  at  one 
time  of  350/.,  he  was  about  to  build  a  theatre 
at  Warrington.  Soon  afterwards  he  was  once 
more  penniless. 

The  first  three  volumes  of  Rylev's  '  The 
Itinerant,  or  Memoirs  of  an  Actor,'  dedicated 
to  William  Roscoe,  were  published  in  Lon- 
don in  1808.  A  second  series,  also  in  three 
volumes,  and  dedicated  to  Roscoe,  with  a 
portrait  of  the  author,  showing  him  an  old 
man,  appeared  in  1816  and  1817,  and  a  third 
series,  once  more  in  three  volumes,  and  en- 
titled '  The  Itinerant  in  Scotland,'  was  issued 
in  1827.  The  last  series  is  very  scarce.  The 
first  series  was  reprinted  in  1817.  Another 
reprint  in  a  large  size  was  executed  in  1880 
at  Oldham.  ^  The  Itinerant '  purports  to  be 
in  some  respects  autobio^phical.  It  is  a 
wild,  fantastic  work,  fashioned  in  part  upon 
'Tristram  Shandy,'  and  in  part  upon  Tate 
Wilkinson's  ^  Memoirs  of  his  own  Life,'  and 
•  Wandering  Patentee.* 

After  forty  years'  residence  in  Chester  and 
Parkgate,  Ry&y  was  arrested  for  debt  and 
lodged  in  Chester  Castle.  From  this  durance 
he  was  relieved  by  a  beuefit  got  up  for  him 


at  the  theatre,  and  embarked  on  another 
career  of  unsuccessful  management.  The 
success  of  'The  Itinerant'  induced  him  to 
turn  his  attention  again  to  the  drama,  and 
he  wrote  two  plays,  respectively  entitled 
'  The  old  Soldier '^and  *  The  Irish  Girl.'  With 
these  he  came  to  Loudon.  Through  his 
friend,  Thomas  Dibdin  [q.  v.],  the  former  was 
sent  in  to  Harris  of  Covent  Garden.  Some 
delusive  hopes  were  raised,  but  neither  piece 
was  accepted.  Ryley  was  well  received  by 
Charles  Mathews,  at  whose  house  he  met 
Theodore  Hook  and  various  notabilities,  and 
he  strengthened  his  friendship  with  many 
celebrat^  actors,  some  of  whom  visited  him 
at  Parkgate ;  Mathews  especially  seems  to 
have  been  a  not  unfrequent  guest.  The  house 
at  Parkgate,  a  diminutive  edifice  known  as 
Ry ley's  Castle,  was  the  deserted  residence  of 
the  look-out  custom-house  officer.  It  is  still 
in  existence,  commanding  a  beautiful  view 
over  the  Dee. 

On  13  Feb.  1809,  as  Ryley  from  Liverpool, 
he  made  at  Drury  Lane,  as  Sir  Peter  Teazle, 
his  first  appearance  in  London.  The 'Monthly 
Mirror'  spoke  of  him  contemptuously  as  'a 
thin  gentleman  about  fifty,'  and  said  his  de- 
livery might  make  him  respectable  in  the 
country.  His  hope  of  a  three  years'  engage- 
ment was  defeated  in  consequence,  he  holds, 
of  the  destruction  of  the  theatre  immediately 
afterwards  by  fire.  Further  essays  in  country 
management  were  no  more  prosperous  than 
previous  attempts,  and  his  wife's  money  was 
at  last  dl  spent .  Mrs.  Ryley  wrote  a  success- 
ful novel  in  three  volumes,  entitled  '  Fanny 
Fitfr-York,  or  the  Heiress  or  Tremorne'  (Jjon- 
don,  1818, 3  vols.  12mo).  She  assistea  her 
husband  in  a  play,  'The  Castle  of  Glyn- 
dower,'  with  which  Ryley  again  went  to 
London.  Through  the  influence  of  Kean, 
it  was  produced  at  Drurv  Lane  on  2  March 
1818,  with  Mrs.  Orger,  Mrs.  AIsop,  Dowton, 
Harley,  Knight,  Penley,  and  Wallack  in  the 
cast.  It  was  damned  at  the  end  of  the  second 
act,  and  never  revived.  A  benefit  was  p^ven 
Ryley  for  the  purpose  of  enabling  him  to 
reach  home. 

Under  the  date  7  Bee.  1819,  Charles  Ma- 
thews tells  how  '  poor  old  Ryley,  penniless 
and  melancholy  as  usual,*  was  ready  for  him 
on  his  arrival  at  Liverpool ;  Mathews  adds 
that  he  gave  a  performance  of  two  acts  of 
*  The  Mail  Coach,'  which  old  *  Triste '  ('  Mun- 
dungus  Triste'  in  one  of  Mathews's  enter- 
tainments was  taken  from  Rylev)  exhibited, 
the  result  being  a  profit  of  100/.,  'so 
the  Itinerant  was  in  luck '  (Mbs.  Mathews, 
Memoirs f  iii.  105).  The  'Irish  Girl'  was 
played  for  the  first  time  for  Ryley's  benefit 
at  the  Theatre  Royal,  Liverpool,  on  2o  Feb. 


Ryley 


5S^ 


Ryley 


1825,  as  Byley  said  in  the  prologue, '  to  keep 
the  wolf  firom  the  door.'  On  this  occasion 
Ryleyplayed  Sir  John  Trotley  in  Garrick's 
'Bon  Ton,  or  High  life  above  Stairs/  The 
'Irish Girl'  was  occasionally  reTived,  chiefly 
for  Ry ley's  benefit,  which  became  an  annuid 
affair.  Ryley  was  accepted  in  Lancashire  and 
Cheshire  as  Lord  Ogleby,  and  Sir  Peter 
Teazle,  and  played  a  gnst  yariety  of  cha- 
racters. He  founded  m  Liverpool  debating 
societies,  and  started  classes  for  instruction 
in  elocution,  deportment,  and  acting.  The 
most  popular  of  his  entertainments  con- 
sisted of  a  number  of  pasteboard  figures 
worked  by  machinery,  which  made  ridiculous 
&ces  while  the  showman  played  on  the 
violin  and  sang  a  song  of  his  own  composi- 
tion, with  the  chorus '  Make  faces.'  His  chief 
fEiculty  was  for  writing  sonffs,  which,  with 
little  literary  qualitj^  and  detective  in  rhyme 
and  metre,  hit  off  topics  of  the  day.  Some  are 
included  in  a  volume  published  at  Hudders- 
field  without  date.  He  died,  altera  painful 
illness,  on  12  Sept.  1837,  at  his  house  in 
Parkgate,  and  was  buried  in  the  churchyard 
of  Neston,  Cheshire.  His  portrait  appears  in 
vol.  iv.  of '  The  Itinerant. 

The  first  Mrs.Ryley  died  on  27  March  1828, 
and  Ryley  married  her  nurse,  who  was  also 
her  niece.  She  survived  him  in  extreme 
poverty. 

[Particulars  of  Ryley*8  life  are  gleaned  with 
much  difficnlty  finoni  his  ItiDerant,  which  has 
long  ranked  as  one  of  the  least  accessible  of 
stage  records.  The  meagre  information  given 
in  the  Biographia  Dramutica.  copied  by  Upcott, 
has  been  supplemented  by  researches  in  local 
documents  kindly  undertaken  by  Mrs.  Gamlin, 
the  historian  of  Birkenhead.  Chenest's  Account 
of  the  fioglish  Stage,  Dibdin's  Edinburgh  Stage, 
Memoirs  of  Charles  Mathews,  The  Monthly  Re- 
view, various  years,  and  the  Theatrical  Inquisitor 
for  March  1818  have  also  been  laid  under  con- 
tribution; Notes  and  Queries,  8th  ser.  is.  87} 
112,  132.]  J.  K. 

RYLEY,  WILLIAM,  the  elder  (d,  1667), 
herald  and  archivist.,  a  native  of  Lancashire, 
was  the  son  of  William  Ryley^  who  held 
the  office  of  Rouge  Rose  pursuivant-extra- 
ordinary from  1680  till  his  death  about  1684. 
His  family  may  have  been  settled  at  Accring- 
ton.  Thomas  Ryley,  a  king's  scholar  at 
Westminster  School,  who  was  elected  to 
Cambridge  in  1625,  and  aft;erwards  became 
a  fellow  and  tutor  of  Trinity  College,  has 
been  identified  as  a  brother.  William  re- 
ceived a  legal  education,  being  entered  at 
the  Middle  Temple.  He  soon  acquired  a 
taste  for  antiquarian  research,  and  about 
1620  he  entered  the  Tower  as  clerk  of  the 
records,  under  Sir  John  Borough  [q.v.],  Garter 


king  of  arms,  the  keeper  of  those  archives. 
His  employment  in  that  office  extended  over 
forty-seven  years.  On  4  Sept.  1638  he  wa.s 
appointed  Bluemantle  pursuivant  of  arms, 
and  on  II  Nov.  1641  Lancaster  herald.  He, 
with  the  other  heralds,  followed  Charles  I 
to  Oxford,  but  on  31  July  1613  he  obtained 
the  royal  warrant  to  return  to  London,  in 
order  to  protect  the  records  in  the  Tower 
during  the  absence  of  Sir  J.  Borough,  who 
remained  at  court. 

Ryley  soon  came  to  be  regarded  as  a  zealous 
parliamentarian.  He  was  assessed  for  20/., 
being  the  tax  known  as  the  '  twentieth  part,* 
and  his  friends  in  the  House  of  Commons 
procured  the  remission  of  the  assessment,  on 
the  ground  of  his  good  service  to  the  parlia- 
ment. Afterwards  his  political  conduct  was 
vaciUating^and  suspected,  and  it  is  said  that  he 
was  committed  to  prison  in  January  1643-4, 
for '  intelligence  with  Oxford '(Whitelockb, 
Memorials  J  edit.  1732,  p.  79).  He  was  ac- 
cused before  the  committee  of  examinations 
at  Westminster  of  being  with  Sir  Basil 
Brooke,  the  chief  agents  in  a  plot  '  to  make 
a  difference  between  the  parliament  and  the 
city,  to  divert  the  Scots  advancing  hither, 
and  to  raise  a  general  combustion  under  the 
pretence  of  peace.*    After  a  few  weeks'  im- 

Jrisonment  ne  was  released,  and,  when  Sir 
.  Borough  died  in  April  1644,  he  was  ap- 
pointed by  the  parliament  to  succeed  him  as 
keeper  of  the  records. 

In  September  1646  Ryley  was  one  of  three 
kings  of  arms  appointed  by  parliament  to 
conduct  the  state  burial  on  22  Oct.  in  West- 
minster Abbey  of  the  Earl  of  Essex.  Two 
days  before  he  was  created  Norroy  king  of 
arms.  His  employments  were,  however,  to 
use  his  own  words, '  places  of  quality  rather 
than  of  profit,'  and  m  1648  he  petitioned 
parliament  to  settle  upon  him  a  compe- 
tency, on  the  ground  that  he  had  for  seven 
years  received  no  remuneration  (Peck,  De- 
siderata  Curiosay  1779,  lib.  ix.  p.  384) ;  200/. 
was  advanced  to  him,  and  his  salary  as  clerk 
of  the  records  was  fixed  at  100/.  per  annum 
by  Cromwell,  whom  Ryley  cordially  sup- 
ported. About  1650  Kyley  removed  hiA 
nousehold  to  Acton,  Middlesex.  The  old 
charge  of  'intelligence  with  Oxford'  was  in 

1653  renewed  against  him  in  the  committee 
of  indemnity,  and  be  was  further  accused 
of  having  been  in  actual  arms  for  the  king, 
but  by  the  act  of  oblivion  '  he  was  dispensed 
withall.' 

He  was  agent  to  the  commission  for  the 
sale  of  the  royal  forests,  and  on  19  April 

1654  he  wrote  to  Secretary  Thurloe  to  solicit 
that  his  appointment  might  be  changed 
from  agent  to  commissioner  (Thublob,  State 


Ryley 


553 


Ryley 


Paper$y  ii.  232).  He  assisted  as  Norroy  at 
the  funeral  of  the  Protector  Oliver,  and  at 
the  installation  as  Protector  of  Richard 
Cromwell,  who  on  26  Feb.  1668-9  created 
him  darenceux  king  of  arms  {Fmrth  R^ 
port  of  Dep.'Keeper  of  Public  Hecords,  p. 
19^. 

When  the  king's  return  became  imminent, 
Hyley's  loyalty  revived,  and  he  was  one  of 
the  three  heralds  who  proclaimed  Charles  II 
at  Westminster  Hall  gate  on  8  May  1660, 
in  obedience  to  the  commands  of  both  houses 
of  parliament.  On  the  Restoration  Ryley 
was  reduced  to  his  former  rank  as  Lancaster 
herald,  thouffh  the  chapter  of  the  college  of 
aims  showed  their  appreciation  of  his  ser- 
vices by  making  him  their  registrar  on  18  Dec. 
1660.  The  p&ce  of  keeper  of  the  records 
was  jriven  to  William  Pxynne,  with  a  salary 
of  dOOL  per  annum ;  but  Ryley  and  his  son 
remained  in  the  office  as  his  deputies.  Prynne 
speaks  disparagingly  of  Ry ley's  abilities  and 
research,  but  he  can  hardly  be  regarded  as 
an  impartial  critic.  Pepys,  writing  on  13  Mav 
1664,  says :  '  I  saw  old  Rjrley,  the  herald, 
and  his  son,  and  spoke  to  his  son,  who  told 
me  in  very  bad  words  concerning  Mr.  Prin, 
that  the  king  had  given  him  an  office  of 
keeping  the  Records ;  out  that  he  never  comes 
thither,  nor  had  been  there  these  six  months  ; 
so  that  I  perceive  they  expect  to  get  his  em- 
.  ployment  from  him  *  (Diary,  8rd  edit.  ii.  326). 

Ryley  was  buried  in  the  east  cloister  of 
Westminster  Abbey  on  26  July  1667  (Ches- 
TBS,  Beffitterg  of  the  CoUegiaU  Churck  of 
8t.  Peter,  p.  166). 

His  children  were  William  Ryley  the 
younger  (see  below);  John;  Philip,  buried 
at  Acton  on  20  Oct.  1671 ;  Charles,  captain  of 
a  merchant  ship,  Hope,  who  died  at  sea,  un- 
married, in  16^ ;  Dorothy,  wife  of  George 
fiarkham  of  Acton,  Lancaster  herald ;  and 
Ann,  who  went  to  Virginia. 

fie  was  associated  with  his  son  in  the  pro- 
duction of  a  book  entitled  *  Placita  Parlia- 
mentaria.  Or  Pleadings  in  Parliament,  with 
Judgments  thereon  in  the  Reign  of  Edward 
the  First  and  Edward  the  Second .  .  .  Con- 
taining . . .  Statutes,  Ordinances,  Provisions, 
Inhibitions,  Forms  of  Writs  on  several  occa- 
sions, Prohibitions,  Proclamations,  with  the 
Confirmation  of  Magna  Charta  and  Charta 
de  Forests.  As  also  of  some  other  Records 
taken  out  of  the  Tower  of  London  which 
prove  the  Homage  anciently  due  to  the  Kings 
of  England  from  Scotland,  and  the  Esta- 
blishment of  Ireland  under  the  Laws  of  Eng- 
land,' London,  1661,  fol.  It  was  published 
in  Jane  1661,  and  in  September  the  same 
year  another  edition,  with  a  slightly  altered 
title-page,  appeared  under  the  son's  name 


(ELbkvtett,  Register  and  Chronicle,  pp.  478, 
642).  Ryley's  '  Collection  of  Arguments  in 
several  Cases  of  Heraldry,'  written  in  Latin, 
1646,  is  in  the  Harleian  MS.  4991.  <  The 
Visitation  of  Oxfordshire,'  taken  by  John 
Philpot  [q.  v.]  and  Ryley  in  1634,  was  pub- 
lished by  the  Harleian  Societv,  vol.  v.  (1871), 
and  '  The  Visitation  of  Middlesex,'  begun  by 
Rylev  and  Dethick  in  1663,  was  printed  at 
Salisbury,  1820,  fol.    The  eldest  son, 

WiLUAK  Ryley  (d.  1675),  claims,  in  a 
draft  petition  in  the  state  paper  office,  to  have 
been  educated  under  Busbv  at  Westminster, 
whence  he  went  to  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  and 
mduated  M.  A.  (  Thirtieth  JReportofthe  Dep," 
Keeper  qf  Public  Records,  p.  249).  A  scholar 
of  Westminster  he  certainly  was  not,  though 
he  may  have  been  a  town-boy,  neither  is  there 
any  record  of  his  matriculation  or  graduation 
at  Oxford  (Fostbb,  Alumni  Oxon.  1500-1714, 
iii.  1295).  He  was  admitted  a  student  oi 
the  Inner  Temple  in  November  1651,  and  he 
had  then  been  for  some  time  emplinred  in 
the  record  office  under  his  father  (Cookb, 
Students  admitted  to  the  Inner  Temple,  1547- 
1660).  He  was  not  called  to  the  bar  till 
12  Feb.  1664-5.  Before  the  Restoration 
he  married  Elizabeth,  fiflh  daughter  of  Sir 
Anthony  Chester,  bart.,  of  Chicheley,  and  this 
alliance  with  a  family  of  approved  loyalty 
and  some  influence  at  court  enabled  him  and 
his  father  to  remain  at  the  record  office 
under  the  new  keeper,  William  Prynne. 
Ryley  was  intimately  associated  with  his 
father  in  all  his  literary  pursuits  and  under- 
takings, and  assisted  him  in  the  compilation 
of  *  Placita  Parliamentaria.'  He  sent  in  a 
petition  for  a  ffrant  in  reversion  of  the  office 
of  keeper  of  the  records,  but  his  hopes  were 
disappointed,  and  after  Prynne's  death  the 
post  was  given  to  Sir  Algernon  May  in 
February  1669-70.  The  rest  of  his  life  is 
only  known  b^  a  series  of  petitions  setting 
forth  his  services  and  embarrassments.  In 
one  of  these  documents,  drawn  up  shortly 
before  his  death,  he  says :  '  I  have  lost  all 
preferments  to  attend  to  the  study  of  the 
records,  wherein  I  took  my  delight,  and  now, 
after  all  my  endeavours  and  constant  ser- 
vices to  his  Majesty,  must  by  sad  experience 
die  a  beggar.'  He  was  buried  in  the  church 
of  St.  Peter  ad  Vincula,  cear  the  Tower,  on 
12  Nov.  1675. 

Philip  Ryley  {d,  1733),  his  son  and  heir, 
was  from  an  early  age  until  1702,  and  again 
from  1706,  seijeant-at-arms,  attending  the 
lord  treasurer  of  England ;  was  subsequently 
agent  of  the  exchequer;  from  1698  a  com- 
missioner of  excise ;  from  30  Mav  1711  a 
commissioner  for  collecting  the  duties  on 
hides ;  and  for  many  years  surveyor  of  the 


Rymer 


554 


Rymer 


royal  woods  and  forests.  He  was  knighted 
by  George  II  on  26  April  1728.  His  posses- 
sion through  life  of  many  lucrative  offices 
enabled  him  to  acquire  considerable  wealth, 
and  he  purchased  the  manor  of  Great  Hock- 
ham,  near  Thetford,  Norfolk,  where  he  re- 
sided in  his  later  years.  He  died  at  Norwich 
on  26  Jan.  1733  {Gent  Mag.  1733,  p.  47). 

[The  Troables  of  William  Ryley,  Lancaster 
Herald,  aad  of  his  Son,  Clerks  of  the  Records 
in  the  Tower,  by  John  E.  Bailey,  F.S.A.,  pri- 
vately printed  at  Leigh,  Lancashire,  1879, 8vo; 
Waters  8  Genealogical  Memoirs  of  the  Family 
of  Chester  of  Chicheley,  i.  174  ;  Noble's  Coll.  of 
Arms,  pp.  240, 248.  261,  263, 261.  262,  264, 289 ; 
Lowndes'sBibLMan.  (Bohn},p.2160.]  T.  C. 

RYMER,  JAMES  (ft.  1776-1822),  me- 
dical writer,  a  native  of  Scotland,  is  said  to 
be  related  to  the  family  of  Thomas  Rymer 

Sq.  v.],  compiler  of  the  '  Fcedera.'  His  father 
Lied  when  he  was  young,  but  he  was  carefully 
educated  by  his  mother.  After  having  served 
an  apprenticeship  to  a  surgeon  and  apothe- 
cary, ne  studied  anatomy  and  medicme  at 
Edinburgh  University.  In  1770  he  left 
Edinburgh  for  I^ndon.  He  was  there  ap- 
pointed surgeon's  mate  on  n.M.S.  Montreal, 
with  which  he  made  two  voyages  in  the 
Mediterranean  and  Levant.  Soon  afterwards 
he  joined  the  Trident,  the  ship  of  Rear- 
admiral  Sir  Peter  Denis ;  subsequently  went 
a  voyage  to  Nevis  in  the  West  Indies,  and 
in  December  1776  became  surgeon  to  the 
sloop  Hazaxd.  He  very  soon  exchanged 
into  the  Surprise,  commanded  bv  Captain 
Robert  Linzee,  which  reached  Quebec  in 
May  1776,  and  thence  accompanied  Admiral 
Montagu's  squadron  to  St.  John's,  New- 
foundland. On  the  return  voyage,  in  No- 
vember 1776,  putrid  fever  broke  out.  Rymer 
was  next  attached  as  surgeon  to  the  sloop 
Aldemey,  which  was  stationed  at  Great 
Yarmouth.  While  there  he  wrote  a  *  Sketch 
of  Great  Yarmouth,  with  some  Reflections 
on  Gold  Bathing,'  1777, 12mo.  In  1778,  in 
which  year  he  says  he  published  a  volume 
of  '  Remarks  on  the  Earl  of  Chesterfield's 
Letters,'  he  was  transferred  to  the  Conquis- 
tador, which  was  stationed  at  the  Nore  for 
the  reception  and  distribution  of  impressed 
men  and  volunteers.  After  fifteen  months' 
service  he  was  transferred  to  the  Marlbo- 
rough, which  was  ordered  for  forei^  service. 
Rymer,  who  attributed  his  transference  to 
the  dislike  of  his  commanding  officer,  wrote 
a  somewhat  scurrilous  pamphlet  under  the 
title  'Transolantation,  or  Poor  Crocus  pluckt 
up  by  the  Root,'  1779.  He  appears  to  have 
remained  in  the  navy  till  1782.  On  2  June 
1816  he  was  elected  F.R.C.S.  (Lond.),  and 
seems  to  have  practised  afterwaras  at  Reigate 


and  Ramsgate.  He  was  living  at  the  latter 
place  in  1841-2.  His  last  surviving  daughter 
died  at  Brighton  on  18  June  1856  (Ge7it, 
Mag,  1865,  ii.  331). 

Rymer  wrote,  besides  the  works  already 
noticed:  1.  ^Introduction  to  the  Study  of 
Pathology  on  a  Natural  Plan,  containing  an 
Essay  on  Fevers,*  1775, 8vo.   2.  *  Description 
of  the  Island  of  Nevis,  with  an  Account  of  its 
Principal  Diseases,'  &c.,  1776,  8vo.    3.  *  An 
Essay  on  Medical  Education,  with  Advice 
to  Young  Gentlemen  who  go  into  the  Naw 
as  Mates,'  1776,  8vo.    4.  *  The  I^actice  of 
Navigation  on  a  New  Plan,  by  means  of 
a  Quadrant  of  the  Difference  of  Latitude 
and  Departure,'  1778, 4to.    5. '  Observations 
and  Remarks  respecting  the  more  effectual 
means  of  Preservation  of  Wounded  Sea- 
men and  Mariners  on  board  H.M.*8  ships 
in  Time  of  Action,'  1780,  8vo ;   2nd  edit. 
1782.    6.  *  Letter  on  the  Scurvy,'  1782, 8vo. 
7.  '  Chemical  Reflections  relating  to  the  Na- 
ture, Causes,  Prevention,  and  Cure  of  some 
Diseases,  particularly  the  Sea  Scurvy,'  1784, 
8vo.    8.  '  A  Tract  upon  Indigestion  and  the 
Hypochondriac    Disease,    and    on    Atomic 
Gout,^  1786,  8vo ;  6th  edit.  1789.    9.  '  On 
the  Nature  and  Symptoms  of  Gout,'  1785, 
8vo.  10.  'Physiological  Conjectures  concern- 
ing certain  Functions  of  the  Human  GSco- 
nomy  in  Foetus  and  in  the  Adult,'  1787, 8vo. 
11.  'A  Short  Account  of  the  Method  of 
treating  Scrofular  and  other  Glandular  Af- 
fections,' 1790,  8vo.     12.  '  Essay  on  Pesti- 
lential Diseases,'  1805,  8vo.    13.  <0n  the 
Nutriferous  System  in  Men  and  all  Creatures 
which  have  Livers,'  1808,  8vo.     14.    *A 
Treatise  on  Diet  and  lUffimen,  to  which 
are  added  a  Nosological  Table,  or  Medical 
Chest  Directory,  Prescriptiona,*  &c.,  1828, 
8vo;  dedicated  to  Dr.  Abemethy.    Rvmer 
also  contributed  to  the  '  Gentleman's  Maga- 
zine '  for  June  1822  (Supplement)  ^  Observa- 
tions on  Hydrophobia,'  for  which  he  recom- 
mended the  old  remedy  of  immerbion  in 
cold  or  tepid  water,  with  injections  of  the 
same;  and  he  translated  *  Analysis  of  the 
Section  of  the  Symphysis  of  the  Ossa  Pubis, 
as  recommended  in  cases  of  Difficult  Labour 
and  Deformed  Pelvis.    From  the  French  of 
Alphonse  le  Roy,'  1783. 

[Rymer  himself  tells  the  story  of  his  mrly 
life  iu  TransplancalioD  (1779),  mentioned  in  the 
text.  See  also  Lists  of  the  Royal  College  of 
Surgeons;  Lit.  Mem.  Living  Authors,  1798; 
Biogr.  Diet,  of  Living  Authors,  1816;  Watt's 
Bibl.  Brit.  i.  824  ;  Cat.  Roy.  Med.  and  Chirorg. 
Society;  Brit.  Mus.  Cat.]  Or.  Lb  G.  N. 

RYMER,  THOMAS  (1G41-1713),  author 
and  archaeologist,  son  of  Ralph  Rymer,  lord 
of  the  manor  of  Brafl'ertou,  Yorkshire,  woa 


Rymer 


555 


Rymer 


bom  at  <The  HaU'  at  Yaffortk  in  1641 
[96LEDBW,  HUt,  of  Northallerton^  p.  288). 
'he  father,  ^  possessed  of  a  good  estate/  was, 
coording  to  Clarendon,  '  of  the  quality  of 
16  better  sort  of  grand  jury  men,  who  was 
steemed  a  wise  man,  and  was  known  to  be 
listed  by  the  greatest  men  who  had  been 
I  rebellion'  (Omtinuation  of  Zt/v,  1769, 
I.  461 ).   An  ardent  roundhead,  he  was  made 
-easurer  of  his  district  during  the  Common- 
vealth,  and  he  was  granted  the  estate  at 
^affbrth  and  Wickmore,  Yorkshire,  which  he 
lad  preyiously  rented  at  200/.  a  year  of  the 
rojraust  owner,  Sir  Edward  Osborne.  At  the 
Kestoration  Sir  Edward's  son,  Hiomas,  com- 
pelled him  to  surrender  these  lands.    Ralph 
Uymer,  resenting  this  treatment,  joined '  the 
presbyterian  rising'  in  the  autumn  of  1663. 
He  was  arrested  on  12  Oct.,  was  condemned 
to  death  for  high  treason  on  7  Jan.,  and  was 
hanged  at  Yonc.    A  son  Balph,  who  also 
engajged  in  the  conspiracy,  was  detained  in 
prison  till  10  July  1666. 

Tliomas  was  educated  at  the  school  kept  by 
Thomas  Smelt,  a  loyalist,  at  Danby-^^Hske. 
George  Hickes  fq.  ▼.]  was  a  schoolfellow. 
He  was  admitted  a  'pensionarius  minor'  at 
Sidney  -  Sussex  College,  Cambridge,  on 
29  Apijl  1668,  at  the  age  of  seventeen.  On 
quitting  the  uniyersity  without  a  degree,  he 
became  a  member  of  Gray's  Inn  on  2  May 
1066,  and  was  called  to  the  bar  on  16  June 
1073  (cf.  FofiTEB,  Rea,  p.  300). 

But  literature  rather  than  law  occupied 
most  of  his  attention.  In  1668  he  first  ap- 
peared as  an  author  by  publishing  a  trans- 
lation of  a  Latin  anthology  from  Cicero's 
works  called '  Cicero's  Prince ; '  this  he  dedi- 
cated to  the  Duke  of  Monmouth.  The  special 
study  of  his  early  life  was,  howeyer,  dramatic 
literature,  and  he  reached  the  conyiction  that 
neglect  of  the  classical  rules  of  unibr  had 
seriously  injured  the  dramatic  efforts  of  Eng- 
lish writers.  In  1674  he  published,  with  an 
elaborate  preface  in  support  of  such  yiews, 
an  English  translation  of  R.  Bapin's  'Reflec- 
tions on  Aristotle's  Treatise  of  Poesie.'  In 
1677  he  not  only  prepared  an  essay  critically 
examining  some  typical  English  dramas  in 
the  light  of  his  theories,  but  iQso  wrote  a  play 
in  which  he  endeayoured  to  illustrate  prac- 
tically the  yalne  of  the  laws  of  the  classical 
drama.  The  play,  which  was  not  acted,  was 
licensed  for  piiblication  on  13  Sept.  1677,  and 
was  published  next  year  (m  4to)  under  the 
title  'Edgar,  or  the  English  Monarch:  an 
Heroick  Tragedy.'  It  was  in  rhymed  yerse. 
The  acUon  takcAplace  between  noonday  and 
ten  at  nieht.  The  nlot  was  mainly  drawn 
from  'Wiuiam  of  Malmesbury.  Aliounding 
in  strong  royalist  sentimentSi  the  yolume 


was  dedicated  to  the  king  (other  editions  are 
dated  1691  and  1692).  The  only  seryice  that 
the  piece  rendered  to  art  was  to  show  how 
a  nlay  might  faithfully  obserye  all  the  classi- 
cal laws  without  betraying  any  dramatic 
quality.  Addison  referred  to  it  in  the  '  Spec- 
tator' (No.  692)  as  a  typical  failure. 

Meanwhile  Rymer's  critical  treatise  was 
licensed  for  the  press  on  17  July  1677,  It 
was  entitled  '  The  Tragedies  Of  the  Last  Age 
oonsider'd  aud  examinVi  by  the  Practice  of 
the  Ancioits,  and  by  the  Common  Sense  of 
all  Ages,  in  a  letter  to  Fleetwood  Shepheard, 
esq.,'  1678,  sm.  8yo.  Here  Rymer  promised 
to  examine  in  detail  six  plays,  yis.  Matcher's 
^Rollo,'  'King  or  no  King,'  and  'Maid's 
Tragedy,' Shakespeare's  'Othello  *and  'Julius 
Cassar,'  and  Ben  Jonson's '  Catiline,'  as  well 
as  to  criticise  Milton's '  Paradise  Lost ' '  which 
some  are  pleased  to  call  a  poem.'  But  he 
confined  his  attention  for  the  present  to  the 
first  three  of  the  plays  only.  He  is  uni- 
formly hostile  to  the  works  criticised.  Most 
of  his  remarks  are  captious,  but  he  displayed 
wide  reading  in  the  classics  and  occasionally 
exposed  a  genuine  defect.  The  tract  was 
republished^with '  Part  I '  on  the  title-page, 
in  1692.  He  returned  to  the  attack  on 
'  Othello '  in  '  A  Short  View  of  Tragedy :  its 
Original  Excellency  and  Corruption;  with 
some  Reflections  on  Shakespeare  and  other 
Practitioners  for  the  Stage.'  This  was  pub- 
lished late  in  1692,  but  bears  the  date  1693. 
In  Rymer's  eyes  'Othello'  was  'a  bloody 
farce  without  salt  or  sayour.'  He  denies  that 
Shakespeare  showed  any  capacity  in  tragedy, 
although  he  allows  him  comic  genius  and 
humour.  Both  works  attracted  attention* 
Dryden  wrote  on  the  first  yolume  some  ap* 
preciatiye  notes,  which  Dr.  Johnson  first  pub- 
lished in  his  'Life  of  Dryden.'  The  second 
yolume  was  reyiewed  by  Motteux  in  the 
'  Gentleman's  Journal '  ror  December  1692^ 
and  by  John  Dunton  in  the  'Compleat 
Library,'  December  1692  ((ii.  68).  Dunton 
in  his  '  Life  and  Errors '  (1818,  p.  354)  caUs 
Rymer  'orthodox  and  modest.  Pope  de- 
scribed him  as  '  a  learned  and  strict  critic,' 
and  '  on  the  whole  one  of  the  best  critics  we 
eyer  had  ...  He  is  generalljr  right,  though 
rathet  too  seyere  in  his  opinion  of  the  par- 
ticular plays  he  speaks  or  (Spsnob,  Aneo^ 
dotes).  Comparing  Rymer's  critical  efforts 
with  Drydoi's  '  Essay  on  Dramatic  Poetry ' 
(1668),  Dr.  Johnson  wrote  that  Dryden's  criti- 
cism had  the  majesty  of  a  queen,  Rymer's 
the  ferocity  of  a  tyrant  (JoHHsoir,  Lives  ^ 
the  Poete^A, Cunningham,  i.  341).  Macaulay 
judged  him  to  be  the  worst  critic  that  eyer 
liyed.  It  is  fairer  to  regard  him  as  &  learned 
fanatic,  from  whose  extrayagances  any  leyel- 


Rymer 


ss^ 


Rymer 


headed  student  of  the  drama  may  derive 
much  amusement  and  some  profit. 

In  *  Martin  Scriblerus  *  Pope  classed  Rymer 
with  Dennis  as  one  of  those  ^  who,  beginning 
with  critidamy  became  afterwards  such  poets 
as  no  age  hath  parallel'd '  (cf.  Popb,  Works,  ed. 
Courthope  and  Elwin,  iy.  82,  ▼.  48).  Rymer 
wrote  three  poems  to  the  memory  or  Edmund 
Waller^  which  were  published  in  a  volume 
of  elegies  in  1688,  as  well  as  in  Dryden's 
*  Misc^lany  Poems ; '  and  he  is  said  to  have 
written  the  Latin  inscription  for  Waller^s 
tomb  at  Beaconsfield.  In  1689  he  published 
a  poem  on  Queen  Mary's  arrival,  and  in  1682 
a  translation  of  one  elegy  in  Ovid's  '  Tristia' 
(bk.  iii.  elegy  6 ;  reissued  in  Dryden's '  Mis- 
cellanies,' 2nd  edit.  p.  148).  Further  speci- 
mens of  his  verse,  which  was  on  occasion 
sportively  amorous,  appear  in  Nichols's  '  Se- 
lect Poems,'  1780,  ana  two  pieces  figure  in 
Mr.  A.  H.  Bullen's  '  Musa  Proterva^  (1896, 
pp.  125-7).  A  contemporary  caricature  scom- 
mlly designates  him  'a  garreteerpoet'  (Oaul- 
FIELB,  Portraits,  1819,  i.  60).  Other  contri- 
butions b}r  Rymer  to  literature  consisted  of 
a  translation  of  Plutarch's  '  Life  of  Nicias ' 
in  the  collection  of  Plutarch's '  lives '  (1683- 
1686),  and  he  is  supposed  to  be  author  of 
the  prefifUie  to  Thomas  Hobbes's  posthumous 
'  Historia  Eccleeiastica  carmine  eleg^aco  con- 
cinnata'  (1688).  *  A  Life  of  Thomas  Hobbes ' 
(1681),  sometimes  attributed  to  Rymer,  is 
almost  certainly  by  Richard  Bladcbume  [(}.v.] 
'  An  Essa;^  concerning  Critical  and  Gnnous 
Learning,  m  which  are  contained  some  short 
Reflections  on  the  Controversie  betwixt  Sir 
William  Temple  and  Mr.  Wotton,  and  that 
betwixt  Dr.  Bentley  and  Mr.  Boyl,  by  T.  R, 
Esqr.,'  1698 — a  'very  poor  and  mean  perfor- 
mance ' — ^18  attributed  to  Rymer  by  Heame 
(OoUeetums,  ii.  266-7) 

In  the  meantime  Rjrmer's  interests  had 
been  diverted  to  history.  In  1684  he  pub- 
lished a  learned  tract  'of  the  antiquity, 
power,  and  decay  of  parliaments '  (other  edi- 
tions in  1704  and  1714).  In  1692  he  re- 
ceived the  appointment  of  historiographer 
to  the  king,  in  succession  to  Shadwell,  at  a 
salary  of  200/.  a  year  (Litttbbll,  ii.  623). 

Shortly  afterwards  the  government  of 
William  HI  determined,  mainly  at  the  sug- 
gestion of  Lord  Somers,  toprint  by  authority 
the  public  conventions  of  Great  Britain  witn 
other  powers.  On  26  Aug^.  1698  a  warrant 
was  issued  to  Rymer  appomting  him  editor 
of  the  publication,  which  was  to  be  entitled 
'Foedera,'  and  authorising  him  to  search  all 
public  re^itories  for  leagues,  treaties,  alli- 
ances, capitulations,  confederacies,  which  had 
at  any  time  been  made  between  tne  crown  of 
England  and  other  kingdoms.    Rymer  took 


as  his  model  Leibnitz's  recently  published 
'  Codex  Juris  Gentium  Diplomaticus' (Han- 
over, 1693),  and  founded  his  work  on  an 
Elizabethan  manuscript '  Book  of  Abbrerm- 
tions  of  Leagues '  by  Arthur  Agard  [q.  v.j 
He  corresponded  with  Leibnitc  and  with 
Bishop  Nicolson,  and  benefited  by  their  sug 
gestions.   The  warrant  enabling  him  to  con- 
tinue his  researches  was  renewed  to  Rymer 
on  12  April  1694.    His  expenses  were  large, 
and  he  was  inadequately  remunerated  by 
the  government.      On   23  April   1694  he 
was  granted,  on  his  petition,  a  sum  of  200^, 
'  seized  at  Leicester  on  the  convicti(A  of  a 
Romish  priest,'  Gervas  Oartwright.    But  up 
to  August  1698  he  had  expended  l,263i. 
in  transcription  and  the  like,  and  only  re- 
ceived 500^     From  May  1703  a  salary  of 
200/.  was  paid  him  for  his  editorial  laboun, 
but  he  sunered  extreme  poverty  until  his 
death.    Many  importunate  petitions,  which 
Lord  Halifax  supported  with  his  influence, 
were  needed  before  any  money  was  set  aside 
by  the  government  for  printing  his  work. 
The  first  volume  was  at  len^h  published  on 
20  Nov.  1704,  with  a  turgid  dedication  in 
Latin  to  the  queen.   It  opens  with  a  conven- 
tion between  Henry  I  and  Robert,  earl  of 
Flanders,  dated  17  May  1101.      Oyly  two 
hundred  and  fifty  copies  were  printed.    The 
second  volume  appeared  in  1705,  and  the  third 
in  1706.    In  1707,  when  the  fourth  volume 
was  issued,  Robert  Sanderson  fq.  v.]  was  ap- 
pointed Rymer's  assistant,  ana  the  warrant 
empowering  searches  was  renewed  on  3  May. 
The  fifth  and  sixth  volumes  followed  in  1708 ; 
the  seventh,  eighth,  and  ninth  in  1709,  the 
tenth  and  eleventh  in  1710,  the  twelfth  in  1711, 
the  thirteenth  and  fourteenth  in  17 12,  and  the 
fifteenth,  bringing  the  documents  down  to 
July  1586,  in  1713,  the  year  of  Rymer's  death. 
The  sixteenth  volume,  which  appeared  in 
1715,  was  prepared  by  Sanderson,  'ex  sdiedia 
Thomsd  Rymeri  potissimum.'    By  a  warrant 
dated  15i%b.  1717  Sanderson  was  constituted 
the  sole  editor  of  the  undertaking,  and  he 
completed  the  original  scheme  by  issuing  the 
seventeenth  volume    in   1717    ('accurante 
Roberto  Sanderson,  generoso').      Here  the 
latest  treaty  printed  was  dated  1625.   There 
were  appended  an  index  and  a  '  Syllabus  seu 
Index  Actorum  MSS.  qxue  lix  Toluminibus 
compacta  (praeter  xviii  tomoe  typis  vulgatos) 
collegit  ac  descripsit  Thomas  Kymer.'     The 
syllabus  consists  of  a  list  of  au  the  manu- 
scripts Rymer  had  transcribed  during  the 
progress  of  the  undertaking.    These  papers, 
which  dealt  with  the  period  bet'ween  1115 
and  1698,  are  now  among  the  Additional 
MSS.  at  the  British  Museum  (Nos.  4573- 
4630  and  No.  18911).    Of  the  two  hundred 


Rymer 


557 


Rysbrack 


and  fifty  copies  printed  of  each  of  the  seven- 
teen Tolumes,  two  hundred  onl^  were  for  sale 
at  2/.  each.  The  cost  of  printing  the  seven- 
teen Tolomes  amounted  to  10,616/.  12s.  QtL 
Three  sunplemental  volumes  by  Sanderson 
brought  the  total  number  to  twenty,  of  which 
the  last  appeared  in  1735.  The  latest  docu- 
ment included  was  dated  1664. 

As  the  successive  volumes  issued  firom  the 
praes,  the  mat  design  attracted  appreciative 
attenticm,  ooth  at  home  and  abroad.  Each 
volume  was,  on  its  publication,  abridged  by 
Rapin  in  French  in  Lie  Clerc's  *  Bibliothdque 
CSiotsie,'  and  a  translation  of  this  abriog- 
ment  was  published  in  English  as  'Acta 
Begia '  b^  Stephen  Whatley  in  1781  in  4  vols. 
8vo  (oriwially  issued  in  twenty-five  monthlv 
parts).  Ueame  highly  commended  Rymen 
industry,  and  welcomed  every  instalment 
with  enthusiasm  (cf.  OoUecUontf  ii.  296). 
Swift,  who  obtained  the  volumes  for  the 
library  of  Dublin  University,  wrote  in  his 
« Journal  to  SteUa'on  22 Feb.  1712:  <  Game 
home  early,  and  have  been  amusing  myself 
with  loolung  into  one  of  the  vuumes  of 
Rymer^s  records.'  Though  defective  at  some 
points,  and  defaced  by  errors  of  date  and  by 
many  misprints,  Rvmer's  '  Fosdera '  remains 
s  collection  of  high  value  and  authority  for 
almost  aU  periods  of  the  middle  ages  and 
for  the  sixteenth  ceoturv.  For  the  period 
of  the  Commonwealth  the  work  is  meagre, 
and  'Dumont's  'Oorps  Universel  Diploma- 
tique '  (8  vols.  1726)  is  for  that  epoch  an 
indispensable  supplement. 

A  corrected  reprint,  issued  by  Jacob  Ton- 
aon  at  the  expense  of  government,  under  the 
direction  of  George  Holmes  (1662-1749) 
[q.  V.I,  of  the  first  seventeen  volumes,  an- 
pearea  between  1727  and  1730,  and  was  sold 
At  60/.  a  set ;  this  was  limited  to  two  hun- 
dred copies  (ReHqtda  Heamianm,  ed.  Bliss, 
iiL  28).  A  new  edition  in  ten  volimies,  pub- 
liahed  by  John  Neaulme  at  The  Hs!^e, 
17d7-46,  is  of  greatly  superior  typographical 
accuracy,  and  supplies  some  new  documents. 
A  third  edition  of  the  'Foedera  *  was  under- 
taken in  1806  by  the  Record  Commission. 
I>r.  Adam  C^rke  [q.  v.]  was  appointed  editor, 
and  he  was  subsequently  replaced  by  John 
Oaleyrq.v.l  and  Frederick  Holbrooke ;  but 
after  30,^/.  18#.  4^.  had  been  spent,  be- 
tween 1816  and  1880,  on  producing  five  hun- 
dred copies  of  parts  i.-vi.  (forming  vols.  L-iii. 
and  bringing  the  work  to  1388),  the  publi- 
cation was  finally  suspended  in  1880.  A 
valuable  syllabus  of  the  '  Fcedere,'  contain- 
ing many  corrections,  was  prepared  by  Sir 
Thomas  Hardj^,  and  was  issued  in  three 
volumes  (vol.  i.  appearing  in  1860,  4to,  vol. 
iLin  1873^  and  vol  iii.  in  1885). 


While  engaged  on  the  ^Foedera'  Rymer 
found  time  to  deal  with  some  controverted 
historical  problems.  In  1702  he  published 
a  first  letter  to  Bishop  Nicolson  'on  his 
Scotch  Library,'  in  whicn  he  endeavours  to 
frpe  Robert  III  of  Scotland  from  the  imputa- 
tion of  bastardy.  A  second  letter  to  Bishop 
Nicolson  contamed  '  an  historical  deduction 
of  the  alliances  between  France  and  Scot- 
land, whereby  thepretended  old  league  with 
Charlemagne  is  disproved  and  the  true  old 
league  is  ascertained.'  Sir  Robert  Sibbald 
[q.  v.],  in  a  published ropljT,  disputed  Rymer's 
accuracy.  Kymer,  in  a  turd  letter  to  Nicol- 
son (1706),  vindicated  the  character  of  Ed- 
ward III. 

Rymer  died  in  poor  dreumstancsa  at  his 
house  in  Arundel  Street,  Strand,  on  14  Dec. 
1713,  and  was  buried  in  the  parish  church  of 
St.  Clement  Danes.  He  left  all  his  property 
to  BCn.  Anna  Pamell,  spinster ;  she  sold  his 
'  Collectanea '  to  the  treasury  for  216^  He 
seems  to  have  been  unmarried.  After  his 
death  was  published,  in  a  volume  called 
'  Curious  Amusements,  bv  a  Gentleman  of 
Pembroke-hall  in  Cambricue '  (1714, 12mo), 
'Some  Translations  [attributed  to  Rymer] 
from  Qreek,  Latin,  and  Italian  Poets,  with 
other  Verses  and  Songs  never  before 
printed.' 

[Anunfinished  life  of  Rymer,  by  Des  Bfaiseaux, 
is  among  Thomas  Birch's  manuscripts  (Add.  MS 
4428,  f.  161).  This  and  all  other  accessible 
soorcM  of  information  have  been  ntilised  by  Sir 
Thomas  Dnffus  Hardy  in  the  elaborate  memoir 
which  he  preftxed  to  vol.  i.  of  his  Syllabus  of 
Rym«r*s  Fodera  (1869).  See  also  Chalmers's 
Biogr.  Diet.;  Bymer*8  Works ;  Notes  and  Qne- 
ries,  2ttd  ser.  zi.  490 ;  Diary  of  Ralph  Thorosby, 
ed.  Hunter;  Gaidiner^s  and  MoUinger's  Intro- 
duction to  JBnglish  History.]  8.  L. 

RYSBRAOK,  JOHN  MICHAlEL  (JO- 
ANNES  MICHIEL)(ld9dP>1770),sculptor, 
is  usuallv  stated  to  have  been  bom  in  Ant- 
werp on  24  June  1698,  but  the  date  and  place 
both  seem  uncertain.  He  was  son  of  Pteter 
Andreasi  Rysbrack,  a  landscape-painter  of 
Antwerp,  who,  after  working  in  England 
for  a  snort  time  in  1676,  went  to  Fans, 
where  he  married  aFrenchwoman,  G(enevi6ve 
Compagnon,  widow  of  Philinpe  Buyster,  by 
whom  he  had,  besides  the  scmptor,  two  sons, 
IHeter  Ajidreas  and  Gorard.  A  strong  lean- 
ing to  French  models  in  the  sculptor's  work 
may  be  traced  to  the  French  origin  of  his 
mother.  Rysbrack  studied  at  Antwerp  under 
Theodore  Balant,  one  of  the  leading  sculptors 
there,  and  in  1714-16  was  '  meester '  ot  the 
guild  of  St.  Luke  in  that  city.  According 
to  another  aceount,  his  master  firom  1706  to 
1712  was  the  fOulptor,  Michiel  Van  der  Vorst. 


Rysbrack 


SS8 


Ryther 


Rysbrack  came  to  England  in  1720,  and  at 
first  gained  a  reputation  for  modelling  small 
figures  in  clay.  Afterwards  he  executed  a 
few  portrait-busts,  which  brought  him  into 
notice,  and  he  obtained  employment  on 
monuments  from  James  Gibbs  [|q.  y.]  and 
William  Kent  [q.  y.l  the  architects.  Not 
being  satisfied  with  their  treatment  of  him, 
Bysbrack  began  an  independent  practice, 
and  quickly  became  the  most  fashionable 
sculptor  of  nis  day.  He  was  very  industrious 
and  did  much  to  introduce  something  of 
simplicity  and  good  taste  into  the  rather 
oppressive  style  which  prevailed  in  monu- 
mental sculpture.  Amon^  the  principal 
monuments  executed  bv  him  are  those  in 
Westminster  Abbey  of  Sir  Isaac  Newton 
(designed  bv  Kent),  the  Duke  of  Newcastle, 
Mattuew  Prior,  Earl  Stanhope,  Admiral 
Vernon,  Sir  Godfrey  Kneller  (designed  by 
himself),  Mrs.  Oldfield  (designed  by  Kent^; 
in  Worcester  Cathedral  Bishop  Hough ;  in 
Salisbury  Cathedral,  the  Duke  and  Duchess 
of  Somerset ;  at  Blenheim  the  Duke  of  Marl- 
borough. Among  the  statues  executed  by 
him  were  the  bronze  equestrian  statue  of 
William  III  at  Bristol,  the  statues  of  the 
Duke  of  Somerset  at  Cambridge,  John  Locke 
at  Oxford,  €teorge  I  and  George  II  for  the 
Boyal  Exchange.  As  a  sculptor  of  portrait 
busts  Rysbrack  has  seldom  ii  ever  been  ex- 
celled. Nearly  all  the  leading  men  of  his 
time  sat  to  him,  including  Pope,  Walpole,  Sir 
Hans  Sloane,  Gibbs,  the  Duke  and  Duchess 
of  Marlborough,  the  Duke  and  Duchess  of 
Awyll,  Martm  Folkes,  and  many  others. 
When  his  supremacy  was  shaken  by  the 
nowinjB^  popularitv  of  Scheemakers  and 
Koubihac,  KysbracK  produced  three  impor- 
tant portrait  statues  of  Palladio,  Inigo  Jones, 
and  Fiammingo,  which  were  placed  in  the 
Duke  of  Devonshire's  villa  at  Ohiswick.  At 
the  same  time  he  executed  a  large  statue  of 
Hercules^  which  was  compiled  from  the  Far- 
nese  Hercules  and  studies  made  from  noted 
pugilists  and  athletes  of  the  time ;  it  was 
punihased  bv  Mr.  Hoare  of  Stourhead,  Wilt- 
shire, who  built  a  temple  there  on  purpose 
to  receive  it.  Besides  his  merits  as  a  sculptor, 
Rysbrack  was  also  an  accomplished  draughts- 
man, and  executed  many  hundreds  of  highly 
finished  drawii^  in  bistre,  all  in  the  manner 
of  the  ffreat  Italian  artists.  In  1765  he 
retired  irom  business,  and  sold  part  of  his 
collection  of  models  and  drawings;  other 
sales  followed  in  1767  and  1770.  Rysbrack 
resided  for  many  years  in  Vere  Street,  Ox- 
ford Street,  where  he  died  on  8  Jan.  1770 ; 
he  was  buried  in  Marvlebone  churchyard. 
A  portrait  of  Rysbrack  was  painted  by  J. 
Vanderbank. 


[Walpole's  Anecdotes  of  Painting  (ed. 
Wornum) ;  Redgrave's  Diet,  of  Artists ;  J.  T. 
Smith's  Nollekens  and  his  Times;  Rombonts  and 
Van  Lerius's  Liggeren  der  Antwerpsche  Sint 
Lucasgilde.]  L.  C. 

RYTHER,  AUGUSTINE  {JL  1676- 
1590),  engraver,  one  of  the  earliest  English 
exponents  of  the  art  of  engraving  on  copper, 
was  a  native  of  Leeds  in  Yorkshire,  and  a 
fellow-townsman  of  Christopher Saxtonfq.  v.] 
He  was  probably  an  ofishoot  of  the  old  and 
kniffhtly  family  of  Ryther  in  Yorkshire. 
Ryther  was  associated  with  Saxton  in  en- 
graving some  of  the  famous  maps  of  the 
counties  of  England  published  by  Saxton  in 
1579.  His  name  appears  as  the  engraver  of 
the  maps  of  Durham  and  Westmoreland 
(1576).  Gloucester  and  York  (1577),  and 
that  01  the  whole  of  England,  signed  *  Au- 

fustinus  Ryther  Anglus  Sculpsit  An<*  Dni 
579.'  His  name  appears  in  158S  with  those 
of  Jodocus  Hondius  [q.  v.],  Theodore  de  Bry, 
and  others,  among  the  engravers  of  the  charts 
to  ^  The  Marinei^s  Mirrour  .  .  .  first  made 
and  set  fourth  in  divers  exact  sea  charts  by 
that  famous  nauigator  Luke  Wagenar  of  En- 
chuisen,  and  now  fitted  with  necessarie  ad- 
ditions for  the  use  of  Englishmen  by  Anthony 
Ashley.'  In  1590  Ryther  published  a  trans- 
lation of  Petruccio  Ubaldini's  '  Expeditionis 
Hispaniorum  in  Angliam  vera  Descriptio/ 
under  the  title  of  '  A  discourse  ooncemin^e 
the  Spanishe  fleete  inuadinge  Englasfde  m 
the  yeare  1588,  and  overthrowne  by  her 
Ma^**'  Nauie  under  the  conduction  of  the 
Riffht  honorable  the  Lorde  Charles  Howards, 
highe  Admirall  of  Englande,  written  in 
Italian  by  Petruccio  Ubaldino,  citizen  of 
Florence,  and  translated  for  A.  RylJier: 
unto  the  w*^  discourse  are  annexed  certaine 
tables  expressinge  the  seuerall  exploites  and 
conflictes  had  with  the  said  fleete.  These 
bookes,  with  the  tables  belonginge  to  them, 
aro  to  be  soldo  at  the  shoppe  of  A.  Ryther, 
beinge  a  little  from  Leadennall,  next  to  the 
eigne  of  the  Tower.'  The  book  was  printed 
by  A.  Hatfield.  This  work  is  dedicated  by 
Ryther  to  Lord  Howard  of  Effingham,  and 
in  the  dedication  he  alludes  to  the  time  spent 
b^  him  in  engraving  the  plates,  and  apolo- 
gises for  the  two  years'  delay  in  its  publica- 
tion. In  a  letter  to  the  reader,  Ryther  asks  for 
indulgence  '  because  I  count  my  selfe  as  yet 
but  a  yoong  beginner.'  The  j^lates  consist  of 
a  title  and  ten  charts,  showmg  the  various 
stages  of  the  progress  and  defeat  of  the 
Spanish  Armada  in  the  Channel,  and  tracing 
its  further  course  round  the  British  Isles. 
They  were  drawn  out,  as  it  appears^  by 
Robert  Adams  (d,  1695)  [q.  v.],  surveyor  of 
the  queen's  buildings,  and  xorm  the  most  im- 


Ryther 


SS9 


Ryves 


portant  record  of  the  Spanish  Armada  which 
exists.  It  is  probable  that  Ryther's  charts, 
or  Adams's  original  drawings,  were  the  basis 
for  the  tapestries  of  the  Spanish  Armada, 
executed  by  Hendrik  Oomelisz  Yroom  in 
Holland,  and  formerly  in  the  House  of  Lords. 
Reduced  conies  of  Ryther's  charts  were  pub- 
lished by  Jonn  Pine  [q.  v.]  in  his  work  on  the 
Armada  tapestries.  The '  tables '  were  pub- 
lished by  Kyther  separately  from  the  book, 
and  are  very  scarce. 

[Ames's  Typogr.  Antiq.ed.  Herbert:  Thoresby's 
Vic  Leod.  1724,  p.  90 ;  Boyne's  York.  libr.  p. 
266]  L.  0. 

RTTHER,  JOHN  (1634P-1681),noncon. 
formist  divine,  son  of  John  Rither  (d.  1673), 
a  tanner,  was  bom  in  Yorkshire  about  1634, 
and  educated  at  Leeds  grammar  school. 
On  25  March  1660,  being  then  under  sixteen 
Tears  of  age,  he  was  admitted  as  a  sizar  at 
Sidney-Sussex  C!ollege,  Cambridge.  His 
father  became  a  leader  among  the  quakersat 
York.  Ryther  held  the  yicarage  01  Froding- 
ham  (including  Bromby),  Lincolnshire,  from 
^which  he  was  ejected,  the  presumption  being 
that  it  was  a  sequestered  living,  which  he 
lost  at  the  Restoration.  He  retired  to  York, 
but  soon  obtained  the  vicarage  of  North 
Ferriby,  Yorkshire ;  he  resided,  however,  at 
Brough  in  the  neighbouring  parish  of  El- 
loughton.  Ejected  from  Femby  by  the  Uni- 
formity Act  of  1662,  he  preached  in  his  house 
at  Brough  till  the  operation  of  the  Five 
Miles  Act  (which  came  into  force  26  March 
1666)  compelled  him  to  remove.  He  preached 
at  AUerton,  near  Bradford,  and  aided  in 
founding  in  1668  the  congregational  church 
at  Bradford-dale.  For  illegd  preaching  he 
was  imprisoned  for  six  months,  and  again 
for  fifteen  months,  in  York  Castle.  About 
16^  he  removed  to  London,  a  meeting-house 
was  built  for  him  at  Wappin^,  and  here  he 
became  exceedingly  popular  with  sailors,  who 
shielded  him  from  arrest.  He  was  known 
as  the '  seaman's  preacher.'  He  died  in  June 
1681.  The  mother  of  Andrew  Kippis  [q.  v.] 
-was  his  descendant.  He  publishea,  besides 
single  sermons  (1672-80),  including  a  funeral 
sermon  for  James  Janeway  [q.  v.J :  1.  'The 
Morning  Seeker,'  1678,  8vo.  2.  «A  Plat 
for  Mariners;  or  the  Seaman's  Preacher/ 
1676,  8vo;  reprinted  [17801,  8vo,  with  pre- 
face by  John  Newton  (1726-1807)  [o.  v.] 
3.  *  The  Best  Friend ...  or  Christ's  Awaken- 
ing  Call/ 1678,  8vo. 

John  Rtthbb  (d,  1704),  son  of  the  above, 
acted  as  chaplain  on  merchant  ships  trading 
to  both  the  Indies,  and  early  in  1689  became 
minister  at  Nottingham  of  the  congrega- 
tional church  inBriale8mithGate,and  (from 


3  Oct.  1689)  in  Castle  Gate.  He  published : 
'  A  Defence  of  the  Glorious  Gospel,'  1703, 
8vo,  against  John  Barret  (;1631-1713)  [q.  v.] 
Amongthe  manuscripts  in  the  museum  ot 
Ralph  Thoresby  (q.  v.J  were  *  A  Journal  kept 
by  the  Rev.  Mr.  John  Ryther  of  his  Voyage 
from  Venice  toZant,  1676  .  . .  fromZant .  .  . 
to  London.  . .  .  Another  from  Sardinia  to 
England.  From  London,  1680,  to  the  coast 
of  Uormandell,  and  Bay  of  Bengale.  From 
Fort  St.  George,  1681,  to  Cape  Bona  Espe- 
rance,  from  St.  Helena  to  England.' 

[Calamy*8  AeooDDt,  1718,pp.448»8S8  :Calam}r'8 
Continuation,  1727,  ii.  601  sq.  968  iq. ;  Museum 
ThoresbyaDum,  1816,  p.  81  (89);  Carpenter's 
Presbyterinnisin  in  Nottingham  [1862],  pp.  106, 
109 ;  Miall's  Congregationalism  in  Yorlcsbire, 
1868,  p.  240;  UeymxA's  Diaries,  ed.  Turner, 
ii.  289 ;  Nottingham  Daily  Press,  80  May  1889 ; 
information  from  the  master  of  Sidney-Sussex 
College,  and  from  J.  S.  Rowntres,  esq.,  York.] 

A,G. 

RYVES,  BRUNO  (1696-1677),  dean  of 
Windsor,  son  of  Tbomas,  and  grandson  of 
Jobn  Ryves  of  Damory  Court,  Donetf  was 
bom  in  1596,  and  educated  at  Oxford,  sub- 
scribing as  a  clerk  of  New  College  in  1610. 
Sir  Thomas  Ryres  [q*  v.]  was  his  first  cousin. 
He  jB^^uated  B.A.  in  1616,  and  in  the  fol- 
lowing year  became  a  clerk  of  Magdalen, 
proceeding  M.A.  9  June  1619,  B.D.  zO  June 
1682,  and  D.D.  26  June  16d9.  He  was 
admitted  of  Qra/s  Inn  in  16S4.  In  the 
meantime  he  was  instituted  to  the  Ticarage 
of  Stanwell  in  Middlesex,  where  he  made  a 
name  by  his  'florid*  preaching  (Wood), 
obtaining  in  September  1628  the  additional 
benefice  of  St.  Martin-le-Vintry.  About 
1640  he  became  chaplain  to  Charles  I.  The 
inhabitants  of  Stan  well  petitioned  against  him 
in  July  1642,  and  he  was  forthwith  deprived 
of  his  benefices,  and  a  parliamentary  preacher 
appointed  in  his  stead.  '  With  his  wife  and 
four  children  and  all  his  fiimily  he  was  (  accord- 
ing to  Walker)  taken  out  of  doors,  all  his  firoods 
seized,  and  all  that  night  lay  under  a  hedge  in 
the  wet  and  cold.  Next  day  my  Lord  Arundel, 
hearing  of  this  barbarous  usage  done  to  so 
pious  a  gentleman,  sent  his  coach  with  men 
and  horses,'  and  Ryves  was  entertained  for 
some  time  at  Wardour  Castle.  A  patent  of 
June  1646  created  him  dean  of  Chichester, 
but  he  remained  in  seclusion  and  dependent 
upon  charity  at  Shafton  in  Dorset  until 
aner  the  kmg's  death,  when  he  made  at 
least  one  journey  abroad,  bearing  to  Charles  II 
some  money  Tf  hich  had  been  collected  among 
his  adherents.  Upon  the  Restoration  he 
petitioned  for  the  yicarage  of  St.  Giles's, 
Cripplegate;  but  better  preferment  was  in 
store  for  him.    He  was  in  July  1660  in« 


Ryves 


560 


Ryves 


stalled  dean  of  Chichester  and  master  of  the 
hospital  there;  he  was  also  sworn  chaplain- 
in-ordinary  to  the  king,  and  appointed  dean 
of  Windsor  (and  Wolverhampton),  being  in- 
stalled on  8  Sept.  1660.  He  became  scribe 
of  the  order  of  the  Garter  in  the  following 
January,  and  was  shortly  afterwards  pre- 
sented to  the  rectories  of  Hasele;^,  Oxon., 
and  A.cton,  in  Middlesex.  As  administrator 
of  the  charity  of  the  poor  knights  of  Wind- 
sor, he  had  mat  dimcnlty  in  dealing  with 
the  many  and  conflicting  appeals  of  decayed 
royalists. 

In  January  1662,  upon  the  occasion  of  a 
great  alarm  caused  by  the  prevalence  of 
midsummer  weather  in  midwinter,  Ryves 
preached  before  the  House  of  Commons  at  St. 
Maigaret's,  on  Joshua  viL  12^ '  showing  how 
the  nefflect  of  exacting  justice  on  offenders 
(by  which  he  insinuatea  such  of  the  old  kind's 
murderers  as  were  yet  reprieved  and  in  the 
Tower^  was  a  main  cause  of  God's  punishing 
aland  ^  (Evbltit,  Diary ^  15  Jan. ;  cf.  Pbptb, 
L  318).  Being  non-resident  at  Acton,  he 
put  in  a  drunken  curate,  whom  he  directed 
to  persecute  Richard  Baxter.  Baxter  was 
drawing  crowded  audiences  to  his  sermons 
in  defiance  of  the  conventicle  act,  by  an  un- 
popular application  of  which,  in  1668,  he 
was  at  length  convicted  and  confined  for  six 
months.  J  Baxter  rightly  attributed  his  mis- 
hap to  the  absentee  rector,  who  had  ^rown 
hard  and  sour ;  even  Sir  Matthew  Haie  had 
no  good  word  for  him.  Rvves  died  at 
Windsor  on  18  July  1677,  and  was  buried 
in  the  south  aisle  of  St.  Gorge's  Chapel, 
where  he  is  commemorated  by  a  long  mural 
inscription  in  Latin.  By  his  wife,  Kate, 
daughter  of  Sir  Richard  Waldram,  knt.,  of 
Charley,  Leicestershire,  he  had  several  chil- 
dren. A  son  married  Judith  Tyler  in  1668, 
and  his  son  Bruno  entered  Merchant  Tay- 
lors* School  in  1709;  a  kinsman,  Jerome 
Ryves  (d,  1705),  was  installed  dean  of  St. 
Patrick^s,  Dublin,  in  March  1699. 

Besides  three  separate  sermons,  Ryves 
was  the  author  of  '  Mercurius  Rusticus ;  or 
the  Countries  Complaint  of  the  Barbarous 
Outrages  committea  by  the  Sectaries  of  this 
late  flourishing  Kingdom.*  Nineteen  num- 
bers (in  opposition  to  which  George  Wither 
started  a  parliamentary '  Mercurius  ilusticus ') 
appeared  from  August  1642,  and  the  whole 
were  republished,  1646, 1647,  and  1685,  with 
a.  finely  engraved  frontispiece,  in  compart- 
ments. The  assaults  upon  Sir  John  Lucas's 
house,  Wardour  Castle,  and  other  mansions 
are  narrated,  while  a  second  p4rt  commences 
to  deal  with  the  violation  or  the  cathedrals. 
From  the  &ct  of  its  being  frequently  bound 
up  with  'Mercurius  Rusticus,'  with    the 


common  title  of  ^Ajogliss  Ruina,'  the 
'  Querela  Cantabrigiensis '  of  John  Barwick 
fq.  V.J  has  been  erroneously  attributed  to 
Ryves  (Wood,  Athenm^  iii.  HH).  Rrves 
assisted  Walton  in  the  business  01  the  LK>n- 
don  tithes,  and  contributed  to  his  polyglot 
bible  (Todd,  Memoirs  of  Walton,  i.  4,  806). 
A  number  of  his  letters  are  amon^  the  Ash- 
mole  MSS.  in  the  Bodleian  Library  (see 
Blozak,  Magd.  Coll.  Reg,  ii.  58).  Both 
Ryves's  christian  name  and  surname  were 
variously  spelt  by  his  contemporaries,  Brune, 
Bruen,  Brian,  Bruno,  and  Reeves,  RiveB^ 
Ry  ve,  Reeve,  and  Ryves. 

An  engraved  portrait  of  the  dean,  from 
an  origins  miniature  in  oil,  was  published 
in  1810  ;  a  second  was  engraved  by  Earlom 
(Evakb,  CaU  <f  Engraved  FortraiU,  p.  802). 

[Foster's  Alumni  Oxon.  1600-1714 ;  Wood's 
AthensB  Oxoo.  ed.  Bliss,  iii.  1110;  Bloxam's 
Magdalen  Coll.  Registers,  ii.  61-8  ;  Hutohins's 
Dorset,  i.  228  and  iv.  96  (pedigree) ;  Le  Neve's 
Fasti  Eccles.  ADgUcans;  Newconrfs  Beper- 
torium,  1708,  i.  423 ;  Lysons's  Environs  of  Lon- 
don, ii.  12 ;  Walker's  Sufferings  of  the  Clergy, 
1714,  ii.  12  ;  Lloyd's  Memoirs,  pp.  6,  6 ;  Grey's 
Examples  of  Neal's  Puritans,  lii.  App.  p.  18  ; 
Baxters  Addit  Notes  on  Sir  M.  Hale,  1682,  p. 
26;  Baxter  et  I'Angleterre  religieuse  de  son 
temps,  1840,  p.  249;  Pote's  Windsor,  p.  366  ; 
Fox- Bourne's  Hist,  of  Newspapers,  1.  18 ;  Cal. 
State  Papers,  Bom.  1661-2,  passim;  Chalmers's 
Biogr.  Diet.;  Lowndes's  Bibl.  Man.  (Bohn); 
Brit.  Mus.  Cat.]  T.  S. 

RYVES,  ELIZABETH  (1750-1797), 
author,  descended  from  an  old  Irish  family 
connected  with  that  of  Brano  Ryves  [q.  v.  L 
was  horn  in  Ireland  in  1750.  She  owned 
some  property,  but,  being  cheated  out  of  it, 
fell  into  pov^y,  and  went  to  London  to 
earn  a  living  by  her  pen.  She  wrote  poli- 
tical articles  for  newspapers,  verses,  plays, 
and  learned  French  in  orcler  to  make  trans- 
lations ;  she  turned  into  English  Rousseau's 
'  Social  Contract,'  Raynal's  *  Letter  to  the 
National  Assembly,'  and  Delacroix's  'Re- 
view of  the  Constitutions  of  the  Principal 
States  of  Europe,'  1792 ;  she  attempted  FVois- 
sart,  but  gave  it  up  as  too  difficult.  For 
some  time  she  is  doubtfully  said  to  have 
conducted  the  historical  department  of  the 
'Annual  Register'  (cf.  Qent.  Mag,  1795  ii. 
540,  784,  1797  i.  522;  and  BiLSSB,  Biogr. 
Dramat.  i.  619). 

Her  dramatic  efforts, '  The  Prude,'  a  comic 
opera  in  three  acts  (cf.  ib,  ii.  185),  and  '  The 
Debt  of  Honour,'  were  accepted  bv  a  thea- 
trical manager,  but  were  never  acted ;  she  re- 
ceived 100/.  as  compensation.  She  wrote  one 
novel, '  The  Hermit  of  Snowden,'  said  to  be 
an  account  of  her  own  life,  and  seven  small 


R3rv'es 


S6i 


Rj^es 


folmiMB  of  poena.    She  died  in  poverty  in 
Afril  1797  m  Store  Street^  London.    Isaac 
Iruneliftowliom  she  waaperaonally  known,  : 
expenda  mnch  nitj  on  her  fiUe  (cLCakamtie^  j 

[Wabb*aInahBio««phy.p.4«l;  (yOocogfane's 
FDrts  of  Iralaad,  iil  2:11;  Hale's  Womao's  Re-  . 
eoid.  p.497;  Qant.  Mag  1797,  L  445.]  E.  L.      | 

BYYES,  OEOROB  FREDERICK  I 
(1756--1826),  reer-adminO,  aon  of  Thomaa  ; 
Ryvei^  of  tlie  old  Dorset  fiunily,  by  his 
aeeoad  wife,  Anna  Marim,  danghter  of  Ihmiel 
Graham,  was  bom  on  8  Sept.  1768.  He  i«- 
eeired  lua  eaily  edncation  at  Harrow,  and 
in  Fdmiaiy  1774  waa  entered  on  board  the 
KentgnardahipatFlynionth.  In  April  1775 
he  joined  the  Ryrtland,  going  oat  to  the  West 
Inmea  as  flagship  of  vioe-admiial  James 
Yoirag^  and  uiortly  after  amrinf  on  the 
Sptation  waa  appmnted  to  c<«unand  the  Tartar 
tender,  caxxying  ekht  guna  and  a  crew  of 
thirty-thiee  men.  Infaer  hehad  thefiortnne 
to  eaptvve  npwaida  of  fifty  priaee,  some  of 
them  prirateos  of  superior  farce.  In  May 
1778  the  Portland  returned  to  England,  and 
in  May  1779  Ryrea  joined  the  Eniopey  the 
llagdiip  of  Yiee-adnund  Arbnthnot,  w1m>  in 
S^tcmber  appointed  him  acting-lientenant 
of  the  Padfie  armed  ahipi  Hts  lieutenant's 
eommiasion  was  oonfirmed  on  18  Nor.  1780, 
and  in  December  he  waa  appointed  to  the  Fox 
OBI  the  Jamaica  atation.  In  her  he  retnmed 
to  Fngliiii  in  1782,  and  early  in  1783  he 
waa  appointed  to  the  Grafton,  which  sailed 
for  the  East  Indies ;  bat,  having  been  dis- 
masted in  a  gale  in  the  Bay  of  Biscay,  was 
obliged  to  pot  back  and,  consequent  on  the 
peace,  waa  paid  off  and  Ryres  placed  on 
Imlf-pay.  In  the  armament  of  1787  he  was 
aspomted  first  lieutenant  of  the  Aurora 
frigate,  and  in  January  1795  to  the  Axethusa 
osi  the  coast  of  France.  On  4  July  1796  he 
waa  promoted  to  the  command  of  the  Bull- 
dog, then  in  the  West  Indies,  and  went  out 
to  her  as  a  passenger  in  the  Golossua.  On 
aRiTing  at  St.  Lucia,  in  the  absence  of  the 
HnUdog,  Ryres  volunteered  for  service  with 
tlie  seamen  landed  for  the  reduction  of  the 
island  [see  CHBisnAir ,  Sib  H  uqb.  Cloberbt^ 
and  rendered  important  assistance  in  the 
f^^^g  of  roads  and  the  transoorting  of 
baavy  gnus.  He  afterwards  joinea  the  Bull- 
dog, in  which  he  returned  to  England  in 
September  1797. 

On  29  May  1798  he  was  advanced  to  post 
imnk,  and  in  April  1800  waa  appointed  to  the 
Ajpneourt  of  64  guns,  whicn  during  the 
summer  carried  the  flag  of  Sir  C£arles 
Morioe  Pole  [a.  v.]  on  the  Newfoundland 
In  the  following  year  the  Agin- 
TOU  xvit. 


court  was  one  of  the  fleet  with  Lord  Keith 
on  the  coast  of  Egypt  [see  Elfhivvtovb, 
Gbobbb  Kbith,  Vdoovbt  Kbith],  and  in 
Mar^  1803  Ryves  waa  sent  wHh  a  small 
aquadion  to  receive  the  cession  of  Corfu. 
Afterwards,  on  intellif|ence  that  the  F^nch 
were  preparing  to  seiae  on  the  island  of 
Maddalcttayhe  was  sent  thitJier  to'prevent  the 
eneroachmMit.  The  inteUigjenee  proved  to 
be  ineoneet;  but  while  waiting  there  Ryvea 
earned  out  a  snrvey  of  the  roadstead,  then 
absolntdy  unknown,  and  by  his  chart  Nekon, 
in  the  following  year,  was  led  to  make  it 
his  baae,  calling  it,  in  compliment  to  Ryves, 
Aginoourt  Sound.  In  May  1803  Ryves  was 
moved  to  the  Gibraltar,  in  whidk  he  re- 
mained in  the  Mediterranean,  under  Nelson's 
command,  tiU  the  summer  of  1804^  when 
the  Gibtaltar,  beinr  almost  worn  out,  waa 
sent  home  and  paid  ofL  In  1810  Ryves 
commanded  the  Aftiea,  of  64  guns,  in  the 
Baltic,  from  which  he  brought  home  a  large 
convoy,  notwithstanding  the  severity  of  the 
weatlier  and  the  violence  of  the  gales.  He 
had  no  further  service,  but  beoune  rear- 
admiral  on  37  May  1825,  and  died  at  his 
seat,  Shrowton  House,  Dorset,  on  20  May 
1826.  Ryves  was  twice  marned :  first,  in 
1792,  to  Oadierine  Elizabeth,  third  daughter 
of  the  H<m.  Jamea  Everard  Arundel ;  and, 
secondlv,  in  1806,  to  Emma,  daughter  of 
Richard  Robert  Gbaham  of  ChelMa  Hoa- 
pitaL  By  both  wives  he  left  issue ;  five  of 
his  sons  served  in  the  navy.  The  eldest, 
George  Frederick  Rjvee,  nominated  a  G.B. 
in  i£nI  fior  distinguished  service  in  the  first 
Burmese  war,  died,  a  rear-admiral,  in  1858. 
[Marafaairs  Boy.  Nav.  Biogr.  iii.  (vol.  ti.)  1S6 ; 
Oiyme's  Nav.  Biogr.  Dirt.  p.  1017:  Nicolas's 
Despatches  of  Lord  Malsoa  (see  Index) ;  Serrice- 
bookin  the  Pablie  Beoord  Oflke;  Oeat.  Mag. 
1826.  L  MO.]  J.  K.  L. 

RYVES,  Mb8.  LAVTNIA  JANETTA 
HORTON  BB  SERRES  rl797-1871\  claim- 
ing to  be  Princess  of  Cumberlana.  [See 
under  Sebbbb,  Mbs.  Olhu.] 

BTVES»  Sib  THOMAS  (1588  F-ie52^, 
civilian,  born  about  1583,  was  the  eighth 
son  of  John  Ryves  (1532-1587  P)  of  Damor^ 
Court,  near  Blandfoid,  Dorset,  by  his  wife 
Elisabeth,  daughter  of  Sir  John  Mervyn  of 
FonthUl,  Wiltahire.  Of  his  brothers,  Qeorge 
(1569-1613)  was  warden  of  New  OoUege, 
Oxfcnd,  and  Sir  William  (d,  1660)  was  ap- 
pmnted  attom^-general  for  Ireland  in  1619 
and  judge  of  the  king's  bench  in  1636. 
Bruno  Kyvea  [^.  v.l  waa  his  first  cousin. 
Thomas  was  admitted  to  Winchester  School 
in  1600,  was  thence  elected  fellow  of  New 
(^ege,   Oxford,  In  1598,  and  graduated 

00 


Ryves 


562 


Ryves 


B.C.L.  on  7  Feb.  1604-6^  and  D.O.L. 
21  June  1610.  He  also  studied  law  in  'the 
best  universitias  of  France/  and  the  terms  be 
spent  there  were  allowed  to  count  for  his 
degree  as  if  he  had  spent  them  in  Oxford  ( Cal. 
State  Faper$^  Ireland,  1615-25,  pp.  105-7 ; 
Heg,  Univ.  Oxon,  yoL  ii.  pt.  i.  p.  380).  In  1611 
he  was  admitted  advocate  01  Doctors*  Oom- 
mon.  In  September  1612  Sir  John  Davies 
[q.  T.l,  whose  wife  was  sister  to  Ryres's  aunt, 
took  ftyves  with  him  on  his  return  to  Ireland, 
and  in  the  following  October  procured  him 
the  reversion  of  the  office  of  jud^e  of  facul- 
ties and  the  prerogative  court  in  Ireland. 
Meanwhile  he  did  the  kinff  '  good  service  * 
during  the  parliament  of  1618,  made  notable 
by  the  struggle  between  Davies  and  Sir 
John  Everara  [q.  v.]  for  the  speakership, 
of  which  Ryves  wrote  an  account,  pre- 
served among  the  state  papers  {OaL  State 
Papers,  Ireland,  1611-14,  pp.  364-5).  On 
the  death  of  Sir  Daniel  Donne  [q.  v.]  in 
1617,  Rvyes  succeeded  to  the  office  of  judge 
of  Acuities ;  but  the  bishops,  including 
XJssher,  objected  to  his  authority  in  ecclesi- 
astical matters,  and  demanded  the  appoint- 
ment of  a  prelate.  R{7^  defended  his 
claims  in  a  letter  to  Sir  Thomas  Lake  (tbJ), 
■but  finailv  resinied  the  office,  which  was 
l^ven  to  the  ardibishop  of  Dublin  in  1621. 
Ryves  now  returned  to  England  and 
began  to  practise  in  the  admiralty  court. 
In  April  1623  he  was  associated  with  the 
attorney-general  in  the  prosecution  of  Ad- 
miral Sir  Henry  Mervyn  and  Sir  William 
St.  John  before  the  admiralty  court.  In 
the  following  July  he  was  ordered  to  attend 
Arthur,  lord  Chichester  [q.  v.],  in  his  fruit- 
less mission  to  negotiate  peace  in  the  Palar 
tinat«,  but  does  not  appear  to  have  started 
{Cal.  State  Papers]  Ryves  to  Ussher,  in 
Usshbb'b  Works,  ed,  Elrmgton,xv.  20l\  In 
the  same  year  he  was  .appointed  king^s  ad- 
vocate. In  June  162d  he  was  sworn  a 
master  of  requests  extraordinary  (^CaL  State 
Papers,  1625-6,  p.  862^,  and  his  activity  in 
the  admiralty  courts  is  evidenced  by  nu- 
merous entries  in  the  state  papers  from  this 
date  to  the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war.  In 
1634  he  was  placed  on  a  commission  to 
visit  the  churchhes  and  scools  in  the  diocese 
of  Canterbury.  In  1636  he  was  made  judse 
of  the  admiralty  of  Dover,  and  subsequently 
of  the  Cinque  ports.  His  name  does  not 
occur  after  1642,  probably  because  he  left 
his  post  to  join  the  king.  In  spite  of  his 
advanced  years  he  is  said  to  have  fought 
valiantly,  and  to  have  been  several  times 


wounded.  He  was  knighted  by  Charles  on 
19  March  1644,  and  in  September  1648  was 
employed  on  the  king^s  behalf  to  negotiate 
with  the  parliament.  He  died  on  2  Jan. 
1651-2,  and  was  buried  in  St.  Clement 
Danes  Church,  London.  Like  his  cousin 
Bruno,  he  married  a  lady  named  Waldram. 
He  left  no  issue.  Ryves  was  an  able  civilian, 
and  his  works  evince  considerable  learning ; 
but  Archbishop  Ussher  had  no  high  opinion 
of  his  honesty  (UsBHEB,  Letters,  ed.  Parr, 
1686,  p.  836). 

His  works  are:  1.  *The  Poore  Vicars 
Plea,'  London,  1620,  4to ;  it  deals  with  the 
der^  of  Ireland,  and  vindicates  their  claims 
to  tithes,  notwithstanding  impropriations ; 
another  edition  was  printed  by  Sir  Henry 
Spelman  in  1704.  2.  '  Regiminis  Anglican! 
in  Hibemia  Defensio  adversus  AnSecten 
(by  David  Rothe  [q.  v.]),'  London,  1624, 4to ; 
it  seeks  to  exculpate  James  I  from  the  charges 
of  tyranny  and  oppression  in  Ireland,  of  ae- 
basing  the  coin,  and  restraining^  freedom  of 
speech  in  parliament ;  it  maintains  the  royal 
against  papal  supremacy  in  the  church,  and 
concludes  with  an  eloquent  vindication  of 
Chichester's  administration.  3.  'Imperar- 
toris  Justiniani  Defensio  adversus  Aleman- 
num,'  London,  1626, 12mo ;  another  edition 
appeared  at  Frankfort  in  1628, 8vo.  4. 'His- 
toria  Navalis,  lib.  i.,'  London,  1629,  8vo; 
begins  with  Noah,  and  deals  with  ancient 
naval  history  down  to  the  sixth  centurv  B.C. ; 
no  more  of  this  edition  was  published,  and 
this  volume  was  included  in  5.  'Historia 
Navalis  Antiqua,  lib.  iv.,'  London,  1688,  Svo, 
which  goes  down  to  the  establishment  of  the 
Roman  empire.  6.  *  Historia  Navalis  Media, 
lib.  iii.,'  London,  1640,  8vo ;  carries  on  the 
history  to  the  fall  of  Constantinople  in  145S. 
Many  of  R3rves's  letters  are  preserved  amouff 
the  state  papers ;  two  to  Camden  are  printed 
in  Smitlrs  'Camdeni  Epistolss,'  1691,  pp. 
286, 257,  and  seven  to  Ussher  in  Elrington's 
*  Works  of  Ussher.'  In  the  last  two  he  speaks 
of  having  translated  some  of  Ussher^s  works, 
but  these  translations  do  not  seem  to  have 
been  published. 

[Anthorities  cited;  Works  in  Brit  Mus.  Libr. ; 
CSal.  State  Papers,  Domestic  and  Irish;  Lascelles's 
Liber  Mun.  Hib.;  Hutchins's  Dorset^  i.  228,  iv« 
96;  Wood's  Athen©  Oxon.  iii..  304-6;  Ware's 
Ireland,  ii.  339-40;  Laud's  Works,  iv.  126,  129, 
180,  V.  182;  Reg.  Univ.  Oxon.  vol.  ii.  pt.  i.  pp. 
120,  186,  380,  pt.  iii.  p.  260;  Kirby's  Winches- 
ter Scholars;  Foster's  Alumni  Oxon.  1500-1714; 
Coote's  Civilians,  p.  70;  Fuller's  Worthies,  i. 
315 ;  Gent.  J^fag.  1813,  ii.  22-3.]        A.  F.  P. 


Saberet 


563 


Sabine 


s 


SABERET  or  SABA  (dl  616?),  firat 
Chmtian  king  of  the  Eaat-SaxaoB.      [See 


GDB 


SABLE,  FRANCIS  (>L  lod5),  poetaster, 
was  m  schoolmaster  at  Lid&field  in  1587 
(AuEX,  Stationen^  ReguUn^  iL  146).    He 

foblished  tluee  Tolumes  of  ipeiae — two  in 
505,  and  one  in  1596.  His  earliest  pabUca- 
tion,  in  two  parts,  was  entitled  '  The  Fisher- 
mans  Tale :  Of  the  famous  Actee,  Life,  and 
Lone  of  Ckssander,  a  Grecian  Knight,'  1595. 
The  second  part  bears  the  heading  '  Flora's 
Fortune.  Tne  second  part  and  finishing  of 
the  Fisher-mans  Tale.'  Thepoem,  which  was 
licensed  for  publication  to  Kichard  Jones  on 
11  Not.  1594,  is  a  paraphrase  in  monotonous 
blank  Terse  of  'Pandosto,  the  Triumph  of 
Time,'  afterwards  renamed  'Dorastos  and 
Fawnia,'a  romance  by  Robert  Greene  (1560  P- 
1592  [q.  T.][  A  reprint  from  a  Bodleian  manu- 
script, limited  to  ten  conies,  was  issued  b^ 
James  Orchard  Halliweu  (afterwards  HalL- 
weU-Phillipps)  [q.  t.1  in  1867.  Later  in  1596 
there  appeared  VPan^  Pipe,  Three  Pastorall 
Eglogues  in  English  Hexameter,  with  other 
poetical  Tersesdelightfull.'  Thepublisherwas 
Kidiard  Jones,  who  obtained  a  uoense  for  the 
publication  on  1 1  Jan.  1594-^(AR»HB,ii.  668). 
The  prose  epistle '  To  all  youthful  Gentlemen, 
Apprentises,  fiuiourers  of  the  diuine  Arte  of 
sense-delighting  Poeaie,'  is  signed  F.  S.  The 
hexameters  run  satisfactorily.  In  his  third 
Tolnme,  which  contains  three  separate  works, 
Sebie  showed  for  the  first  time  his  capacity 
in  rhyme.  The  book  was  entitled  '  Adams 
Complaint.  The  Olde  Worldes  Tragedie. 
Dauid  and  Bathsheba,'  London,  by  Richard 
Jonesi  1596, 4to.  These  poems,  which  are 
in  rhyming  stanxas  (each  consisting  of  three 
heroic  couplets),  Torsify  scripture.  '  The  Olde 
Worldes  Tragedie '  is  the  story  of  the  flood. 
The  Tolume  is  dedicated  to  Dr.  Howland, 
bishop  of  Peterborough. 

Cop  ies  of  Sabie's  three  books — all  extremely 
rare — are  in  the  British  Museum  and  at  Brit- 
well.  Hie  British  Museum  copies  of  '  The 
Fisher-mans  Tale'  and  'Flora's  Fortune,' 
which  are  in  fine  condition,  were  acquired 
from  Sir  Charles  Isham's  collection  in  1894 
(^Bibliograpkiea,  iiL  418-29). 

Sdbie's  son  Edmond  was  apprenticed  to 
Robert  Cullen,  a  London  stationer,  12  June 
1587  (AsBBB,  ii.  146),  and  was  admitted  a 
freeman  on  5  Aiu^.  1594. 

[Collier's  Bibl.  Cat.  ii.  2,  305-7.]        S.  L. 


SABINE,  Sir  EDWARD  (178&-1888), 
fleiieial,  royal  artiUery,  and  president  of  the 
Koyal  Society,  fifth  son  ana  ninth  child  of 
Joseph  SabiiM,  esq.,of  Tewin,HertfoEdihire, 
and  of  Sarah  (who  died  within  a  month  of 
her  son's  birth),  dsu^ter  of  Rowland  Hunt, 
esq.,  of  Boreatton  Park,  Shropshire,  was  bom 
in  Great  Britain  Street,  Dublin,  on  14  Oct. 
176^  Sir  Edward's  great-grandfkiher  was 
General  Josey^  Sabine  (1662  F-17S9)  [q.  t.], 
and  Jose^  Sabine  (1770-181S)  [q.  y.J  waa 
his  brother. 

Sabine  was  educated  at  Marlow  and  at 
the  RoTal  Military  Academy  at  Wodlwioh, 
which  he  entered  on  25  Jan.  1803.  He  re- 
ceived a  commission  as  second  lieutanantr  in 
the  royal  artillery  on  22  Dec  of  the  same 
year,  and  was  stationed  at  Woolwieh.  He 
was  promoted  to  be  first  lieutenant  on 
20  July  1804,  and  on  11  Nov.  sailed  for 
Gibraltar,  where  he  remained  until  August 
1806.  On  his  return  to  England  on  1  &pt. 
he  was  posted  to  the  royal  horse  artillery,  in 
which  he  served  at  various  home  stations 
until  the  end  of  1812.  He  was  promoted  to 
be  second  captain  on  24  Jan.  lolS,  and  on 
9  May  saUed  for  Canada  ficom  Falmouth  in 
the  packet  Manchester.  When  eight  days 
out  she  was  attacked  by  the  Yorktown,  an 
American  privateer,  butyCanying  some  light 
guns  and  carronades,  was  aUe  to  maintain 
a  running  fight  for  twenty  hours,  after  which 
an  hour's  close  engagement  compelled  her  to 
strike  her  colours.  Sabine  and  his  soldier- 
servant  were  of  great  service  iu  working  tke 
guns.  On  18  July  the  Msnchester  was  re- 
captured by  the  British  frigate  Maidstone, 
and  Sabine  was  landed  at  Halifax,  Nova 
Scotia,  whence  he  proceeded  to  Quebec 

In  the  winter  of  181S-14  there  was  an 
advance  of  American  militia  on  Quebec,  and 
Sabine  was  directed  to  garrison  a  small  out- 
post. He  served  duringAugust  and  September 
1814  in  the  Niagara  fnmtier  (Upper  Canada) 
campaign  under  Lieutenant-general  Gordon 
Drummond,  was  present  at  the  siege  of  Fort 
Erie,  took  part  in  the  assault  on  that  fort 
on  15  Aug.,  when  the  British  lost  twenty- 
seven  officers  and  326  men,  and  was  engaged 
in  the  action  of  17  Sept.  against  a  sortie, 
when  the  British  loss  was  twenty  officers 
and  270  men,  was  twice  favourably  men- 
tioned in  despatches,  and  was  privileged  to 
wear  the  word  ^Niagara'  on  his  dress  and 
appointments.  He  returned  home  on  12  Aug. 

oo9 


Sabine 


5^4 


Sabine 


1816,  and  devoted  himself  to  iii8  favourite 
Btudiee— astronomy,  terrestrial  ma^etism, 
and  ornitJiologv — under  the  supervision  of 
his  brother-in-law,  Henry  Browne,  F.R.S., 
at  whose  house  (2  Portland  Place,  London) 
he  met  Captain  Henry  Kater,  F.R.S.,  ana 
other  kindred  spirits. 

Sabine  was  elected  a  fellow  of  the  Boyal 
Society  in  1818,  and  the  same  year,  on  the 
recommendation  of  thepresident  and  council, 
he  was  appointed  astronomer  to  the  arctic 
expedition  in  search  of  a  north-west  passace, 
whidi  sailed  in  the  Isabella  under  Commander 
(afterwards  Sir)  John  Ross  (1777-.1866)[aj.] 
and  was  absent  from  May  to  November.  His 
report  on  the  biological  results  of  the  expe- 
dition appea^red  in  the  *  Transactions  of  the 
Linnean  Society/  vol.  xii.,  and  embraced 
twenty-four  species  of  birds  from  Qreenland, 
of  which  four  were  new  to  the  list,  and  one, 
the  Larus  Sabini,  entirely  new.  He  further 
contributed  an  account  of  the  Esquimaux  of 
the  west  coast  of  Greenland  to  the  *  Quar- 
terly Journal  of  Science,'  1819. 

^bine  accompanied,  in  a  similar  capacity, 
a  second  arctic  expedition  in  1819,  which 
sailed  in  the  Hecla  under  Lieutenant-com- 
mander (afterwards  Sir^  Edward  Parry  [q.  v.], 
and  was  away  from  May  1819  until  No- 
vember 1 820.  He  tabulated  all  the  observa^ 
tions,  and  arranged  nearly  all  the  appendix  of 
Panys  journal,  and  Parry  warmlv  acknow- 
ledged his  valuable  assistance  throughout 
the  expedition.  During  the  tedious  stay  for 
the  winter  months  in  Winter  Harbour,  when 
the  sun  was  ninety-six  days  below  the 
horizon,  Sabine  edited  a  weeklv  journal  for 
the  amusement  of  the  partj[,  which  was  en- 
titled 'The  North  Gfeorgia  Gazette  and 
Winter  Chronicle,'  and  extended  to  twenty- 
one  numbers.  In  1821  he  received  the  Copley 
medal  of  the  Royal  Society  for  various  com- 
munications relating  to  his  researches  during 
the  arctic  expedition. 

Sabine  was  next  selected  to  conduct  a 
series  of  experiments  for  determining  the 
variation  in  aifferent  latitudes  in  the  length 
of  the  pendulum  vibrating  seconds,  with  a 
view  to  ascertain  the  true  figure  of  the 
earth,  a  subject  which  had  engaged  his  at- 
tention in  the  first  arctic  voya£^.  He  sailed 
in  the  Pheasant  on  12  Nov.  1821,  and  re- 
turned on  6  Jan.  1823,  having  visited  St. 
Thomas  (Gtdf  of  Ghiinea),  Maranham,  Ascen- 
sion, Sierra  Leone,  Trinidad,  Bahia,  and 
Jamaica.  On  1  May  1823  he  sailed  in  the 
Griper  on  the  same  duty,  retumingon  19  Dec., 
havmg  visited  New  York,  Trondhjem,  Ham- 
merfest,  Greenland,  and  Spitzbergen. 

Sabine's  observations  of^the  magnetic  in- 
clination and  force  at  St.  Thomas  in  1822 


were  the  first  made  on  that  island.  Utalised 
as  a  base  of  comparison  with  later  observa- 
tions of  the  Portuguese,  they  are  important 
as  showing  the  remarkable  secular  change 
which  was  in  progress  during  the  intervu. 
The  account  of  Sabine's  pendulum  experi- 
ments, printed  in  a  quarto  volume  by  the 
board  of  lonjritude  in  1825,  is  an  enduring 
monument  of  his  indefatigable  industry,  his 
spirit  of  inquiiT,  and  wide  range  of  observa- 
tion. The  worK  was  honoured  oy  the  award 
to  him  of  the  Lalande  gold  medal  of  the 
Institute  of  France  in  182o. 

In  1825  Sabine  was  appointed  a  joint  com- 
missioner with  Sir  John  Herschel  to  act 
with  a  French  government  commission  in 
determining  the  precise  difference  of  longi- 
tude between  the  observatories  of  Paris  and 
€hreenwich  by  means  of  rocket-siffnals.  The 
difference  of  longitude  thus  found  was  nine 
minutes  21-6  seconds.  The  accepted  dif- 
ference at  the  present  time,  by  electric  sig- 
nalling, is  nine  minutes  twenty-one  seoonos. 
On  31  Dec.  1827  Sabine  was  jpromoted  first 
captain,  and  having  obtained  nom  the  Duke 
of  Wellington,  then  master-general  of  the 
ordnance,  general  leave  of  absence  so  long^ 
as  he  was  not  required  for  military  service, 
and  on  the  understanding  that  he  was  use- 
fiiU^  employed  in  scientific  pursuits,  he  acted 
until  18^  as  one  of  the  secretaries  of  the 
Boyal  Society. 

In  1827  and  the  two  following  years  Sabine 
made  experiments  to  determine  the  relative 
lengths  of  the  seconds  pendulum  in  Paria, 
London,  Greenwich,  and  Altona,  and  he 
afterwards  determined  the  absolute  length 
at  Greenwich.  On  the  abolition  of  the  board 
of  longitude  in  1828,  it  was  arranged  th&t 
three  scientific  advisers  of  the  acuniral^ 
should  be  nominated,  the  selection  being* 
limited  to  the  ooimcil  of  the  Royal  Society. 
Sabine.  Faraday,  and  Younff  were  appointed. 
Sabine  s  appointment  was  violently  attacked 
by  Charles  Mbbage  in  a  pampblet  generally 
denouncing  the  Royal  Soci^,  entitled  *  Re- 
flections on  the  Decline  of  Science  in  Engu 
land,  and  on  some  of  its  Gauses '  (189(^. 
Sabine  did  not  answer  Babba^'s  unmannerly 
attack,  but  contented  himself  with  inserting' 
in  the  *  Philosophical  Magazine  *  for  1830  an 
explanation  on  one  point  upon  which  par- 
ticular stress  had  been  laid. 

The  condition  of  Ireland  in  1830  necessi- 
tated an  increased  military  establishment, 
and  Sabine  was  recalled  to  military  duty  in 
that  country,  where  he  served  for  seven 
years.  During  this  time  he  continued  his 
pendulum  investigations,  and  in  1884  com- 
menced, in  conjunction  with  Professor  Hum- 
phrey Lloyd,  uterwards  provost  of  Trinity 


Sabine 


565 


Sabine 


CoDegBf  Dablin,  and  Gsptain  (alUrwaids 
Sir)  James  ClaA  Boas  [q.y.]y  the  fint  sys- 
tematic magnetic  sorrey  ever  made  of  the 
Britiah  Islands.  He  extended  it  single- 
handed  to  Scotland  in  1896,  and  in  oon- 
joaetion  with  Lloyd,  Boss,  and  additional 
ohserreny  in  the  following  year  to  England. 
With  the  exception  of  the  mathematical 
section  of  the  Irish  report,  which  was  Pro- 
feasor  lioyd'si  the  reports-^pahlished  hj  the 
Kitish  Association — ^were  mainly  Sabme's, 
as  was  also  a  very  laige  share  of  the  ohser- 
Tations,  more  particularly  the  laborioas  task 
of  combining  them,  by  equations  of  con- 
dition, to  obtain  the  most  probable  mean 
results. 

Sabine  was  promoted  to  be  breTet-m%jor 
on  10  Jan.  18S7,  and  did  duW  at  Woolwich. 
On  23  April  1836  Humboldt  wrote  to  the 
Duke  of  dossex,  president  of  the  Boyal  So- 
ciety, in  reference  to  a  conversation  he  had 
recently  held  in  Berlin  with  Sabine  and 
Lloyd,  and  urged  the  establishment  through- 
out the  British  empire  of  regular  magnetic 
stations  similar  to  those  which,  mainly  by 
his  influence,  had  been  for  some  time  in  ope- 
ration in  Northern  Asia.  The  proposal  was 
reported  upon  by  Mr.  (afterwards  Sir)  George 
Airey,  astronomer  royal,  and  Mr.  Samuel 
Hunter  Christie  [q.  v.]  (see  J2oya/  8oe,  Proc, 
ToL  iii.)  A  committee  on  mathematics  and 
physics,  appointed  in  May,  of  which  Sabine, 
Lloyd,  and  Lieutenant  (afterwards  Sir)  Wil- 
liam Thomas  DeniK>n  [q.  t.]  were  prominent 
members,  worked  out  the  details,  and  to- 
wards the  end  of  the  year  a  definite  official 
representation  was  made  to  ^vemment  to 
establish  ma^etic  observatories  at  selected 
stations  inboth  hemispheres,  and  to  despatch 
a  nayal  expedition  to  the  South  Antarctic 
regions  to  make  a  magnetical  survey  of  them. 
In  the  spring  of  l&Q  the  scheme  was  ap- 
pfoved  by  the  government. 

The  fixed  observatories  were  to  be  esta- 
blished at  Toronto  in  Canada,  St.  Helena, 
and  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and  at  stations 
to  be  determined  by  the  East  India  Company, 
while  other  nations  were  invited  to  co- 
operate. Sabine  was  appointed  to  snnerin- 
tend  the  whole,  and  the  observatories  uepax 
their  work  in  1840.  Sabine's  first  pubhca- 
tion  of  results  was  a  quarto  volume  in  1848 
of  '  Observations  on  Days  of  Unusual  Mag- 
netic Disturbance,'  which  was  followed  by  a 
second  volume  on  the  same  subset  in  1851. 
The  subsequent  publications,  which  were  en- 
tireli*  edited  by  Sabine,  who  wrote  an  intro- 
duction toeach  volume,  were:  Toronto,1842- 
1847,  in  3  vols.,  dated  1845, 1868,  and  1857 
respectively  (observations  were  carried  on 
from  1848  to  1853,  but  were  not  printed) ; 


St.  Hdena,  1843>9,  in  S  vols.,  dated  1850 
and  1800 ;  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  the  magnetic 
observations  to  1846, 1  vol.,  dated  1851,  and 
the  meteorological  to  1848,  1  vol.,  dated 
1880;  Hobart  Town,  Tasmania,  to  1842,  in 
3  vols.,  dated  I860, 1862,  and  1853  respec- 
tively. To  enable  Sabine  to  cope  with  the 
work,'a  small  clerical  staff  was  maintained 
by  the  war  office  at  Woolwich  for  about 
twenty  years. 

In  1839  Sabine  was  appointed  general 
secretary  of  the  British  Association,  a  la- 
borious office  which  he  held  for  twenty  years, 
with  the  single  exception  of  1852,  when  he 
occupied  the  presidential  chair  at  Belfast. 
In  1840  he  commenced  the  series  of  'Con- 
tributions to  Tenestanal  Magnetism,'  which 
comprised  fifteen  napers  in  the '  Philosophical 
Transactions  of  tne  Boyal  Society,'  spread 
over  thirty-six  years.  This  gigantic  work 
was  a  survey  of  the  general  distribution  of 
m^;netLBm  over  the  f^obe  at  this  epoch.  In 
it  IS  to  be  found  every  observation  of  any 
authority  taken  by  sea  or  land  since  1818  or 
thereabouts,  arranged  in  xones  of  5*^  and  10^ 
of  latitude,  and  taKen  in  the  order  of  louffi- 
tude  eastwards  fieom  G^reenwich  round  the 
jplobe.  Illustrative  maps  were  prepared  for 
it  in  the  hydrographical  department  of  the 
admiralty,  under  the  supervision  of  Captain 
(afterwards  Rear-admiral  Sir)  Frederick 
Evans,  R.N.  Several  of  the  numbers  a^ 
peered  after  Sabine  had  lost  the  aid  of  his 
staff  of  clerks  at  Woolwich.  Numbers  11, 
13, 14,  and  15  contain  a  complete  statement 
of  the  magnetic  survey  of  the  globe,  in  the 
double  form  of  catalogue  or  tables  and  of 
manietao  maps* 

On  25  Jan.  1841  Sabine  was  promoted  to 
be  renmental  lieutenant-colonel.  On  1  Dec. 
1845  ne  was  elected  foreign  secretary  of  the 
Boyal  Society.  In  1849  he  was  awarded  one 
of  the  gold  medals  of  the  society  for  his 

?apers  on  terrestrial  magnetism.  On  80  Nov. 
860  he  was  elected  treasurer  to  the  society. 
On  11  Nov.  of  the  following  year  he  was 
promoted  to  be  regimental  colonel,  and  on 
14  Jime  1866  major-generaL  Between  1858 
and  1861,  at  the  request  of  the  British  Asso- 
ciation, he  imdertook  to  repeat  the  magnetic 
survey  of  the  British  Isles.  Dr.  Uoyd  was 
again  his  coadjutor,  and,  as  before,  Sabine 
reduced  and  reported  the  results  relating  to 
the  elements  of  dip  and  force,  Evans  deiuing 
with  the  declination.  In  1859  he  edited  the 
'Letters  of  Colonel  Sir  Augustus  Fraser, 
K.C.B.,  commanding  the  Royal  Horse  Artil* 
lery  in  the  Army  under  the  Duke  of  Wel- 
lington, written  during  the  Peninsular  and 
Waterloo  Campaigns.' 
Sabine  was  dected  president  of  the  Boyal 


Sabine 


S66 


Sabine 


Society  in  1861,  and  held  the  office  until  his 
resignation  in  1871.  In  1864  he  moved  the 
government  of  India  to  undertake  at  varioas 
stations  of  the  great  trigonometrical  survey, 
from  the  sea-level  at  Cape  Cormorin  to  the 
lofty  tablelands  of  the  Himalayas,  the  series 
of  pendulum  observations  which  have  thrown 
so  much  light  on  the  constitution  of  the 
earth's  crust  and  local  variations  of  gravity. 

On  9  Feb.  1865  Sabine  was  made  a  colonel- 
commandant  of  the  royal  artillery,  and  on 
20  Sept.  of  the  same  year  was  promoted  to 
be  lieutenant-general.  In  1869  he  was  made 
a  civil  knight-commander  of  the  Bath,  and 
on  7  Feb.  1870  was  promoted  to  be  general. 
In  1876  his  scientific  activity  came  to  an 
end,  and  he  retired  from  the  army  on  full 
pay  on  1  Oct.  1877.  During  his  later  years 
his  mental  &culties  failed.  He  died  at  Rich- 
mond on  26  June  1883,  and  was  buried  in  the 
family  vault  at  Tewin,  Hertfordshire,  beside 
the  remains  of  his  wife. 

Sabine  wss  created  D.C.L.  of  Oxford  on 
20  June  1855,  and  LL.D.  of  Cambridge.  He 
was  a  fellow  of  the  Linnean  and  the  Royal 
Astronomical  societies  and  many  other 
learned  bodies.  He  held  the  foreign  orders 
of  Pour  le  M6rite  of  Prussia,  S3.  Maurice  and 
Lazarus  of  Italy,  and  the  Rose  of  Brazil.  He 
contributed  more  than  one  hundred  papers  to 
the  'Philosophical  Transactions  of  the  Royal 
Society,'  besides  many  others  to  the '  Philo- 
sophical Magazine,'  'Journal  of  Science,'  and 
kindred  publications  (see  Royal  Sodetjf*  Cat, 
of  Soientific  Paper*).  His  scientific  capacity 
was  combined  with  an  attractive  personality. 
His  grace  of  manner  and  invincible  cheerful- 
ness rendered  him  universally  popular. 

There  is  an  oil  portrait  of  Sabine  by  S. 
Pearce  in  the  rooms  of  the  Royal  Society, 
presented  by  Lady  Sabine  in  1866.  There  is 
also  a  marble  bust  of  him  by  J.  Durham, 
presented  by  P.  J.  Gassiot,  esq.,  F.R.S.,  in 
1860.  In'  the  mess-room  of  the  royal  artil- 
lery at  Woolwich  there  is  a  portrait  of  him 
by  G.  F.  Watts,  R.  A.,  dated  1876. 

Sabine  married,  in  1826,  Elizabeth  Juliana 
(1807-1879),  daughter  of  William  Leeves, 
esq.,  of  Tortington,  Sussex.  She  was  an 
accomplished  woman,  who  aided  him  for  more 
than  half  a  century  in  his  scientific  investi- 
gations. Her  translation  of  Humboldt's 
*  Cosmos,'  in  four  volumes,  was  published 
1849-58.  She  also  translated '  The  Aspects 
of  Nature '  (1849, 2  vols.)  by  the  same  author, 
Arago's  meteorological  essays,  and  'Narra- 
tive of  an  Expedition  to  the  Polar  Sea '  ( 1840 ; 
2nd  ed.  1844)  commanded  by  Admiral  Fer- 
dinand von  Wrangel,  which  were  published 
under  the  superintendence  of  her  husband. 
There  was  no  issue  of  the  marriage.  Sabine's 


only  surviving  nephew  on  the  male  side  was 
Admiral  Sir  Thomas  Sabin&^Pasley  [q.  v.] 

The  following  is  a  list  of  some  of  the 
more  important  of  Sabine's  contributions  to 
the  Royal  Society  'Philosophical  Transac- 
tions '  tnat  have  not  been  mentioned :  1. '  Ir- 
regularities observed  in  the  Direction  of  the 
Compass  Needles  of  H.M.S.  Isabella  and 
Alexander  in  their  late  Voyage  of  Discovery, 
and  caused  by  the  Attraction  of  the  Iron  con- 
tained in  the  Ships,'  1819.  2.  <  On  the  Din 
and  Variation  of  the  Magnetic  Needle,  ana 
on  the  Intensity  of  the  Ma^etic  Force, 
made  during  the  late  Voyage  m  search  of  a 
North- West  Pt^age,'  1819.  8.  <  An  Account 
of  Experiments  to  determine  the  Accelera- 
tion 01  the  Pendulum  in  different  Latitudes,' 

1821.  4.  '  On  the  Temperature  at  consider- 
able Depths  of  the  Caribbean  Sea,'  1828. 
6. '  A  Comparison  of  Barometrical  Measure- 
ment with  the  Trigonometrical  Determina- 
tion of  a  Height  at  Spitzbergen,'  1826. 
6.  *  Experiments  to  determine  the  Difference 
in  the  Number  of  Vibrations  made  by  an  In- 
variable Pendulum  in  the  Royal  Observatory 
at  Greenwich  and  in  the  House  in  London 
in  which  Captain  Kilter's  Experiments  were 
made,'  1829.  7.  '  Experiments  to  ascertain 
the  Ratio  of  the  Magnetic  Forces  acting'  on 
a  Needle  suspended  horizontally  in  Paris 
and  London,'  1828.  8.  '  Experiments  to  de- 
termine the  Difference  in  the  Length  of  the 
Seconds  Pendulum  in  London  and  Paris,' 
1828.  9.  '  An  Account  of  Experiments  to 
determine  the  Amount  of  the  Dip  of  the 
Magnetic  Needle  in  London  in  August  1821 , 
with  Remarks  on  the  Instruments  which  are 
usually  employed  in  such  Determinations,' 

1822,  being  the  Bakerian  lecture.  10.  '  On 
the  Dip  of  the  Magnetic  Needle  m  London 
in  August  1828  - 1829.'  11.  <  On  the  Reduc- 
tion to  a  Vacuum  of  the  Vibration  of  an  In- 
variable Pendulum,'  1829.  12. '  Experiments 
to  determine  the  Difference  in  the  Number 
of  Vibrations  made  by  an  Invariable  Pen- 
dulum in  the  Royal  Observatories,  Green- 
wich and  Altona,'  18S0.  IS.  <  Experiments 
on  the  Length  of  the  Seconds  Pendulum, 
made  at  the  Royal  Observatory,  Greenwich/ 
1831.  14.  '  Report  on  a  Paper  by  the  late 
Mr.  Douglas,  entitled  ''  Observations  taken 
on  the  Western  Coast  of  North  America,"' 
1837.  15. '  On  Magnetical  Observations  in 
Germany,  Norway,  and  Russia,' 1840. 16.*  On 
the  Lunar  Atmospheric  Tide  at  St.  Helena/ 
1847.  17.  <  On  the  Diurnal  Variation  of  the 
Magnetic  Declination  of  St.  Helena,'  1847. 
18.  '  On  the  Means  adopted  in  the  British 
Colouial  Magnetic  Observatories  for  deter- 
mining the  AbsoluteValues,  Secular  Changes, 
and  Annual  Variation  of  the  Magnetic  Force, 


Sabine 


567 


Sabine 


1850. 19. 'On  theAnnualVariationofthe  Mag- 
netic Dedination  at  diiferent  periods  of  the 
day/ 1851 .  20. '  On  Periodical  Laws  discover- 
ablein  the  Mean  Effect  of  the  larger  Magnetic 
Disturbancee/  1851  and  1852.  21.  *  On  the 
Periodic  and  Non-periodic  Var  iations  of  Tern* 
peiatare  at  Toronto  in  Canada  £rom  1841  to 
1852  inclusive/ 1853.  22.  'On  the  Influence 
of  the  Moon  on  the  Magnetic  Direction  at 
Toronto,  St.  Helena,  and  Hobarton/  1853. 

23.  *  On  some  Ck)nclu8ion8  derived  from  the 
Observations  of  the  Magnetic  Declination 
at  the   Observatory  of  St.  Hdena/  1854. 

24.  '  Beply  (drawn  up  by  Sabine)  of  the 
President  and  Council  of  the  Eoyal  Society 
to  an  Application  of  the  Lords  01  the  Com- 
mittee 01  Privy  Council  for  Trade  on  the 
Subject  of  Marine  Meteorological  Observa- 
tion/1865. 25. '  On  the  Lunar  Diurnal  Mag- 
netic Variation  at  Toronto/  1856.    26.  <0n 
the  Evidence  of  the  Existence  <^  the  De- 
cennial  Inequality  in   the  Solar   Diurnal 
Variations  and  its  IN  on-ezistence  in  the  Lunar 
Diurnal  Variations  of  the  Magnetic  Declina^ 
tionatHobarton/1856.  27. 'OnTThat  the  Co- 
lonial Magnetic  Observations  have  accom- 
plished/ 1857.    28. '  On  the  Solar  MajKaetic 
Variation  of  the   Magnetic  Declination  at 
Pekin/  1860.    29.  <  On  the  Laws  of  the 
Phenomena  of  the  Larger  Disturbances  of 
the  Magnetic  Declination  in  the  Kew  Ob- 
servatory, with  Notices  of  the  Progress  of 
OUT   Knowledge   regarding   the    Magnetic 
Storms/  1860.    30.  *  On  the  Lunar  Diumal 
Variation  of  the  Magnetic  Declination  ob- 
tained from  the  Kew  Photograms  in  the 
years  1858-60/ 1861     31.  /  On  the  Secular 
Grange  in  the  Magnetic  Dip  in  London  be- 
tween   the    years    1821  and   1860/  1861. 
32.    'Basultsof  the  Magnetic  Observations 
at  the  Kew  Observatory  £rom  1858  to  1862,' 
1863.    38.    'A  Comparison   of  the   most 
notable  Disturbance  of  the  Maflnetio  Decli- 
nation in  1858-9  at  Kew  and  X^ertschinsk, 
with  Retrospective  View  of  the  Progress  of 
the  Investigation  into  the  Laws  and  Causes 
of  the  Mafimetic  Disturbances/ 1864.  34 '  Ba- 
salts of  Hourly  Observations  of  the  Mag- 
netic Declination  made  by  Sir  F.  L.  McClin- 
tock,  R.N.,  at  Port  Kennedy  in  the  Arctic 
Sea  in  1 858-9,  and  a  Comparison  of  them  with 
those  of  Captain  Maguire,  R.N.,  in  the  Plover 
in  1852-4  at  Point  Sarrow/ 1864.  35.  <  Re- 
sults of  the  Magnetic  Observations  at  the 
Kew  Observatory  of  the  Lunar  Diurnal  Varia- 
tion of  the  three  Ma^pietic  Elements/  1866. 
36.  '  Results  of  the  First  Tear's  Per£9rmance 
of  the  Photographically  Self-Recording  Me- 
teorological Instruments  at  the  Central  Obr 
servatoiy  of  the  British  System  of  Meteoro- 
logical Observations/  1869.    37.  'Analysis 


of  the  principal  Disturbances  shown  by  the 
Horisontal  and  Vertical  Force  Magnetometers 
of  the  Kew  Observatory  from  1859  to  1864/ 
1871. 

Sabine  also  published  a  work  *  On  the  Cos- 
mical  Features  of  Terrestrial  Magnetism/ 
London,  8vo,  1862. 

[Royal  Artillery  Becords ;  War  Office  Records ; 
Despatches ;  Proceedings  of  the  Royal  Artillery 
Instibatiott,  vol.  zii.  pp.  381-396 ;  Phil.  Trans, 
and  Ptoe.  of  the  Royal  See.  from  1818  to  1876, 
voL  li.  p.  zliii  of  Proo.  (asp.)]  R.  H.  V. 

SABINE,  JOSEPH  (1662  P-1739),  gene- 
ral, bom  about  1662,  came  of  a  fSamily  settled 
at  Patricksboume  in  Kent ;  his  grandfather^ 
Avery  Sabine,  was  an  alderman  of  Cante^« 
bury.  Joseph  was  appointed  captain  lieu* 
tenant  to  Sir  Henry  Ingoldsby's  regiment  of 
foot  on  8  March  1689,  captain  of  the  gxena- 
dier  company  before  18  Oct.  1689,  major  of 
the  late  Col,  Charles  Herbert's  reffiment  on 
18  July  169 1 ,  and  lieutenant  colonS  on  6  July 
169&.  He  obtained  the  brevet  rank  of  colonel 
on  1  Jan.  1708.  He  took  part  in  William  IH's 
campaigns  in  the  Low  Countries,  and  afteiv 
warcis  served  during  with  the  2drd  or  royal 
Welsh  fusiliers  in  the  war  of  the  Spanish  sue* 
cession.  He  was  wounded  on  3  July  1704  at 
the  battle  of  ScheUenberg,and  on  1  April  fol* 
lowing  became  colonel  of  his  regiment.  He 
took  part  in  the  battle  of  Ramillies,  being 
stationed  with  the  fusiliers  on  the  right  of  the 
English  line.  On  1  Jan.  1707  ha  was  pro- 
moted to  the  rank  of  brigadier-general«  At 
the  battle  of  Oudenarde  on  11  July  1708  he 
led  the  attack  on  the  village  of  Heynam,  and 
afterwards  he  took  part  in  the  siege  of  Lille. 
On  1  Jan.  1710  he  was  appointed  m^or- 
general,  and  three  years  later,  on  the  con-* 
elusion  of  peace,  returned  with  his  regimBBt 
to  England.  In  1716  he  purchased  the 
estate  of  Tewin  in  Hertfordsh&e,  and  rebuilt 
the  house  in  the  following  year.  In  1727  he  re- 
presented the  borough  of  Berwick-on-Tweed 
m  parliament,  and  on  4  March  of  that  year 
he  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  lieutenant** 

feneral.  After  being  appointed  general  on 
July  1780,  he  was  nominated  governor  of 
Gibraltar,  where  he  died  on  24  Oct.  1789. 
He  was  buried  in  Tewin  church. 

Sabine  was  twice  married :  his  first  wife 
was  Hester,  daughter  of  Henrv  Whitfield 
of  Bishop  Stortford  in  Hertforoshiie.  His 
seoond  wife  was  Margaretta  (1682-1750), 
youngest  daud^ter  of  Charles  Newsham  of 
Chadshunt  in  Warwickshire  ;  by  her  he  had 
five  children,  of  whom  Joseph,  a  captain  in 
the  Welsh  fusiliers,  was  killed  at  Fontenoy. 

Sabine's  portrait  was  painted  by  Kneller 
in  1711,  and  engraved  by  Faber  in  1742. 


Sabine 


568 


Sabran 


SGhsnger's  BiogT'  Hist.  ed.  Noble,  iii.  220; 
tWs  Army  *Listo,  iii.  78;  Glatterbuck's 
Hi«t.  of  HertfoKkhin,  ii.  224,  229,  iii.  190; 
Marlbotron^h  Deepatehes^ed.  Murray,  iii.  689,  it. 
609,  ▼.  20, 41, 531 ;  Cannon's  Hist.  Record  of  the 
Twenty-Third  B^ment,  passim.]       £•  L  C. 

SABINE,  JOSEPH  (1770-1837),  writer 
oa  horticulture,  eldest  sou  of  Joseph  Sabine 
of  Tewiui  Hertfordshire,  and  brother  of  Sir 
Edward  Sabine  [q.  v.],  was  bom  at  Tewin 
in  1770.  He  was  educated  for  the  bar,  and 
practised  until  1808,  when  he  was  made 
inspector-general  of  assessed  taxes,  a  post 
which  he  retained  until  his  retirement  in 
1886.  Sabine  was  chosen  one  of  the  original 
fellows  of  the  Linnean  Society  in  1798,  was 
elected  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  on  7  Not. 
1779.  and  in  1810  succeeded  Richard  Anthony 
SalisbuiT  [q.  v.]  as  honoranr  secretary  of  the 
Horticultural  Society.  He  round  thesodetVa 
accounts  in  the  greatest  confusion,  and  for  nis 
success  in  the  work  of  reorganisation  was 
awarded  the  society's  ^Id  medal  in  1816. 
He  took  a  leading  part  in  the  establishment 
of  the  society's  garden,  first  at  Hammersmith 
and  afterwards  at  Ohiawick ;  in  sending  out 
David  Douglas  [q.Y.]  and  others  as  collectors ; 
in  starting  local  societies  in  connection  with 
the  Royal  Horticultural  Society ;  in  growing 
fine  varieties  of  fruit;  and  in  distributing 
new  and  improved  varieties  of  flowers,  firuits, 
and  vrntables  throughout  the  country.  To 
the '  iSansactions '  of  the  society  (vols,  i.- 
vii.)  he  contributed  in  all  forty  papers,  deal- 
ing among  other  subjects  with  peeonies, 
passion  flowers,  magnolias,  dahlias,  roses, 
chrysanthemums,  crocuses,  and  tomatoes. 
His  management  of  the  society's  affiiirs, 
which  he  ruled  despotically,  subsequently 
became  unsatisfactory.  A  too  sanguine  view 
of  its  future  led  him  to  incur  debts  of  more 
than  eighteen  th<msand  pounds.  In  1880  a 
committee  of  inquiry  was  appointed,  a  vote 
of  censure  was  threatened,  and  he  resigned. 
He  afterwards  took  an  active  part  in  the 
work  of  Uie  Zoological  Society^  of  which 
he  was  treasurer  and  vice-president,  add- 
ing many  animals  to  their  collection.  He 
was  a  recognised  authority  on  British  birds, 
their^  moulting,  migration,  and  habits.  He 
died  in  Mill  Street,  Hanover  Souare,  London, 
on  24  Jan.  1837,  and  was  buned  in  Eensal 
Gh-een  cemetery  on  1  Feb.  There  is  a  litho- 
ffraph  of  him  after  a  portrait  by  Eddis,  and 
his  name  was  commemorated  by  DeCandoUe 
in  the  leguminous  genus  Sabmea, 

He  contributed  a  list  of  plants  to  Olutter- 
bucVs  'History  of  Hertfordshire '  (1816),  a 
zoological  appendix  to  Sir  John  Franklin's 
^Narrative' (1823),  and  four  papen  to  the 
'Transactions  of  the  Linnean  Society,'  vols. 


xii-xiv.  ri818-24),  one  dealing  with  a  species 
of  gull  from  Greenland,  and  another  with 
North  American  marmots. 

[Gent.  Mag.  1837, 1  436-6;  Royal  Society's 
Gatalogae  of  Papers,  v.  86i-6 ;  Britten  and 
Bonlger's  Biogr.  Index  of  British  Botanisti^  and 
the  anthoriUee  there  cited.]  G.  8.  B. 

SABRAN,  LEWIS  (1652-1732),  Jesuit, 
was  the  son  of  the  Mara  uis  de  Sabran,  ci  the 
Saint-Elzear  family,  ot  the  fint  nobilil^  of 
Provence*  His  father  was  for  many  veara 
resident  ambassador  to  the  court  of  St. 
James's,  and  married  an  English  lady.  Lewis 
was  bom  at  Paris  on  1  March  1652,  and 
educated  in  the  ooll^pe  of  the  English  Jesuits 
at  St.  Omer.  He  entered  the  novitiate  of 
the  Society  of  Jesus  at  Watten  on  17  Sept. 
1670.  and  was  admitted  to  the  profession  of 
the  n>ur  solenm  vows  on  2  Feb.  1688.  (hi 
the  accession  of  James  II  he  was  appointed 
one  of  the  royal  chaplains  at  St.  James's 
Palace,  and  on  the  birth  of  the  Prince  of 
Wales  on  10  June  1688  became  the  prince's 
chaplain.  At  the  outbreak  of  the  revolution 
he  was  ordered  (November  1688)  to  proceed 
to  Portsmouth  in  charge  of  the  royal  in&nt. 
but  was  afterwards  dizected  to  return  to  the 
metropolis.  In  endeavouring  to  escape  to 
the  continent,  disguised  as  a  gentleman  in 
the  suite  of  the  Polish  ambassador,  he  fell 
into  the  hands  of  a  furious  mob,  was  brutallj 
treated,  and  committed  to  prison.  He  was 
soon  liberated,  and  escaped  to  DunldriL 

He  was  appointed  visitor  of  die  province 
of  Naples,  and  subsequently  of  the  English 
province.  On  23  June  1693  he  was  chosen 
at  the  triennial  meeting  of  the  province  at 
Watten  as  the  procurator  to  be  sent  to 
Rome.  In  1699  the  prince-bishop  of  Lidge, 
by  leave  of  the  father-general  of  the  order, 
constituted  him  president  of  the  episcopal 
seminary  in  that  city  (Fousr,  Iteoards,  ▼• 
294 ;  Db  Backbb,  BibL  des  Ecrivanu  de  ia 
(hmpoffme  de  JSsus,  1872,  ii.  746).  He  held 
the  office  till  1708,  when  he  was  declared 

grovincial  of  the  English  province.  In  1 71 2 
abran  was  appointed  rector  of  the  college 
at  St.  Omer,  and  in  1715  spiritual  father  at 
the  English  College,  Home.  He  died  in 
Bome  on  22  Jan.  1731-2. 

Of  two  separately  issued  sermons  by  Si^ 
bran,  published  in  1687,  one  (on  2  Tim. 
iv.  7)  '  preached  before  the  l^iiig  i^t  Chester 
on  Au^fust  28,  being  the  Feast  of  Saint  Augus- 
tin,'  raised  a  heated  controveray  concerning 
the  doctrine  of  the  invocation  of  saints,  in 
which  Edward  Qee  [q.  v.l  was  Sabran's  chief 
antaffonist.  Sabran  replied  to  Glee's  first 
attadc  in  '  A  Letter  to  a  Peer  of  the  Church 
of  England,'  London,  1 687, 4to ;  to  his  second 


Sacheverell 


569 


Sacheverell 


pjgni 


in  his  'Reply; '  to  his  third  in '  The  Challenge 
of  R. F.  Lewis  Sabran  of  the  Soeietyof  Jesus, 
made  ont  against  the  EUstorical  "Biscoarse 
rhj  Gee]  concerning  Inyocation  of  Saints. 
(Me  Fint  Part/  London,  1688y4to.  A  manu- 
script copy  of  the  last  pamphlet  is  among 
the  printed  books  in  the  iiritish  Museum 
(T.  188S/12).  Qee  replied  to  this  in  1688 : 
and  another  reply  by  Titus  Gates  appeared 
in  1689.  Sabran  answered  Gee's  attack  in 
*  A  Letter  to  Dr.  William  Needham/  1688, 
4tOy  which  elicited  fh>m  G^  an  anonymous 
'  Letter  to  the  Superiours  (whether  Bishops 
otr  Priests)  .  .  .  concerning  Lewis  Sabran,  a 
Jesuit,'  London,  1688,  4to. 

Sabran  is  also  credited  with  *  Dr.  Sherlock 
■ifbed  from  his  Bran  and  Chaff'  rLondon, 
1687,  ^o)  and  '  An  Answer  to  Dr.  Snerlock's 
Preeervative  against  Popery'  (anon.),  Lon- 
don, 1688,  4to.  When  William  GUes,  <a 
Fkotestant  footman,' published  a  reply  to  the 
latter,  Sabran  retorted  in  'Dr.  Sherlock's 
F^neerYatiye  considered,'  1688,  4to.  Sher- 
lodc  published  '  A  Vindication  ...  in  answer 
to  the  cayils  of  Lewis  Sabran/ 1688. 

[De  Baeker^s  Kbl.  des  &riTain8  do  la  Oom- 
lie  de  Jims,  1876,  iii.  449 ;  Dodd's  Church 

iii.  498 ;   FokVs  Beeoxds,  t.  291, 1004, 

1006,  TiL  676;  fialkatt  and  Laingfs  Diet,  of 
Anon.  Lit.  i  116 ;  Jones's  PoperrTraets,  pp.  146, 
147,  408-11,  468,  484;  OliWs  Jesuit  Oollec- 
taona,  p.  188 ;  Cat  of  labraiy  of  Trinity  Coll. 
Dublin.]  T.  C. 

SAOHBYEBELL,  HENRY  (1674  P- 
1724),  political  preacher,  son  of  Joshua 
Saclieyereliy  rector  of  St.  Peter's  Church, 
Marlborough,  Wiltshire,  was  bom  in  or  about 
1674,  for  he  was  fifteen  when  he  matricu- 
lated at  Oxford  in  1689.  He  claimed  to  be 
connected  with  the  Sacheverells  of  New  Hall, 
Warwickshire,  and  of  Morley ,  Derbyshire,  and 
his  daim  was  admitted  by  some  of  them,  but 
the  connection  has  not  Men  made  out.  It 
is  Ikirly  certain  that  he  was  descended  from 
a  Cunily  formerly  called  Qieyerell  that  held 
the  manor  of  East  Stoke,  Dorset,  from  the 
leiffn  of  Edward  IV  until  the  manor  was 
flold  by  Christopher  Oheyerell  in  or  about 
1606.  John  Sacheyerdl,  rector  of  East  Stoke 
nnd  Laagrton-Matrayers  in  the  same  county, 
who  diMl  in  1651,  left  three  sons,  John, 
Timothy,  and  Philologus,  all  of  whom  were 
Bonconwrmist  ministers  and  were  ejected  in 
1662.  At  the  time  of  his  ejection  John 
ministered  at  Wincanton,  Somerset.  He 
had  an  estate  of  60/.  a  year,  which  came  to 
him  by  his  third  wife,  but  it  went  to  her 
two  daughters  by  a  former  husband,  and  this 
probably  accounts  for  the  fact  that  his  eldest 
eon  Joshua,  of  St.  John's  College,  Oxford,  who 
graduated  B.  A.  in  1667,  and  was  the  father 


of  Henry,  was  in  poor  circumstances.  The 
story  that  he  was  aisinberited  by  his  father 
for  attachment  to  the  church  must  be  regarded 
with  suspicion,  especially  as  it  is  also  said 
that  his  father  left  him  his  books  (HurOHnrs, 
History  o/D&rsetMre,  1 413, 423-4, 3rded. ; 
Calamt,  Memorials,  iii.  223-4,  ed.  Palmer ; 
QLoyBB,  History  of  DerbyshirSf  l.  ii.  220V 

As  his  fkther  was  poor  and  had  other  cnil« 
dren,  of  whom  two  sons  besides  Henry  and 
two  daughters  are  mentioned,  and  Thomas 
and  Susiuinah  known  by  name,  Sacheyerell 
was  adopted  by  hisgod&ther,  Edward  Hearst, 
an  apothecary,  who  sent  him  to  Marlborough 
grammar  school.  After  Hearst's  death  his 
widow  Eatherine,  who  resided  at  Wan- 
borough,  Wiltshire,  proyided  for  the  lad, 
and  sent  him  to  Magdalen  College,  Oxford 
(28  Aug.  1689),  where  he  was  chosen  demy 
(Bloxau).  It  is  believed  that  he  was  the 
'  H.S.'  to  whom,  as  his  friend  and  chamber- 
fellow,  Addison  dedicated  a  poem  in  1694. 
He  himself  wrote  some  yerses,  translations 
from  the  Georgic8,and  Latin  yerses  in '  Musse 
Anglicanae'  (yol.  ii.)  on  the  death  of  Queen 
Ma^.  On  81  Jan.  1693  he  was  reproved  by 
the  college  authorities  for  contemptuous  be- 
haviour towards  the  dean  of  arts,  but  it  is 
evident  that  his  conduct  was  generally 
good.  He  graduated  B. A.  on  SO  June,  pro- 
ceeded M.  A.  on  16  May  1695,  was  elected 
fellow  in  1701,  was  pro-proctor  in  1703,  was 
admitted  B.D.  on  27  Jan.  1707,  and  created 
D.D.  on  1  July  1708,  in  which  year  he  was 
senior  dean  of  arts  in  his  college ;  he  was 
bursar  in  1709.  He  was  incorporated  at 
Cambridge  in  1714.  He  took  several  pupils, 
and  seems  to  have  held  the  living  of  Can- 
nock, Staffordshire.  Both  in  pamphlets  and 
sermons  he  advocated  the  high-church  and 
tory  cause,  and  violently  abused  dissenters, 
low  churchmen,  latitudmarians,  and  whigs. 
He  aired  his  predilections  in  'Character  of 
a  Low  Churchman,'  4to,  1701,  and  another 
pamphlet  '  On  the  Association  of .  .  .  Mode- 
rate Churchmen  with  Whigs  and  Fanatics/ 
4to,  Srd  ed.  1702,  and  he  joined  Edmund 
Perkes,  of  Corpus  Christi  College,  in  writing 
<  The  Rights  of  the  Church  of  England,'  4to, 
1705.  Not  less  violent  than  his  pamphlets, 
his  sermons  on  political  and  ecclesiastical 
nuitters  attractea  special* attention  owing  to 
his  striking  appearance  and  energetic  de- 
livery. Some  of  them,  preached  before  the 
university  of  Oxford,  were  published,  and  one 
of  these,  preached  on  2  June  1702,  was  among 
the  publications  that  called  forth  Defoe's 
*  Shortest  Way  with  the  Dissenters,'  and  is 
referred  to  in  his  *  Hymn  to  the  Pillory.'  He 
was  elected  chaplain  of  St.  Saviour's,  South- 
wark,  in  1705. 


Sacheverell 


S70 


Sacheverell 


O11I5  Aug.  1709,  when  Geor^  Sacheyerell, 
whom  he  claimed  as  a  relative,  was  high 
Bheriff  of  Derbyehire,  Sacheverell  preached 
the  aaaixe  sermon  at  l^i'hy  on  the  'com- 
munication of  sin/  from  1  Yim,  v.  22.  This 
was  published  (4to,  1709)  with  a  dedication 
to  the  high  sheriff  and  the  grand  jurv.  On 
6  Nov.  following  SachevereU  preached  at  St. 
Paul's  before  the  lord  mayor,  Sir  Samuel 
Garrard  [q.  v.],  and  aldermen  on '  the  perils 
of  fedse  brethren  in  church  and  state/  from 
2  Cor.  xi.  26,  this  sermon,  with  some  additions 
and  alterations,  being  virtually  identical  with 
one  preached  at  St.  Mary's,  Oxford,  from  the 
same  text  on  23  Dec.  1705.  The  Oxford 
sermon  had  excited  Heame's  admiration  by 
the  boldness  with  which  the  preacher  exposed 
the  danger  of  the  church  from  '  the  fanatics 
and  other  false  brethren,'  in  spite  of  the  re- 
solution passed  the  same  month  by  both 
houses  of  parliament  that  the  church  was  '  in 
a  flourishing  condition,'  and  that  whoever 
seditiously  insinuated  the  contrary  should 
be  proceeded  against  as  'an  enemy  to  the 

Sueen,  the  church,  and  the  kingdom.'    Both 
be  assize  and  the  St.  Paul's  sermons  are 
extremely  violent  in  language.  In  the  latter 
especially   (November   1709),   Sacheverell 
spoke  strongly  in  favour  of  the  doctrine  of 
non-resistance,  declared  that  the  church  was 
in  danger  from  toleration,  occasional  con- 
formity, and  schism,   onenly  attacked  the 
bishop  of  Salisbury  fsee  BupBT,  Gilbbbt], 
and  pointed  at  the  whig  ministers  as  the  false 
friends  and  real  enemies  of  the  church,  calling 
such,  as  he  described  them  to  be,  'wiley 
Volpones'  (p.  22),  in  obvious  reference  to 
the  nickname  of  the  lord  treasurer,  Sidney 
Godolphin,  first  earl  of  Godolphin  [q.  v. 
The  proposal  that  the  St.  Paul's  sermon  should 
be  printed  was  rejected  by  the  court  of  alder- 
men, but  it  was  nevertheless  published  (4to, 
1709)  with  a  dedication  to  tne  lord  mayor, 
who,  in  spite  of  his  subsequent  denial,  was 
generally  believed  to  have  encouraged  its 
publication,  and  was  declared  by  Sacheverell 
to  have  done  so.    On  13  Dec.  John  Dolben 
(1662-1710)  [q.  v  ]  called  the  attention  of 
the  House  of  Commons  to  both  sermons,  and 
they  were  declared  by  the   house  to   be 
'malicious,  scandalous,  and  seditious  libels, 
highly  reflecting  upon  Her  Majesty  and  her 
government,  the  late  happy  revolution,  and 
the  protestant  succession/     The  next  day 
Sacheverell  and  the  printer  of  the  sermons, 
Henry  Clements,  appeared  at  the  bar  of  the 
house,  and  Sacheverell  owned  the  sermons. 
Clements  was  let  go,  but  the  house  ordered 
that  Sacheverell  should  be  impeached  for 
high  crimes  and  misdemeanours,  and  he  was 
committed  to  the  custody  of  the  sergeant-at- 


arms.  A  resolution  passed  the  same  day  in 
favour  of  his  rival,  the  whig  divine,  Benjamin 
Hoadly  (1676-1761)  [q.  v.],  was  pointed  at 
him.  His  petition  on  the  1 7th  to  be  admitted 
to  bail  was  refused  on  the  22nd  by  114  votes 
to  79.  The  articles  of  impeachment  were 
agreed  to  in  spite  of  the  vigorous  opposition  of 
Harley,  afterwards  first  earl  of  Oxford  [q.  v.l, 
and  William  Bromley  (1664-1732)  [q.  v.]  by 
232  to  131,  objection  being  taken  to  the  St. 
Paul's  sermon  and  the  dedication  of  the 
assise  sermon  only.    Some  of  the  leadinir 


whigs,  and  specially  Lord  Somers,  the  ^i 
sident  of  the  council,  disapproved  of  the  im- 
peachment, but  it  was  ttj^ed  on  his  fellow 
ministers  by  Lord  SunderUnd,  and  heartily 
approved  by  Godolphin,  who  was  irritated  at 
the  insult  to  himself  (Swift,  Works,  iii. 
180).    Sacheverell,  having  been  transferred 
to  the  custody  of  the  officer  of  the  House 
of  Lords,  was,  on  14  Jan.  1710,  admitted  to 
bail  by  the  lords,  himself  in  6,000^  and  two 
sureties,  Dr.  William  Lancaster  [q.  v.],  vice- 
chancellor  of  Oxford,  and  Dt.  Richard  Bowes 
of  All  Souls'  College,  vicar  of  New  Romney , 
Kent,  in  3,000/.  each.    On  the  26th  he  sent 
in  a  bold  and  resolute  answer  to  the  articles. 
Meanwhile  the  feeling  of  the  country  was 
strongly  on  Sacheverell  a  side,  and  it  is  said 
that  toTty  thousand  copies  of  the  St.  Paul*s 
sermon  were  circulatea.    The  case  was  made 
a  trial  of  strength  between  the  two  parties, 
and  the  whigs  gave  special  importance  to  it 
by  ordering  that  it  should  be  heard  in  West- 
minster Hall.    The  consequent  delay  gave 
time  for  the  public  excitement  to  reach  the 
highest  pitch.    Prayers  were  desired  for  the 
doctor  in  many  London  churches ;  he  was 
lauded  in  sermons,  and  the  royal  chaplains 
openly  encouraged  and  praised  him.    When, 
on  27  Feb.,  the  day  on  which  the  trial  began, 
he  drove  from  his  lodgings  in  the  Temple  to 
Westminster,  his  coadb  was  followed  by  six 
others,  and  was  surrounded  by  a  vast  multi- 
tude shouting  wishes  for  his  long  life  and 
safe  deliverance.    Amon^  the  managers  of 
the  impeachment  were  Sir  James  Montagu 
[q.  v.],  the  attorney-general,  Robert  ^afteiv 
wards  Sir  Robert)  Eyre  fq.  y.J,  the  solicitor- 
general.  Sir  Thomss  Parker  [q.  v.l  and  Sir 
Joseph  Jekyll  jq.  v.],  while  Sacneverell's 
counsel  were  Sir  Simon  Harcourt  [q.v.], 
Oonstantine  Phipps,  and  three  others.    The 
queen,  who  went  occasionally  in  a  kind  of 
private  manner  to  hear  the  prooeedinffs,  was 
greeted  by  the  crowd  with  shouts  of  '  God 
bless  your  majesty  and  the  church.     We 
hope  your  majesty  is  for  Dr.  Sacheverell.' 
Riots  were  raised  on  the  28th,  meeting- 
houses were  attacked,  the  houses  of  several 
j  leading  whigs  were  threatened,  and  the  mob 


Sacheverell 


571 


Sacheverell 


was  only  kept  in  check  hj  the  horse  and 
foot  guards.  After  Sachevereirs  counsel 
had  spoken,  he  read  his  own  defence,  which 
was  very  ably  written,  and  was  generally 
believed  to  have  been  composed  for  him  by 
Atterbury.  On  20  March  the  lords  declared 
him  guilty  by  69  to  52,  the  thirteen  bishops 
who  voted  being  seven  for  guilty  to  six  for 
acquittal.  Sentence  was  given  on  the  2drd. 
It  was  merely  that  he  should  be  suspended 
from  preaching  for  three  years ;  he  was  left 
at  liberty  to  perform  other  clerical  functions, 
and  to  accept  preferment  during  that  period. 
His  two  sermons  were  ordered  to  be  burnt 
by  the  common  hangman.  Such  a  sentence 
was  felt  to  be  a  triumph  for  him  and  the 
high-church  and  torv  party,  and  the  news  of 
it  was  received  with  extraordinary  enthu- 
siasm throughout  the  kingdom;  flfreat  re- 
joicings being  made  in  London,  Oxford,  and 
many  other  towns,  and  continued  for  several 
days.  The  ladies  were  specially  enthusiastic, 
filled  the  churches  where  he  read  prayers, 
besought  him  to  christen  their  children,  and 
called  several  after  him.  During  the  progress 
of  the  trial  he  had  been  presented  by  Robert 
LJoyd  of  Aston,  Shropshire,  one  of  his 
former  pupils,  to  the  living  of  Selattyn  in 
that  county,  said  then  to  be  worth  200^.  a 
year.  On  15  June  he  set  out  for  that  place. 
His  journeys  there  and  back  were  like  royal 
progresses.  A  large  party  on  horseback  ac- 
companied him  to  Uxbridge,  and  he  was  re* 
oeived  with  great  honour  at  Oxford,  Banbury, 
and  Warwick,  and  at  Shrewsbury,  where  the 
principal  gentry  of  the  neighbourhood  and 
some  fifty  thousand  persons  assembled  to 
meet  him.  On  his  way  back  he  reached 
Oxford  on  20  July,  and  was  escorted  into  the 
city  by  the  sheriff  of  the  county  and  a  com- 
pan]^  of  five  hundred,  having  arranged  his 
eoming  at  the  same  time  as  tne  visit  of  the 
judges,  in  order,  it  was  believed,  to  secure  a 
large  attendance.  In  August  Godolphin 
was  dismissed,  the  remaining  ministers  were 
tnmed  out  of  office  in  September,  and  at  the 
general  election  in  November  the  tories 
gained  an  overwhelming  victory.  It  was 
recognised  at  the  time  that  the  transference 
of  power  from  the  whigs  to  the  tories  was 
largely  due  to  the  ill-ju^s^d  impeachment  of 
Sadieverell.  Much,  however,  as  they  owed 
to  him,  the  leading  tories  disliked  and  de- 
spised him  (Swift,  Works,  ii.  340).  WilUam 
]5isset  (</.  1747)  [q.  v.],  who  had  previously 
replied  to  his  sermon  (JRemarks,  &c.,  1709), 
made  a  violent  attack  upon  him  in  1710  in 
a  pamphlet  entitled  '  The  Modem  Fanatick,' 
which  contains  several  rather  trumpery 
charges.  Among  these  he  was  accusea  of 
unkiadoeM  to  his  relatives  and  specially  to 


his  mother,  who,  after  her  husband's  death, 
became  an  inmate  of  Bishop  Ward's  founda- 
tion for  matrons  at  Salisbury.  An  answer 
to  Bisset's  pamphlet  was  puolished  in  1711 
hy  Dr.  William  Kinff  (1663-1712)  [q.  v.], 
probably  with  some  help  from  Sacheverell ; 
but  Bisset  renewed  the  attack.  Sacheverell 
expected  immediate  preferment  as  a  reward 
for  his  chamnionship  of  the  tory  cause,  and 
it  was  thought  likely  that  he  would  receive 
a  ^  golden  prebend '  of  Durham,  and  a  rich 
living  in  the  same  diocese,  but  the  bishop 
bestowed  them  elsewhere.  Partly  by  Swift's 
help  he  obtained  from  Harley  a  small  place 
for  one  of  his  brothers  in  1712.  This  brother 
had  failed  in  business,  and  Sacheverell  de- 
clared that  he  had  since  then  maintained  him 
and  his  family. 

SacheverelTs  term  of  punishment  having 
expired^  he  preached  to  a  large  concourse  at 
St.  Saviour^,  Southwark,  on  Palm  Sunday, 
1713,  on  the  'Christian  triumph  and  the 
duty  of  praying  for  enemies,'  from  Luke  xxiii. 
34,  and  sold  his  sermon  for  100/. ;  it  was 
believed  that  thirty  thousand  copies  were 
printed  (4to,1713).  On  13  April  the  queenpre- 
sented  him  to  the  rich  living  of  St.  Andrew's, 
Holbom,  and  his  acceptance  of  it  vacated 
his  fellowship  at  Magdalen.  He  preached 
before  the  House  of  Commons  in  St.  Mar- 
garet's, Westminster,  on  29  May,  on  '  False 
notions  of  liberty,'  and  his  sermon  was 
printed  by  order.  In  1715  Qeorge  Sa^ 
cheverell,  the  former  high  sheriff  of  Derby- 
shire, left  him  a  valuable  estate  at  Callow 
in  that  county,  and  in  June  1716  he  married 
his  benefactor's  widow,  Mary  SacheverelL 
who  was  about  fourteen  years  his  senior, 
He  thus  became  a  rich  man.  He  had  some 
quarrels  with  his  Holbom  parishioners,  and 
notably  in  1719  with  William  Whiston, 
whom  he  ordered  not  to  enter  his  church. 
On  7  Jan.  1723,  during  a  sharp  frost,  he  fell 
on  the  stone  steps  in  front  of  lus  house, 
hurting  himself  badly  and  breaking  two  of 
his  ribs.  He  died  of  a  complication  of  dis- 
orders on  5  June  1724  at  his  house,  where 
he  habitually  resided,  in  the  Grove,  High- 

Sate,  Middlesex,  and  was  buried  in  St.  An- 
reVs,  Holbom.  On  26  July  1747  the 
sexton  of  that  church  was  committed  to 
pris(m  for  stealing  his  lead  coffin.  He  left  a 
legacy  of  600/.  to  Bishop  Atterbury.  He 
had  no  children.  His  widow  married  a  third 
husband,  Charles  Chambers,  attorney,  of 
London,  on  19  May  1735,  and  died,  aged  76, 
on  6  Sept.  1739. 

Sacheverell  is  described  by  Sarah,  duchess 
of  Marlborough,  as '  an  ignorant  and  impudent 
incendiary,  the  scorn  of  those  who  made  him 
their  tool '  (Aceoimt  qf  her  Conduct^  p.  247)| 


Sacheverell 


S7« 


Sacheverell 


and  bv  Hearne,  who,  though  approvioff  his 
sermons,  had  private  reasons  for  dislikinghim, 
as  '  conceited,  ignorant,  impudent,  a  rascal, 
and  a  knave '  (  UolUctwnSf  iu.  66).  He  had  a 
fine  nresence  and  dressed  well.  He  was  an 
indinerent  scholar  and  had  no  care  for  learn* 
ing  (for  a  proof  see  ib,  p.  876),  was  bold, 
insolent,  passionate,  and  inordinately  vain. 
His  failings  stand  in  a  strong  light,  because 
the  whigs,  instead  of  treating  him  and  his 
utterances  with  the  contempt  they  deserved, 
forced  him  to  appear  as  the  champion  of  the 
church's  cause,  a  part  which,  both  by  mind  and 
character,  he  was  utterly  unfitted  to  plaj  even 
respectabl  V,  yet  the  eager  scrutiny  of  his  ene- 
mies could  find  little  of  importance  to  allege 
against  his  conduct,  though  the  charge  that  he 
used  profane  language  when  irritated  seems 
to  have  been  true. 

A  j^ortrait  is  in  the  hall  of  Magdalen  Col- 
lege ;  it  was  bequeathed  to  the  college  in  1799 
by  William  Clements,  demy,  son  of  Sache- 
verell's  printer  (Bloxah).  Bromlev  gives  a 
long  list  of  engraved  portraits  of  Sacheverell ; 
three  are  dated  1710,  one  of  which,  en- 
graved by  John  Faber,  the  elder  [q.  v.],  re- 
presents him  with  Francis  Higgins  (1669- 
1728)  [q.  v.],  and  Philip  Stubbs,  afterwards 
archdeacon  of  St.  Albans  [q.  v.],  as  '  three 
pillars  of  the  church '  {Cat,  of  Engraved Por^ 
traits,  p.  227).  A  medal  was  struck  to  com- 
memorate Sacheverell's  trial,  bearing  the 
doctor's  nortrait  on  the  obverse,  with  inscrip- 
tion, H.  sach:  D:D:,'  which  was  accompanied 
by  two  different  reverses,  both  alike  inscribed 
'  IS :  firm  :  to  :  thee :  * ;  but  one  bears  a  mitre 
for  the  church  of  England,  the  other  the 
head  of  a  pope. 

[Blozam's  Presidents,  &o.  of  St.  M.  Magd.  Coll. 
Ozf.  vi.  98  sq. ;  Hearne's  Collect.  i.-iii.,  ed.  Doble 
(Ox£  Hist.  Soo. ),  contains  frequent  notices ;  others 
from  Hearne's  Diary  extracted  by  Bloxam,  u.8. ; 
Swift's  Works,  passim,  ed.  Scott,  3rd  ed. ;  Account 
of  family  of  Sacheverell ;  Sacheverell's  Sermons ; 
Howell's  State  Trials,  xv.  1  sq. ;  Bisset's  Modem 
Fanatick,  8  pts. ;  King's  Vindication  of  Dr.  S. 
ap.  Grig.  Works,  ii.  179  sq. ;  Dr.  S.'s  Progress, 
by  *  K.  J.*  (1710) ;  Spectator,  No.  Ivii. ;  White 
Rennett's  Wisdom  of  Looking  Backwards;  Whia- 
ton's  Account  of  Dr.  S.'s  Proceedings ;  Bnmet's 
Own  Time,  v.  639  sq.,  vi.  9,  ed.  1823;  Tindal's 
Gont.  of  Rapin's  Hist.  iv.  149  sq. ;  Leck/s  Hist, 
of  England,  i.  61  sq. ;  Stanhope's  Hist,  of  Queen 
Anne's  Beign,  ii.  130  sq.,  ed.  1872;  Gent.  Mag. 
(1736)  V.  276,  (1747)  xvii.  446,(1779)  xlix.291, 
338 ;  Halketb  and  Laing's  Diet,  of  Anon,  and 
Pseudon.  Lit.  An  excellent  bibliography  of  the 
works  published  by  and  concerning  him  has  been 
oompiled  by  Mr.  Palconer  Madan  of  Brasenose 
College,  Oxford  (870,  1887,  privately  printed  at 
Ozfora) ;  Notes  and  Queries,  8th  ser.  v.  passim, 
ni.  228.    Besides  the  British  Museum  and  Bod- 


leian libraries,  the  library  of  Magdalen  College, 
Oxford,  contains  a  large  collection  of  SacheverQil 
literatore.]  W.  H. 

SAOHEYEKELL,  WILLIAM  (1638- 
1691),  the  ^ablest  parliament  man,'  accord- 
ing to  Speaker  Onslow,  of  Charles  IPs 
reign,  was  the  representative  of  an  ancient 
family  which  had  f  ought  against  Henry  VH, 
and  luid  enjoyed  the  &voar  and  confidence 
of  Henry  VlIL  He  was  bom  in  1688,  and 
in  September  1662  succeeded  his  father, 
HeniT  Sacheverell,  at  Barton  in  Nottinff- 
hamshire  and  Morley,  Derbyshire.  Wi» 
mother  was  Joyce,  daughter  and  heir  of 
Francis  Mansfield  of  Huggleeoote  Orange, 
Leicestershire.  In  June  lod7  he  was  present 
'as  an  eye-witness'  of  the  Dutch  attack 
u^n  Ohatham,  and  on  dO  Dec.  he  was  ad- 
mitted at  Gray's  Inn.  Three  years  later,  in 
November  1670,  he  came  forward  at  a  bj- 
election  in  Derbyshire,  '  when  Esquire  Var- 
non  stood  against  him,  besides  all  the  dukes, 
earles,  and  fords  in  the  counts '  {Derl^fskire 
Arch,  Jaumalf  vol.  xviiL).  He  was  trium- 
phantly returned  to  parliament  as  an  oppo- 
nent of  the  court  policy.  On  28  Feb.  1672-3 
he  opened  a  debate  in  supply  with  a  proposal 
to  remove  all  popish  recusants  from  military 
office  or  command ;  his  motion,  the  origin  of 
the  Test  Act  which  overturned  the  cabal,  was 
enlarged  so  as  to  apply  to  civil  employments, 
and  accepted  without  a  division.  On  the 
same  day  he  was  placed  upon  the  committee 
of  nine  members  appointed  to  prepare  and 
bring  in  a  test  bill.  From  this  time  Sache- 
verell took  part  in  almost  every  debate.  He 
constantly  expressed  himself  as  opposed  to 
the  'increase  of  popery  and  arbitrary  govern- 
ment ; '  he  was  of^opmion  that  the  security 
of  the  crown  ought  to  rest  upon  the  love  of 
the  people  and  not  upon  a  standing  army ; 
and,  in  foreign  policy,  he  advocated  an 
alliance  with  the  Dutch  against  the  growing 
power  of  France.  His  strength  and  readi- 
ness as  a  debater,  his  legal  knowledge  and 
acquaintance  with  parliamentary  history  and 
constitutional  precedents,  brought  him  ra- 
pidly to  the  f^nt ;  and  in  the  same  year  he 
was  the  first  named  of  the  three  members  to 
whom  the  care  of  the  second  and  more 
stringent  test  bill  was  recommended  by  the 
house.  His  attacks  upon  Buckingham,  Ar- 
lington, and  Lauderdale,  had  already  ffained 
him  a  dangerous  notoriety,  and,  upon  uie  un- 
expected news  of  the  prorogation  of  February 
1673-4,  he  was  one  of  those  members  who 
fled  for  security  into  the  city. 

Sacheverell's  hostility  to  the  court  policy 
was  not  lessened  by  tne  overthrow  of  the 
Cabal  and  by  Danby's  accession  to  power. 
In  the  session  of  1675  he  moved  or  seconded 


Sacheverell 


573 


Sacheverell 


leren  or  eiffht  debates  upon  the  state  of  the 
hkvj  and  the  granting  of  supplies,  and  was 
persistent  in  urging  that  money  should  not 
be  TOted.  except  it  were  appropriated  to  the 
use  of  the  fleet.  He  actea  as  one  of  the 
commissioners  of  the  commons  in  several 
conferences  with  the  lords  upon  a  quarrel 
which  Shaftesbury  had  stirred  up  between 
the  two  houses,  and  showed  himself  '  yery 
sealous '  in  defending  the  rights  of  that  to 
which  he  belonged.  In  February  1676-7, 
after  the  prorogation  of  fifteen  months, 
Lords  Russell  and  Cavendish,  in  the  hope  of 
forcing  a  dissolution,  raised  the  question 
whether  parliament  was  still  legally  in 
existence,  and  Sacheverell,  who  saw  the  un- 
wisdom of  such  a  proceeding,  risked  his 
populari^  with  his  party  by  opposing  them. 
He  continued  to  urge  the  necessity  of  a 
return  to  the  policy  of  the  triple  allianoe, 
and,  after  the  surrender  of  St.  Omer  and 
Camfaray,  an  address  to  that  effect  was  voted 
at  his  instance.  This  attempt  to  dictate  a 
foreign  policy  made  the  king  exceedingly 
angry;  parliament  was  prorogued,  and  oy 
the  royal  command  the  speaker  immediately 
adjourned  the  house,  though  Powle,  Sa- 
cheyeTell,  Cavendish,  and  ouiers  had  risen 
to  protest.  The  incident  led,  when  parlia- 
ment met  again,  to  a  fierce  onslaught  by 
Sacheverell  upon  Sir  Edward  Seymour,  the 
speaker,  whom  he  accused  of  *  making  him- 
self bigger  than  the  House  of  Commons.'  The 
charge  was  supported  by  Cavendish,  Garro- 
way,  Powle,  and  a  majority  of  members,  but 
eventually,  after  sevem  adjournments,  was 
allowed  to  lapse  without  a  aivision. 

In  January  1677-8  the  commons  were 
asain  summoned,  and  were  informed  in  the 
king's  speech  that  he  had  concluded  alliances 
of  the  nature  they  desired.  Sacheverell, 
however,  had  his  susnicions,  and  did  not 
hesitate  to  say  that  ne  feared  they  were 
betn^  deceived,  and  that  a  secret  compact 
had  been  negotiated  with  the  French.  Upon 
beinff  assured  that  the  treaties  were,  in  all 
particulars,  as  they  desired  them,  Sacheverell, 
still  protesting  tnat  war  wss  not  intended, 
moved  that  such  a  supply  should  be  granted 
as  would  put  the  kin?  into  condition  to  at- 
tack the  French  should  he  decide  to  do  so. 
Ninety  ships,  thirty-two  regiments,  and  a 
million  of  money  were  voted,  but  when  the 
treaties  which  had  been  so  often  inouired 
for  were  produced  at  last,  it  was  founa  that 
they  were  intended  to  make  war  impossible. 
From  this  moment  the  leaders  of  the  country 
party  abandoned  as  hopeless  their  struggle  for 
H  protestant  foreign  policy,  and  Sacheverell 
was  one  of  the  most  resolute  in  demanding 
tha  disbandment  of  the  forces  which  had 


been  raised,  and  the  refusal  of  money  for 
military  purposes. 

In  October  1678  Gates's  discovery  of  a 
pretended  popish  plot  furnished  the  oppo- 
nents of  tne  court  with  a  new  cry  ana  a 
new  jpolicy.  Sacheverell,  like  Lord  Kussell, 
was  honestly  convinced  of  the  reality  of  the 
plot,  and  from  the  ver^  commencement  of 
the  parliamentary  inquiry  he  took  a  pro- 
minent part  in  investigatmg  it^  He  served 
upon  the  committees  to  provide  for  the  king's 
safety,  to  inquire  into  the  murder  of  Godfrey 
and  the  particulars  of  the  conspiracy,  to 
translate  Coleman's  letters,  to  prepare  a  bill 
to  exclude  papists  from'  sitting  in  either 
house  of  parliament,  and  to  draw  up  articles 
of  impeachment  against  Lord  Arundel  of 
Wardour  and  the  five  popish  lords.  He 
was  elected  chairman  of  committees  to  ex- 
amine Coleman,  to  examine  Mr.  Atkins  in 
Newgate,  to  present  a  humble  address  that 
Coleman's  letters  might  be  printed  and  pub- 
lished, to  prepare  and  draw  up  the  matter 
to  be  presented  at  a  conference  between  the 
two  houses,  and  of  several  others.  He  was 
one  of  the  commissioners  of  the  commons  in 
several  conferences,  one  of  the  managers  of 
the  impeachment  of  the  five  popish  lords, 
and  the  first  named  of  the  two  members  to 
whom  the  duty  was  assigned  of  acting  as 
counsel  for  the  prosecution  of  Lord  ArundeL 
He  apparently  presided  also  for  some  time 
over  tne  most  important  committee  of  all, 
that  of  secrecy,  making  four  or  five  reports 
from  it  to  the  house,  including  the  results 
of  the  examinations  of  Dugdale,  Bedloe,  and 
Reading. 

Sacheverell,  though  he  believed  that '  the 
Duke  of  York  had  not  been  the  sole  cause  of 
the  insolence  of  the  papists,'  was  ready  and 
eager  to  attack  the  diuie,  and  the  compromis- 
ing facts  announced  in  his  report  of  Cole- 
man's examination  furnished  his  party  with 
the  desired  opportunity.  A  ween  later,  on 
4  Nov.  1678,  Lord  Russell  moved  to  address 
the  king  that  James  might  be  removed  from 
the  royal  presence  and  counsels,  and  in  the 
debate  that  followed — '  the  greatest,'  as  was 
said  at  the  time,  '  that  ever  was  in  parlia- 
ment ' — Sacheverell  suggested  the  exclusion 
of  the  duke  fr^m  the  succession  to  the  throne. 
This  proposal  he  continued  vigorously  to  ad- 
vocate, tnough  Cavendish,  Russell,  and  the 
other  leaders  of  the  country  party  were  not 
yet  prepared  even  to  consider  so  aesperate  a 
remedy.    Sacheverell  was  one  of  those  who 

Eressed  for  the  impeachment  of  Danby,  and 
e  served  upon  the  committee  which  drew 
up  the  articles.  At  the  general  election  of 
February  1678-9  he  and  his  colleague,  Lord 
Cavendish,  were  returned  again  for  Derby- 


Sacheverell 


574 


Sacheverell 


thire  'without  spending  a  penny'  upon  the 
freeholders.  A  day  or  two  afterwards  Sache- 
Terell  dined  with  Shaftesbury  in  Aldersgate 
Street,  and  expressed  his  high  regard  for 
Russell. 

The  new  parliament  opened  with  a  contest 
between  the  commons  and  the  king  over 
the  election  of  Seymour  as  speaker.  In 
this  Sacheyerell  took  the  lead,  and  did  not 
giye  way  until  a  short  prorogation  had  re- 
moved the  danger  that  a  new  precedent  would 
be  created  to  the  disadvantage  of  the  house. 
On  30  April  the  lord  chancellor  laid  before 
both  houses  a  carefully  considered  scheme 
to  limit  the  powers  of'^a  catholic  king,  and 
Sacheyerell  greatly  influenced  the  debate  in 
the  commons  by  his  arguments  that  the  pro- 
posed safeguards  amounted  to  nothing  at 
ally  and  that  no  securities  could  be  of  any 
value  unless  they  came  into  operation  in  the 
lifetime  of  Charles.  On  11  May  the  debate 
was  resumed,  and,  in  spite  of  the  opposition 
of  Cavendish,  Littleton,  Coventry,  and 
Powle,  and  the  disapproval  of  Lord  Russell, 
it  was  decided  to  bring  in  a  bill  to  exclude 
the  Duke  of  York  from  the  imperial  crown 
of  the  realm.  It  is  probable  that  Sacheverell 
had  the  chief  hand  in  drawinff  up  the  bill ; 
and  he  advocated  the  withholding  of  supplies 
until  the  bill  became  law.  He  was  one  of  the 
managers  of  the  impeachment  of  Danby,  and 
of  the  several  conferences  with  the  lords  con- 
cerning it;  and  in  May  he  was  elected  chair- 
man of  a  committee  to  draw  up  reasons  '  why 
the  house  cannot  proceed  to  trial  of  the 
lords  before  judgment  given  upon  the  Earl 
of  Danb/s  plea  of  pardon.'  This  able  state 
paper,  written  chiefly,  if  not  entirely,  by 
Sacheverell,  was  published  in  several  forms 
as  a  namphlet  or  Droadside,  and  had  a  large 
circulation  in  the  country.  Sacheverell  con- 
tinued to  lead  the  attack  upon  Danby,  and 
opened  six  other  debates  on  the  subject, 
expressing  a  belief  that,  if  the  house  con- 
firmed the  pardon,  they  made  the  king  abso- 
lute, and  surrendered  their  lives,  liberties, 
and  all.  He  drew  attention  also  to  the  fact, 
discovered  by  the  committee  of  secrecy,  that 
enormous  sums  of  public  money  had  been 
paid  by  ministers  to  various  members  of  par- 
liament ;  and,  being  determined  to  unmask 
the  ofienders,  at  last  compelled  the  cofferer, 
Sir  Stephen  Fox,  to  disclose^  their  names.  A 
list  of  these  pensioners  was  printed,  and 
proved  of  special  advantage  to  the  whigs  in 
later  elections. 

On  27  May,  beforo  the  Exclusion  Bill 
could  be  read  a  third  time,  Charles  prorogued 
and  dissolved  parliament;  and  the  newly 
elected  House  of  Commons  was  not  allowed 
to  meet  until  21  Oct.  1680.     On  the  27th 


Sacheverell  brought  forward  a  motion 
affirming  the  subject's  right  to  petition,  and 
in  the  same  month  he  spoke  m  favour  of 
impeaching  Chief-justice  North.  He  warmly 
urged  the  punishment  of  the  judges  who  had 
foiled  the  mtended  presentment  of  the  Duke 
of  York  as  a  popish  recusant,  and  acted  on 
behalf  of  the  commons  as  a  manager  of  Lord 
Stafford's  trial  in  Westminster  Hall.  After 
the  trial,  Sacheverell  ceased  for  a  long  time 
to  take  an  active  part  in  public  affairs.  His 
belief  in  the  plot  may  perhaps  have  been 
shaken  by  Sti^ord's  defence,  or  it  may  be 
that  he  was  one  of  those  of  whom  Ferguson 
speaks,  who  proposed  to  abandon  the  Exclu- 
sion Bill  until  they  had  secured  themselves 
against  the  power  of  the  court  by  impeach- 
ing several  of  the  judges.  At  the  election 
of  February  1680-1  he  and  Lord  Cavendish 
were  not  required  even  to  put  in  an  appear- 
ance at  the  show  of  hands  at  Derby,  tnough 
*  the  popish  party '  had  been  *  very  indus* 
trious '  m  sending  emissaries  to  that  place 
'  to  disparage  and  scandalise  the  late  House 
of  Commons.'  In  the  autumn  of  1682 
Sacheverell  led  the  opposition  to  the  new- 
charter  at  Nottingham,  and  for  his  share  in 
this  popular  movement,  which  was  described 
by  tne  crown  lawyers  as  '  not  so  much  a  riot 
as  an  insurrection,'  he  was  tried  at  the 
king's  bench  and  fined  five  hundred  marks 
by  Chief-justice  Jeffireys.  At  the  election  of 
1685  the  court  interest  proved  too  strongs 
for  him,  and  he  seems  to  nave  retired  into 
private  life  until  the  revolution  of  1688. 
He  was  returned  to  the  Convention  parlia- 
ment for  the  borough  of  Heytesbury,  and 
was  the  second  person  named  to  serve  upon 
the  committee  which  drew  up  the  new  con- 
stitution in  the  form  of  a  declaration  of 
right.  He  was  appointed  also  a  manager 
for  the  commons  in  the  conference  concern- 
ing the  vacancy  of  the  throne ;  and  in  the 
first  administration  of  King  William  was 
persuaded  to  accept  office  as  a  lord  of  the 
admiralty. 

The  year  brought  little  but  disasters  and 
disappointments,  and  in  December  1689 
Sacheyerell  resigned  his  post  owing  to  the 
impending  removal  of  his  chief.  Lord  Tor- 
rington.  This  action  seems,  however,  to  have 
increased  rather  than  diminished  the  '  great 
authority '  he  possessed  with  his  party.  It 
was  just  at  this  moment  that  the  whip,  who 
had  greatly  offended  the  king  by  their  back- 
wardness m  granting  supplies  for  the  war, 
found  themselves  compelled  to  face  the  pos- 
sibility of  a  dissolution.  The  Corporation 
Bill  had  not  yet  passed.  No  change  had 
been  made  in  the  electoral  bodies  since 
Charles  and  James  had  remodelled  them  in 


Sacheverell 


SIS 


Sackville 


the  court  interest;  and  though,  in  the  first 
heat  of  the  revolution,  they  nad  returned  a 
itrhlg  majority,  it  was  certain  that  they 
mroiud  revert  to  their  old  allegiance.  Three 
or  four  days  after  his  resignation  Sacheverell 
proposed  to  add  a  new  clause  to  the  bill, 
mrhieh  was  intended  to  shut  out  from  the 
franchise  a  great  number  of  those  who  had 
been  concerned  in  the  surrender  of  charters, 
and  thus  to  secure  the  lasting  ascendency  of 
his  party.  The  great  debate  which  ensued, 
and  endled  in  the  discomfiture  of  the  whigs, 
has  been  admirably  described  b;^  Lord  Macaur 
lay.  Sacheverell  and  his  friends,  though 
d^eated  and  disoouraged,  did  not  abandon 
the  design  of  excluding  their  opponents  from 
power.  It  was  resolved  to  ^raft  a  bill  of 
pains  and  penalties  upon  the  bill  of  indemr 
nity,  and  soon  afterwards  a  number  of  ex- 
ceptions from  the  latter  were  carried,  amon^ 
-which  Sacheverell's  famous  clause  appeared 
in  another  form.  At  last  the  king  s  mind 
-was  made  up.  He  desired  to  unite  the 
nation,  and  was  weary  of  these  continual 
attempts  to  divide  it.  Four  days  later  he 
pron^ued  parliament,  and  the  dissolution 
which  followed  resulted  in  a  large  tory 
majority.  Sacheverell  was  returned  for 
Nottinghamshire;  but  his  health  had  begun 
to  fail,  and  in  October  1691,  just  as  parlia- 
ment  was  about  to  meet  for  the  opening  of 
the  new  session,  he  died  at  Barton.  His  li^y 
was  carried  to  Morley,  and  buried  there  on 
the  12th,  and  an  altar-tomb  was  afterwards 
erected  to  his  memory,  which  records  with 
truth  that  he  had  *  served  his  kingand  country 
with  great  honour  and  fidelity  in  several 
parliaments.' 

He  was  twice  married:  first,  to  Mary, 
daughter  of  William  Staunton  of  Staunton  ; 
and  secondly  (before  1677),  to  Jane,  daugh- 
ter of  Sir  John  Newton  of  Barr's  Court,  and 
had  issue  by  both  wives.  Dr.  Henry  Sache- 
verell [q.  v.]  was  not  related  to  the  family 
of  the  politician. 

Sacheverell  appears  in  Barillon's  list  of 
those  who  accepted  presents  of  money  from 
Louis  XIV  towards  tlie  end  of  1680 ;  but  the 
evidence  against  him  has  been  rejected  by 
Hallam  as  untrustworthy,  and  the  char^p 
seems  to  be  hardly  consonant  either  with  his 
eharacter  or  with  his  circumstance.  Tt  is 
more  difficult  to  defend  hisshare  in  the  events 
of  the  *  popish  plot,'  except  at  the  expense  of 
his  judgment;  hut  the  excuse  may  be  urged 
that  he  was  a  sealous  protestant,  and  there- 
fore more  prone  than  Shaftesbury  to  be  im- 
posed upon  by  the  perj  ured  testimony  of  Oates. 
In  the  porliamentuuT'  struggles  over  the  Test 
Act,  the  impeachment  of  Danby,  the '  popish 
^ot,'  and  the  attempt  to  exclude  James  from 


the  throne,  he  effectively  influenced  the 
policy  of  his  party  and  the  course  of  events ; 
but  the  whole  of  his  life,  with  the  exception 
of  a  single  year,  was  passed  in  opposition, 
and  (unless  it  were  m  the  constitutional 
settlement  of  the  revolution)  he  had  never 
the  opportunity  of  showing  that  he  possessed 
the  higher  qualities  of  statesmanship.  It 
was  as  an  orator  and  a  party  tactician  that 
he  shone,  and  he  was  perhaps  the  earliest, 
certainly  one  of  the  earliest,  of  our  great 
parliamentary  orators.  Many  years  after 
his  death  his  speeches  were  still,  writes 
Macaulay,  'a  favourite  theme  of  old  men 
who  lived  to  see  the  conflicts  of  Walpole 
and  Pulteney.' 

A  fine  nortrait  of  William  Sacheverell, 
'  8Bt.  18 '  ^tne  property  of  the  present  writer), 
is  at  Renishaw ;  an  engraving  from  it  forms 
the  frontispiece  to  '  The  First  Whig.' 

[Sacheverell  is  not  mentioned  in  any  biographi- 
cal dictionary,  bat  many  of  his  speeches  are.pre- 
serTod  in  Grey's  Debates.  See  the  present 
writer's  '  The  First  Whig :  with  49  illnstnitions 
from  cuts,  engravings,  and  caricatures,  being 
an  Account  of  the  Political  Career  of  William 
Sacheverell,  the  Origin  of  the  two  great  political 
Parties,  and  the  Events  which  led  up  to  the 
Revolution  of  1688,'  1894.  Of  this  book  flfty- 
two  copies  were  privately  printed]      G.  B.  S. 

SACKVILLE,  CHARLES,  sixth  Eabl 
OF  DoBSBT  and  Eabl  of  Middlbsbz  (1688- 
1706),  poet  and  courtier,  bom  on  24  Jan. 
1687-8,  was  the  son  of  Richard  Sackville,  fifth 
earl  (1622-1677),  and  Frances,  daughter  of 
Lionel  Oranfield,  first  earl  of  Middlesex  [see 
under  Saokvillb,  Sib  Edwabd,  fourth  earl}. 
Owing,  perhaps,  to  the  confusion  of  the  times 
in  his  youth,  he  received  his  education  from 
a  private  tutor,  and,  as  Lord  Buckhunt, 
travelled  in  Italy  at  an  early  age.  Returning 
at  the  Restoration,  he  was  m  1660  elected  to 
parliament  for  East  Grinstead,  but '  turned 
Lis  parts,'  says  the  courtly  Prior,  *  rather  to 
booKS  and  conversation  than  to  politics.'  In 
other  words  he  became  a  courtier,  a  wit,  and 
a  man  about  town,  and  for  some  years  seems 
to  have  led  a  very  dissipated  life.  Li  February 
1662,  he,  his  brother  Edward,  and  three 
other  gentlemen  were  apprehended  and  in- 
dicted for  killing  and  robbmg  a  tanner  named 
Hoppy.  The  defence  was  tnat  they  took  him 
for  a  highwayman,  and  his  money  for  stolen 

Sroperty;  and  either  the  prosecution  was 
ropped  or  the  parties  were  acquitted.  In 
166i8  he  was  mixed  up  in  the  disgraceful  frolic 
of  Sir  Charles  SedleyTq.v.]  at '  Oxford  Kate's/ 
and,  according  to  wood  and  Johnson,  was 
indicted  along  with  him,  but  this  seems  to 
be  negatived  by  the  contemporary  report  of 
Pepys  (1  July  1668).     He  found  better 


Sackville 


576 


Sackville 


employment  in  1665,  volunteering  in  the 
fleet  fitted  out  against  the  Dutch,  and  taking 
an  honourable  part  in  the  great  naval  battle 
of  3  June  1665.  On  this  occasion  he  com- 
posed that  masterpiece  of  sprightly  elegance, 
the  song,  '  To  all  you  ladies  now  at  land,' 
which,  according  to  Prior,  he  wrote,  but  ac- 
cording to  the  more  probable  version  of 
Lord  Orrery,  only  retouched  on  the  night 
before  the  engagement.  Prior  claims  for 
him  a  yet  higher  nonour,  as  the  Eugenius  of 
Dry  den's  *  Dialogue  on  Dramatic  Poesy.'  Diy- 
den,  however,  gives  no  hint  of  this  in  ms 
dedication  of  the  piece  to  Sackville  himself; 
and  if  it  is  really  the  case,  he  committed  an 
extraordinary  oversight  in  fixing  his  dialogue 
on  the  very  day  of  the  battle,  when  Sack- 
ville could  not  possibly  have  taken  part  in 
the  conference.  For  some  time  after  nis  re- 
turn Buckhurst  seems  to  have  continued  his 
wild  course  of  life.  Pepys,  at  all  events,  in 
October  1668  classes  him  along  with  Sedley 
as  a  pattern  n^e,  *  running  up  and  down  all 
the  night,  almost  naked,  through  the  streets ; 
and  at  last  fighting,  and  being  beat  bv  the 
watch  and  clapped  up  all  night;  and  the 
king  takes  their  parts ;  and  the  Lord-chief- 
justice  Keeling  hath  laid  the  constable  bv 
the  heels  to  answer  it  next  sessions ;  which 
is  a  horrid  shame.'  He  had  a  short  time 
previously  taken  NeU  Gwynne  [see  Gwtn, 
£LEAiroBj  under  his  protection,  to  the  addi- 
tional scandal  of  Mr.  Pepys,  not  on  moral 
grounds,  but  because  the  stage  was  thus 
deprived  of  a  favourite  actress.  The  latter 
is  said  to  have  called  him  her  Charles  I.  He 
and  Nell '  kept  merry  house  at  Epsom '  during 
1667,  but  about  Michaehnas  1668  Nell  be- 
came the  king's  mistress,  and  Sackville  was 
sent  to  France  on  a  complimentary  mission 
(or,  as  Dryden  called  it,  'on  a  sleeveless 
errand ')  to  get  him  out  of  the  way. 

From  this  time  we  hear  little  of  nis  follies, 
but  much  of  his  munificence  to  men  of  letters 
and  of  the  position  generally  accorded  him  as 
an  arbiter  of  taste.  When  Prior  was  em- 
ployed as  a  boy  in  his  uncle's  tavern  (about 
I68O)  Sackville  discovered hispromise, helped 
to  d^ray  his  schooling  at  Westminster,  and 
aided  him  with  his  influence.  He  befriended 
Dryden,  Butler,  Wycherley,  and  many  more ; 
he  was  consulted,  if  we  may  believe  Prior, 
by  Waller  for  verse,  by  Sprat  for  prose,  and 
by  Charles  II  touching  the  merits  of  the 
portraits  of  Sir  Peter  Lely.  He  inherited 
two  considerableestateft—thatof  his  maternal 
uncle,  Lionel  Cranfield,  third  earl  of  Middle- 
sex, in  1674 ;  and  that  of  his  father  in  1677, 
when  he  succeeded  to  the  title.  He  had 
previously,  on  4  April  1675,  been  created 
Baron  Cranfield   and  Earl  of  Middlesex. 


He  preserved  Charles's  favour  throughout 
the  whole  of  his  reign;  but  neither  his 
gaiety  nor  his  patriotism  was  a  recommenda- 
tion to  Charleses  successor,  whose  mistress, 
Lady  Dorchester,  he  had  moreover  bitterly 
satirised.  Dorset  withdrew  from  court, 
publicly  manifested  his  sympathy  with  the 
seven  bishops,  and  c6ncurrea  in  -the  invita- 
tion to  the  Prince  of  Orange.  His  active 
part  in  the  revolution  was  limited  to  escort- 
ing the  Princess  Anne  to  Nottingham. 
Having  no  inclination  for  political  life,  he 
took  no  part  in  public  afiairs  under  William, 
but  accepted  the  office  of  lord  chamberlain  of 
the  household,  which  he  held  firom  1689  to 
1697,  and  was  assiduous  in  his  attendance 
on  the  king's  person,  being  on  one  occasion 
tossed  for  twenty-two  hours  in  his  company 
in  an  opoa  boat  off  the  coast  of  Holtand. 
When  obliged  in  his  official  capacity  to  wi^- 
draw  Dryden's  pension  as  poet  laureate,  he 
allowed  him  an  equivalent  out  of  hia  own 
estate.    Diyden  in  a  measure  repaid  the  obli- 

Sktion  by  addressing  his  'Essav  on  Satire '  to 
orset.  Dorset  also  received  the  Qarter 
(1691),  and  was  thrice  one  of  the  r^nts 
during  the  kind's  absence.  In  his  ola  aae 
he  grew  very  lat,  and,  according  to  Swift, 
extremely  dulL  He  died  at  Bath  on  39  Jan. 
1706,  and  was  interred  in  the  family  vault 
at  Withyham,  Sussex. 

His  first  wife,  Mary,  widow  of  Charles 
Berkeley, earl  of  Falmouth,  having  died  with- 
out issue,  he  married  in  1686  Mary,  daughter 
of  James  Compton,  third  earl  of  Northamp- 
ton, celebratea  idike  for  beauty  and  under- 
standing. His  second  wife  was  a  lady  of  the 
bedchamber  to  Queen  Mary;  she  died  on 
6  Aug.  1691,  and  the  earl  married,  thirdly,  on 
27  Aug.  1704,  Anne, '  Mrs.  Roche,'  a '  woman 
of  obscure  connections.'  His  only  son,  Li<mel 
Cranfield  Sackville,  succeeded  to  the  title, 
and  afterwards  became  first  Duke  of  Dorset 

tq.  v.]  An  anonymous  portrait  of  Dorset  be- 
onged  in  1867  to  the  Countess  De  la  Warr. 
Walpole  wrote  of  Dorset  with  discern* 
ment  that  he  was  the  finest  sentleman  of 
the  voluptuous  court  of  Chanes  II.  'He 
had  as  much  wit  as  his  master,  or  his  con- 
temporaries Buckingham  and  Hochester, 
without  the  royal  want  of  feeling,  the  duke'a 
want  of  principle,  or  the  earrs  want  of 
thought '  (NobU  Authors,  ii.  96).  Despite 
the  excesses  of  his  early  Ufe,  and  the  pro- 
bably malicious  innuenaoes  of  the  Earl  of 
Mulgrave  in  his  'Essay  upon  Satyr,'  Sack- 
ville s  character  Vas  not  unamiable.  His 
munificence  to  men  of  letters  tempts  ua 
to  accept  in  the  main  the  favourable  esti- 
mate 01  Prior,  overcoloured  as  it  is  by  the 
writer's  propensity  to  elegant  oomplimenty 


Sackville 


577 


Sackville 


bis  oonfeeaed  obliffations  to  Dorset,  and  its 
oocurrenoe  in  a  decbcation  to  his  son.  Prior^s 
evlogiums  on  Dorset's  native  strength  of 
vmdmtandingy  though  it  is  impossible  that 
they  should  he  entiielj  CGnfirmed,  are  in  no 
ynj  oontradicted  fay  tlie  few  occasional  poems 
iirhich  are  all  that  he  has  left  us.  Not  one 
of  them  is  destitute  of  merit,  and  some  are 
Admirable  as  *  the  effusions  of  a  man  of  wit ' 
<in  Johnson's  word's),  'gay,  yigorous,  and 
«iiy.'  'To  all  you  I^idies  is  an  admitted 
master^ece;  and  the  literary  application  of 
the  Shakespearian  phrase  '  alacrity  in  sink- 
ing' comes  from  the  satirical  epistle  to  the 
Hon.  Edward  Howard. 

Dorset's  poems,  together  with  those  of  Sir 
Charles  Sedley,  appeared  in  '  A  New  Mis- 
cellany '  in  1701,  and  in  vol.  i.  of  <  The  Works 
of  the  most  celebrated  Minor  Poets '  in  1749. 
They  are  included  in  the  collection  of  the 
^Poets'  by  Johnson,  Anderson,  Chalmers, 
«nd  Sanferd.  Ekrht  of  his  pieces  are  in- 
dnded  in  *  Musa  Fioterva/  1^,  edited  by 
Mr.  A.  H.  BuUen,  who  calls  him  one  of  the 
li|^test  and  happiest  of  the  Bestoration 
lyiiats. 

[ftior^s  Dedieation  to  his  own  Poems,  ed.  1709 ; 
Colliai^s  Peerage ;  Be^ ame*8  Hommes  de  Lettres 
«n  Angktene,  1883,  pp.  108,601 ;  Ctfaningham's 
BUaj  iA  Nell  Chryn ;  Gramont's  Memoirs,  ed. 
VisBtelly,  passim ;  Bxumet's  Hist,  of  his  Own 
Tvm»  i  Macanlay's  Hist  of  England ;  Johnson's 
lives  of  the  Poets,  ed.  A.  Wangh ;  Pepys^s  Diazy ; 
Notes  and  Quarief,  8th  ser.  zii.  223.]     B.  G. 

SACKVILLE,  CHARLES,  second  DirxE 
ovDoBaBT  (1711-1769),  bom  on  6  Feb.  1711, 
and  bantised  at  St.  Martin's-in-the-Fields  on 
Che26tiiof  the  same  month,  was  the  eldest  son 
ef  Lionel  Gran£eld  Sackville,  first  duke  of 
Dat8et-[q.  v.],  by  hie  wife  Elizabeth,  daugh- 
ter of  Juieutenant-general  Walter  Phuip 
Colyear,  and  niece  of  David,  first  earl  of 
Portmore.  He  was  educated  at  Westmin- 
flter  School  and  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford, 
where  he  matriculated  on  27  Nov.  1728,  and 
waa  created  MJL.  on  15  Sept.  1780.  He  sub- 
eequently  went  for  the  usual  grand  tour,  ao- 
oompanied  by  the  Rev.  Joseph  Spence  [q.  v.] 

Sackville  had  along  and  bitterquarrelwith 
his  father,  whom  he  actually  opposed  in  his 
own  borougha,  and  became  an  intimate  friend 
of  Frederidc,  prince  of  Wales  (cf  .  Dobingtok, 
Diaryi\  At  the  general  election  in  April 
1784  ne  unsuceesaully  contested  Kent,  out 
was  returned  for  East  Grinstead,  whidh  he 
continued  to  represent  until  his  appoint- 
ment as  high  steward  of  the  honour  of 
Otfind  on  26  Mi^  1741.  He  sat  for  Sussex 
from  JaanaiT  if  42  to  June  1747,  and  was 
one  of  the  lords  of  the  treasury  in  Henry 
Pelham'a  adminiatration  £rom  28  Dec.  1748 

VOL.  xvn. 


to  June  1747,  when  he  waa  appointed  master 
of  the  horse  to  Frederick,  prmce  of  Wales. 
He  was  returned  for  Old  Sarum  at  a  by- 
election  in  December  1747,  and  continued  to  > 
represent  that  borough  until  the  dissolution  i 
ot  parliament  in  April  1754.  He  was  with- 
out a  seat  in  the  House  of  Commons  during 
the  whole  of  the  next  parliament.  At  the  • 
general  election  in  Marcn  1761  he  was  again 
Sected  for  East  Grinstead.  He  succored 
his  father  as  second  Duke  of  Dorset  on 
9  Oct.  1765,  and  took  his  seat  in  the  House 
of  Lords  on  17  Dec  following  {JcumaU  ^ 
the  House  of  Lorda^  xxxi.  227).  On  10  Feb. 
1766  he  was  admitted  a  member  of  the  privy 
council,  and  sworn  in  as  lord-lieutenant  of 
Kent  (London  Oaxette,  1766,  No.  10689). 
He  died  at  his  house  in  St.  James's  Street, 
Piccadilly,  on  6  Jan.  1769,  aged  67,  and  was 
buried  at  Withyham,  Sussex,  on  the  11th  of 
the  same  month.  On  Dorset's  death,  without 
issue,  the  title  descended  to  his  nephew,  John 
Frederick  Sackville  [q*  vj 

Dorset  married,  on  80  Oct.  1744,  the  Hon. 
€hrace  Boyle,  only  daughter  and  heiress  of 
Richard,  second  viscount  Shannon,  by  his 
second  wife,  Grace,  daughter  of  John  Sen- 
house  of  Netherhall,  Cumberland.  She  is 
described  by  Horace  Walpole  as  '  very  short, 
verr  plain,  and  very  yellow:  a  vain  girl,  full 
of  Greek  and  Latin,  and  music,  and  painting ; 
but  neither  mischievous  nor  political '  (Wal- 
pole, Heiffn  of  Oeoroe  //,  i.  76).  She  suc- 
ceeded Lady  Archibald  Hamilton  as  mistress 
of  the  rob^  to  Augusta,  princess  of  Wales, 
in  Julv  1745,  and  became  the  object  of  the 
prince  s  most  devoted  attention.  She  died 
on  10  May  1768,  and  was  buried  at  Walton* 
on-Thames  on  the  17th. 

Dorset  was  a  dissolute  and  extravagant 
man  of  fashion.  One  of  his  chief  passions  was 
the  direction  of  operas,  in  which  he  not  only 
wasted  immense  sums  of  monev,  but '  stood 
lawsuits  in  Westminster  Hall  with  some 
of  those  poor  devils  for  their  salaries'  HVal- 
POLE,  Mtffn  of  George  II,  1847,  L  97 ;  see 
also  Waxpole'b  Letters,  1857-9,  i.  88, 140, 
2d&-40,  244,  et  seq.)  According  to  Lord 
Shelbmme,  Dorset's  appearance  towards  the 
close  of  his  life  was  'always  that  of  a  proud, 
liUsgusted,  melancholy,  solitary  man,*^  while 
his  conduct  savoured  strongly  of  madnesa 
(LoBD  Edxoxtd  Fxtekattbiob,  Z(fe  of  Wil- 
Ham,  Earl  </  SheUmme,  1875,  i.  842).  He 
spoke  little  or  not  at  all  in  the  House  of 
Peers,  but  he  wrote  a  number  of  detached 
verses  and  'A  Treatise  concerning  the  Militia 
in  Four  Sections,'  London,  1762,  8vo.  His 
portrait,  painted  for  the  Dilettanti  Society 
by  George  Enapton,  was  exhibited  at  South 
Kensington  in  1868  (Catalogue,  No.  916). 

PF 


Sackvillc 


578 


Sackville 


[Bridgmui's  Sketch  of  Enole  (1817),  pp.  Hi* 
115;  Walpole's  OitalogiM  of  Boyal  and  Noble 
Anthora  (1806),  iv.  823-8;  Dojla's  Official 
Baionage,  1886,  i.  680;  G.  £.  0.'«  Complete 
Peerage,  iii.  162 ;  ColIiD8*8  Fearage  of  EngUnd, 
1812,  ii.  17a-9;  Gent.  Mag.  1744  p.  619,  1746 

S.  46,  1763  p.  267, 1769  p.  64 ;  Foster's  Alumni 
xon.  1716-1886,  ly.  1241;  Nichols's  Literary 
Anecdotes.  1812-16,  ii.  374,  iii.  643|yiii.  98; 
Nichols's  Ulostrations  of  Literary  History,  1817- 
1868,  iii.  146;  Alamni  Westmonast.  1862,  pp. 
286,  643;  Haydn's  Book  of  Dignities,  1890; 
Rogers's  Protests  of  the  Lords,  ii.  89 ;  Official 
Betum  of  Lists  of  Members  of  Parliament,  it 
79,92,106,131.]  G.  F.B,  B. 

SACKVILLE,  SiE  EDWARD,  fourth 
Easl  of  DOB0BT  (1691-1652),  bom  in  1591, 
waa  the  younger  aurvivinff  aon  of  Robert 
Sackville,  second  earl  [q.  y.J  Hia  elder  bro- 
ther, Richard,  bom  ^S  March  1690,  suc- 
ceeded as  third  earl  on  28  Sept.  1609  and 
died  on  28  March  1624.  Edward  matricu- 
lated from  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  with  his 
bioUier  Richard,  on  26  Jdy  1605.  He  m^ 
have  been  remoyed  to  Cambridge ;  an  '  Ed- 
ward Sadkvil'  was  incorporated  at  Oxford 
from  that  nniyersity  9  July  1616.  He  was 
one  of  the  handsomest  men  of  his  time,  and 
in  August  1618  became  notorious  by  killing 
in  a  duel  Edward  Bruce,  second  lord  Kinloss 
(CaL  State  Papera,  14  Jan.  and  9  Sept.  1618 ; 
WnrwooD,  Memorials,  iii.  464).  The  meet- 
ing took  place  on  a  piece  of  ground  puiv 
chased  for  the  purpose  two  miles  from 
Bergen-op-^Zoom,  which  even  in  1814  was 
known  as  Bruceland.  Sackville  was  himself 
severely  wounded.  He  sent,  in  self-justifi- 
cation, a  long  narrative  firom  Louvatn,  dated 
8  Sept.  1613,  with  copies  of  Brace's  chal- 
lenges. The  cover  of  this  communication 
alone  remains  at  Knole ;  but  the  whole  was 
frequently  copied,  and  was  first  printed  in  the 
<  Guardian '(Nos.  129  and  138)8and  18  Aug. 
1718,  from  a  letter-book  at  Queen's  CoUege, 
Oxford  (of.  Araheeoloffia,  xx.  515-18).  The 
ouarrel  may  have  arisen  out  of  Sackville's 
liaison  with  Venetia  Stanley,  afterwards  wife 
of  Sir  Eenelm  Di^by  J|q.  v.]  The  latter  after 
his  marriage  mamtamed  friendly  relations 
with  Sackville,  who  is  the  'Mardontius'  of 
Digbyis  memoirs  (Wabnsb,  Poefna  ^rom 
IHgby  Papers^  Rozburghe  Club,  app.  p.  49; 
AuBRBT  in  Bodleian  Letter»p  iL  826  sqq.) 


Sackville's  life  was  attempted  soon  after 
return  to  England  (Cal  State  Papers.  5  Dec. 
1618). 

In  1614  and  in  1621-2  Sackville  repre- 
sented the  county  of  Sussex  in  parliament, 
and  was  one  of  the  leaders  of  tne  popular 
party.  In  1616  he  was  visiting  Lyons,  when 
Sic  Bdward  Herbert  was  arrested  there,  and 


he  procured  Herbert's  release  (HEBSBBTor 
OuM«BJJVs'sAutotnoffraqithy,ed,  Lee,  pp.  168- 
171).  He  was  made  a  knight  of  the  Bath 
when  Charles  I  was  created  Prince  of  Wates 

S8  Nov.  1616).  He  was  one  of  the  comman- 
iers  of  the  forces  sent  under  Sir  Horatio  Veie 
to  assist  the  king  of  Bohemia^  sailed  on 
22  July  1620,  and  was  wesent  at  the  battis 
of  Pra^e,  8  Nov.  1620  (Rubhwobth,  Oolleo^ 
tioHS,  pp.  15,  16).  The  following  March  he 
was  nominated  chairman  of  the  committee 
of  the  commons  for  the  inspection  of  the 
courts  of  justice,  but  did  not  act.  He  spoke 
on  Bacons  behalf  in  the  house  17  March 
1621,  and  frequently  pleaded  lor  him  with 
Budangham  (oPBDnnra,  Letters  and  Itfeof 
Bacon,  vii.  824-44).  In  July  1621  he  was 
for  a  short  time  ambassador  to  Louis  XIII, 
and  was  nominated  again  to  that  post  in  Sep- 
tember 1628  (Hist.  MSS.  Comm,,  4th  Rep. 
app.  p.  287).  In  November  1621  ho  vigorously 
defended  the  proposal  to  vote  a  aubsidy  for 
the  recovery  of  tlie  palatinate,  declaring  that 
'  the  passing-bell  was  now  tollin«r  fo^  rel^ 
gion.'  To  this  occasion  probably  belongs 
the  speech  preserved  by  Rushwortn  (XhUiy 
turns,  pp.  181-4)  and  elsewherei  but  wipngly 
attributed  to  1628,  when  Sackville  was  not 
a  member*of  parliament.  In  April  1623  he 
was  'roundly  and  soundly'  reprored  by  the 
king  at  a  meeting  of  the  directors  of  the 
Virffinia  company,  haying  been  since  1619  a 
leading  member  of  the  party  which  supported 
Sir  Edwin  Sandys  [q.  v.]  {Cal,  State  Pitpers, 
April  1628).  He  was  governor  of  the  Ber- 
muda Islands  Company  in^  1628,  and^com!- 
missioner  for  planting  Virginia  in  1681  and 
1684.  On  28  May  1628  he  received  a  license 
to  travel  for  three  years.  He  waa  at  Rome 
in  1624,  and  visited  Marc  Antonio  deOominis 
[q.  vj,  archbishop  of  Spalatro,in  hiaduiweon. 
At  Florence  he  received  the  nevrs  ox  the 
death  of  his  elder  brother  Richard,  which 
took  nlaoe  on  28  March  1624.  He  there- 
upon became  fourth  Earl  of  Dorset. 

The  estates  to  which  he  succeeded  weie 
much  encumbered :  he  was  selling  land  to 
pay  off  his  brother's  debts  26  June  1626,  and 
something  was  stiU  owin^  on  26  Sept.  1650. 
He  became  joint  lord  lieutenant  of  both 
Sussex  and  Middlesex,  and  held  many  similar 
offices,  such  as  the  mastership  of  Ashdown 
Forest,  and  stewardship  of  Great  Yarmouth 
from  1629.  He  was  made  K.G.  on  15  May 
1625,  and  installed  by  proxy  23  Dec  At 
the  coronation  of  Chsnes  I  on  2  Feb.  1626 
he  was  a  commissioner  of  daims,  and  carried 
the  first  sword,  and  he  was  called  to  the  privy 
council  8  Aug.  1626.  His  influenoe  at  court 
was  fully  established  by  his  appointment  as 
lardchamberlainto  Hie  queen  on  16  July  162& 


Sackville 


579 


Sackville 


As  A  peer  and  priy j  eooncillor  Dorset 
showed  gxest  actWity.  He  was  a  eornmis^ 
aioner  (80  May  1626  and  10  April  1636)  for 
dealing  with  the  new  buildings  which  had 
been  erected  in  or  abont  London  and  West- 
minster; a  lord  commissioner  of  the  ad- 
miralty (CaL  State  Fapen,  20  Sept  1628, 
20  Not.  1632,  18  March  1686) :  one  of  the 
adrentniers  with  the  Earl  of  Lindsey  and 
othon  for  the  draining  of  Tarioos  parts  of 
LdneoLuhize  (td.  6  June  1681, 18  May  1635, 
&C.);  a  oonunissioner  for  improying  the 
•apply  of  saltpetre  (ib,  1  July  1631),  and 
constable  of  Beaumaris  Castle  18  June  1686. 
In  1626^  while  sitting  on  the  Star-ehamber 
commission,  he  adyi^  the  imprisonment  of 
the  peers  who  refused  to  pay  a  forced  loan 
(Gabdinsr,  tL  160).  but  was  himself  among 
the  defaulters  for  ship-money  in  Kent  to  the 
extent  of  61.  in  April  1686.  He  was  nomi* 
nated  on  a  committee  of  council  to  deal  with 
ahqp-moaey  20  May  1640;  but  he  seems  to 
hmre  abstained  carefully  firom  oommitting 
ItStnuftlf  to  the  illegal  pxoeeedings  encouraged 
bj  his  more  violent  oolleag[ues.  He  kept  up 
hiJ  connection  with  America,  and  petitionea 
for  a  grant  of  Sandy  Hook  Idand  (lat.  44®), 
on  10  Dec  168a 

In  1640  Dorset  was  nominated  one  of  the 
peers  to  act  as  regents  during  the  king's 
absence  in  the  north  (Cal,  mate  Piapers, 
2  Sept.  1640 ;  see  also  26  March  1689).  In 
January  1641  he  helped  to  arrange  the 
marriage  of  the  Princess  Mary  with  the 
Ftinoe  of  Orange,  and  was  again  a  com- 
missioner of  regency,  9  Aug.  to  26  Nov. 
He  was  opposed  to  the  nroceedings  affainst 
the  bishops,  and  ordered  the  trained  bands 
of  Middlesex  to  fire  on  the  mob  that  as- 
sembled to  intimidate  pailiament  on  29  Nov. 
1041.  Olazendon  (bk.  iy.  $  110)  says  that 
the  commons  wished  to  impeach  him  either 
for  this  or '  for  some  judgment  he  had  been 
narty  to  in  the  Star-chamber  or  council 
table.*  He  joined  the  king  at  York  early 
IB  1642,  and  pledged  himself  to  support  a 
troop  of  sixty  horse ;  he  was  among  those 
who  attested,  16  June  1642,  the  kind's  decla- 
ration Uiat  he  abhorred  the  idea  of  war  (ib, 
bk.  T.  SS  345-^).  In  July  he  attended  the 
aaeen  in  Holland,  but  returned  before  the 
king's  standard  was  raised  at  Nottingham. 
On  25  Aug.  he  was  sent,  with  Lord  South* 
ampton  and  Sir  J.  Culpepper,  to  treat  with 
the  parliamentary  leaders.  At  the  same 
date^nole  House  was  plundered  by  parlia- 
mentary soldiers.  He  was  present  at  the 
battle  of  Edgehill,  perhaps  in  charge  of  the 
yomig  princes.  James  II  wrote  fin  1679^  that 
'the  old  Earl  of  Dorset  at  Edgehill,  oeing 
eomnanded  by  the  king,  my  father,  to  go  ana 


carry  the  prince  and  myself  up  the  hill  out 
of  the  baUle,  refused  to  do  it,  and  said  lie 
would  not  be  thought  a  coward  for  ever  a 
king's  son  in  Christendom '  {Stat,  MS8, 1  Ith 
Rep.  App.  T.  40).  He  came  to  Oxford  with 
the  King,  out  more  thanonceprotested  against 
the  continuance  of  the  war ;  a  speech  made 
by  him  at  the  council  table  against  one  by 
the  Earl  of  Bristol,  18  Jan.  1642-3,  was  cir- 
culated as  a  tract  (reprinted  in  Somere  Tracts, 
iy.  486-88).  He  was  made  a  commissioner  of 
the  king's  treasury.  7  March  1643,  and  was 
lord  chamberlain  of  the  household  (yice  the 
Earl  of  Essex;)  from  21  Jan.  1644  to  27  April 
1646.  Early  in  1644  he  was  also  entrusted 
with  the  nnyy  seal  and  the  presidency  of 
the  council ;  and  he  made  sensible  speeches, 
which  were  printed  in  Oxford  and  liondon 
as '  shewing  ids  good  affection  to  the  Parlia* 
ment  and  the  whole  state  of  this  Kingdom.' 
He  signed  the  letter  asking  Essex  to  pro- 
mote  peace,  in  January  1644 ;  was  one  of 
the  committee  charged  with  the  defence  of 
Oxford ;  and  was  nominated  by  Charles  in 
December  1646  one  of  those  to  whom  he 
would  entrust  the  militia.  He  was  one  of 
the  signatories  to  the  capitulation  of  Oxford, 
24  June  1646. 

In  June  1644  Dorset  had  been  assessed  at 
6,000/.  and  his  eldest  son  at  1,600/.  by  the 
committee  for  the  advance  of  money  (Uomm» 
Advance  Money  f  p.  898) ;  in  1645  he  resigned 
an  estate  of  6,0lX)/.,  the  committee  under- 
taking  to  pay  his  debts  (  Vemty  Papers,  ii. 
248).  In  September  1646  he  petitioned  to 
compound  fbr  his  delinquency  on  the  Ox- 
ford articles,  and  his  fine  of  one  tenth  was 
fixed  at  4,860/. ;  it  was  leduced  to  2,416/. 
on  25  March  1647,  and  he  was  discharged  on 
4  June  1660  {Ccmm.  for  Oomp<nmdinffjl50&), 

Whitelocke  {MemoriaU,  p.  275)  mentions 
Dorset  as  one  of  the  six  peers  who  intended 
to  go  to  Charles  at  Hampton  Court  in 
October  1647  and  reside  with  him  as  a 
council.  This  was  not  permitted  by  the 
parliament ;  and  he  seems  to  have  taken  no 
further  part  in  public  affairs.  After  the  execu- 
tion of  the  king,  be  is  said  never  to  have  left 
his  house  in  Salisbury  Court,  Fleet  Street. 
There  he  died  17  July  1652,  and  was  buried 
in  the  family  vault  at  Withyham.  His 
monument  perished  in  the  fire  of  16  June 
1663.  An  elegy  on  him  was  printed,  with 
heavy  black  edges,  by  James  Howell,  in  the 
rare  pamphlet  entitled  'Ah-Ha,  Tumulus 
Thakmus '  (London,  4to,  1653). 

Dorset  married,  in  1612,  Mary,  daughter 
and  heiress  of  Sir  George  Canon  of  Crox- 
hall,  Derbyshire.  In  1630  she  was  ap- 
pointed < governess'  of  Charles,  prince  of 
Wales,  and  James,  duke  of  York,  for  a  term 

pp2 


Sackville 


580 


Sackville 


of  twelve  yean.  On  20  Jul^r  1643  she  re- 
ceired  charge  of  tlie  younger  coildren,  HeniTi 
doke  of  Gloucester,  and  his  sister  Elizabethi 
and  was  allowed  600/.  a  year,  with  Knole 
House  and  Dorset  House,  in  recognition  of 
her  services.  In  1645  she  died,  just  as  she 
was  about  to  be  relieved  of  her  duties,  and, 
as  a  reward  for  her '  godly  and  conscientious 
care  and  pains,'  received  a  public  funeral 
in  Westminster  Abbe^  (Cal,  State  Papers; 
Gbebk,  Princeeees.  vi.  842,  848 ;  Whitb- 
LOCKE,  p.  154).    Dorset's   children  were: 

(1)  Mary,  who  died  young,  80  Oct.  1682; 

(2)  Richard,  fifth  earl  (see  below);  (8)  Ed- 
ward, who  was  wounded  at  Newbury,  20  Sept. 
1648,  and  soon  after  his  marriage  with 
Bridget,  baroness  Norreys,  daughter  of  Ed- 
ward Wray,  was  taken  prisoner  by  parlia^ 
mentary  soldiers  in  a  sortie  at  Ktdlington, 
and  murdered  in  cold  blood  at  Ohawley  in  the 
parish  of  Cumnor,near  Oxford,  11  Apnl  1646. 

Dorset  is  described  by  Clarendon  (bk.  i. 
{$  12d-87)  as '  beautifid,  graceful,  and  vigo- 
rous :  his  wit  pleasant,  sparkling,  and  sub- 
lime ....  The  vices  he  had  were  of  the  age, 
which  he  was  not  stubborn  enough  to  con- 
temn or  resist.'  He  was  an  able  speaker, 
and  on  the  whole  a  moderate  politician, 
combining  a  strong  respect  for  the  royal 
prerogative  with  an  attachment  to  the  pro- 
testant  cause  and  the  liberties  of  parliament 

SQAXDursRf  iv.  70-1,  257).  He  was  evi- 
iently  an  excellent  man  of  business.  The 
contemporary  descriptions  of  his  personal  ap- 
pearance are  borne  out  by  the  fine  portrait  by 
Vandyck  at  SlUoIo,  the  head  from  which  has 
been  frequently  engraved— e.g;  by  Hollar, 
Yertue,  and  Yandergucht. 

His  elder  son,  Kiohabo  Sackvillb,  fifth 
Eabl  of  DoBSBT  (1622-1677),  was  bom  at 
Dorset  House  on  16  Sept.  1622.  As  Lord 
Buckhurst  he  contributed  an  elegy  to  '  Jon- 
sonus  Yirbius '  (1688),  a  collection  of  poems 
in  Ben  Jonson's  memory,  and  he  represented 
East  Grinstead  in  the  House  of  Commons 
from  8  Nov.  1640  till  he  was  'disabled'  on 
5  Feb.  1648;  but  his  seat  was  not  filled 
up  tUl  1646.  He  was  one  of  the  fifty-nine 
'  Strafibrdians '  who  opposed  the  bill  of  at- 
tainder against  Lord  Strafford  on  21  April 
1641 ;  he  was  imprisoned  by  the  parliament 
in  1642,  and  was  fined  1,600/.  in  1644,  but 
does  not  seem  to  have  taken  any  part  in 
the  civil  war.     In  Januuy  1656  he  com- 

Elained  ^that  his  property  in  Derbyshire  and 
itaffordshire  had  been  seized  on  an  erro- 
neous information  of  delinquency,  and  an 
order  for  restoration  was  made  on  12  April. 
On  8  March  1660  he  was  appointed  a  com- 
missioner of  the  militia  of  Middlesex ;  and 
on  26  April  was  on  the  committee  of  safety 


in  the  new  parliament  or  convention,  and 
chairman  of  a  committee  on  the  privileges  of 
the  peers ;  in  May  he  was  placed  on  several 
committees  connected  with  the  restoration, 
being  chairman  of  the  one  for  airanging 
for  the  king's  reception.  Charles  H  an- 
pointed  him  joint  lord  lieutenant  of  Mid- 
dlesex on  80  July  1660,  which  office  he 
held  till  6  July  1662;  in  the  same  year 
he  received  the  stewardships  in  Sussex 
usually  held  by  his  family,  and  was  joint 
lord  lieutenant  from  1670.  In  October  he 
was  nominated  on  the  commission  for  the 
trial  of  the  re^cides.  He  acted  as  lord  sewer 
at  the  coronation  on  28  April  1661,  and  was 
made  a  member  of  the  Inner  Temple  with 
the  Duke  of  York  on  8  Nov.    He  frequently 

Petitioned  for  the  renewal  of  grants  made  to 
is  family,  especially  for  a  tax  of  4$,  a  ton 
on  coal.  In  I066  he  was  inconvenienced  by 
an  encroachment  by  Bridewell  Hospital  on 
the  site  of  Dorset  House,  which  had  been 
burnt  in  the  fire ;  but  in  September  1676  he 
was  enriched  by  reversions  which  fell  in  on 
the  death  of  the  old  Countess  of  Dorset,  Pem- 
broke, and  Montgomery,  whose  "first  husband, 
Richajd,  third  earl  of  Dorset,  was  his  uncle. 
[see  Clifford,  Aitne].  He  was  elected  a 
fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  on  8  May  1665, 
Aubrey  says  that  Samuel  Butler  told  him 
that  Dorset  translated  the  'Cid '  of  Comeille 
into  English  verse  (Aubrey  MS8.  yiL  9,  viii. 
20).  He  died  on  27  Aug.  1677,  and  was  buried 
at  Withyham. 

He  married,  before  1688,  Lady  Frances, 
daughter  of  Lionel  Cranfield,  first  earl  of 
Middlesex  [q.  v.],  and  eventually  hdress  to 
her  brothers ;  she  married,  secondly,  Henry 
Powle  [q.  v.],  master  of  the  rolls,  and  died  on 
20  Apnl  1687.  He  had  seven  sons  and  six 
daughters.  His  eldest  son  was  Charles  Sack- 
ville, sixth  earl  of  Dorset  [q«  y«]  In  memory 
of  his  youngest  child  Thomas  (b.  3  Feb.  1662, 
d.  at  Saumur  19  Aug.  1^5)  he  contemplated 
a  monument  in  the  Sackville  Chapel  in  Withy- 
ham church,  which  he  had  rebuilt.  The  con- 
tract (for  a  sum  of  850/.)  with  the  Dutch 
sculptor,  Caius  Gabriel  Cibert  or  Cibber 
(16^1700),  is  dated  April  1677 ;  and  the 
monument,  finished  by  the  countess  tLH  a 
memorial  of  the  whole  family  in  1678,  is  one 
of  the  finest  works  of  the  period.  There  are 
three  portraits  of  Earl  Kichard  at  Knole, 
one  of  which  was  engraved  by  Bocquet  and 
published  by  J.  Scott  in  1806. 

[Doyle's  Official  Baronage ;  CoUina's  Peerage, 
ed.  Brydges,  ii.  161-69 ;  Wood^s  Athense  Oxon. 
iii.  748 ;  Gardiner^s  .Hist  of  England ;  Bridg- 
man's  Sketch  of  Knole;  Alexander  Brovn^s 
Genesis  U.S.A ;  Historical  Noticee  of  Withyham 
(by  B.  W.  Sackville-West,  the  late  Earl  De  la 


Sackville 


5^1 


Sackville 


Warr);  Owen's  Epigtans,  Itt  ter.  ii.  20,  8id 
Mr.  ii.  37  ;  Cal.  State  Papers,  Dom.  1690-1677 ; 
Hist.  MSS.  GoiDxn.  especially  4th  Bep.  App. 
ppb  276-817,  and 7th  Rep.  App.  pp.  249-60,  being 
calendars  <yf  the  papers  at  Knole,  mostly  those 
of  the  Cranfield  family.]  H.  £.  D.  B. 

SACKVILLE,  GEORGE,  first  Vmcount 
Slcettlle  (1716-1786).  [See  Gebuaut, 
Gbobqb  Sacktillb.] 

SACKVILLE,  JOHN  FREDERICK, 
tliixd  Duxs  of  DoBssT  (1745-1799^,  only 
son  of  Lord  John  Philip  Sackville,  M.P.,  by 
Frances^  daughter  of  John,  earl  of  Gk)wer, 
and  grandson  of  Lionel  Cranfield  Sackrille, 
first  dnke  of  Dorset  [q.  y.],  was  bom  on 
24  March  1745,  and  educated  at  West- 
minster School,  with  which  he  kept  up  a 
conneeticMi  in  later  life.  As '  Mr.  Sackyule ' 
he  was  elected  member  for  Kent  at  the 
general  election  of  1768  (Parliamentarv  Be* 
tunu)j  but  vacated  his  seat  and  was  called  to 
the  House  of  Lords  on  the  death  of  his  uncle 
Charles,  second  duke  of  Dorset  fq.  v.J  (5  Jan. 
1769),  when  he  succeeded  to  tne  title  and 
estates.  He  was  sworn  of  the  privy  council 
on  being  appointed  captain  of  the  yeomen 
of  the  guard  on  11  Feb.  1782,  which  post  at 
court  he  redgned  on  S  April  1788,  and  from 
26  Dec  178i8  to  8  Aug.  1789  he  fiUed  the 
responsible  position  of  ambassador^extra- 
oroinaxy  and  plenipotentiary  to  the  court  of 
France.  He  quitted  that  country  at  the  be- 
ginning of  the  revolution.  He  received  the 
Garter  on  9  April  1788,  and  was  lord  steward 
of  the  royal  household  7  Oct.  1789  till  he 
resigned  on  20  Feb.  1799.  He  was  also  lord 
lieutenant  of  Kent  from  27  Jan.  1769  till 
13  June  1797,  and  colonel  of  the  West  Kent 
militia  £rom  18  April  1778  till  his  death, 
being  granted  the  rank  of  colonel  in  the  army 
on  2  ^dy  1779.  He  was  appointed  one  of 
tlie  trustees  under  the  will  ox  Dr.  BusW  on 
11  May  1797  (Phixjjkobb,  Alwami  We^t- 
mamuUriefuei)  i  was  elected  a  governor  of 
the  Charterhouse  on  4  March  1796,  and  was 
high  steward  of  Stratford-upon-Avon  for 
many  years.  The  duke  died  in  his  fifty-fifth 
year  at  his  seat  at  Knole,  Kent,  on  19  July 
1799,  and  was  buried  in  the  family  vault 
at  Witlnrham,  Sussex.  Dorset*s  manners 
were  son,  quiet,  ingratiating,  and  formed 
fior  a  court,  free  finnn  affectation,  but  not 
deficient  in  diflnitr.  He  possessed  good 
sense,  matured  by  knowledge  of  the  world 
(WsAXUX,  Memoirs).  A  member  of  the 
Hambledon  Club  ana  a  patron  of  cricket, 
he  was  one  of  the  committee  by  whom  the 
original  laws  of  the  Maiylebone  Club  were 
drawn  up.  On  4  Jan.  1790  he  married 
Arabella  Dlanay .  daughter  of  Sir  Charles 


Cope,  bart,  of  Breweme,  Oxfordshire;  and 
he  left  two  daughters  and  a  son,  George 
John  Frederick,  who^  dying  from  a  fall  m 
the  hunting  field  in  1815,  was  succeeded  as 
filth  and  kst  duke  by  his  cousin,  Chail^ 
Sackville  Germain  (1767-1848),  son  of  Lord 
George  Sackville  Germain  fq-  ▼.]  The  se- 
cond daughter,  Elizabeth  {d.  1870),  mar- 
ried, in  June  1818,  G^eorge  John  West,  fifth 
earl  De  la  Wsrr,  who  assumed  in  1848 
the  additional  surname  and  arms  of  Sack- 
ville. The  countess  was  in  April  1864 
created  Baroness  Buckhurst,  and,  dying  on 
9  Jan.  1870,  left,  with  other  issue,  the  pre* 
sent  Baron  Sackville. 

[Doyle's  Official  Baronage;  Haydn's  Book  of 
Dignities,  ed.  Ockerby;  Burke's  Peemge,  e.v. 
De  la  Warr  and  Sackrille.]  W.  R.  W. 

SACKVILLE,  LIONEL  CRANFIELD, 
first  DuKB  ov  DoBSET  (168S-1765),  bom  on 
18  Jan.  1688,  the  only  son  of  Charles,  sixth 
earl  of  Dorset  [q.  v.],  by  his  second  wifeC  Lady 
Marv  Compton,  younger  daughter  of  James, 
third  earl  of  Northampton,  and  sister  of 
Spencer,  earl  of  Wilmizigton,  was  educated 
at  Westminster  School.  In  April  1706  he 
accompanied  Charles  Montagu,  earl  of  Hali- 
&x,  on  his  special  mission  to  Hanover  for 
the  purpose  of  transmitting  to  the  elector 
the  acts  which  had  been  passed  in  the  in- 
terests of  his  familv.  He  succe^ed  his 
father  as  seventh  Earl  of  Dorset  and  second 
Earl  of  Middlesex  on  29  Jan.  1 706,  and  took 
his  seat  in  the  House  of  Lords  on  19  Jan. 
1708  (JoumaU  qf  the  Souse  qfLords^  xviii. 
480).  In  December  1708  he  was  appointed 
constable  of  Dover  Castle  and  lord  warden 
of  the  Cinque  ports,  posts  from  which  he 
was  removed  in  June  1718.  He  is  said  to 
have  written  the  whig  address  from  the  county 
of  Kent,  which  was  presented  to  the  queen 
on  80  July  1710  (Annals  qf  Queen  Anne,  ix. 
177-9),  and  on  15  June  1714  he  protested 
against  the  Schism  Act  (Roobjss,  Complete 
Q>Uection  of  the  Protests  of  the  Lords,  1875, 
i.  218-21).  On  Anne's  death  he  was  sent 
by  the  regencjr  as  envoy-extraordinary  to 
Hanover  to  notify  that  fact  to  George  t. 

He  was  appointed  groom  of  the  stole  and 
first  lord  of  the  beochamber  on  18  Sept. 
1714,  and  constable  of  Dover  Castle  and 
lord  vrarden  of  the  Cinque  ports  on  18  Oct. 
On  the  16th  of  the  same  month  he  was  elected 
a  knight  of  the  Garter,  being  installed  on 
9  Dec.  following.  He  assisted  at  the  corona- 
tion of  G^rge  1  on  20  Oct.,  as  hea^tei  of  the 
sceptre  with  the  cross,  and  on  16  Nov.  1714 
was  sworn  a  member  of  the  pnyr  council. 
In  April  1716  he  supported  the  Septennial 
Bill  in  the  House  of  Liords,  and  is  said  to 


Sackville 


581 


Sackville 


Eave  dedttred  that 'triennial  ele^tiom  de- 
•troy  all  family  interest  and  subject  ouf  ex- 
eellent  constitution  to  the  caprice  of  the 
multitude'  (FtiH.  Hist.  yii.  2d7).  In  July 
1717  he  was  informed  by  Lord  Sunderland 
that  the  kinff  had  no  further  ocession  for  his 
serriees  (SibU  MSS,  Comm,  9th  Rep.  App. 
ui.  8). 

He  was  created  Duke  of  Dorset  on  17  June 
1720,  and  took  his  seat  at  the  upper  end  of 
the  earls'  bench  on  8  Oct.  following  (/oumoZi 
^theH<mMofLord9yXsi,Z7Qi).  On  SO  May 
1725  he  was  appointed  lord  steward  of  the 
household.  He  acted  as  lord  high  steward 
of  England  at  the  coronation  of  George  II 
on  11  Oct.  1727,  and  was  the  bearer  of  St. 
Edward's  crown  on  that  occasion.  On  4  Jan. 
1728  he  was  reappointed  constable  of  Dover 
Oastle  and  lord  warden  of  the  Cinque  ports. 
On  resigning  his  post  of  lord  steward  of  the 
household,  Dorset  was  appointed  lord-lieu- 
tenant of  Ireland  (19  June  17dO).  During 
his  Ticeroyalty  he  paid  three  yisits  to  Ire- 
land, where  he  resided  during  the  parlia- 
mentary sessions  of  1781-2,  1733-4,  and 
1785-6.  In  1781  the  court  party  was  de- 
feated by  a  majority  of  one  on  a  financial 
question  (Lecxt,  Hut.  ofEnglandf  1878,  ii. 
428) ;  but  with  this  exception  the  political 
history  of  Ireland  during  Dorset's  tenure  of 
office  wy  uneventful.  In  1786  Sir  Robert 
Walpole  appears  to  have  obtained  the  queen's 
consent  to  Dorset's  removal,  and  to  have 
secretly  offered  the  post  to  Lord  Scarbrough. 
To  Walnole's  great  surprise,  Scarbrough 
refused  tne  offier,  and  '  Dorset  went  to  Ire- 
land again,  as  satisfied  with  his  own  security 
as  if  he  had  owed  it  to  his  own  strength ' 
{LoBD  Hbbvet,  Memoirs  qf  the  Reiffn  of 
George  II,  1884,  ii.  168-4V  He  was  suc- 
ceeded as  lord-lieutenant  or  Ireland  by  Wil- 
liam, third  duke  of  Devonshire,  in  March 
1787,  and  was  thereupon  reappointed  lord 
steward  of  the  household.  Dorset  continued 
to  hold  this  office  until  3  Jan.  1745,  when  he 
became  lord  president  of  the  council.  He 
was  reappointed  lord-lieutenant  of  Ireland 
on  6  Dec.  1750,  being  succeeded  by  Granville 
as  president  of  the  council  in  June  1751. 
Durmg  his  former  viceroyalty  Dorset  had 
performed  the  duties  of  his  office  to  the  en- 
tire satisfaction  of  the  court  party.  He  had 
'  then  acted  for  himself,'  but  now  '  he  was 
in  the  hands  of  two  men  most  unlike  him- 
self,' his  youngest  son,  Lord  G(eorge  Sack- 
ville, who  act^  as  his  first  or  principal  se- 
cretary, and  George  Stone,  the  primate  of 
Ireland  fWALPOLB,  Memoirs  of  the  Beign  of 
Qeorge  lI,  1847,  i.  279;  see  also  Lettere 
and  Works  qf  the  Earl  of  ChesUrJield,  1845- 
1858^  H.  866,  iv.  101).    In  consequence  of 


their  policy,  a  serious  parliamentary  oppo- 
sition was  for  the  first  time  organisea  in 
Ireland;  while  an  injudicious  attempt  on 
the  part  of  Lord  George  Sackville  to  oust 
Henry  Boyle,  the  parliamentanr  leader  of  the 
whig  party  in  Ireland,  from  the  speakecBhip 
led  to  nis  temporary  union  with  the  patriot 
party.  The  most  important  of  the  many  alter- 
cations which  arose  between  the  court  party 
and  the  patriots  concerned  the  surplus  re- 
venue. This  the  House  of  Commons  wished 
to  apply  in  liquidation  of  the  national  debt. 
Though  the  government  agreed  to  the  mode 
of  application,  they  contended  that  the  sur- 
plus could  not  be  disposed  of  without  the 
consent  of  the  crown.  In  his  speech  at  the 
opening  of  the  session,  in  October  1751, 
Dorset  signified  the  royal  consent  to  tiie  ap- 

Ero{»riation  of  part  of  the  surplus  to  the 
quidation  of  the  national  debt.  The  bill 
for  carrying  this  into  effect  was  passed,  but 
the  house  took  care  to  omit  taking  any 
notice  of  the  king's  consent.  Upon  the  re- 
turn of  the  bill  from  England,  with  an 
alteration  in  the  preamble  signifying  that 
the  royal  consent  had  been  given,  the  house 
gave  way,  and  the  bill  was  passed  in  its 
altered  form  (Lbgkt,  Hist,  or  BngUmdy  ii. 
482).  In  1758  the  Earl  of  Kildaie  pre- 
sented a  memorial  to  the  kinflr  against  the 
administration  of  the  Duke  0?  Dorset  and 
the  ascendency  of  the  primate ;  bat  tJiis  ro- 
monstrance  was  disregarded  (Walfoib, 
Beign  of  Qeorge  II,  i.  354).  In  the  session 
of  1753  the  contest  between  the  court  and 
the  patriots  was  renewed.  Dorset  again  an- 
nounced the  kinff's  consent  to  the  appropria- 
tion of  the  fresh  surplus.  The  bm  again 
omitted  any  notice  of  the  sovereign's  con- 
sent. It  was  returned  with  the  same  alte- 
ration as  before,  but  this  time  was  rejected 
by  a  mfuority^  of  five.  Dorset  thereupon 
adjoumedf  parliament,  and  dismissed  all  the 
servants  of  the  crown  who  had  voted  with 
the  majority,  while  a  portion  of  the  surplus 
was  by  royal  authority  applied  to  the  pay- 
ment of  the  debt  (Leokt,  Hist,  of  England, 
ii.  482 ;  see  Walpolb,  Beign  of  Qeorge  II, 
i.  368-9). 

Another  exciting  struggle  was  fought  over 
the  inauir^  into  the  peculations  of  Arthur 
Jones  r^evill,  the  surveyor-general,  who  was 
ultimately  expelled  from  the  House  of  Com- 
mons on  28  Nov.  1753  {Jotumals  of  the 
Irish  House  of  Commons,  v.  196^.  A  curious 
indication  of  the  feeling  against  Dorset's 
administration  was  shown  at  the  Dublin 
Theatre  on  2  March  1754.  The  audience 
called  for  the  renetition  of  some  lines  which 
appeared  to  reflect  upon  those  in  office. 
West  Digges  [q.  v.],  by  the  order  of  Sheridaa 


Sackville 


S83 


Sackville 


ilieiiiMMiger,i«AitedtoTCpeattheiii.  Where- 1 
«pon  '  tii»'  audienoe  demoliflked  the  inside 
of  the  houM  uid  leduced  it  to  *  shell^ 
rWiLPOLB,  J2e^  nf  GtorgB  I/;  L  889; 
QmL  Mag.  1764,  p.  141).  I 

Alanned  by  the  discontent  which  had 
baen  oouwd,  the  Engliah  goyemment  de- 
tonnmed  at  ket  to  make  terms  with  Boyle, 
and  to  appoint  Lord  Hartinffton  in  Doraef  a 
plaee.  In  February  1765  Dorset  was  in- 
fonned  that  he  was  to  return  no  more  to 
Ireland.  According  to  Horace  Walpole, 
'  he  bore  the  notification  ill,'  and  hoped  that, 
*  li  the  sitoation  of  affairs  shmdd  proTe  to 
l»  mended,'  he  mi^t  be  permitted  to  re- 
turn (Waltolb,  Beign  of  Omnrge  11,  ii.  10). 
Doiset  was  appointed  master  of  the  horse 
on  29  March  1/66,  a  post  in  which  he  was 
cneeeeded  by  Burl  Gower  in  July  1767. 
Ihiring  the  riots  occasioned  by  the  Militia 
Bill  in  1767,  he  was  attacked  at  Knole, 
near  Serenoaks,  by  a  mob,  but  was  sayed 
'  Iry  a  yoong  officer,  who  sallied  out  and 
oeiaed  two-and-twenty  of  the  rioters '  (ib, 
iiL  41>  On  5  July  1767  Dorset  was  con- 
stituted constaUe  of  Dover  Castle  and  lord 
warden  of  the  Ginque  ports  for  the  term  of 
bis  natural  life.  He  died  at  Knole  on  9  Oct. 
1 766,  aged  76,  and  was  buried  at  Withyham, 
Sussex,  on  the  18th. 

Dorset,  says  Lord  Shelbume,  was  ^  in  all 
jesoects  a  perfect  English  courtier  and 
notning  else.  .  .  .  He  had  the  good  fortune 
to  come  into  the  world  with  the  whigs,  and 
partook  of  their  good  fortune  to  his  death. 
Be  never  had  an  opinion  about  public 
■aatters.  •  .  .  He  preserved  to  the  last  the 
Mod  breeding,  deciuiey  of  manners,  and 
dignity  of  exterior  deportment  of  Queen 
Anne'a  time,  never  departing  from  his  style 
of  gravity  and  ceremony'  (Lobd  Edmond 
FraMArBSOB,  L(fe  of  WiUiamf  Earl  of  8Ael^ 
tame,  1876,  i.  841).  According  to  Horace 
"Walpolei  Dorset,  m  spite  of  *  the  greatest 
dignity  m  his  appearance,  was  in  private 
tbe  greatest  lover  of  low  humour  and  buf- 
foonery '  {R^gn  qf  Oeorge  II,  i.  98).  Swift, 
in  a  letter  to  Lady  Betty  Germain,  an  inti- 
mate fKend  of  Dorset,  writes  in  January 
1727 :  '  I  do  not  know  a  more  agreeable  per- 
son in  conversation,  one  more  easy  or  of 
better  taste,  with  a  greater  variety  of  know- 
ledge, than  the  Duke  of  Dorset'  (Workt, 
1824,  xix.  117). 

Dorset  was  appointed  a  Busby  trustee 
(14  Msrch  1720),  custos  rotulorum  of  Kent 
(12  May  1724),  vice-admiral  of  Kent  (27  Jan. 
1726),  high  steward  of  Tamworth  (6  May 
1729),  governor  of  theOhartarhouse  (17  Nov. 
1780),  and  lord-lieutenant  of  Kent  (8  July 
1740).    He  also  hel^  the  office  of  lugh 


steward  of  Stratford-onrAvon,  and  was  a 
member  of  the  Kit-Gat  Club.  He  was 
created  a  D.O.L.  of  Oxford  Universitv  on 
16  Sept.  1780,  and  acted  as  one  of  the  lords 
justices  of  Great  Britain  in  1726,  1727, 
1740,  1748,  1746,  1748,  and  1762.  He 
married^  in  January  1709,  Elisabeth,  daugh- 
ter of  Lieutenant-general  Walter  Phuip 
Golyear,  and  niece  of  David,  first  earl  of 
Portmore.  She  was  maid  of  honour  to  Queen 
Anne,  and  became  first  lady  at  the  bed- 
ohamber  to  Caroline,  the  queen  consort, 
both  as  princess  of  Wales  and  queen.  She 
was  also  appointed  crroom  of  the  stole  to  the 
queen  on  16  July  1727,  a  post  which  she 
resigned  in  favour  of  Lady  Suffolk  in  178L 
By  this  marriage  Dorset  bad  three  sons,  vis. 
(I)  Chatles  Sa^ville,  second  duke  of  Dor- 
set [q.  v.] ;  (2)  Lord  John  Philip  Sackville, 
M.P.  for  Tamworth^  whose  only  son,  John 
Frederick,  became  third  duke  of  Dorset  [q.  v.] ; 
(8)  Lord  GkK>npe  Sackville  Germain,  first 
viscount  SaokvQle  {a,  v.] ;  and  three  daugh<« 
ters,  Lady  Anne  Sackville,  who  died  on 
22  March  1721,  aged  11 ;  (2)  Lady  Elisa- 
beth Sackville,  who  was  married  on  6  Dec. 
1720  to  Thomas,  second  viscount  Wey- 
mouth, and  died  on  9  June  1729;  and 
(8)  Lady  Caroline  Sackville,  who  was  mar* 
ried  to  Joseph  Damer,  afterwards  first  earl 
of  Dorchest^,  on  27  July  1742,  and  died 
on  24  March  1776.  The  duchess  died  on 
12  June  1768|  aged  81,  and  was  buried  at 
Withyham  on  the  18th. 

Matthew  Prior  dedicated  his '  Poems  on 
Several  Occasions,'  London,  1718,  fol.,  to 
Dorset,  out  of  gratitude  to  the  memory  of 
his  father.  Some  of  Dorset's  correspon- 
dence is  preserved  among  the  manuscripts 
of  Mrs.  Stonford  Sacpille  of  Drayton 
House,  Nortnamptonshire.  Among  thft 
collection  are  several  letters  addressed  t<» 
Dorset  hj  Swift  {SiH.  M88,  Oomm,  OUi 
Rep.  pt.  iii.) 

Portraits  of  Dorset,  by  Kneller,  are  in 
possession  of  the  &mily.  There  are  nume« 
rouB  engravings  of  Dorset  by  Faber,  McAs^ 
dell,  and  others,  after  Kneller. 

[HoraeeWalpoU*8  Letters,  1867*9;  NicfaoWfl 
Lit.  Anecd.  1812-16;  B.  W.  Sackville-West^s 
Historical  Notices  of  the  Parish  of  Withjhasi, 
1857;  Autobionsphy  and  Corresfjondence  of 
Mrs.  Delany,  1863-4,  vols.  i.  ii.  iii.  iv. ;  Letters 
to  and  from  Henrietta,  Countess  of  Saffolk, 
1824,  i.  63,  63,  ii.  29,  83-6,  220 ;  Memoirs  of 
the  Kit-Cat  dub,  1821,  pp.  66-9  (with  por« 
trait);  Flowden's  Histirical  Relation  of  the 
State  of  Ireland,  1803,  i.  280-4,  309-16,  App, 
pp.  256-7 ;  Froude's  Bnglieh  in  Ireland,  1872-4, 
1.  497^,  674,  680-2,  610-12,  ii.  6 ;  Lyon's  Hist, 
of  Dover,  1818-14,  ii.  262-8;  Doyle's  OfBoal 


Sackville 


S«4 


Sackville 


Baionaga.  1886,  i.  628^  ;  a.  £.  C.*b  G<mipl«te 
Peerage,  iii.  152;  CoUinB*B  Peerage  of  England, 
1812,  ii.  174-4;  Andrew  Philips's  Poem,  1765, 
p.  74 :  AinmDi  Oxooieases,  1715-1886,  ir.  1241 ; 
Aiamni  Westmonast.  1852,  pp.  194,  240-1, 
345,  294,  555,  556,  576;  Gent  Mag.  1765,  p. 
491.]  G.  F.  R.  B. 

SACKVILLE,  Sib  RICHARD  (<«.  1666), 
under^treamirer  of  the  exchequer  and  chan- 
cellor of  the  court  of  augmentations,  was 
eldest  son  of  John  Sackville  of  Chiddinglej, 
Kent,  by  Anne,  daughter  of  Sir  William 
Boleyn,  and  sister  of  Thomas  Boleyn,  earl 
of  "Vt^iltshire  and  Ormonde.  Queen  Anne 
Boleyn  was  thus  his  first  cousia.  In  later 
life  he  expressed  regret  that '  a  fond  school- 
master, before  he  was  f ullie  fourtene  years 
olde,  drove  him  with  feare  of  beating  from 
all  love  of  leaminff '  (Aschah,  Scholenuuter, 
pp.  xvii-xviii).  He  was  educated  at  Cam- 
bridge but  did  not  graduate;  he  soon  went 
to  the  bar,  becoming  Lent  reader  at  Gray's 
Inn  in  1529.  He  acted  as  steward  to  the 
Earl  of  Arundel,  and  sat  for  Arundel  in  the 
Reformation  parliament  of  1629.  Hb  pro* 
bably  gave  proof  of  his  willingness  to  do 
what  was  wanted ;  from  1530  he  was  con- 
stantly on  commissions  of  the  peace  and  of 
sewers  for  Sussex.  In  November  163jB  he 
-was  one  of  those  appointed  to  receive  indict- 
ments against  Sir  Geoffrey  Pole,  Sir  Edward 
Neville,  and  others,  and  shortly  afterwards 
lie  became  under-treasurer  of  the  exchequer, 
treasurer  of  the  army,  and  in  1542  escheator 
for  Surrey  and  Sussex.  In  1646  he  received 
larffe  grants  of  land.  Under  Edward  VI  he 
took  a  more  prominent  part  in  public  life. 
On  24  Aug.  1548  he  was  appointed  chan- 
cellor of  the  court  of  augmentations,  and 
thus  had  ample  opportunities  of  enrich- 
ing himself.  He  was  knighted  in  1549 
{fit  Hem.  Edw.  71,  p.  cccvii).  In  1552 
he  was  a  commissioner  for  the  sale  of  chan- 
ttY  lands;  at  this  time  he  lived  at  Derby 
Place,  Paul's  Wharf.  He  witnessed  the  will 
of  Edward  VI,  but  Mary  renewed  his  patent 
«s  chancellor  at  the  augmentations  court 
on  20  Jan.  1663-4,  and  made  him  a  mem- 
ber of  her  privy  council.  He  sat  in  the 
parliament  of  1664  as  member  for  Ports- 
mouth. He  lost,  however,  for  the  time,  the 
advantage  which  he  had  gained  in  the  last 
reign  as  patentee  of  the  bishop  of  Winchester's 
lands,  though  he  refrained  it  imder  Elizabeth, 
who  retained  him  in  her  service.  He  was 
appointed  to  supervise  the  arrangements  for 
her  coronation,  and  was  present  at  the  first 
meeting  of  her  council  on  20  Nov.  1668.  He 
sat  for  Kent  in  the  parliament  of  1568,  and 
for  Sussex  from  1663  till  his  death.  In 
1668  he  was  cue  of  those  appointed  to  audit 


the  accounts  of  Andrew  Wise,  iind«r»tr8a« 
surer  for  Ireland.  In  1669  he  was  one  of 
the  oonmiissioners  appointed  to  administer 
the  oaths  to  the  deny ;  the  same  year,^th 
Sir  Ambrose  Cave,  he  conducted  the  search 
among  the  papers  of  the  bishops  of  Win- 
chester and  Lmcoln.  On  9  and  10  Sept. 
1669  he  was  one  of  the  mourners  at  vbe 
funeral  services  held  at  St.Paul'8  on  the  dea^ 
of  Henry  II  of  France;  he  was  also  a 
mourner  on  the  death  of  the  emperor  ia 
1664,  when  Grindal  preached.  On  25  April 
1661  he  received  charge  of  Margaret,  coun- 
tess of  Lennox.  In  1566  he  took  part  in 
the  fruitless  negotiations  as  to  the  marriage 
with  the  Archduke  Charles.  He  died  on 
21  April  1666,  and  was  buried  at  Withyham 
in  Sussex. 

He  married  Winifred,  daughter  of  Sir  John 
Bruges,  lord  mayor  of  Lcmdon  in  1620,  and 
by  her  left  a  son  Thomas,  aftervrards  first 
Earl  of  Dorset  (who  is  separately  noticed),, 
and  a  daughter  Ainne,  who  married  Gre- 
goiy  Fiennes,  tenth  lord  Dacre  of  the  South 
[q.  y.]  His  widow  married  William  Panlet, 
first  marquis  of  Winchester  [a.  v.],  died 
in  1686,  and  was  buried  in  Westminster 
Abbey. 

Sackville  was  a  pleasant,  capable,  and  ac- 
commodating official.  He  grew  very  rich 
and  established  his  family.  Naunton  de- 
clared that  his  accumulation  of  wealth  en- 
titled him  to  be  called  ^Eill-sack'  rather 
than  'Sack-ville'  {Frapmenia  BegaUa^  ed, 
Arber,  p.  66).  But  he  had  intellectual  in- 
terests. He  was  dininf  with  Sir  William 
Cecil  at  Windsor  in  1663,  when  another 
guest,  Roger  Ascham  [^ .  y.],  tamed  the 
conversation  on  the  subject  of  education. 
Sackville  later  in  the  day  had  a  private 
ccdloquy  with  Ascham  on  the  topic,  urged 
the  scholar  to  write  his '  Scholemaster/  and 
entrusted  to  him  his*grandA>n,  Robert  Sack- 
ville, second  earl  of  iSorset  [q.  y.l  to  be  edu- 
cated with  Ascham's  son.  Ascnam,.in  his 
<  Scholemaster,'  speaks  of  Sackville  in  terms 
of  great  respect. 

[Letters  and  Papers  of  Henry  VIII,  ed*  Gaird- 
ner,  passim;  Cooper's  AthexuB  Cantabr.  i.  241 ; 
Foster's  Beg.  of  Gray's  Inn,  p.  2 ;  Hasted's  Eent» 
i.  344 ;  Coll  Top.  et  Gen.  iii.  295 ;  Arch.  Cantiana, 
zvii.  214,  £cc  (Rochester  Bridge);  Acts  of  the 
Privy  Council,  ed.  Dasent,  passim;  Stiype*a 
Works;  Cal.  State  Papers.  Bom.  Ser.  1647-80, 
p.  10,  &e.  Addenda,  For.  Ser.  1558-9 ;  Sussex. 
Arcli.  Coll.  zxri.  41 ;  Napier's  Swyncombe  and 
Ewelme ;  Aseham's  Schoolmaster,  ed.  Mayor ; 
Narratives  of  theReibrmation.  p.  267,  and  Wrio- 
thesley's  Ghron.  ii.  145  (Qamd.  Soe.) ;  lit.  Re- 
mains of  Edward  VI  (Roxbwghe  ClubX  passim.] 

W  •    A    #•    Am 


Sackville 


585 


Sackville 


SACKVILLE,  ROBERT,  second  Eabl 
OF  D0B8BT  (1661-1609),  bom  in  1661,  was 
the  eldest  son  of  Thomas  Sackville,  first 
earl  of  Dorset  [q.  tJ.  by  Cecily  (d,  1  Oct. 
1616),  daachter  of  Bur  John  Baker  of  Sis- 
singhuTSt,  Kent,  speaker  of  the  House  of 
Commons.     His  ^grandfather,  Sir  lUchard 
Sackrille  [q.  t.],  inTited  Roger  Ascham  to 
educate  Rooert  with  his  own  son  (Abchah, 
Scholema9ter,  ed.  Mayor).    He  matriculated 
from  Hart  Hall,  Oxford,  17  Dec.  1576,  and 
graduated  B.A.  and  M.A.  on  3  June  1679; 
it  appears  from  his  father^s  will  (CoLLnm,  ii. 
189^-40)  that  he  was  also  at  New  Colleg^e. 
He  was  admitted  to  the  Inner  Temple  in 
1680,  and  elected  to  the  House  of  Com- 
mons in  1686  as  member  for  Sussex.    In 
1688  he  sat  for  Lewes,  but  represented  the 
county  again  in  1692-8,  1697-8, 1601,  and 
1604-8.    He  is  said  to  have  been  a  leading 
member  of  the  House  of  Commons,  sernnff  ^ 
as  a  chairman  of  several  committees  (cf.  | 
IKEwES,  JcumaU,  passim).    According  to 
a  contemporary  writer  (Milles,  Catalogue 
of  Honour,  p.  414),  he  was  '  a  man    of 
singular  learning  and  many  sciences  and 
lanffuages,  Greek  and  Latin  being  as  familiar 
to  mm  as  his  own  natural  tongue.'    At  the 
same  time  he  engaged  in  tramng  yentures, 
and  had  ships  in  the  Mediterranean  in  Fe- 
bruary 1602.    He  also  held  a  patent  for  the 
supply  of  ordnance  (cf.  Cai,  State  Papers, 
20  rA.  1696).    He  succeeded  to  the  earldom 
of  Dorset  on  the  death  of  his  father  on 
19  April  1608.    He  inherited  from  his  father 
over  sixteen  manors  in  Sussex,  Essex,  Kent, 
and  Middlesex,  the  principal   seats  being 
Knole  and  Buckhurst. 

Dorset  surviyed  his  fatherless  than  a  year, 
dying  on  27  Feb.  1609  at  Dorset  House,  Fleet 
Street.  He  wasburied  in  the  Sackville  Chapel 
at  Withyham,  Sussex,  and  left  by  will  200/.  or 
300/.  for  a  tomb.  This  monument  perished 
when  Withyham  church  was  destroyed  by 
lightning  on  16  June  1663.  He  left  1,000/. 
for  tbe  erection  and  a  rent  charge  of  880/. 
for  the  endowment  of  a '  hospital  or  college' 
for twentr-one  poor  men  and  ten  poor  women, 
to  be  under  the  patronage  and  government 
of  his  heirs.  This  may  have  been  an  imita- 
tion of  Emmanuel  College,  Westminster, 
founded  by  his  aimt,  Anne  Fiennes,  lady 
Daere  [q.  t.]  Accordingly,  the  building  of 
the  almshouse  known  as  'Sackville  College 
for  the  Poor '  at  East  Grinstead,  Sussex,  was 
commenced  about  1616  bv  the  executors,  his 
brother-in-law.  Lord  WOBam  Howard  fq.  v.], 
and  Sir  €^ive  Rivers  of  ChaiFord.  it  was 
inhabited  befere  1632  (^Burial  Regxeten  of 
Ea&t  Orifutead ;  cf.  Siet  M8S,  Comm,  4th 
Rep.  App.  p.  120,  House  of  Lords).    Most 


of  the  Sackville  lands  were  soon  alienated  by 
the  founder's  son,  and  the  buyers  refused  to 
acknowledge  the  estate's  liability  to  the  col* 
lege.  On  6July  1681  the  poor  inmatesreceived 
a  charter  of  incorporation,  but  their  revenues 
were  still  irregularly  paid  (Sist,  MSS,  Comm* 
7th  Rep.  J.  44;  Pbptb,  Di^ry,  9  Feb.  1660). 
But  in  1/00,  after  tedious  litigation,  a  re- 
duced rent  charge  of  216/.  12«.  9d,  was  im* 
posed  on  the  Sackville  estates  on  behalf  of 
the  college,  and  the  number  of  inmates  re- 
duced to  twelve,  with  a  warden.  The  col- 
lege buildings  were  restored  in  the  pre- 
sent century  by  the  Dorset  coheiresses,  the 
Countess  Amherst  and  the  Countess  De  la 
Warr  (Baroness  Buckhurst),  and  the  pa- 
tronage remains  with  their  representative. 
Earl  De  la  Warr,  the  owner  of  the  Sussex 
estates. 

Dorset  married  first,  in  February  1679-80, 
Lady  Margaret,  only  daughter  of  Thomas 
Howard,  fourth  duke  of  Norfolk  [q.  v.]  She 
was  suspected  of  attending  mass  {Cal,  State 
Papers,  20  Dec.  1588).  By  her  he  had  six 
children,  of  whom  Richard  became  third  earl, 
and  Edward  fourth  earl  [q.  v/j  A  daughter, 
Anne,  married  Sir  Edward  Seymour,  eldest 
son  of  Edward  Seymour,  lord  Beauchamp, 
and  Cecily  married  Sir  Henry  Compton, 
K.B.  Lady  Margaret  died  on  19  Aug.  1691 
(^coffin-plate) ;  Robert  Southwell  fq.  vj,  the 
Jesuit,  published  in  her  honour,  in  1696,  a 
small  quarto  entitled  *  Triumphs  over  Death,' 
with  dedicatory  verses  to  hw  surviving 
children.  It  is  reprinted  in  Sir  S.  E.  Brydges^ 
'Archaica'  (vol.  i.  pt.  iii).  Dorset  married, 
secondly,  on  4  Dec.  1692,  Anne  (d.  ^  Sept. 
1618),  daughter  of  Sir  John  Spencer  of  Al- 
thorp,  and  widow  of,  first,  William  Stanley, 
Lord  Monteagle,  and,  sebondly,  Henry,  lord 
Compton.  In  1608-9  Dorset  found  reason  to 
complain  of  his  second  wife^s  misconduct,  and 
was  negotiating  with  Archbishop  Bancroft 
and  Lord-chancellor  Ellesmere  for  a  separa- 
tian  from  her  when  he  died  {CaL  State 
Papers,  1608-10,  pp.  477,  484). 

There  are  two  portraits  of  Dorset  at  Knole 
House ;  neither  has  been  engraved. 

[Doyle's  Official  Baronage ;  CoUins's  Peerage^ 
ed.  Biydgee,  ii.  146-9 ;  Cal.  State  Papers,  passim ; 
Rev.  R.  w.  Sackville-West  (the  late  Earl  De  ]a 
Warr),  Hist.  Notices  of  Withyham ;  8tenning*s 
Notes  on  East  Ckinstead,  originally  a  paper  in 
Sussex  Arch.  Soo.  Collectanea;  Bndgman*9 
Sketch  of  Knole  ;  Willis's  Not.  ParL] 

H.  E.  D.  B. 

SACKVILLE,  THOMAS,  first  Eabl  of 
D0B8BT  and  Babon  BtroKHtrBsr  (1686-1608)^ 
only  son  of  Sir  Richard  Sackville  [q.  y.^,  was 
bom  in  1636  at  Buckhurst  in  the  parish  of 
Withyham,  Sussex.    He  seems  to  nave  at- 


Sackville 


586 


Sackville 


tended  the  grammar  school  of  Sullington, 
Sussex,  and  in  1546  was  nominated  incum- 
bent of  the  chantry  in  the  church  there,  a 
post  fiom  which  he  derived  an  income  of 
3/.  IQs,  a  year.  There  is  no  documentary 
corroboration  of  the  reports  that  he  was  a 
member  of  Hart  Hall  at  Oxford  and  of  St. 
John's  College,  Cambridge.  Subsequently 
he  joined  the  Inner  Temple,  of  which  his 
father  was  governor,  and  he  was  called  to 
the  bar  (Abbot,  Funeral  Sermon.  1608).  In 
early  youth  he  mainly  devoted  himself  to 
literature.  About  1557  he  planned  a  poem 
on  the  model  of  Lydg^te's  '  Fall  of  Princes.' 
The  poet  was  to  describe  his  descent  into  the 
infernal  regions  after  the  manner  of  Virgil 
and  Dante,  and  to  recount  the  lives  of  those 
dwellers  tiiere  who,  having  distinguished 
themselves  in  English  history,  had  come  to 
untimely  ends.  Sackville  prepared  a  poetical 
preface  which  he  called  an '  Induction.'  Here 
'Sorrow '  guides  the  narrator  through  Hades, 
and  alter  the  poet  has  held  converse  with 
the  shades  of  the  heroes  of  antiquitv  he 
meets  the  ghost  of  Henry  Stafford,  duKe  of 
Buckinghfun,  who  recites  to  him  his  tragic 
story.  Sackville  made  no  further  contribu- 
tion to  the  design,  which  he  handed  over  to 
Bichard  Baldwin  [a.  v.]  and  Geor^  Ferrers 
[q.  v.]  They  completed  it — adopting  Sack- 
ydle's  seven4ine  stanzas — ^under  the  title  of 
*  A  Myrrovre  for  Magistrates,  wherein  may 
be  seen  bv  example  of  others,  with  howe 
ffrievous  plages  vices  are  punished,  and  howe 
irayle  and  imstable  worldly  prosperity  is 
founde  even  of  those  whom  fortune  seemeth 
most  highly  to  favour.'  A  first  volume  was 
issued  in  1559,  and  a  second  in  1563.  Sack- 
ville's  'Induction,' though  obviously  designed 
to  introduce  the  work,  appears  towards  the 
end  of  the  second  volume.  It  is  followed 
by  his  '  Complaint  of  the  Duke  of  Buck- 
ingham.' These  contributions  give  the  vo- 
lumes almost  all  their  literary  value.  In 
dignified,  forcible,  and  melodious  expression 
Sackville's  '  Induction '  has  no  rival  among 
the  poems  issued  between  Chaucer's '  Canter- 
bury Tales '  and  Spenser's  *  Faerie  Queene.' 
Spenser  acknowledged  a  large  indebtedness 
to  the  'Induction,'  and  he  prefixed  a  sonnet 
to  the  '  Faerie  Queene '  (1590)  commending 
the  author — 

Whose  learned  muse  hath  writ  her  own  record 
In  golden  verse,  worthy  immortal  fame. 

Other  editions  of  the  'Mirror'  are  dated 
1563, 1571,  1574, 1587, 1610,  and  1815  [see 
art  Balbwtn,  William:  Blbneehasset, 
Thomas;  Hiooiirs,  John;Niccou,Hiohasd]. 
Of  equal  importance  in  literary  history,  if  less 
interesting  from  the  literary  point  of  view, 


was  Sackville's  share  in  the  nrodnetion.of  the 
first  English  tragedy  in  blank  verse,  <  The 
Tragedy  of  Gorboduc.'   It  was  first  acted  in 
the  hall  of  the  Inner  Temple  on  Twelfth 
Night  1560-1.   Sackville  was  alone  respon- 
sible (according  to  the  title-page  of  the  first 
edition  of  1565)  for  the  last  two  acts.  These 
are  by  far  the '  most  vital '  parts  of  the  ]^iece, 
although  Sackville's  blank  verse  is  invariably 
'stiff  and  cumbersome.'    There  is  no  valid 
g^und  for  crediting  him  with  any  larger  re- 
sponsibility for  the  undertaking.    The  first 
three  acts  were  from  the  pen  of  a  fellow 
student  of  the  law,  Thomas  Norton  [see  art. 
NoBTOK,  Thomas,  1532-1584,  for   biblio- 
graphy and  plot  of '  Gorboduc  *].  Sackville's 
remaining  literary  work  is  of  comparatively 
little  interest.     Commendatory  verses  bv 
him  were  prefixed  to  Sir  Thomas  Hoby  s 
'Courtier,'  a   translation    of   Castig^one's 
'  Cortegiano,'  1561,  and  he  has  been  credited 
with   a  poem  issued  under  the  signature 
'M.  S.'  m  the  'Paradise  of  Dainty  De- 
vices,' 1576.    That  he  wrote  other  poems 
that  have  not  been  identified  is  clear  from 
Jasper  Heywood's  reference  to  'Sackvyles 
Sonnets,  sweetly  sauste,'  in  his  preface  to 
his  translation  of  Seneca's '  Thyestes '  (1560). 
George  Turberville  declared  him  to  be,  in  his 
opinion,  superior  to  all  contemporary  poets. 
In  his  later  years  William  Lambarde  eulo- 
gised his  literary  efforts ;  and  Bacon,  when 
sending  him  a  copy  of  his  '  Advancement  of 
Learning,'  reminded  him  of  his  '  first  love.' 
His  chaplain,  Georffe  Abbot,  spoke  in  his 
funeral  sermon  of  the  '  good  toxens '  of  his 
learning  *  in  Latine  published  into  the  world ; ' 
but  the  only  trace  of  his  latinity  survives 
in  a  Latin  letter  prefixed  to  Bartholomew 
Gierke's  Latin  translation  of  Oastiglione's 
'Cortefflano'  (1571).    Literature  was  not 
the  only  art  in  which  Sackville  delighted. 
Music  equally  attracted  him.    Throughout 
life  he  entertained   musicians  '  the  most 
curious  which  anywhere   he    could  have' 
(Abbot).    Among  his  other  youthful  inte- 
rests was  a  2eal  for  freemasonry,  and  he  be- 
came in  1561  a  grand  master  of  the  order, 
whose  headquarters  were  then  at  York.    He 
resigned  the  office  in  1567,  but  while  grand 
master  he  is  stated  to  have  done  the  fraternity 
good  service  by  initiating  into  its  innocent 
secrets  some  royal  officers  who  were  sent  to 
break  up  the  grand  lodge  at  York.    Their 
report  to  the  queen  convinced  her  that  the 
society  was  harmless,  and  it  was  not  molested 
again  (Dr.  Jakbs  Aztdbbson,  New  Book  of 
Qnutitutione  of  the  Fr<Uemfiy(ifFreemaion$f 
1788,  p.  81 ;  Pbbstok,  lUtutrations  </  Mo' 
eonry ;  HnrsMAV,  Ancient  York  and  l^/ftdoB 
Grand  Lodgee,  1872,  p.  21). 


Sackville 


S87 


Sackville 


Politict,  howevtt,  proved  the  real  business 
of  Sackville's  life.  To  the  parliament  of 
Queen  Mary's  reign  which  met  on  20  Jan. 
1567-8  he  was  returned  both  for  Westmore- 
land and  East  Qrinstead,  and  he  elected  to 
aerre  for  Westmoreland.  In  the  first  parlia- 
ment  of  Queen  Elisabeth's  reign^  meeting  on 
28  Jan.  1568-9|  he  represented  East  Grin- 
•teady  and  he  represented  Aylesbury  in  the 
parliament  of  15o8.  On  17  March  he  con- 
Teyed  a  message  from  the  house  to  the  queen. 
The  queen  recognised  his  kinship  with  ner — 
his  father  was  Anne  Boleyn's  first  cousin — 
and  she  showed  much  liking  for  him,  ordering 
him  to  be  in  continual  attendance  on  her. 
But  extravagant  habits  led  to  pecuniary 
difficulties,  and,  in  order  to  correct  his  '  im- 
moderate courses/  he  made  about  1563  a 
foreism  tour,  passing  through  France  to  Italy. . 
At  Kome  an  unguarded  avowal  of  pro- 
testantism involved  him  in  a  foufteen  days' 
imprisonment.  While  still  in  the  city  news 
of  his  father's  deatli---<m  21  April  1566— 
reached  him,  and  he  hu|rried  home  to  assume 
eontrol  of  a  vast  inheritance. 

Rich,  cultivated,  sagacious,  and  favoured 
by  the  queen,  he  possessed  all  the  quali- 
fieataons  for  playing  a  prominent  part  in 
politics,  diplomacy,  and  court  society.  He 
was  knighted  by  the  Duke  of  Norfolk  in 
ibe  queen's  presence  on  8  June  1567,  and 
"was  raised  to  the  peerage  as  Lord  Buck- 
hvnb  on  the  same  day.  His  admission 
to  the  House  of  Lords  was  calculated  to 
•trongthen  the  protestant  party  there.  In 
the  spring  of  1568  he  was  sent  to  France, 
and,  according  to  Cecil's  'Diary,'  he  per- 
anaded  the  queen-mother  to  make '  a  motion 
fair  a  marriage  of  Elisabeth  with  her  second 
•on,  the  Duke  of  Anjou.'  Later  in  the  ^ear 
he  was  directed  to  entertain  the  Cardinal 
Ghatilion  at  the  royal  palace  at  Sheen,  which 
he  rented  of  the  crown,  and  where  he  was 
residing  with  his  mother.  Early  in  1571  he 
paid  a  second  official  visit  to  Fiance  to  con- 
gratulate Charles  IX  on  his  marriage  with 
£lisabeth  of  Austria.  He  performed  his 
ambassadorial  functions  with  great  magnifi- 
eenea  (cf.  Houkshsd,  s.a.  1571),  and  did 
what  ha  could  to  forward  the  negotiations 
Cor  the  queen's  marriage  with  Anjou,  pri- 
vately assuring  the  queen-mother  that  Elisa- 
beth was  hone^ly  beoit  ongoing  through  with 
the  match  (cf.  FBOUifE,  BMtory,  ix.  868-70). 
Later  in  the  year — in  Au^pst — he  was  in 
attendance  on  Paul  de  Foix,  a  French  am- 
bassador who  had  come  to  London  to  con- 
tinoe  the  discussion  of  the  marriage.  On 
80  Aug.  he  accompanied  the  ambassador 
firom  Audley  End  to  Cambridge,  where  he 
created  M.A« 


Buckhurst  joboied  the  privy  council,  and 
found  constant  employment  as  a  oommiB* 
sioner  at  state  trials.    Amonf  the  many 

Prisoners  on  whom  he  sat  in  judgment  were 
homas,  duke  of  Norfolk  (16  Jan.  1571-2)^ 
Anthony  Babington  (5  Sept.  1586),  and 
Philip,  earl  of  Arundel  (14  April  1589). 
Although  nominated  a  conunissioner  for  the 
trial  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  he  does  not 
seem  to  have  been  present  at  Fotheringay 
Castle  or  at  Westminster,  where  she  was 
condemned;  but  he  was  sent  to  Fotherin* 
gay  in  December  1586  to  announce  to  Mary 
the  sentence  of  death  (of.  Ajciab  Poulbt, 
LetUr  Book ;  Fbovdb,  xii.  219-21).  He 
performed  the  painful  duty  as  considerately 
as  was  possible,  and  the  onhanpy  queen  pre- 
sented nim  with  a  wood  carvmg  of  the  pro- 
cession to  Calvary,  which  is  stul  preserved 
at  Knole. 

Next  year  he  once  again  went  abroad  on 
political  service.  Through  the  autumn  of 
1586  Leicester's  conduct  in  the  Low  Countries 
caused  the  queen  much  concern,  and  Leioeeter 
urged  that  Buckhurst  might  be  seat  to  in* 
vestigate  his  action  and  to  allav  the  queen's 
fears  that  he  was  committing  ties  to  a  long 
and  costly  expedition.  '  My  lord  of  Buck- 
burst  would  be  a  very  fit  man,'  Leicester 
wrote, '. .  .  he  shall  never  live  to  do  a  better 
service '  (JLeycegter  Corre^pcndencef  pp.  804, 
878).  At  the  end  of  the  year  Leicester  came 
home,  and  in  March  1587  Buckhurst  was  di- 
rected to  survey  the  position  of  affairs  in  the 
Low  Countries.  His  instructions  were  to 
tell  the  States-General  that  the  queen,  while 
she  bore  them  no  ill-will,  could  no  longer 
aid  them  with  meu  or  money,  but  that  she 
would  intercede  with  Philip  of  Spain  in 
their  behalf.  He  faithfully  obeyed  his 
orders,  but  the  queen,  perceiving  that  it 
was  incumbent  on  her  to  continue  the  war, 
abruptly  recalled  him  in  June.  She  severely 
reprimanded  him  by  letter  for  too  literally 
obeying  his  instructions.  She  expressed 
scorn  of  his  shallow  judgment  which  had 
spilled  the  cause,  impaired  her  honour,  and 
snamed  himself  (Motlbt,  United  Nether^ 
lands,  chaps,  xv.  and  xvL(  Feovdb,  xii. 
801).  On  arriving  in  London  he  was  di- 
rected to  confine  himself  to  his  house.  For 
nine  months  the  order  remained  in  force,  tod 
Buckhurst  fSftithfully  respected  it,  declining 
to  see  his  wife  or  children. 

On  Leicester's  death  he  was  fully  restored 
to  favour,  and  for  the  rest  of  her  r^gn  the 

2ueen's  confidence  in  him  was  undtsturil)ed. 
n  December  1588  he  was  appointed  a 
oomnussioner  for  ecclesiastical  causes.  On 
24  April  1589  he  was  elected  K.Q-.,  and  was 
installed  at  Windsor  on  18  Deo.     Meaa* 


Sackville 


588 


Sackville 


while  he  engaged  anew  in  diplomatic  husi- 
neaa.  He  went  on  an  embassy  to  the  Low 
Coontriee  in  November  1689,  and  in  1691 
he  was  one  of  the  commissioners  who  signed 
a  treaty  with  France  on  behalf  of  the  queen. 
In  1698  he  joined  with  Burghley  in  a  futile 
attempt  to  negotiate  peace  with  Spain,  and 
in  the  same  year  went  abroad,  for  the  last 
time,  to  renew  a  treaty  with  the  united  pro- 
Tinces,  which  relieyed  the  queen  of  a  sub- 
sidy of  120,000;.  a  year. 

High  office  at  home  finally  rewarded  his 
service  abroad.  He  was  one  of  the  four 
commissioners  appointed  to  seal  writs  daring 
the  vacancy  in  the  office  of  chancellor  after 
the  death  of  Sir  Christopher  Hatton  (20  Nov. 
1691)  and  before  the  appointment  of  Pucker- 
ing on  S  June  1692.  in  August  1698  Lord- 
treasurer  Burghley  died,  and  court  gossip  at 
once  nominatra  Buckhurst  to  the  vacant  post 
(OHAXBBBLAiir,  Letters,  pp.  81,  87);  but  it 
was  not  until  19  May  1699  that  he  was  in- 
stalled in  the  office  of  treasurer.  He  per- 
formed his  duties  with  businesslike  precision. 
Every  suitor  could  reckon  on  a  full  hearing 
in  his  turn,  and  he  held  aloof  from  court 
factions.  His  character  and  position  alike 
recommended  him  for  the  appointment  in 
January  1801  of  lord  high  steward,  whose 
duty  it  was  to  preside  at  the  trials  of  the 
Eatl  of  Essex  and  his  fellow-conspirators. 

The  accession  of  James  I  did  not  afiect 
his  fortunes.  On  17  April  1608  he  was  re- 
appointed lord  treasurer  for  life.  He  at- 
tended Elizabeth's  fimeral  at  Westminster 
on  the  2Sth  of  that  month,  and  on  2  May 
met  the  kin^  at  Brozboume.  He  was  gra- 
ciously received.  He  was  one  of  the  peers 
who  in  November  1608  sat  in  judgment  on 
Henry,  lord  Cobham,  and  Thomas,  lord 
Grey  de  Wilton,  and  he  was  created  Earl  of 
Dorset  on  18  March  1608^.  In  May  1604 
he  was  nominated  a  commissioner  to  nejfo- 
tiate  a  new  treaty  of  peace  with  Spain,  which 
was  finally  signed  on  18  Au^.  The  king  of 
Spain  showed  his  appreciation  of  Dorset's 
iimuenoe  in  bringing  the  ne^tiations  to  a 
satia&ctory  issue  by  bestowing  on  him  a 
pension  of  1,000/.  in  the  same  month,  and  by 
presenting  him  with  a  gold  ring  and  a  richly 
jewelled  chain. 

Dorset's  wealth  and  munificence  in  private 
life  helped  to  confirm  his  ^litical  position. 
His  landed  property — ^inherited  or  purchased 
-*vras  extensive.  He  resided  in  earlv  life 
at  Bnokhurst,  Sussex,  where  he  employed 
John  Thorpe  to  rebuild  the  manor-house 
between  1660  and  1666.  In  1609  he  ob- 
tained from  King*s  College,  Cambridge,  a 
grant  of  the  neighbouring  manor  of  Withy- 
ham  and  the  advowson  ot  the  church  there 


j  in  exchange  for  the  manor  and  advowson  of 
Sampford-Courtenay  in  Devonshire.  The 
church  of  Withyham  was  the  burial-place  of 
his  family.  He  built  a  house,  which  was 
soon  burnt  down,  on  part  of  the  site  of 

!  Lewes  Priory,  which  had  been  granted  to 
his  father.  Me  had  been  joint  lord  lieutenant 
of  Sussex  as  early  as  1669,  and  he  some- 
what humorously  distingpiished  himself  in 
that  capacity  in  1686,  when,  a  false  alarm 
having  oeen  given  that  fifty  Spanish  Bhips 
were  ofi^  the  coast,  he  hastily  summoned  the 
muster  of  the  county  ana  watched  with 
them  all  night  between  Rottingdean  and 
Brighton,  omy  tq  discover  in  the  morning 
that  the  strangers  were  innocent  Dutch- 
men driven  near  the  coast  by  stsress  of 
weather. 

.  Meanwhile,  in  June  1666,  the  queen 
granted  to  him  the  reversion  of  the  manor 
of  Enole,  near  Sevenoaks  in  Kent,  subject 
to  a  lease  granted  by  the  Earl  of  Leicester, 
to  whom  the  estate  had  been  presented  by 
the  queen  in  1661  (Hasted,  Kent,  i.  842). 
It  was  not  until  1608  that  Dorset  came  into 
possession  of  the  property.  He  at  once  set 
to  work  to  rebuild  part  of  the  house  fiom 
plans  supplied  at  an  earlier  date  by  John 
Thorpe.  Two  hundred  workmen  were  em- 
ployed on  it,  and  it  was  completed  in  1606 
(cf.  Arcfyxologia  Cantianaj  yof.  ix.  pp.  xl  et 
seq.) 

Another  office  of  dignity  which  Dorset 
long  filled  was  that  of  chancellor  of  the 
university  of  Oi^ord.  He  was  elected  on 
17  Dec.  1691.  His  competitor  was  Robert 
Devereux,  earl  of  Essex,  but  the  queen*s 
influence  was  thrown  decisively  on  thesideof 
Lord  Buckhurst.  On  6  Jan.  1691-3  he  was 
incorporated,  at  his  residence  in  London, 
M.  A.  in  the  university.  In  September  1592 
he  visited  Oxford,  and  received  the  queen 
there  with  elaborate  ceremony  (Nioholb, 
PrwfrtMea,  iii.  149  seq.)  He  gaye  books  to 
Bodley's  Library  in  1600,  and  a  bust  of  the 
founder,  which  is  still  extant  there,  in  1605 
(Macbat,  Annals,^,20fSl),  In  August  1605 
he  entertained  James  I  at  Oxford,  keeping 
open  house  at  New  College  for  a  week.  The 
earl  sent  20/.  and  five  brace  of  bucks  to 
those  who  had  disputed  or  acted  before  the 
king,  and  money  and  yenison  to  every  col- 
lege and  hall  Q^iOKOXSfProffre99e$ofJanu8l, 
i.  639  seq.) 

One  of  Dorset's  latest  acts  in  his  office  of 
lord  treasurer  was  to  interview  privately 
the  barons  of  the  exchequer  (November 
1606)  while  they  were  sittmg  in  judgment 
on  the  great  constitutional  case  of  the  mer- 
chant &tes  who  had  refused  to  pay  the  im- 
positions that  had  been  levied  by  the  crown 


Sackville 


589 


Saddington 


^thoutpailiamentaiy  sanction.  Dorset  had 
preTiouslj  assured  himself  that  judgment 
would  be  for  the  crown,  but  he  apparently 
wi^ed  the  judges  to  deliver  it  without 
stating  their  reasons  (Oabdihbb,  Mutary,  ii. 
6-7).  He  died  suddmly  at  the  council-table 
at  Whitehall  on  19  April  1606.  His  body 
was  taken  to  Dorset  House,  Fleet  Street,  and 
waa  thence  conve  jed  in  state  to  Westminster 
Abbey  on  36  May.  There  a  funeral  sermon 
was  preached  by  his  chaplain,  G^iff  e  Abbot 
(q.  yT],  dean  of  Winchester,  and  afterwards 
archbishop  of  Canterbury.  In  accordance 
with  his  will  he  was  buried  in  the  Sack- 
vflle  Chapel,  a^oining  the  parish  church  of 
Withyhaxn.  His  tomb  was  destroydd  by 
lil^tmn^  on  16  June  1668,  but  his  colBn 
remains  m  the  vault  beneath. 

Dorset  is  credited  by  Naunton  with  strong 
judgment  and  self-confidence,  but  in  domestic 
politics  he  showed  little  independence.  His 
main  object  was  to  stand  well  with  his 
eorereign,  and  in  that  he  succeeded.  He  was 
«  good  spMker^and  the  numerous  letters  and 
fltatepapers  extant  in  his  handwriting  exhibit 
an  unusual  perspicuity.  In  private  life  he 
was  considerate  to  his  tenants.  By  his  will, 
made  on  7  Aug.  1607,  a  very  detailed  docu- 
ment, he  left  to  his  family  as  heirlooms  rings 
given  him  by  James  I  and  the  king  of  Spain, 
and  a  portrait  of  Queen  Elisabeth,  cut  in 
a^te  and  set  in  gold.  This  had  been  left 
bim  by  his  sister  Axm^  lady  Dacre.  Plate  or 
jewels  were  beoueathed  to  his  Mends,  the 
acehlnshop  of  (Canterbury,  Lord-chancellor 
EUesmere,  the  Earls  of  Nottingham,  Suffolk, 
Worcester,  Northampton,  Salisbury,  and 
Dimbar.  The  Earls  of  Sufiblk  and  Salisbury 
were  overseers  of  his  will,  and  his  wife  and 
eldest  son  were  joint  executors.  He  left 
1,000/.  for  buildmg  a  public  ffranar^  at 
I^ewes,  2,000/.  for  stocking  it  wita  gram  in 
eeaeons  of  scarcity,  and  1,000/.  for  building 
a  chapel  at  Withyham. 

He  married,  in  1664,  Cecily,  daughter  of 
Sir  John  Baker  of  Sissinghurst  in  Kent; 
Dorset  speaks  of  her  in  his  will  in  terms  of 
warm  affection  and  respect.  She  survived 
tin  1  Oct.  1616.  By  her  he  was  father  of 
four  sons  and  three  daughters:  the  eldest 
was  Bobert  Sackville,  second  earl  of 


Dorset  j|q.  v.1;  William,  bom  about  1668, 
waa  knigntea  in  France  by  Henry  IV  in 
October  1689,  and  was  slain  fighting  against 
the  forces  of  the  league  in  1691 ;  Thomas, 
bom  on  26  Ma^  1671,  distinguished  himself 
in  fighting  against  the  Turn  in  1696,  and 
died  on  28  Aug.  1646.  Of  the  daughters, 
Anne  was  wife  of  Sir  Henry  Glemham  of 
Olemham  in  Suffolk  (cf.  Co/.  State  Ptwert 
iaOB-10,  pp.  490,  676) ;  Jane  was  wife  of 


Anthony  Browne,  first  viscount  Montague 
[q.  v.] ;  and  Mary  married  Sir  Henry  Nevule, 
ultimately  Lord  Abergavenny. 

His  poetical  works,  with  some  letters  and 
the  preamble  to  his  will,  were  collected  and 
edited  in  1869,  bv  the  Bev.  Beginald  W. 
Sackville  West,  who  prefixed  a  memoir. 

There  are  portraits  of  the  Earl  of  Dorset 
at  Enole  and  Buekhurst  (by  Marcus  Ghee- 
raerts  the  younger  [q.  v.J) ;  while  in  the 
picture  j^ery  at  Oxford  tnere  is  a  painting 
of  him  m  the  robes  of  chancellor,  with  the 
blue  ribbon,  George,  and  treasurer's  staff. 
This  was  presented  by  Lionel,  duke  of 
Dorset,  in  1785.  There  are  engravings  hj 
George  Vertue,  £.  Scriven,  and  W.  J. 
Alais. 

[Coop6r*8  AthensB  Cantabr.  ii.  484.92,  sup- 
plies the  most  detailed  acooant  of  his  official 
career.  George  Abbot's  Funeral  Sermon,  1608, 
dedicated  to  the  widowed  oonntess,  gives  a  coo- 
temporary  estimate  of  his  career  (esp.  pp.  18-18). 
W.  !)•  Coop«r*8  memoir  in  Shakespeare  Society's 
edition  of  Gorbodac  and  SackriUe  w  est's  memoir 
in  his  Collected  Works,  1869,  are  feorly  com- 
plete. See  also  Naonton's  Fragmenta  Begalia, 
ed.  Arber,  pp.  56-6;  Owen's  Epigrams,  Ist  ser. 
ii.  65 ;  Strype's  Annals ;  Correspondanoe  Diplo- 
matiqae  de  F^nelon,  iii.  iv.  v.  vii. ;  Birch's  Queen 
Elizabeth;  Camden's  Annals;  Boyle's  OiBcial 
Baronage ;  Cal.  State  Papers,  Dom.  1571-1608 ; 
Warton's  Hist,  of  English  Poetry;  Bitson's 
Bibliographia  Anglo-Poetica;  Brydges'sMemoirs 
of  the  Peers  of  James  I.]  S.  L. 

SAOROBOSCO,  CHRISTOPHER 

(1562-1616),  Jesuit.    [See  Holtwood.] 

SAORO  BOSOO,  JOHANNES  db  (Ji, 
1280),  mathematician.  [See  Holtwood  or 
Halifax,  John*.] 

SADDINGTON,  JOHN  a6S4P-ie79), 
Muggletonian,  was  bom  at  Amesby,  Lei- 
cestershire, about  1634,  and  was  engaged  in 
London  in  the  sugar  trade.  He  was  among 
the  earliest  adherents  to  the  system  of  John 
Reeve  (1608-1668)  [q.  v.]  and  Lodowioke 
Muggleton  [q.  t.],  and  hence  was  known  as 
the  '  eldest  son '  of  their  movement.  He  was 
a  tall,  handsome  man,  and  an  intelligent 
writer;  his  strenuous  support  in  1671  was 
of  essential  service  to  Muggleton'e  cause. 
He  died  in  London  on  11  Sept.  1679.  Two 
only  of  his  pieces  have  been  printed :  L  '  A 
Prospective  Glass  for  Saints  and  Sinners,' 
1673,4to;  reprinted, Deal,  1823, 8vo.  2.  <The 
Articles  of  iWe  Faith,'  written  in  1675,  but 
not  printed  till  1830, 8vo.  Of  his  unprinted 
pieces  in  the  Mugffletonian  archives,  the  most 
important  is '  The  Wormes  Conquest,*  a  poem 
of  1677,  on  the  trial  of  Muggieton,  who  is 
the '  worme.' 


Saddler 


S90 


Sadington 


[SaddingioD*!  vrintad  aad  maaiiflcript  -writ- 
ingt;  Hnggleton^  Acts  and  Lettan;  Andent 
and  Modern  MnggletoniaAfl  (T^eaosaetioiw  of 
IdTeroool  Lit.  and  Phii  Soc.  4  April  1870) ; 
SmiUfa  Bibliotheca  Anti-QnakeEiana,  1873, 
pp.  821  iq.]  A.  G. 

SADDLER,  JOHN  (181^1892^,  line 
engrayer,  was  bom  on  14  Aug.  1818.  He 
was  s  pupil  of  Geoive  Cooke  (1781-1884) 
Fq.  T.]|  tne  engraver  ox  Turner's '  Piotuieaque 
Views  on  the  Southern  Coast  of  England/ 
and  it  is  related  that  on  one  occasion  he  was 
sent  to  Turner  with  the  trial  proof  of  a 
plate  of  whidi  he  had  himself  enffraved  a 
considerable  portion.  Scanninff  the  plate 
with  his  eagle  eye,  Turner  askea  '  Who  did 
this  plate,  my  boyP'  'Mr.  Cooke,  sir/ 
answered  Sad<uer,  to  which  Turner  repliea, 
*  Qo  and  tell  vour  master  he  is  bringinff  you 
on  yery  nicely,  especially  in  lying."  Later 
on  he  engrayea  the  vessels  in  the  plate  of 
Turner's  'Fighting  T6m4raire/  the  sky  of 
which  was  the  joint  production  of  R.  Dickens 
and  J.  T.  Willmore,  A.RA.,  and  he  used 
to  say  that  Turner  took  a  keener  interest  in 
the  engrayingof  this  than  of  any  others  of 
his  works.  He  assisted  Thomas  Landseer 
in  several  of  his  engravings  from  the  works 
of  Sir  Edwin  Landseer.  especially  'The 
Twins,'  'The  Children  of  the  Mist/  '  Mar- 
mozettes/  and  '  Braemar/  and  also  in  the 

Elate  of  the  '  Horse  Fair/  after  Rosa  Bon- 
eur.  Among  works  executed  entirely  by 
him  are  '  The  Lady  of  the  Woods/  after 
John  MacWhirter,  K.A.;  'The  Christening 
Party,'  after  A.  Bellows,  enrnved  for  the 
'Art  Journal'  of  1872;  'Shrimpers'  and 
'  Shrimping/  after  H.  W.  Mesda^,  and  many 
book  illustrations  after  Millais,  Poynter, 
Tenniel,  Gustave  Dord,  and  others.  He  also 
en^ved  plates  of  '  Christ  Ohurdi,  Hamp- 
shire/ after  J.  Nash,  and  '  Durham  Cathe- 
dral/ after  H.  Dawson,  for  the  '  Stationers' 
Almanack/  and  some  other  views  and  por- 
traits, and  at  the  time  of  his  death  was  en- 
gaged on  the  portrait  of  John  Walter,  from 
the  nicture  begun  by  Frank  Holl,  RA^  and 
finisned  by  Hubert  Herkomer,  R.  A.  tie  ex- 
hibited a  few  works  at  the  Society  of  British 
Artists,  and  others  at  the  Royal  Academy 
between  1862  and  1888. 

Saddler  was  for  many  years  the  treasurer 
of  the  Artists'  Amicable  Fund,  and  was  thus 
brought  into  contact  with  most  of  the  artists 
of  his  time,  and  many  and  racy  were  the 
anecdotes  of  them  wluoh  he  was  wont  to 
telL  In  1882  he  left  London,  and  went  to 
reside  at  Wokingham  in  Berkshire,  where 
on  29  March  1892  he  committed  suicide  by 
hanging  himself  during  an  attack  of  tem- 
porary insanity. 


[Timeh,  7  April  1892;  Beading  Metevj, 
2  April  1892 ;  Boyal  Academy  Exhibition  OnU- 
logaes,  1862-83.]  R.  £.  G. 

SADIKQTON,  Sib  ROBERT  sb  (J. 
1840),  chancellor,  was  no  doubt  a  native  of 
Sadinffton  in  Leicestershire,  and  perhaps  a 
son  of  John  de  Sadinj^on,  a  valet  of  Isa- 
bella, wife  of  Edward  II,  and  cnstos  of  the 
hundbred  of  Qertre  [Qarta^e]  in  that  county 
CAbbrev.  Rot  Orig.  L  248).  He  may  be  the 
Kobert  de  Sadington  who  was  named  by  Joan 
de  Multon  to  seek  and  receive  her  dower  in 
chancery  in  January  1817  {OaL  Claae  BolU, 
Edw.  II,  ii.  461).  He  appears  as  an  advo- 
cate in  the  year-books  from  1829  to  1886. 
In  1829  he  was  on  a  commission  to  sell  the 
com  firom  certain  manors  then  in  t^e  king's 
hands.  On  18  Feb.  1881  he  was  on  a  com- 
mission of  oyer  and  terminer  to  inquire  into 
the  oppressions  of  the  ministers  of  the  latiB 
king  in  Rutland  and  Northamptonshire 
(CaL  Fat  Bolls,  Edw.  Ill,  ii.  184).  In  the 
xoUowing  years  he  frequently  appears  on 
similar  commissions.  On  12  Feb.  1882  he 
was  placed  on  the  commission  of  peace  for 
Leicestershire  and  Rutland,  and  an  25  June 
1882  was  a  commissioner  for  the  assessment 
of  the  tallage  in  the  counties  of  Leicester, 
Warwick,  and  Worcester  (t».  iL  287, 812). 
Previously  to  8  Aug.  1884  ne  was  justice  in 
eyre  of  the  forest  of  Pickering  and  of  the 
forests  in  Lancashire  (tb,  iii.  1, 4,  172,  261). 
On  81  Dec.  1884  he  was  appointed  on  an  in*- 
quiry  into  the  waterways  between  Peter- 
borough and  Spalding  and  Lynn,  and,  on 
10  Jmj  1885,  on  an  inquiry  into  tne  collec- 
tion of  taxes  of  Northamjjtonshire.  Warwick- 
shire, and  Rutland  (ib.  iu.  70, 202).  During 
1886  he  was  a  justice  of  gaol  aelive^  at 
Lancaster  and  Warwick  (ib,  iii.  800,  824). 
On  20  March  1884  he  was  appointed  chief 
baron  of  the  exchequer  (ib,  iii.  400),  and  ap- 
pears to  have  been  the  nrst  chief  baron  who 
was  summoned  to  parliament  by  that  title. 
On  25  July  1889  he  was  acting  as  lieutenant 
for  the  treasurer,  William  de  Zouche,  and 
from  2  May  to  21  June  1840  was  himself 
treasurer,  but  retained  his  office  as  chief 
baron.  On  29  Sept.  1848  he  was  appointed 
chancellor,  being  the  third  layman  to  hold 
this  |K>sition  during  the  reign.  He  resigned 
the  great  seal  on  26  Oct  1845.  The  reason  for 
his  resignation  is  notffiven,but  the&ct  that 
he  was  reappointed  ^ef  baron  on  8  Dec. 

1845  seems  to  preclude  the  suj^fgostion  of 
Lord  Campbell,  that  it  was  due  to  ineffici^icy. 
He  had  been  a  trier  of  petitions  for  England 
in  the  parliaments  of  1841  and  1848,  and  was 
a  trier  of  petitions  from  the  dergy  in  1847 
(ItoU»  qf  Parliament,  ii.  126, 185,  164}.    In 

1846  Sadington  was  one  of  the  goardians  of 


Sadleir 


S91 


Sadleir 


Ihe  principality  of  Wal6f»  duchy  of  Com- 
wally  and  earldom  of  Ohester  during  the 
minority  of  the  prince.  In  1847  he  presided 
OTor  the  commission  appointed  to  try  the 
earls  of  Fife  and  Menteith,  who  had  been 
taken  prisoners  in  the  battle  of  Neville's 
Croea.  Sadin^n  perhaps  died  in  the  spring 
of  1360,  for  his  successor  as  chief  baron  was 
appointed  on  7  April  of  that  year.  He  mar- 
ried Joyoci  sister  and  heiress  of  Richard  de 
MortiTaly  bishop  of  Salisbury.  Isabel,  his 
daughter  and  sole  heir,  married  Sir  Italph 
Hiastings, 

(Murimuth's  Chronicle,  p.  118;  Nichols's 
Leieestershire,  ii.  187,  612,  740,  776  ;  Foss's 
Judges  of  Engluid ;  Campbeirs  Liyos  of  the 
Chaaeellon,  i.  246-6 ;  other  authorities  quoted.] 

0.  L.  E. 

SADLEIR,  FRANC  (1774-1851),  pro- 
vost of  Trinity  College,  Buolin,  youngest  son 
of  Thomas  Sftdleir,  barrister^  bv  his  tot  wife, 
Rebecca,  eldest  daughter  of  William  Wood- 
ward of  Clough  Prior,  co.  Tipperary,  was 
bora  in  1774.  He  was  educate  at  Trinity 
CoUeffe,  Dublin,  where  he  became  a  scholar 
in  1794,  and  a  fellow  in  1805.  He  graduated 
B.A.  17d5,  M.A.  1805,  B.D.  and  D.D.  1818. 
In  1816, 1817,  and  1828  he  was  Donnellan 
lecturer  at  his  colleffe;  from  1824  to  1836 
Eruamua  Smith  professor  of  mathematics, 
and  from  1838  to  1838  regius  professor  of 
Greek. 

In  politics  he  was  a  whijy^,  and  his  ad- 
Tocacy  of  catholic  emancipation  was  earnest 
and  unceasing,  la  conjunction  with  the 
Duke  of  Leinster,  the  archbishop  of  Dublin, 
and  others,  he  was  one  of  the  first  com- 
missionerB  for  administerin|r  the  funds  for 
the  education  of  the  poor  m  Ireland,  1831. 

In  1833  he  was  appointed,  with  the  pri- 
mate, the  lord  chancellor,  and  other  digni- 
taries, a  commissioner  to  alter  and  amend 
the  laws  relating  to  the  temporalities  of  the 
church  of  Ireland,  but  resigned  the  trust  in 
1837.  On  22  Dec  of  that  year,  during  the 
riceroyalty  of  the  Marquis  of  Normanby,  he 
wae  nuule  proTost  of  Trinity  College,  a  poet 
which  he  held  for  fourteen  years.  On  more 
than  one  occasion  he  is  said  to  hare  declined 
a  bishopric.  He  upheld  the  principle  of  the 
Queen's  colleges  in  Ireland.  He  died  at 
Otftle  Knock  Glebe,  co.  Dublin,  on  14  Dec. 
1861,  and  was  buried  in  the  vaults  of  Trinity 
College  on  18  Dec.  He  married  Letitia, 
daughter  of  Joseph  Grave  of  Ballycommon, 
King's  County,  b]^  whom  he  left  fire  children. 
There  is  a  portrait  of  F.  Sadleir  in  the  pn>- 
Toet's  house.  Trinity  College. 

Sadleir  published  'Sexmons  and  Lec- 
tures preached  in  the  Chapel  of  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Dublin,'  1821-4,  3  toIs.  ;  and '  National 


Schools  for  Ireland  defended  in  a  Letter  to 
Dr.  Thorpe,'  1835. 

[Gent.  Mag.  1852,  i.  193-4;  Illustr.  London 
News,  27  Bee.  1851,  p. '763;  Froeman's  Jonmal, 

16  Deo.  1861,  p.  2,  17  Dec.  p.  2;  Guardian, 

17  Bee.  1851,  p.  867;  Taylor's  History  of  the 
University  of  Dublin,  1846,  p.  262;  The  Bookof 
Trinity  Coll.,  DubUn,  1892,  p.  198.]  G.  0.  B. 

SADLEIR,  JOHN  (1814-1856),  Irish 
politician  and  swindler,  oom  in  1814,  was 
the  third  son  of  Clement  William  Sadleir, 
a  tenant  farmer  Hying  at  Shrone  Hill,  near 
TipnerarT,  by  his  wife,  a  daughter  of  James 
Scully,  founder  of  a  prirate  bank  at  Tip* 
perary.  His  parents  were  Roman  catholics. 
He  was  educated  at  Clongowes  College,  and 
succeeded  an  uncle  in aprosperous solicitor's 
business  in  Dublin.  He  became  a  director 
of  the  Tipperary  joint-stock  bank,  established 
about  1^  by  nis  brother,  James  Sadleir, 
afterwards  M.P.  for  Tipperary. 

Shortly  before  1846  he  was  an  actire  par* 
liamentary  agent  for  Irish  railways,  and  re* 
tired  from  the  legal  profession  in  1846.  At 
that  period  and  subsequently  he  was  con* 
nectea  with  a  number  of  financial  enterprises, 
including  the  Grand  Junction  Railway  of 
France,  the  East  Kent  line,  the  Rome  and 
Frascati  Railway,  a  Swiss  railway,  and  a 
coal  company.  He  was  an  able  chairman  of 
the  London  and  County  Joint>Stock  Bank* 
ing  Company  fr^om  1848  to  within  a  few 
months  of  his  death. 

Sadleir  was  elected  M.P.  for  Carlow  in 
1847.  He  was  a  firm  supporter  of  Lord 
John  Russell  till  the  period  of  the  Wiseman 
controversy,  when  he  became  one  of  the 
most  xnfiuential  leaders  of  the  party  known 
as '  the  pope's  brass  band '  ana  *  the  Irish 
brigade.'  In  1853,  on  the  formation  of  Lord 
Al^rdeen*s  ministry,  he  accepted  office  as  a 
junior  lord  of  the  treasury,  but  his  consti- 
tuents rejected  him  when  applying,  on  his  ap* 
pointment,  for  re-election.  In  the  same  year 
(1858)  he  was  elected  M.P.  for  Sli^o,  but 
the  disclosure  of  some  irregularities  m  con- 
nection with  the  election  led  to  his  resign- 
ing his  junior  lordship,  though  he  retained 
his  seat  till  his  death. 

At  the  beginning  ot  February  1856  the 
Tipperary  bank,  at  that  time  managed  by 
James  Sadleir,  was  in  a  hopelessly  insolvent 
condition,  and  John  Sadleir  had  been  allowed 
to  overdraw  his  account  with  it  to  the  ex* 
tent  of  200,000/.  On  Saturday,  16  Feb., 
Messrs.  Glyn,  the  London  agents  of  the  bank, 
returned  its  drafts  as  not  provided  for.  John 
Sadleir  was  seen  during  tne  day  in  the  city, 
and  at  his  club  till  10.80  at  night;  but  on 
the  morning  of  Simday  the  17th  his  dead 
body  was  found  lying  in  a  hollow  about  a 


Sadler 


S9» 


Sadler 


hundred  and  fifty  yardfl  firom  Jack  Straw's 
Castle  on  Hampstead  Heath.  A  silver  cream 
jug,  and  a  bottle  which  had  contained  the  es- 
sential oil  of  almonds,  and  which  bore  several 
labels  of '  poison/  were  found  by  his  side. 

Sadleir's  suicide  created  a  great  sensation, 
and  a  revelation  soon  followed  of  his  long 
career  of  fraud  and  dishonesty.  The  <  Times' 
for  10  March  1856  beffan  a  leading  article 
with  the  words  *  John  Sadleir  was  a  national 
calamity.'  The  assets  of  the  Tipperary  bank 
were  found  to  be  only  35,000/.,  and  the  losses 
of  the  depositors  and  others  amounted  to  not 
less  than  400,000/.  The  loss  fell  heavily 
upon  many  small  farmers  and  clerks  in  the 
south  of  Ireland,  who  had  been  attracted  by 
a  h^h  rate  of  interest  to  deposit  their  savings 
in  the  bank. 

Sadleir,  who  had  dealt  largely  in  the  lands 
sold  in  the  encumbered  estate  court  in  Ire- 
land, was  found  in  several  instances  to  have 
forged  conveyances  of  such  land  in  order  to 
raise  monev  upon  them.  His  frauds  in  con- 
nection witn  the  BoyalSwedish  Railway  Com- 
panv,  of  which  he  was  chairman,  consisted 
in  labricatinff  a  hoge  number  of  duplicate 
shares,  and  of  appropriating  19,700  of  these. 

The  <  Nation^  (Dublin)  described  Sadleir 
at  the  time  of  Ills  death  as  a  sallow-faced 
man, '  wrinkled  with  multifarious  intrigue, 
cold,  callous,  cunning.'  He  was  a  bachelor, 
and,  to  all  appearance,  had  no  expensive 
habits  ;  his  only  extravagance  seemed  to  be 
that  of  keeping  a  small  stud  of  horses  at 
Watford  to  hunt  with  the  Gunnersbury 
hounds.  The  character  of  Mr.  Merdle  in 
Dickens's  '  Little  Dorrit '  was,  according  to 
its  author,  shaped  out  of '  that  precious  ras- 
cality,' John  S^lleir  (FoBSTEB,  Life  of  Charles 
DidceMy  bk.  viii.  p.  1).  In  the  spring  of 
1856  a  curious  belief  was  current  that  the 
body  found  at  Hampstead  was  not  Sadleir's, 
and  that  he  was  alive  in  America.  But  at 
the  coroner's  inquest  the  identification  with 
Sadleir  had  been  clearly  established. 

[Gent.  Mag.  1856,  i.  630 ;  Times  1866, 18  Feb. 
p.  U,  10  March,  p.  8;  Sprigge's  Life  of  Wakley; 
Miss  Braddon'fl  Trail  of  the  Serpent;  Walfoid's 
Old  and  New  London,  v.  466.]  W.  W. 

SADLER,  ANTHONY  (^.  1630-1680), 
divine,  son  of  Thomas  Sadler,  was  bom  at 
Chitterne  St.  Mary,  Wiltshire,  in  1610.  He 
matriculated  at  St.  Edmund  Hall,  Oxford,  on 
21  March  1628,  graduated  B.A.  on  22  March 
1632,  was  ordained  by  Dr.  Richard  Corbet 
[q.  V.  1,  bishop  of  Oxford,when  onl v  t  wentf -one, 
and  became  chaplain  to  the  Sadler  family  in 
Hertfordshire,  to  whom  he  was  related.  Dur- 
ing the  following  twenty  years  he  was  curate 
at  Bishonstoke,  Hampshire,  lived  (Wood  says 
beneficea)  in  London  six  or  seven  years,  and 


was  chaplain  to  Lettice,  ladv  Paget,  widow 
of  Sir  William  Paget.    By  her  he  was  pre- 
sented in  May  1654  to  the  rectory  of  Comp- 
ton  Abbas,  Dorset,  but  was  reiected  by  the 
triers  in  spite  of  his  certificates  from  William 
Lenthall  [q.  v.]^  then  master  of  the  rolls,  and 
Dr.  Thomas  Temple.   On  3  July  he  wss  ex- 
amined before  Philip  Nve  fq.  v.]  and  four 
other  commissioners.    He  then  printed  'In- 
quisitio  Anglicana,'  London,  1664, 4to,  con- 
taining the  examination,  with  comments  and 
complaints.    Nye  replied  with  <  Mr.  Sadler 
re-examined,'  1654, 4to,  in  which  he  declared 
that  Sadler 'preached  not  always  for  ediftca- 
tion,.but  sometimes  for  ostentation.'    Much 
graver  charges  were  brou^t  against  him 
later.    An  order  in  council  was  given  in 
December  to  three  members  to  examine  him 
(CaL  State  Papers, Dom.  1664, p. 410).   He 
probably  lived  about  London  imtil  the  Re- 
storation, when,  one  authority  says,  'being 
very  poor,but  well  stocked  with  wife  and  cliil- 
dren,  he  went  up  and  down  a  birding  for  a 
spiritual  benefice.'    He  preached  an  appro- 
bation sermon  at  Mitcham,  and  was  presented 
to  that  living  bv  the  patron,  Robert  Granmer, 
a  London  merchant.  Sadler  soon  instituted  a 
suit  against  Granmer  for  dilapidations.    It 
lasted  two  years  and  a  half.    Craamer  had 
Sadler  arrested  for  libel,  but  he  was  liberated 
after  a  few  days,  on  giving  his  bond  in  600/. 
to  relinquish  the  living  on  10  April.  He  was 
accused  of  disorderly  practices  and  omitting 
to  perform  divine  service.    He  wrote  from 
the  Borough  prison  on  26  Nov.  1664  a  peti* 
tion  to  Qeorge  Morlev,  bishop  of  Winchester, 
'Strange  Newes  indeed  from  Mitcham  in 
Surrev,'  London,  1664.     Sadler  next  ob- 
tained an  appointment  to  Berwick  St.  James, 
Wiltshire ;  but  in  1681  Seth  Ward,  bishop 
of  Salisbury,  complained  to  Archbishon  San- 
croft  of  his  debaucherv.  Archdeacon  Robert 
Woodward  (afterwards  dean)  advised  him, 
21  May  1683,  to  submit  to  suspension  by 
the  bishop,  but  he  petitioned  the  archbishop 
against  it(GoxE,  Ca^  of  Tanner  MSS.^,  1091). 
Wood  is  wTon^  in  saying  he  died  m  1680. 
More  accurate  is  Wood's  description  of  him 
as  *  leaving  behind  him  the  character  of  a 
man  of  a  rambling  head  and  turbulent  spirit' 
Sadler  wrote:  1.  *  The  Subjects' Joy,' 1660, 
4to,  a  kind  of  semi-religious  drama,  2. '  The 
Loyall  Mourner,  shewing  the  murdeTing[  of 
King  Charles  I.    Foreshowing  the  restonng 
of  Charles  11,'  London,  1660, 4to.  The  Utter 
portion,  which  he  pretends  was  written  in 
1648,  contains  the  unes : 

And  now  is  seen  that  mangre  rebel's  plots, 
The  name  of  0.  B.  Uves,  and  O.  0.  rots. 

8.  'Majestic  Lrradiant,'  a  broadside  issued  in 


Sadler 


593 


Sadler 


May  1600.  4. '  Schema  Sacrum/  Terses,  with 
portnuta  of  the  king  and  archbishop,  1667 ; 
reprinted  without  the  cuts  in  1688. 

AnotherANTHOinrSADLEB(^.  1640),  was 
admitted  to  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  in  1621 ; 
graduated  M.A.  1624,  and  M.D.  1638.  The 
same  or  another  (more  probably  of  Cam- 
bridge) was  presented  to  W  est  Thurrock  rec- 
tory, Essex,  on  19  Dec.  1628  (Newcourt, 
Sep.  Eocles.  ii.  592),  and  died  there  on  20  May 
1648.  His  dying  confession,  entitled  '  The 
Sinner's  Tears,'  London,  16o8, 12mo,  was  pub- 
lished by  Thomas  Fettiplace,  master  of  Peter- 
house,  Cambridge  (reprinted  1680, 1688). 

[Kennett's  Register,  pp.  191,  215,  268,  330 ; 
Wood's  Athens  Oxon.  iii.  1267>  and  his  Fasti,  i. 
460;  Foster's  AInmni  Oxon.  early  ser.  iii.  1298; 
Wnlker^s  Sufferings  of  the  Clergy,  i.  175-8,  ii. 
356;  works  abore  mentioned;  Manning  and 
Bray's  Hist.of  Snrrey,  iii.  695 ;  Notes  and  Queries, 
4th  ser.  iii.  483 ;  Hanburys  Hist.  Mem.  iii.  425- 
429.  There  are  no  entries  for  1610  in  the  Chit- 
teme  parish  register.]  0.  F.  S. 

aADLEB,  JOHN  (<?.  1595  P),  translator, 
is  said  by  Wood,  without  authority,  to  have 
been  '  educated  for  a  time  in  Oxon,  in  gram- 
mar and  logic '  (^AtkeTue  Oxon.  ed.  Bliss,  i. 
406).  In  re^ty  he  studied  at  Corpus  Christi 
College,  Cambridge,  where  he  gnraduated  B.  A. 
in  1534-5,  and  commenced  M. A.  in  1540 
{CoopEB,  Athena  Qmtabr.  ii.  203).  He  was 
appointed  one  of  the  original  fellows  of  Trinity 
doilege,  Cambridge,  by  the  charter  of  foun- 
dation in  1546.  On  11  June  1568  he  was 
instituted  to  the  rectory  of  Sudborough, 
Northamptonshire.  In  October  1571  he  was 
residing  at  Oundle,  and  was  in  receipt  of  a 
liberal  annuity  from  Francis  Russell,  second 
«arl  of  Bedford,  which  he  had  enjoyed  for 
many  years  previously.  He  died  about  1595. 

fie  is  author  of  'The  Fonre  bookes  of 
Fla;vius  Vegetius  Henatus,  briefelye  con- 
tavninge  a  plaine  forme,  and  perfect  know- 
leoge  of  Martiall  policye,  feates  of  Chivalrie, 
and  whatsoever  pertayneth  to  warre.  Trans- 
lated out  of  lattme  into  Englishe,'  London, 
1572, 4to,  dedicated  to  Francis,  earl  of  Bed- 
-fordy  R.G.  The  translation  was  undertaken 
at  the  request  of  Sir  Edmund  Brudenell,  knt. 
It  hs0  commendatory  lines  by  Christopher 
Carlisle,  Thomas  Drant,  WiUiam  Jacobs, 
"William  Charke,  William  Bulleyne,  and 
John  Higgins,  all  Cambridge  men. 

[Addit.  MS.  5880,  f.  34  5;  Ames's  Typogr. 
Araq.  ed.  Herbert,  p.  862;  Bridges's  North- 
amptonshire, ii.  255;  Foster's  Alumni  Oxon. 
1600-1714  iv.  1299;  Bymer^s  Fcedeia,  xv.  108; 
l^aimar^a  Bibl.  BriL  p.  649.]  T.  C. 

SADLER,  JOHN  (1615-1674^,  master 
of  Magdalene  College,  Cambrid^,  aesoended 
ttom  an  ancient  Shnipshire  family,  was  bom 

TOL.  xvn. 


on  18  Aug.  1615,  being  son  of  the  incumbent 
of  Patcham,  Sussex,  by  Elizabeth,  daughter 
of  Henry  Shelley  of  that  parish.  He  receiTed 
his  academical  education  at  Emmanuel  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  of  which  he  was  for  some' 
years  a  fellow.  He  became  very  eminent 
for  his  great  knowledge  in  Hebrew  and  other 
oriental  lanjfuages.  In  1683  he  graduated 
B.A.,  and  m  1638  he  commenced  M.A. 
(Addit.  MS.  5851,  f.  12).  After  studying 
law  at  Lincoln's  Inn,  he  was  admitted  one 
of  the  masters-in-ordinary  in  the  court  of 
chancery  on  1  June  1644,  and  he  was  also 
one  of  the  two  masters  of  requests.  In  1649  : 
he  was  chosen  town-clerk  of  London.  He 
was  highly  esteemed  by  Oliver  Cromwell, 
who,  by  a  letter  from  Cork,  1  Dec.  1649, 
offered  him  the  office  of  chief  justice  of 
Munster  in  Ireland  with  a  salary  of  1 ,000^  ! 
per  annum,  but  he  declined  the  offer. 

On  31  Aug.  1650  he  was  constituted 
master  of  Magdalene  College,  Cambridge, 
upon  the  removal  of  Dr.  Edward  Rainbow, 
wno  was  reinstated  after  the  Restoration 
(CooPEB,  Annals  of  Cambridge^  iii,  435, 484). 
In  January  1651-2  he  was  appointed  one  of 
the  committee  for  the  better  regulation  of 
the  law;  in  1653  he  was  chosen  M.P.  for 
Cambridge ;  and  in  1655,  by  warrant  of  the 
Protector  Cromwell,  pursuant  to  an  ordi* 
nance  for  regulating  and  limiting  the  juris* 
diction  of  the  court  of  chancery,  he  was  con« 
tinned  one  of  the  masters  in  chancery  when 
their  number  was  reduced  to  six.  It  was  b^ 
his  interest  that  the  Jews  obtained  the  privi- 
lege of  building  a  synagogue  in  London.  In 
1658  he  was  chosen  M.P.  &r  Qreat  Yarmouth, 
and  in  December  1659  he  was  appointed  first 
commissioner  under  the  great  seal,  with 
Taylor,  Whitelocke,  and  others,  for  the  pro- 
bate of  wills.  Soon  after  the  Restoration 
he  lost  all  his  employments. 

As  he  was  lymg  sick  at  his  manor  of 
Warmwell,  Dorset,  which  he  acquired  by 
marriage  in  1662,  he  made  the  prophecy 
that  there  would  be  a  plague  in  London,  and 
that  '  the  greatest  part  of  the  city  would  be 
burnt,  and  St.  Pam's  Cathedrar  (Mathek, 
MoffnaUa  Christi  Americana,  bk.  vii.  p.  102). 
In  the  fire  of  London  his  house  in  Salis- 
bury Court,  which  cost  him  5,000/.  in  build- 
ing, and  several  other  houses  belonging  to 
him,  were  burnt  down ;  and  shortly  after- 
wards his  mansion  in  Shropshire  had  the 
same  fate.  He  was  now  also  deprived  of 
Yaux  Hall,  on  the  river  Thames,  and  other 
estates,  which  being  crown  lands,  he  had 
purchased,  and  of  a  considerable  estate  in  the 
Bedford  Level,  without  any  recompense. 
Having  a  family  of  fourteen  children  to 
provide  for,  he  was  obliged-  to  retire  to  hia 


Sadler 


594 


Sadler 


Beat  at  Warmwell,  where  lie  died  in  April 
1674. 

On  9  Sept.  1646  he  married  Jane,  youngest 
daughter  and  coheiress  of  John  Trenchard, 
esq.,  of  Warmwelly  Dorset,  receiving  with 
her  a  fortune  of  10,000/.  (Hutchins,  HUt, 
cfDorMet,  3rd.  edit.,  1861,  i.  430). 

Walker  describes  John  Sadler  as  '  a  very 
insignificant  man'  {Sufferings  of  the  Clergy, 
ii.  161),  and  a  clergyman  who  knew  him  well 
in  the  tmiyersity  told  Calamy , '  We  accounted 
him  not  only  a  general  scholar  and  an  accom- 
plished gentleman,  but  also  a  person  of  great 
piety  .  .  .  though  it  must  be  owned  he  was 
not  always  right  in  his  head,  especially  to- 
wards the  latter  end  of  his  being  master  of 
the  college'  (Ltfe  and  Times  of  Baxter,  cou'- 
tinuation,  i.  116). 

His  works  are :  1.  '  Masquarade  du  Giel : 
presented  to  the  Great  Queene  of  the  Little 
World.  A  Celestiall  Map,  representing  the 
late  commotions  between  Saturn  and  Mer- 
cury about  the  Northern  Thule.  By  J.  S.,' 
London  1640,  4to ;  dedicated  to  the  queen ; 
ascribed  to  Sadler  on  the  authority  of  Arch- 
bishop Sancroft,  who  wrote  the  name  of 
the  author  on  a  copy  of  this  masque  or  play 
in  the  library  of  £mmanuel  College,  Cfam- 
bridge  (Baxbb,  Biogr.  Dramatioa,  ed.  Reed 
indJones,  1812,  i.  623,  iii.  28).  2.  <  Rights 
of  the  Kingdom;  or  Customs  oi  our  ancestors 
touching  Uie  duty,  power,  election,  or  suc- 
cession of  our  Rings  and  Parliaments,  our 
true  liberty,  due  allegiance,  three  estates, 
their  legislatiye  ]^wer,  originall,  judiciall, 
and  executiye,  with  the  Militia,'  London, 
1649,  4to;  reprinted  London,  1682,  4to. 
3.  'Olbia.  The  new  Hand  lately  discoyered. 
With  its  Religion  and  Rites  of  Worship ; 
Lawsy  Customs,  and  Goyemment;  Cha- 
racters and  Language;  with  Education  of 
their  Children  in  their  Sciences,  Arts,  and 
Manufactures ;  with  other  things  remarkable. 
By  a  Christian  Pilgrim,'  pt.  i.  London,  1660, 
4to.  No  second  part  was  published.  4.  '  A 
Prophecy  conoemiu^  Plague  and  Fire  in  the 
Citj  of  London,  certified  by  Cuthbert  Bound, 
minister  of  WarmwelL  l/orset,'  Lansdowne 
MS.  98,  art. 24 ;  printed  in  Hutchins's '  His- 
tory  of  Dorset,'  3rd  ed.,  i.  486. 

Thomas  Sadlbb  (H,  1670-1700),  his 
second  son,  was  intended  for  the  Law,  and 
entered  at  Lincoln's  Inn.  He  was,  howeyer, 
deyoted  to  art,  and  receiyed  some  instruc- 
tions from  Sir  Peter  Lely  in  jportrait-painting. 
He  painted  in  oils  and  also  m  miniature,  and 
his  portraits  were  commended  by  his  con- 
temporaries. In  1686  he  drew  the  portrait 
of  John  Bunyan  [q.  y.],  which  was  enflrayed 
more  than  once.  His  son  Thomas  Sadler 
Ihis  younger  became  deputy-derk  of  the 


Pells  (HuTomirs,  Hist  of  Dorset,  L  431, 
ed.  1861 ;  Walfolb,  Anecdotes  of  Painting; 
REDeB^ys,  Diet  of  Artists). 

[Memoir  by  his  eraDdsoo,  Thomas  Sadler,  of 
the  exchequer,  in  Biroh  MS.  4223,  f.  166;  AHdit. 
MS.  5880,  f.  35 ;  Aysoough's  Cat.  of  MSS.  p.  737; 
Oeneral  Dictionary.  Historical  and  Critical, 
1739,  ix.  19;  Halkett  and  Laing^s  Diet,  of 
Anonymous  Lit.  ii.  1555,  iii.  1808;  Hutchins's 
Dorset,  1815,  i.  259,  iy.  356;  Eesnett's  Register 
and  Chronicle,  pp.  906,  913 ;  Lownd68*s  Bibl. 
Man.  (Bohn),  p.  2168;  Notes  and  Queries,  4th 
eer.  iii.  175.]  T.  C. 

SADLER,  MICHAEL  FERREBEE 
(1819-1895),  theologian,  eldest  son  of 
Michael  Thomas  Sadler  [q.  v.],  was  horn  at 
Leeds  in  1819.  Educated  at  Sherborne 
school,  he  entered  St.  John's  Ck)llege,  Cam- 
bridge, after  a  short  interval  of  business 
life.  He  was  elected  Tyrwhitt's  Hebrew 
scholar  in  1846,  and  graduated  B.A.  1847. 
He  was  vicar  of  Bridgwater  from  1857  to  1864 
(daring  which  time  ne  was  appointed  to  the 
prebend  of  Combe,  13th  in  WeUs  Cathedral), 
and  of  St.  Paul's,  Bedford,  from  1864  to 
1869 ;  he  was  rector  of  Honiton  from  1869  till 
his  death.  In  1869  he  received  an  offer  of 
the  bishopric  of  Montreal,  carrying  with  it 
the  di^ty  of  metropolitan  of  Canada,  but  re- 
fused It  on  medical  advice.  He  was  a  volu- 
minous writer  on  theological  subjects,  and  a 
strong  high  churchman.  His  works,  which 
had  a  large  circulation,  did  much  to  popu- 
larise the  tractarian  doctrines.  The  chief 
of  them  were :  1 .  '  The  Sacrament  of  Ke- 
sponsibilitv,'  1851,  published  in  the  height 
of  the  Gorham  controversy.  2. '  The  Second 
Adam  and  the  New  Birth,'  1857.  8.  *  Church 
Doctrine,  Bible  Truth,'  1862.  4.  'The 
Church  Teacher's  Manual'  6.  <The  Com- 
municanVs  ManuaL'  6.  '  A  Commentary  on 
the  New  Testament.'  He  died  at  Honiton 
on  15  Aug.  1895. 

He  married,  in  1855,  Maria,  daughter  of 
John  Tidd  Pratt  [q.  v.],  formerly  registrar  of 
friendly  societies  in  England. 

[Obitnarv  notices  in  the  Guardian,  by  Canon 
Temple  and  Bev.  H.  H.  Jebb ;  Church  Timra ; 
Church  woman  (27  Sept.) ;  Liverpool  Post,  and 
Western  Mercury ;  Notes  and  (Series,  8th  set, 
xii.  228.]  M.  E.  S. 

SADLER,  MICHAEL  THOMAS 
(1780-1886),  social  reformer  and  political 
economist,  bom  at  Snelston,  Derbyshire,  on 
3  Jan.  1780,  was  the  youngest  son  of  James 
Sadler  of  the  Old  Hall,  DoveridgQ.  According 
to  tradition  his  family  came  from  Warwick- 
shire, and  was  descended  from  Sir  Balph 
Sadler  fo^y.]  His  mother  was  the  daufffater  of 
Michael  Ferrebee  (student  of  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  1722,  and  afterwarda  rector  of  Bol* 


Sadler 


595 


Sadler 


leston,  Staffbrdshixe),  whose  father  was  a 
Huguenot.  Sadler  received  his  early  train- 
luff  from  Mr.  Harrison  of  Doveridge,  and 
while  at  school  showed  a  special  aptitude  for 
mathematics,  but  from  his  fifteenth  year  he 
was  practically  self-taught,  acquiring  in  his 
father's  library  a  wide  but  desultory  know- 
ledge of  classical  and  modem  literature. 
His  family,  though  members  of  the  church 
of  England,  were  in  sympathy  with  the 
methooist  movement,  and  suffered  obloquy 
in  consequence.  Mar^  Howitt,  who  lived 
at  Uttoxeter,  wrote  m  her  autobiography 
(vol.  i.)  that  the  Sadlers,  who  were  the  first 
to  bring  the  methodists  into  that  district, 
'were  most  earnest  in  the  new  faith,  and  a 
son  named  Michael  Thomas,  not  then  twenty, 
a  youth  of  great  eloquence  and  talent, 
preached  sermons  and  was  stoned  for  it.' 
•The  boy  preacher'  (Mrs.  Howitt  continues) 
'  wrote  a  stinging  piunphlet  (*  An  Apology 
for  the  Methodists,'  1797)  that  was  widely 
circulated.  It  shamed  his  persecutors  and 
almost  wrung  an  apology  from  them  .  .  .  , 
His  gentlemanly  bearing,  handsome  dress, 
intelligent  face,  and  pleasant  voice,  we 
thought  most  unlike  the  usual  Uttoxeter 
type.  In  1800  Sadler  was  established  by 
ms  father  in  the  firm  of  his  elder  brother, 
Benjamin,  at  Leeds,  and  in  1810  the  two 
brothers  entered  into  partnership  with  the 
widow  of  Samuel  Fenton,  an  miporter  of 
Irish  linens  in  that  town.  In  1816  he 
married  Ann  Fenton,  the  daughter  of  his 
partner  and  the  representative  of  an  old 
Leeds  fiimily. 

Sadler,  who  had  no  liking  for  business, 
soon  took  an  active  part  in  public  life,  espe- 
cially in  the  administration  of  the  poor  law, 
servmg  as  honorary  treasurer  of  the  poor 
rates.  An  enthusiastic  tory,  he  expressed 
his  political  convictions  in  a  speech,  widely 
circulated  at  the  time,  which  he  delivered 
against  Catholic  emancipation  at  a  town's 
meeting  in  Leeds  in  1813.  In  1817  he  pub- 
lished his '  First  Letter  to  a  Reformer,'  in 
zeplv  to  a  pamphlet  in  which  Walter  Fawkes 
ox  Famley  had  advocated  a  scheme  of  politi- 
cal reform*  But  Sadler  concentrated  his 
chief  attention  on  economic  questions,  and 
read  papers  on  such  subjects  to  the  Leeds 
literaiy  and  Philosophical  Society,  of  which 
he  was  one  of  the  founders.  The  general  dis- 
tress and  his  personal  experience  of  poor- 
law  administration  led  him  to  examine  the 
nciples  which  should  govern  the  relief  of 
itution  f^m  public  funds.  Growing 
anxiety  about  Irish  affairs  and  the  ]procee£ 
ingB  of  €b»  emigration  committee  m  1827 
next  drew  his  attention  to  the  condition  of 
the  poof  in  IreUmd,  with  which  country  his 


business  brought  him  into  close  oonneo* 
tion ;  but  as  early  as  1823  his  fHend,  the 
Rev.  G.  S.  Bull  (afterwards  a  leader  of  the 
agitation  for  the  Ten-hour  Bill),  found  him 
deeply  moved  b^  the  condition  of  the  chil- 
dren employed  m  factories  (Alfred,  Rist* 
of  the  Factory  Movement^  i.  220).  His  repu- 
tation in  the  West  Riding  rapidly  spread. 
Charlotte  Bronte,  writing  at  Haworth  in 
1829,  says  that  in  December  1827,  when  she 
and  her  sisters  played  their  game  of  the 
*  Islanders,'  each  choasinff  who  should  be  the 
great  men  of  their  islands,  one  of  the  three 
selected  by  Ann  Bronte  was  Michael  Sadler 
(Mrs.  GjLSKBLl,  Charlotte  Bront^f  p.  60). 
In  1828  he  published  the  best-written  of 
his  books,  *  Ireland :  its  Evils  and  their  Re- 
medies,' which  is  in  effect  a  protest  against 
the  application  of  individualistic  political 
economy  to  the  problems  of  Irish  distress. 
His  chief  proposal  was  the  establishment  of 
a  poor  law  for  Ireland  on  the  principle  that 
in  proportion  to  its  means  '  wealth  should  be 
compelled  to  assist  destitute  poverty,  but 
that,  dissimilar  to  English  practice,  assist- 
ance should  in  all  oases,  except  in  those  of 
actual  incapacity  firom  age  or  disease,  be 
connected  with  labour '  (p.  193).  He  closely 
followed  the  argument  of  Dr.  Woodwardf, 
bishop  of  Cloyne  ('An  Argument  in  support 
of  the  Right  of  the  Poor  in  the  Kingdom  of 
Ireland  to  a  National  Provision,'  1768). 
Sadler's  book  was  well  received.  Bishop 
Copleston  of  Llandaff  wrote  of  it  to  him  in 
terms  of  warm  approval. 

Sadler  now  found  himself  a  leader  in  the 
reaction  against  the  individualistic  prin- 
ciples which  underlay  the  Ricardian  doc- 
trines, and  he  essayed  the  discussion  of  the 
more  abstract  points  of  political  economy,  a 
task  for  which  ne  was  inoifferently  equipped. 
He  protested  that  in  a  society  in  wluch  persons 
enjoyed  unequal  measures  of  economic  free- 
dom, it  was  not  true  that  the  individual 
pursuit  of  self-interest  would  necessarilv  lead 
to  collective  well-bein^.  His  point  of  view 
was  that  of  the  Christian  socialist  Tcf.  Ire» 
land,  pp.  207-17).  He  held  that  individual 
effort  needed  to  be  restrained  and  guided  by 
the  conscience  of  the  community  acting 
through  the  organisation  of  the  state;* and 
that  economic  well-being  could  be  secured 
b)r  moralising  the  existing  order  of  society 
without  greatly  altering  tne  basis  of  politi- 
cal power.  Hj9  first  addressed  himself  to  an 
attempted  refutation  of  Malthus,  issuing 
his  *  Lgiw  of  Population :  a  Treatise  in  Dis- 
proof of  the  Snpex^fecundity  of  Human 
Beings  and  developing  the  Real  Prind^  of 
their  Increase'  (jmUished  1880).  Here 
Sadler  advanced  tne  theory  that  *  the  pro- 

aa2 


Sadler 


596 


Sadler 


lificnefisof  hmnan  beings,  otherwise  similarly 
circumstanced,  varies  inversely  as  their  num- 
))er8.'  In  the '  Edinburffh  Review '  for  July 
1830  Macaulay  triomnnantly  reduced  the 
new  law  to  an  absardity.  In  replying  to 
his  critic  {Brfutation  qf  an  Article  in  the 
'  Edinburgh  Review,^  No.  cii.),  Sadler  denied 
that  he  had  used  the  fatal  word  ^  inversely ' 
in  a  strictly  mathematical  sense,  and  ad- 
mitted that  the  problem  of  population  was 
too  complex  to  admit  at  present  of  the 
establishment  of  an  undeviatmg  law.  Party 
feeling  ran  too  hieh  for  dispassionate  criti- 
cism, and  Macamay's  rejoinder  ('  Sadler's 
Refutation  Refuted,'  in  JEdinburgh  JReview 
January  1831)  vituperativelv  renewed  the 
controversv  on  the  old  grouncl. 

In  March  1829  Sadler  offered  himself  as 
tory  candidate  for  Newark  at  the  suggestion 
of  the  Duke  of  Newcastle.  He  was  elected 
by  a  majority  of  214  votes  over  Serjeant 
Wilde  ^afterwards  Lord-chancellor  Truro). 
Soon  alter  taking  his  seat  he  delivered  a 
speech  against  the  Roman  catholic  relief 
bill,  which  gave  him  high  rank  among  the 
parliamentary  speakers  of  the  day.  Of  this 
and  a  second  speech  on  the  same  subject 
half  a  million  copies  were  circulated.  Sir 
James  Mackintosh  told  Zachary  Macaulay 
at  the  time  '  that  Sadler  was  a  great  man, 
but  he  appears  to  me  to  have  been  used  to  a 
fiivourable  auditory.'  At  the  general  elec- 
tion in  1830  Sadler  was  again  returned  for 
Newark.  On  18  April  1831  he  seconded 
General  Gascoyne's  motion  for  retaining  the 
existing  numlier  of  members  for  England 
and  Wales,  and  the  carrying  of  this  amend- 
ment against  Lord  Grey's  ministry  led  to 
the  dissolution  of  parliament.  Newark  hav- 
ing become  an  uncertain  seat,  Sadler,  at  the 
suffgestion  of  the  Duke  of  Newcastle,  stood 
and  was  returned  for  Aldborou^h  in  York- 
shire. He  now  devoted  himself  in  the  house 
to  Questions  of  social  reform.  In  June  1830 
he  had  moved  a  resolution  in  favour  of  the 
establishment  of  a  poor  law  for  Ireland  on 
the  principle  of  the  43rd  of  Queen  Elizabeth, 
with  such  alterations  and  improvements  as 
the  needs  of  Ireland  required.  A  second 
resolution  of  his  to  a  similar  effect,  moved  on 
29  Au^.  1831,  was  lost  by  onlv  twelve  votes, 
a  division  which  ministers  aciEnowledged  to 
be  equivalent  to  defeat.  The  Irish  Poor 
Law  Act,  however,  was  not  passed  till 
1838. 

In  October  1831  Sadler  moved  a  resolution 
for  bettering  the  condition  of  the  agricultural 
poor  in  England.  He  ascribed  the  degrada- 
tion of  the  labourers  to  the  growth  of  larffe 
farms  which  had  caused  the  eviction  of  smdl 
holders,  and  to  flagrant  injustice  committed 


in  the  enclosure  of  commons.    He  proposed 
(1)  the  erection  of  suitable  cottages  by  the 
parish  authorities,  the  latter  to  be  allowed 
to  borrow  from  government  to  meet  the 
capital  outlay ;  (2)  the  provision  of  allot- 
ments large  enough  to  feed  a  cow,  to  be  let, 
at  the  rents  currently  charged  for  such  land 
in  the  locality,  to  deserving  labourers  who 
had  endeavoured  to  bring  up  their  families 
without  parochial  relief;  (3)  the  offer  of 
sufficient  garden  ground  at  fur  rents  to  en- 
courage horticulture  among  the  labourers; 
and  (4)  the  provision  of  parish  allotments  for 
spade  cultivation  by  unemployed  labourers. 
In  September  18<jO  Sadler's  friend  Richard 
Oastler  [q.  v.]  had  called  public  attention 
to  the  overwork  of  children  in  the  worsted 
mills  of  the  West  Riding.   The  agitation  for 
legislative  interference  quickly  spread,  and 
in  1831  Sir  J.  C.  Hobhouse    (afterwards 
Baron  Broughton)  and  Lord  Morpeth  intro- 
duced a  bill  for  restricting  the  woridng  hours 
of  persons  imder  eighteen  years  of  age,  em- 
ployed in  factories,  to  a  maximum  (exclud- 
ing allowance  for  meals)  of  ten  hours  a  day, 
with  the  added  condition  that  no  child  under 
nine  years  should  be  employed.   Sadler  sup- 
ported the  bill,  though  he  was  prepared  to  go 
far  beyond  it  (Alfbed,  History  of  the  Factory 
Movement^  i.  127).    In  the  meantime  alarm 
spread  among  many  of  the  manufacturers, 
and,  yielding  to  their  pressure,  Hobhouse 
consented  to  seriously  modify  his  bilL    But 
Oastler  pursued  his  agitation  for  *  ten  hours 
a  day  and  a  time-book,'  and  agreed  with  the 
radical  working-men*s  committees  to  allow 
no  political  or  sectarian  differences  to  inter- 
fere with  efforts  for  factory  reform.    Sadler 
was  chosen  as  the  parliamentary  leader  of 
the  cause.      He  especially  resented  Hob- 
house's  attitude,  and  wrote  on  20  Nov.  1831 
that  tha  latter  had  '  not  only  conceded  his 
bill  but  his  very  views  and  judgment'  to 
the  economists, '  the  pests  of  society  and  the 
persecutors  of  the  noor.'    The  eoonomistd 
were  not  all  opposed  to  legislative  control 
of  child  labour  m  factories.    Both  Malthus 
and,  later,  McCuUoch  approved  it  in  prin- 
ciple (cf.  Essay  on  Population^  6th  ed.  1826, 
bk.  iii.  ch.  3 ;  HoDDEB,  Life  of  Lord  ShafUir 
hury^  i.  167).    Hobhouse,  however,  regarded 
it  as  hopeless  to  make  an  effort  at  that  time 
for  a  Ten-hour  Bill,  and  deprecated  imme- 
diate action.  Nevertheless  Sadler,  on  15  Dec. 
1831,  obtained  leave  to  bring  in  a  bill  'for 
regulating  the  labour  of  chil&en  and  young 
persons  in  the  mills  and  factoriea  of  this 
country.'    He  moved  the  second  reading  on 
16  March  1832,  and  his  speech  was  publisned. 
He  argued  that '  the  employer  and  employed 
do  not  meet  on  equal  terms  in  the  market  of 


Sadler 


597 


Sadler 


labour/  and  described  in  detail  the  sufferrngs 
endured  by  children  in  the  factories.  His 
speech  deeply  moved  the  House  of  Commons 
and  the  nation.  The  main  features  of  Sadler^s 
bill  were  '  to  prohibit  the  labour  of  infants 
under  nine  years ;  to  limit  the  actual  work, 
from  nine  to  eighteen  years  of  age,  to  ten 
hours  daily,  exclusiye  of  time  aUowed  for 
meals,  with  an  abatement  of  two  hours  on 
Saturday,  and  to  forbid  all  night  work  under 
the  age  of  twenty-one.'  He  had  intended  to 
insert  clauses  (1)  *  subjecting  the  millowners 
or  occupiers  to  a  heavy  fine  when  any  serious 
accident  occurred  in  consequence  of  any 
negligence  in  not  properly  sheathing  or  de- 
fending the  machinery,'  and  (2)  proposing  *  a 
remisston  of  an  hour  from  each  day's  labour 
for  chfldren  under  fourteen,  or  otherwise  of 
six  hours  on  one  day  in  each  week,  for  the 
purpose  of  affording  them  some  opportunity 
of  receiving  the  rudiments  of  instruction.' 
He  had  also  contemplated  a  further  clause 
putting  down  night  work  altogether.  But, 
not  to  endanger  the  principal  object  which 
he  had  in  view,  and  '  regarding  the  present 
attempt  as  the  commencement  only  of  a 
eeiies  of  measures  in  behalf  of  the  indus- 
triouB  classes,'  he  had  confined  his  measure 
within  narrower  limits.  The  reply  to  Sadler 
was  that  his  statements  were  exaggerated, 
and  that  a  committee  should  investigate  his 
facta.  Sadler  consented  to  an  inquiry,  and 
the  bill,  after  being  read  a  second  time,  was 
referred  to  a  committee  of  thirty  members, 
to  whom  seven  more  were  afterwards  added. 
The  committee  included  Sadler  as  chairman. 
Lord  Morpeth,  Sir  J.  C.  Hobhouse,  Sir  Bo- 
bert  Peel,  Sir  Robert  Inglis,  and  Messrs. 
Poulet  Thomson  and  Fowell  Buxton.  It 
held  its  first  sitting  on  12  April  1832,  met 
forty-three  times,  and  examined  eighty-nine 


About  half  the  witnesses  were  workpeople. 
The  appearance  of  these  working-class  wit- 
nessee  was  much  resented  by  some  of  the 
employers,  and  on  SO  July  1832  Sadler  ad- 
dressed the  House  of  Commons  on  behalf  of 
two  of  them  who  had  been  dismissed  firom 
th^  employment  for  giving  evidence,  and 
prayed  for  compensation.  Axaonf^  the  phy- 
aieiaas  summoned  before  the  committee  were 
Sir  Anthony  Carlisle,  Dr.  Thomas  Hodgkin, 
Dr.  P.  M.  Roget,  Sir  W.  Blizard,  and  Sir 
Charles  Bell,  who  all  condemned  the  exist- 
ing anangements.  The  committee  reported 
the  minutes  of  evidence  on  8  Aug.  1832. 
Hie  report  impressed  the  public  with  the 
gravity  of  the  qnestion.  Even  Lord  Ashley 
had  heaid  nothinff  of  the  matter  until  ex- 
tractafrom  the  evidence  appeared  in  the  news- 
papers («(.i.  148).  J.  R.  McCnlloch,  the  eco- 


nomist, writing  to  Lord  Ashley  on  28  March 
1833,  said :  *  I  look  upon  the  facts  disclosed 
in  the  late  report  (i.e.  of  Sadler's  committee) 
as  most  disgraceful  to  the  nation,  and  I  con- 
fess that  until  I  read  it  I  could  not  have 
conceived  it  possible  that  such  enormities 
were  committed '  (A.  p.  157).  The  chief 
burden  of  the  work  and  of  the  collection  of 
evidence  fell  on  Sadler,  and  his  health  never 
recovered  from  the  strain. 

Sadler  had  been  one  of  the  chief  speakers 
at  the  great  county  meeting  which  Oastler 
organittd  at  York  on  24  April  1832  to 
demonstrate  to  parliament  the  strength  of 
public  opinion  in  favour  of  a  ten-hour  bill. 
Later  in  the  year,  sixteen  thousand  persona 
assembled  in  Fixby  Park,  near  Huddersfield, 
to  thank  him  for  his  efforts  in  the  committee. 
At  Manchester,  on  23  Aug.,  over  one  hundred 
thousand  persons  are  said  to  have  been  pre- 
sent at  a  demonstration  hcQd  in  honour  of 
him  and  Oastler,  and  in  support  of  the  agita- 
tion for  the  bill  (Alfred,  History  of  the 
Factory  Movement^  i.  236-67).  His  parliar 
mentary  career,  however,  had  drawn  to  a 
close.  AldboTOUgh,  for  which  he  sat,  was 
deprived  of  its  member  by  the  Reform  Bill 
of  1832^  and,  at  the  dissolution  in  December, 
he  declmed  other  offers  in  order  to  stand  for 
Leeds.  His  chief  opponent  was  Macaulay, 
who  defeated  him  by  388  votes.  The  fight 
was  a  bitter  one  (cf.  Tbeveltut,  Lffe  and 
Letters  of  Macaulay,  f.  209).  In  1834  Sad- 
ler stood  unsuccessfully  for  Huddersfield,  but 
failing  health  compelled  him  to  decline  all 
later  invitations.  After  his  rejection  for 
Leeds,  his  place  as  parliamentary  leader  of  the 
ten-hour  movement  was  taken,  in  February 
1833,  by  Lord  Ashley  [see  Coopeb,  Aiteont 
Abhlbt,  seventh  Eabl  of  Sh^ptesbttbt], 
who  never  failed  to  recall  the  services 
previously  rendered  by  Sadler  to  the  cause 
(HoDDBB,  Ljfe  qf  Lord  Sfutfte^mry,  i.  163 ; 
Alfbsd,  History  of  the  Factory  Movement^ 
ii.  17, 19-20). 

The  manufacturers  complained  that,  when 
the  session  of  1832  ended,  they  had  not  had 
time  to  open  their  case  before  Sadler's  com- 
mittee. Accordingly  in  1833  the  govern- 
ment ap^inted  a  royal  commission  to  collect 
information  in  the  manufacturing  districta 
with  respect  to  the  employment  of  children 
in  factories.  In  May  Sadler  published  a 
'  Protest  against  the  Secret  Proceedings  of 
the  Factory  Commission  in  Leeds,'  urging 
that  the  inquiry  should  be  open  and  public ; 
and  in  June  renewed  his  protest  in  a '  Reply 
to  the  Two  Letters  of  J.  £.  Drinkwater  and 
Alfred  Power,  Esqs.,  Factory  Commis- 
sioners.' After  this,  his  health  failed,  and 
he  took  no  further  part  in  public  affairs. 


Sadler 


598 


Sadler 


Retiring  in  1884  to  Belfast,  where  his  firm 
had  linen  works,  he  died  at  New  Lodge  on 
29  July  1885,  aged  56.  He  was  buried  in 
the  churchyard  of  Ballylesson.  Sadler's 
eldest  son  was  Michael  Ferrebee  Sadler 
[q.  T.]  His  nephew,  Michael  Thomas  Sadler 
(1801-1872),  a  surgeon  at  Bamsley,  was  the 
author  of  *  The  BilSe  the  People's  Charter,' 
1869. 

A  statue  of  Sadler,  by  Park,  was  erected 
by  public  subscription  in  Leeds  parish  diurch. 
iThere  are  two  portraits  of  him — one  sitting 
on  the  benches  of  the  House  of  Commons ; 
the  other,  enffrayed  by  T.  Lupton  from  a 
painting  by  W.  Robinson.  He  was  elected 
a  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  in  June  1882. 

Sadler's  brief  public  life  deeply  impressed 
his  contemporaries.  £e  was  one  of  those 
philanthropic  statesmen  whose  inspiration 
may  be  traced  to  the  eyan^lical  moyement 
and  the  necessities  of  the  industrial  reyolu- 
tion.  He  did  not  belieye  in  any  purely 
political  remedy  for  the  discontent  caused 
by  the  unregulated  growth  of  the  factory 
system,  but  underrated  the  need  for  political 
reform,  and  was  too  sanguine  in  his  belief 
that  the  territorial  aristocracy  would  realise 
the  necessity  of  social  readjustments,  and 
force  the  needed  changes  on  the  manufac- 
turing element  of  the  middle  class.  He  met 
with  as  much  opposition  from  his  own  side  as 
from  his  opponents.  Lloyd  Jones,  who  knew 
him  well,  Dore  testimony  to  his  eloquence, 
marked  ability,  and  '  moaest  honesty  of  pur- 
pose plain  to  the  eye  of  the  most  careless  ob- 
seryer  in  eyery  look  and  action  of  the  man.' 
And  Southey,  writing  to  Lord  Ashley  on 
18  Jan.  ISSi,  said:  *  Sadler  is  a  loss;  he 
might  not  be  popular  in  the  house,  or  in  Lon- 
don society,  but  his  speeches  did  much  good 
in  the  country,  and  he  is  a  singularly  able, 
right-minded,  and  religious  man.  Who  is 
there  that  will  take  up  the  question  of  our 
white  slaye-trade  with  e^ual  feeling  P ' 

Besides  the  works  mentioned  aboye,  Sadler 
published  in  pamphlet  form :  1. '  Speech  on 
the  State  and  Prospects  of  the  Country,  de- 
liyered  at  Whitby  15  Sept.  1829.'  2,  '  The 
Factoy  Girl's  Last  Day,'  1880.  8. '  On  Poor 
Laws  K>r  Li^land,  8  June  1880,  and  29  Aug. 
1881.'  4.  'On  Ministerial  Plan  of  Reform, 
1881.'  5.  <  On  the  Distress  of  the  Agricul- 
tural Labourers,  11  Oct.  1881.' 

[The  Memoir  of  Michael  Thomas  Sadler,  by 
Seeley,  1842,  is  nnsatisbctory.  Southey  offered 
to  write  a  biography  of  Sadler,  but  the  fskmiiy 
made  other  arrangements.  There  is  a  short  life 
in  Taylor's  Leeds  'Worthies,  or  Biographia 
Leodiensis.  Cf.  also  History  of  the  Factory 
Moyement  by  *  Alfred'  (i.e.  Samuel  Xjdd) ; 
Oanningham's  O^rowth  of  BngUsh  History  and 


Commerce  in  Modem  Times,  pp.  684  and  628 ; 
Toynbee'e  Lectures  on  the  Indostri'il  Reyolution, 
p.  207  i  Bonar*s  Malthus  and  his  Work.  pp.  877 
and  395 ;  Macaulay's  Miscellaneous  Writings 
(articles  on  Sadler's  Law  of  Population,  and  Sad- 
ler's Befntation  Refuted) ;  Hodder's  Life  of  the 
Se7enth£arl  of  Shaftesbury,  pp.  143-58;  and 
the  Report  from  the  Committee  of  the  House  of 
Commons  on  the  Bill  to  regulate  the  Labour  of 
Children  in  the  Mills  and  Factories  of  the 
United  Kingdom,  with  minutes  of  evidence 
(8  Aug.  1832).  The  writer  has  also  had  access 
to  family  letters  and  papers.]  M  E.  8. 

SADLER,  SADLEIR,  or  SADLETEB^ 
Sib  RALPH  (1607-1687^,  diplomatist, 
bom  in  1607  at  Hackney.  Middlesex,  was  the 
dldest  son  of  Heniy  Sadleir,  who  held  a  situa- 
tion of  trust  in  the  household  of  a  nobleman 
at  GiUney,  Essex.  The  son,  as  is  shown  by  his 
correspondence,  receiyed  a  good  education, 
and  knew  Greek  as  well  as  Latin.  At  An 
early  age  he  was  received  into  the  family  of 
Thomas  OromweU,  afterwards  Earl  of  Essex, 
whose  increasing  fayour  with  Henry  YIII 
proyed  highly  beneficial  to  his  wazd's  for- 
tunes. It  was  probably  soon  after  Crom- 
well's eleyation  to  the  peerage,  9  July  16i36, 
that  Sadler  was  named  gentleman  of  the 
kind's  priyy  chamber ;  for  on  his  tombstone 
he  IS  statea  to  haye  entered  the  king's  ser- 
yice '  about  the  twenty-six  year  of  his  reig^/ 
not  the  tenth,  as  Sir  Walter  Scott  {Sio' 
graphical  Memoirs,  p.  iy)  erroneously  re- 
lates. So  high  an  opinion  did  the  king  form 
of  his  ability  and  character  that  in  1687  he 
sent  him  to  Scotland — during  the  absence  of 
James  in  France — ^to  inquire  into  the  com- 
plaints of  the  Queen-dowager  Margaret 
against  the  Scots  and  her  son,  and  to  dis- 
coyer,  if  possible,  the  exact  character  of  the 
relations  of  the  king  of  Scots  with  France. 
Shortly  after  his  return  to  England  he  was 
also  sent  to  the  kin^  of  Scots,  who  was 
then  at  Rouen,  prepan^  to  return  to  Scot- 
land with  his  young  french  bride.  His 
object  was  to  bnn^  iia>out  an  understanding 
between  the  Scottish  king  and  his  mother. 
He  was  so  £Bur  successful  that,  shortly  after- 
wards, the  Queen-dowager  Marsaret  in- 
formed her  brother  that  her '  son  had  written 
affectionately  to  the  lords  of  his  oouncQ  to 
do  her  justice  with  expedition'  (^State  Papers, 
Henry  VHI,  v.  74). 

In  January  1640  Sadler  was  again  des- 
patched to  Scotland  on  a  inission  of  greater 
importance.  Although  his  ostensible  errand 
was  merely  to  conyey  a  present  of  horses  to 
King  James,  he  was  specially  directed  to 
make  use  of  the  opportunity  to  instil  into 
him  distrust  of  the  designs  of  Cardinal 
Beaton,  and  his  ambition  to  arrogate  to 


Sadler 


599 


Sadler 


himself  Bupreme  politioal  power;  and  to 
adviae  the  King  to  follow  the  example  of  his 
uncle,  and,  instead  of  *  trafficking  in  cattle 
and  sheep/  to  increase  his  reyenuee  by  tak- 
ing such  *  of  the  possessions '  of  the  monks — 
who  'occupy  a  great  part  of  his  realm  to 
the  maintenance  of  their  yoluptie,  and  the 
continual  decay  of  his  estate  and  honour  '-* 
as 'might  best  be  spared'  (Instructions  to 
Sadler,  Sadler,  State  Faperif  pp.  3-18). 
The  YOUDg  king  seems  to  have  been  perfectly 
frank.  He  was  sincerely  desirous  to  be  on 
friendly  terms  with  his  uncle  of  England ; 
but  he  had  no  intention  whatever  of  adopt- 
ing his  ecclesiastical  policy. 

Shortly  after  his  return  to  England  Sadler 
was  appointed  one  of  the  king  s  two  prin- 
cipal secretaries  of  state,  the  other  being 
Thomas  Wriothesley.  He  was  knighted 
probably  on  the  anniversary  of  the  king's 
coronation,  and  on  14  May  1542  he  was 
granted  armorial  bearings. 

After  the  rout  of  Solway  Moss,  which 
wsa  followed  by  the  death  of  James  V  on 
16  Dec  1542,  Sadler  was  sent  by  Henry  to 
reside  in  Edinburgh,  with  a  view  to  pre- 
venting the  revival  of  the  influence  of  Beaton 
by  arranging  for  the  marriage  of  the  young 
Princess  Mary  of  Scotland  with  Prince  Ed- 
wsjd  of  England.  When  the  Scottish  parlia- 
ment agreed  that  a  'noble  English  knight 
and  lady'  should  be  established  at  the  Scot- 
tish court — for  the  training  of  the  young 
princess  for  her  future  position— -Hetuynro- 
posed  that  Sir  Ralph  Sadler  and  his  lady 
should  undertake  this  duty.  To  Sadler  the 
proposal  was  probably  the  reverse  of  agree- 
able, and  he  represented  to  the  king  not  only 
that  a  journey  to  Scotland  would  be  dan- 
fferons  to  his  wife  in  her  then  delicate  oon^ 
dition,  but  that,  not  having  *  been  brougrht 
up  at  court,'  she  was  unfitted  for  the  duties 
with  wldch  it  was  proposed  to  honour  her. 
Other  arrangements  were  therefore  made ; 
bat  it  was  soon  found  impossible  to  carry 
them  out.  All  along  the  Scots  had  been 
influenced  more  by  considerations  of  expo* 
diencY  than  by  a  sincere  desire  for  an  Eng- 
lish alliance ;  and  Sadler  discovered  that  no 
absolate  trust  could  be  placed  in  anjr  of  the 
rival  parties,  who  were  only  sincere  in  their 
desires  for  each  other's  down&U.  'There 
never  was  (he  lamented^  so  noble  a  prince's 
servant  as  I  am  so  evil  intreated  as  I  am 
among  these  unreasonable  people ;  nor  do  I 
thiiik  never  man  had  to  do  with  so  rude,  so 
inconsistent,  and  beastly  a  nation  as  this 
is'  {State  Papere,  Henrv  VIII,  v.  855). 
Beaton's  influence,  which  he  endeavoured  to 
overthrow,  revived.  Theseisureof  certain 
Scottish  merohantmen  and  the  confiscation 


of  their  caigoes  by  Henry,  on  the  ground 
that  thev  were  carrying  provisions  to  Francoi 
roused  Uie  slumbenng  antipathies  of  the  na* 
tion,  and  compelled  the  governor  to  save 
himself  by  an  alliance  with  the  caidinal.  The 
house  of  Sadler  was  surrounded  by  the  popu- 
lace of  Edinburgh,  and  he  was  threatened 
with  death  in  case  the  ships  were  not  re- 
stored. While  walking  in  his  garden  he 
narrowly  escaped  a  musket-bullet ;  and^  hav- 
ing praved  Henry  either  to  recall  him  or 
g)rmit  nim  to  retire  to  a  stronghold  of  the 
ouglases,  leave  was  granted  him  in  Novem- 
ber to  go  to  Tantallon  Oastle,  and  in  Decem- 
ber he  was  escorted  by  Sir  George  Douglas, 
with  four  hundred  norsemen,  across  the 
border.  On  the  outbreak  of  hostilities  he  ac- 
companied the  Earl  of  Hertford  in  his  de- 
vastating raid  against  Scotland,  as  treasurer 
of  the  navy ;  and  he  also  accompanied  the 
expedition  to  the  borders  in  the  following 
spring. 

In  accordance  with  the  directions  of 
Henry  VUI,  who  died  on  28  Jan.  1647, 
Sadler  was  appointed  one  of  a  council  of 
twelve  to  assist  the  sixteen  executors  to 
whom  was  entrusted  the  government  of  the 
kingdom  and  the  flruardianship  of  the  young 
king,  Edward  YI.  Having  been  already 
intimatelv  associated  with  Hertford,  after- 
wards duke  of  Somerset,  it  was  ozdy  natural 
that  he  should  favour  his  claims  to  the  pro- 
tectorate of  the  realm;  and  he  again  ao- 
companied  him  in  his  expedition  against 
Scotland  as  high  treasurer  of  the  army. 
At  the  battle  of  Pinkie,  10  Sept.  1547,  he 
displayed  great  gallantry  in  rallying  the 
English  cavalry  after  the  first  repulse  by  the 
Scottish  spearmen,  and  he  was  made,  on  the 
field,  one  of  three  knight  bannerets. 

On  the  succession  of  Queen  Mary  Sadler 
retired  to  his  country  house  at  Standon,  not 
intermeddling  with  state  matters  until  her 
death ;  but  though  not  a  member  of  the 

frivy  council,  he  attended  the  meeting  at 
latfield,  20  Nov.  1558,  at  which  arrange- 
ments were  made  for  Elixabeth's  state  entry, 
and  issued  the  summons  to  the  nobility 
and  gentry  to  attend  it.  A  keen  protestant, 
like  Elisabeth's  minister,  Cecil,  and  of 
similarly  puritanic  temper,  he  became  one  of 
Oecirs  most  trusted  agents.  With  the  Earl 
of  Northumberland  and  Sir  James  Orofbs, 
he  was  in  August  1559  appointed  a  com- 
missioner to  settle  the  boraer  disputes  with 
Scotland;  but  the  appointment  of  the  com- 
mission was  merely  intended  to  veil  pur- 
noses  of  higher  moment,  of  which  Sad  Ws 
leUow-commissioners  knew  nothing.  Sadler 
was  entrusted  by  Cecil  with  secret  instrao- 
tions  to  enter  into  communication  with  the 


Sadler 


600 


Sadler 


protestant  party  in  Scotland  with  a  view  to 
an  aUianoe  oetween  them  and  Elisabeth,  and, 
in  order  that  the  support  of  the  leading  pro« 
testant  nobles  might  be  assured,  was  em- 
powered to  reward '  any  persons  in  Scotland 
with  such  sums  of  money '  as  he  deemed  ad- 
visable to  the  amount  of  3,000/.  (Sadlbb, 
State  Papers,  i.  392).  When  the  arrival  of 
the  French  auxiliaries  to  the  aid  of  the  Scot- 
tish queen  regent  compelled  EluEabeth  to  take 
an  avowed  and  active  part  in  eupgport  of  the 
protestant  party,  the  Duke  of  mrfolk  was 
instructed  to  guide  himself  by  the  advice  of 
Sadler  in  the  arrangements  he  made  with  the 
Scots.  At  a  later  period  Sadler  was  sent  to  the 
camp  at  Leith,  and  thus  had  a  principal 
share  in  arranging  the  treaty  of  peace  and  of 
alliance  with  England  signed  at  Edinbuigh 
on  6  July  1560.  On  6  Nov.  1559  he  had 
been  appointed  warden  of  the  east  and 
middle  marches,  in  succession  to  the  Earl 
of  Northumberland,  but  with  the  terminal 
tion  of  his  secret  mission  to  Scotland, 
he  ceased  for  some  years  to  be  engaged  in 
any  formal  state  duties.  On  10  May  1568 
he,  however,  received  the  office  of  chancellor 
of  the  duchy  of  Lancaster ;  and  in  the  same 
year  the  startling  flight  of  the  queen  of 
Scots  to  England  gave  occasion  for  the 
employment  of  his  special  services.  Much 
agamst  his  inclination  ('  He  had  liever,  he 
said,  serve  her  majesty  where  he  might  ad- 
venture his  life  for  her  than  among  sub- 
jects so  difficult '),  he  was  appointed  one  of 
the  English  commissioners — the  others  being 
the  Diuce  of  Norfolk  and  the  Earl  of  Sussex 
— to  meet  with  the  Scottish  commissioners 
at  York  to  '  treat  of  the  great  matter  of  the 
Queen  of  Scots.'  There  can  scarcely  be  a  doubt 
that  of  the  three  commissioners,  Sadler  was 
the  one  specially  trusted  by  Cecil.  On  29  Oct. 
1568  he  sent  to  Cecil  (from  whom  he  doubt- 
less had  private  advice)  a  precis  of  the  con- 
tents of  the  casket  letters,  under  three 
heads :  '  (1)  the  special  words  in  the  Queen  of 
Scots'  letters,  written  with  her  own  hand  to 
Both  well,  declaring  the  inordinate  and  filthy 
love  between  her  and  him ;  (2)  the  special 
words  in  the  said  letters  declaring  her  hatred 
and  detestation  of  her  husband ;  and  (8)  the 
special  words  of  the  said  letters  touching 
and  declaring  the  conspiracy  of  her  hus- 
band's death' (t^.ii.  837-40;  Calendar  <if  Hat- 
field Manuaeripts  in  the  series  of  the  Hist. 
MSS.  Comm.  pt.  i.  p.  370).  When  the 
conference  was  in  November  transferred  to 
Westminster,  Sadler  was  also  appointed  a 
member  of  the  enlaiged  commission.  On  the 
discovery  of  the  Duke  of  Norfolk's  intrigues 
with  the  Queen  of  Scots,  Sadler  was  entrusted 
with  the  duty  of  arresting  him  and  convey- 


ing him  to  the  Tower.  He  also,  nominallv 
as  paymaster-general,  but  really  both  as  ad- 
viser and  superintendent,  accompanied  Sussex 
in  his  expedition  to  quell  the  rebellion  on 
behalf  of  Norfolk  and  the  Queen  of  Soots  in 
the  north  of  England ;  and  after  its  suppres- 
sion he  was  one  of  the  commissioners  ap- 
pointed to  examine  witnesses  in  connection 
with  the  inquiry  into  the  conspiracy.  Shortly 
after  Norfolk's  execution  he  was  sent  to 
MaiT  Queen  of  Scots  *  to  expostulate  with 
her  by  way  of  accusation ; '  and  on  subse- 
quent occasions  he  was  sent  on  other 
errands  to  her.  During  the  temporair  ab- 
sence of  the  Earl  of  Shrewsbury  in  1580  he 
was,  with  Sir  Ealph  Mildmay,  appointed  one 
of  her  guardians  at  Sheffield;  and  when 
Shrewsbury,  on  account  of  the  accusations 
of  the  Countess  of  Shrewsbury  of  a  criminal 
intrigue  between  him  and  the  Queen  of 
Scots,  was  permitted,  much  to  his  relief,  to 
resign  his  charge,  Sadler  was  on  26  Aug. 
appointed  to  succeed  him,  the  Queen  of  Soots 
bemg  on  3  Sept.  removed  from  Sheffield  to 
Wix^eld.  He  undertook  the  duty  with 
reluctance,  and  on  2  Sept.  wroto  to  the 
secretary,  Walsingham,  beseeching  him  to 
apply  his  'g^ood  helping  hand  to  help  to  re- 
lieve '  him  '  of  his  charae  as  soon  as  it  may 
stand  with  the  queen  s  good  pleasure  to 
have  consideration  of '  his 'years  and  the  cold 
weather  now  at  hand  '(Saslbb,  State  Papers, 
ii.  384) ;  but  it  was  not  till  3  Dec.  that  she 
promised  shortly  to  relieve  him,  and  effect 
was  not  ffiven  to  the  promise  till  the  follow- 
ing April,  when  it  was  expressly  intinuuted 
to  him  that  one  reason  for  the  change  of 
guardianship  was  that  the  Queen  of  Scots — 
whose  more  lenient  treatment  Sadler  had 
repeatedly  advocated — might  'hereafter  re- 
ceive more  harder  usage  than  heretofore  she 
hath  done '  (ib,  ii.  544).  Sadler's  last  employ- 
ment on  matters  of  state  waa  a  mission  m 
1587  to  James  YI  of  Scotland  to  endeavour 
to  reconcile  him — not  a  difficult  task — ^to  the 
execution  of  his  mother.  He  died  shortly 
after  his  return  from  Scotland,  30  May 
1587,  and  was  buried  imder  a  splendid 
monument,  with  recumbent  effigy,  in  Stan- 
don  church. 

Sadler '  was  at  once  a  most  exquisite  writer 
and  a  most  valiant  and  experienced  soldier, 
qualifications  that  seldom  meet. . . .  little  was 
his  body,  but  great  his  soul'  (Lloyb,  State 
Worthies),  He  excelled  rather  as  suboi^ 
dinate  than  an  independent  stateamaa. 
Although  he  did  not  attain  to  the  highest 
offices  of  state,  he  amassed  such  wealth  as 
caused  him  to  be  reputed  the  richest  com- 
moner of  England;  and,  according  to  Faller, 
the  great  estate  which  'he  got  honestly '  he 


Sadler 


60 1 


Sadler 


flpent  nobly ;  knowing  that  princes  honour 
them  most  that  have  moat,  and  the  jeople 
them  only  that  employ  moat/  His  des- 
patches are  written  with  such  minute  at- 
tention to  details  that  they  are  among  the 
most  interesting  and  valuaDle  of  contempo- 
rary historical  records. 

Sadler  married  Margaret  Mitchell  or  Barr6. 
According  to  cathohc  writers  she  was  a 
laundress,  and  he  married  her  during  the 
lifetime  of  her  husband,  Halph  Barr6.  The 
accusation  seems  to  have  been  substantially 
correct ;  but  when  the  marriage  took  place 
the  husband,  who  had  gone  abroad,  was 
supposed  to  be  dead.  In  1646  a  private  act 
of  parliament  was  passed  on  Sir  Balph 
Sadler's  behalf,  apparently  to  l^timise  nis 
children.  He  haa  three  sons:  Thomas,  who 
succeeded  him ;  Edward  of  Temple  Dinsley, 
Hertfordshire,  and  Henry  of  Everley,  Wilt- 
shire ;  and  four  daughters,  who  all  married. 
There  is  a  portrait  of  Sadler  at  Everley. 

[Sadler's  State  Papers,  with  memoir  and  his- 
toneal  notes  by  fSir]  Walter  Soott,  2  vols.  1809  ; 
Memoir  of  the  Life  and  Times  of  Sir  Ralph 
Sadler,  by  Major  F.  Sadleir  Storey ;  State 
Papers,  during  the  reigns  of  Henry  VlII,  Ed- 
-vard  VI,  and  Elizabeth ;  Knox's  Works ;  Calen- 
dar of  Hatfield  Manuscripts  in  the  Hist.  MSS. 
Oomm.l  T.  F.  H. 

SADLER,  THOMAS,  in  religion  Vin- 
CENT  Flvsivb  (1604-1681),  Benedictine 
monk,  bom  in  Warwickshire  in  1604,  was 
converted  to  the  catholic  religion  by  his 
unde.  Father  Kobert  Sadler  (d.  1621),  first 
Benedictine  provincial  of  Canterbury.  En- 
tering the  oraer  of  St.  Benedict,  he  made  his 
frofession  at  St.  Laurence's  monastery  at 
Heulouio^  in  1622.  He  was  sent  to  the 
mission  in  the  southern  province  of  England ; 
became  cathednd  prior  of  Chester,  and  deii- 
nitor  of  the  province  in  1661.  In  1671  he 
and  John  Huddleston,  another  Benedictine, 
Tisited  Oxford  to  see  the  solemnity  of  the 
Act,  and  on  that  occasion  Anthony  k  Wood 
made  their  ae<}uaintance  (Wood,  Auiobioffr, 
ed.  Bliss,  p.  Ixix).  Sadler  died  at  Dieulouard 
on  19  Jan,  1680-1. 

His  works  are :  1.  An  English  translation 
of  Cardinal  Bona's  '  Gtiide  to  Heaven,  con- 
taining the  MazTOW  of  the  Holy  FalAiers  and 
Ancient  Philosophers,'  1672, 12mo.  2.  <  Chil- 
dren's Catechism,'  1^8, 8vo.  8.  <  The  De- 
Tont  Christian,'  4th  edit.,  1686,  12mo,  pp. 
502. 

He  was  also  the  joint  author  with  Anselm 
Crowder  [q.  v.]  of  '  Jesos,  Maria,  Joseph,  or 
theDevout  Pilgrim  of  theEver  Blessed  Viigin 
JdUry/  Amsterdam,  1667,  12mo.  He  mro- 
bablv  wrote,  or  at  least  enlarged,  a  book  of 
'  OUte'  attributed  to  his  uncle  Robert. 


[Olirer's  Cornwall,  p.  623 ;  Snow's  Necrology, 
p.  69 ;  Tablet,  1879,  ii.  496, 626,  690,  623 ;  Wei- 
don's  Chronological  Notes,  pp.  122,  166,  193, 
Suppl.  p.  16.]  T.  C. 

SADLER,  THOMAS  (1822-1891),  di- 
vine,  was  the  son  of  Thomas  Sadler,  unitarian 
minister  of  Horsham  in  Sussex,  where  he 
was  bom  on  6  July  1822.  He  was  educated 
at  University  Coll^,  London,  studied  for 
some  months  at  Bonn,  and  proceeded  to 
Erlangen,  whence  he  graduated  Ph.D.  in 
1844.  He  entered  the  unitarian  ministry 
at  Hackney,  but  migrated  in  1846  to  become 
minister  of  Rosslyn  Hill  chapel  at  Hamp* 
stead,  which  he  served  for  the  remaining 
forty-five  years  of  his  life.  In  1859  he  puln 
lished  ^  Gloria  Patri :  the  Scripture  Doctrine 
of  the  Father,  Son,  and  Holy  Spirit,'  in  which 
he  defended  the  unitarian  position  against  the 
views  expressed  in  the  '  Rock  of  Ages '  by  Ed« 
ward  Henry  Bickersteth  (afterwards  bishop 
of  Exeter).  Through  his  instrumentality  the 
new  chapel  on  Rosslyn  Hill  was  opened  on 
6  June  lo62.  Dr.  James  Martineau  preached 
the  opening  discourse,  which  was  printed, 
together  with  Sadler's  sermon  on  the  closing 
of  the  old  chapel  and  an  appendix  on  the 
former  ministers  of  Hampstead.  Sadler  was 
specially  interested  in  the  history  of  the 
older  English  presbyterianism.  His  literaxr 
tastes  and  intimacies,  together  with  his 
knowledge  of  German  university  life,  led 
the  trustees  to  confide  to  him,  in  1867,  the 
editing  of  Crabb  Robinson's  '  Diaries.'  The 
work  appeared  in  1869,  and  a  third  edition 
was  celled  for  in  1872;  but  only  a  small 
portion  of  the  Crabb  Robinson  papers  (now 
m  Dr.  Williams's  Library)  was  utilised.  In 
addition  to  minor  devotional  works,  Sadler 
was  also  author  of  '  Edwin  T.  Field :  a  me- 
morial sketch,'  1872 ;  '  The  Man  of  Science 
and  Disciple  of  Christ '  (a  funeral  discourse 
onWilliam  Benjamin  Carpenter  [q.  v.]),  1885; 
and  *  Prayers  ror  Christian  Worship,'  1886. 
He  died  at  Rosslyn  Manse  on  11  Sept.  1891, 
and  was  buried  on  the  16th  in  Highgate 
cemetery.  At  the  time  of  his  death  he  was 
the  senior  trustee  of  Dr.  Williams's  Library 
and  visitor  of  Manchester  New  College, 
where  his  addresses  were  highly  valued. 
Sadler  married,  in  1849,  Mary,  daughter  of 
Charles  Colgate,  but  left  no  issue. 

[Baines's  Besords  of  Hampstead,  1890,  p.  97 ; 
Inonirer,  19  and  26  Sept.  1891  (memorial  sermon 
byDr.JamesDrummond);  Times,  18  Sept  1891; 
Sadler's  Works ;  J.  Freeman  Clarke's  Antobiogr. 
1891,  p.  869;  private  information.]         T.  S. 

SADLER,  WINDHAM  WILLIAM 
(1796-1824),  aeronaut,  born  near  Dublin 
in  1796,  was  the  son  by  a  second  wife  of 
James  Sadler,  one  of  the  earliest  British 


Sadler 


602 


Saewulf 


aeronauts.  The  elder  Sadler  made  hu  first 
ascent  on  6  May  1785,  in  company  with 
William  Windham,  the  politician,  who  sub- 
sequently consented  to  stand  godfather  to 
his  son.  In  October  1811  he  made  a  rapid 
flight  from  Birmingham  to  Boston  in  Lincoln- 
shire,  in  less  than  four  hours,  liess  success- 
ful was  his  attemnt  to  cross  the  Irish  Sea 
on  1  Oct.  1812,  wnen  he  ascended  from  the 
lawn  of  the  Belvedere  House,  Dublin,  receiy- 
ing  his  flitf  from  the  Duchess  of  lUchmond. 
In  spite  of  a  rent  in  the  balloon  (which  he 
partially  repaired  with  his  neckcloth),  he 
nearly  succeeded  in  crossing  the  Channel;  but 
when  over  Anglesey  a  strong  southerly  cur- 
rent carried  hun  out  to  sea,  and  he  had  a 
most  perilous  escapCi  being  rescued  by  a 
fishing  craft,  which  ran  its  bowsprit  through 
the  balloon.  He  was  not  deterred  from 
making  other  ascents,  and  his  name  was 
long  familar  in  connection  with  ballooning ; 
G^rge  III  took  a  special  interest  in  his 
ascents. 

The  son,  Windham,  was  brought  up  as  an 
engineer,  acquired  a  food  practical  know- 
lec^e  of  chemistry,  and  entered  the  service 
of  the  first  Liverpool  gas  company.  He 
gave  op  his  employment  there  for  professional 
aerostation,  with  which,  upon  his  marriage 
in  1819,  he  combined  the  management  of  an 
extensive  bathing  establishment  at  Liver* 
pooL  His  most  notable  feat  was  performed 
in  1817,  when,  with  a  view  to  carrying  his 
father's  adventure  of  1812  to  a  successful 
issue,  he  ascended  from  the  Portobello  bar^ 
racks  at  Dublin  on  22  June.  He  rose  to  a 
gpreat  height,  obtained  the  proper  westerly 
current,  and  managed  to  keep  the  balloon 
in  it  across  the  St.  George's  Channel.  In 
mid-channel  he  wrote, '  I  enjoyed  at  aglance 
the  opposite  shores  of  Ireland  and  Wales, 
and  the  entire  circumference  of  Man.'  Hav- 
ing started  at  1.20  p.m.,  he  alighted  a  mile 
south  of  Holyhead  at  6.46  p.m.  On  29  Sept. 
1824  Sadler  made  his  thirty-first  ascent  at 
Bolton.  He  prepared  to  descend  at  dusk 
near  Bladkbum,  but  the  wind  dashed  his  car 
against  a  lofty  chimney,  and  he  was  hurled 
to  the  ffround,  sustaining  injuries  of  which 
he  died  at  eiffht  on  the  following  morning 
( Omt  Mag.  1824,  ii.  866).  He  was  buried 
at  Christchurch  in  Liverpool,  where  he  was 
very  popular.  He  well  deserved  the  title  of 
'  intrepid '  bestowed  on  his  father  by  £rasmus 
Darwm,  but  he  did  little  to  advance  a  scien- 
tific knowledge  of  aerostation  by  making 
systematic  obMrvations. 

[Tumor^s  Astra  Castia,  pp.  126-8 ;  G^nt.  Mag. 
1816  ii.  passim,  1824  li.  476;  NicholsoA 
Journal ;  Jonmal  kept  by  H.  B.  H.  B.  daring 
•a  sSrial  voyage  with  Mr.  Sadler^  29  Aug.  1617; 


John  Evanfl^s  Ezeaision  to  Windsor  in  1810 ; 
Tissaodier's  Hist,  des  Ballons,  pp.  22-9 :  Hamon's 
La  Navigation  A^ienne ;  Bofie  s  Maidstone  Mis- 
cdiany,  I860,  p.  64;  Picton's  Memoriiils  of 
Liverpool,  i.  388  ;  of.  art.  LmrASDi,  Vincbmso.] 

T  S 
SADLrN'aTON',MARK  {d.  1647),divine, 
matriculated  as  a  pensioner  of  Christ's  Col- 
lege. Cambridge,  m  June  1578,  and  gra- 
duated B.A.  in  1580-1.  Soon  afterwards  he 
was  elected  fellow  of  Peterhouse,  and  in 
1584  commenced  M.A.  He  was  head  lec- 
turer of  Peterhouse  in  1588.  On  2  Oct.  in 
that  year  he  became  a  candidate  for  the 
mastership  of  Colchester  grammar  school, 
but  was  unsuccessful,  though  strongly  sup- 

gorted  by  Sir  Francis  WaUingham  and 
amuel  Harsnett  [q.v*]  (afterwards  arch- 
bishop of  York\  the  retiring  master.  He 
was,  however,  cnosen  maste^  of  St.  Olave's 
grammar  school,  SouthwarK,  on  25  June 
1591,  which  office  he  resigned  in  1594.  On 
11  March  1602-3  he  was  instituted  to  the 
vicarage  of  Sunbury,  Middlesex,  whrare  he 
was  buried  on  27  AprU  1647  (parish  register), 
his  estate  being  administered  toby  his  widow, 
Jane,  on  4  May  following  {Adminutration 
Act-book,  P.C.O.,  1647). 

ToSadlington  has  been  doubtfully  ascribed 
the  authorship  of :  1.  'The  Arraignment  and 
Execution  of  a  wilfull  &  obstinate  Traitour, 
named  Euaralde  Ducket,  alias  Hauns  :  con- 
demned ...  for  High  Treason . . .  and  executed 
at  Tibome  .  .  .  1581.  Gathered  by  M.  S.,' 
London  (1581).  2.  'The  Spanish  Colonic, 
or  brief  Chronicle  of  the  Actes  and  gestes 
of  the  Spaniardes  in  the  West  Indies  .  .  . 
for  the  space  of  xl.  yeeres,  written  in  the 
Castilian  tongue  by  the  reuerend  Bishop 
Bartholomew  de  las  Casas  . . .  and  now  first 
translated  into  English  by  M.  M.  S.,'  4to, 
London,  1588. 

[Cooper's  Athene  Gantabr.  ii.  386,  654 ;  In- 
troduction to  Oat.  of  Harsnett  library,  Ool- 
ohester,  1888.]  G.  O. 

8AEBBI  (d,  695  P),  king  of  the  East- 
Saxons.    [See  Sebbi.] 

SJBLBJSD  (d,  746),  king  of  the  East- 
Saxons.    [See  Selbibd.  j 

S-fiWULF  {jfl.  1102),  traveller,  was 
apparently  a  native  of  Worcester,  and  an 
acquaintance  of  Wulfstikn  [q.  y.l,  bishop  of 
Worcester.  William  of  Malmesoury,  in  his 
'  History  of  the  English  Bishops,'  tells  us  of  a 
certain  snwulf,  a  merchant,  who  was  often 
advised  by  Wulfstan,  in  confession,  to  em- 
brace a  monastic  life,  and  in  his  old  agte,  adds 
the  historian,  he  became  a  monk  in  the 
al>bey  of  Malmeebury.  IVobably  it  waa  the 
same  panitent  who  went  on  pilgrimage  to 


Saffery 


603 


Saffold 


Bvria  in  1103,  three  yean  after  the  recoyery 
of  the  holy  cit^  by  the  crusaders.  In  the 
narrative  of  this  joomey  SaBwulf  only  de- 
scribes his  course  from  Monopoli,  near'Bari 
in  Italy,  whence  he  sailed  to  Palestine  on 
13  July  1102.  He  went  by  way  of  Corfu 
and  Cephalonia,  'where  Hobert  Guiscard 
died/  to  Corinth  and  KhodeSi '  which  is  said 
to  haye  possessed  the  idol  called  Colossus, 
that  was  destroyed  by  the  Persians  [^Sara- 
cens ?]  with  nearly  all  Romania,  while  on 
their  way  to  Spain.  These  were  the  Colos- 
siana  to  whom  St.  Paul  wrote.'  Ibrom  Rhodes 
he  sailed  to  Cyprus  and  Jopna ;  thence  he 
went  up  to  Jerusalem,  where  ne  yisited  the 
sacred  sites,  also  going  to  Bethlehem,  Beth- 
any, Jericho,  the  Jordan,  and  Hebron,  in  the 
nei^bourhood.  In  the  north  of  Palestine 
he  describes  Nazareth,  Mount  Tabor,  the 
Sea  of  Galilee,  and  Mount  Lebanon, '  at  the 
foot  of  which  the  Jordan  boils  out  from  two 
springs  called  Jor  and  Dan/ 

On  the  feast  of  Pentecost  (17  May)  1108 
Sewulf  sailed  from  Joppa  to  Constanti- 
nople on  his  return.  For  fear  of  the  Sara- 
cens he  did  not  venture  out  into  the  open 
sea  this  time,  but  coasted  along  Syria  to 
Tripolia  and  Latakiyeh  (Laodicea),  after 
whidi  he  crossed  over  to  Cyprus  and  pro- 
ceeded on  his  way  to  Byzantium.  But  after 
describing  the  voyage  past  Smyrna  and 
Tenedos  to  the  Daraaneiles,  the  narrative 
breaks  off  abruptly.  Ssewulf  mentions  Bald- 
win, king  of  Jerusalem^  and  Raymond,  count 
of  Tonlouse,  as  living  in  his  time  ,*  and  adds 
that  Tortoea  was  then  in  the  latter*s  posses- 
sion, and  that  Acre  was  still  in  the  hands 
of  the  Saracens.  Tortosa  was  captured  by 
Count  Raymond  on  12  March  ll02.  Acre 
on  15  May  1104. 

rSewairs  pilgrimage  only  exists  in  one  manu- 
aenpt  in  the libraiy  of  Corpas  Christi  College, 
Cambridge,  from  which  it  was  edited  by  M. 
Avezac  for  the  French  Greographical  Society,  and 
tzuslated  by  T. Wright  for  his  Early  Travels  in 
Palestine,  1848.  The  only  other  reference  is  in 
William  of  Malmesbnry's  De  GestisPontificnm; 
see  Wriffbt*s  Biographta  Britannica  Literaria, 
Anglo-Norman  perioo,  p.  88.]  C.  R.  B. 

SAFFERY,  Mb8.  MARIA  QRACE 
(1772-1858),  iiymn-writer  and  poet,  was 
daughter  of  William  Andrews  of  Stroud 
Green,  Newbury,  Berkshire,  where  she  was 
bom  early  in  1772.  Her  mother  was  a  cul* 
tared  woman  of  literary  tastes,  and  while  still 
a  child  Maria  gave  evidence  of  poetic  talent. 
At  the  age  of  fiueen  she  wrote  a  poem  entitled 
'Cheyt  §ing'(the  name  of  an  unfortunate 
Hin^foo  njah),  which,  when  published  later, 
in  1790,  was  by  permission  inscribed  to  the 
stftteaman,  Oharlea  James  Fox.    Maria  An* 


drews  was  in  early  life  brought  under  the 
personal  influence  of  Thomas  Scott,  the  com- 
mentator (1747-1821)  [q.  v.]  While  still 
younff  she  removed  to  Salisbury,  and  there 
attended  the  ministry  of  John  Saffery,  pastor 
of  the  Brown  Street  baptist  church  in  that 
city.  She  became  Saffery's  second  wife  in 
1799,  and  bore  him  six  children,  the  eldest 
of  whom,  Philip  John  Saffery,  succeeded  to 
the  pastorate  of  the  church  at  his  father's 
deatn  in  1826.  Subsequently  she  conducted 
with  great  success  a  girls'  school  in  Sails* 
bury.  In  1834  she  published  an  effective 
volume  of  *  Poems  on  Sacred  Subjects.'  The 
following  year  she  retired  to  Bratton  in 
Wiltshire,  where  the  rest  of  her  life  was 
spent  with  her  daughter,  Mrs.  Whitaker. 
She  died  on  6  March  1858,  and  was  buried 
in  the  graveyard  of  the  baptist  chapel 
there. 

Besides  the  works  already  mentioned,  Mrs. 
Saffery  wrote  many  hymns  for  special  occa- 
sions, which  were  published  in  the  *  Baptist 
Magazine'  and  other  periodicals.  Other 
hymns  by  her  have  found  a  place  in  various 
collections.  Among  them  are:  1.  'Fain, 
0  my  child,  I'd  have  thee  know.'  2.  *  Saviour, 
we  seek  the  watery  tomb.'  3.  *  The  Jordan 
prophet  cries  to-day.*  4.  "Tis  the  Croat 
Father  we  adore.' 

[Private  sources;  Julian's  Diet.  H; 


jna^oloRy.] 


SAFFOLD,  THOMAS  (d.  1691),  empiric, 
originally  a  weaver  by  trade,  received  a 
license  to  practise  as  a  doctor  of  physic  from 
the  bishop  of  London  on  4  Sept.  1674.  He 
had  a  shop  at  the  Black  Ball  and  LUly's 
Head  '  near  the  feather  shops  within  Black 
Fryers  Gateway.'  Thence  ne  deluged  the 
town  with  doggerel  in  advertisement  of  his 
nostrums,  medical  and  astrological.  He 
taught  astrology,  solved  mystenes,  kept  a 
boarding-house  for  patients,  and  ^  by  God's 
blessing  cureth  the  sick  of  any  ante  or  sex  of 
any  distemper.'  He  warned  the  public  against 
mbtaking  nis  house, '  another  being  near  him 
pretending  to  be  the  same.'  Those '  conceited 
fools '  and  '  dark  animals '  who  asked  how  he 
came  to  be  able  to  work  such  ffreat  cures  and 
to  foretell  such  great  things  ne  admonished 
in  fluent  rhyme.  He  fell  Ul  in  the  spring  of 
1691,  and,  refusing  medicines  other  than  his 
own  pills,  he  died  on  12  Mav,  a  satirical 
elegist  lamenting  the  'sad  disaster'  that 

<  sawcy  pills  at  last  should  kill  their  master.' 
The  advertisements  and  goodwill  passed  to 

<  Dr.  Case/  who  gilded  the  <  Black  Bill '  and 
gave  the  customers  to  understand  that 

At  the  Golden  Ball  and  Lillie's  Head, 
John  Case  yet  lives,  tboagh  Saffold'sdead* 


Safred 


604 


pari.  HS.  6946  (curious  advertisementB  bj 
Saflbld) ;  An  Elegy  on  the  Death  of  Dr.  Thomas 
Safibld,  1691;  see  art.  Gasb,  John  {fl,  1680- 
1700).]  T.  S. 

SAFRED  (d.  1204),  bishop  of  Chichester. 
[See  Seffbid.J 

SAGE,  JOHN  (1662-1711),  Scottish 
noniuring  bishop,  was  bom  in  1652  at 
Creich,  Fifeshire,  where  his  ancestors  had 
lived  for  seven  generations.  His  father  was 
a  captain  in  the  royalist  forces  at  the  time 
of  the  taking  of  Dundee  by  Monck  in  1651. 
Sase  was  educated  at  Creich  parish  school 
and  St.  Salvator's  College,  St.  Andrews, 
where  he  graduated  M.A.  on  24  July  1669. 
Havingbeen  parish  schoolmaster  successively 
at  BaUingray,  Fifeshire,  and  Tippermuir, 
Perthshire,  he  entered  on  trials  before  Perth 
presbytery  on  17  Dec.  1673^  and  gained  tes- 
timonial for  license  on  3  June  1674.  He 
became  tutor  and  chaplain  in  the  family  of 
James  Drummond  of  Cultmalundie,  Perth- 
shire. While  residing  with  his  pupils  at 
Perth  he  made  the  acquaintance  of  Alex- 
ander Rose  or  Ross  [q.  v.],  then  minister  of 
Perth.  He  visited  Rose  at  Glasgow  in  1684, 
and  was  introduced  to  Rose's  uncle,  Arthur 
Ross  [q.  v.],  then  archbishop  of  (Glasgow, 
who  ordained  him  Hie  was  then  thirty-two), 
and  instituted  him  m  1686  to  the  cnarffe  of 
the  east  quarter  in  Glasgow.  He  held  the 
clerkship  of  presbytery  and  synod.  In  1688 
Ross,  being  then  primate,  nominated  him  to 
a  divinity  chair  at  St.  Andrews,  but  the  com- 
pletion of  the  appointment  was  prevented 
by  the  abdication  of  James  II. 

Driven  from  Glasgow  by  the  Cameronian 
outbreak,  Sas^e  made  his  way  to  Edinburgh, 
and  took  up  his  pen  in  the  cause  of  the  ex- 
truded clergy.  He  carried  with  him  nine 
volumes  of  the  presbytery  records,  'which 
were  only  recovered  after  the  lapse  of  103 
years '  (Hew  Scott).  In  1693  he  was  banished 
from,  Edinburgh  by  the  privy  council  for 
officiating  as  a  nonjuror.  He  retired  to  Kin- 
ross, and  found  shelter  in  the  house  of  Sir 
William  Bruce.  But  in  1696  Bruce  was 
committed  to  Edinburgh  Castle,  and  a  war- 
rant was  issued  for  the  arrest  of  Sage.  He 
hid  himself  among  Hhe  hills  of  Angus,' 
going  by  the  name  of  Jackson,  and  giving 
out  uiat  he  was  come  for  a  course  of  goat^ 
milk.  Soon  he  became  domestic  chaplain, 
at  Falkirk,  to  Anne,  dowager  countess  of 
Callendar,  and  subsequently  to  Sir  John 
Stewart  of  Grandtully,  Perthshire. 

On  25  Jan.  1706  Safe  was  privately  con- 
secrated at  Edinburgh,  along  with  John 
FuUarton,  as  a  bishop  without  diocese  or 
jurisdiction^  in  pursuance  of  the  policy  of 


continuing  the  episcopal  order,  while  respect- 
ing the  right  ot  the  crown  to  nominate  to 
sees  [see  Ross  or  Ross,  Ai:.BXA]n)BB].  In 
November  1706  Sa^e  was  seized  withpara- 
lysis  while  on  a  visit  to  Kinross.  He  re- 
covered sufficiently  to  take  part  in  a  conse- 
cration at  Dundee  on  28  April  1709.  He 
then  went  to  Bath.  Proceecung  to  London, 
he  remained  there  about  a  year,  Hiis  company 
and  conversation  very  much  courted.'  m 
died  at  Edinburgh  on  7  June  1711,*  his  in- 
timate correspondent,  Henry  Dodwell  the 
elder,  died  on  the  same  day.  Sage  was  buried 
in  the  churchyard  of  Old  Greyfiriars,  Edin- 
burgh. Gillan  gives  a  long  Latin  inscription 
intended  for  his  tomb. 

Most  of  Safe's  publications  were  anony- 
mous, but  their  authorship  was  well  known. 
He  wrote  with  learning  and  abilitv,  and  con- 
ducted his  controversies  with  dignity  and 
acuteness.  He  published:  1.  'Letters  con- 
cerning the  Persecution  of  the  Episcopal 
Clergy  in  Scotland,'  1689, 4to  (anon.) ;  Sage 
wrote  the  second  and  third  letters,  the  first 
was  by  Thomas  Morer,  the  fourth  by  Alex- 
ander Monro  (d.  1716?)  [q.  v.]  2.  '  The  Case 
of  the  afflicted  Clei^  m  Scotland,'  1690, 
4to  ('By  a  Lover  of  the  Church  and  his 
Country  *).  8.  *  An  Account  of  the  late  Esta- 
blishment of  the  Presbyterian  Government/ 
1698,  4to  (anon.)  4.  <The  PundamenUl 
Charter  of  Presby  terv  .  . .  examin'd,'  1695, 
8vo ;  2nd  edit.  1^7,  ovo  (anon. ;  preface  in 
answer  to  Gilbert  Rule  fq.  ▼.]  answered  in 
'Nazianzeni  Querela,'  1697,  by  William 
Jameson  {Jl.  1689-1720)  [q.  v.j)  6.  'The 
Principles  of  the  Cyprianic  Age,  1696, 4to; 
2nd  e<£t.  1717,  8vo  (hy  '  J.  S7)  6.  *  A  Vin- 
dication of  .  .  .  the  Principles  of  the  Cypri- 
anic Age/  1696,  4to ;  2nd  edit.  1701,  4to  (in 
reply  to  Rule ;  this  and  No.  6  are  answered 
in  Jameson's  'Cyprianus  Isotimus/  1705). 
7.  '  Some  Remarks  on  the  late  Letters  .  .  . 
and  Mr.  [David]  Williamson's  Sermon,'  1703, 
4to.  8.  '  A  Bnef  Examination  of  ...  Mr. 
Meldrum's  Sermon  against  a  Toleration/ 
1708, 4to.  9.  <  The  Reasonableness  of  Tole- 
ration to  those  of  the  Episcopal  Perswasion/ 
1703,  4to ;  2nd  edit.  1706,  8vo  (anon. ;  con- 
sists of  four  letters  to  George  Meldrum  fq^v.] ) 
10.  '  An  Account  of  the  Author's  Life  and 
Writings/  prefixed  to  Ruddiman's  edition  of 
GawinDoudUM's  ' Virgil's  ^neis/  1710,  fol. 
He  assisted  Kuddiman  in  the  edition,  Edin- 
burgh, 1711,  foL,  of  the  works  of  William 
Drummond  (1686-1649),  and  wrote  an  in- 
troduction to  Drummond's '  History  of  Scot- 
land during  the  Reigns  of  the  five  Jameses.' 
Among  his  unfinished  manuscripta  was  a 
criticism  of  the  Westminster  Confession  of 
Faith.    Gillan  gives  an  account  of  other 


Sahani 


605 


Sainbel 


litenry  projects.  His  ^  Works,'  with  me- 
moir, were  issued  by  the  Spottiswoode  So- 
ciety, Edinburgh,  l&14-a,  8ro,  3  vols. 

[Life,  1714,  aaonymous,  bat  by  John  Gillan, 
bishop  of  Dunblane ;  Memoir  in  Works  (Spot- 
tiswoode Society),  1844 ;  Sootfs  Fasti  Eccles. 
Scotieane;  OruVs  Eodes.  Hist,  of  Scotland, 
1861,  iii.  348  sq.;  Anderson's  Scottish  Nation, 
1872,  iii.  899  sq.]  A.  0. 

SAHAM,  WILLIAM   dh  (A  1304?), 

i'udge,  is  said  by  Foss  {Judges,  iii.  146)  to 
lave  been  the  son  of  Robert  de  Saham,  but 
his  father^s  name  seems  to  have  been  Riedph 
{Abbrev,  PlacU.  p.  255).  WiUiam  was  pro- 
bably a  native  of  Saham  Toney,  Korrolk, 
where  he  had  property;  he  became  a  clerk, 
and  was,  in  the  beginning  of  the  reign  ot 
Edward  I,  made  a  judge  of  the  king*s  bench. 
He  was  constantly  employed  in  judicial 
itinera,  as  at  Northampton  in  1235  (C(mt 
Flob.  Wig.  ii.  336)  and  in  Bedfordshire  in 
1286-7  (Annals  o/Dwutabie,  pp.  326, 334), 
until  1289,  when  he  shared  in  the  disgrace 
of  man^  other  judges,  was  removed,  and, 
though  mnocent  of  any  wrong,  had  to  pay 
a  fine  of  three  thousand  marKlB  to  the  king 
{ParL  Writs,  i.  1 5).  Abo ut  ten  years  later  he 
appears  as  defendant  in  an  action  for  damages 
to  property  at  Huningham  in  Norfolk.  He 
grantMl  lands  to  the  abbey  of  Wendling, 
Norfolk,  for  the  erection  and  maintenance  of 
the  chantry  chapel  of  St.  Andrew  at  Saham. 
He  probably  died  in  or  about  1304,  leaving 
his  Vrother  Johnle  Boteler  his  heir  (Abbrev. 
Pladt.  \u  s.)  Another  brother,  Richard  de 
Sabam,  was  sworn  a  baron  of  the  exchequer 
in  Ireland  in  1295  (Foss ;  Sweetman,  CaL 
Doe,  relatinff  to  Ireland), 

[Fofls's  Judges,  iii.  146-7;  Abbrev.  Flacit. 
pp.  206,  242,  266,  Fisrl.  Writs,  i.  16  (both  Be- 
CQid  piibL);  Bloinfield's  Norfolk,  ii.  320;  Flor. 
Wigf.  GoDt.  it.  236,  Ann.  Dunstapl.  ap.  Ann. 
Monast.  iii.  326,  334  (both  Rolls  Ser.)]   W.  H. 

SAINBEL  or  SAINT  BEL,  CHARLES 
VIAL  BB  (1753-1798),  veterinary  surgeon, 
wan  bom  at  Lyons  on  28  Jan.  1753,  during 
the  mayoralty  of  his  grandfather.  The  famil  v 
had  long  possessed  an  estate  at  Sain-Bei, 
near  Lyons.  His  grandfather,  the  mayor, 
and  both  his  narents  died  in  1756,  and  he 
was  educated  by  his  guardian,  M.  de  Fles- 
seille.  He  early  displayed  so  marked  a 
fondness  for  studying  the  organisation  of 
^tTT^TifiATa  that  at  the  age  of  sixteen  he  began 
to  attend  the  veterinary  school,  where  M. 
P6an  was  then  the  professor,  and  in  1772  he 
gained  the  prize  offered  by  the  Royal  Society 
of  Medicine,  with  an  essay  '  On  the  Grease 
or  Watery  Sores  in  the  Legs  of  Horses.'  He 
also  studied  under  the  great  C^laude  Bour- 


gelat,  the  father  of  veterinary  science.  He 
was  appointed  in  1773  lecturer  and  demon- 
strator to  a  class  of  sixteen  pupils,  and  in 
1773  he  was  made  upper  student,  assistant- 
surgeon,  and  one  of  the  public  demonstrators, 
a  pott  of  great  importance  on  account  of  the 
extensive  practice  which  it  involved  and  the 
opportunity  it  afforded  of  obtaining  patrons. 
In  1774  an  extensive  epiiootic  nj^a  among 
the  horses  in  many  provinces  of  franoe,  ana 
Sainbel  was  ordered  to  choose  five  students 
from  the  veterinarv  coUe^  at  Lyons  to 
accompany  him  in  his  provmcial  visits,  and 
to  assist  in  stopping  the  outbreak  of  disease. 
He  accomplished  his  mission  so  satisfactorily 
that  the  king  sent  for  him  to  Paris,  and 
ap]^inted  him  one  of  the  junior  professorial 
assistants  at  the  Royal  veterinary  Oollege 
in  the  metropolis.  Here  he  soon  incurred  the 
envy  of  his  senior  colleagues,  one  of  whom 
threatened  to  have  him  confined  in  the 
Bastille  by  a  lettre  de  eaehet.  He  therefore 
left  Pteris  and  returned  to  Lyons,  where  he 
practised  for  some  time  as  a  veterinary  phy- 
sician and  surgeon.  He  then  held  for  five 
years  the  post  of  professor  of  comparative 
anatomy  in  the  veterinary  college  at  Mont- 
pellier.  He  afterwards  returned  to  Paris 
under  the  patronage  of  the  Prince  de  Lam- 
besc,  and  was  appointed  one  of  the  equerries 
to  Louis  XVI,  and  chief  of  the  man^e  at  the 
academy  of  Lyons,  posts  which  he  retained 
for  three  years. 

Sainbel  came  to  England  in  June  1788, 
provided  with  letters  01  introduction  to  Sir 
J oseph  Banks,  Dr.  Simmons,  and  Dr.  Layard 
of  Greenwich,  and  in  the  following  Septem- 
ber he  published  proposals  for  foundmg  a 
veterinary  school  in  England.  The  project 
was  unsuccessful,  and,  after  marrying  an 
English  wife,  Sainbel  returned  to  Paris.  He 
found  that  the  revolution  was  impending  in 
France,  and  he  quickly  came  bacK  to  Eng- 
land, under  the  pretext  of  buying  horses  for 
the  stud  of  his  sovereign.  His  patrimonial 
estate  of  Sainbel  was  confiscated  during  the 
revolution,  and  he  was  proscribed  as  an 
imiffrS. 

On  27  Feb.  1789  he  was  requested  by 
Dennis  O'Kelly  [q.  v.]  to  dissect  tne  body  of 
the  great  racehorse  Eclipse.  He  did  so,  and 
his  essay  on  the  proportions  of  Eclipse 
brought  nim  the  highest  reputation  as  a 
veterinary  anatomist.  In  1791  the  Odiham 
Society  for  the  Improvement  of  Agpriculture 
took  up  SainbeFs  scheme  of  founding  a  school 
of  veterinary  medicine  and  surgery  in  this 
country.  A  preliminair  meeting  was  held 
on  11  Feb.  1791  at  the  Blenheim  coffee- 
house in  Bond  Street,  and  on  18  Feb.  in  the 
same  vear  it  was  decided  to  form  an  institu- 


Sainbel 


606 


Sainsbury 


tion  to  be  called  the  Veterinary  College  of 
London,  with  Sainbel  aa  professor.  The 
college  began  its  work,  but  Sainbel  died, 
after  a  short  iUnea?,  on  21  Aug.  1793,  in  the 
fortieth  year  of  his  age.  He  was  buried  in 
the  Tault  under  the  Savoy  Chapel  in  the 
Strand.  The  oollege  granted  his  widow  an 
annuity  of  60^ 

Sainbel  may  justly  be  looked  upon  as  the 
founder  of  scientific  veterinary  practice  in 
England.  Hitherto,  owing  to  the  ignorance 
of  cattle-disease,  the  loss  of  animal  life  had 
been  very  great,  and  farriers  had  depended 
upon  antiquated  or  empirical  treatises  such 
as  those  of  Gervase  Markham  [q.  y.]  Like  all 
innovators,  Sainbel  had  much  to  contend 
against ;  but  the  lines  which  he  laid  down 
)^ye  been  faithfully  followed  in  England 
and  in  Scotland,  and  led  from  the  merest 
empiricism  to  the  scientific  position  now  held 
by  veterinary  science.  Sambel  was  essen- 
tially an  honourable  man,  following  the  best 
traditions  of  the  old  rSffime  in  France.  That 
he  was  a  first-rate  anatomist  and  a  scientific 
veterinary  surgeon  is  proved  by  his  writings. 
An  enfipravingr  of  a  half-length  portrait  is 
prefixed  to  Sunbel^s  collected  works. 

He  was  author  of:  1.  *  Essai  sur  les  Pro- 
portions G6om6trales  de  rfclipse,'  French 
and  English,  London,  4to,  1791 ;  2nd  edit. 
1796.  This  work  was  originally  inscribed  to 
the  Prince  of  Wales,  and  was  illustrated 
with  careful  geometrical  drawings,  repre- 
senting the  exact  proportions  of  the  famous 
racehorse.  Sainbel  endeavonred  in  this 
essay  to  analyse  the  component  parts  of 
a  horse's  gallop,  but  his  conclusions  have 
lately  been  much  modified  by  the  instan- 
taneous photographs  obtained  by  Marey, 
Stanford,  Mnybriage,  Stillman,  and  other 
observers.  2.  '  Lectures  on  the  Elements 
of  Farriery,'  London,  1793^  4to.  3.  A  pos- 
thumous volume,  issued  in  1795  for  the 
benefit  of  Sainbel  s  widow,  containing  trans- 
lations into  English  of  four  essays  orifii- 
nally  published  in  French ;  the  English  titles 
ran:  'General  Observations  on  the  Art  of 
Veterinary  Medicine;'  'Aii  Essay  on  the 
Grease  or  Watery  Sores  in  the  Legs  of 
Horses '  (this  essay  was  written  when  Sain- 
bel was  only  eighteen,  and  it  gained  him  the 
prize  given  by  the  Royal  Society  of  Medi- 
cine of  France) ;  '  Experiments  and  Obser- 
vations made  upon  Glandered  Horses  with 
intent  to  elucidate  the  Rise  and  Progress  of 
this  Disease,  in  order  to  discover  the  proper 
treatment  of  it;'  'Short  Observations  on 
the  Colic  or  Gripes :  more  particularly  that 
kind  to  which  racehorses  are  liable '  4.  (Also 
posthumously  published)  'The  Sportsman, 
rairier,  and  Shoeing  Smith's  New  Guide, 


edited  by  J.  Lawrence,'  London,  (1800  P), 
12mo. 

[Memoir  prefixed  to  the  Works  of  Sainbel, 
London,  1796;  Hnth's  BibL  Beoord  of  Bippo- 
logy,  1887.]  D'A.  P. 

SAINSBURY,  WILLIAM  NOEL 
(1825-1895),  historical  writer,  third  son  of 
John  and  Mary  Ann  Sainsbury,  was  bom  at 
35  Ked  Lion  Square,  Hoi  bom,  London,  on 
7  Julv  1825.  On  1  April  1848  he  entered 
the  old  state  paper  office  as  an  extra  tem- 
porary clerk.  On  28  Nov.  he  was  confirmed 
m  the  appointment,  and  eventually  was  trans- 
ferred to  the  record  office  when  it  absorbed 
the  state  paper  office  in  1854.  In  Augost 
1862  he  became  a  senior  clerk,  and  in  Novem- 
ber 1887  an  assistant-keeper  of  the  records. 

Sainsbury  chiefly  devoted  himself  to  calen- 
daring the  recoras  which  bore  on  the 
historv  of  America  and  the  West  Indies. 
The  first  volume  of  his  calendar  of  the 
colonial  state  papers  relating  to  America 
and  the  West  Indies waspublished  in  1860. 
That  on  the  papers  of  E!ast  India,  China, 
and  Japan  followed  in  1862.  At  intervals 
of  three  or  four  years  other  volumes  have 
appeared,  making  nine  in  all.  The  value  of 
his  public  work  was  not  greater  than  that 
of  the  aid  which  he  gave  unofficially  to  the 
historians  and  historical  societies  of  the 
United  States.  In  his  early  days  he  col- 
lected for  Bancroft,  the  American  historian, 
from  the  papers  of  the  board  of  trade,  all  evi- 
dence bearing  upon  the  history  of  the  Ame- 
rican colonies.  In  recognition  of  his  ser- 
vices to  American  historical  vmters  he  was 
made  an  honorary  or  corresponding  member 
of  the  principal  historical  societies  in  the 
States. 

Sainsbury  retired  from  the  public  service 
in  December  1891,  but  continued,  with  the 
help  of  a  daughter,  to  edit  the  calendar  up 
to  the  time  of  nis  death,  which  took  place  on 
9  March  1895.  Boaides  various  uncollected 
papers  on  colonial  history,  he  published: 

1.  'Originf^  unpublished  Papers  Illustra- 
tive of  the  Life  of  Sir  P.  P.  Kubens  as  an 
artist  and  diplomatist,'  London,  1859, 8yo. 

2.  '  Hearts  of  Oak :  stories  of  early  English 
Adventure,'  London,  1871,  8vo. 

He  married  twice :  first,  in  1849,  Emily 
Storrs,  second  daughter  of  Andrew  Moore, 
by  whom  he  had  two  sons  and  eight 
daughters;  secondlv,  in  1873,  Henrietta 
Victoria,  youngest  daughter  of  John  Haw- 
kins, and  widow  of  Alfred  Crusher  AugOTi 
whom  he  also  survived 

[Proceedings  of  American  Antiquarian  Society, 
1895,  vol.  z.  pt.  i.  p.  28;  Timea.  14  March  1896; 
private  iofomiStion.]  C  A  H. 


St  Albans 


607 


St.  Amand 


ST.  ALBANa,  DujCB  of.  [See  Bbav- 
CLBRK,  Ohablbb,  1670-1726.] 

ST.  AT1BAN8,  DucHBW  ov.  [See  Mbd- 
LOH,  Harriot,  1777  P-18S7.] 

ST.  ALBANS,  Earl  of.  [See  Jbrhtv, 
Hbitrt,  d.  1684.1 

ST.  ALBANS,  VisooinrT.  [See  Bacov, 
Francis,  1661-1626.] 

ST.  ALBANS,  ALEXANDER  of 
(1157-1217).    [See  Nhckam.] 

ST.  ALBANS,  ROGER  of  (Jl.  1450), 
genealogist.    [See  Roger.] 

ST.  ALBANS,  WILLIAM  of  {Jl.  1178), 
hagiologist.    [See  Williak.] 

ST.  AMAND,  ALMARIC  db,  third 
Baroh  bb  St.  Axaitd  (1314  P-ld82),  jus- 
ticiar of  Ireland,  waa  son  of  John  de  St. 
Amand.  His  ancestor,  Alvario  be  St. 
AxAJm  {JL  1240),  had  a  grant  of  Liskeard 
in  1222,  and  was  heir  of  the  lands  of  Walter 
de  Vexdun  in  Ireland.  He  was  sheriff  of 
Herefordshire  and  warden  of  the  castles  of 
Hereford  and  St.  Briavers  in  1234.  He  was 
godfather  to  the  fdture  Edward  I  in  1239, 
and  went  on  the  crusade  in  1240  (Matt. 
Paris,  iii.  540,  iv.  44).  His  srandson, 
Almaric  de  St.  Amand,  who  died  in  1285, 
left  three  sons.  Guv,  the  eldest,  died  soon 
after  his  father.  Almaric,  the  second  son, 
bom  in  1268,  served  in  Gascony  in  1294,  and 
in  Scotland  in  1300  and  1306 ;  was  sum- 
moned to  parliament  in  1300,  and  signed  the 
barons'  lett-er  to  the  pope,  on  12  Feb.  1301, 
aa  '  Dominus  de  W^ydehaye'  (Chron,  Edw.  I 
and  Edw,  11,  i.  123) ;  he  died  without  issue 
in  1310,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  brother 
John,  who  is  staled  'minister,'  and  pre- 
snmably  had  received  a  clerkly  training  (Cal, 
CiMe  BolU,  £dw.  II,  i.  284,  iii.  200,  332). 
John  de  St.  Amand  was  summoned  to  parlia- 
ment from  1313  to  1326,  and  was  the  father 
of  the  justiciar  of  Ireland. 

Almaric  de  St.  Amand,  bom  probably  in 
1314,  had  livery  of  his  lands  in  1335.  He 
served  in  Scotland  in  1338  and  in  the  French 
wan  in  1342,1346,  and  1346.  In  1347  he  had 
200/.  per  annum  for  his  services  in  the  wars. 
He  took  part  in  the  abortive  campaign  in  Scot- 
land nnaer  Sir  Robert  Herle  in  1^  (Geot- 
FRBT  LR  Baxbr,  p.  126,  ed.  Thompson).  He 
was  lord  of  G  oimanstown  in  Meath,  and,  after 
the  deathof  Sir  Thomas  Rokeby[q.v.]in  1366, 
was  appointed  justiciar  of  Ireland  on  14  July 
1367  with  600/.  per  annum  {Fadera,  iii.  361). 
Manrioe  Fitsgerald,  fourth  earl  of  Rildare 

S[.T.],  was  for  a  time  his  substitute,  but  St. 
mand  came  to  Ireland  before  the  end  of 
the  year.  He  went  back  to  England  in  1368, 
and,  on  16  Feb  1369,  vacated  his  office  (t^. 
iiL  968,  419).     During  1368  St.  Amand 


served  in  France.  On  16  March  1361  he 
was  summoned  to  attend  a  council  on  the 
affairs  of  Ireland  {ib.  iii.  610).  In  1368  he 
once  more  served  in  France,  and  in  1373  was 
steward  of  Rockingham  Castle.  He  waa 
summoned  to  parliament  from  1370,  and  died 
in  1382.  His  male  line  became  extinct  with 
his  son,  Almaric  de  St.  Amand,  fourth  baron, 
who  died  in  1403.  A  daughter  of  Gerard 
de  Braybrooke,  grandson  of  the  last  baron, 
married  William  Beauchamp  of  Powyk,  who 
was  summoned  to  parliament  as  £iaron  de 
St.  Amand  in  1449. 

[Amiales  Hibemia  ap.  Chart.  St.  Mary,  Dub> 
lin,  ii.  898,  Anuales  Monastici  (Rolls  Ser.); 
Book  of  Howth;  Roberts's  CaleDdariam  Genea- 
logicum ;  Fcsdera,  iii.  49,  82,  Record  edition ; 
Cal.  Pat.  Rolls,  £dw.  I,  and  of  Close  Rolls, 
£dw.  II;  Dngdale's  Baronage,  ii.  19-20;  Gil- 
bert's Viceroys  of  Ireland,  pp.  211-14;  other 
anthorities  quoted.]  C.  L.  K. 

ST.  AMAND,  JAMES  (1687-1754^, 
antiquary,  second  son  of  James  St.  Amana, 
apothecary  to  the  family  of  James  II,  was 
bom  at  dorent  Garden,  London,  on  7  April 
1687,  and  baptised  at  St.  PauFs  Church  by 
Dr.  Patrick  on  21  April.  He  was  probably 
at  Westminster  School,  as  his  library  in- 
cluded a  schoolbook  for  use  there,  printed 
in  1702,  containing  notes  in  his  handwriting. 
On  17  March  1702-8,  the  day  on  which  his 
elder  brother  George  (for  whom  Prince 
George  of  Denmark  had  acted  as  sponsor) 
matriculated  from  Corpus  Christi  College, 
Oxford,  he  went  through  the  same  ceremony 
at  Hart  Hall.  He  probably  never  went  into 
residence,  and  on  5  Sept.  1704  he  was  entered 
as  a  gentleman-commoner  at  Lincoln  Col« 
lege.  After  a  year's  residence  he  embarked, 
on  11  Sept.  1706,  at  Greenwich  for  HolIand| 
and  trayelled  through  that  country,  Ger- 
many, and  Austria  to  Venice.  He  remained 
in  Italy  until  1710,  and  then  returned  to 
England  by  Geneva  and  Paris. 

W  arton  speaks  of  St.  Amand  as '  literarum 
Grscarum  nagrans  studio,'  and  the  object  of 
his  travel  was  to  collate  the  manuscripts  for 
a  new  edition  of  Theocritus  which  he 
meditated.  His  collections  '  magno  studio 
et  eumptu  facta  et  oomparata  a  viro  Grece 
doctissimo  *  were  much  used  by  Warton  in 
his  edition  of  Theocritus  (1770^.  His 
house  was  in  East  Street,  near  Ked  Lion 
Square,  in  the  parish  of  St.  Georse  the 
Martyr,  Bloomsbury,  and  he  collected  there 
a  considerable  library  of  books  and  manu- 
scripts. He  died  on  6  Sept.  1764,  and  his 
will,  which  was  dated  on  9  Aug.  1749,  waa 
proved  on  17  Sept.  1764.  He  ordered  his 
Dody  to  be  buried  at  Christ's  Hospital,  Lou* 
don,  with  this  inscription :  '  Here  lyes  a 


St  Andr^ 


6og 


St.  Andre 


1>enefactor,  let  no  one  move  his  bones/  and 
without  hia  name.  The  tablet  is  in  the 
cloisters,  and  is  reproduced  in  R.  B.Johnson's 
*  Christ's  Hospital '  (p.  142). 

St.  Amand  left  his  books,  coins,  and  prints 
to  the  Bodleian  Library,  but  those  which  it 
did  not  want  were  to  go  to  Lincoln  College. 
The  books,  a  catalogue  of  which  was  drawn 
np  hj  Alexander  Cruden  in  September  1764, 
consisted  'chiefly  of  the  then  modem  edi** 
tions  of  the  classics  and  of  the  writings  of 
modem  Latin  scholars ; '  many  of  them  had 
belonged  to  Arthur  Charlett  [q.  v.]  The 
manuscripts  were  mainly  his  notes  on  Theo- 
critus, Horace,  and  other  poets,  and  letters 
and  papers  relating  to  the  Low  Countries. 
Among  them  were  numerous  letters  from 
Italian  scholars  on  his  projected  Theocritus, 
and  a  letter  from  Jervas  on  the  pictures  to 
be  seen  at  Home  (cf.  Cox£,  Catalogi  Cod. 
M88,  Bibl.  Bodl  Pars  prima,  1853,  coll. 
889-908,  and  Mada.n,  Wtttem  M8S.  at  the 
Bodleian  Library,  pp.  168-9).  William 
Stukeley  [q.  v.]  was  one  of  the  executors, 
and  in  May  1766  he  brought  the  books  to 
Oxford  in  twenty-seven  cases ;  the  coins  and 
medals  followed  subsequently  (Stxtkelet, 
MemoirSf  i.  186,  ii.  6,  iii.  474). 

The  residue  of  the  estate  was  bequeathed 
to  Christ's  Hospital,  together  with  a  minia- 
ture set  in  gold  of  his  grandfather,  John  St. 
Amand.  The  picture  was  left  inalienable, 
and.  if  this  condition  were  not  complied 
witn,  the  whole  estate  was  to  revert  to  the 
university  of  Oxford.  A  court  was  annually 
held,  called  '  The  Picture  Court,'  when  the 
miniature  was  formally  produced.  There 
was  a  legend  that  this  painting  was  a  por- 
trait of  the  Old  Pretenaer. 

[Kotes  and  Queries,  6th  ser.  viii.  425;  Gent. 
3iRg.  1754  p.  435,  1801  ii.  599,  1802  i.  493,  ii. 
599;  TroUope's  Christ's  Hospital,  pp.  121-3; 
Johnson's  Christ's  Hospital,  p.  270;  Macray's 
Bodleian  Library,  2nd  ed.  pp.  252-4.1 

W.  P.  C. 

ST.  ANDRifi,  NATHANAEL  (1680- 
1776),  anatomist,  was  a  native  of  Switzer- 
land, who  is  said  to  have  been  brought  to 
England  in  the  train  of  a  Jewish  ramily. 
He  earned  his  living  either  by  fencing  or  as 
a  dancing-master,  and  he  probably  taught 
French  and  German,  for  he  was  proficient 
in  both  languages.  He  was  soon  placed  with 
a  surgeon  of  eminencOi  who  maae  him  an 
anatomist.  There  is  no  notice  of  his  appren- 
ticeship among  the  records  of  the  Barber- 
Surgeons'  Company,  and  it  does  not  appear 
that  he  was  ever  made  free  of  the  company,  so 
that  it  is  probable  that  he  was  throughout  Ufe 
an  unqualified  practitioner,  at  first  protected 
by  court  influence.    St.  Andre's  knowledge 


of  German  led  George  I  to  appoint  him 
anatomist  to   the   royal  household.     The 

Satent  is  dated  May  1723,  and  he  was  then 
vinff  in  Northumberland  Court,  near  Char- 
ing Cross,  where  he  practised  his  profession, 
and  held  the  post  of  local  surgeon  to  the 
Westminster  Hospital,  then  a  dispensary. 
He  published  in  1723  a  translation  of  Ga- 
rengeot's  treatise  of  chirurffical  operations, 
and  he  was  also  engaged  in  aelivermg  public 
lectures  upon  anatomv. 

Unfortunately  for  himself,  St.  Andr6  be- 
came, in  1726,  involved  in  the  imposture  of 
Mary  Tofbs  [q.  v.]  of  Godalming,  who  pro- 
fessed to  be  aelivered  of  rabbits.  In  conse- 
quence of  the  determination  shown  by  Queen 
Caroline  to  have  the  matter  thoroughly  in- 
vestigated, Howard  the  apothecary,  who  at- 
tended Mary  Tofi;s,  summoned  St.  Andr6  to 
see  her,  and  he,  taking  with  him  Samuel 
Molyneux  [q.  v.],  secretary  to  the  Prince 
of  Wales  (afterwards  G«orge  II),  reached 
Godalming  on  16  Nov.  1726.  St.  Andr6 
was  deceived,  and  believed  the  truth  of  the 
woman's  story  in  all  its  impossible  details. 
He  published  a  full  account  of  the  case,  and 
appended  to  it  a  note  that  *  the  account  of 
the  Delivery  of  the  eighteenth  Rabbet  shall 
be  published  by  way  of  Appendix  to  this 
Account.'  The  king  then  sent  his  surgeon, 
Cyriacus  Ahlers,  to  report  upon  the  case, 
and  the  woman  was  brought  to  London  and 
lodged  at  the  Bagnio  in  Leicester  Square. 
The  fraud  was  then  exposed  by  Dr.  Douglas 
and  Sir  Richard  Manningham,  M.D.,  who 
eventually  succeeded  in  obtaining  a  confes- 
sion. 

St.  Andr6  only  once  presented  himself  at 
court  after  this  exposure,  and,  although  he 
retained  his  position  of  anatomist  to  the  king 
until  his  death,  he  never  drew  the  salarv. 
Molyneux  was  seized  with  a  fit  in  the  House 
of  Commons,  and  died  on  13  April  1728. 
St.  Andrd  had  been  on  terms  of  intimacy 
with  him,  and  had  treated  him  professionally. 
Molyneux's  wife,  Lady  Elizabeth,  second 
daughter  of  Algernon  Capel,  earl  of  Essex, 
left  the  house  with  St.  Andr6  on  the  night 
of  her  husband's  death,  and  was  married  to 
him  on  17  May  1730  at  Heston,  near  Houns- 
low  in  Middlesex.  This  proceeding  caused 
a  second  scandal,  for  it  was  vehemently 
suspected  that  St.  Andr6  had  hastened  the 
death  of  his  friend  by  poison.  There  is  no 
reason  to  believe  that  Molyneux  died  from 
other  than  natural  causes.  Nevertheless, 
St.  Andr6  and  his  wife,  who  was  dismissed 
from  her  attendance  upon  Queen  Caroline 
in  consequence  of  her  marriage,  found  it 
necessary  to  retire  into  the  country.  They 
moved  to  Southampton  about  17o0|  and  lived 


St  Andr6 


609 


St.  Aubyn 


there  for  tbe  last  twekity  years  of  St.  Andr^^a 
long  life.  His  marriage  placed  St.  Andr6  in 
easy  ctrcumst^iices;  for  tne  Lady  Elizabeth 
CSi^pd  had  a  portion  of  10,000/.  when  she 
numried  Molyneut  in  1717,  and  she  inherited 
a  forther  smn  of  18,000/.,  with  Kew  House^ 
on  the  deaith  in  1721  of  Ladj  Oapel  of 
TBwke8bary,hergreat-uncle^8  widow.  This 
money,  howerer,  went  from  St.  Andr6  on 
his  wife^s  death,  and  he  died  a  comnann 
tirely  poor  man,  at  Southampton,  in  Mardi 
177e. 

St.  Andr6*8  mind  appears  to  have  been 
strongly  inclined  towards  mysticism,  and 
he  ins  beyond  measure  credulous.  He  com- 
plained of  having  been  decoyed  and  poisoned 
br  an  unknown  peraon  on  23  Feb.  1724-5. 
uis  complaint  was  investigated  by  the  privy 
council,  who  offered  a  rewarafor  the  discovery 
of  the  alleged  oflfender;  but  the  whole  busi- 
ness seems  to  have  arisen  in  the  imagination 
of  St.  AndnS,  unless,  indeed,  it  was  done  for 
the  purpose  of  brinnng  his  name  before  the 
public.  It  is  difficmt  to  determine  whether 
St.  Andr6  was  more  knave  than  fool  in  the 
affair  of  Mary  Tofts,  but  it  is  tolerably  cer- 
tain that  he  was  both.  It  is  equally  certain 
that  he  wa^  extremely  ignorant;  that  he 
was  lecherotts  and  fouUmouthed  is  allowed 
by  his  partisans  as  well  as  by  his  enemies. 
ne  haa  some  p^fessional  reputation  as  a 
surgeon,  thougn  it  was  rather  among  the 
puplic  than  among  his  brethren,  ijord 
PSeterborongh  was  his  patient,  and  he  was 
onee  called  Upon  to  treat  Pope  when  by 
accident  he  had  hurt  his  hand. 

There  is  a  portrait  of  St.  AndrS  in  the 
engraviiijg^  bv  Hogarth  published  in  1726. 
It  u  entitled  *  Ounicnlarii,  or  the  Wise  Men 
of  €k)dliman  in  consultation,'  and  it  was  paid 
for  by  a  few  of  the  principal  surgeons  of  the 
time,  who  subscribed  their  guhiea  apiece  to 
Hogarth  for  engraving  the  plate  as  a  me- 
morial of  Maiy  Tofts.  St.  Andr6  is  labelled 
*  A'  in  the  pnnt,  and  is  represented  with  a 
fiddle  under  hisarm,  in  allusion tahis  original 
occupation  of  a  dandng-master.  He  is  de- 
scribed as  *  The  Dancing-Master,  or  Fjr»ter- 
natnral  Anatomist.'  A  detailed  account  of 
the  persons  caricatured  in  this  print  is  con- 
tained in  the '  Qentleman's  Magazine '  (1842| 
1.  oqdJ. 

[Memoir  by  Thomas  Tyers  in  the  Pablic  Ad- 
Tertiser^.  reprinted  in  Gent.  Mag.  1781,  pp.  320, 
513,  and  again,  with  critical  remarks,  in  Nichols 
and  Steeven's  Genuine  Woiks  of  Hogarth,  Lon- 
doDy  1 808,  i,  464-92 ;  an  acconnt  of  his  own  poison- 
ing will  be  found  in  the  Gazette,  23  Feb.  1724-. 
1725.  The  stoiy  of  Mary  Tofts,  the  rabbit 
breeder,  is  told  at  greater  length  in  the  British 
V«lieal  Journal,  1896,  ii.  209.]  I/A.  P. 

VOL    XTII. 


ST.  AUBYW,  Miss  CATHERINE,  after- 
wards becoming  Mbs.  MoLEfiWORTH  {d,  1836), 
amateur  artist,  second  daughter  of  Sir  John 
St.  Attbjn,  fourth  baronet,  of  Glowanco  in 
Cornwall,  and  sister  of  Sir  John  St.  Aubyn 
(1768-1839)  fq.  v.],  is  known  bv  a  few  pri- 
vately printed  etchings  which  s^e  produced 
in  1788  and  1789.  These  comprise  portraits 
of  Lady  St.  Aubyn  and  Doll^  Pentreath  [see 
Jeffbbt,  DoBOTttr],  from  pictures  by  Key- 
nolds  and  Opie  in  her  father's  possession ;  a 
portrait  of  her  sister,  Mrs.  Robert  White ; 
and  a  view  of  St,  Michael's  Mount.  Two 
drawings  by  her  of  St.  Michael's  Mount  were 
engraved  by  William  Austin  (1721-1820) 

iq.  v.]  Miss  St.  Aubyn  married,  on  26  June 
790,  her  cousin  John  Moles  worth  (d,  1811), 
rector  of  St.  Breocke,  Cornwall,  second  son 
of  Sir  John  Mol^sworth,  hart.,  of  Pencarrow, 
and  died  on  21  Oct.  1836.  Her  eldest  son 
John  (d,  1844),  who  took  the  name  St.  Aubyn, 
succeeded  to  the  St.  Aubyn  estates. 

[KedgraY6*8  Diet,  of  Artists ;  Dodd's  Memoirs 
of  English  Engravers  (Brit.  Mus.  Add.  MS. 
33394);  Barkers  Landed  Gentry.  1894,  ii.  1770; 
Parochial  History  of  Cornwall,  i.  272.] 

F.  M.  0T>. 
ST.  AUBYN,  SiK  JOHN  (169^1744), 
third  baronet,  politician,  born  on  27  Sept. 
1696,  was  son  and  heir  of  Sir  John  St.  Au- 
byn, second  baronet  {d,  20  June  1714),  who 
married,  in  1695,  Mary,  daughter  and  (Co- 
heiress of  Peter  de  la  Hay  of  Westminster. 
He  was  entered  as  gentleman-commoner  at 
Exeter  College,  Oxford,  on  10  June  1,718, 
and  created  M.A.  on  19  July  1721.  In  May 
1722  he  was  returned  to  parliament  for  th^ 
county  of  Cornwall,  and  sat  for  it  until  his 
death.  In  the  House  of  Commons  St.  A ubyh 
spoke  *  but  seldom,  and  never  but  on  points 
of  eonisequence '  (^Quarterly  JReview,  October 
1875,  p.  ^76).  Joining  the  opposition  against 
Walpole,  he  was  hostile  to  the  Septennial 
Act  and  the  employment  of  the  Hanoverian 
troops,  and  on  9  March  1742  he  seconded 
Lord  Limerick's  motion  for  a  committee  to 
inquire  into  the  transactions  of  the  previous 
twenty  years,  which  was  defeated  by  244 
votes  to  242.  A  fortnight  later  he  seconded 
a  motion  by  the  same  member  for  a  secret 
committee  of  twenty-one  to  examine  into 
Walpole's  official  acts  during  the  last  ten 
years,  and  it  was  carried  by  252  votes  to 
245.  In  the  polling  for  the  committee  he 
obtained  the  nrst  place  with  518  votes,  a 
result  pronoimced  by  Speaker  Onslow  to  be 
without  precedent,  but  he  declined  to  pre* 
side  over  the  proceedings.  He  is  saia  to 
have  also  declined  a  seat  at  the  board  of 
admiralty.  Walpole  is  believed  in  the  west 
country  to  have  remarked,  when  speaking 

R  B 


St.  Aubyn 


6io 


St,  Aubyn 


of  the  House  of  Conunone,  'Ail  these  men  have 

their  price  except  the  litUe  Cornish  haronet.' 

He   was  on  dose   terms   of    intimacy 

throughout  life  with  Dr.  William  Borlase 

S.  Y^  and  was  ft  friend  and  correspondent 
Pope. 

St.  Aubyn  died  of  fever  at  Fencarrow, 
Egloahayle,  Cornwall,  on  15  Aug.  1744, 
and  was  buried  in  a  granite  vault  in  Crowan 
church  on!  23  Aug.  He  married  at  St. 
James's,  Westminsteri  on  3  Oct.  1725, 
Catherine,  daughter  and  coheiress  of  Sir 
jNieholas  Morice,  who  brought  him  10,000/.  in 
cadi  and  the  manor  of  Stoke-Damerel,  within 
whi^  the  town  of  Devonport  is  situate. 
She  died  at  Clowance  in  Orowan  on  16  June 
1740,  and  was  buried  in  the  same  vault. 
They  had  issue  five  children 

[Boase  and  Conrtnev's  Bibl.  ODrnnb.  iL  585, 
612,  614  (when  his  chief  speeches  are  enam^- 
fated);  Boase'e  Collect.  Oomnb.  864,  856; 
Gent.  Mag.  1744,  p.  462;  Walpole*s  Letters,  i. 
142,  146,  150;  Notes  and  Queries,  5th  ser.  ix. 
371,  8th  ser.  viii.  3C8;  Courtney's  Pari.  Hep.  of 
Cornwall,  pp.  403-4 ;  Boase's  Exeter  Coll.  Com- 
moners, p.  284;  Quarterly  Reriew,  October 
1875.]  W.  P.  C. 

ST.  AUBYN,  Sib  JOHN  (1758-1839), 
'fifth  baronet,  lover  of  science  and  the  arts, 
bom  at  Ghxlden  Square,  London,  on  17  May 
1758,  wa»  eldor  son  of  Sir  John  St.  Au- 
byn, fourth  baronet  {d,  12  Oct.  1772),  who 
married,  in  May  17o6,  Elizabeth,  oaugb'- 
ter  of  William  Winfffield  of  Durham.  He 
-was  admitted  to  Westminster  School  on 
19  Jan.  1778,  and  in  1775,  while  therc^  and 
only  seventeen  years  old,  induced  a  school- 
fellow named  Baker  to  join  him  in  a  bond  for 
moneys  advanced  to  supply  his  extravagances. 
Afterwards  he  pleadea  that  he  waa  not  of 
affs,  and  the  case  came  before  the  lord 
ohancellor  on  2  July  1777,  when  it  waa 
ordered  that  the  money  actually  lent  should 
be  repaid,  with  4  per  cent,  interest  (Bibl, 
Comub,  ii.  616,-  ci.  Walpole,  Jommal  qf 
reUm  of  George  III,  ii.  126). 

St.  Aubjn  was  sheriff  of  Cornwall  in 
1781,  and  in  1734  he  entered  upon  political 
life.  He  sat  for  Truro  from  25  March  1784 
to  the  dissolution,  for  Veuxjn  from  May 
.1784  to  June  1790,  and  for  Helston  from 
June  1807  to  1812.  In  the  interests  of  the 
whigs,  and  with  the  support  of  his  relative, 
Sir  JFrancis  Basset  (afterwards  Lord  de  Dun- 
Btanville),  he  contested  the  county  of  Corn- 
wall in  1790,  but  was  defeated  after  a  veiy 
close  and  bitter  contest.  His  election  song 
on  this  occasion  is  printed  in  Worth's '  West- 
country  Garland  *  (pp.  98-100).  St.  Aubyn 
was  provincial  grand-master  of  the  Free- 
masons in  Cornwall  from  1785  to  18S9.    He 


waa  %  fellow  of  the  T<inn<»an  Society,  aad 
was  elected  F.S.A.  in  1783   and  f  JoLS. 
18  Ma^r  1797.    la  1799  he  bought  the  fossils 
and  minerals  of  Bichard  Greene  [q.  v.]  of 
Lichfield.    His  collection  of  minerals,  pre- 
viously the  property  of  Barl  Bute,  was  de- 
scribed in  1799  in  the  *New  System  of 
Mineralogv  in  the  form  of  catalog[ue,'  \ij 
William  Babington,  M  J).,  which  is  dedi- 
cated to  him.    St.  Aubyn  joined  with  others 
in  May  1804 in  the  proposition  to  raise  4/XX)/. 
for  a  mineralogical  collection  at  the  Koysl 
Institution,  and  he  subscribed  to  the  fund 
for  providing  an  annuity  for  Bichard  Poison 
[q.  v.]    His  gifts  to  Devonport  included  a 
site  for  the  town-hall,  a  cabmet  of  mineraU, 
a  corporation  mace,  Opie^s  picture  of  Mary, 
queen  of  James  II,  quitting  Eng^land,  and  a 
paintinff  of  the  Holy  Fanuly.    He  died  at 
Lime  Grove,  Putnev,  10  Aug.  1839.     His 
body  waa  conveyed  to  Comw&ll,  passinj^ 
through  Devonport  on  23  Aug.,  when  it 
was  attended  by  the  municipal  authorities, 
and  lying  in  state  at  St.  Austell,  Truro,  and 
Clowance.    On  29  Au^.  he  was  buried,  with 
Ipreat  masonic  ceremonial,  in  the  famil]^  vault 
in  Crowan  parish  church.    He  married,  at 
St.  Andrew's,  Holbom,  on  I  July  1822, 
Juliana  Vinicombe,  a  native  of  Ooinwall, 
who  died  at  Lime  Grove,  Putnev,  on  14  June 
1856,  aged  87,  and  was  also  buried  in  the 
vault  in  Crowan  church.    The  entailed  es- 
tates, with  the  old  family  seat  of  dowanoe, 
passed  to  a  nephew,  the  Bev.  John  Moles- 
worth  of  Crowan  (d.  1844V    St.  Aubyn  had 
in  all  fifteen  natiural  chUoren,  and  the  pro- 
perty at   Devonport  was  incumbered   by 
IdO/XX)/.  in  payment  of  the  marriage  por- 
tions of  thirteen  of  them.    He  left  Eis  pro- 
S»rty  at  Devonport  and  elsewhere  to  James 
t.  Aubyn,  his  eldest  natural    son,  with 
reversion  to  Edward  St.  Aubyn,  another 
natural  son.  and  his  descendants.    Edward 
St.  Aubyn  (d,  1872)  was  created  a  baronet 
|l  July  1866,  and  was  father  of  the  first 
Baron  St,  Levan  (1829-1908). 

St.  Aubyn  was  an  early  and  constant 
patron  and  ftiend  of  John  Opie  [a .  v.],  and 
-vras  a  pall-bearer  at  that  artu^t'a  funeral  in 
April  1807.  His  portrait  waa  painted  by 
Sir  Joshua  Beynolds  in  Marcli  1786^  and 
there  are  three  pictures  of  him  by  Opie,  one 
of  which  is  in  Devonport  Guilahall.  His 
^wife  was  also  painted  by  Opie,  and  there  is 
another  portrait  of  her  by  Adam  Buck  in 
1807. 

[Boase  and  CoaHney*8.  BiU.  Cornub.  i.  222, 
250,  264,  414,  ii.  609,  686,  613-16,  i^.  1209. 
1332;  Boase*s  Collect.  Oof nub.  po.  864,  867; 
Boget8*8  Opie,  pp.  163>4,  229;  Opie*s  Lectures 
on  PainUng,  pp.  48,  62,  68;  Gent.  Mag.  1S07 


Saint-C^lef 


6ii         Saint-Evremond 


i.  337.  1808  i.  172, 1839  ii.  642 ;  West  Briton,  16 ' 

Aug.  1889  p  3, 6  Sept  p.  2 ;  Notes  and  Qaeries, 

4th  Mr.  iii.811  (aaleof  St.  Anbyn^sengniviags).] 

SAUVT-CABIIiEF,  WILLIAM  op  (rf. 

1006),  btshopof  Durham.    [See  Cabilef.] 
8T.  CLAIR  ^  rSee  SiwclaibJ 
CfAINTJS-MBSE-EaiilSE,  WILLIAM 

TO¥  (d.  1224),  bishop  of  London.    [See  WiL- 

UAM.] 

SAIHT^liVBEMOin),  CHARLES  DE 
MAKGUCTEL  DE  SAIKT  DENIS,  m 
(1613  P-1 703),  soldier,  poet,  and  essayist,  and, 
according  to  the  Due  d'Aumal^,  the  '  most 
refined  epicurean  of  his  age,'  is  said  to  have 
been  bom  on  1  April  1613  at  Saint^Denia-le- 
Guast  in  Normanaj.  He  belonged  to  a  noble 
and  fairly  wealthy  family,  and,  as  a  younger 
son,  it  was  at  first  intended  that  he  should 
enter  the  magistracy.  At  the  age  of  nine  he 
was  sent  to  the  College  de  Clermont  in  Pans, 
a  school  conducted  by  the  Jesuits.  A^fter  re* 
xnainin^  there  four  years  he  was  removed  to 
the  university  of  Caen,  and  then,  a  year 
afterwards,  to  the  College  d'Harcourt  in 
Parity  where  he  devoted  himself  to  the  study 
of  law,  and  became  a  skilled  fencer.  He 
soon  decided  to  abandon  the  law  for  a  mili- 
tary career,  and,  when  scarcely  more  than 
sixteen,  obtained  a  commission  in  the  army 
as  an  ensign.  He  served,  daring  the  thirty 
Tears'  war,  in  Italy,  on  the  Khme,  and  in 
]tlanders,  obtaining  his  captaincy  for  his 
conduct  ai  the  siege  of  Landrecies  in  1637. 
At  Paris,  during  the  winter  suspension  of 
hostilities,  he  came  under  the  influence  of 
Gai^sendi,  the  opponent  of  Descartes  and 
teacher  of  Moli^re.  Saint-£vremond  ac- 
quired from  Gassendi  a  sceptical  habit  of 
mind  in  religious  nuitters,  and  a  resolve  to 
ffovem  his  £fe  with  an  exclusive  view  to 
Its  enjoyment.  Well  read  and  witty,  he 
was  favourably  noticed  by  the  young  Duo 
d'En^hien,  *  the  Grand  Cond^,*  who,  in  order 
to  eiyoy  his  society,  appointed  him  in  1642  to 
^e  lieutenancy  orhls  guards.  With  the  duke^ 
Saiiit-£vremond  fought  at  Kocroi  (1643), 
Friedburg  (1644),  and  Kordlingen  (1645), 
whare  he  was  dang^rouslv  wounded  in  the 
Imee.  Next  year  (1646)  he  followed  the 
duke  into  Flanders,  a^in  doine  good  ser- 
vice, and  was  commissioned  by  ^e  latter  to 
induce  Mazarin  to  sanction  the  siege' of  Dun- 
kirk, a  mission  in  which  he  succeeded  ex- 
oettently.  The  winter  of  1646-7  he  a^^aln 
spent  in  Paris,  mi^itig  in  the  most  brilliant 
adciety.  Alreadv,  some  three  years  before,  he 
bad  written,  or  helped  to  write,  a  clever  dra- 
inatic  satire  on  the  then  still  young  French 
academy  (La  Oyniidie  4^  AcadimvrUi),  and 
now,  1d47|  be  wrote  three  or  four  short 


essays  on  subjects  suggested  Vr  the  ccMaver* 
sation  of  the  saloni^  such  as '  That  the  man 
who  would  know  everything  does  not  know 
him«ftlf>'  These  assays  were  circulated  in 
manuscript  among  the  wita.  In  1647  Saint* 
£vTemona  &Uowed  Cond6  into  Galalonia; 
but  next  year  (1648),  after  aocompanying 
him  to  Flanders,  he  offended  his  oonunandar 
l^  a  satire,  and  was  cashiered. 

Dunnff  the  troubles  of  the  Fronde,  tha 
Due  de  jU»igueville,  a  leader  against  the 
court  in  Normandy,  vainly  offend  Saint- 
£vremond  the  command  of  the  artillery  ( 
and  Saint-£vremond  wrote  soon  after  a 
satirical  account  of  the  '  Ketreat  of  M.  la 
Due  de  LongueviUe  in  his  Government  of 
Normandy.'  The  piece  so  pleased  tfaiarin 
that  during  his  last  illness  he  invited  tha 
author  to  read  it  to  him  several  times.  On 
16  Sept.  1652,  while  the  civil  war  was  at  ita 
height,  the  kin^  appointjsd  Saint-fvxemond 
to  be  a  '  mar^duu  de  camp '  in  his  armies,* 
and  by  warrant  dated  tbe  foUowti^  day  gav« 
him  a  pension  of  three  thousand  livres«  Iik 
his  new  rank  he  served  under  the  Due  de 
Candale  in  Guienne  till  the  redufstion  ofi 
Bordeaux,  and,  with  the  help  of  Fouquet^ 
su^pleuiented  his  emolumenta  so  satimc* 
torily  as  to  bring  home  from  the  camnaipi 
fifty  thousand  fxancs,  which,  as  he  tola  Sil* 
vestre,  proved  '  of  great  use  to  him  during 
tbe  remainder  of  his  life,'  Soon  afterwards 
he  fell  into  t4)mporary  disgrace  for  some  unex- 
plained cause,  andr  was  confined  to  the  Basf- 
tille  for  two  or  three  months.  Masarin  made 
him  a  kind  of  apologv  on  his  release.  In 
the  next  year  (1654)  he  was  again  serving 
in  Flanoers,  ana  continued  his  active  mili- 
tary service  till  the  peace  with  Spain  in> 
1669. 

Meanwhile  his  fame  as  a  man  of  society 
had  spread.     The  time  was  one  of  easy 
morality,  when,  according  to  his  own  ai>* 
count,  '  delicate  vice  went  by  the  name  of 
pleasure.'    He  himself  was  not,  if  we  are  tO' 
believe  Des  Maizeaux,  greatly  addicted  to 
the  society  of  women ;  but  he  was  one  of  the 
first  lovers  of  the  famous  Ninon  de  Leneloe* 
named  by  him  '  the  modem  Leontium,'  and 
remained  in  affectionate  conespyndenoe  with 
her  till  the  end  of  their  long  hves.    He  had . 
a  wide  reputation  as  a  gastronome.    In  the 
autumn>oT  1659  he  accompanied  Masarin  on 
his  journey  south  to  conclude  thapeaea  of 
the  P)rrenees  with  Don  Louis  de  Hnro,  the . 
Sj^anish  minister.    Before  starting,  be  pro- 
mised the  Marquis  de  Cr^qui  to  give  him  ■ 
an  account  of  wnat  took  place.    The  peace 
was  very  unpopular  with  the  army>  and 
Saint-£vremona's  report   to   the  marquia , 
formed,  in  effect|  a  "very  able  and  bitt^ . 

bb2 


Saint-Evremond         ^n        Saint-EvrttiWnd 


attack  on  Maiutrin  and  hia  policy,  Irat 
it  waa  kept  secret  at  the  time.  Early  in 
1661.  he  formed  a  member  of  the  embasaaffe 
aant  to  England  to  congratulate  Charles  ll 
on  his  accession.  In  t^e  Augast  of  that 
year  Saint-Evremond,  befbre  proceeding  i^ith 
the  cottit  into  Brittany,  confided  some  of  his 
morelmpottant  papers,  and  amonf  them  the 
manuscript  of  his  report  for  the  Marauis  de 
Or6^ui  on  the  peace,  to  Madame  de  Plessis- 
Bellidre,  his  friend,  and  the  friend  of  Foaquet. 
After  Pouqiiet*^  fall  Madame  de  Plessis- 
Bellidre'a  house  was  searched,  and  the  letter 
on  the  peace  came  to  light.  Maaarin  had 
died  on  the  previous  9  March,  but  Colbert 
and  Le  Tellier,  making  a  shotr  of  respect 
for  his  memory,  placed  the  letter  in  the  king^s 
hands,  and  the  arrest  of  the  writer  was  de- 
creed. 8aint-£vremond  had  already  had  a 
taste  of  the  Bastille,  and  did  not  ciire  to  re- 
new the  experience.  He  lay  hid  for  some 
time  in  Normandy,  and  towards  the  'end  of 
1661  took  refuge  m  Holland,  bidding  a  final 
Id^well  to  France. 

The  letter  On  the  peace  was  tUe  ostensible 
cause  of  8aint-£vremond*s  downfall;  but 
Voltaire  says  expressly,  *The  Marquis  de 
Miremond,  his  friend,  told  me  in  London 
that  there  was  another  reason  for  his  dis- 
grace, and  that  Saint-£vremond  never  would 
explain  what  it  was.'  The  secret  has  been 
well  kept.  Possibly  his  satiric  gifts  of  pen 
and  tongue  had  rendered  him  obnoxious  to 
Golbett  and  Colbert's  master. 

Saint-£vremond,  according  to  Des  Mai- 
seaux,  *  had  too  many  friends  in  fihnriand  to 
remain  long  in  Holland.'  At  the^nglish 
court,  then  at  its  gayest,  he  found  a  society 
dififering  little  from  the  society  of  Paris,  and 
no  more  outwardly  decorous.  The  Dukes  of 
Buckingham  and  Ormonde,  the  Earls  of  St. 
Albans  and  Arlington,  were  among  his  best 
friends.  Almost  at  the  same  time  with  him- 
self Qrammont,  also  in  disgrace,  came  over 
from  France.  With  the  latter  Saint-£vre- 
mond  wa^  ob  the  best  possible  terms,  Gram- 
mont  being,  according  to  Hamilton,  Gram- 
mont'a  biographer,  s£iint-£vremond's  hero, 
whom  he  nevCikheless  constantly  exhorted 
to  greater  sobriety.  Saint-£vremond  was  a 
constant  g^uest  at  Grammont's  supper  parties. 
Saint><fevremond  was  also  on  excellent  terms 
with  Cowley,  with  Hobbes,  and  with  Waller, 
for  whom  he  entertained  a  great  admiration. 
English  he  seems  never  to  have  learned. 

£i  1664  8aint^£vremond  fell  ill,  and  went 
to  Holland  for  chang^  of  air.  He  remained 
in  the  Low  Countries  till  1670,  not  without 
hopes  of  being  allowed  to  return  to  France, 
mixing  with  the  best  Dutch  society,  mhd 
makii^  acqnainttooe  with  Bptnota.  In  April 


1670  it  was  intimated  to  him  by  Lord  Arling- 
ton, through  Sir  William  Temple,  then  am- 
bassador at  The  Hague,  that  his  return  to 
London  wa|u}d  be  favourably  jregtfded,  On 
his  acceding  to  this  request  Cbfurles  II  gave 
him  a  pension  of  300/.  a  vear^  which  keen- 
joyed  till  the  king's  death.  He  a6»nrards 
stood  well  with  Jameis  II  apd  with  Wil- 
liam ni,  who  showed  him  marked  fiavoUr. 

Towards  the  end  of  16|75  the  Du4shes$of 
Mazarin,  niece  of  the  ckrdmal^  came  to 
England  with  designs  on  the  king's  afljac- 
tions,  and,  to  counteract  the  iiifiuence  of  the 
Duchess  of  Portsmouth,  Saint-£vremond  at 
once  attached  himself  to  her  service.  He 
had  previously  elhorted  llfUe.  c(e  Keroualle 
not  to  turn  a  deaf  ear  to  the  royal  addresses. 
He  now  urged  Mme.  de  Maisarin,  whose  heart 
was  fickle,  not  to  neglect  her  golden  oppor* 
tttnities.  Until  her  death  on  2,  July  16d9  he 
remained  in  almost  daily  attendance  upon 
her,  whether  at  St.  James's  or  Windsor,  or 
at  her  houde  in  Chelsea.  Much  of  his  later 
prose  and  verse  was  composed  for  her  edifi- 
cation. . 

During  the  earlier  years  of  Saint-£vre- 
mond*s  exile  he  made  more  than  one  fruit- 
less effort  to  obtain  permission  to  return  to 
France.  In  1689  an  intimation  was  sent  to 
him  that  he  ihight  do  so ;  but  the  old  man 
answered  that  it  was  then  too  late,  and  that 
he  was  happy  where  he  was.  'In  the 
country  in  which  I  now  am,'  he  wrote  in 
1693,  *  I  see  Mme.  Mazarin  every  day ;  I  live 
among  people  who  are  sociable  and  friendlyt 
who  have  great  devemess  and  much  wit.' 
Nor  when  the  duchess  died  in  1699  could  he 
be  induced  to  stir.  After  her  death  he  fre- 
quented the  society  of  a  dubious  Marquise  de 
la  Perrine,  to  whom  he  left  a  legacy  of  60/. 
He  himself  died  on  20  Sept.  1703,  and  was 
buried  in  Westmiiister  Abbey.  '  Mr.  Saint- 
^^'remond,'  wrote  Atterliurv  {Qorr^pon' 
dence^  iii.  117), '  died  renounciQff  the  Chris- 
tian religion,  yet  the  church  of  Westminster 
thopght  fit,  in  honour  of  h^s  memory,  to  give 
his  bodv  room  in  the  abbev,  and  to  allow 
hiin  to  be  buried  there  gratis,  aa  fhr  as  the 
chanter  *wa$  concerned,  though  he  left  800/. 
sterlitig  behind  him,  which  ia  thought  every 
way  an  unaccountable  piece  of  manage- 
ment.  •  :  .  Dr.  Birch  proffered  to  be  at  the 
charge  of  the  funeral  on  the  account  of  the 
old  acquaintance  between  Saint-Evremond 
and  his  patron  Waller,  but  that  proffer  not 
being  accepted,  is  resolved  to  have  the  honour 
of  laying  a  marble  stone  Upon  hia  pnye* 
His  monument  ia  in  Poets'  Cfomer,  within  a 
few  feet  of  that  of  Chaucer. 

Saint-£vremond'8  literary  reputation  has 
undergone  some  vicissitudes.     I&  liia  Own 


Saint-Evremond         613 


St  Faiths 


time  it  stood  Terr  high— five  hundred  louU 
according  to  Voltaire  being  offered  for  the 
pUv  of  *  Sir  Politick  Would-be/  In  the 
eighteenth  century  his  fame  declined,  and 
Voltaue,  notwithstanding,  or  perhaps  be^ 
c^use  of,  a  sort  of  intellectual  filiation,  spoke 
of  him  with  uniform  disparfigement ; '  neves/ 
he  oaidf '  was  reputation  more  usurped,  than 
ilia*'  In  the  last  fifty  years  greater  justice 
]iadbeevi> rendered  him,  and  i%.hna  been  re- 
cqgnised  that  lie  was  in  certain  rospects  a 
i&t  contemporary  or  even  precursor  oi  Pascal, 
and  a  precursor  of  Voltaire,  and  that  a  fair 
propgition  of  his.  prose— not  his  verse — is,  to 
use  the^  Due  d'Aumale's  wprds,  '  exquisite 
and  delicate.' 

Ilia    medical   attendant,   Silvestre,    has 

fWen  this  portrait  of  him :  '  M.  de  Saint- 
^'remond  was  well  made.  As  he  had  in 
youth  taken  part  in  all  manly  e^cercise^i  he 
retained,  even  to  a  very  advanced  age,  a  na- 
tural and  easy  carriage.  His  eves  were  blue, 
keen,  and  full  of  fire,  his  face  bright  and  in- 
telligent, his  smile  somewhat  satirical.  In 
Toum  he  had  had  fine  black  hair,  but  though 
ut  bad  become  quite  white,  and  even  very 
sparse,  h^  never  would  wear  a  wig,  and  <»>nr 
tented  himself  with  wearing  a  skull-cap. 
More  than  twenty  years  before  his  death  a 
wen  developed  at  the  root  of  his  nose,  and 
grew  to  a  good  sice,  but  this  did  not  dis- 
figure him  Tery  much,  at  least  in  the  eyes  of 
those  who  saw  him  habitually.  His  con- 
versation was  gi^  and  easy,  his  repA^tees 
lively  and  incisive,  his  manners  good  and 
polite ;  in  a  word,  one  can  say  of  him  that  in 
all  things  he  showed  himself  to  be  a  man  of 
quality/ 

There  exist,  however,  hints  of  less  flatter- 
ing characteristics.  Christopher  Pitt  [q.  v.]^ 
in  a  '  Dialogue  between  a  Poet  and  his  $er- 
Tant,'  has  the  following  lines : 

Old  £vv«moiiid,  renowned  for  wit  and  dirt, 
"Wovld  change  his  living  oftener  than  his  shirt ; 
Soar  wilh  ^e  nkea  of  state  a  month ;  and  oome 
Toatarve  anotW  in  his  hole  at  home. 

A  portrait  of  Saint-l^vremond,  painted  by 
Pannentier  in  1701,  is  in  the  National  Por- 
trait Gallery*  An  engraving  of  it  is  ^iven 
in  the  first  volume  of  the  quarto  edition  of 
the  *  Works,'  Lopidon,  1705,  and  another  en- 
graved portrait  from  an  original  by  Kueller  is 
in  volume  iii.  of  the  edition  of  the  '  Works ' 
in  English,  1726  (London).  There  is  also  a 
bast  over  the  grave  in  Westminster  Abbey. 

All  his  worKs  were  composed  for  his  own 
pleasure,  or  the  pleasure  oi  his  firiends,  and 
drciUated  only,  so  fiiras  his  responsibility 
wraa  concerned,  in  manuscript.  They  are 
thua  mainly  of  an  occasional  aind,  and  con- 


sist of  poem9,'^chiefiy  of  an  amatory  kind; 
three  or  four  plays,  the '  Com6die  des  Acadfi- 
micietis^'  *  Sir  Politick  Would-be/  a  plaj*  *  iH 
la  maniere  angloise/  'Les  Op^ra;'  var^us 
essays,  dialogues,  dissertations,  and  reflee-. 
tions,  the  most  extended  being  'Sur  les 
divers  ironies  du  Peuple  Komain  dans  les 
divers  tems  de  la  l^Spublique/ an,d  a  'C9n- 
siderable  correspondence  with  Ninon,  de 
Lenclos,  the  Duchess  of  Mazarin,  and  others. 
Being  much  sought  i^ter,  and  haying  there- 
fore a  money  v^ue,  all  that  he  wrote  was* 
Eira.ted,  and  a  good  deal  was  aUnbuted  to 
im  of  which  he  was  not  the  author.  A 
pirated  selection  appeared  in  t^n  KngUsh 
translation  in  1700  (London,  2  volf,  Bvo). 
He  treated  such  piracies  with  characteristio 
indifierence  till  quite  the  end  of  his  life, 
when  Des  Maizeaux  induced  him  to  begin 
the  work  of  authentication.  Death  super- 
vened. But  Des  Maizeaux  and  Silvestre, 
with  such  notes  and  indication^  as  Saint- 
£vremond  had  left,  published  his  authentic 
works  in  1705,  in  London,  in  2  vols.  4to  (3rd 
edit.  1709).  Des  Maizeaux  ^Iso.  bro^ght  out 
at  Amsterdam  in  1706  a  collection  of  the 
works  attributed  to  Saint-£vremond,  under, 
the  title  of  '  Melange  curieux  des  meilleures 
pi^es  attributes  ii  M.  de  Saint-£vremond.' 
The  works  were  several  times  republished, 
the  edition  of  1763,  in  12  vols.,  containing 
much  that  he  confessedly  had  not  written. 
He  also  wrote  the  life  of  Kochester  prefixed 
to  his  '  Poems,'  1707. 

In  later  times  selections  from  Saint- 
£vremond's  works  have  been  edited  by 
Hippeau  (1852),  Giraud  (1865),  Gidel  (no  date, 
but  circa  1866),  Merlet  (1870),  Lescure  (1881), 
Mac6  (1894). 

[Tlie  chief  authority  about  Saint-Evremond  is 
Des  Maizeaux,  who  first  published,  in  1 705,  a 
memoir  with  Saint-Evremond's  collected  works ; 
it  was  several  times  reprinted.  To  it  should  be 
added  ihe  preface  of  P.  Silvestre  to  the  fifth 
edition  of  1739.  The  volumes  of  selections  nien- 
tioned  above  contain  biographical  sketches  more 
or  leSs  extended,  the  notice  by  Giraud  being 
specially  daborate)  but  unfortunately  only  carry- 
ing the  story  of  Saint-£fremond*s  life  to  the  date 
of  his  exile.  A  continuation  had  been  proiecied, 
but  was  appareatly  never  carried  qnt.  Sainte- 
Boure  wrote  two  papers  on  Saint-Evrtmond  in 
his  Gauseries  du  Lundi,  vol*  iv.,  and  Nouveaux 
Lundis,  voL  xiii.  See  also  Saintsbury's  Miscel- 
laneous Essays  and  Notes  am)  (faeries,  8th  ser. 
xi.  186.]  F.T.  M. 

ST.  FAITH'S,  JOHN  of  (<^.  135^),  theo- 
logical writer,  was  educated  at  the  Cannelite 
house  of  St.  ^aith,  near  Norwich,  and 
studied  at  Oxford.  He  was  made  governor 
oi  the  Gam^elites  of  Buznham  Norton,  Nor- 
folk, and  died  there,  18  J[)eo.  1359.     He 


Saint-George 


il4 


St.  Geergfe 


"wrote  Bumerous  commentaries  on  the  gospels, 
with  indices,  sixty-three  sermons,  a  con- 
cordance to  the  works  of  Thomas  Aquinas, 
on  ArisU>tle'8  '  De  Caelo  et  Mundo/  and  a 
*  Tabula  Juris/  Many  of  the  *  incipits  *  are 
given  by  Bale  and  Tanner,  but  the  works 
are  not  known  to  exist. 

Other  learned  Carmelites  educated  at 
St.  Faith*8  were  Bbnbdiot  op  St.  Faith's 
(Jl.  1400),  who  left  Norfolk  for  Italy,  was 
patronised  by  Cardinal  Qenricus  Minutulus, 
and  is  said  to  have  died  at  Naples. 

Pbtbb  of  St.  Faith's  (d,  1452),  prior  of 
St.  Faith's,  o^  noble  birth,  studied  at  Cam- 
bridge, and  became  a  master  in  theology. 
After  Hienry  Vs  victory  over  France  many 
Carmelites  went  to  Paris,  and  Peter  was 
ma^e  a  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne.  On  13  Sept. 
1428  he  was  present  at  a  diocesan  synod  at 
Norwich,  when  William  Whyte  was  charged 
•lirith  heresy  (Fasoic.  Zisan,  Rolls  Ser.  p. 
417).  In  1450  ho  was  presented  to  the 
rectory  of  Taverham,  Norfolk  (Blomefibli), 
Norfolk,  xi.  473).  He  died  at  Norwich, 
8  Nov.  1452.  He  wrote  commentaries  on 
St.  Peter's  Epistles,  capitular  sermons  on 
Peter  Lombara,  and  other  works  mentioned 
by  Tanner  but  not  known  to  be  extant. 

RoBBBT  OP  St.  Faith's  (rf.  1386)  was 
sent  by  Urban  YI  as  papal  nuncio  to  Spain 
and  England.  He  wrote  much  against  the 
schismatics,  but  the  names  of  his  works  are 
lost.    Ho  died  in  Spain  in  138C. 

William  or  St.  FaIth's  (d.  1372)  left 
Norwich  for  Cambridge,  where  he  became  a 
doctor  of  divinity.  He  died  in  1372,  and  was 
buried  at  St.  Faith's.  Bale  (vi.  45)  and 
Pits  (p.  510)  attribute  to  him  numerous 
theological  works,  none  of  which  aro  known 
to  be  extant. 

[Bale's  Scriptores ;  Tannor's  Bibliothoca,  b.v, 
'  Sanctofidensis ; '  Villiera  do  Saint^Etieane's 
Blbliotbeca  Carmelitana.]  H.  B. 

SAiNT-QEORGE,  Sib  HENRY  (1581- 
1644),  Gkurter  king-of-arms,  eldest  son  of  Sir 
Riehard  Saint^Qeorge  [q.  v.1,  bom  on  27  Jan. 
1581,  was  create  Kouge  Hose  pursuivant- 
extraordinary  in  May  1610;  bluemantle 
pursuivant-in-ordinary  on  23  Dec.  1611 ;  and 
Kichmotad  herald  on  22  March  1615-16.  In 
1634  he  was  one  of  the  learned  persons  re- 
commended by  Edmund  Bolton  [q.  v.Tto  be 
members  of  tne  projected  Academy  Koyal 
or  College  and  Senate  of  Honour.  In  1625 
he  and  William  Le  Neve,  York  herald,  were 
sent  to  France  by  Charles  I  to  conduct  the 
princess  Henrietta  Maria  to  England.  They 
performed  this  duty  so  much  to  the  satisfac- 
tion of  the  court  of  France  that  Louis  XTTI 
gavo  them  a  thousand  French  browns.    In 


1627  Saint-George  was  joined  in  a  com* 
mission  with  Lord  Spencer  and  Peter  Young 
to  present  the  insignia  of  the  order  of  the 
Garter  toGustavu8Adolphu8,kingo:*dweden^ 
who  conferred  u{>on  Saint-Gkiorge  the  honour 
of  knighthood  on  23  September  ((£btoalfb, 
Book  ofKnwkU^  p.  188 ;  Addit.  MS.  32102, 
f.  200  b).  He  was  created  Norroy  Iqng-of* 
arms  on  24  June  1685.  At  the  comments 
ment  of  the  civil  war  he  attended  the  royal 
standard  and  remained  with  the  king  at 
Oxford,  where  he  was  cremated  a  doctor  of 
medicine  9  Mav  1643  (Wood,  IhsH  Oxon. 
ed.  Bliss,  ii.  67).  He  was  advanced  to  the 
dignity  of  Garter  king-of-arm^  in  April  1644, 
in  succession  to  Sir  John  ]porouGph  rq.v.j 
He  died  in  Brasenose  College  on  5  Nov.  l644, 
and  was  buried  in  the  cathedral  of  Christ 
Church,  Oxford. 


lo^ue  of  the  Bukes,  Marquesses,  Earls, 
Viscounts,  Barons,  &c./  publtsned  by  Thomas 
Walkley,  London,  1658, 8vo. 

Of  the  heraldic  visitations  held  by  him 
the  following  have  been  printed :  Cornwall 
(1620),  edited  by  Lieut.4[)ol.  J.  L.  Vivian 
and  H.  H.  Drake,  1874 ;  Somerset  (1628), 
edited  bv  F.  T,  Colby  for  the  Harleian 
Society,  1876 ;  London  (1638^),  edited  by 
J.  J.  Howard  and  J.  L.  Chester  for  the 
Harleian  Society,  2  vols.  1880-83j  Wiltshire 
(1623),  edited  by  G.  W.  Marshall,  Exeter, 
1882, 8vo ;  and  Dorset  (1628),  edited  by  J.P. 
Rylands  for  the  Harleian  Society,  18€(5. 

Saint-George  married,  in  1614,  Mary, 
daughter  of  Sir  Thomas  Dayrell,  knight, 
of  Lillingston  Dayrell,  Buickinghamsnire* 
Among  his  children  was  Sib  Thohas  Saiitt- 
Geokge  (1616-1703),  who  became  Somerset 
herald  in  July  1660,  Norroy  king-of-arms  til 
January  1679-80,  and  Garter  king^f-^nna 
in  February  1685-6,  in  suocebston  to  Bog^ 
dale ; '  he  left  in  manuscrij^t  a  treatise  od 
'Titles  ofHonour,'printed  in  London,  1864% 
Another  son,  Sir  Henbt  SAjiriyGBOBOB  the 
younger  (1625-1715),  became  Richmond 
herald  on  18  June  1660,  Norroy  ktng-of- 
arms  on  27  April  1677,  Clarenceux  king-of- 
arms  on  25  Jan.  1678-9,  and  Gktrter  king-of- 
arms  on  26  April  1703 ;  and  Richard  Saint- 
George,  who  became  Ulst-er  king-of-arms. 

[An8tis*s  Older  of  the  Garter,  i.  403 ;  Fostpr's 
Alumni  Oxon.,  1500-1714,  iv.  1300;  Howard*^ 
Miscellnnea  Genealogica  et  Heraldica,  new  ser. 
iii.  79 ;  Noble's  College  of  Anns.]  T.  C. 

ST.  GEORGE,  Sir  JOHN  (1812-1891), 
genexul,  bom  on  18  Jan.  1812,  was  the  eldest 
son  of  Lieutehant'coloael  Joha  St.  Owtge  of 


St.  George 


6iS 


Saint-George 


Parkfield,  Birkenhead,  by  Frances,  daughter 
of  Archibald  Campbell,  M.D.  He  obtained 
a  cadetahxp  at  the  Boyal  Military  Academy, 
Woolwich,  in  1826,  and  was  commissioned 
afl  second  lieutenant  in  the  royal  artillery 
on  U9  May  1828.  He  became  first  lieutenant 
on  11  JvHj  1829,  captain  on  1  April  1841,  and 
lientenant-colonel  on  17  Feb.  18o4.  lie 
flerred  in  Canada,  the  West  Indies,  China, 
and  Ceylon,  and  was  for  two  years  (1844- 
1846)  instructor  iji  nractical  artillery  at  the 
Kojal  Military  Acaaemy. 

in  1855  he  was  ordered  to  the  Crimea. 
He  arrived  there  in  March,  and  on  4  Aug. 
he  succeeded  to  the  command  of  the  siega 
trun.  Sir  Kichard  Dacres^  in  his  report  of 
the  artillery  operations  which  preceded  the. 
iaM  of  Sebastopol,  said  that  he  had  received 
the  greatest  assistance  from  him  (LoTUhn 
GaxetU^  2  Nov.  1855).  He  was  made  brevet 
colonel  and  C.B.  on  4  Feb.  1856;  he  also 
received  the  Crimean  medal  with  one  clasp, 
the  Turkish  medal,  the  fourth  class  of  the 
Medjidie  and  of  the  Legion  of  Honour. 

He  commanded  the  royal  artillery  in  Malta 
for  two  y^re,  becoming  colonel  in  the  regi- 
ment on  29  Aug.  1857.  In  1859  he  was  mcde 
president  of  the  ordnance  select  committee, 
and  remained  so  till  December  1863,  when 
he  was  appointed  director  of  ordnance.  He 
held  the  latter  office  for  five  years,  and  he 
was  thus  for  nearly  ten  years  continuously 
at  headquarters,  in  positions  of  the  highest 
responsibility  at  the  moat  critical  period  in 
the  history  of  artillery.  He  became  major- 
seneral  on  30  Sept.  1865^  having  been  given 
^le  temporary  rank  previously  as  director  of 
ordnance. 

In  October  1868  he  went  to  St.  Petersbursr 
as  British  delegate  to  the  conference  hela 
there,  at  the  instance  of  the  Bussian  govern- 
ment on  the  subject  of  explosive  oullets, 
which  had  for  some  years  been  coming  into 
use.  The  result  was  the  declaration  of  1 1  Dec., 

a'  which  the  powers  represented  renounced 
em.  This  was  his  last  military  employ- 
ment. He  was  promoted  lieutenant-|[eneial 
on  29  March  1873,  and  general  on  1  Oct. 
1877,  and  was  nlaoed  on  the  retired  list  on 
lJalyl881.  lie  was  made  K.C.B.  on  2  June 
1869,  and  received  the  G.O.B.  on  25  May 
1889.  He  became  a  colonel-commandant 
K.A.  on  31  Jan.  1872,  and  in  1884  he  was 
appointed  to  the  honorary  ofiice  of  master* 
gunner  of  St.  James's  Park. 

He  took  an  active  interest  in  the  order  of 
the  Hospital  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem^  of 
which  the  English  lanffue  was  reorgamsed 
in  1831.  He  was  made  a  knisht  of  justice 
ik  1861,  and  was  chancellor  wnen  the  order 
jreceiyed  a  royal  charter  in  1888.   He  was 


also  a  member  of  the  order  of  the  friendly 
brothers  of  St.  Patrick. 

He  married,  on  15  Aug.  1860,  Elizabeth 
Marianne,  daughter  of  Thomas  Evans  of 
Ijyminster  House,  Arundel,  and  left  one  son. 
He  died  in  London  on  17  March  1891,  and 
was  buried  at  Brompton  cemetery. 

[Memoir  by  Golonel  Baltoii,  in  Proe.  of  R.  A. 
Institution,  vol.  xviii.;  ReiUy*s  Artillery  Opera- 
tions at  SebastopoL]  £.  M.  L. 

SAINT-GEORGE,  Sir  RICHABD  (ji. 
1635),  Clarenceux  kiii)|[-of-arms,  belonged  to 
an  ancient  family  which  traced  its  descent 
from  Baldwin  Saint-Geozge,  who  is  said  to 
have  fought  at  Hastings  under  the  banner 
of  Willi^  the  Conqueror.  He  was  the 
second  son  of  Thomas  Saint-George  of 
Hatley  Saint-Geoi]ze,  Cambridgeshire,  by 
Rose,  daughter  of  Thomas  Hutton  of  Dry 
Drayton  in  that  county.  He  was  appointed 
Berwick  pursuivant-extra  ordinary  m  1602 ; 
afterwards  he  held  for  a  brief  period  the 
ofiice  of  Windsor  herald,  and  in  1603  he 
was  created  Norroy  king-of-arms  in  succes- 
sion to  Sir  William  Segar  [d.  v.]  During 
his  tenure  of  the  latter  ofiice  ne  held  heral- 
dic visitations  in  the  counties  of  Derby, 
York,  Chester,  Lancaster,  Stafford,  Cumbor- 
land,  Durham,  Northumberland,  and  Westp-. 
morland.  He  was  knighted  at  Hampton 
Court,  28  Sept.  1616  (Mbtcaxfb,  Book  <^ 
EnighUy  p.  168 ;  Addit  MS,  32102,  f.  179  6). 
He  obtained  a  patent  on  17  Sept.  1623  for 
the  post  of  Clarenceux  king-of-arms,  and  was 
created  at  Arundel  House  on  23  Dec.  fol- 
lowing, in  succession  to  William  Camden 
[q.  V.  j  Subse(}uently  he  received  a  commis- 
sion, jointly  with  Sir  John  Borough,  Norroy 
king-of-arms,  to  institute  visitations  in  any 
part  of  England.  They  accordingly  visited, 
either  personally  or  by  deputies,  London, 
Sussex,  Bedfordshire,  Buckinghamshire,  Der- 
byshire, Essex,  Herefordshire,  Hertfordshire, 
Leicestershire,  Middlesex,  and  Rutland. 
Saint-George  died  on  17  May  1635,  and  was 
buried  in  thechancel  of  St.  Andrew's  Church, 
Holbom. 

He  married,  in  1575,  Elizabeth,  daughter 
of  Nicholas  Saint  John  of  Lidiard-Tregoz, 
ancestor  of  the  Viscounts  Saint  John  and 
Bolingbroke  [see  under  Saint-Johk,  Gijveb, 
firstEABL  OF  BoLuroBfiOKE].  By  her  he 
had  issue  William  and  John,  who  were  both 
slain  in  Lreland;  Sir  Henry  Saint-George 
[q.  v.],  Garter  king-of-arms;  and  Sir  George 
Saint-George,  who  settled  at  Carrick-Drum- 
rusk,  CO.  Leitrim. 

He  was  the  friend  and  companion  of  Sir 
Robert  Cotton,  Spelman,  Camden,  Weever, 
and  oUier  eminent  antiquaries.    His  '  Col* 


Saint-German 


6i6 


Saint-German 


lectanea  Historica  et  Genealogica/  written 
in  1600,  are  in  Addit.  MS.  10108,  and  three 
other  volumes  of  similar  collections  by  him 
are  in  the  Landsdo%vne  MSS.  861,  862,  863. 
He  also  compiled  *  Pedigrees,  Evidences,  and 
other  Matters  relating  to  Nottinghamshire ' 
(Lansdowne  MS.  871).  Transcripts  of  many 
of  the  visitations  held  by  him  are  also  in  the 
British  Museum,  and  the  following  have 
been  printed:  Durham  (1615),  printed  at 
Sunderland  [1816  ?]  ;  Westmoreland  (1616), 
London,  1863, 8vo ;  Lancashire  ( 1613),  edited 
by  F.  R.  Raines  for  the  Chetham  Society, 
1871 J  Cumberland  (1616),  edited  by  J. 
Fetherston  for  the  Harleian  Society,  1872 ; 
Yorkshire  (1012),  edited  by  Joseph  Foster, 
1875;  Northumberland  (1616),  edited  by 
aW.Marshall,Londor,1878,8vo;  Hertford- 
shire (1684),  edited  by  Walter  C.  Metcalfe 
for  the  Harleian  Society,  1886. 

In  the  British  Museum  there  is  a  copy  of 
Guillim's  *  Displajr  of  Heraldrie,'  1638,  with 
manuscript  additions  by  Saint  George. 

[Burke's  Landed  Gentry  (1868),  p.  1319; 
Howiird's  Mfscellanea  Qeneologica  et  Heraldica, 
new  ser.  iil  78 ;  Le  Neve's  Pedigrees  of  Knights, 
p.  223;  Noble's  College  of  Arms;  West's  ^m- 
boleography,  part  ii.  (1G27),  p.  334.]       T.  C. 

sahtt-qbrman,   Christopher 

(1460P-1640),  legal  writer  and  controver- 
sialist, born  about  1460,  was  son  of  Henry 
Saint-German,  knight,  and  his  wife  Anno, 
daughter  of  Thomas  Tindale.  He  was  born 
probably  about  1460  at  Shilton,  Warwick- 
shire; both  his  parents  are  buried  in  the 
church  there.  He  was  ed  ucated  at  Oxford,  as 
a  member,  it  is  said,  of  Exeter  Oolleffe.  He 
then  entered  the  Inner  Temple,  where  he 
studied  law  and  was  called  to  the  bar.  Ac- 
cording to  Wood  he  became  a  *  counsellor  of 
note,'  and  '  won  immortal  fame  among  the 
citizens  of  London.'  In  July  1534  some  of 
Orom well's  agents  requested  his  services  in 
legal  matters,  and  in  1536  the  northern 
rebels  mentioned  him  ^s  one  of  those  whose 
heresies  should  be  destroyed  (Letters  and 
Papers  of  Henrtf  VIII,  vii.  1008,  xi.  1246). 
But  as  a  rule  Saint-German  avoided  politics, 
and  confined  himself  to  legal  and  literary 
work,  and  to  the  collection  of  a  library 
which  exceeded  that  of  any  other  lawyer. 
He  died  an  octogenarian  in  September  1540, 
and  was  buried  near  Thomas  Lupset  [q.  v.] 
in  the  church  of  St.  Alphage-withtn-Cnpple- 
ffate,  in  which  parish  he  had  lived  during 
his  latter  years.  No  mention  of  wife  or  chil- 
dren appears  in  his  will  Tdated  10  July  1540 
and  proved  30  May  1/3 U) ;  but  the  confused 
wording  of  a  letter  to  Cromwell  (Letters 
and  PaperSf  xiv.  pt.  i.  No.  13W)  seems  to 


imply  that  he  was  twice  married  ^d  ha4 
tJburee  children.  By  his  will  he  desired  alms 
to  be  given  at  Shilton  till  1550,  ai>d  left 
other  sums  to  Lawford  and  Builton  in  War- 
wickshire. 

Li  religious  matters  Saint-German  was  a 
moderate  reformer.  Probably  in  1532  lie 
issued,  anonymously,  his  *  Treatise  concem- 
yn^  the  diuision  betwene  the  spiritualtie 
and  the  temporaltie'  (8vo,  Th.  Berthejet, 
n.d.)  This  work  is  very  rare,  but  conias  are' 
in  the  British  Museum  and  Huth  Libcaries. 
In  it  Saint-German  lays  the  blame  of  the 
division  on  the  clergy.  It  is  said  to  haya 
been  commended  to  Sir  Thomas  More  for  its 
moderation,  in  contrast  to  his  own  intem- 
perance of  language.  Early  in  1533  More 
made  a  vigorous  attack  upon  it  in  his '  Apo- 
logjr,'  referring  to  the  author  as '  the  pacifier.' 
This  provoked  a  reply  from  Saint-German 
entitled  *  A  Dialogue  betwixte  two  English- 
men, whereof  one  was  called  Salem  and  the 
other  Bizance'  (Th.  Berthelet,  1538,  8vo),. 
and  More  retoirted  in  the  same  year  with  his 
*  Debellacyon  of  Salem  and  Bizance,'  which 
ended  the  controversv.  Another  work  by 
Saint-German  of  a  similar  character — *  A 
Treatise  concemynge  the  power  of  the  clergye 
and  the  lawes  of  th^  realme ' — was  issued 
with  no  date  by  Thomas  Godfrey. 

Saint-German  is,  however,  chiefly  re- 
membered as  author  of  *  Doctor  and  Stu- 
dent,' a  handbook  for  legal  students,  which 
was  not  superseded  until  the  appearance  of 
Blackstone's  'Commentaries.'  This  work 
was  first  issued  by  Rastell  in  1533  in  Latin, 
under  the  title  'Dialogus  de  Fundament  is 
Legum  et  de  Conscientia.'  Herbert  pos- 
sessed a  copy,  but  none  is  now  known  to  bo 
extant.  Another  edition  was  published  by 
Rastell  in  1628  (Brit.  Mus.)  An  English 
translation,  entitled  '  A  Pyrste  Dialoge  in 
Englysshe,'  was  brought  out  in  1531  by 
Wyer,  and  a  *  Second  Dialo(^  in  Englysshe  *' 
was  published  by  Peter  Treyeris  in  1530. 
Both  these  were  printed  in  1552  *  with  new 
addycions '  by  Hedman.  Subsequent  editions 
were  numerous,  both  in  English  and  in 
Latin.  In  1604  Thomas  Wight  published  a 
Latin  edition,  with  Bale's  account  of  the 
author  and  his  will  prefixed.  A  <  complete, 
abridgement'  appeared  in  1630.  The  six- 
teenth edition,  enlarged,  was  published  in 
1761,  and  tho  last  appeared  at  Cincinnati  in 
1874.  Two  copies  of  a  '  replication '  to  the 
<  Doctor  and  Student '  are  extant  (in  Harl. 
MSS.  829  and  7371).  Bale  attributes  various 
other  works  to  Snint-Germain ;  but  some 
of  their  titles  are  variations  of  the  books 
already  noticed,  and  the  others  are  not  knowi^ 
to  be  extant. 


St-  Germans 


617 


St.  Joho 


[WoAs  in  Brit.  Hm.  Libr. ;  Gat.  Hath  Libr. ; 
Mmthnd'g  Cat.  Early  Printed  Books  at  Lam- 
beth; Ames's  Typogr.  Antiq.  ed.  Herbert,  i. 
sat,  and  Dibdin,  iii.  86-7,  191-2;  Haalitt'e 
OoU.  let  Mr.  p.  371;  Letters  and  Papers  of 
HeniT  VIII,  ed.  Brewer  and  Oalrdner;  Sir  T. 
Mcin>  ■  Apology  and  Debellaeyon  of  Salem  and 
Biauiee,  16S3 :  More's  Life  of  Sir  T.  More,  ed. 
Honteiv  pp.  339-9;  Hutton's  life  of  More, 
I89d,  pp.  329-6 ;  Bxile ;  Pits;  Tanner's Bibl.  pw 
313;  Wood's  Athenae  Oxon.  i.  120;  Dodd> 
Church  Hist.  i.  205;  Posters  Alumni  Oxon. 
150O-.1714;  Colyile's  Warwickshire  Worthies; 
Boase and Coortney'sBibl. Oomub. ;  Bhickstooe's 
liegal  Tracts,  1771.  p.  225;  Reere's  BuglishLaw, 
ir,  416;  Bridgman's  Legal  Bibllogr.  pp.  290-5; 
Marrin's  Le^  Bibl  p.  626.]  A.  P.  P. 

ST.  GERMANS,  third  Eabl  of  (1798- 
1877).    [See  Etior,  Edwaed  Gbaktille.] 

BT.  GILES,  JOHN  ow  {Jl.  1230),  Do- 
[SeeJoHK.] 


ST.    HELENS,   Babox.      [See    Fiiz- 

HESBBBT,  AlLL£XN£,  1753-I839.J 

ST.  JOHN,  BAYLE  (1822-1859),  author, 
second  son  of  James  Augustus  St.  John  [q.T.], 
and  brother  of  Horace  Stebbing  Roscoe  St. 
John  [q.  ▼.]  and  Pen^  Bolingbroke  St.  John 
[q.  y.t  was  bom  in  lientish  Town,  London, 
on  19  Au^.  1822.  He  accompanied  his 
father  on  nsita  to  France  and  Switzerland 
during  1829-84,  and  then  studied,  with  the 
intention  of  becoming  an  artist,  until  1839. 
When  scarcely  thirteen  he  sent  an  article 
to  a  monthlT  magazine  which  was  accep(:ed. 
For  a  long  time  he  was  employed  in  assisting 
his  fiither  in  his  work  on  tne '  History  of  the 
Manners  and  Customs  of  Ancient  Gbeece,' 
1842,  8  Tols.  At  the  same  time  he  con* 
tributed  regularly  to  the* '  Sunday  Times ' 
and  the  'Penny  Magazine,'  and  furnished 
occasional  articles  to  many  periodicals.  In 
1834  he  wrote  for '  Fraser's  Magazine/  be- 
sides some  poetrr,  a  series  of  articles  en- 
titled *  De  re  Veniculari,  or  a  Comic  His- 
tory^ of  Chariots,'  which  were  popularly 
attributed  to  Dr.  Maginn.  In  1845  he  pul)- 
lidied  a  novel  in  three  volumes  called  'The 
Eccentric  Lover.'  In  1843  he  helped  to 
form  ^e  Ethnological  Society,  and  con- 
tribnted  a  paper  on  the  Mongols  to  its 
'  Joiixnal '  (1848,  i.  86-102).  In  the  follow- 
ing  year  he  helped  to  establish  the  Syro- 
]|^yptian  Society.  As  a  contributor  to  the 
•Foreign  Quarterly  Review'  he  discussed 
the  pmitical  questions  of  the  day,  and  re- 
ceived the  thanks  of  the  London  Missionary 
Society  for  his  treatment  of  the  subject  of 
Tahiti  (October  1844,  pp.  165-94)  [see 
PstTCnABD,  Geobge],  In  1846  he  went  to 
£gypt|  where  he  studied  Arabic,  explored 


many  unknown  districts,  a^d  journeyed  to, 
the  oasis  of  Siwah^  in  order  to  study  the 
route  of  Alexander  the  Oreat.  No  En";- 
lishman  excepting  George  Browne  (1768- 
1818)  had  previously  crossed  that  dangerous 
desert.  St.  John  published  a  nafrauve  of 
the  expedition  in '  Adventures  in  the  Libyan 
Desert  and  the  Oases  of  Ammon,'  lo49, 
forming  a  volume  of  'Murray's  Home  and' 
Colonial  Library.'  This  work  was  made  the 
basis  of  '  Five  Views  in  the  Oasts  of  Siwah, 
accompanied  by  a  Map  of  the  Libyan  Desert,' 
1850.  In  June  1848  he  took  up  his  resir 
dence  in  Paris,  and  witnessed  the  coujp  dPitat 
of  2  Dec.  1851.  While  in  Paris  lie  wrote 
his  charming  'Two  Years'  Residence  in  a  Le- 
vantineFamily'  for  Chapman  and  Hall's  series 
of '  "Works  of  Fiction,'  1850— it  was  reissued 
in  1856 — and  he  began  contributinsr  to 
'Chambers's  Journal'  and  to  'Housenold 
Words.'  In  I80I  he  returned  to  Egypt  for 
another  year,  visiting  the  valley  of  the 
Cataracts,  and  collecting  materials  for  his 
*  Village  Life  in  Upper  Egypt,  with  Sketches 
of  the  Said,'  2  vols.  1852.  After  a  subse- 
quent visit  to  Italy  he  published  '  The  Sub- 
alpine  Kinj^dom,  or  Experiences  and  Studies 
in  Savoy,  Piedmont,  ana  Genoa,'  1856, 2  vols., 
a  work  containing  new  information,  de- 
rived from  unpublished  documeuts,  respect- 
ing the  life  of  Rousseau.  During  a  further 
residence  in  Paris,  where  he  acted  for  a  time 
as  correspondent  for  the  '  Daily  Telegraph,' 
he  projected,  but  did  not  live  to  write,  a 
'  History  of  the  Establishment  of  the  Empire 
in  France.'  He  died  at  13  Grove  End  Road, 
St.  John's  Wood,  London,  on  1  Aug.  1859. 
He  was  also  author  (among  other  works) 
of:  1. '  The  Fortunes  of  Francis  Croft,'  1852, 
anon.  2. '  The  Turks  in  Europe,  a  Sketch  of 
Manners  and  Politics  in  the  Ottoman  Em<- 
pire/ 1 853.  8,  *  Purple  Tints  of  Paris,  Charac- 
ter and  Manners  in  the  Kew  Empire,''  1854^ 
2  vols.  4,  '  The  Louvre,  or  Bioffraphjr  of  a 
Museum,' 1855.  5. '  Legends  of  the  Christian ' 
East.'  1856.  6.  •  Maretimo:  a  Story  of  Ad- 
venture,' 1856,  in  '  Select  Library  of  Fic- 
tion,' new  edit.  1884.  7.  'Moutaiffue  the 
Essaybt ;  a  Biography,'  1858,  2  vols.  He 
translated  '  Sketches  of  the  Hungarian  Eqii- 
gration  into  Turkey,  by  a  Honved,*  1853. 

[Men  of  the  Time,  1867,  pp.  666-7 ;  Qept. 
Majg.  September  1859,  p.  317 :  Sala's  Lifa  aod 
Adventures,  i.  397 ;  AthaDseom,  6  Aug.  1859,  p. 
177.]  O.  C.  B. . 

ST.  JOHN,  CHARLES  GEORGE  ^VII^ 
LIAM  (1809-1866),  sportsman  and  natu- 
ralist, was  foturth  son  of  General  the  Hon. 
Frederick  St.  John  (1765-1844),  second  son 
of  Frederick,  second  viscount  BoUngbroke, 


St.  John 


6i8 


Saint-Joliti 


Hifl  mother  was  Lady  Arabella,  daughter  of 
'Williami  sixth  earl  of  Craven.  Bom  at 
ChaiWy  Sussex,  on  3  Dec.  1809,  Charles 
St.  John  was  sent  in  due  time  to  Midhuist 
School.  The  characteristic  bent  of  his  mind 
showed  itself  at  school,  where  he  is  reported 
to  have  been  a  proficient  in  spinning  for 

fike  and  catching  eels  in  the  river  Arun. 
n  1828  he  was  appointed  to  a  clerkship  in 
the  treasury,  but  tne  regular  work  and  con- 
finement proved  irksome. 

He  left  the  treasury  when  his  unde,  Lord 
Bolingbroke,  lent  him  Rosehall,  a  shooting- 
box  in  Sutherland.  There  he  devoted  him- 
self to  the  study  of  animals  and  birds.  On 
20  Nov.  1834  he  married  Ann,  daughter  of 
T.  Gibson,  a  Newcastle  banker,  who  brought 
him  some  fortune,  and  much  sympathy  with 
sport  and  natural  history.  He  afterwards 
spent  much  time  in  Morav.  The  fine  moors 
of  Moray,  studded  with  lochs,  and  the  ad- 
joining seaboard  ffave  him  exceptional  op- 
portunities of  studying  seabirds. 

In  1844  some  remmiscences  by  St.  John 
of  his  sporting  experiences  were  incorporated 
by  his  friend  Cosmo  Innes  fq.  v.],  sheriff  of  the' 
county,  in  an  article  which  Innes  published 
in  the  *  Quarterly  Review '  (vol.  Ixxvii.)  St. 
John's  contributions  to  the  article  included 
the  story  of '  The  Muckle  Hart  of  Beumore,* 
which  charmed  Lockhart,  the  editor  of  the 
*  Quarterly/  Thenceforth  St.  John  made  care- 
ful and  regular  notes  of  all  he  saw.  In  1846 
he  issued  'Short  Sketches  of  the  Wild  Sports 
and  Natural  History  of  the  Highlands.'  The 
"^ork  was  recognised  as  that  of  an  accurate 
observer  and  a  writer  of  talent.  Other 
sporting  books  followed ;  but  on  6  Dep.  1853, 
when  starting  on  a  shooting  expedition  to 
Pluscardine,  he  was  struck  with  paralysis. 
He  was  moved  to  the  south  of  England,  but 
never  rallied,  and  died  on  12  July  1850  at 
"Woolston.  He  was  buried  in  Southampton 
cemetery.  The  skull  of  a  favourite  retriever 
T^as  buried  with  him. 

A<  a  sportsman  St.  John  was  keen  and 
perisevering,  but  took  more  delight  in  seeing 
his  dogs  work  and  in  rambling  over  the 
hills  and  moors,  taking  his  chance  of  finding 
varied  game,  than  in  securing  large  bags  oi 
partridges  and  pheasants.  He  was  unrivalled 
as  a  field  naturalist,'never  accepting  facts  on 
hearsay.  With  the  birds  of  Scotland  he 
was  especially  familiar.  Possessed  of  coh- 
sideiteble  skill  as  a  draughtsman,  he  dtew 
and. painted  his  specimens,  and  some  of  his 
boolu  were  illustrated  by  himself.  His 
works  preserve  the  memory  of  many  curious 
birds  and  animals  which  are  now  scarcer 
than  tkey  were  in  his  days,  and  may  become 
extinct.    His  style  is  clear  and  direct^  and 


the  genuine  appreciation  of  scenery  is  a|^aF« 
tent  beneath  the  sober  details  in  which  the 
books  abound.  His  writings  have  sent 
multitudes  of  lovers  of  nature  and  spdrt  to 
the  livers  and  moors  of  the  north. 

St.  John  left  three  sons  and  one  dangfateri 
who  are  stilt  living.  His  sons  include 
Colonel  Frederick  Charles  St.  John  (6. 1836), 
of  the  Madrais  staff  corps,  and  Rear-admiral 
Henry  Craven  St.  John  (6, 1837). 

Besides '  Short  Sketches  of  the  Wild  Sports 
and  Natural  History  of  the  Highlands,' 
1846,  the  ninth  edition  of  which  contains 
the  author's  notes  and  a  life  by  the  present 
writer  (1803),  St.  John  published :  1.  *  A 
Tour  in  Sutherlandshire ;  with  Extracts 
ftom  the  Field  Books  of  a  Sportsman  and  a 
Naturalist/  2  vols.,  1849;  2nd  edition  in 
2  vols.,  1884,  with  an  appendix  oil  the  filuna 
of  Sutherland  by  J.  A.  Uatvie-Brown  and 
T.  E.  Buckley,  and  'KecoUections  of  the 
Author,*  by  his  son.  2.  '  Natural  History 
and  Sport  in  Moray,'  with  a  memoir  by 
Mr.  C.  Innes,  1863 ;  reissued  with  plates  in 
1882. 

[St.  John's  books ;  Burke's  Peeiiage ;  private 
information.]  M.  Q-.  W. 

SAINT-JOHN,  HENRY,  Viscoimx  Bo- 
LUfG3R0K£  (1678-1751),  Statesman,  baptised 
at  Battersea  on  10  Oct.  1678,  was  the  only 
son  of  Sir  Henry  St.  John,  by  his  wife.  Lady 
Mazy,  second  daughter  of  Kobert  Rich,  se- 
cona  earl  of  Warwick  t^v-1  Tlie  elder 
Henry  was  the  son  of  Sir  Walter  St.  John, 
third  baronet*  Three  of  Sir  Walter's  eldor 
brothers  fell  on  the  king's  side  in  the  civil 
war ;  and  ho  inherited  the  baronetcy  and 
manors  of  Battersea  and  Wandsworth  on  the 
death  of  a  nephew.  He  married  Johanna, 
daughter  of  Sir  Oliver  St.  John  [q.  v.],  chief 
justice  under  Cromwell  (for  genealogy  see 
Collinses  Peerage,  ed.  Brydges,  vi.  53 ;  cf. 
G.E.C.'8  Peerage^  i.  368).  Sir  Walter  and  hi* 
son  Henry  lived  together  in  the  manor-house 
at  Battersea,  where  Sir  Walter  died  on  3  July 
1 708  at  the  age  of  eighty-seven.  Sic  Walter 
repaired  the  churph  and  founded  a  charity 
school.  Simon  Patrick  (1620-1707)  [q.  "f^ 
was  for  a  time  his  chaplson ;  Daniel  Burgesa 
[q^.  v.],  the  presbyterian  divine,  was  intimate 
with  the  familv,  and  the  younger  Henry 
complained  to  Swift  (28  July  1721)  of  having* 
been  so  bored  in  his  infancy  oy  the  sermons  of 
Dr.  Thomas  Manton  [q.  v.j,  another  presby- 
terian divine,  as  to  be  ready  to  beoome  a  hig^ 
churchman  (cf.  first  essay  addressed  to  Pope). 
Henry,  the  son  of  Sir  Walter,  was  a  dissipated 
man  about  town,  who  got  into  trouble  for 
killing  Sir  William  Estcourt  in  a  brawl  ia 
1684,  and  is  said  by  Burnet  i^Owik  Twidf  ii. 


Saidt-John 


619 


Saint-John 


444)  to  hxLve  bad  to  pay  Charles  II  and  two 
Udiea  16,0001.  for  a  pardon. 

The  younger  Benry  was  sent  to  Eton,  and 
Afterwards,  it  has  been  said,  to  Christ  Chnrch. 
Ko  record,  however,  appears  at  Christ 
CHiardi,  and  the  repott  may  be  due,  as  Mr, 
C^urton  Collins  suggests,  to  the  honorary 
degree  conferred  upon  him  at  Oxford  in  1702. 
He  soon  became  conspicuous  for  such  quali- 
ties as  are  typified  by  the  heroes  of  Con* 
grere's  comedies.  Re  was  a  hard  diinker, 
and  lived,  says  Goldsmith,  with  Miss  Gum- 
ley,  'ihe  most  expensire  demirep  of  the 
kingdom.'  (The  Miss  €himley  i^ho  married 
Pultenejr  in  1714  has  been  confounded  with 
tliis  woman ;  see  N0U9  and  Queries,  9rd  ser. 
ii.  401,  X.  808,  where  a  coarse  caricature  of 
6t.  Johtf  and  his  mistress  is  described). 
Goldsmith  heard  from  an  eye-witness  that  he 
had  'run  naked  through  the  nark  in  a  fit  of 
intoxication.'  He  showed  nis  pretensions 
to  be  a  wit  by  a  copy  of  verses  prefixed  to 
Dryden's  translation  of  Virgil  (these  were 
afterwards  prefixed,  with  some  alterations,  to 
the  Chef^Timivre  d'un  Incannu  (1714),  by 
Saint^Hyacinthe).  During  1696  and  1609  St. 
John  travelled  on  the  contment,  and  there  ao- 
0[uired  a  remarkably  accurate  knowledge  of 
French.  After  his  return  he  wrote  an  ode 
called  '  Almahide^ — a  remonstrance  to  one  of 
his  mistresses  upon  her  infidelity  (printed 
in  Whartaniana,  1727.  ii.  166 ;  see  also  Wal- 
polb's  Royai  and  Nome  Authors^  where  are 
also  mentioned  one  or  two  other  trifles). 
In  1700  he  married  Frances,  daughter  of 
Sir  Henry  "Winchcombe,  a  rich  country 
gentleman  of  Bucklebury,  Berkshire,  and  a 
descendant  of  *  Jack  of  Newbury.'  His  father 
and  grandi^her  settled  fiimily  estates  upon 
him  in  Wiltshire,  Surrey,  and  Middlesex ; 
and  his  wife  brought  him  a  foi^tune.  Mar- 
riage did  not  improve  his  morals,  and  Mrs. 
St.  John  had  many  causes  of  complaint. 

8t^  John  was  elected  to  William's  last 
parliament  for  the  family  borough  of  Woot- 
ton-Bassett  in  Wiltshire.  His  grandfather 
and  father  had  sat  both  for  this  Ix^rough  and 
county.  Harlev  was  elected  speaker  upon 
^e  opening  of  the  session  in  February  1700- 
1701,  and  St.  John  became  his  warm  sup- 
porter. Harley,  like  8t.  John,  had  been 
hroni^ht  up  under  presbyterian  influences, 
and  had  taken  the  tory  side.  St.  John  at 
onoe  made  his  maiAc  as  i&  speaker.  In  one 
of  his  eariy  efforts  he  was  answered  by  his 
£tcmsohoolfellow,  Robert  Walpole.  Waipole 
fiiiled,  while  St.  John  mode  a  brilliant  sue- 
eees ;  though,  according  to  Coxe,  an  intelli- 
gent observer  prophesied  Walpole's  success, 
and  said  that  the  'spruce  gentleman  who  had 
mude  the  set  speech  would  never  improve.' 


St.  John  was  appointed  in  Mily  1701  to  pr^ 
pare  and  bring  in  the  bill  for  tne  security  of 
the  protestant  succession.  He  supported  thd 
impeachment  of  the  whig  lords  for  their 
share  in  the  partition  treaties,  a  questioi 
upon  which  he  afterwards  admitted  nimsel 
to  have  been  wrong  {Eighth  Letter  on  Stud\ 
^f  History).  In  the  new  p^liament  whid 
met  in  Dtecember  1701,  St.  John  agaik  sat 
for  Wootton-Bassett.  He  was  afterwards 
accused  of  having  joined  the  opposition  of 
the  tories  to  the  bill  imposingan  oath  of  aV 
juration  of  the  pretender.  He  explains  th^* 
Vote  which  he  gave  upon  different  grounds: 
in  his  *  Final  Answer '  to  the  attacks  on  the 
'  Craftsman.'  In  any  case,  he  became  dis-s 
tinguished  on  the  tory  side.  The  parHameiil! 
was  dissolved  after  the  deat|i  ot  William^ 
and  soon  afterwards  St.  John,  with  other  tory. 
leaders,  received  a  doctor^s  degree  at  Oxfqrd. 
In  the  next  session  St.  John  took  a  con- 
spicuous part  in  supporting  the  bill  against 
occasional  conformity.  B%  was  one  of  th4 
managers  for  the  commons  in  a  conference 
with  the  lords  on  16  Jan.  1702-3.  He  wa^ 
also  one  of  the.  commisisioners  appointed  by 
the  tories  who  reported  against  tne  Earl  0^ 
Ranelagh,  formeriy  pavmaster  of  the  army^ 
The  report  was  made  the  foundatioti  of 
attack  upon  Halifax  for  his    conduct 


an 


as   auditor    of  the    exchequer  [see  under 

MONTAOTT,    OhAHISS,    EaBX.    OTf    ttAtM-AX]. 

The  lords  passed  a  vote  in  favour  of  HaltfiEuc, 
and  a  sharp  contest,  between  the  housed 
took  place,  which  was  ended  by  a  prort>- 
gation.  In  the  next  session  (1708-4)  St. 
John  again  supported  the  bill  against  occar 
sional  conformity,  and  took  a  ^a(£ng  part 
in  another  quarrel  with  the  lords,  as  totn^r 
right  <ff  exatnining  witnesses  to  the  '  Scot- 
tish plot.'  He  presented  the  report  of  vu 
committee  on  the  subject,  which  was  an- 
swered by  tbe  lords  in  papers  drawn  np  by 
Somers.  He  also  took  the  side  of  the  com- 
mons in  the  i^ouScaSe  of  Ashby  v.  White.  ' 
At  the  end  of  this  setoion  (April  1704)* 
the  Earl  of  Nottingham  resigned,  and  Wa.^ 
succ^ded  by  Harley,  a  step  which  mairked 
the  gradual  divergence  of  tne  Marlborough' 
and  Godolphin  from  the  extreme  tory  party. 
St.  John  became  secretary  at  war  at  the 
same  time,  whether  fk>m  his  connectioh  with 
Harley  or  through  the  faVt)ur  of  Marlborough. 
MarlborOugfi  oertaiiily  expressed  gt%at  6oh-' 
fidence  in  St.  John,  and  in  1707  took  pains  to' 
increase  his  'poundage  *  (CotB,  Marlborot^fi, 
1818,  i.  282,  ii.  270 )  Frivate  Correspondeheecf 
the  Duchess  of  Marlhoronyh,  ii.  202  n.)  St. 
John's  ofllce  brought  him  into  dose  relations 
with  the  commander-in-chief,  and  he  of  course 
accepted  the  government  policy  for  the  tiiiie. 


Saint-John 


620 


Saintrjohn 


Be  voted  with  Harley  against  the  proposal 
(Tor  the  *  tacking '  the  Occasional  Conformit'T 
Bill  to  the  Land*ta^  Bill  in  Novomber  170l. 

In  the  new  parliament  o£  1705  St.  John 
again  aat  for  Wootton  Bassett.  During  the 
following  period  he  appears  to  have  conducted 
his  business  in  parliament  with  general  ap* 
plause,  and  to  nave  i^mained  on  intimate 
terms  with  Marlborough,  whose  specfal  fa- 
vourite he  was  geiierallj  supposed  to  be. 
Marlborough  (see  5{ACPHEBS0N,ii.  532),afler 
the  death  of  his  son  in  1703,  is  said  to  have 
transferred  his  paternal  affection  to  St. 
John.  Meanwhile  Harley  was  beginning  to 
intrigue  against  the  whigs.  Godolphin  was 
becoming  suspicious  of  St.  John  as  well  as 
Harley.  St.  John  does  not  appear  to  have 
taken  any  important  part  in  the  private 
manoeuvres.  He  belonged,  however,  to  Har- 
ley's  party  in  the  government.  Marl,borough 
and  Godolphin  were  relying  more  and  more 
upon  the  support  of  the  wnigs;  and  when 
Harley  was.  forced  to  leave  ofEco  (1 1  Feb. 
1707-8),  St.  John  retired  with  him,  and  was 
succeeded  by  Robert  Walpole. 

Parliament  was  dissolved  in  April  1708, 
and  St.  John  did  not  sit  in  the  next  session. 
He  retired  to  Buckleburv,  which  was  now 
his  wife's  property,  her  father  having  died 
the  year  before.  He  wrote  a  warm  compli- 
mentary letter  to  Marlborough  upon  the  vic- 
tory of  Oudenarde  firom  Battersea,  where 
his  grandfather  had  j  ust  died.  He  professed 
to  retire  to  philosQphy  and  reception,  thoueh 
some  verses  given  to  him  by  a  friend  at  the 
time  imply  that  he  was  still  as  much  of  a 
rake  as  ever  (Jowital  to  Stella,  1^  Jan. 
1710-11).  St.  John,  however,  seems  to  have 
read  a  good  deal,  especially  in  history,  though 
he  could  not  resign  himself  to  be  a  mere 
student.  He  had  Kept  up  his  relations  with 
Harley,  and  when  the  revolution  in  the  cabinet 
took  place  in  the  autumn  of  1 710,  he  became 
secretarv  of  state,  T^hile  Harljey  became 
chancellor  of  the  exchequer.  Haney,  how- 
ever, had  desired  at  i^rst  to  place  St.  John  in 
a  8u.bordinate  office,  a  fact  waich  St.  John  did 
not  forget  (BoUngbroke  (hrren,  i.  132).  Lord 
Dartmouth  was  St.  John's  colleague ;  but  St. 
John  took  the  lead,  and  was  entrusted  with 
theforeign  negotiations.  He  sat  in  the  parlia- 
ment that  followi^  aj9  member  for  Berkshire. 

Although  petty  backstairs  intrigues  had 
led  to  the  fall  of  the  whigs,  the  nc^w  go- 
vernment was  supported  by  thf»  great  change 
of  public  opinion.  Peace  was  clearly  desi- 
rable, if  not  absolutely  necessary.  The  coun- 
try was  becoming  sick  of  the  war,  jealous  of 
its  allies,  suspicious  of  the  motives  of  the 
^overnmei^t  for  refusing  terms  of  peace,  and 
irritated  by  the  attack  upon  Sacheverelh 


Harley  and  St.  John  appeiured  to  be  bound  hj 
the  closest  friendship  (see  Switt,  Behaviour 
of  the  MinUtersjt  and  their  chief  difficulty 
at  first  was  in  the  excessive  zeal  of  their 
supporters,  who  formed  the  '  October  Club/ 
St.  John  gave  assurances  to  the  Dutch  of 
continued  fidelity  to  the  aiUiance.  The 
*  Examiner '  l^ad  been  started  in  August  in 
the  interest  of  the  tory  party,  and  the  tenth 
number,  attacking  the  conduct  of  the  war, 
was  at  once  attributed  to  St.  John,  and 
served  as  a  manifesto  of  the  new  policy. 
When  Marlborough  reached  England  at  tlio 
end  of  1710,  St.  John  gave  him  a  lecture 
upon  the  necessity  of  returning  to  his  old 
friends  {Corresp*  i.  78).  Althoufrh  the 
duchess  was  dismissed  from  her  ofhoe,  the 
duke  was  persuaded  to  continue  in  command 
of  the  military  operations.  During  the  fol- 
lowing session  the  commons,  under  St.  John's 
management,  voted  various  party  addresses : 
they  passed  the  act  rei^uiring  that  niembers 
should  possess  a  certain  income  irom  landed 
property ;  voted  a  sum  fpr  building  fifty  new 
churches  in  London ;  and  publish^  a  report 
stating  that  thirty- five  millions  of  money 
had  been  spent  without  being  sufficiently 
accounted  for.  The  murderous  attack  upon 
Harley  by  Guiscard  [see  under  IIaelet^ 
RoB£BT,  1661-1724],  on  8  March  1711,made 
the  victim,  popular  as  a  martyr.  Guiscard  had 
been  the  companion  of  some  of  St.  John's  dis- 
reputable excesses,  and  had  at  first  intended 
to  stab  St.  Jphn  in  revenge  for  his  arrest. 
Harley  got  the  wound  and  the  credit  hj  ac- 
cident, and  this  appears  to  have  stimulated 
their  latent  jealousy.  Harley's  elevation-  to 
the  peerage,  on  23  May,  left  to  St»  John  the 
management  of  the  Ilouse  of  Commons: 
thou£^  ^arley  became  lord  treasurer,  and 
still  supposed  to  hav^  the  supreme 


was 


power.  St.  John,  in  the  summer,  was  re- 
sponsible for  the  expedition  to  Canada,  of 
which  he  boasts  that  he  was  the  sole  de- 
signer (Corregp,  i.  264).  The  toiy  pplicy 
at  the  time  was  in  fiivour  of  diverting  Eng- 
lish enterprise  from  the  oontinental  war, 
which,  as  they  held,  was  chiefly  profitable  to 
the  Dutch  and  ouj*  other  allies.  The  £ulure 
of  the  expedition  was  no  doubt  insured  by 
the  military  command  b^ing  entrusted  to 
John  Hill  W«  1732  .P^  [q.  v.],  whose  merit 
was  that  he  was  brother  of  Liadv  Masham. 

Meanwhile  negotiatiojas  had  been  started 
with  the  F];ench  government  tlmugh  the 
Abb^Gaultter,  who  had  long  been  in  England 
as  chaplain  to  lereign  minis&rs.  He  was  sent 
to  France  about  the  end  of  1710  by  the  minir 
stry.  According  to  Swid  (^ItaH Fottr  Year9\ 
Gaultierhad  been  previously  instrueted  by 
the  French  court.    The  pap^  collected  by 


I 


Saint-John 


621 


Saint-John 


"Mackintosli  show  that,  tliis  was  actually  the 
caae,  although  T0M7  in  his  '  Memoirs '  gives 
an  apparently  inconsistent  account.  After 
some  communications  had  passed,  Gaultier 
came  to  Lohdon  with  definite  proposals  for 
a  separate  n^otiation,  dat^d  22  April  1711. 
St.  John  informed  the  Dutch  pensionary  of 
the  proposals,  with  assurances  tnat  he  would 
act  in  concert  with  the  states.  On  1  July 
IMor  was  sent  with  Gaultier  to  Paris,  with 
definite  propositions,  and  returned  in  August 
with  Gaultier  and  with  M.  Mesnager,  who 
had  powers  to  treat  with  England  or  her 
allies.  At  the  reouest  of  St.  John,  however, 
he  was  instructed  to  tteat  separately  with 
the  English.  A.lthougli  the  Duke  of  Shrews- 
bury, as  l6rd  chamberlain  {Corrup,  1.  8^), 
expressed  alarm  at  the  probable  jealousy  of 
the  allies,  the  difiiculties  were  overcome,  and 
preliminaries  of  peace  were  finally  signed  on 
27  Sept.  Those  relating  to  the  Efnglish  Inte- 
rests were  kept  secret;  while  more  general 
articles  were  signed  at  the  same  time  for  com- 
munication to  the  allies.  The  English  mini- 
sters were  anxious  for  secrecy,  in  order,  as 
Torcy  observes  (ToBCY,  p.  36),  that  the  Dutch 
might  not  be  aware  of  the  advantages  to  be 
obtained  for  English  commerce.  The  Eng- 
lish ambassador,  Thomas  Wentworth  (Lora 
Strafibrd)  [q.  v.],  was  instructed  on  1  Oct* 
to  propose  to  ihe  Dutch  to  join  a  conference 
for  a  peace  based  upon  these  preliminaries. 
The  allies  were  naturally  alarmed  at  the 
separate  understanding  with  France.  BuySy 
the  pensionary  of  Amsterdam,  was  sent  to 
ask  lot  explanations.  Count  Gallas,  who  re- 
presented the  emperor  at  London,  complained 
loudly,  publishea  the  copy  of  the  preliminary 
articles  which  had  been  communicated  to 
him,  and  was  forbidden  the  court  (Corresp, 
u  449).  Marlborough  and  Godolpnin  were 
indignant;  aiid  the  whigs  arranged  that 
Prince  Eugene  should  come  to  England. 
St.  John  retorted  by  coniplaining  that  Eng- 
land had  taken  an  exciessive  snare  of  the 
burdens  of  the  war,  and  intimated  that  un<* 
less  the  Dutch  agreed  tp  the  conferences, 
she  would  cease  to  take  the  same  part  in  the 
operations.  The  allies  finally  consented  to 
the  meeting  of  the  congress  at  Utriecht  on 
1  Jan.  17lf-12  fcf.  RobiKson,  Johx  (1660- 
1723)].  The  wtiigs  were  furious,  and  a 
fierce  paper  war  was  raging^  St.  John 
boasted  to  the  queen  that  he  had  seized  thir-* 
teen  libellers,  and  was  at  the  same  time  in- 
spiring Swift  to  write  his '  Ck>nduct  of  the 
Allies.'  When  parliament  met  on  7  Dec.,  a 
motion  was  carried  by  the  lords  condemning 
any  peace  which  should  leave  Spain  and  the 
'West  Ibdies  to  tha  house  of  Bourbon.  Hie 
preliniitiaries  had  stipulated  that  the  crowna 


of  France  and  Spain  should  not  be  united 
upon  one  head,  which  was  understood  t6 
imply  the  abandonment  of  all  attempts  to 
expel  Philip  ifrom  Spain.  The  English  mi- 
nistry had,  m  fact,  made  np  their  minds  to 
this  practically  inevitabld  condition;  and 
they  met  the  vote  of  the  lords  hj  the  creation 
of  twelve  peers  and  the  dismissal  of  Marl- 
borough. A  promise  was  made  to  St.  John  of 
a  peerage  at  the  end  of  the  session,  though 
he  could  not  be  as  yet  spared  from  the  com* 
mons  (Journal  to  Stella,  29  Dec.  1711). 

Durmg  the  following  session  attacks  upoik 
the  corruption  of  the  previous  ministry  were 
carried  on,  and  npon  one  charge  Walpole 
was  expelled  and  committed  to  the  Tower 
(17  Jan.  1711-12).  A  *  Representation  of 
the  State  of  the  Natioii,'  drawn  up  by  Sir  J. 
Hanmer  with  the  help  of  St.  John  and  Swift, 
was  presented  to  the  qUeen  on  4  March,  at- 
tacking the  *  Barrier  Treaty,'  ttiid  arguing 
elaborately  that  we  paid  most  of  the  ex- 
penses wmle  our  allies  were  getting  the  chief 
benefits  of  the  war.  This  view  was  best 
represented  by  Arbuthnot,  another  'club' 
fnend  of  St.  John,  in  his  *  History  of  John 
Bull '  (1712).  Meanwhile,  the  full  Explana- 
tion of  the  French  proposals  in  Februaiy,  at 
Utrecht,  had  a||^ain  roused  the  indication  of 
the  allies ;  "^hile  the  English  mimstiy  were 
still  communicating  on  friendly  and  confi- 
dential terms  with  tne  enemy.  The  death  of 
the  dauphin  (14  April  1711)  and  of  his  eldest 
son  (18  Feb.  1712)  produced  new  difficulties. 
If  the  infant  prince  (afterwards  Louis  XV) 
should  die,  the  king  of  Spain  would  become 
heir  to  the  French  throne.  St.  John  pro-^ 
posed  to  the  French  that  Philip  should  r^ 
niounce  his  right  to  succeed ;  to  which  the 
French  minister  replied  that,  as  tlie  king 
ruled  by  divine  right,  any  renunciation  would 
'  be  invalid.  After  some  correspondence  St. 
John  (29  April)  proposed  an  altemattve 
scheme;  and  Torcy  finally  replied  (18  May) 
that  one  of  the  two  schemes  should  he 
adopted.  The  king  of  Spain  was  to  decide 
which  course  he  woiild  take;  and,  mean- 
while, he  suggested,  it  would  be  very  sad 
if  any  event  should  happen  to  destroy  the 

food  feeling.  St.  John  was  satisfied,  and  on 
0  May,  the  day  after  receiving  the  despatch^ 
wrote  to  Ormonde,  who  had  succeeaed  to 
Marlborough's  command,  telling  him  not  to 
engage  in  any  battle.  Ormonde  was  directed 
to  keep  these  orders  secret  from  the  allies, 
and  was  told  at  the  same  time  that  the  order 
had  been  communicated  to  the  French  court 
(Corresp,  ii.  817,  &c.)  St.  John  told  Prior 
afterwards  that  he  believed  that  this  order 
had  saved  the  French -army  (1I&.  iii.  78).  The 
i^nch,  by  way  bf  security,  agreed  to  put 


Saint-John 


^2n 


Saint-John 


Punkirk  in  possession  of  the  Englisli  until 
the  peace,  and  Ormonde  also  took  possession 
pf  Cfnent.  The  allies  had  protest^  in  vain 
llgainst  the  desertion  of  the  English.  The 
jjutch,  as  St.  John  put  it  (20  .nine), '  kick 
fmd  flounce  like  wild  heasts  caught  In  a  toil; 
vet  the  cords  are  too  strong  for  them  to 
Dreak'  (^ComTmttee  of  Secrecy) ;  and,  although 
f;he  foreign  forces  under  ImglisU  orders  ae- 
olined  to  abandon  their  alliesi  they  were  told 
that  they  were  no  longjer  to  receive  pay  from 
the  English.  Upan  tne  French  yictoir  at 
Penain  (24  July  N,  S.)  Torcy  congratulated 
the  English  minister  upon  an  event  which 
was  calculated  to  dimmish  the  old  obstinacy 
pf  their  jallies.  Ormonde's  behaviour  was 
warmly  approved  by  the  English  tories  (see 
Jhumai  to  Stella^  19  July  1712),  Mean- 
while the  prospects  of  a  satisfactory  peace 
}uul  been  announced  in  the  queen's  speech 
at  the  end  of  the  se^on  (6  June).  One  of 
the  last  measures  was  the  imposition  of  the 
fltamp  upon  newspapers^  Vy  which  St.  John 
hoped  to  destroy  tne  influence  of  'Grub 
Street.'  As  a,  reward  foy  his  services,  he 
was  created,  on  7  July,  Viscount  Boling- 
broke  and  Baron  St.  John  of  Lydia^  Tre- 

f[>zey  with, special  remainder  to  collaterals, 
he  earldom  of  Bolingbroke,  held  by  the 
elder  branch  of  his  faiaily,  had  expired  in 
the  person  of  Paulei  $t.  John^  third  earl,  on 
ij  Oct,>1711 ;  and  he  was  greatly  vexed  at 
receiving  only  the  lower  rank  as  well  as  at 
having  to  abandon  his  position  in  the  House 

ff  C)bnunons.  '  My  promotion,'  he  says 
i23  July),  *  was  a  mortification;  to  me '  (Cor- 
resp'  ii.  484).  'Jfack  Hill'  was  sent  soon 
Itfiierwards  to  take  possession  of  Dunkirk: 
the  king  of  Spain  had  made  his  renunciation ; 
and  in  August  Bolingbroke  was  himself  sent 
to  Paris  to  make  final  arrangements,  taking 
Prior  and  Gaultier  with  him*  An  agreement 
for  a  suspension  of  arm^forfpur  months  be- 
tween France  and  England  was  si^ed  on 
19  Aug;f  and  Bolingbroke  considered  that 
the  Queen  was  justified,  by  the  conduct  of 
the  allies,  in  withdrawiiur&9mt)ie  war,  and 
employing  her  good  ofHces  with  France  as  a 
pommon  friend. 

Bolingbroke  at  once  returned  to  England, 
Visiting  Dunkirk  on  his  way^  and  leaving 
Jf^ior  to  finish  the  negotiations.  Bolingbroke 
would  now  have  been  prepared  to  make  a 
separate  treaty  of  peace  (see  Tobct,  p.  202). 
He  had,  however,  difficulties  at  home.  Ox- 
ford was  dissatisfied  with  a  policy  which 
inlght  have  led  to  axi  actual  conflict  with 
our  former  allies,  and  at  aiiy  rate  would 
shock  public  opinion.  A^^  JSolingbroke's 
^tum  t^e  conduct  of  the  neffotiations  wa# 
{at  ^  time  put  into  the  hands  of  his  col- 


league,liOrd  Dartmouth,  tho  ugh  he  continued 
to  correspond  with  Torcy  and  Prior.  He 
was  greatly  irritated  when,  in  October,  he 
was  passed  over  in  a  distribution  of  the  order 
of  the  Garter.  The  allies  meanwhile  suffered 
other  reverses,  and  the  congress  at  Utrecht 
was  being  distracted  hy  petty  quarrels.  The 
French  were  be|^nnlng  to  take  a  higher  tone 
than  the  English  ministry  could  approve, 
and  now  endeavoured  to  obtain  l\>umay 
from  the  Dutch.  St.  John  had  declined  to 
support  this  in  the  previous  autumn,  although 
he  had  suggested  to  Torcy  the  best  means  of 
removing  the  'unaccountable  obstinacy  of 
the  Dutch.'.  The  Dutch,  however,  were  now 
on  more  friendly  terms  with  the  EnglishL 
and  Louis,  moved  by  his  own  ill-health  ana 
the  precarious  state  of  Anne,  became  more 
anxious  for  peace  (ToRCT,.p.  217),  and 
finally  abandoned  this  claim.  The  last  ob- 
stacle was  thus  removed ;  though  there  were 
various  difficulties  as  to  the  treaty  of  com- 
merce still  under  discussion.  Bolingbroke 
in  February  again  took  charge  of  the  nego- 
tiations. He  was  Aow  supported  by  the 
queen's  iavourite^  Lady  Masham,  ahdj  his 
influence  becoming  dominant,  the  Duke  of 
Shrewsbury  was  sent  as  ambassador  to 
France.  At  last  everything  was  arranged ; 
and  the  treaty  of  tJtrecht  was  signed  hy  the 
]E)nfflish  and  their  allies,  except  the  emperor, 
on  31  March  17 13.  The  peace  was  announced 
^  parliament^  which  now  met  after  several 

Prorogations,  m  theaueen's  speech  on  9  April, 
'he  production  of  Addison's  'Cato'  on 
l4  April  was  i^nade  the  occasion  of  a  party 
demonstration,  and  Bolingbroke  turned  the 

Eoint  against  Marlborough  and  the  whigf 
,  y  presenting  the  actor  Booth  with  fifty 
guineas  for  'defending  the  cause  of  liberty 
gainst  a  perpetual  dictator.' 

The  peace  of  Utre<;ht  became  henceforth 
the  object  of  the  constant  denunciation  of 
the  whigs,  and  the  disgraceful  prbceedinga 
1^  connection  with  the  Duke  oi  Ormonde^a 
desertion  of  the  allies  admit  of  no  defence. 
A  full  account  of  Bolingbroke*s  proceedings 
fonned  the  main  topic  of  the  i^eport  of  the 
committee  of  secrecy  in  1716.  Tne  position 
in  which  the  ministry  had  placed  themselves 
undoubtedly  enabled  the  r'rench  to  obtain 
far  better  terms  than  thev  could  have  ex- 
pected or  had  previously  claimed,  and  how- 
ever desirable  the  peace  may  have  been  in 
itself,  it  seemed  to  be  an  ignominious  conclu- 
sion of  a  victorious  war.  Torc^  points  out  the 
advantage  which  the  French  derived  from 
their  knowledge  that  Oxford  and  Boling- 
J)roke  were  not  only  anxious  for  peace,  but 
felt  that  their  heads  as  well  as  theur  fortune^ 
ncught  depend  upon  their  success  '([ToboT| 


Saint-John 


623 


Saint- John 


p.  52).  Boliagbroke  admitted  afterwards 
that  the  French  had  gained  too  much,  hut 
threw  the  whole  blame  upon  the  Dutch 
And  the  whigs,  who  intrigued  against  him 
(S^hth  LetUr  on  Shufy  of  History).  The 
greateet  feeling  was  aroused  at  the  time  by 
what  now  seems  the  most  enlightened  part 
of  the  arrangement.  Bolin^br^e  hopea,  as 
he  aaidf  that  the  commercial  treaty  would 
tend  to  produce  ^rmanentlj  good  feeling 
between  the  countries  (Corresp.  iv.  153).  The 
j^poeed  regulations,  however,  were  not  onl  j 
attacked  by  the  whip,  who  were  supported 
Jpr  the  protected  interests,  but  idienatea  some 
of  the  tories.  Bolingbroke  was  represented 
in  the  House  of  Commons  by  Arthur  Moore 
[q.  T.l  the  only  man  whom  he  seems  to  have 
cornsiSted  oh  the  question,  who  was  suspected 
of  corrupt  motives  and  had  little  personal 
weight.  The  bill  to  give  effect  to  the  treaty 
was  rejected  by  194  to  185  on  15  June. 
Bolingbroke  is  also  charged  with  the  shame- 
ful desertion  of  the  Catalans  who  had  sup- 
ported the  side  of  the  allies  under  promises 
that  their  privileges  should  be  maintained. 
He  appears  to  have  considered  them  as 
tronbleteme  and  'turbulent  people/  made 
no  effective  demands  on  their  behalf  in  nego- 
tiating the  treaty,  and  scarcely  remonstrated 
when  thejr  wexe  forcibly  suppressed  by  Philip, 
Domestic  difficulties  haa  been  accumu- 
lating for  some  time.  Oxford,  in  his  '  Brief 
Account  of  Public  AfTairs'  (published  in  the 
report  of  the  committee  of  secrecy),  says 
that  St.  John  was  already  making  a  party 
ior  himself  in  February  1710-11,  when  an 
attempt  was  made  by  Rochester  to  recon- 
cile them.  Swift  (Change  of  the  Queen*a 
IdinUtry)  says  that  he  had  very  good  reasons 
to  know  that  there  were  Jealousies  at  the 
time  of  Guiscard's  attempt  (Journal  to  Stelia, 
27  April  1711)*  Bolingbroke  thought  that 
Oxford  had  prevented  him  from  receiving 
an  earldom  and  the  Garter.  But  the  cha- 
racters of  the  two  were  so  opposed  as  to 
itiake  discord  certain.  Bolingbroke,  impe- 
fuous^  brilliant,  and  overbearing,  could  not 
endure  to  be  led  b^  the  timid,  procrasti- 
nating, and  vacillating  Oxford.  Oxford's 
occasional  interferences  in  the  negotiations 
^nd '  their  temporaiy  transference  to  Dart- 
t^outh  provoked  him,  and  matters  soon 
came  to  a  struggle  for  superiority.  Swift, 
who  was  at  Dublin  in  July  1713.  was  ear- 
nestly Untreated  to  return  in  order  to  try 
once  more  to  patch  up  a  reconciliation.  The 
case,  however,  was  hopeless.  The  critical 
difficulty  was  one  of  which  Swift  was  not 
allowed  to  be  aware.  The  health  of  the  ^ueen 
was  evidently  breaking,  and  the  question  of 
the  succession  becoming  daily  more  pressing. 


Both  Oxford  and  Bolingbroke  had  kept  wf 
negotiations  with  the  Pretender.  Gaultien 
on  his  first  mission  to  France  in  1710,  haa 
commjinicated  to  the  Duke  of  Berwick  a  pro- 
posal, m  Oxford^s  name,  for  the  restoration  o^ 
the  Stuarts  upon  the  death  of  Anne  (Bbbwick^ 
p.  219).  Gaultier  brought  other  communi- 
cations, although  the  Knglish  ministers  were 
very  cautious  to  commit  themselves  to  writ- 
ing. Bolingbroke,  it  is  said,  threatened  to 
send  Gaultier  out  of  the  kingdom  for  puttin^^ 
on  the  table  a  letter  signed  with  the  kjng^ 
arms  (ATarchmont  Papers,  ii.  241  ft.l  ft  J3 
asserted  in  the  'Mackintosh  Papers  that  h^ 
had  the  secret  interviews  witli  the  Pretender 
during  his  visit  to  Paris  in  1712.  Boling- 
broke saw  him  in  public  at  the  opera  (Mac- 
PHEK80N,ii.  338 :  Swift  to  King,  lo  Dec.  1716i 
Sttiart  Papers,  Koxbur^he  Club,  p.$d3\bui 
the  private  interview  is  at  Jea^t  doubtful 
The  Jacobites  became  suspicious  of  Oxfora^s 
intentions,  but  Bolingbroke  took  up  thei^ 
cause  decidedly.  He  spoke  openly  to  Lock- 
hart  of  Camwath,  ana  sent  advice  to  the 
exiles  (Lockh/lbt,  i.  412-13 ;  Macphebsos'^ 
ii.  366-7).  Bollngbroke^s  great  point  wa^ 
that  the  Pretender  should  jB^ve  up  the  catholic 
church.  The  Pretender  honourably  refused 
this  concession,  which  would  have  remove^ 
one  of  the  strongest  grounds  of  oljectloiL 
and  both  Bolingbroke  and  Oxford  are  said 
by  Gaultier  (Stuart  Papers  in  Sxanhop£> 
Aistoryy  vol.  i.)  to  have  ceased  to  insist  upon 
it.  The  '  Mackintosh  Papers,*  however,  show 
that  they  attached  the  greatest  imnortance 
to  the  proposal.  The  difficulty,  illustrates 
Bolingbroke^s  real  attitude.  He  had  no  en** 
thusiasm  for  the  Stuarts,  and  in  iact  no  man 
despised  their  religious  and  jpolitical  cree4 
more  heartily.  It  is  doubttul  whet^ber  a 
restoration  of  the  Pretender  ever  appeared 
practicable  either  to  Oxford  or  Bolingbroke 
(cf.  Wtoit,  Queen  Anne,  ii.  617-19^.  Their 
position,  however^  as  leaders  of  tne  torie^ 
compelled  them  to  keen  up  some  relations 
with  the  Jacobites.  Tiie  accession  to  the 
crown  of  the  elector  of  Hanover  meant  in^ 
evitably  the  triumph  of  the  whigs  and  the 
ruin  of  the  ministers  responsible  for  the  peace, 
Bolinffbroke  was  endeavouring  to  strengthen 
himself  by  every  available  means^  ana  was 
thwarted  at  every  step  by  the  timidity  of 
Oxford.  He  maae  friends  with  the  aueen's 
favourite.  Lady  Maflham,  who  had  been 
gained  by  the  Jacobites.  His  appointment 
of  her  brother  to  the  command  of  the  Canadian 
expedition  in  1711,  and  afterwards  to  Dun- 
Idrkj  marks  the  progress  of  this  connection. 
Oxford  asserted  that  the  public  had  been 
cheated  of  20,000/.  on  the  first  occasion. 
St.  John  and  Arthur  Moore  had  brought 


Samt-John 


624 


Saint-Johii 


liim  tlua  queen's  orders  to  pay  the  money, 
vhich  appairentlv  went  to  Lady  Masham  or 
her  brotUer  (Oxwrd's  '  Brief  Account ; '  first 
additional  articles  of  impeachment  of  Oxford 
and  his  reply;  and  see  Macphbbson,  ii.  532).  , 
^t.  John  how  began  to  hold  the  nredopn-  | 
nant  influence  at  court.  By  the  end  of  1718 
he  had  profited  by  Oxford's  wealmess ;  was 
constantly  advising  the  queen,  and  making 
his  influence  felt  in  every  department  of  the 
government.  At  Christmas  1713  he  went 
to  Windsor  to  attend  the 'queen,  and  found 
Anne  suffering  from  a  dangerous  illness. 
General  alarm  was  excited.  On  1  Feb.  the 
queen  wrote  a  letter  to  the  lord  mayor  an- 
nouncing her  recovery,  and  the  intended 
opening  of  parliament  on  the  16th  (printed 
in  Boteb's  Queen  Anne,  p.  660).  Mean- 
while public  excitement  was  rising^  Steele's 
'  Crisis*  and  Swift's  *  Public  Spirit  of  the 
Whigs'  were  the  opening  blows  in  a  fierce 
controversy.  Animated  debates  took  place 
in  both  houses,  and  votes  were  passed  in  hoth 
that  the  protestant  succession  was  not  in 
danger.  A  demand  from  the  Hanoverian 
envoy  Schutz  that  the  elector's  son  (after- 
ward Greorge  II)  should  receive  his  writ  as 
duke  of  Cambridge  perplexed  the  govern- 
ment. Schutz,  at  Bolinffbroke's  desire,  was 
forbidden  the  court,  and  his  recall  was  de- 
manded firom  the  elector.  The  queen  was 
made  to  write  indignant  letters  to  the  Duke 
of  Cambridge  and  his  grandmother,  the 
electress  Sophia,  on  19  May  (Boyer,  p.  699), 
and  the  death  of  the  electress  immediately 
afterwards  was  attributed  to  the  insult.  To 
lull  the  fears  which  had  been  aroused,  a  pro- 
clamation wad  issued  on  23  June  offering  a 
reward  df  6,000/.  for  the  arrefit  of  the  Pre- 
tender, if  he  should  land  in  England.  Boling- 
broke  privatelv  assured  the  French  minister 
that  this  would  make  no  difference.  At  the 
same  time  a  bitter  warfare  was  taking  place 
bver  the  Schism  Act,  which  was  introduced 
in  the  House  of  Commons  on  12  May  by  Sir 
William  Wyndham,  who  had  become  dian- 
cellor  of  the  exchequer  through  Bolin^broke's 
influence.  It  was  carried  by  great  majorities, 
and,  after  a  sharp  struggle  in  the  lords,  was 
passed  with  some  amendment,  and  received 
the  queen's  assent  on  25  June.  The  in- 
tention of  the  measure  was  to  make  a  license 
from  a  bishop  necessary  for  schoolmasters, 
and  therefore  to  take  all  education  out  of  the 
hands  of  the  dissenters.  Bolingbroke,  whose 
indifference  to  orthodox  belief  was  notorious, 
was  bitterlv  taunted  by  the  jprreat  whiff  lords, 
but  carried  his  p^int.  Oxrord  lost  his  last 
influence  with  nis  party  b^  shuffling,  and 
flxially  declining  to  vote  either  way.  He 
Btill  tried  to  hold  on,  and  his  last  attempt 


appears  to  have  been  an  accusation  iigoixut 
Arthur  Moore,  who  had  been  concerned  in 
negotiating  the  commercial  treaty  witl^Spain, 
tina  was  suppooed  to  iiave  taken  bribes  iat 
himself,  Bolingbroke,  and  Lady  Masham.  A 
censure  was  refused  by  a  narrow  majority  in 
the  House  of  Lords,  and  the  session  ended 
immediately  afterwojrds  (9  July). 

A  fi^ai  rupture  followed,  and  on  27  Julr 
Oxford  teas  dismissed  from  his  offices.  '  If 
mV  grooms  did  not  live  a  happier  life  than 
I  have  done  this  great  while,  Bolingbroke 
had  written  to  Swift  (13  July),  '  I  am  sure 
they  would  quit  my  service.'  He  was  attll 
in  perplexity.  On  the  day  of  Oxford's  dia- 
missal  he  gave  a  dinner  to  the  leading  whisa, 
and  the  next  day  told  an  agent  to  prepare  tot 
making  overtures  to  the  elector  of  Manover. 
Meanwhile,  it  was  generally  noticed  (see 
BoYER^  Queen  Anne,  n.  679)  that  the  army 
was  being  '  remodelled '  and  the  most  impor- 
tant posts  put  in  the  hands  of  Jacobites. 
The  Duke  of  Ormonde  was  made  warden  of 
the  Cinque  ports,  and  the  whig  earl  of  Dorset 
advised  to  give  up  the  governorship  of  Dover 
Castle  (mipole  to  Mann,  17  May  1749). 
Bolingbroke  declared,  as  the  Frencn  envoy 
Herville  stated,  on  2  Aug.  that  in  six  weeka 
he  could  have  made  matters  safe  {Mackintosh 
Collection).  Queen  Anne  had  died  the  day 
before.  What  Bolin^fbroke's  plans  may  have 
been  must  be  uncertain.  He  said  afterwards, 
in  his  letter  to  Windham,  that  *  none  of  us 
had  any  very  settled  resolution  'as  to  the  steps 
to  be  taken.  Probably  he  wished  to  attain 
such  a  position  as  to  be  able  to  dictate  terms 
to  whigs  or  Jacobites  according  to  circum- 
stances, lie  would  not  decide  which  card  to 
play  till  he  knew  which  was  the  trump  suit. 
The  intervention  of  Angvle  and  Somerset, 
and  the  appointment  of  Shrewsbury  as  treir 
surer  just  before  the  queen's  death,  destroyed 
Bolingbroke*s  power  (in  regard  to  this  in- 
cident see  Lecet,  i.  164  n.)  '  Oxford  was  re- 
moved on  Tuesdi^,  the  queen  died  on  Sunday,' 
wrote  Bolingjbroke  to  Swift  (3  Aug.)  '  W^hat 
a  world  this  is !  and  how  does  fortuQe  banter 
usi' 

The  dismissal  of  Bolingbroke  from  his  ofllce 
was  among  the  flrst  acts  of  the  new  king. 
He  had  held  office  for  nearly  four  years  of 
extraordinary  activity.  Swift  (Behaviour  ^f 
the  Queen*s  Last  Ministry )  savs  that  he 
*  would  plod  ivhole  days  and  njf^nts  like  the 
lowest  clerk  in  an  office,'  and  his  correspon- 
dence gives  abundant  indications  of  his 
energv.  He  was  as  much  given  to  pleasure 
as  to  business,  and,  as  Swift  observes  in  the 
same  place,  had  a  great  respect  for  'Alci- 
biades  and  Petronius,  especially  the  latter, 
whom  he  would  be  gladly  thought  to  re- 


Saint- John 


6^5 


Saint-John 


Bemble.*  Swift  also  states  that  he  partly 
broke  off  his  habits  of  drinking,  but  did  not 
re&un  from  '  other  liberties.'  The  account 
is  sufficiently  confirmed  by  many  passages  in 
the  *  Journal  to  Stella.'  The  *  Brothers  Club/ 
founded  by  him  in  June  1711,  was  intended 
to  bring  together  the  leading  politicians  and 
authors,  and  to  direct  the  patronage  of  lite- 
rature ^Journal  to  Stella,  21  June  1711,  and 
St.  John's  letter  to  Orrery,  12  June)^  and 
rir^ed  the  Whig  Kit-cat  C^ub.  It  became, 
however,  chiefly  political  and  con yivial.  Lady 
Bolingbroke  appears  to  hare  been  attached 
to  her  husband  m  spite  of  many  wrongs,  and 
was  pit ied  and  liked  oy  Swift  (see,  e,^,,  Journal 
of  10  April  1711).  They  set  un  together  in 
a  new  house  at  Golden  Square,  tnen  the  most 
fiishionable  part  of  the  town^  at  the  end  of 
1711.  He  spent  his  holidays  with  her  at 
Bucklebury,  where  he  indulged  in  hunting, 
knew  all  his  hounds  by  name,  and  smoked 
and  drank  with  the  country  squires  (Jottmal 
to  SieUa,  4  and  6  Aug.  1711,  and  Swift  to 
Bolingbroke,  14  Sept.  1714).  They  were 
never  formally  separated,  though  Boling- 
hroke's  misconduct  was  flagrant  (see  Went- 
tcoHhFt^perSj  1888,jp.  294, 895).  Macknight's 
assertion  that  Bolmgbroke  had  a  '  separate 
establishment'  at  Ashdown  Park  is  a  mistake. 
He  was  at  Ashdown  Park,  in  the  neighbour- 
hood of  Bucklebury,  for  a  few  days'  hunting 
in  October  (Corre«p.iy.  818,  &c.),  but  his  time 
was  passed  between  London  and  Windsor. 
Lady  Bolingbroke's  letter  in  August  is  a 
playful  reference  to  her  being  '  discarded'  by 
Cbuord,  not  by  Bolingbroke.  Voltaire  is  re- 
sponsible for  the  story  of  the  woman  who 
said  upon  his  taking  omce,  *  Seyen  thousand 

fiiineas  a  year,  my  girls,  and  all  for  us !' 
Works,  1819,  &c.  Ivii.  273\  Upon  his  dis- 
miflsal  Bolingbroke  retired  to  Bucklebury. 
His  papers  had  been  seized,  and  a  pamphlet 
call«l'TheSecretHistoryof  the  White  Staff,' 
said  to  haye  been  written  by  Defoe  at  Ox- 
ford's instigation,  endeayoured  to  show  that 
Bolingbroke's  high-handed  policy  was  leading 
him  to  the  Jacobites,  and  that  Oxford  had 
done  his  best  to  resist.  A  pamphlet  in 
answer  has  been  attributed  to  Bolingbroke, 
The  new  parliament  was  controlled  by  the 
whigs.  Bolingbroke,  on  the  motion  for  an 
answer  to  the  king's  speech,  spoke  against  a 
passage  reflectiiig  upon  the  queen's  ministers 
(22  March).  ^  was  defeated  by  66  to  83, 
and  in  the  House  of  Commons  an  address 
prepared  by  Walpole  announced  that  an 
attack  was  to  be  made  upon  the  authors  of 
the  treaty.  Bolingbroke  showed  himself  at 
Drury  Luie,  and  b^poke  a  play,  but  instantly 
set  out  for  Doyer.  Thence  (27  March)  he 
frrote  a  letter  to  his  ffiend.  Lord  Lfinsdowne 
yop.  xvTf. 


(reprinted  in  Somers  Tracts,  yol.  xiii.\  and 
passed  oyer  to  Calais  in  disguise.  The  letteri 
which  was  shown  about,  protested  his  inno- 
cence, but  said  that  he  knew  of  a  design  to 
'pursue  him  to  the  scaffold.'  Marlborough 
seems  to  haye  given  him  a  hint  to  fly,  though 
he  denies,  in  the  letter  to  Sir  W,  Wyndham, 
that  he  was  moyed  by  Marlborough's  '  arti- 
fices.' He '  knew  him  too  welL'  Bolingbroke 
says  in  the  same  place  that  one  motive  was  his 
hatred  for  Oxfora,  whom  he  would  not  consult 
even  for  their  common  defence.  If  he  sup- 
posed Oxford  to  have  inspired  the  *  Secret 
History,'  he  might  probably  infer  that  his 
old  colleague  was  ready  to  make  peace  by 
betraying  nim.  lileanwhile  a  *  committee  of 
secrecy'  was  appointed,  and  made  its  report, 
through  Walpole,  on  9  June.  A  motion  for 
his  impeachment  was  unanimously  carried 
(10  June).  An  act  of  attainder,  unless  he 
should  surrender  by  10  Sept.,  was  passed  on 
18  Aug.,  and  his  name,  with  that  of  the  Duke 
of  Ormonde,  was  erased  from  the  roll  of  peers 
on  14  Sept.  (Pari.  Hist  yii.  66,  148,  214). 

Bolingbroke  was  warmly  received  in 
France.  His  first  step  apparently  was  to 
tell  the  English  ambassador.  Lord  Stair,  that 
he  intended  to  retire  to  an  *  obscure  retreat,' 
and  would  make  no  enga^ment  with  the 
Jacobites  (Letters  to  Stair  and  Stanhope 
in  Macknight,  pp.  461-2).  Berwick,  how- 
ever, says  (p.  225)  that  Bolingbroke  saw  him 
at  once  and  declared  his  goodwill^  to  the 
Jacobite  cause.  He  retired  to  Lyons  and  in 
Jul^  received  a  messenger  from  the  tories 
which  determined  him  to  have  an  interview 
with  the  Pretender  at  Commercy.  He  con- 
sented to  be  James's  secretary  or  state.  His 
first  letter  in  that  capacity  (Stakhofe,  Hts^ 
tory,  yol.  i.  App.)  is  dated  28  July  (12  July 
O.S.)  The  bill  of  attainder,  by  a  reference 
to  wiuch  he  justifies  himself  in  his  letter  to 
Wyndham,  was  not  yet  introduced,  but  his 
assailants  had  no  doubt  sufficiently  indicated 
their  intentions. 

Bolingbroke  was  now  minister  in  a  mock 
court,  and  found  it  hard,  as  Stair  afterwards 
told  the  elder  Horace  Walpole  (3  March 
1716),  to  'play  his  part  with  a  grave  enough 
face.'  It  was  full  of  Lrish  priests,  whom  he 
especially  despised,  and  who  heartly  dis- 
liked him,  and  of  refugees  cherishing  absurd 
illusions,  and  as  ignorant  of  England  as  of 
Japan.  His  own  account  of  his  conduct  is 
probably  correct  enough.  He  thought,  he 
says,  that  the  English  people  were  inclining 
daily  towards  Jacobitism.  He  was,  however, 
fully  convinced  that  a  rising  would  be  im- 
practicable unless  it  were  supported  by  the 
t*rench.  He  hoped  that  Louis  XIV,  though 
i^pt  likely  to  intend  a  new  war.  might  dq 

P3 


Saint-John 


626 


Saint-John 


willing  to  giyehelpy  and  be  ultimately  en- 
tangled. Ue  applied  to  Torcj  for  help,  and 
warned  the  Pretender  against  an  Irish  friary 
who  professed  to  come  £om  Ormonde  to  re- 
quest James  to  start  at  once  for  England.  The 
Pretender  received  the  warning  graciously, 
and  in  return  gave  Bolinjrhroke  a  patent  for 
an  earldom.  In  spite  of  this,  he  was  only 
prevented  by  the  interference  of  the  French 
ministry  from  acting  at  once  upon  the 
message.  Bolingbroke,  with  Berwick's  ad- 
vice, then  applied  for  help  to  Charles  XII 
of  Sweden,  but  without  success.  Meanwhile 
Ormonde  [see  under  Butlek,  Jakes,  second 
Dtjkb  of  Ormonde]  had  been  impeached, 
and  fled  to  France  at  the  beginning  of  Au- 
gust. The  hopes  which  had  been  enter- 
tained from  his  influence  in  England  were 
crushed.  He  occupied  the  same  house  with 
Bolingbroke  at  Paris.  The  death  of  Louis  XIV 
on  1  Sept.  (N.S.)  was  still  more  conclusive. 
LoTiis  had  induced  his  grandson,  the  king  of 
Spain,  to  send  money  to  the  Jacobites,  and 
some  arms  had  been  provided  in  French 
ships  at  Havre.  The  Duke  of  Orleans,  now 
regent,  was  on  good  terms  with  Lord  Stair, 
and  resolved  not  to  help  the  Jacobites.  Bo- 
lingbroke had  carried  on  some  indirect  in- 
trigues with  him  through  Mme.  de  Tencin, 
who  was  associated  with  his  favourite,  Du 
JBois.  Now,  however,  Sir  George  Byng 
entered  the  roads  at  Havre,  and  upon  his 
request  the  arms  were  removed  to  the  French 
magazines,  and  the  regent  promised  that  they 
should  not  be  used  against  the  English. 

Bolingbroke  had  protested  against  a  rising 
without  better  prospects.  The  Pretender, 
however,  had,  without  the  knowledge  of  lus 
ministers  (Bekwioii:,  p.  245),  sent  orders  to 
the  Earl  of  Mar  for  a  rising  in  Scotland, 
The  Pretender  resolved  to  go  to  Scotland 
himself,  and  Bolingbroke  was  employed  to 
draw  up  a  declaration.  Bolingbroke  was 
careful  to  make  promises  of  security  for  the 
church  of  England,  and  was  intensely 
irritated  when  he  found  that  the  document 
had  been  edited  by  James's  priests  and  the 
assurances  removed.  Ormonde  departed  and 
made  a  futile  attempt  to  land  in  tne  west  of 
England.  James  started  in  October,  but 
after  many  delays  only  reached  Scotland  in 
December  1715,  after  the  rising  had  failed. 
Bolingbroke  meanwhile  stayed  m  Paris,  and 
tried  to  cany  on  the  plot.  A  woman  named 
Olive  Trant,  with  some  congenial  allies,  had 
been  in  communication  with  Ormonde,  who 
did  not  confide  in  Bolingbroke,  and  profess- 
ing to  negotiate  on  his  behalf  with  the  re- 
gmt.  On  Ormonde's  departure  she  applied  to 
olingbroke,  who,  finding  reasons  to  distrust 
)ier,  applied  directly  to  the  regent,  through 


his  minister,  Huzelles,  and  threw  over  Mrs. 
Trant  and  her  friends.  The  Pretender  on 
leaving  Scotland  went  to  Paris,  and  sent 
Bolingbroke  to  request  an  interview  with 
the  regent,  who,  however,  declined.  The 
Pretender  then  said  that  he  would  go  tp 
Lorraine,  and  asked  Bolingbroke  when  be 
could  follow.  Instead  of  going  to  Lozxaine, 
however,  the  Pretender  went  to  the  '  little 
house  in  the  Bois  de  Boulogne '  occupied  by 
Mrs.  Trant  and  her  Mends,  and  there  listened 
to  complaints  against  Bolingbroke.  Ormonde, 
at  the  request  of  the  Earl  of  Mar.  repeated 
some  plqrases  which  Bolingbroke  had  when 
drunk  applied  to  the  Pretender.  Kextday 
Ormonde  Drouffht  Bolingbroke  notes  dismiss- 
ing him  from  his  office  and  ordering  him  to 
give  up  his  papers.  He  gave  up  th|3  papery, 
which  would  all  go  in  'a  letter-case  of 
moderate  size,'  and  was  fflad  to  be  free  from 
the  connection.  When  Mary  of  Modena  sent 
a  message  to  him  hoping  for  a  reconciliation, 
he  replied,  'May  my  arm  rot  off  if  I  ever  use 
pen  or  sword  in  their  service  again ! '  (Cox£, 
WalpoU,  i.  200).  Bolingbroke  was  of  course 
accused  of  treachery,  and  his  secretary  wrote 
some  letters  in  answer  6)rinted  in  TiKDiLL^s 
JRapin,  ii.  477;  see  fuU  account  of  these 
transactions  in  the  '  Letter  to  Sir  W.  Wynd- 
ham ').  Berwick  emphatically  dedairea  that 
Bolingbroke  had  do;ne  all  that  was  possible 
for  the  cause  (Bbbwick,  p.  282). 

Lord  Stair  sent  an  account  of  these  pro- 
ceedings to  Horace  Walpole  on  3  March 
1716.  On  28  March  Stanhope,  the  secretary 
of  state,  wrote  to  Stair,  authorising  him  to 
sound  Bolingbroke  and  to  make  him  pro- 
mises of  the  king's  favour  (letter  in  Mack- 
night,  p.  495).  He  saw  Bolingbroke  ac- 
cordingly, who  declared  that  he  had  aban- 
doned the  Jacobite  cause,  and  would  do  ^ 
he  could  to  detach  his  friends  from  it.  He 
added  that  he  would  never  act  as  an  inr 
former  or  reveal  any  secrets  that  had  been 
entrusted  to  him.  Soon  afterwards  Boling- 
broke's  father  was  createdViscount  St.  John, 
with  remainder  to  his  sons  by  a  second  wife. 
Lady  Bolingbroke  was  interceding  for  her 
husband,  and  'found  great  favour'  frcun  the 
king  (Letters  to  Swtftfi  May  and4Aug.  1716). 
In  September  Bolingbroke  wrote  a  letter  to 
Sir  W .  Wyndham  euiorting  him  to  abandon 
the  Jacobites,  and  arranged  that  it  should 
be  submitted  to  the  government  before,reach- 
ing  his  friend  (see  letters  Coxfi's  Walpole^  ii. 
808,  &c.)  Bolingbroke  afterwards  declared 
that  he  had  received  promises  of  restoration 
from  the  king,  though  the  precise  terms  do 
not  appear.  Nothing  was  done  for  hin^  at 
present.  He  amused  himself  towards  the 
end  of  1716by  writinfc  his  'Heflections  upon 


Saint-John 


627 


Saint- John 


Sbdld/  in  imitation  of  Seneca.    The  Jacobites 
Were  meanwldle  denouncing  Idm  as  a  spy 
and  a  trtutor.    He  determined  to  clear  him- 
self and  do  service  to  the  English  |;0Yem- 
ment  by  writing  an  '  apologia,  and  in  April 
1717  b^^  the  letter  to  Sir  W.  Wjndham, 
whicb  is  his  most  interesting^  autobiographic 
cal  document.    It  gives  foH  detidls  of  his 
conduct  as  the  Pretender^s  minister,  and 
appears  to  be  a  frank  statement  of  lus  jposi- 
tion.  The  letter^  however,  was  not  published 
till  after  Bolingbroke's  deatii.    Mackni^ht 
puggests  that  he  wished  before  publishmg 
to  receive  some  more  definite  pledge.    The 
letter,   however,  goes    into    detaib  which 
mif  ht  well  be  thought  unfit  for  publication, 
and  Bolingbroke  seems  always  to  have  been 
singularly  shy  of  publishing  anything  under 
his  own  name.    For  some  time  he  was  left 
in  a  nainful  state  of  suspense.    In  1717  he 
had  formed  an  intimacy  with  Marie  Claire 
Deschamps  de  Marcillv,  who  had  in  1696 
become  the  second  wife  of  the  Marquis  de 
Villette,  a  cousin  of  Mme.  de  Maintenon. 
He  died  in  1707,  and  his  widow  was  now 
forty-two  (Gbimoabd^  L  145).    She  had  a 
house  in  Paris  and  a  family  mansion  at  Mar- 
cillv, near  Nogent-sur-Seme,  where  Boling- 
broke spent  mudi  time,  amusing  himself  with 
hunting,  and  superintending  bmldings.  Lady 
Bolingbroke  died  in  November  1718,  when 
Bucklebury  went  to  the  heirs  of  her  sister. 
She  had  left  nothin^^  to  BoUngbroke,  and 
had  probflbly  been  alienated  by  the  accounts 
of   his   relations  with   Mme.  de  Villette. 
Arbuthnot  mentions  a  rumour  of  Boling^ 
brokers  marriage  to  Mme.  de  Villette  in  a 
letter  to  Swia  of  11  Bee.  1718.    Bolingbroke 
liad  some  rivals,  but  the  marrisjg^e  ultimately 
took  place  at  Aix-4a-Chapelle  in  May  1720l 
His  wife  joined  the  church  of  England  on 
the  occasion.  According  to  an  anecdote  told 
by  Grimoard,  BolingbroWs  morals  were  not 
at  once  reformed,  but  he  seems  to  havQ 
always  lived  on  very  affectionate  terms  with 
his  second  wife.    Bolingbroke  had  invested 
some  money  in  the  Mississippi  scheme,  and 
fiold  some  of  the  shares  to  buy,  at  the  time 
of  his  marriage,  a  small  estate  near  Orleans. 
His  letters  seem  to  imply,  though  the  con- 
trary has  been   said,  tnat  his  s^ulation 
was  the  reverse  of  profitable  (ib,  iu.  63,  68). 
The  estate  was  called  La  Source,  from  what 
Bolingbroke  describes  as  'the  biggest  and 
clearest  ^ring  perhaps  ii; Europe'  (to  Swift;^ 
28  July  1/21).  He  rebuilt  the  house  and  or- 
namented the  grounds.  '  A  description  given 
in  Robert  Plumer  Ward's  novel,  <De  Vere' 

J  1827,  iii.  186-200),  applies  to  this,  as  is 
bown  by  the  inscriptiong  quoted,  not  to  a 
Ij^ter  house^  1^  Iiord  oUnbope  sa^s.    0e  here 


began  philosophical  studies,  under  the  guid- 
ance ofXi6v£que  de  Pouilly,  and  discussed  the 
chronology  of  the  bible.    He  formed  also  a 
friendship  with  Brook  Taylor  [q.  ▼.],  the 
eminent  mathematician,  who  stayed  at  La 
Source  in  1720^  and  had  himself  a  turn  for 
j^ilosophical  discussion,    Bolingbroke  aft«s 
wards  showed  him  much  kindness  (see  Tat** 
i^b's  Qmtemplatio  PhaosapMoa,  1793).    He 
was  also  visited  here  by  Voltaire,  who  speaks 
with  enthusiasm  of  his  politeness,  learning, 
and  complete  command  of  French.  •   Boling- 
broke, moreover,  and  his  wife  appreciated  toe 
'Henriade,'  then  in  manuscript  (Voltaire 
to  ThiSriot,  2  Jan.  1722).    In  1722  Boling- 
broke met  at  Paris  Lord  Polwarth  (AforcS- 
mont  Papers,  ii.  187  n.),  who  was  on  his  wav  to 
the  congress  of  Camlnray,  and  complained  of 
the  4elay  in  his  nardon,    Polwarth  gave  him 
a  promise  from  Lord  Carteret,  who,  as  secre- 
tar^r  of  state,  was  then  struggling  in  the 
cabinet  against  Walpole  and  Xownshen4* 
Bolingbroke,  thus  encouraged,  appUed  to  the 
king  and  to  th^  other  ministers.    Uispardon 
pas»^  the  ^reat  seal  in  May  1723.  He  went 
to  London  in  June,  and  wrote  to  Townshend, 
thanking  him  warmly  and  sending  acknow- 
ledgments to  the  Idng  and  the  Cuchess  of 
Kendal  [see  ScHTrLBNBUBO,  £HBENaAKi>Mfi- 
xrsiNjL  von  der].    They  sent  gracious  mes- 
sages in  return,  though  pointing  out  that 
his  full  restitution  would  depend  upon  par- 
liament.    Bolingbroke  now  took  the  side 
of  V^alpole.     He  proposed  to  brixig  over 
some  01  his  torv  friends  to  Walpidcrs  sup- 
port (CoxE,  ii.  264).     Walpole  warned  him 
that  such  a  scheme,  if  loiown,  would  be 
fatal  to  his  hopes  from  a  whig  parliament. 
Bolingbroke  returned  to  France,  and  there 
endeavoured  in  the  winter  to  make  him- 
self useful  to  the  Walpoles.    Horace  Wal- 
gole  was  sent  there  to  oppose  Sir  Luke 
chaub,   Carteret's    agent,   in  various  in- 
trigues which    followed  the  death  of  tk(^ 
regent  (2  Dec.  1723).    Bolingbroke  nve  in- 
formation as  to  the  state  of  politics  in^^rance. 
ge  ofiered  to  use  Ids  innuence  with  the 
uke  of  Bourbon,  the  new  prime  minister, 
with  whose  friendshiphe  had  been  'honoured 
these  manv  years '  (toHarcourt,28  Dec,  1723).. 
Horace  Walpole  made  use  of  Bolingbroke'a 
iofcnrmation,  out  was  on  his  ffuard  against 
allowing  Bolingbroke  to  get  the  negotiation 
into  his  own  hands  (Horace  Walpo&a  letter 
in  CoxB*8  Lord  WeUpoUj  chap,  vl,  gives  the 
fullest  account  of  these  transactions).    Al- 
though Bolingbroke  was   thus   prevented 
from  establishing  so  strong  a  claim  as  be 
desired,^  he  had  made  himself  nsefuL  and 
more  might  be  expected  from  him,  as  Horace 
Walpole  observes.    Mvie.  de  Villette  had  en- 

8^2 


Saint-John 


628 


Saint-John 


trusted  60,000/.  to  Sir  Matthew  Decker  [q.  v.] 
New  fitmilv  arrangemente  upon  the  mama^ 
of  a  daughter  made  it  desirable  to  obtain 
the  repajment  of  this  money.  Decker  made 
difficulties,  on  the  ground  that,  as  she  was 
now  Bolingbroke's  wife,  he  might  be  respon- 
sible to  parliament  for  the  money.  It  was 
decided  that  she  should  go  to  England,  with 
a  recommendation  from  the  Duke  of  Bour- 
bon, to  get  the  matter  settled.  The  ministers 
approved,  and  a  present  of  11,000/.  to  the 
Duchess  of  Kendal  brought  the  business  to  a 
successful  end.  Lady  Bolingbroke  with  this 
influence  obtained  also  a  promise  of  parlia- 
mentary action  in  the  next  session  (Coxs, 
ii.  826-32,  844).  An  act  was  aocoraingly 
passed,  though  with  some  opposition,  in 
1725  enabling  Bolingbroke  to  inherit  and  ac- 
quire real  estate,  though  still  leaving  him 
excluded  from  the  House  of  Lords.  Coxe 
states,  on  the  authority  of  unpublished 
papers  (Xt^  of  Lord  Walpole,  ch.  vi.),  that 
Walpole  only  agreed  to  the  measure  when 
*  threatened  witn  dismission '  by  the  king 
and  the  duchess,  and  then  compromised  by 
refusing  a  complete  restoration.  Boling- 
broke therefore  owed  him  no  gratitude,  and 
renewed  his  old  enmity. 

Bolingbroke  now  settled  at  Dawley,  near 
Uxbridge.  He  was  within  a  moderate  dis- 
tance of  Pope's  villa  at  Twickenham,  and 
soon  became  the  object  of  Pone's  reverence 
and  the  inspirer  of  much  or  his  poetry. 
Swift,  during  his  visits  to  England  in  1726 
and  1727,  renewed  his  personal  acquaintance 
with  Bolingbroke.  Voltaire  when  in  Eng- 
land at  this  time  had  his  letters  directed  to 
Bolingbroke's  house,  and  had  some  inter- 
course with  him  and  his  literary  friends. 
It  does  not  appear,  however,  that  they 
really  saw  much  of  each  other,  and  Boling- 
broke evidently  suspectedVolt aire's  sincerity 
(Ohttbton  G0LLII7S,  Voltaire  in  England), 
Voltaire  had  talked  of  dedicating  the 
'Henriade'  to  Bolingbroke  (Gbimoard,  iii. 
280, 274),  and,  as  Bolingbroke  thought,  tried 
to  make  a '  dupe '  of  him  by '  verbiage.'  After- 
wards, however,  Voltaire  dedicated  to  him 
the  'Brutus'  (first  played  in  December 
1780),  in  language  haraly  warmer  than  that 
of  the  early  letter  to  Thi6riot.  Bolingbroke 
acted  the  part  of  country  gentleman  and 
farmer  witn  great  spirit,  and  had  his  hall 
painted  with  rakes  and  spades,  says  Pope 
(to  Swift,  28  June  1728),  '  to  countenance 
his  calling  it  a  farm.' 

Meanwnile  he  was  again  taking  an  im- 
portant though  obscure  part  in  politics. 
Pulteney's  formal  rupture  with  Walpole 
took  place  in  the  spring  of  1726  [see  under 

PtriTfiNBTj  'WlI.lTAM^  l^ABTi  OF  ^ATH].  and 


he  was  ready  to  accept  the  alliance  ofBoUng* 
broke  and  Bolingbroice's  disdple,  Wyndham. 
The  first  indication  was  the  appearance  of  the 
*  Craftsman '  in  December  1726.  Bolingbroke 
contributed  in  the  beginning  of  1726-7  tlnee 
papers,  by  an  '  Occasional  Writer,'  bitterly 
attacking  the  Walpoles.  He  proposed  to 
Swift  to  follow-up  the  discussion  (to  Swift, 
18  May  and  August  1727).  He  made  a 
more  dangerous  move  by  sending  a  paper 
through  the  Duchess  of  Kendal  to  the  King. 
The  king  handed  it  to  Walpole,  who  there- 
upon insisted,  for  fear  of  being  charged  with 
keeping  the  thing  to  himself,  that  Boling- 
broke should  be  admitted  to  an  audience. 
The  audience  was  nanted;  but  the  king 
only  laughed,  and  toM  Walpole  that  Boling- 
broke had  merely  talked  bagatelles,  Wid- 
pole,  however,  was  greatly  alarmed,  thinking 
that  in  time  the  duchesses  influence  wonld 
be  irresistible  (Coxe,  ii.  844,  671).  The 
king's  death  (9  June  1727)  put  an  end  to 
these  intrigues ;  and  Bolingbroke  remained 
at  Dawley,  amusing  hims^  with  farming 
and  in  the  literary  warfare  of  Pope,  whose 
'  Dunciad '  appeared  at  this  time.  At  the 
end  of  1728  ne  again  attacked  the  foreign 
policy  of  the  government  in  the  'Crafu- 
man.  His  letters,  signed  'John  Trot,' 
brought  him  into  conflict  with  Bishop 
Hoadly,  and  with  a  writer  in  the  '  Liondon 
Journal '  who  signed  himself  *  Publicola,' 
and  was  supposed  to  be  Walpole.  The  illness 
of  his  wife  took  him  to  Aix-la-Chapelle  in 
1729.  He  returned  to  Dawley  in  (October, 
while  she  remained  abroad  till  the  end  01 
1780.  Bolingbroke  now  made  it  his  great  end 
to  brin^  about  a  combination  between  the 
opposition  whigs  who  followed  Pulteney 
and  the  tones  led  by  his  old  pupil,  Sir  W. 
Wyndham.  His  knowledge  of  foreign  poli- 
tics enabled  him  to  spesK  with  authority 
upon  the  complicated  series  of  transactions 
which  Walpole  and  his  brother  were  carry- 
ing on,  and  upon  which  he  could  write  diff** 
nined  letters  in  the  '  Craftsman.'  His  leaa- 
ing  principle  was  that  whatever  the  Walpoles 
did  was  wicked,  corrupt,  and  blundering.  He 
sent  his  private  secretary,  Brinsden,  to  Dun- 
kirk to  examine  the  state  of  the  fortifications. 
Sir  W.  Wyndham  made  a  motion  in  the 
house  upon  the  subject,  and  asserted  that 
the  demolition  was  not  properly  enforced. 
Bolingbroke  was  bitterly  denounced  by  Wal- 
pole and  Pelham,  who,  according  to  Horace 
Walpole  (CoXE,  ii.  669),  roused  the  warmest 
indignation  against  their  enemy  in  the 
house.  After  the  session  Bolingbroke  beffan 
a  series  of  letters  in  the  '  Craftsman '  called 
'  Remarks  on  the  History  of  England,  by 
Humphry  Oldcastle.*    ChesterQela  ^ecox^^ 


Saiht-Johrt 


6i$ 


Salht-Johll 


mended  his  son  to  'transcribe,  imitate,  emu- 
late '  themi  although  the  style  scarcely  re- 
deems the  poverty  of  the  subjects.  The 
last  letter  (22  May  1781)  was  a  defence  of 
Polteney  and  himself,  which  provoked  '  Re- 
marks on  the  "  Craftsman's  Vindication/ 
inspired,  if  not  written,  by  Walpole.  Pul- 
teney'a  reply  to  the  '  Remarks '  caused  his 
disnciissal  fn>m  the  privy  council,  while 
Bolingbroke  retorted  in  a 'Final  Answer' 
of  some  bioffraphical  interest. 

Bolingbrdce  was  now  writing  the  philo- 
sophical fragments  which  were  partly  ver- 
sined  in  Pope's '  Essay  on  Man.'  Wyndham 
still  represented  his  opinions  in  the  House 
of  Commons,  especially  by  attacks  upon  the 
standing  army,  and  by  speeches  in  favour  of 
the  Pension  Bill,  first  introduced  by  Sandys 
in  1730.    This  bill,  disqualifying  holders  of 

ginaions  for  the  House  of  Commons,  was  so 
r  popular  that  Walpole  allowed  it  to  pass 
more  than  once,  and  caused  it  to  be  rejected 
by  the  House  of  Lords.  Bolingbroke  fre- 
quently insists  upon  the  topics  upon  which 
wbigs  and  Jacobites  could  agree  in  opposing 
the  government.  The  political  world,  how- 
ever, was  comparatively  quiet  until  the 
great  storm  of  Walpole  s  Excise  Bill  again 
roiised  the  hopes  of  the  opposition  in  1733. 
AVyndham's  speeches  in  the  house  were  in- 
spired by  Bohngbrokc,  and  regarded  as  the 
most  powerful  on  the  opposition  side.  The 
subsequent  dismissal  by  Walpole  of  Chester- 
iield  and  other  suspected  traitors  strength- 
ened the  ranks  of  the  opposition  by  n'esh 
whig  deserters.  Bolingbroke  carried  on  the 
assault  by  a  fresh  series  of  letters  in  the 
'Craftsman'  called  'A  Dissertation  on  Par- 
ties,' which  were  collected,  with  a  bitter  de- 
dication to  Walpole.  They  have  often  been 
considered  as  the  ablest  of  his  writings.  In 
the  session  of  1734  ho  suggested  an  attack 
upon  the  Septennial  Act.  The  whigs  in 
opposition  had  some  delicacy  in  proposing  to 
repeal  a  measure  for  which  their  own  party 
had  been  responsible.  Bolingbroke,  however, 
and  the  tones  prevailed,  and  a  motion  for 
the  repeal  was  proposed  on  13  ^larch. 
Wyndham,  in  his  speech,  drew  a  fancy  por- 
trait of  Walpole,  to  which  Walpole  replied 
by  describing  a  traitor  who  spat  venom 
through  the  mouths  of  his  dupes.  The  mo- 
tion was  rejected  by  247  to  184,  and  the 
whigs  in  opposition  appear  to  have  been  dis- 
gusted with  Bolingbroke.  Walpole  had  a 
majority  in  the  new  parliament,  which  met 
in  January  1735,  and  Bolingbroke  suddenly 
gave  up  uie  g[ame,  thoroughly  discouraged, 
some  speculation  has  been  wasted  upon  his 
precise  motives.  His  letters  to  Wynd- 
ham at  the  time  {Ooxjs,  ii,  333,  &c.)  give 


vague  generalities.  In  a  letter  written  id 
1739  he  tells  Wyndham  that  Pulteney 
thought  that  his  presence  in  England  was 
hurtml  (CoxB,  iii.  623;  see  also  Marchmont 
JPiaperSf  ii.  179,  and  iii.  860).  It  is  probable 
enough  that  the  opposition  whigs  felt  that 
the  suspicions  of  his  influence  in  the  back- 
g[round  made  them  unpopular.  An  intima- 
tion to  this  effect  would  oe  specially  annoy- 
ing to  a  proud  and  sensitive  man,  who,  after 
struggling  for  years  to  form  an  alliance 
with  the  whigs,  was  now  told  that  he  was 
in  their  way.  There  were  no  immediate 
prospects  of  victory,  and  his  restoration  to 
the  House  of  Lords  was  obviously  impossible. 
Pulteney  told  Swift  (22  Nov.  1736)  that  the 
cause  of  Bolingbrokos  retreat  was  want  of 
money.  He  would  not  be  able  to  return, 
said  Pulteney,  till  the  death  of  his  father, 
who  was  still  '  very  hale,'  brought  him  the 
family  estates.  Bolingbroke  was  always  ex- 
travag[ant,  and  was  certainly  embarrassed  at 
this  time.  He  was  always  impulsive  and 
given  to  hasty  decisions ;  and  there  seems  to 
be  no  cause  for  supposing,  as  Coxe  suggests, 
that  Walpole  had  discovered  intrigues  with 
foreign  ministers.  It  is  of  course  impos- 
sible to  estimate  the  importance  of  Bohng- 
broke's  influence  during  the  preceding  period. 
Hervey  (MemoirSf  ii.  86)  observes  tnat  the 
quiet  of  tne  next  session  (1 736)  wasdue  in  part 
to  his  departure.  His  writings  in  the  *  Crafts- 
man '  were  the  most  brilliant  pieces  of  jour- 
nalism between  the  time  of  the  'Exammer' 
and  Junius.  His  policy,  however,  was  on 
the  whole  a  failure,  and  the  attempt  to 
unite  irreconcilable  elements  led  to  a  final 
collapse. 

Bolingbroke  now  retired  to  Chanteloup 
in  Tourainc,  afterwards  occupied  by  the 
Hue  de  Choiseul.  He  endeavoured  to  dis- 
pose of  Dawley,  which  was  ultimately  sold, 
after  long  negotiations,  in  1730.  Pope  tells 
Swift  (17  May  1739)  that  26,000^  was  paid 
for  it.  From  1736  Bolingbroke  writes  from 
Argeville  (AcUlit.  MS.  34196),  a  chateau 
on  the  Seine  between  Fontainebleau  and 
Montereau.  Bolingbroke,  says  Pope  in  the 
same  letter,  was  still  hunting  twice  a  week, 
and  had  the  whole  forest  of  Fontainebleau 
at  his  command.  One  of  his  wife's  daughters 
was  married  to  the  Baron  de Volore,  governor 
of  Fontainebleau,  and  her  other  dauniter  was 
abbess  of  the  convent  of  Notre-Dame  at 
Sens  (R^MiTSAT,  i.  408).  Lady  Bolingbroke 
spent  part  of  her  time  at  this  convent,  and 
Bolingbroke  was  allowed  to  occupy  hpaviUan 
m  a  g&rden  belonging  to  it,  where  he  could 
pursue  his  studies  {Marchmont  Papers,  ii. 
285).  He  wrote  essays  upon  hbtorv  and 
the'Uses  of  Retirement 'in  theform  of  fetten 


p 

Saint-Johii 


630 


Saint-John 


to  friends^and  contemplated  a  history  of  the 
reign  of  Queen  Anne,  to  which  Swift  and 
Pope  make  frequent  references.  He  had 
be^  discussing  this  project  for  years  (see 
letter  to  Swift,  19  Nov.  1729),  and  in  1736* 
was  asking  Wyndham  to  apply  to  the  Duchess 
of  Marlborough  for  information  about  her 
husband's  campaigns  (CoxB,  ii.  337).  The 
only  fragment  executed  is  apparently  repre- 
sented 1^  the  'Eighth  Letter  on  the  Study  of 
History.^  In  17&  he  visited  England  upon 
the  Dawley  business.  He  was  introduced 
to  Frederick,  prince  of  Wales,  who  was  now 
the  centre  of  the  opposition  party.  Boling- 
broke  had  apparently  no  concern  in  the 
quarrel  between  the  prince  and  his  father  in 
1787  (tb.  ii.  494),  but  he  now  wished  to  re- 
commend himself  to  the  new  combination. 
The  result  was  'The  Patriot  King,'  dated 
December  1738.  It  is  his  most  elaborate 
piece  of  rhetoric ;  and  Chesterfield  declares 
that  till  he  read  it  he  did  not  know  '  the 
extent  and  power  of  the  English  language ' 
(  Works,  18*5,  i.  376).  An  essay  previously 
written  upon  the  '  Spirit  of  Patriotism,*  and 
afterwards  addressea  to  Lytteltou^  forms  an 
introduction,  and  a  paper  on  '  The  State  of 
Parties  at  the  Accession  of  George  I '  is  an 
appendix,  added  at  Lyttelton's  suggestion. 
Tne  manuscripts  were  intrusted  to  Pope, 
with  whom  Bolingbroke  was  staying  at  uie 
time,  but  not  pubnshed. 

Bolingbroke  returned  to  France  in  the 
spring  of  1739.  He  had  now  ceased  to  have 
any  real  influence  in  politics.  He  continued 
to  write  to  Sir  W.  Wyndham,  and  expressed 
the  gloomiest  views  of  English  aflairs  in 
general.  The  death  of  Wyndham  (17  June 
1740)  deprived  hun  of  his  most  attached 
friend.  Letters  to  him  upon  this  occasion 
from  Pope  and  Lyttelton  (printed  in  MalO- 
KNIORT,  pp.  643-9)  indicate  the  great  im- 
portance attributed  to  the  loss.  Boling- 
broke now  adopted  Hugh  Hume  [q.  v.],  who 
in  February  had  become  third  Earl  of  March- 
mont,  as  the  successor  to  his  confidence,  and 
said  that  he  would  address  to  him  all  the 
philosophical  and  historical  papers,  the  his- 
torical part  of  which  had  been  intended  for 
Wyndham.  He  was  at  this  time  revising 
the  papers  addressed  to  Pope  {Marchmont 
Papers,  ii.  213),  and  Chesterfield,  who  saw 
him  in  France  in  1741,  savs  that  he  would 
talk  nothing  but  metaphysics  (Chssteb- 
nsLD,  V.  443).  A  close  correspondence  fol- 
lowed with  Marchmont,  in  which  Boling- 
broke wrote  fully  and  vigorously  u^on  the 
last  struggle  with  Walpole.  In  April  1742 
Bolingbroke  inherited  tne  house  at  Battersea 
upon  the  death  of  his  father,  Lord  St.  John. 
He  visited  LondoS|  but  found  that  the  fall 


of  Walpole  had  made  no  opening  for  his 
activity.  He  retired  again  to  Argeville,  and 
left  his  house  at  Battersea  to  Marchmont 
{Marchmont  Papers,  ii.  280).  In  1743  he 
was  again  in  England.  Pope  had  now  fSfJlen 
under  the  influence  of  Warourton.  He  had 
in  the  previous  year  shown  Bolingbroke's 
letters  on  the  *  Study  of  History/ containing 
remarks  on  Jewish  chronolosy,  to  Warbur- 
ton,  and  innocently  assured  his  friend  that 
Bolingbroke  would  be  glad  to  receive  a 
candid  criticism.  Warburton  wrote  some 
remarks  on  the  spot,  which  Pope  sent  to 
Bolinffbroke.  Bolingbroke's  wrath  was 
rousea,  and  he  made  some  very  disagreeable 
remarks  upon  his  critic.  Pope,  however, 
now  introduced  the  two,  and  they  all  dined 
together  at  the  house  of  Murray,  afterwards 
Lord  Mansfield.  A  sharp  altercation  fol- 
lowed, which  led  to  later  quarrels  (see  end 
of  Warburton*s  fourth  letter  on  JBoling- 
broke's  philosophy ;  the  end  of  Bolingbroke^s 
fourth '  Philosophical  Essay ; '  and  Rtjffh£A.d, 
Pope,  p.  220).  Bolingbroke  was  again  at 
Argeville  in  June  1743,  and  went  to  Aix-lar- 
Chapelle  for  his  own  and  his  wife's  health 
in  August.  Thence  he  resolved  to  return 
to  England  and  settle  at  Battersea  with  his 
friend  Marchmont.  He  was  present  at  Pope^s 
death  (30  May  1744),  and  much  affected. 
His  discovery  that  Pope  had  had  a  question- 
able transaction  with  the  Duchess  of  Marl- 
borough, and  afterwards  that  he  had  secretly 
printed  fifteen  hundred  copies  of  the '  Patriot 
King  *  fsee  under  Pope,  Alexaxdsr],  roused 
Bolingbroke*s  indignation,  and  he  com- 
plained bitterly  to  Marchmont  (22  Oct. 
1744).  A  bitter  controversy  followed  a 
little  later.  Bolingbroke  made  up  his  mind 
to  publish  a  correct  edition  of  the  '  Patriot 
King,'  some  of  the  copies  printed  by  Pope 
being  in  circulation.  David  Mallet  fq.  v.], 
who  was  known  to  him  as  a  dependent  of 
the  Prince  of  Wales  and  Lyttelton,  edit^ 
the  book,  and  was  said  to  be  author  of  the 
preface.  In  this  an  attack  was  made  upon 
Pope  for  his  breach  of  faith.  Warburton 
retorted  in  a  letter  to  the  '  Editor  of  the 


impuaent  man  living, 
reply  of  unknown  authorship  was  made  in 
*  A  Letter  to  the  Lord  Viscount  Bolingbroke. 
occasioned  by  his  treatment  of  a  deceased 
friend '  (see  "Watsoit,  Idfe  of  Warburton,  p. 
366,  for  Mallet's  denial  of  his  authorship  of 
the  *  Familiar  Epistle  *).  Bolingbroke's  con- 
duct appears  to  have  been  jg^erallv  con- 
demnea.  Chesterfield  told  him  that  he  had 
now  succeeded  in  uniting  whigs,  tones,  trim- 
mers, and  Jacobites  against  himself  {March' 


Saint-John 


63* 


Saint- John 


numt  P<g9er»,  iL  380 ;  see  also  H.  Walpole 
to  Maniii  Oorretpondencey  ii.  158-60). 

Meanwhile  Bolingbroke  continued  to  live 
at  Battersea.  He  was  yifiited  by  Us  politi- 
cal Mends,  and  kept  up  liis  correspondence 
^th  MarchxQont.  He  speaks  of  political  af- 
fairs in  a  tone  of  despondency,  and  bad 
little  influence,  tbougb  still  under  suspicion. 
Cheeterfield,  who  admired  bim  warmly,  de- 
feuded  Marebmont,  of  wbom  tbe  king  bad 
complained  for  intimacy  witb  Bolingbroke ; 
and  told  tbe  king  tbat  he  frequently  himself 
talked  witb  Boungbroke  to  profit  by  bis 
knowledge  of  foreign  affairs.  Bolingbroke^s 
last  political  writing  was  an  unfinished 
paper  on  the  'Present  State  of  the  Nation,' 
written  apparently  in  1749.  His  own  health 
was  breaking,  and  bis  wife  obviously  sink- 
ing. She  died  on  18  March  1750,  and  was 
buried  at  Battersea  on  the  22nd.  He  '  acted 
ffrief,'  says  Horace  Walpole  snitefuUy , '  flun^ 
nimself  upon  her  bed,  and  asked  if  she  could 
forgive  him' (to  Mann,  Corre8jpondence,ii.  202). 
The  grief  Was  certainly  ffenuine.  Boling- 
brok^s  warm  affection  for  his  wife  is  the  most 
amiable  trait  in  his  private  character.  As 
Walpole  says  in  the  same  letter,  she  was 
greatly  admired  for  wit,  and  reports  of  her 
talk  in  Marchmont's  diary  show  especially 
that  her  familiarity  with  French  society 
enabled  her  to  take  an  effective  part  in  con- 
versations upon  foreign  politics.  Her  death 
involved  him  in  a  lawsuit  about  her  pro- 

Srty  in  France  which  outlasted  his  life, 
is  marriajB^e  was  denied  by  some  of  bis 
wife's  relations.  Ultimately  tbe  case  was 
decided  in  his  favour  in  March  1752.  He 
made  bis  will  on  22  Nov.  1750,  leaving 
legacies  to  his  servants,  and  all  his  works, 
piu)lished  and  unpublished,  to  Mallet.  He 
died  of  a'cancer  in  the  face  on  12  Dec.  1751. 
Chesterfield  saw  him  shortly  before  his 
death,  and  reports  his  saying, '  Qod,  who  bad 
placed  me  here,  will  do  what  he  pleases 
witb  me  hereafter ;  and  he  knows  best  what 
to  do.  May  he  bless  you !  *  (see  Ohesteb- 
nsLD,  ii.  448,  iii.  432,  iv.  l)^  There  were 
also  edifying  reports  of  his  refusing  to 
see  tbe  cler^rman,  and  occasiomJly  faiUing 
into  a  rage. 

Bolingbroke  was  buried  by  the  side  of  his 
wife  in  the  family  vault  atBatterseaonldDec 
There  is  a  monument  with  medallion  busts  of 
himself  and  wife,  by  Koubiliac,  in  the  paridi 
church,  with  inscriptions  composed  by  him- 
self. The  greater  part  of  the  manor-house 
wais  demoUshed  in  1778.  Bolingbroke's 
iather  had  married  a  second  wife,  Angelica 
Magdalene,  daughter  of  G.  Fittesary,  and 
left  by  her  four  children:  Henrietta,  who 
became   Lady   Luzboxougb  jjsee  Ksiqux, 


Hbnbibtta]  ;  Bolingbroke  wrote  affec- 
tionate letters  to  her  formany.years  (Addit* 
MS,  34196) ;  George,  to  whom  Bolingbroke, 
when  in  power,  was  very  kind,  and  who 
died  at  Venice  in  January  1715^16 ;  John, 
who  became  Viscount  St.  John,  on  his  £a,ther*8 
death,  and  who  died  in  1749;  and  Hollis, 
who  died  immarried  in  October  1788.  John's 
son  Frederick  (1784-1787)  became  second 
Viscount  Bolingbroke  upon  tbe  death  of  his 
uncle. 

An  engraving  from  a  portrait  by  Thomas 
Murray  (1663-1734)  [q.  vj  is  prefixed  to  his 
works.  A  portrait,  by  Hyacmthe  Bigaud, 
is  in  the  National  Portrait  Ghillery ;  a  third 
was  nainted  by  Ejieller. 

Bolingbroke  s  most  undeniable  excellence 
was  in  the  art  of  oratory.  Swift  says  (Be^ 
haviour  of  the  Last  Mtmstry)  that  men  of  all 
parties  assured  him  that,  as  a  speaker,  Boling- 
broke had  never  been  equalled ;  and  the  tni£- 
tion  survived  to  tbe  days  of  the  vounger  Pitt. 
Pitt  is  reported  to  have  said  that  he  would 
rather  have  recovered  one  of  those  speeches 
than  the  best  compositions  of  antiquity. 
It  has  often  been  remarked  that  his  writ- 
ings are  substantially  orations.  Their  style 
has  been  greatly  admired.  Chesterfield  calls 
the  style  'infbiitely  superior  to  anyone's' 
(  Works,  i.  376,  ii.  78,  109, 117).  Chatham 
(  Corretpondence.  i.  109)  advises  his  nephew  to 
get  Bolingbroke  by  heart,  for  the  inimitable 
beauty  of  his  style  as  well  as  for  the  matter. 
The  style,  however,  does  not  prevent  them 
£rom  being  now  exceedingly  tiresome,  except 
to  persons  of  refined  tastes.  The  causes  are 
plain.  His  political  theories  are  tbe  out- 
come not  of  real  thought,  but  of  the  necessi- 
ties of  his  political  relations.  He  was  in  a 
false  position  through  life.  A  profligate 
and  a  freethinker,  he  had  to  serve  the  most 
respectable  of  queens  and  to  lead  the  high- 
church  party.  He  was  forced  by  political 
necessities  to  take  up  with  the  Pretender, 
whom  he  cordially  despised,  and  afterwards 


spirit  of  Locke  and  the  whigs 
he  wished  to  combine  whigs  and  tones,  he 
insists  that  the  old  party  distinctions  had 
become  obsolete — a  tneory  for  which  indeed 
there  was  much  to  be  said  in  the  days  of 
Walpole.  He  attacks  Walpole  for  his  noto- 
rious corruption,  and  accepts  the  whig  objec- 
tions to  standing  armies  and  placemen.  As  a 
typical  aristocrat  by  temper,  he  traces  one 
main  cause  of  the  corruption  to  the  '  monied 
men  '  as  opposed  to  the  landed  classes,  and 
denoimces  the  stockjobbers  and  the  bankers 
who  were  Walpole's  main  support.  This 
position  leads   him  to  attack  the  wholt 


Saint-John 


632 


Saint-Joiih 


fiYstem  of  party  government  which  was 
elaborated  daring  his  time  and  resulted  in 
the  subordination  of  the  royal  authority  to 
the  parliamentary  combinations.  Ilis  ideal 
is  therefore  the  king  who  will  'begin  to 
govern  as  soon  as  he  begins  to  reign '  (Idea 
of  a  Patriot  King),  The  King  is  to  be  power- 
ful enough  to  override  parties,  and  yet  to 
derive  strength  like  Queen  Elizabeth,  whom 
he  specially  admires,  from  representing  the 
true  rule  of  the  people.  In  other  w^ords, 
Bolingbroke  advocates  a  kind  of  democratic 
toryism,  and  may  be  understood  as  antici- 
patmg  Disraeli's  attacks  upon  the  '  Venetian 
arist<^racy.'  Disraeli  claims  Bolingbroke  and 
Wyndham  as  representatives  of  the  true  poli- 
tical creed  in  '  Sybil'  Tbk.  iv.  chap.  14).  His 
theories,  however,  had  to  be  adapted  to  the 
circumstances  of  the  day ;  and  ho  was  forced 
to  see  his  ideal  ruler  in  Frederick,  prince  of 
Wales.  He  emits  brilliant  flashes  of  per- 
c;eption  rather  than  any  steady  light,  and 
faus  in  the  attempt  to  combine  philosophi- 
cal tone  with  personal  ends.  His  dignified 
style,  his  familiarity  with  foreign  politics, 
and  with  history  especially  as  regarded  by  a 
diplomatist  mainly  mterested  in  the  balance 
of  power,  impressed  his  contemporaries. 
But  his  dignity  prevents  him  from  rivalling 
Swift's  hard  hitting,  on  the  one  hand,  while 
his  phQosophif  is  too  thin  on  the  other  to 
bear  a  comparison  with  Burke.  His  philo- 
sophical writings  are  still  less  satisfactory. 
He  began  to  study  such  topics,  as  he  savs  in 
the  letter  to  Pouilly ,  when  ne  was  past  rorty, 
and  was  chiefly  anxious  to  display  his  rhetoric. 
His  favourite  topic  is  a  supposed  alliance 
between  divines  and  atheists ;  and,  in  order 
to  attack  both,  he  adopts  a  very  flimsy  de- 
ism. He  hates  the  divines  the  worse  of  the 
two,  and  especially  such  metaphysicians  as 
Leibnitz  and  Clarke,  whom  he  assails  with 
weapons  taken  from  Locke  and  with  strong 
language  of  his  own.  He  made  many  at- 
tacKS  upon  the  chronology  and  history  of  the 
Old  Testament,  but  without  much  origi- 
nality. His  tendency  is  best  represented 
by  Pope's '  Essay  on  Man,' which,  though  often 
brilliant,  has  never  passed  for  logical.  Boling- 
broke seems  to  have  been  singularly  sensi- 
tive to  criticism,  and  often  lost  his  temper 
in  controversy.  Mr.  Churton  Collins  gives 
reasons  for  thinking  that  he  had  much  in- 
fluence upon  Voltaire.  The  personal  con- 
nection, however,  seems  to  have  been  slight; 
and  Voltaire  had  studied  more  thoroughly 
the  writers  from  whom  Bolingbroke  drew. 
The  concidences,  therefore,  may  be  £us- 
ceptible  of  a  diflerent  explanation.  Bo- 
lingbroke's  philosophical  works  were  pub- 
lished after  the  deist  controversy  in  £ng^ 


land  had  lost  much  of  its  novelty.  They 
were  attacked  by  Warburton,  Robert  Clayton 
(1695-1758)  [q.  vA  James  Hervey  (1714- 
1758)  [q.  V.J,  and  John  Leland  (1691-1766) 
[q.  v/J ;  and  Voltaire  wrote  a  short  pamphlet 
m  defence  of  the '  Letters  on  History, '  Defense 
de  Milord  Bolingbroke,  parle  docteur  Good- 
natured  Wellwisher,  chapelain  da  Gomte  de 
Chesterfield,'  which  was  also  published  in 
English.  It  is  ^ven  in  the  section  '  Philo- 
sophie '  in  Voltaire's  works,  where  it  follows 
'  U  n  Examen  important  de  Lord  Boling- 
broke.' Bolingbroke's  name  is  here  merely 
used  as  a  convenient  mask  for  one  of  Vol- 
taire's characteristic  essays.  Bolingbroke's 
works  excited  only  a  momentary  attention, 
and  are  too  fragmentary  and  discursive  to  be 
of  much  value.  Burke's  'Vindication  of 
Natural  Society,'  another  essay  in  imitation 
of  3olingbroke,  but  intended  to  expose  his 
principles,  is  an  interesting  illustzution  of 
the  positions  of  both  thinkers. 

Bolingbroke's  works  are :  1.  '  Letter  to 
the  Examiner'  (1710);  reprinted  in  *  Somers 
Tracts'  (1815),  vol.  xiii.  2.  *The  Con- 
siderations upon  the  Secret  EListory  of  the 
White  Staflr*^ (1714) ;  and  8.  'The  Repre- 
sentation of  the  Lord  Viscount  BoLng- 
broke,'  1715  (reprinted  in  *  Somers  Tracts,' 
vol.  xiii.\  have  been  conjecturally  attri- 
buted to  him.  The  following  have  oeen  re- 
printed from  the  'Crafteman:*  (1)  'The 
Occasional  Writer  '  (three  numbers),  1727 ; 
(2)  '  Remarks  on  the  History  of  England, 
from  the  Minutes  of  Humphry  Oldcastlo' 
(5  Sept.  1730  to  22  May  1731,  in  the '  Crafts- 
man ^) ;  (3)  *  The  Freeholder's  Political  Cate- 
chism,' 1733  (reprinted  at  the  time  and  in 
'  Collection  '  of  1748,  but  not  in  works) ; 
(4)  '  A.  Dissertation  upon  Parties '  (27  Oct. 
1733  to  21  Dec.  1734,  in  '  Craftsman') ;  re- 
printed in  1735;  11th  ed.  1786.  In  the 
'  Craftsman 'appeared  also  an '  Answer  to  the 
"London  Journal"  of  28  Dec.  1728; '  'An- 
swer to  the  Defence  of  the  Enquiry,'  &c. ; 
'Final  Answer  to  the  RemarKs  on  the 
"  Craftsman's"  Vindication; '  and  the  *  First 
Vision  of  CamiUck.'  These  are  reprinted 
(except  the  *  Catechism  *)  in  his  *  Works.'  A 
'  Collection  of  Political  Tracts  by  the  Author 
of  the  Dissertation  on  Parties,'  1748,  includes 
the '  Occasional  Writer,'  various  papers  from 
the  '  Craftsman,'  and  the  '  The  Case  of  Dun- 
kirk considered,'  not  in  the  collected  works. 
It  was  reprinted  b^  Cadell  in  1788.  The 
'I^etter  on  the  Spirit  of  Patriotism,'  'Tlie 
Idea  of  a  Patriot  King,'  and  the  essay  '  On 
the  State  of  Parties  at  the  Accession  of 
George  I'  were  published  (see  above)  in 
1749. 

The  'Letters  on  the  Study  and  Use  of 


Saint.Johil 


Hs 


St.  John 


Histoiy/  the  first  dated  Chanteloup  in  Tou- 
raine,  6  Nov.  1735.  were  privately  printed 
before  Bolinffbroke^  death ;  hut  first  pub- 
lished by  B&llet  in  1752,  in  2  vols.  8vOy 
with '  Plan  for  a  GeneralHistory  / '  True  Use  of 
Retirement  and  Study/  and '  Keflect ions  upon 
Exile.'  In  1753  was  also  published  'Reflec- 
tions concerning  Innate  Moral  Principles' 
(not  included  in  his  '  Works '),  in  French 
and  English^  said  to  have  been  written  for 
the  *  Entresol '  Club,  founded  by  Alari,  of 
which  there  is  an  account  in  Grimoard,  iii. 
461,  &C-  In  1753  *  Letter  to  Sir  W.  Wvnd- 
hani|'  the '  Reflections  on  the  State  of  the 
Nation/  and  the  'Introductory  Letter  to 
Pope '  were  published  by  Mallet.  Finally, 
in  1754,  Mallet  published  the  collected 
works,  in  5  vols.  4to ;  which  add '  Substance 
of  some  Letters  written  originally  in  French 
about  1720,  to  M.  de  Pouflly ; '  '  A  Letter 
occasioned  by  one  of  Archishop  Tillotson's 
Sermons ; '  *  [Fourl  Essays  addressed  to 
Alexander  Pone,' '  Fragments  or  Minutes  of 
EssftySy'&c.yWnich,  according  to  Mallet,  were 
sent  to  Pope  as  written.  This  edition  was 
'the  gon  charged  against  Christianity'  of 
Dr.  Johnson's  lamous  comment.  Another 
quarto  edition  was  published  in  1778,  and 
an  octavo  edition  in  8  vols.  8vo,  in  1809, 
with  the  'Life '  by  Goldsmith  prefixed. 

[A  contemporary  Life  and  Histoiy  of  Boling- 
hroke  appeared  i  n  1 752,  and  a  Life  by  Goldsmith 
in  1 770.  Other  coniemporary  memoirs  appeared 
abont  1 740  and  in  1 754.  A  short  life  is  prefixed 
to  the  editions  of  his  Works.  The  first  life  worth 
notices  by  Geoige  Wingiove  Cooke  [q.  v.],  pnb- 
lished  in  1 835,  is  superficial.  A  Life  by  Thomas 
Mac^night(1863)  snows  more  research,  though 
not  always  accurate.  Mr.  John  Churton  CoUins's 
Bolingbroke,  a  Historical  Study  (with  VoUaire 
in  ISSS),  gives  a  spirited  summary  and  criticism. 
Life  by  Thomas  Harrop  CI  884),  and  Dr.  Moritz 
Brosch's  Lord  Bolingbroke  und  die  Whigs  and 
Tories  seiner  Zei t  ( 1 883),  add  little.  Mr.  Arthur 
Hassall's  Bolingbroke  (1889),  in  the  Statesman 
Series,  Dr.  Gottfried  Koch's  short  notice, '  Bol- 
ingbroke's  politische  Ansichten  nnd  die  Sqnire- 
archei '  (1800),  and  Walter  Sichers  <  Bolingbroke 
and  his  Times' (1901-2)  may  also  be  noticed. 
Btonsat*8  L'Angletene  an  Dis-huitiime  Si^le, 
ill  1-462,  gives  a  fair  summary  of  his  career,  and 
his  philosophical  position  is  outlined  in  Carran's 
La  Fhilosophie  iteligiense  en  Angleterre  depnis 
Locke,  1888,  pp.  64-91.  The  original  anthonties 
are  chiefly  for  the  last  four  years  of  Queen  Anne, 
Boliogbroke's  Letters  and  Correspondence,  by  G. 
Parka,  1798,  containing  papers  saved  by  his  secre- 
tary, Thomas  Hare,  at  tne  time  of  Queen  Anne's 
death ;  Swift^s  Journal  to  Stella,  Memoirs  relating 
to  the  Charge  in  the  year  1710,  Inquiry  into  the 
BehariouroftheQueen'sLastMinistry.FoarLast 
yetm  and   Correspondence ;   ToTcfa  Memoirs 


(quoted  from  Petitot's  Collection,  vol.  Ix7tii.); 
The  Report  of  the  Committee  of  Secrecy  Tprinted 
in  appendix  to  Pari.  Hist  vol.rii.)  Macpaertion's 
Original  Papers;  Lockhart  Papers  (1817); 
Stuart  Papers,  at  Windsor,  from  which  extracts 
are  printed  in  the  appendices  to  the  first  two 
Tolumes  of  Stanhope's  History ;  and  Mackintosh's 
Collections,  now  m  the  British  Museum,  from 
which  extracts  were  giyen  in  the  Edinburgh  Re- 
Tiew  for  October  1886,  are  the  chief  authorities 
as  to  the  early  Jacobite  intrigues.  Berwick's 
Memoirs  (PetiCot  Collection,  vol.  Izvi.)  and  the 
Letter  to  Sir  W.  Wyndham  give  the  best  account 
of  the  first  period  in  France.  The  Lettres 
Bistoriques,  Politiques,  Philosophiques,  et  Par- 
ticulieres,  &c,  3  vols.  8ro,  1808,  with  introduo- 
tion  by  Grimoard,  contains  translations  of  let- 
ters published  elsewhere,  with  some  new  letters 
to  the  Abb6  Alan,  a  friend  of  Bolingbroke,  and 
Mme.  de  Villette,  and  to  Mme.  de  Ferriol,  from 
1717  to  1736.  Orimoard's  introduction  adds  a 
few  facts.  For  ^e  later  histoiy,  the  conespon- 
denoe  published  in  the  second  volume  of  Coxa's 
Walpole  (quoted  from  the  quarto  edition  of 
1798)  is  of  chief  importance.  It  includes  Boling- 
broke's  Letters  to  Wyndham  irom  the  JSgremont 
Papers.  The  correspondence  of  Swift  and  Pope 
contains  many  letters  from  Bolingbroke,  and 
much  incidental  information.  The  Marohmont 
Papers,  edited  by  Sir  G.  Boee,  contain  many 
letters  from  Bolingbroke  during  his  last  years, 
in  vol.  ii.,  and  some  accounts  of  him  in  March- 
mont's  Diary,  in  vol.  i.  Phillimore's  Life  of 
Lyttelton  and  Chesterfield's  Works  add  some 
letters  and  notices.  In  the  9th  App.  to  the 
14th  Rep.  of  the  Hist.  MSS.  Comm.  pp.  465-7» 
470-2,  615,  are  some  interesting  remarks  by 
Speaker  Onslow  upon  Bolinn;broke*s  relations  to 
George  I,  the  Duchess  of  Kendal,  and  Walpole. 
See  also  Spence's  Anecdotes ;  Nichols's  Literary 
Anecdotes ;  Schlosser's  Hist,  of  the  Eighteenth 
Century;  Stephen's  Religious  Thought  in  the 
Eighteenth  Century ;  Watson's  Life  of  Warbur- 
ton,  and  Walpole's  Letters.]  L.  S« 

ST.  JOHN,  HORACE  STEBBINQ 
ROSOGE  (1832-1888),  journalist,  youngest 
son  of  James  Augustus  St.  John  [q.  v.],  was 
bom  in  Normandy  in  1832  and  educated 
under  his  father.  He  began  his  Journalistic 
career  as  a  boy,  and  while  'm  a  round 
jacket  and  turn-down  collar 'wrote  a  lead* 
mg  article  for  the  *  Sunday  Times.'  With 
his  brothers  Bayle  and  Percy  Bolingbroke 
St.  John,  both  of  whom  are  separately 
noticed,  he  edited  in  18o4  *  Utopia :  a  poli- 
tical, literary,  and  industrial  journal,'  which 
only  ran  to  six  numbers.  For  many  years 
he  was  a  leader-writer  on  political  topics  on 
the  *  Daily  Telegraph,'  and  frequently  acted 
as  special  correspondent  of  the 'Times,' the 
'Standard,'  and  other  newspa^rs.  During 
1862  and  1803  he  was  a  contributor  to  tho 
*  AthcnsDum/  to  the  '  Seven  Days'  Journal/ 


St.  John 


634 


Saint-John 


and  to  the  '  Leader/  Falling  into  pecu- 
niary difficulties,  he  was,  on  his  own  peti- 
tion, made  a  bankrupt  on  9  Jan.  1862,  and 
received  a  conditional  order  of  discharge  on 
11  April  1862.  He  died  at  49  Sydenham 
Place,  Anerley,  Surrey,  on  29  Feb.  1888. 

He  was  the  author  of:  L  ^A  Life  of 
Christopher  Columbus/  1850.  2.  'EListory 
of  the  British  Ccmqaests  in  India,'  1862, 
2  vols.  8.  'The  Indian  Archipelago:  its 
History  and  F^resent  State,'  1868y  2  vols. 

His  wife,  a  daughter  of  Thomas  Roscoe 
[q.  v/|,  was  author  of:  1.  *  Audubon  the  Na- 
turalist in  the  New  World :  his  Adventures 
and  Discoveries,*  1856;  new  edit.,  revised, 
Boston,  1856.  2.  'Englishwomen  and  the 
Age,'  1860.  3.  *  Masaniello  of  Naples :  the 
Becord  of  a  Nine  Days'  Revolution,'  1865. 
4. '  The  Court  of  Anna  Carafa :  an  historical 
narrative,'  1872. 

[Allibone's  Dictionary,  1871,  ii«  913 ;  Athe- 
namim,  10  March  1888,  p.  310 ;  Times,  8  March 
1888,  p.  7;  Sala's  Life  and  Adventures,  i.  897- 
398.]  G.  C.  B. 

ST.  JOHN,  JAMES  AUGUSTUS 
(1801-1875),  author  and  traveller,  was  bom 
in  Carmarthenshire  on  24  Sept.  1801.  When 
he  was  seven  his  father  died,  and  in  his  educa- 
tion at  the  village  school  he  was  assisted  by 
the  local  cler^man,  who  tatight  him  classics 
and  modern  jJangua^.  When  sixteen  he 
came  to  London,  and  immediately  afterwards 
}oined  the  staff  of  a  Plymouth  radical  news- 
paper ;  and  on  the  publication  of  the  *  Ori* 
^ntal  Herald,'  by  James  Silk  Buckingham 
[q.  v.],  in  1824,  he  was  appointed  assistant 
editor.  In  partnership  with  David  Lester 
Richardson  fq.  v.],  he  started  the  'Weekly 
fi^ew'  in  1827.  The  paper  appeared  for 
three  years,  and  was  then  sold  and  became 
the  *  Court  Journal.' 

Meanwhile  St.  John  removed  with  his 
family  to  Caen.  His  life  there,  and  the  fre- 
quent excursions  he  made  in  the  provinces, 
)rm  the  basis  of  his  'Journal  of  a  Eesi- 
Lence  in  Normandy'  contributed  in  1826 
to  '  Constable's  Miscellany.'  In  1830-1  he 
Was  in  Paris^  and  subse(^uently  in  Switzer- 
land. Leavmg  his  family  behind  him  at 
tiausanne,  he  set  out  in  1832  to  Egypt,  and 
travelled  there  and  in  Nubia,  mostly  on  foot. 
The  record  of  this  journey  was  published  in 
two  volumes  in  1834,  under  the  title  of 
'  Egypt  and  Mohammed  Ali.'  He  returned 
through  Italy  in  1834,  and  the  European 
portions  of  tnis  tour  form  the  subjeot  of 
'There  and  back  again  in  search  of  jfeauty  ^ 
(2  vols.  London,  1853).  He  then  returned 
with  his  family  to  London.  The  events  of 
1849  called  him  to  Paris.    Subsequently  he 


wrote  forcible  letters  in  the  liberal  interest 
under  the  signature  of  *  Gieville  Brook '  in 
the  '  Sunday  Times/  and  supplied  political 
leaders  for  many  years  to  the  '  Dally  Tele- 
graph.' In  1868  he  brought  out  an  elabo- 
rate '  Life  of  Sir  Walter  Kaleigh '  (2  vols. 
1868,  1  vol.  1869),  in  which  he  embodied 
some  researches  previously  made  at  Madrid 
and  Simancas.  in  his  last  years  he  became 
blind.  He  died  in  lion4on  in  September 
1875.  He  had  married  in  1819  Elixa  Agar 
Hansard,  and  by  her  had  had  a  large  famfly. 
Three  of  lus  sons — Percy  Bolingbroke,  Ba^le, 
and  Horace  Stebbing  Koscoe — are  noticed 
separately. 

St.  Jolm's  works  were  of  a  varied  character. 
In  addition  to  those  mentioned  above,  he 
wrote :  1.  '  Anatomy  of  Society,'  London, 
1831.  2.  'Lives  of  Celebrated  Travellers,' 
3  vols.  London,  1831.  3.  'Dlargaret  Ka- 
venscroft,'  a  novel,  3  vols.  Lon£>n,  1835. 
4.  *  Tales  of  the  Ramadlian/  3  vols.  London, 
1835.  5.  *  Manners  and  Customs  of  Ancient 
Ghreece,'  3  vols.  London,  1842.  6.  'Sir 
Cosmo  Digby :  a  Tale  of  the  Monmouthshire 
Kiots/  3  vols.  London,  1843.  7. '  Egypt  and 
Nubia,'  London,  1845.  8.  'Views  in  the 
Eastern  Archipelago'  (descriptions  accom- 
panyinff),  London,  1847.  9.  '  Oriental 
Album  (descriptions  accompanying),  Lon- 
don, 1848.  10. '  Isis,  an  Egyptian  Pilgmnage,' 
2  vols.  London,  1853.  11. '  I^hilosophy  at  the 
Foot  of  the  Cross,'  London,  1854.  12.  '  Ne- 
mesis of  Power.'  London,  1 854.  13. '  Preach- 
ing of  Christ,^  London,  1856.  14  <  Ring 
and  the  Veil,'  a  novel,  3  voIb.  London,  1856. 
15.  *  Louis  Napoleon/  a  biography,  London, 
1857.  16.  <  Education  of  t£e  People,'  Lon- 
don, 1858.  17.  *  History  of  the  Four  Con- 
quests of  Eng:land,'  2  vols.  London,  1862. 
18. '  Weighed  in  the  Balance,'  a  novel,  8  vols. 
London,  1864.  He  also  edited :  '  Master- 
pieces of  English  Prose  Literature,'  6  vols. 
London,  1836-8 ;  *  pilgrim's  Progress,'  Loi>- 
don,  1838 ;  John  Locke's  '  Worl^/  London, 
1843  and  1854;  Milton's  'Prose  Works,' 
London,  1848. 

[Men  of  the  Time ;  Sala's  Life  and  Adveo- 
tores,  i  807;  autobiographicsl  information  in 
his  own  Works ;  Brrt.  Mas.  Cett.]      '  J.  R.  H. 

SAINT- JOHN,  JOHN  ra  {d.  1302),  lieu- 
tenant  of  Aquitame,  was  the  son  of  Robert 
de  Saint^ohn  and  his  wife  A^es,  daughter 
of  William  de  Cantelupe.  His  grandfather, 
William  de  Saint- Joftn,  was  the  son  of 
Adam  de  Port  [q.v.],  by  his  marriage  with 
Mabel^  the  grand&augnter  and  heuress  ot 
Roger  de  Saint- John.  In  virtue  of  inheriting 
Boger'iB  estates,  William  assumed  the  name 
of  Saiu^John^  describing  himself  as  '  Wi^ 


Saint-Johii 


hs 


Saint-John 


tiam  de  SaintnJoluiy  son  and  heir  of  Adam 
de  Port.'  The  Fort8  had  been  an  importanC 
Ham]^hire  family,  having  their  chief  seat  at 
Basing,  near  Basingstoke,  which  continued 
to  be  the  centre  of  the  Saint-John  influ- 
ence. 

Robert  de  Saint-John  died  in  1267  (  Wor- 
center  Annals,  p.  457),  whereupon  John  re- 
ceived liverv  of  his  lands.  John  also  suc- 
ceeded his  rather  as  governor  of  Porchester 
Castle.  He  held  land  in  six  counties — 
Hampshire,  Herefordshire,  Berkshire,  War- 
wickuiire,  Kent,  and  Sussex  (cf.  Burrows, 
Brootu  FamUu  i^f  Beawrepaire^  p.  364).  After 
Baaingy  his  chief  centre  of  power  was  Hal- 
naker,  near  Chichester  in  Sussex,  round 
which  he  held  four  manors  (cf.  CaL  Patent 
Bolls,  1281-d3,  p.  67).  In  November  1276 
he  was  one  of  tne  magnates  present  at  the 
council  at  which  judgment  was  given  against 
LlTwelyn  of  Wales.  In  1277  and  in  1282  he 
took  part  in  Edward  Ps  two  great  invasions 
of  Wales,  and  in  1283  was  summoned  to  the 
Shrewsburv  parliament.  On  26  April  1286 
he  receivea  letters  of  protection  for  one  year 
on  going  abroad  with  tne  king,  and  on  16  Slaj 
nominated  Thomas  of  Basing,  clerk,  as  his 
attorney  in  England  (ib.  np.  239, 247).  His 
absence,  however,  was  prolonged  beyond  that 
period  (ib,  p.  277),  and  during  Edward  I's 
three  years  residence  in  Aquitaine,  between 
1286  and  1289,  he  seems  to  have  been  in  con- 
stant attendance  on  him.  He  was  busied, 
for  example,  in  negotiations  resulting  from 
Edward's  mediation  between  the  kin^s  of 
Aragon  and  Naples,  and  in  October  1288 
was  one  of  the  hostages  handed  over  to  Ara- 
gon to  secure  the  conditions  upon  which  the 
prince  of  Salerno  had  been  released  (Fasdera, 
1.  690).  He  thus  first  gained  that  exceptional 
experience  in  Aquitanian  affairs  that  ac- 
counts for  his  subsequent  employment  in 
Edwiurd's  south  French  duchy.  He  was 
back  in  England  before  2  Feb.  1289  (cf.  Cal. 
Patent  Bolls,  1281^92,  p.  346).     In  May 

1290  he  attended  parliament. 

On  29  Oct.  1290  Saint-John  again  re- 
ceived letters  of  protection  for  a  year,  as 
Soing  abroad  on  the  king's  service,  but  he 
id  not  appoint  his  attorneys  until  8  Jan. 

1291  (t5.  pp.  392,  413).  He  was  now  des- 
patx^hed  on  a  mission  to  Nicholas  IV  as 
regards  the  crusading  tenth  and  the  pro- 
jected crusade  {Fasdera,  i.  743).  In  March 
he  was  at  Tarasoon,  dealing  with  business 
arising  out  of  Edward  Ps  mediation  between 
Sicily  and  Aragon  (ib.  i.  744-5).  Again,  in 
November,  he  was  once  more  quitting  Eng- 
land for  the  continent  (Oal.  Patent  Bous, 
11^81-92,  p.  449).  In  November  1292  he 
was  in  Scotland  attending  on  the  king  (Hist, 


Doc  Scotland,  1.  371).  Various  grants  fol- 
lowed these  services  (cf.  CaL  Patent  Bolls, 
1281-92,  pp.  466,  483,  511). 

In  1293  the  relations  between  Edward  I 
and  Philip  the  Fair  became  unfriendly,  an(^ 
Saint*John  was  again  despatched  to  Oasoony 
to  act  as  the  king's  lieutenant,  with  two 
thousand  livres  toumois  as  his  stipend.  His 
administration  of  Aouitaine  was  just  and 
popular  (Walter  de  H£MiN0BirR6H,iL  49), 
He  specially  busied  himself  with  strengthen- 
ing and  provisioninj^  the  fortified  towns  an4 
castles,  and  in  providing  adequate  garrisons 
for  them  (Rishavqbr,  (^roTk  p.  1^),  MesD* 
while,  however,  Edmund  of  Xanoaster  had 
been  tricked  into  allowing  Philip  the  Fiur 
the  temporary  possession  of  the  Ghiscon 
stiongholds.  On  3  Feb.  1294  Saint-John 
received  instructions  from  Edmund  to  de- 
liver seisin  of  Gbscony  to  its  overlord  (JPcb- 
dera,  L  793 ;  Ghampolliok  Figbao,  Zettres 
desBoiset  desBeines  ^Analeterre,  i.  406-8). 
He  accordingly  admitted  the  French  into  the 
castles,  sold  off  the  provisions  and  stores  that 
he  had  collected,  and  returned  to  England 
by  way  of  Paris  (Trivet,  p.  330 ;  HisHAjroEBy 
p.  141 ;  Flwes  Hist  iii.  271). 

PhiUp  treacherously  kept  posseesion  of 
Gascony,  and  Edward  I  prepared  to  recover 
his  inheritance  by  force.  Unable  to  go  to 
Gascony  in  jperson,  Edward,  on  1  July  1294, 
appointed  ms  nephew  John  of  Brittany  as 
his  lieutenant  in  Aquitaine  with  Saint-^ohn 
as  seneschal  and  chief  counsellor  (Fcedera, 
L  85).  The  expedition  finally  left  Plymouth 
on  1  Oct.  (Hemikobuboh,  iL  46-9;  cf. 
Fasdera,  i.  808).  On  28  Oct.  the  Gironde 
was  reache4.  On  31  Oct.  Macau  was  cap- 
tured. Bourg  and  Blaye  were  next  subduedi 
and  the  fleet  sailed  up  the  Garonne  to  Bor- 
deaux; but,  failing  to  capture  so  great  a 
town,  it  went  higher  up  stream  to  Rions, 
which  was  captiu*ed,  along  with  Podensao 
and  Villeneuve.  Leaving  John  of  Brittany 
at  Rions,  Saint- John  went,  by  river  and  sea, 
to  Bayonne,  and  attacked  the  town.  On 
1  Jan.  1295  the  citizens  of  Bayonne,  with 
whom  he  was  very  popular,  drove  the  French 
garrison  into  the  castle  and  opened  their 
gates  to  him.  Saint-John  sent  the  ring- 
leaders of  the  French  party  to  England  and 
attacked  the  castle,  which  surrendmd  eleven 
days  later  (Tbivet,  pp.  334-5 ;  Bibhakoeb, 
p.  147;  Worcester  Ann.-g,  620).  These  great 
successes  caused  many  Ghiseons  to  join  the 
Exiglish  army. 

Charles  of  Valois,  the  brother  of  Philip  the 
Fair,  now  invaded  Aquitaine  and  won  nack 
most  of  Saint-John*s  conquests  in  the  (hir- 
rozme  valley.  Both  SainWohn  and  John  of 
Brittany  strove  to  defend  BionS|  bat  became  so 


Saint-Johii 


63ft 


Saint-John 


alarmed  at  the  fall  of  the  neighbourinff 
towns  that  they  abandoned  the  place,  ana 
the  French  re-entered  on  8  April  (GuiL- 
LAtTKE  DB  NAKeiB,  i.  288-9).  Much  quieter 
times  ensued.  In  1296  Edmund  of  IJancas- 
ter  took  the  command,  and,  after  his  death, 
Henry  de  Lacy,  third  earl  of  Lincoln  [a.  v.] 
But  the  brunt  of  the  hard  work  still  tell  on 
Saint-John,  who  continued  to  be  seneschal. 
Bayonne  remained  the  centre  of  the  English 
power,  and  on  28  Jan.  1297  SaintJohn 
marched  with  Lincoln  to  convey  provisions 
to  Bellegarde,  which  was  closely  besieged  by 
Bobert,  count  of  Artois.  The  army  passed 
through  Peyrehorade  in  safety,  and,  ap- 
proaching a  wood  within  tliree  miles  of 
Bellegarde,  was  divided  into  two  divisions, 
of  which  Saint-John  led  the  former.  Bc- 
Tond  the  wood  he  was  suddenly  attacked 
by  the  French,  Saint-John,  though  out- 
numbered, fouf^ht  bravely ;  but  Lincoln  and 
the  second  division  failed  to  give  him  proper 
support.  Night  approached,  and  the  Gascon 
contingent  ran  away.  Supported  only  by  the 
Englisn  knights,  Saint-John  was  utterly  de- 
feat ed ,  and  t  akcn  prisoner  along  with  ten  other 
knights  (Trivet,  pp.  353-4 ;  Ktshanggr,  pp. 
168-9;  Kkiohtox,  i.  363,  who  calls  the 
vlace  *Helregard;'  Lakotoft,  ii.  280-2; 
jlKHnroBUBOH,  ii.  74-0,  gives  a  rather  dif- 
ferent account,  which  seeks  to  explain  away 
the  English  defeat ;  Guillattme  de  Nangis, 
i.  296,  says  that  night  alone  prevented  Lin- 
coln's destruction).  The  prisoners  were  sent 
in  triumph  to  Paris,  and  tne  French  rejoiced 
over  Saint-John*s  capture  as  the  Philistines 
rejoiced  oter  that  of  Samson  (Flores  Hist, 
iii.  100).  Saint- John  was  only  released  after 
the  treaty  of  l/Aumone  in  the  summer  of 
1299.  His  captivity  involved  him  in  heavy 
debts,  and  on  3  Nov.  1299  he  was  forced  to 
pledge  four  of  his  manors  for  sixteen  years 
to  the  merchants  of  the  society  of  the  Buon- 
signori  of  Siena  {CaL  Patent  Rolls,  1292- 
lJi01,p.  482). 

The  Scots  war  soon  furnished  Saiut-Jolm 
with  new  occupation.  On  3  Jan.  1300  he 
was  appointed  the  king*s  lieutenant  and  cap- 
tc.in  in  Cumberland,  Westmoreland,  Lanca- 
shire, Anuandale,  and  the  other  marches 
west  of  Roxburgh  (ib,  p.  484).  He  was  soon 
busy  raising  troops  and  receiving  submis- 
sions of  the  Scots  favourable  to  Edward 
(Hist  Doc,  Scotland,  ii.  407-8).  In  the 
famous  siege  of  Carlaverock  in  1300,  Saint- 
John  took  a  conspicuous  part,  being  en- 
trusted with  the  custody  of  Edward,  the 
king's  son,  who  was  then  making  his  first 
campaign  (Nicolas,  Siege  of  Carlaverock,  pp. 
42,  46,  60).  In  1301  he  is  described  as 
warden  of  Galloway  and  the  sheriffiom  of  | 


Dumiriea,  as  well  as  of  the  adjacent  marchea 
(Ca/.  Patent  Bolls,  1292-1301,  p.  590}.  In 
the  spring  of  that  year  he  was  appointea,  with 
Earl  Warenne  and  others,  to  treat  at  Can- 
terbury of  a  peace  between  the  Engliah  and 
the  Scots  with  theenvoys  of  Philip  the  Fair  (/5. 
p.  580).  The  efatries  agamst  Saint- John's  name 
in  the  wardrobe  accounts  of  the  twenty-eight  h 
year  of  Edward  I  show  in  detail  his  losse5, 
confidential  charges,  and  retinue  as  lieutenant 
of  the  western  marches  (Liber  Quotidianus 
Garderoba,  pp.  176, 183, 200,  London,  1787). 
In  January  1301  Saint-John  was  at  the  Lin- 
coln parliament,  and  signed  the  famous  letter 
of  the  barons  to  the  pojpe  (Fosdera,  i.  926 ; 
the  description  of  the  signat-or^  as  *  lord  of 
Halnaker  shows  clearly  that  it  was  John, 
and  not  his  son).  On  12  July  1302  he  was 
with  the  king  at  Westminster  (Fcedera,  i. 
941),  but  must  soon  have  returned  to  his 
border  command.  He  died  on  Thursday, 
6  Sept.  1302,  at  Lochmaben  Castle  (<  Ann. 
Lonaon,'  in  Stxtbbs,  Chron,  Edward  I  and 
Edward  II,  i.  128).  Ho  is  described  as  a 
'most  faithful  and  most  valiant  knight' 
(Flores  Hist.  iii.  387),  as  '  discreet,  strenuous 
in  arms, and  experienced  in  battles'  (Tbivet). 
'No  more  valiant  and  prudent  man  could 
be  found '  (Siege  of  Carlaverock,  p.  46).  His 
arms  were  argent,  on  a  chief  gules,  two 
mullets  or,  and  his  crest  a  lion  passant  be- 
tween two  palm  branches  (Siege  of  Carta ve- 
rock,  p.  248;  Archceological  Journal,  xxi. 
224-6). 

Saint-John^s  wife  was  Alice,  daughter  of 
Beginald  FitzPeter,  who  survived  him .  Thei  r 
eldest  son,  John,  was  either  twenty-eight  or 
thirty  years  old  at  his  father's  death  (Ualeu" 
darium  Genealogicum,  p.  624),  and  succeeded 
to  his  estates.  He  had  already  been  for 
some  years  actively  engaged  in  war  and 
politics,  had  fought  at  falkirk  in  1298  and 
Carlaverock  in  1300  (GrouoH,  Scotland  in 
1298,  p.  152),  and  had  been  summoned  to 
parliament  in  1299  as  'John  de  Saint-John 
junior.'  The  peenige  writers  take  this  sum- 
mons as  the  Dog^nning  of  the  'barony  by 
writ '  (G.  E.  C,  Complete  Peerage,  i.  256 ; 
Nicolas,  Historic  Peerage,  ed.  Courthope,  p. 
412).  There  is  some  difficulty  in  distinguish- 
ing father  and  son  in  the  last  years  of  the 
former's  life,  though  he  is  commonly  distin- 
guished as  '  John  de  Saint-John  senior.'  I'he 
j'ounger  John  married  Isabel,  daughter  of 
Hugh  Courtenay,  and  died  in  1329.  His  son 
and  successor,  Hugh,  died  in  1337,  and  was 
never  summoned  to  parliament.  His  heir, 
Edmund,  died  in  his  minority,  and  the  Iwrony 
fell  into  abeyance.  The  estates  went  to  two 
coheiresses,  but  ultimately  the  whole  passed 
.to  Isabel,  Edmund's  sister,  and  to  her  chU- 


St.  John 


637 


St.  John 


dren  by  her  second  husband,  Luke  de  Poyn- 
ings.  From  the  Poynings  they  passed  to 
the  Paulets  (a  pedigree  is  g^ven  on  page 
965  of  BiTBBOWB,  Broau  Family  of  Beaur 
rfpa£re\ 

Besiaes  the  confusion  with  his  son,  John 
de  Saint-John,  lord  of  Basing  and  Halnaker, 
is  often  coiuused  with  another  John  de 
SainWohn  of  Stanton  or  Lagham,  the  son 
of  Roger  de  Saint-John,  an  adherent  of 
Simon  de  Montfort,who  was  slain  at  Eyesham. 
These  knights  represented  an  Oxfordshire 
house,  whose chief^seat  was  at  Stanton  Saint- 
John,  four  miles  east  of  Oxford,  and  who 
also  owned  the  fortified  house  of  Lagham, 
situated  at  Oodstone  in  Surrey,  of  which 
they  possessed  half  the  manor.  John  de 
Saint^ohn  'of  Lagham'  was  also  sum- 
moned to  parliament  in  1209,  and  died  in 
1317,  leaTing  a  son  and  heir,  John,  aged 
40,  who  dic^  on  8  April  1349,  and  was 
the  last  of  his  stock  summoned  to  parlia- 
ment. 

[Galendarsof  PatentBolls  of  fkiwnrdl,  128U 
1292  and  1292-1301 ;  Rvmn^a  Fcedera,  Rocord 
edit.  Tol.  i. ;  Pari.  Writs,  1.  819-20 ;  Calendarinm 
Qenealogicum ;  Historic  Documents  relating  to 
Scotland,  1286-1306  (the  documents  in  ii.  158, 
181,  296,  and  305  ore  either  misdated  or  refer 
to  the  younger  John) ;  Rishanjrer,  Flores  Histo- 
riaram,  Knighton,  Annals  of  Worcester  and 
Oraey  (all  10  BoUs  Series) ;  Trivet  and  Heming- 
bnrgh  (both  in  English  Hist.  Soe.) ;  Guillauma 
de  Nangis  (Soe.  de  L'Histoire  de  France) ;  Nieo* 
Ws  Siege  of  CatlaTeroek,  pp.  42,  46,  50  (with 
shoit  biographies  of  both  father  and  son,  pp. 
244  ^  and  pp.  281-3)  ;  Wardrobe  Accounts  of 
Edvazd  1, 1787 ;  Bo^fdale's  Baronage,  i.  468-5, 
539 ;  Borrows's  Family  of  the  Broois  of  Beau- 
repaira.]  T.  F.  T. 

ST.  JOHK,  JOHN  (1746-1793),  author, 
bom  in  1746,  was  third  son  of  John,  second 
Tisoonnt  St.  John,  by  Anne,  daughter  of  Sir 
Robert  Fumess  of  Waldershare,  Kent.  He 
was  nephew  of  the  first  viscount  Bolingbroke 
and  brother  of  the  second.  He  matriculated 
at  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  on  13  Dec.  1763, 
but  did  not  graduate.  Both  John  and  his 
brothers  Frederic,  second  Tisoount  Boling- 
broke, and  Henry  (afterwards  a  general, 
but  in  early  life  known  as  the  '  Imptist') 
were  known  as  young  men  to  George  Sel- 
wyn.  Selwyn  spoke  well  of  John's  abilities 
in  1706,  but  described '  the  personal  accom- 
plishmenta  of  the  most  refined  Macaroni '  as 
the  limits  of  his  ambition.  In  1770  he  was 
called  to  the  bar  from  the  Middle  Temple. 
He  represented  Newport  (Isle  of  Wight)  in 
the  House  of  (}ommons  from  1773  to  1774, 
and  again  from  1780  to  1784,  and  in  the  in- 
terrenin^  parliaijient  sat  for  Ey^     From 


1775  to  1784  he  held  the  office  of  surveyor- 
general  of  the  land  revenues  of  the  crown* 
In  1787  he  published  '  Observations  on  the 
Land  Revenue  of  the  Crown,'  4to ;  octavo 
editions  were  issued  in  1790  and  1792.  In 
1791  he  assailed  Paine's  'Rights  of  Man'  in 
a  vigorous  pamphlet,  addressed  to  a  whig 
friend  ('Letter  from  a  Magistrate  to  Mr. 
Will.  Rose  of  Whitehall').  He  was  also 
the  author  of  'Mary  Queen  of  Scots,'  a 
tragedy  in  five  acts,  produced  at  Drury  Lane 
on  20  March  1789,  and  acted  nine  times. 
Mrs.  Siddons  took  the  title  r6le  and  Kemble 
the  part  of  Norfolk.  Qenest  thought  some 
of  Norfolk's  speeches  good,  but  the  rest  of 
the  play  dull.  The  published  tragedv reached 
a  third  edition  within  the  year,  and  was  re* 
printed  in  Mrs.  Inchbald's  '  Modem  Theatre  * 
(vol.  viii.)  St.  John's  other  piece,  *The 
Island  of  St.  ^larguerite,'  an  opera  in  two 
acts,  produced  at  Drury  Lane  on  13  Nov. 
1789,  was  successful  largely  owing  to  its 
allusions  to  current  events,  especially  the 
taking  of  the  Bastille ;  some  excisions  were 
made  by  the  censor. 

St.  John  died  at  his  house  in  Park  Street, 
Grosvenor  Place,  on  8  Oct.  1793.  There  is 
a  monument  to  him,  with  inscription,  erected 
by  his  brother.  General  Henry  St.  John 
(1738-1818),  in  the  church  of  Lydiard-Tre- 
goze,  Wiltshire. 

rCollins*8  Peerage;  Foster's  Alnmni  Oxon. ; 
Bntton's  Beanties  of  Wilts,  iii.  31 ;  Qent.  Mag. 
1793,  ii.  962  ;  Biosr.  Dramaticn.  i.  623,  ii.  335, 
iii.  24 ;  Genest's  Hist,  of  the  Bttige,  vi.  635-6, 
686;  Allibone's  Diet.  Engl.  Lit.  ii.  1914; 
Haydn*8  Book  of  Dignities ;  Jerae's  G.  Selwyn 
and  his  Contemporaries,  ii.  44,  884^,  &c.] 

G.  Im  G.  N. 

ST.  JOHN,  OLIVER,  ViscomrrGBAin)!- 
8011  and  Babok  Tbegoz  (1559-1630),  lord 
deputy  of  Ireland,  horn  in  1559,  was  the 
seeona  son  of  Nicholas  St.  John  (d,  1589) 
of  Lydiard-Tregoz  (or  Liddiard  Tre^ze,  as 
it  is  now  spelt),  Wiltshire,  hy  his  wife 
Elizabeth  (d,  1587),  daughter  of  Sir  Richard 
Blount  of  Mapledurham,  Oxfordshire.  His 
mother  was  distantly  related  to  Oharlea 
Blount,  earl  of  Devonshire  [q.  v.l  and  on  the 
father's  side  he  was  descendea  through  a 
female  line  from  the  Grandisons  (see  O.RO.'s 
Complete  Peerage),  and  was  related  to  tha 
St.  Johns,  barons  of  Bletsho  [see  St.  Johv, 
OuvEB,  first  Eabl  of  BoLnroBRoxBl.  Tho 
future  lord  deputy  was  educated  at  Oxford, 
matriculatingfrom  Trinity  College  on  20  Dec 
1577  as  a  commoner,  and  graduating  B.A.  on 
26  June  1578.  He  adopted  the  legal  pro- 
fession, and  in  1580  was  admitted  a  stu- 
dent  of  Lincoln's  Inn.  But  about  March 
1583-4  he  killed  George  Best  [^.  v.],  th^ 


St.  John 


638 


St.  John 


nayigator,  in  a  duel,  and  was  compelled  to 
flee  uie  coontrj. 

St.  John  now  Bought  his  fbrtunes  as  a 
soldier  abroad,  and  serred  with  distinction 
in  Flanders  and  in  France.  Before  1591  he 
had  attained  the  rank  of  captain,  and  in  the 
autamn  of  that  year  commanded  Essex's 
horse  at  the  siere  of  Rouen ;  '  he  served  very 
yaliantlj,  namelj,  the  first  day  of  the  siege 
of  Rouen^  when  he  had  his  horse  killed  in  a 
charge,  wludi  he  performed  very  well '  {CdL 
flalifiM  M8S.  rl  670).  In  1592  he  re- 
turned to  Engknd,  and  was  elected  member 
for  Cirencester  in  the  parliament  summoned 
to  meet  on  19  Feb.  1592-3.  In  March  he 
was  pUced  on  a  commission  for  the  relief  of 
maimed  soldiers  and  mariners,  and  made 
several  speeches  durinflf  the  session  (see 
jyEwEB,  Journals,  pp.  475,489);  but  parlia- 
ment was  dissolvea  m  April,  and  soon  after- 
wards Essex  recommended  St.  John  to  Cecil 
as  'a  leader  of  horse  fit  to  be  employed.' 
jQe  again  sought  service  in  the  Netherlands, 
and  was  present  at  the  battle  of  Nieuport 
on  2  July  1600. 

Meanwhile  Tyrone's  rebellion  necessitated 
the  presence  of  experienced  soldiers  in  Ire- 
land, and  St.  John  accompanied  Mountjoy 
thither  in  February  1601 ;  lie  was  knighted 
by  Mountjoy  at  Dublin  on  28  Feb.  (Collins, 
Jbetters  and  Mmnorials,  ii.  180),  and  was 
^ven  command  of  two  hundred  men.  He 
took  a  prominent  part  in  the  sie^  of  Kin- 
sale  in  the  autumn,  repulsing  a  night  attack 
of  the  Spaniards  on  2  Dec.,  when  he  was 
?ivounded«  On  13  Deo.  he  left  the  cainp  to 
carry  despatches  to  Elisabeth  and  inform 
her  of  the  state  of  Ireland  (Chambeblaiit, 
Jitters,  pp.  ISO,  134).  In  November  1602 
he  was  oack  in  Ireland  commanding  twenty- 
flve  horse  and  150  foot  in  Connau^t,  under 
Sir  George  Caiew,  and  in  the  same  year  he 
was  recommended  by  Cecil  for  the  office  of 
vice-president  of  that  province.  The  ar- 
rangement does  not  seem  to  have  been  car- 
ried out.  From  1604  to  1607  he  sat  in  the 
English  parliament  as  member  for  Ports- 
mouth. On  12  Dec.  1605  he  was  made 
master  of  the  ordnance  in  Ireland  with  a 
salary  of  200/.  a  year,  and  sworn  of  the  Irish 
privy  council.  Several  of  his  reports  on 
arms  and  ammunition  in  Ireland  are  pre- 
served  among  the  state  papers. 

From  this  time  St.  John  -was  Chichester's 
most  trusted  adviser.  Earlv  in  1608  he  was 
iuuned  a  commissioner  for  the  plantation  of 
tJlster.  In  that  capacity  he  drew  up  a 
scheme  for  the  nlantation  of  the  province, 
and  accompaniea  Chichester  in  his  prosvess 
through  Ulster  in  1609.  As  an  *  undertdcer ' 
\^  had  frant;s  of  fifteei^  hundre4  m^^es  in 


Ballymore,  co.  Armagh,  and  a  thousand 
acres  in  'Keeman.'  He  advised  that  no 
grants  of  the  lands  of  the  banished  earls 
should  be  made,  but  that  they  should  be  let 
to  natives  at  a  high  rent.  jBady  in  1609 
Chichester  sent  him  to  England,  and  he  drew 
up  a  report  of  the  commissioners'  proceed- 
ings for  Salisbuiy's  benefit.  In  1613  he  was 
elected  member  of  the  Irish  parliament  for 
CO.  Roscommon,  and  took  an  important  part 
in  the  dispute  about  the  speakership,  [see 
DjLviES,  SxB  John;  CBkihk,  BabnabasI. 
Sneaking  from  his  experience  of  the  English 
House  of  Commons,  ne  urged  that  the  first 
business  of  the  house  was  to  elect  a  speaker, 
and  that  the  proper  method  of  voting  was 
to  leave  the  house  and  be  counted  in  9^  lobby. 
Everard^s  supporters,  however,  refused ;  and^ 
duriog  the  absence  of  their  opponents,  placed 
Everard  in  the  chair,  from  which  he  was 
forcibly  ejected  by  the  majority.  St.  John 
was  one  of  the  members  sent  to  lay  the 
matter  before  James  L  In  December  1614 
he  resigned  the  mastership  of  the  ordnance^ 
being  lughly  commended  Tor  his  conduct  in 
that  omce«  He  was  in  England  during 
October  1615,  when  the  Earl  of  Somerset 
was  committed  to  lus  custody  {Cat,  State 
Fapert^  Dom.  1611-18,  p.  317). 

On  2  July  1616  St.  John  was  appointed 
lord  deputy  of  Ireland;  he  received  the 
sword  of  state  on  30  Aug.  His  appointment 
was  partly  due  to  his  connection  with  Qeorge 
Yflliers  (afterwards  Duke  of  Buckingham), 
and  hm  administration  was  mariced  by  a 
Tigorouspersecutionof  thereeusants.  Bacon 

rke  of  nim  as  ^  a  man  ordained  of  GK)d  to 
great  good  to  that  kingdom '  (SpEBDure, 
Letters  of  Bacon,  vi.  207).  He  banished,  by 
proclamation,  all  monks  and  friaia  educated 
abroad,  and  thought  it  would  be  a  flood  thing 
if  a  hundred  thousand  native  Irish  eoold  hi 
sent  to  enlist  in  foreif;n  countries.  He  also 
prosecuted  the  colonisation  of  Ulster,  and 
the  plantation  of  00.  Longford  in  1618  was 
followed  next  vear  by  that  of  co..  Leitrim. 
His  'intolerable  severity'  against  the  ret 
cussnts  created  many  enemies,  and  the  hc^ 
that  he  owed  his  appointment  to  ViUien 
made  him*  unpopular  with  many  of  his  conn* 
dL  Early  in  1621  they  urgnid  his  recall; 
and,  though  James  commendM  him  and  pxo« 
tested  a^ninst  involving  him  in  disgrace,  he 
was  finally  commanded  to  deliver  up  the 
sword  of  state  to  Loftus  on  18  April  1622* 
He  left  Ireland  on  4  May. 

St.  John  still  remained  in  &vour  at  oouit. 
On  28  June  1622  he  was  sworn  of  the  English 
privy  oouneil,  on  28  June  1623  he  was  created 
Viscount  Grandison  of  Limerick  in  the  peer« 
ftge  of  freland,  on  ^6  4ug«  1625  be  was  mad^ 


St  John 


639 


St  John 


lard  liigli  tmmiver  of  Inlaiid,  and  on  20  May 
1096  waa  raised  to  the  English  peerage  as 
BanmTregOB  of  Highworth,  Wiltshire.  In 
1624  ha  was  placed  on  the  oooncil  of  war,and 
serred  on  Tanoos  other  commissions.  He 
also  interested  himself  in  foreign  and  colo- 
nial aihiiB^  freaoantly  oonespondinf  with 
his  nephew,  8ir Thomas Boefq. y.]  £1 1627 
he  bought  the  manors  of  Wandsworth  and 
Battersea,  where  he  had  l^d  a  house  since 
1600  (CoLLZHB^  Jjetten  mnd  Memoriais,  iL 
d07)b  His  health  faiL'ng,  he  souffht  the 
advice  of  Sir  Theodore  Tuiq net  de  Mayeme 
r^.T.]  AfteraTisittoIrelandinl630tosettle 
his  estates  there,  he  returned  to  Battersea, 
where  he  died  on  60  Dec.  in  the  same  year, 
being  buried  there  on  12  Jan.  1630-1. 

St.  John  married  Joan,  daughter  and 
heiveea  of  John  Roydon  of  Battersea,  and 
widow  of  Sir  William  Holcrofb ;  she  was 
buried  at  Battersea  on  10  March  1690-1 ;  by 
her  he  bad  no  issue.  The  barony  of  Tr^ros 
became  extinct.  Grandison's  manors,  Wands- 
worth and  Battersea,  psssed  to  the  family  of 
his  brother,  Sir  John  St.  John,  great-great- 
grandfather of  Viscount  Bdingbndce,  the 
statesman.  The  Tiscounty  of  Grandison 
passed,  in  accordance  with  the  limitation  of 
the  jpatent,  to  his  grand-nephew,  William 
ViUiers,  son  of  Sir  Edward  Villiers,  brother 
of  the  Duke  of  Buckingham,  by  his  wife 
Barbara,  younger  daughter  of  Sir  John  St. 
John,  Grandison's  elder  brother.  Many  of 
St.  John's  letters  and  reports  have  been 
calendared  among  the  Domestic,  Irish^  and 
Carew  papers.  His  portrait  is  included  in  a 
rare  print  of  the  council  of  war,  preserved  in 
the  library  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries. 

[Gal.  State  Papers,  Bom^  Ireland,  China,  and 
Penia;  GaL  Carow  MSS.;  Brit.  Mns.  AddiL 
MS8. 19S89, 29314  ;  E^erton  MS.  2126.  fH  4, 6 ; 
8u>«e  Ma  173,  1  260;  Gal.  Hatfield  MSS.; 
Winwood's  M^oriak;  Anbrey's  Topographical 
Collections,  ed«  Jaekson,  1862,  pp.  17O,  174; 
MazahaU's  Visitation  of  Wiltshire  ed.  1832,  p. 
36;  LaBceDeflTs  Liber  Mnnerom  Hib. ;  Morrin's 
Cal.  Patent  BoUs;  Official  Betnm  of  Members 
of  Pari. ;  Clark's  Bficp.  Um>.  Oxon.  11.  ii.  79,  ilL 
75;  Foster's  Alomni  Oxon.  1500-1714;  Met- 
calfe's Book  of  KnighU;  ElliVsOriinnal  Letters; 
Letters  of  Gareir  to  Sir  Thoauis  Boe,  pasrim ; 
Letters  of  Sir  Robert  Cecil  to  Sir  George  Oareir, 
passioi.  Chamberlain's  Letters,  pp.  180,  134, 
Fortescue  Papers,  pp.  133-4  (these  four  pnbL 
by  Otmd&k  Soc) ;  Gardiner's  Hist,  of  England ; 
Stafford^  PacauHibemia,  ad.  Standish  CUrvly; 
Fynes  Moryson's  Hist,  of  Ireland  and  Itinerary, 
jKUisim ;  Rothe's  Analecta  SHCza,  ed.  Moran,  1884, 
pp.  210,  212, 215;  Coxe's  Hibemia  AngUcana,ii. 
8.^«7;  Lenihan's  Hist,  of  Limerick,  pp.  142,  &c.; 
O'Douoghne's  Hist.  Memoir  of  the  O'Briens,  p. 
^53;  Journal  of  the  Cork  Hist  and  Ansfaseol. 


Soc.  ii.  47.  59 ;  Bogdale's  Baronage;  CoUinaTs 
Peerage,  vi.  6^78;  Lodge's  Irish  Peerage: 
Borke's  Extinct  Peersge;  G.£.C.'s  Complets 
Peerage,  ar.*  Grandison;'  Manning  and  Bra/s 
Surrey,  iii.  330 ;  Notes  and  Qnaries,  tod  ser.  iL 
373,  Tii.  27-8.]  A.  P.  P. 

ST.  JOHN,  OLIVER^  fourth  Babov 
Sx.  JoHS  OF  Blbibho  and  first  Eabl  of 
BoLoroBBOKB  (1680  P-1646),  bom  about 
1580,  was  son  and  heir  of  OUver  St.  John, 
third  baron  St.  John  of  Bletaho,  by  his  wife 
Dorothy,  daughter  and  heiress  of  Sir  John 
Rede  of  Odmgton,  Gloucestershire.  The 
St.  Johns  of  Bletsho  and  the  St.  Johns  of 
Lydiard-Tr^os  [see  St.  John,  Outeb. 
YiBOOTniT  GbaitbisonI  were  both  descended 
from  Sir  OUver  St.  John,  K3.  (A  148r), 
and  his  wife  Margaret  Beauchamp,  who 
afterwards  married  John  Beaufort,  second 
duke  of  Somerset,  and  was  srandmother  of 
Heniy  VIL  The  BleUho  family  was  the 
elder  branch  (see  pedigree  in  G.E.C.S 
Peeras^e,  s.v.  '  Bolingbroke  ^.  Sir  Oliver's 
sreatrgreat-grandson,  OliTer,  was  created 
first  baron  St.  John  of  Bletsho  in  1558  ^  was 
one  of  the  judges  who  tried  Thomas  Howard, 
fourth  duke  of  Norfolk  [q.  v.]  in  1672,  and 
died  in  1582  (c&  Kotes  and  Quene$,  ^nd  ser, 
V.  160).  He  wss  succeeded  by  his  eldest  son; 
John,  second  baron,  who  sat  on  the  trial  of 
Mazy  Queen  of  Scots,  and  died  without  male 
issue  on  23  Oct.  1696.  His  onlj  daufi^hter, 
Anne^  married  William^  eldest  son  of  Charles 
Howard,  earl  of  Nottmgham  (q.  t.]  The 
barony  of  Bletsho  deyolvM  upon  nis  brother, 
OliTer  St.  John,  third  baron  (tf.  1618),  fitther 
of  the  subject  of  this  article  (cfl  Spedbikg, 
Letters  and  Life  qf  Bacon,  iL  28S).  Oliyer 
St.  John  (1698  .»-1678)  (q.  t.],  the  chief 
justice,  was  grandson  of  Tnomas,  third  son 
of  the  first  baron  St.  John.  Distinct  firom 
all  the  above  was  Oliver  St.  John  who  was 
fined  6,000/.  by  the  Star-chamber  and  con- 
demned to  lifelong  imprisonment  for  opposi* 
tion  to  benevolences  in  1615.  He  subse- 
quently made  a  full  submission,  was  re* 
leased,  and  had  his  fine  remitted  (i6,  v« 
131-62;  Notei  and  Queries,  2nd  ser.  vii. 
27-8;  Howell,  State  Triats,  ii.  899 ;  Zettere 
qf  Qurew  to  Sir  Tkomae  Itoe^  Camden  Soc. 
pp.  140-3). 

The  third  haron  signalised  himself  by  hia 
opposition  to  the  benevolence  of  1614  {CaL 
State  Papers,  Dom.  1611-18,  p.  225),  and 
his  son  identified  himself  with  tb»  popular 
party  in  parliament.  ^  He  was  electea  mem- 
ber for  Isedfordshire  in  1001,  and  again  in 
1603-4.  In  1604  he  served  on  the  com- 
mittee appointed  to  discosa  the  change  in  the 
ro^ral  title.  On  8  June  1610  he  wa«  mado 
knight  of  the  Bath  at  the  creation  of  Henir. 


St  John 


640 


St  John 


prince  of  Wales.  In  September  1618  he 
fiucceeded  his  father  as  fourth  Baron  St.  John 
of  Bletsho.  In  the  following  year  he 
Bumptuousl^  entertained  James  I  at  his 
house,  and  in  1620  he  took  his  seat  in  the 
House  of  Lords  {Lordi  JoumaU^  ilL  8).  The 
'right  hon.  Sir  Oliver  St.  John,  baron  of 
Bletsho/  who  according  to  the  official 
return  sat  for  Bedford  in  the  parliament  of 
February  1628-4,  must  mean  his  eldest  son 
(see  below).  On  28  Dec.  1624  he  was 
created  Earl  of  Bolingbroke  (a  manor  that 
had  belonged  to  theBeauchamp  family,  from 
which  he  was  descended).  He  took  his  seat 
on  22  June  1625.  In  December  1626  he 
refused  to  contribute  to  the  forced  loan 
(Gabdiotr,  vi.  190);  but  in  1688-9  he 
contributed  towards  the  expenses  of  the 
Scottish  war.  Nevertheless  on  28  Aug. 
1640  he  signed  the  petition  of  the  twelve 
peers,  attributing  the  evils  of  the  day  to  the 
absence  of  parliaments,  and  urging  Charles 
to  summon  one  forthwith.  He  remained 
with  the  Long  parliament  in  1642  when 
Charles  retired  to  York,  and  in  February 
1642-8  was  named  by  the  parliament  lord 
lieutenant  of  Bedfordshire ;  in  this  capacity  he 
took  an  active  part  in  raising  the  militia  and 
providing  for  the  safety  of  the  shire.  In  the 
same  year  he  took  the  covenant,  and  was 
appointed  a  lay  member  of  the  Westminster 
assembly.  On  10  Nov.  he  was  one  of  the 
commissioners  named  for  the  custody  of  the 
great  seal.  In  1645  he  was  excused  at- 
tendance at  the  House  of  Lords,  and  he  died 
in  Jiine  or  July  1646.  He  married,  in  April 
1602,  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  William  Paulet 
and  granddaughter  of  Sir  George  Paulet, 
brother  of  William  Paulet,  first  marquis  of 
Winchester  [^q.  v.]  A  portrait  of  Boling- 
broke with  his  family,  by  Vandyck,  belongs 
to  the  Earl  of  Morley  (see  Cat,  First  Loan 
Exhib.  1866,  No.  782). 

His  eldest  son,  Olivbe  St.  John  (1603- 
1642),  bom  in  1608,  was  returned  to  parlia- 
ment as  member  for  Bedfordshire  in  February 
1628-4,  being  erroneously  described  as 
'  Baron  St.  John  of  Bletsho.'  He  was  re- 
elected in  1626,  1626,  and  1628-9,  acting 
throughout  with  the  popular  party.  After 
his  father's  elevation  to  the  earldom  of 
Bolingbroke  he  was  known  by  the  courtesy 
title  Lord  St.  John,  and  at  the  coronation 
of  Charles  I  was  made  K.B.  In  1628  he 
visited  Eliot  in  the  Tower.  According  to 
Clarendon  {Rebellion,  bk.  vi.  §  98),  he  '  got 
himself  well  beloved  by  the  reputation  of 
courtesy  and  civility  wluch  he  expressed  to- 
wards all  men,'  but  was  of  licentious  habits, 
and  was  compelled  by  his  pecuniarv  embar- 
^sments  to  9ee]f  license  to  travel  abroad  j 


under  an  assumed  name.  On  3  Nov.  1689 
he  was  summoned  bv  writ  to  the  House  of 
Lords  on  the  strength,  it  is  said,  of  a  promise 
to  support  the  king.  Nevertheless  he  voted 
uniformly  with  the  popular  ^arty,  and  on  the 
outbreak  of  the  civil  war  raised  a  regiment, 
in  which  Cromwell's  eldest  son, Oliver, served 
as  comet.  Early  in  October  1642  he  took 
possession  of  Hereford  in  the  parliamentary 
interest,  fortified  the  town,  and  refused  ad- 
mittance to  Charles  when  he  appeared  before 
it  on  the  8th  (A  True  Relation  of  the  Pro- 
ceedinge  at  Her^rd  by  the  Lord  St,  John^ 
1642,  4to).  He  then  joined  the  Earl  of 
Essex  and  fought  at  Edgehill  on  the  23rd« 
According  to  Clarendon,  he  fled  from  the 
field,  was  wounded,  taken  captive,  and  died 
next  morning.  He  married,  in  May  1623, 
Arabella,  eldest  daughter  of  John  £!gerton, 
first  earl  of  BridgewaterTq.  v.l  but  had  no 
issue.  The  earldom  of  Bolingbroke  conse- 
quently passed  to  Oliver  St.  John  (1634  P- 
1688),  eldest  son  of  Paulet  St.  John 
(d,  1638),  second  son  of  the  first  earl.  On 
the  deatn  of  Paulet  St.  John,  third  earl,  un- 
married, in  1711,  the  earldom  became  ex- 
tinct, while  the  barony  of  St.  John  of 
Bletsho  passed  to  Paulet  St.  Andrew 
St.  John,  a  descendant  of  Kowland,  younger 
brother  of  the  first  earl  of  Bolingbroke,  in 
whose  family  it  still  remains. 

[Cal.  State  Papers,  Dom.  passim ;  Journals 
of  the  House  of  Lords,  vols.  iii.  iv,  v.  and  vi. 
passim;  Stowe  MS.  276, f.  2 ;  Off.  Ret.  Membora 
of  Pari.;  Add.  MSS.  22115  f.  8,  28862  ff.  30-7, 
46;  Visitation  of  Huntingdonshire,  p.  2,  and 
Chamberlain's  Letters  (Gamden  Soc.);  Claren- 
don's Hist,  of  the  Rebellion ;  Masson's  Milton, 
passim  ;  6ardiner*s  Hist,  of  England  and  Ciyil 
War ;  Forster's  Life  of  Eliot ;  Foss's  Idves  of  the 
Judges ;  Wood's  Athene  Oxon.  iii,  134 ;  Collins, 
Burke,  Doyle,  and  G.  £.  C.'s  Peerages.] 

A.  F.  P. 

ST.  JOHN,  OLIVER  (1598  .MOTS), 
chief  justice,  bom  about  1598,  was  the  son 
of  Oliver  St.  John  of  Cayshoe,  Bedfordshire 
(a  grandson  of  the  first  Lord  St.  John  of 
Bletsho)  fsee  under  St.  John,  Oliveb,  first 
Earl  of  Bolivobroee],  bv  Sarah,  daughter 
of  Edward  Buckley  of  ddell  in  the  same 
county  (V^^'oTTON,  Baronetage^  iv.  178 ;  Foes, 
Judges^  vi.  475).  St.  John  was  admitt^  a 
pensioner  of  Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  on 
16  Aug.  1615,  under  the  tuition  of  John  P^reft- 
ton  (1587-1628)  [0.  v.]  He  entered  Lincoln's 
Inn  on  22  April  1619,  and  was  called  to  the 
bar  on  22  June  1626  {ib.  vi.  477;  Noble, 
House  of  Cromwell,  ii.  15).  Lord  Camnbell 
erroneously  identifies  him  with  the  Oliver 
St.  John  of  Marlborough  who  was  brought 
beforp  tbe  Star-chamber  in  16J5  for  Vk  lettef 


St.  John 


64T 


St.  John 


•ffaiost  benoTolences  (Xivef  ^  the  Chief 
Jni8tiee$,  i.  460:  cf.  GABDnrEB,  Hitiory  of 
JEngUmdf  ii.  268}.  He  also  erroneously  de- 
BcribM  him  as  member  for  Bedford  county 
in  16^,  and  '  mainly  instrumental  in  cann- 
ing the  Petition  of  Right'  (Oampbeli.,  i.  462). 
St.  John  received  employment  from  fhrancis 
RosaeU,  fourth  earl  of  Bedford  fq.  v.],  in 
his  Iaw  business,  and  was  sent  to  the  Tower 
in  November  1629  for  communicating^  to 
Bedford  Sir  Robert  Dudlev's  'Ph)po8ition 
for  his  Majesty|s  service  to  bridle  the  imper- 
tinence of  Paniaments.'  He  was  threatened 
with  the  rack  and  brought  before  the  Star- 
chamber  for  circulating  a  seditious  docu- 
ment, but  the  prosecution  was  dropped  and 
the  offenders  pardoned  on  the  occasion  of 
the  birth  of  Charles  II  (Gakbinbr,  vii.  1S9 ; 
CaL  State  Papere,  Dom.  1629-80,  pp.  97, 98, 
110;  Life  of  Sir  Simonde  jySvjea,  ii.  40). 
St.  John  was  also  associated  with  the  Earl 
of  Warwick,  Lord  Saye,  John  P^m,  and 
other  opposition  leaders  in  the  management 
of  the  company  for  the  plantation  of  the 
island  of  Providence  (Ckil.  State  Papers, 
Colonial,  1674-1660,  p.  123). 

Even  more  important  in  its  influence  on 
his  political  career  was  the  connection  with 
the  Cromwell  family,  resulting  from  St. 
John's  marriage,  first  with  a  distant  relative, 
and  after  her  death  with  a  cousin  of  the 
future  Protector.  Cromwell's  close  friendship 
with  the  second  Mrs.  St;  John  is  shown  by 
the  remarkable  letter  which  he  addressed  to 
her  in  1688  (Cabltle,  Cromtvell,  Letter  2). 
According  to  Clarendon,  St.  John  never  for- 
gave the  court  his  imprisonment  in  1629, 
and  'contracted  an  implacable  displeasure 
against  the  church  purely  from  the  company 
he  kept'  (BOeUum,  iu.  82).  In  1637  his 
papers  were  seised  in  Consequence  of  the 
suspicion  that  he  had  drawn  Henry  Burton's 
answer  to  the  information  preferred  against 
him  in  the  Star-chamber  for  his  attack 
against  the  bishops  (Bbuob,  Documents  re- 
lating to  William  Pryrme,  pp.  77,88,  Camd. 
80c.  1877).  In  the  same  year  he  acted  as 
counsel  for  Lord  Saye  and  John  Hampden 
in  their  resistance  to  the  payment  of  ship- 
money.  His  speech  in  Hampden's  case 
gained  him  an  immense  reputation,  and, 
though  hitherto  he  had  had  little  practice  in 
Westminster  Hall,  henceforward  he  was 
called  'into  all  courts  and  to  all  causes 
where  the  King's  prerogative  was  most  con- 
tested '  (Clabbndok,  Bebellumf  iiL  82 ;  Rttsh- 
woBTH,  ii.  481-644).  In  the  Short  parlia- 
ment of  April  1640  St.  John  represented 
Totnet.  In  August  of  the  same  year  he 
helped  Pym  to  mw  up  the  famous  petition 
of  the  twdve  peers  which  led  to  the  calling 


of  the  Long  parliament  (Camden  Society 
Miscellany,  vol.  viii.  *  Papers  relating  to  the 
Delinquency  of  Lord  Savile,'  p.  2).  When 
the  Lon^  parliament  met,  St.  John,  who 
was  again  returned  for  Totnes,  became 
naturally  one  of  its^  leaders.  He  was  '  in  a 
firm  and  entire  conjunction '  with  F^m  and 
Hampden,  and  *  of  mtimate  trust '  with  the 
Earl  of  Bedford,  bein^  thus  one  of  the  half- 
dozen  opposition  pobticians  who  made  up 
'the  engme  which  moved  all  the  rest. 
Clarendon  describes  him  as '  a  man  reserved, 
and  of  a  dark  and  clouded  countenance,  very 
proud,  and  conversing  with  very  few,  and 
those  men  of  his  own  humour  and  inclina- 
tions.' He  was  'very  seldom  known  to 
smile,'  but  could  not  conceal  his  cheerful- 
ness when  the  king  dissolved  the  Short  par- 
liament, believing  that  so  moderate  a  body 
of  men  '  would  never  have  done  what  was 
necessary  to  be  done '  (Cla^bendoit,  ii.  78, 
iii.  82).  In  the  Long  ^parliament  St.  John 
opened  the  attack  on  ship-monev.  On  7  Dec. 
1640  he  presented  the  report  of  the  committed 
appointed  by  the  commons  to  deal  with  the 
subject,  and  a  month  later  set  forth  the  case 
against  that  impost  to  the  House  of  LordA 
{Ucnnmoni  Journals,  ii.  46;  Mr.  St.  JohtCs 
Speech  in  the  Upper  House  of  Parliament^ 
7  Jan.  I64O-I,  concerning  Ship-money,  4to, 
1640).  On  29  Jan.  following  the  kmg,  at 
the  proposal  of  the  Earl  of  Bedford,  ap^ 
pointed  ot.  John  solicitor-general,  'hoping 
that  he  would  have  been  very  useful  in  the 
House  of  Commons,  where  his  authority 
was  then  great ;  at  least  that  he  would  be 
ashamed  ever  to  appear  in  anything  that 
might  prove  prejudicial  to  the  crown  '^(CiA« 
BBKBON,  iii.  85). 

Office,  however,  made  no  change  in  St. 
John's  political  attitude.  He  played  an  im- 
portant part  in  Strafford's  trial,  promoted 
the  bill  for  his  attainder,  and  argued  in  his 
speech  to  the  lords  on  its  behalf  that,  as 
Strafford  had  endeavoured  to  destroy  the 
law,  he  was  not  entitled  to  its  protection, 
'  He  that  would  not  have  had  others  t^  have 
law,  why  should  he  have  any  himself  P  .  .  « 
We  give  law  to  hares  and  deer  because  they 
be  beasts  of  chase.  It  was  never  accounted 
either  cruelty  or  foul  play  to  knock  foxes 
and  wolves  on  the  head,  as  they  can  be  found, 
because  they  are  beasts  of  prey'  (t^.  iii.  140; 
An  Argument  of  Law  concerning  the  Bill  of 
Attainder  of  Thomas,  Earl  qf  Strafford,  4to, 
1641,  p.  72 ;  Saktob3»,  Studies  and  Ilhtstra" 
tions  of  the  Great  llebellum,  pp.  841-7). 
According  to  Clarendon,  both  the  Root  and 
Branch  Bill  and  the  Militia  BiU  were  drawn 
by  St.  John  {Rebellion,  iii.  156,  245).  H^ 
was  also  a  member  of  the  committee  ap- 

TT 


St.  John 


642 


St.  John 


pointed  by  the  commons  to  sit  during  the  recess 
inthesummer  of  1641,  and  on  26  Oct.  1641  de- 
livered a  speech  in  sa||port  of  the  exclusion  of 
^  bishops  firom  TOtes  in  parliament  (  Old  Par- 
Uamentary  Mktory^  x.  14).  The  king,  find- 
ing he  '  md  disserve  him  notoriously/  pro- 
posed to  appoint  Hyde  solicitor^nerai  in 
nis  place,  but  Hyde  refused,  and  it  was  not 
till  80  Oct.  1643  that  Sir  lliomas  Gardiner 
superseded  St.  John  (GLABBNSOiTf  JUbelltoUf 
iv.  126,  viiL  218 ;  Foss,  vi.  480).  When  the 
king  summoned  St.  John  to  follow  him  to 
YoTK,  the  House  of  Commons  refused  him 
leave  to  go  (Oommont^  JcwnwUf  ii.  600). 
Thev  passed  an  ordinance  enabling  him  to 
perrorm  all  the  duties  of  the  attomey-eene- 
raL  who  had  joined  the  king  (28  May  1644), 
and  also  appointed  him  one  of  the  six  com- 
missioners charged  with  the  custody  of  the 
new  great  seal  QO  Nov.  1643),  which  office 
be  continued  to  hold  till  30  Oct.  1646  (Hus- 
SAirD,  Ordinancei^  1646,  folio,  pp.  385, 499). 
During  the  civil  war  St.  John  came  gra- 
dually to  be  regarded  as  one  of  the  leaders 
of  the  independents.  He  delayed  taking  the 
Solemn  League  and  Covenant  as  longas  he 
could  safely  do  so  (Mentoirs  of  the  Vemey 
Farmlyf  iL  166).  From  the  close  of  1643  he 
and  Vane  were  the  heads  of  the  war  partv  in 
the  lower  house.    Bobert  Baillie  terms  him 

*  Mr.  !Pym's  successor'  (Letters,  ii.  133).  In 
January  1644  he  discovered  and  revealed 
Brook's  plot  for  inducing  the  city  to  declare 
for  peace  {A  Cunnxng  Plot  to  divide  ai/id  destroy 
the  Parliament  and  the  City  of  London^  4to, 
1643).  The  original  institution  of  the  com- 
mittee of  both  kingdoms.of  which  he  was  firom 
the  first  a  member  (16  fob.  1644),  and  the  de- 
vice by  which  the  opposition  of  the  lords  to  it« 
renewal  was  firustt^ted  were  the  work  of  St. 
John  and  Vane  (G  ardineb,  Great  Civil  War^ 
i.304,343;  BAJLLZE,ii.l41).  St.  John,  who 
was  an  active  memoer  of  the  Westminater 
assembly,  was  at  first  re^^arded  by  the  Scots  as 
one  of  their  strongest  friends ;  but  his  share  in 
passing  the  toleration  order  of  13  Sept.  1644 
produced  loud  complaints  from  the  presby-* 
terians  (16.  U.  117, 145, 230, 236-7).  In  the 
later  period  of  the  Westminster  assembly  he 
was  one  of  the  'Erastian  lawyers'  who  ob- 
Btructed  the  establishment  of  the  presbyterian 
svstem  by  their  insistence  on  tne  rights  of 
the  state. 

•  St.  John  was  one  of  the  oommissioners 
appointed  to  treat  for  a  peace  at  Uxbridge 
in  January  1645,  but  tooK  little  part  in  the 
debates  (Qabdineb,  Great  Cim  War,  ii. 
121).  He  supported  the  self-denying  ordi- 
nance, and  helped  to  procure  the  exemption 
of  Cromwell  nom  its  operation  THollbb, 
Jit^rnoirs,  ed.  M^wres,  pp.  209-14;   Cj^« 


BBiTDOir,  Itebellion,  viii.  261).  A  letter  which 
St.  John  wrote  to  Cromwell  in  February 

1646,  about  the  lands  conferred  br  parlii^ 
ment  upon  the  latter,  supplies  a  further  proof 
of  the  political  agreement  which  then  exist^ 
between  the  two  {T&urloe  Pc^^&rs,  L  75).    In 

1647,  during  the  quarrel  between  the  army 
and  the  parliament,  St.  John  adhered  to  the 
army,  though  remaining  rather  in  the  back- 
ground whue  the  strugne  lasted.  He  signed 
the  engagement  of  4  Aug.  1647,  to  support 
Fairfax  against  the  city,  and  was  a  member 
of  the  committee  appointed  after  the  armjr's 
victory  to  examine  into  the  late  riots  (Rusa- 
W0BTH,vii.  755;  Walker,  J^story  <f  Inde- 
pendency,  L  51,  ed.  1661 ;  Clarke  Papers^  i. 
135, 158, 219, 231).  St,  John  doubtleea  con- 
curred in  the  vote  for  no  further  addresses 
to  Charles  I,  although  during  the  months 
which  followed  he,  lixe  Cromwell,  made  an 
attempt  to  open  negotiations  with  the  Prince 
of  Wales,  and  even  discussed  the  desirability 
of  fresh  overtures  to  the  king  (QABMirsB, 
iii.  57 ;  HandUcn  Papers,  Camden  Society, 
i.  148, 174).  Thus  from  1644  to  the  begin- 
ning of  1648  he  continually  acted  in  har- 
mony with  Cromwell,  and  Holies  gave 
voice  to  the  general  opinion,  ^en  in  Fe* 
bruary  1648  he  dedicated  his  memorial  to 
'  the  unparalleled  couple'  as  being  '  the  two 
ffrand  designers  of  the  ruin  of  tnree  king- 
doms.' The  enthusiastic  letter  which  Crom- 
well addressed  to  St.  John  after  his  victory 
atPrestonshows  how  complete  his  confidence 
in  his  associate  was  (Cabltlb,  Cromwell, 
Letter  67).  Towards  the  end  of  1648,  how- 
ever, St.  John's  policy  began  to  diverge  from 
Cromwell's.  On  12  Oct.  1648  the  commons 
appointed  him  chief  justice  of  the  com- 
mon pleaA,  ^nd  on  22  l7ov.  following  he  was 
sworn  in.  He  therefore  abstained^  i|^  accord- 
ance with  the  usual  custom,  from  attending 
parliament,  took  no  part  in  the  proceedings 
which  brought  Charles  I  to  the  olock,  and, 
though  appointed  one  of  the  commissioners 
for  the  truu  of  the  king,  refused  to  act  (Fofis. 
vi.481).  In  the  vindication  which  l^e  printea 
at  the  Bestoration  St.  John  protested  that 
he  had  nothing  to  do  with  the  king's  death. 
Pride's  Purge,  or  the  establishment  of  the 
Commonwealth  {The  Case  qf  OHver  St, 
John,  1660,  4to,  pp.  5, 12 ;  Thurloe  Papers, 
vii.  914).  His  dissatisfaction  was  shown  b^ 
the  fact  that,  though  a  member  of  the  council 
of  state,  he  attended  sixteen  only  out  of  319 
meetings  duringhisfirstyearofomoe.  During 
the  second  year  he  attended  forty-nine  meet- 
ings. In  June  1650,  when  Fainax  resigned 
command  rather  than  invade  ScotlamC  St. 
John  was  one  of  the  committee  appointed 
by  parliaiffent  to  satisfy  him  of  the  justice  of 


St.  John 


643 


St.  John 


the  intended  inTaaioii  (  Whitelocke,  Memo- 
noZf,  iii.  207,  ed.  18^).  The  letter  in  which 
he  oooffTAtulsted  Cromwell  on  the  victory 
of  Doziber  marks  hie  complete  reconciliation 
with  the  poUoy  of  the  republic,  and  is  also 
the  fullest  exposition  of  his  rel^rions  yiews 
which  has  survived  (Nickolu,  Original  Let- 
ters  addreued  to  CromweU^  1743,  fol.,  p.  24), 
On  14  Feb.  1661  the  parliiuiient  selected  St. 
John  (with  Mr.  Walter  Strickland  for  his  col* 
league)  to  negotiate  a  dose  alliance  between 
the  United  Inovinces  and  England.  Their 
instructions  directed  them  to  mropoee  not 
only  'a  confederacrjr  perpetual,'  out,  if  that 
were  acceptedi  '  a  further  and  more  intrin- 
secal  union '  between  the  two  nations.  Great 
honea  were  built  upon  the  embassy.  M arvell 
addressed  St.  John  in  a  copy  of  liatin  verses, 
dwelling  upon  the  significance  of  his  name 
and  his  mission,  while  a  suite  of  nearly  260 
pengna  showed  the  desire  of  the  English 
government  to  enhance  the  prestige  of  its 
uiM^tiatoxB  and  secure  their  satety  ^Mabvsll, 
WcrlUt  ed.  Grosart,  i.  413^.  St.  John  arrived 
at  the  Hague  on  17  Marcn,  but  three  months 
of  negotiating  ended  in  failure.  The  servants 
of  the  ambassador  were  assaulted  in  the  streets 
by  exiled  cavaliers,  and  the  lives  of  their 
masters  were  threatened.  The  proposed  league 
fiuled  because  the  Dutch  refused  to  expel  the 
T^ffglMJi  royalists  from  their  dominions,  or  to 
mi£e  the  princess  of  Orange  answerable  for 
theur  intrigues  against  the  English  common- 
wealth. The  political  imion  of  the  two  re- 
publics was  in  consequence  never  actually 
propoeed.  On  20  June  St.  John  left  Hol- 
Isna,  haughtilv  telling  the  Dutch  commis- 
sioneiB  tluit  they  would  repent  of  having 
rejected  his  ofiezs(GABDurBB,  C<iin'mmweal& 
and  FrotectoraUy  L  357--66;  Gebdss,  John 
De  Witt,ll67;  Beport  on  the  Duke  0/ Port- 
iand**  MSS.  i.  667,  606 ;  Thurlob,  i.  174r- 
196 ;  Gbbt,  Ejxmunatton  ofNeaFs  Furitane, 
iv.  App.  IL ;  HawHneon  MS,  G.  366,  Bodleian 
Librmry),  He  had  shown  no  great  skill  as 
a  diplomatist,  but  he  was  full  of  wrath  at 
his  fiuluroy  and  contemporaries  asserted  that 
the  passing  ef  the  Navigation  Act  was  largely 
doe  to  his  resentment  (Ludlow,  Memoirs^ 
L  267,  ed.  1894;  Clabbnbon,  J2e6e//Mm,  xiii. 
166, 169). 

On  27  June  1661  parliament  rescinded  the 
vote  of  October  1649,  which  relieved  judges 
from  their  attendance  in  the  house  while 
they  eoEecuted  their  offices.  This  enabled  St. 
John  to  take  his  seat  again  without  the  ne- 
cessity of  expressing  his  dissatisfaction  with 
the  treaty  or  Newport,  which  was  exacted 
from  other  members  of  the  house  (Case  ef 
QUver  St.  fykn,  p.  11).  On  2  July  1661  he 
gave  Ml  %coQimt  of  his  embassy  to  parliament. 


On  6  Sept.  he  was  sent  with  three  other 
members  to  congratulate  Cromwell  on  his 
victory  at  Worcester  (Common^  Journals^  vi. 
693, 696,  vii.  13).  Two  months  later  the  com- 
mittee for  the  reformation  of  the  universities 
appointed  St,  John  chancellor  of  the  imi- 
versity  of  Cambridge  in  place  of  the  Earl  of 
Manchester  (27  Nov.  1661 ;  Baxeb,  Hietory 
qf  St  JoMs  College,  1 2dO),  As  chancellor, 
however,  he  interfered  very  little  in  the 

fovemment  of  the  university  (Thublob,  vii. 
74^  682).  St.  John  was  also  chosen  by  par* 
liament  as  one  of  the  eight  commissioners  to 
be  sent  to  Scotland  in  order  to  settle  the 
civil  government  of  that  country,  and  to 
prepare  the  way  for  an  incorporating  union 
with  England  (23  Oct.  1661).  He  arrived 
in  ScotLmd  in  January  1662,  and  returned 
to  Enffland  in  the  following  May,  having  sue-* 
oessfiuly  achieved  the  purpose  of  his  mission 
(Comenowf  Joumale,  vii.  oO;  Sootland  and 
the  Commonwealth,  Scottish  History  Society, 
1896,  pp.  xxiii,  32, 40,  42). 

St.  Jonn's  attitude  during  the  events  which 
led  to  the  elevation  of  Cromwell  to  the  pro- 
tectorate  is  somewhat  difficult  to  define.  At 
the  Bestoration  it  was  alleged  '  that  he  was 
the  dark  lantern  and  privy  counsellor  in 
setting  up  and  managing  affairs  in  the  late 
Protector's  time,'  a  charge  which  he  strenu- 
ously denied  (Que  of  Oliver  St.  John,  p.  6). 
He  certainly  aesired  to  see  the  Long  parlia- 
ment dissolved,  and  on  14  Nov.  1661  he  was 
teller  with  Cromwell  for  the  motion  re« 
solving  that  a  date  for  the  dissolution  should 
be  fixed  (Commowf  Journals,  vii.  36  ;  cf. 
Whiiblooxb,  Memorials,  ed.  1863,  iii.  4). 
In  the  conference  on  the  settlement  of  the 
government  which  took  place  on  10  Dec. 
1661,  St.  John  declared  '  that  the  govern- 
ment of  this  nation,  without  something  of 
monarchical  power,  will  be  very  difficult  to 
be  so  settled  as  not  to  shake  the  foundation 
of  our  laws  and  the  liberties  of  the  people' 
(ib.  ii.  373).  After  Cromwell  had  turned  out 
the  Rump  he  wished,  according  to  Ludlow, 
to  persuade  St.  John  and  others  to  draw  up 
a  new  constitution,  but  there  is  no  evidence 
that  St.  John  had  any  part  in  drawing  up 
the  instrument  of  govemment  (LrDLOW, 
Memoirs,  i.  368]).  He  did  not  sit  either 
in  the  council  of  state  set  up  by  the  officers 
in  April  1663,  or  in  the  Little  parliament. 
He  says  himself:  '  In  October  I  fell  sick  so 
dangerously,  that  from  that  time  untill  the 
end  of  May  ri664]  my  friends  expected  death.' 
Of  his  conduct  during  the  protectorate  he 
adds :  '  He  named  me  one  of  the  council,  and 
summoned  me  one  of  the  council,  and  sum* 
moned  me  to  sit  in  that  which  was  called 
the  other  House,  {never  would  come  to  hif 


St.  John 


644 


St.  John 


council,  or  sit  in  the  other  House.  He  made 
me  one  of  the  commissioners  of  the  treasury. 
I  never  intermeddled,  or  received  salary, 
either  as  a  councillor  or  commissioner ;  I,  nor 
any  of  my  relations,  never  had  one  penny 
advantage  hy  him,  or  by  his  means,  directly 
or  indirectly,  save  the  continuance  of  my 
place  as  a  judge.  And  in  the  pretended  par- 
liament of  16^,  when  the  petition  and  advice 
was  made,  my  relations  then  that  were  of 
the  house  forbiDre  to  sit  all  that  Parliament, 
few  others  absenting  themselves.  As  soon 
as  the  term  was  ended,  I  ever  went  down 
into  the  country  and  came  not  up  until  the 
beginning  of  the  term  following ;  seldom  saw 
him  save  before  or  after  the  term  to  take 
leave,  but  followed  my  calling'  (^Ctue,  p.  6). 
St.  John's  own  account  is  conhrmed  by  other 
evidence.  The  domestic  state  papers  show 
that  he  was  appointed  a  commissioner  of  the 
treasury  ^2  Aug.  1654),  but  contain  no  record 
of  his  acting  in  that  capacity.  He  was  named 
a  member  of  the  committee  for  the  advance- 
ment of  trade  (12  July  1666),  and  of  that 
selected  to  discuss  the  readmission  of  the 
Jews  into  England  (16  Nov.  1666).    Htr  was 

f  resent  at  one  of  the  discussions  of  the  latter 
Cmmwelliana,  p.  164).  St.  John's  name 
appears  in  the  account  of  the  discussions  of 
the  committee  employed  by  the  parliament 
of  1660  to  persuade  Cromwell  to  accept  the 
crown  {Old  Parliamentary  History ^  xxi.  69, 
70),  But  this  appears  to  be  the  result  of  a 
confusion  between  Chief-justice  Glyn  and 
Chie^ustice  St.  John ;  for  the  journals  show 
tiiat  St.  John  was  not  a  member  of  the  com- 
mittee (Cbmmon^  Journal,  vii.  621  ;  cf.  Trea^ 
Mm*$  Masterpieoej  8vo,  1680,  pp.  6, 7).  Thurloe, 
who  was  popularly  supposed  to  be  the  medium 
of  communication  between  St.  John  and 
Cromwell,  describes  him  as  opposed  to  Crom- 
well's elevation  to  the  protectorate,  and  a 
severe  critic  of  the  instrument  of  ^vem- 
ment.  '  As  he  had  nothing  to  do  with  the 
setting  up  this  government,  so  neither  was 
there,  so  far  as  I  know  or  have  heard,  any 
communication  of  counsels  between  Oliver 
and  him,  mediately  or  immediately,  touch- 
ing the  management  of  any  part  of  the  public 
aflairs,  my  lord  St.  John  always  refusing  to 
meddle  in  anything  but  what  concerned  his 
place  as  judge,  and  in  that  he  refused  to 
proceed  upon  any  of  the  laws  made  under 
that  government,  for  which  he  was  com- 
plained of  to  the  council,  and  it  was  imputed 
to  his  example  that  the  judffes  refused  to  act 
upon  the  last  high  court  of  justice.  Nor  was 
he  to  my  knowlrage  advised  with  in  the  Peti- 
tion and  Advice.  The  truth  is  that  mv  lord 
St.  John  was  so  far  from  being  a  confidant, 
th&t  some  who  loved  and  valued  him  had 


something  to  do  to  preserve  him  under  that 
government'  (Thurloe*,  vii.  914).  In  one 
important  case  St.  John  gave  judgment 
against  the  government,  and  summed  up 
strongly  against  the  arbitrary  methods  by 
which  freedom  of  election  was  destroyed 
(Lvdlow,  Memoirs f  ii.  S6 ;  Commons^  JaumalSf 
vi.  69^. 

St.  John  was  not  in  London  when  Crom- 
well died,  and  seems  to  have  had  nothing  to 
do  with  the  elevation  of  Richard  to  the  pro- 
tectorate,  though  in  a  letter  written  on  SSept. 
1668  he  esroressed  his  devotion  to  the  Pro- 
tector and  nis  family,  and  his  willingness  to 
take  part  in  any  consultations  on  the  state 
of  public  affairs  (Ceim,  p.  7 ;  Thxtklob,  vii. 
370).  He  was  not  a  member  of  Richard's 
council,  and  continued  to  confine  himself  to 
his  judicial  duties.  Nevertheless  royalist 
agents  continued  to  assert  that  he  and  Wil- 
liam Pierrepoint  were,  in  conjunction  with 
Thurloe,  the  new  Protector's  secret  advisers, 
but  no  direct  evidence  of  the  fact  exists  (da- 
rendon  State  Papers^  iii.  423,  435,  441). 
When  Richard  was  overthrown  and  the  Long 
parliament  was  restored,  St.  John  came  to 
the  front  once  more,  and  was  elected  a  member 
of  the  council  of  state  (16  May  1669).  The 
parliament  employed  him  to  extract  a  formal 
abdication  from  Richard  Cromwell  ( OommMk^ 
Journals^  vii.  664).  According  to  Lndlow,  he 
contrived  to  insert  a  clause  in  the  parlia- 
mentarv  act  of  indemnitv  securing  mmself 
from  the  liability  of  refunding  money  for 
places  which  he  had  sold  under  the  late 
government  {Memoirs^  ii.  97).  At  the  same 
time,  having  no  great  confidence  in  the  sta- 
bility of  the  republic,  he  endeavoured  to  raise 
money  by  sellmg  some  of  his  lands,  so  as  to 
be  prepared  for  a  turn  of  Ibrtune  {Clarendon 
State  Papers,  iii.  628).  When  the  army 
again  turned  out  the  parliament,  and  threa- 
tened a  rough  and  ready  reformation  of  the 
law,  St.  John  treated  with  the  officers  on 
behalf  of  the  lawyers  in  order  to  prevent  it 
(Ludlow,  ii.  161).  On  the  second  restora- 
tion of  the  parliament  St.  John  was  again 
elected  one  of  the  council  of  state  (31  Dec. 
1669),  but  forbore  to  sit  in  that  body,  from 
unwUlingness  to  take  the  oath  abjuring  tlie 
Stuarts,  and  opposed  the  act  for  imposing 
such  an  engagement*  on  members  of  parlia* 
ment  (Case,  p.  12 ;  but  see  Ludlow,  ii.  204). 
On  17  Feb.  1660  he  took  part  in  a  conference 
regarding  the  readmission  of  the  seduded 
members,  which  his  election  to  the  new 
council  of  st>ate  on  23  Feb.  shows  that  he 
promoted  (Ludlow,  ii.  228 ;  Kbnvbt,  Regi* 
ster,  p.  61).  Pepys  heard  on  good  authority 
that '  my  Lord  St.  John  is  for  a  free  Parlia- 
ment, and  that  be  ia  very  great  with  Monk' 


St.  Johh 


64s 


St.  Johh 


(Diary^  7  Feb.  1660),  a  statement  which 
confirms  St.  John's  own  accoui^t  of  his  en- 
deavours for  that  object  {Cfi&e^  p.  13).  To 
the  last  moment  before  the  Restoration  the 
Royalists  saspected  him  of  intrigues  to  im- 
pose conditions  upon  the  king,  or  to  restore 
liichard  CromweU  {Clarendon  State  PaperSf 
'ill  661, 086,  710, 729^  749). 

After  the  Restoration  St.  John's  conduct 
during  the  earlier  part  of  the  struggle,  and 
the  high  offices  he  had  held  under  the  re- 
public and  protectorate,  led  him  to  fear  the 
worst.  To  counteract  the  rumours  as  to  his 
part  in  the  kind's  death,  and  his  intimate  re- 
Istiona  with  Oliver  and  Richard  Cromwell, 
he  printed  his  '  Case,'  which  was  backed  by 
a  letter  testifying  its  truth  from  Thurloe  to 
the  speaker  of  tne  Convention  parliament 
(Thublos,  vii.  914).  The  statements  it 
makes  are  substantially  correct,  though  it 
naturally  omits  many  facts  which  might 
have  told  against  the  writer,  and  makes  no 
mention  of  his  earlier  political  career.  It 
was  so  far  effective  that  while  the  commons 
had  excluded  him  from  the  act  of  indemnity 
for  some  penalty,  not  extending  to  life,  to  be 
hereafter  determinod  (13  June),  the  lords 
were  content  with  his  perpetual  incapacita- 
tion from  office  (2  Aug.  1660;  ComvMftus* 
Joumale^  viii.  63 ;  LorM  Journals^  xi.  115). 
St.  John's  recent  co-operation  with  Monck 
doubtless  secured  him  the  good  offices  of  the 
latter.  Charles  II  is  said  to  have  expressed 
regret  at  his  escape  (Litdlow,  Memoire,  ii. 
290). 

During  the  earlier  part  of  the  reign  of 
Charles  II,  St.  John  lived  in  retirement  at 
Longthorpe  in  Northamptonshire,  where  he 
had  Duilt  a  house  which,  it  is  said,  Clarendon 
attempted  to  extort  from  him  as  the  price  of 
his  safety  (Noblb,  ii.  21 ).  About  November 
1662  he  left  England  ana  took  ship  for  Havre, 
whence  he  made  his  way  first  to  Basle,  and 
afterwards  to  Augsburg  (Ludlow,  Memoirs, 
ed.  1894,  ii.  419, 493).  On  10  July  1667  the 
English  government  ordered  his  return,  but 
he  appears  to  have  remained  abroad  till  his 
death,  which  took  place  on  31  Dec.  1673 
(Qii.  State  Papers,  Dom.  1661-2  p.  567, 
1663-4  p.  144, 1667  p.  282 ;  Noblb,  ii.  23). 

St.  John's  character  has  been  painted  in 
the  blackest  colours  by  Clarendon  and  Holies. 
The  latter  describes  him  as  one  '  who  has  as 
much  of  the  blood  of  this  kingdom  to  answer 
for,  and  has  dipped  as  deep  in  all  cunning 
pernicious  counsels,  as  any  one  man  alive.' 
He  dwells  on  his  fierceness  and  cruelty, '  his 
composition  being,  as  it  seems,  like  that 
monster  emperor's,  **  lutnm  sanguine  macera- 
tum." '  Botn  Holies  and  Clarendon  attribute 
to  WfBi  fiir-reaching  ambition,  and  Holies  and 


other  contemporary  opponents  describe  him 
as  avaricious  and  greatly  enriched  by  his 
different  public  employments.  He  '  got  infi- 
nitely,' adds  Holies,  '  by  the  pardons  upon 
compositions,  which  was  a  device  only  to  fill 
his  pockets'  (MemoirSf  ed.  Maseres,  pp.  209, 
267).  In  his  apology  St.  John  confines  him- 
self to  refuting  the  rumojirs  about  the  profit- 
able nature  oihis  embassy  to  the  United  Pro- 
vinces :  '  all  the  reward  of  that  embassy  was, 
that  whereas  the  minster  of  Peterborough, 
being  an  ancient  and  goodly  fabric,  was  pro- 
pounded to  be  sold  and  demolished,  I  begged 
it  to  be  granted  to  the  citizens  of  Peter- 
borough, who  at  that  present  and  ever  since 
have  accordingly  made  use  of  it'  (Case,  p.  9 ; 
cf.  Kbnket,  Megister,  p.  202).  St.  John  was 
concerned  in  the  completion  of  the  Bedford 
Level,  and  drew  up  the  act  under  which  that 
undertaking  was  managed.  His  connection 
with  the  work  is  commemorated  in  the  name 
of  <  St.  John's  Eau'  (Wells,  Bedford  Levels 
i.  199;  Fobs,  vi.  489  j  cf.  Thublob,  v.  383, 
476). 

St.  John  married  three  times :  first,  Jo- 
hanna, daughter  of  Sir  James  Altham  of 
Marks  Hall,  Latton,  Essex,  and  of  Elizabeth, 
daughter  of  Sir  Francis  Barrington.  Elisa- 
beth Barrington's  mother  was  Joan,  daugh- 
ter of  Sir  Henry  Cromwell  of  Hinchinbroke, 
aunt  both  to  the  Protector  Cromwell  and  to 
John  Hampden  (Foss,  Judges  of  England^ 
vi.  476).  By  his  first  wife  St.  John  had  four 
children:  (1)  Francis,  member  for  Peter- 
borough in  the  parliaments  of  1656  and 
1669 ;  (2)  WilUam  (cf.  Thttklob,  iv.  260) ; 
(3)  Johanna,  married  Sir  Walter  St.  John, 
bart.,  of  Lydiard-Tregoz,  Wiltshire  (the  son  of 
this  marriage  was  llenrvSt.  John,  created  in 
1716  Baron  St.  John  of  Battersea,  who  was 
fj&ther  of  HeniT  St.  John,  viscount  Boling- 
broke)  [q.  v.] ;  (4)  Catherine,  married  Henry 
St.  John,  younger  brother  of  Sir  Walter 
St.  John,  mentioned  above  (cf.  Nickolls, 
Letters  addressed  to  Cromtoell,  p.  48 ;  Noble, 
House  of  Cromioellt  ii.  24-9).  St.  John's 
second  wife,  whom  he  married  on  21  Jan. 
1638,  was  Elizabeth,  dau^ter  of  Henry 
Cromwell  of  Upwood,  the  Protector's  uncle 
(Foss,  vi.  478).  By  her  he  had  two  chil- 
dren :  (1)  Oliver,  married  Elizabeth,  daugh- 
ter of  William  Hammond  (Chestbb,  Loth' 
don  Marriage  Licenses,  1176) ;  (2)  Elizabeth, 
married,  on  26  Feb.  1666-6,  John  Bernard 
of  Huntingdon  (Campbbll,  Lives  of  the 
Chief  Justuses,  i.  477 ;  Noblb,  ii.  29).  St. 
John's  third  wife  (married  1  Oct.  1646) 
was  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Daniel  Oxen- 
bridge,  M.D.,  of  Daventry,  and  sister  of 
John  Oxenbridge,  the  nonconformist  divine 
[q.  v.]    She  was  widow  of  Caleb  Cockcroft. 


St  John 


646 


St.  Joliri 


of  London,  merchant,  outlived  8t.  John,  and 
took  for  her  third  husband  Sir  Homphrey 
Sydenham  of  Cholworthy,  Somerset  (Foes, 
VI.  489;  Lb  Nbvb,  Jjii>A«»,  p.  292;  Hut. 
MSS.  Comm,  7th  Rep.  p.  454). 

[An  aocooot  of  St  John  is  gjven  by  "Wood, 
Fasti  Oxonienses,  ed.  Bliss.  Noble,  in  his  Pro- 
tectoral  House  of  OiQpmwell,  ed.  1787,  ii.  15, 
gives  a  life  of  St.  John,  quoting  a  manuscript 
Tindicatton  given  by  his  son,  and  adding  much 
iofarmadon  about  his  descendants.  Liyes  are 
also  contained  in  Lord  Campbell's  Lives  of  the 
Chief  Justices  of  England,  1849,  i.  447-78,  and 
Foss's  Judges  af|£ngland,  1867»  vi.  476-92.] 

C.  S.  F. 

ST.  JOHN.  Sm  OLIVERBEAUOHAMP 
COVENTRY  (1887-1891),  officiating  agent 
to  the  governor-general  of  India  in  Balu- 
chistan, eldest  son  of  Captain  Oliver  St.  John, 
Madras  anny,  and  of  his  wife  Helen,  daugh- 
ter of  John  X  oung,  esq.,  and  widow  of  Henry 
Anson  Nntt,  was  bom  at  Springfield  House, 
Ryde,  Isle  of  Wight,  on  21  March  1887.  He 
was  great-grandson  of  the  tenth  baron  St. 
John  of  Bletsho  [see  under  St.  Johh,  Oliveb, 
£abl  of  Bouivgbkoke].  He  was  educated 
at  Norwich  grammar  school,  and  at  the  East 
India  Company's  military  colleg[e  at  Addis- 
combe,  where  he  took  many  prizes,  and  re- 
ceived a  commission  as  secona  lieutenant  in 
the  Bengal  engineers  on  12  Dec.  1856.  He 
went  to  Chatham  for  the  usual  course  of 
professional  instruction,  was  promoted  to  be 
first  lieutenant  on  27  Aug.  1858,  and  in  the 
following  vear  went  to  India,  where  he  was 
employed  in  the  public  works  department  in 
the  North* West  Provinces  and  Oudh  for  the 
next  four  vears. 

In  October  1868  he  joined  the  expedition 
to  Persia,  under  Lieutenant-colonel  Patrick 
Stewart,  royal  engineers^  to  establish  tele- 
graphic communication  nrom  India  through 
Persia  and  Asia  Minor  to  the  Bosphorus. 
His  duties  lay  in  the  Persian  section.  He 
landed  at  Bushahr  in  Januarv  1864,  and  took 
charge  of  the  fifth  and  last  telegraph  division, 
the  most  difficult  and  important  of  all.  From 
December  1866  to  June  1866  he  had  charge  of 
the  directors'  office  during  Stewart's  absence, 
and  from  June  1866  to  January  1867  his  own 
immediate  superintendence  embraced  the  line 
from  Tehran  to  Bushahr. 

In  May  1867  St.  John  returned  to  Enf^- 
land,  and  joined  the  expedition  to  Abyssinia 
iknder  Sir  Kobert  Comelis  (afterwards  Lord) 
Napier  [u.  v.],  as  director  of  the  field  tele- 
graph ana  army  signalling  department  of  the 
Abyssinian  field  force.  He  laid  the  telegraph 
line,  under  great  difficulties,  for  some  two 
hundred  miles  from  the  coast ;  wasmentioned 
in  de^atchee  (London  QazeU^  80  June 


1868),  received  the  thanks  of  the  government 
of  India  and  the  war  medal,  and  was  recom- 
mended for  a  brevet  majority  on  attaining 
the  rank  of  captain.  On  his  return  home 
in  1868  he  was  employed  to  report  on  the 
military  telegraphs  of  Prance,  Prussia,  and 
Russia.  St.  John  was  promoted  to  be  cap- 
tain on  10  Nov.  1869,  and  returned  to  Persia 
in  1870,  with  the  local  rank  of  major.  Sir 
Frederick  Gk>ldsmid,  on  being  appointed  in 
1872arbitrator  in  the Perso-Afghan boundary 
dispute,  applied  for  St.  John's  services,  but 
he  could  not  be  spared  from  his  telegpraph 
duties  in  Persia. 

In  October  1871  he  went  to  Baluchistan 
as  boundarycommissioner  of  the  Perso-Kalat 
frontier.  Having  completed  the  survey  of 
the  boundary  he  returned  to  England,  and 
during  his  fru'lou^h  was  employed  on  special 
duty  at  the  India  office  in  1878  and  1874 
in  compiling  maps  of  Persia  and  Persian 
Baluchistan.  These  maps  were  based  on 
longitudes  of  the  principal  Persian  tel^;raph 
stations,  fixed  in  co-operation  with  General 
J.  T.  Walker  of  the  Indian  trigonometrical 
survey.  Captain  WilUam  Henry  Pierson 
[q.  V.J,  royal  engineers,  and  Lieutenant  Stifle 
01  the  Indian  navy,  by  whom  time-signals 
were  exchanged  between  Greenwich  and 
Karachi  on  tne  one  hand,  and  stations  in 
Persia  on  the  other.  A  result  of  the  Perso- 
Kalat  survey  was  St.  John's  '  Narrative  of  a 
Joumev  through  Baluchistan  and  Southern 
Persia,  published  in  vol.  i.  of  *  Eastern  Persia' 
(1876). 

In  January  1875  St.  John  was  appointed 
principal  of  the  Mayo  College,  Ajmir.  He 
was  promoted  to  be  regimental  major  on 
29  Aug.  1876.  In  August  1878  he  was  at- 
tached to  Sir  Neville  Chamberlain's  mission 
to  Kabul,  which  came  to  nothing  in  conse- 
qnenoe  of  the  amir's  refusal  to  admit  it  to 
tne  Khaibar.  In  November  he  was  attached 
as  chief  political  officer  to  the  staff  of  Sir 
Donald  Stewart,  who  commanded  the  Kan- 
dahar field  force,  which  entered  Afghanistan 
by  the  Bolan  pass  and  occupied  Kandahar. 
On  10  Jan.  1879  an  attempt  was  made  to 
assassinate  St.  John  in  the  streets  of  Kan- 
dahar, but  the  shot  missed  him,  and  the 
assassin  was  apprehended.  On  29  Julv  he 
was  made  a  companion  of  the  order  of  the 
Star  of  India.  Cfn  26  Dec.  some  mount«d 
Ghazisran  amuck  through  the  camp  at  Kan- 
dahar, when  Major  Tytler  was  wounded,  and 
St.  John  had  another  narrow  escape.  During 
the  occupation  of  Kandahar  he  found  time 
to  contrioutd  a  valuable  paper  on  Persia  to 
the  '  Journal  of  the  Royal  United  Service  In- 
stitution of  India,'  for  which  he  was  awarded 
I  the  gold  medal  of  the  i]istit«ti<m  f<»  I87ft 


^t  jotin 


647 


St.  joliri 


He  was  made  a  companion  of  the  Star  of 
India  on  20  July  1879,  and  was  promoted 
brevet  lieutenant-colonel  on  4  Feb.  1880. 
On  visiting  Calcutta  early  in  1880  to  confer 
with  tbe  viceroy  on  A%nan  affairs,  be  was 
appointed  political  agent  for  Soutbem  Af- 
ghanistan. Ho  returned  to  Kandahar  in 
April,  and,  on  the  departure  shortly  after  of 
Sir  Donald  Stewart  with  a  field  force  for 
Ghazni  and  Kabul,  entered  on  his  new  ap- 
pointment. 

In  July  1880  a  force  under  Brigadier- 
general  burrows  was  sent  from  Kandahar 
to  support  the  Wali  Shir  Ali  Khan,  governor 
of  the  province  of  Kandahar,  against  the 
advance  of  Ayub  Khan  on  Kandahar.  St. 
John,  with  Brigadier-general  NuttaU  and 
the  advanced  column,  arrived  at  Girishk  on 
10  July,  Burrows  with  the  main  body  coming 
up  the  following  day.  The  wali  was  en- 
camped on  the  opposite  side  of  the  Halmand 
river.  Disaffection  having  shown  itself  in 
the  wall's  army,  it  was  arranged  by  St.  John's 
advice  to  bring  it  over  the  nver,  and  to  dis- 
arm the  disaTOcted  troops  on  the  14th ;  but 
before  this  could  be  done  they  had  absconded, 
carrying  with  them  their  arms,  and  also  a 
battery  of  guns  and  ammunition.  St.  John 
took  part  in  the  pursuit  and  action  of  the 
Halmand,  which  resulted  in  the  capture  of 
the  guns.  By  his  advice  Burrows  then  fell 
back  on  Kushk-i-Nakhud.  St.  John  was 
present  at  the  battle  of  Maiwand  on  27  July, 
and  reached  Kuidahar  with  Burrows  and 
the  remnant  of  the  force  on  the  following 
day,  having  lost  three  out  of  his  escort  of 
five  and  had  a  horse  shot  under  him. 

St.  John  was  in  Kandahar  during  the  in- 
vestment, took  part  in  the  sortie  of  16  Aug., 
and,  on  its  relief  by  Sir  Frederick  (now  Lorn) 
Koberts,  was  present  at  the  battle  of  Kan- 
dahar on  1  Sept.  1S80.  The  governor-general 
of  India  in  council,  in  a  minute  dated  15  Jan. 
1881  to  the  secretfuy  of  state  for  India  on  the 
services  of  officers  in  the  Afghan  campaign, 
mentioned  the  conspicuous  ability,  zeal,  and 
energy  shown  by  St.  John  throughout,  and 
recommended  their  recognition.  St.  John  was 
mentioned  in  despatches  {I/mS/m  GasettCy 
3  Dec.  1880),  and  received  the  medal  with 
clasp.  On  the  evacuation  of  Kandahar  he 
was  appointed  officiating  agent  to  the  go- 
vernor-general for  Baluchistan,  in  succession 
to  Sir  Kobert  Sandeman  [q.  v.],  and  moved 
toQuetta  in  April  1881.  On  23  May  1882  he 
was  made  ELu.S.1. 

St.  John  went  to  Kashmir  on  special  duty, 
and  as  resident  in  January  1883.  He  was 
promoted  to  be  brevet  colonel  on  4  Feb.  1684, 
and  in  April  went  temporarily  to  Haidarabad 
M  acting  resident,  returning  to  Kashmir  in 


August.  On  7  March  1886  he  was  promoted 
to  TO  regimental  lieutenant-colonel,  and  in 
Maybe  returned  to  Quetta  as  officiating  agent 
totheffovemor-general  for  Baluchistan.  In 
December  1887  he  was  appointed  resident  at 
Baroda,  and  in  January  1889  resident  and 
chief  commissioner  at  Maisur  and  Kurg.  In 
May  1891  he  left  perhaps  the  pleasantest 
billet  in  India  to  affain  temporanly  officiate 
as  governor-general  s  agent  for  Baluchistan, 
an  appointment  which  gave  a  better  field  for 
his  active  mind  and  his  keen  interest  in  the 
frontier  question.  A  fortnight  after  his  arrival 
at  Quetta  he  died  there  of  pneumonia,  follow- 
ing influenza,  on  3  June  1891.  His  remains 
were  buried  in  the  new  cemetery  at  Quetta, 
with  militant  honours,  on  5  June. 

To  soldierly  qualities  in  the  field  St.  John 
added  the  courage  and  skill  of  the  oriental 
sportsman,  and  the  tastes  and  capabilities  of 
tne  naturalist  and  scientific  traveller.  Mr. 
W.  T.  Blanford,  in  his  introduction  to  the 
*  Zoology  of  Persia*  (1876),  acknowledges  the 
value  of  contributions  made  to  his  collections 
by  St.  John,  whom  he  accompanied  in  his 
journey  from  Gwadar  to  Teheran  in  1872. 
St.  John  was  a  fellow  of  the  Hoyal  Geogra- 
phical and  the  Zoological  Societies,  and  he 
sent  the  latter  man^  animals,  among  them 
a  two-humped  Bactrian  camel,  which  Ayub 
Khan  left  behind  him  in  Kandahar.  He 
made  collections  of  birds  and  reptiles  for 
various  museums.  Whentravelling  in  Persia 
he  used  to  lodge  in  tbe  black  tents  or  houses 
of  the  natives,  and  his  memory  still  lingers 
among  them. 

St.  John  made  many  contributions  to  news- 
papers and  journals ;  among  them  may  be 
mentioned  a  paper  in  the '  Royal  Geographical 
Society  Proceedings'  in  1868  '  On  the  Eleva- 
tion of  the  Country  between  Bushire  and 
Teheran.'  There  is  an  oil  portrait  of  him  in 
the  residency  at  Quetta,  of  which  his  widow 

Possesses  a  copy.  He  married,  on  23  Sept. 
869,  Jannette,  fourth  daughter  of  James 
Ormond,  esq.,  of  Abingdon,  KerkshiHi.  Shu 
survived  him,  with  three  children :  Honrv 
Beauchamp,  bom  in  1874,  lieutenant  14th 
Sikhs;  Onve  Helen,  bom  in  1870;  and 
Muriel,  bora  in  1873. 

[India  Office  Bocords;  Kojal  Engineers*  Ke- 
cords;  Despatches;  Blue  Books;  Royal  En- 
gineers' Journal,  1879,  1880,  and  1881 ;  Proc. 
of  the  Boyal  Geographical  Soc.  Jaly  1891 ; 
London  Times,  5  June  1891 ;  Goldsmid's  Tolo- 
graph  and  Travel,  1874 ;  private  sources.] 

R.  H.  V. 

ST.  JOHN,  PERCY  BOLINGBROKE 
(1821-1889),  journalist,  the  eldest  son  of 
James  Augustus  St.  John  [q.  v.],  was  bora  in 
Camden  iWn  in  1821.    He  accompanied  hia 


St  Lawrence 


648 


St.  Lawrence 


&lW  OS  aone  of  his  trnvelB,  particularly  to 
Mftdrtd,  wlieii  the  latter  was  searching  for 
Mfttwidsforhis'Lifepf  Sir  Walter  lialeigh/ 
and  he  also  travelled  in  America.  He  hegan 
to  write  tales  when  a  lad,  and  translated 
about  thirty  ofGustave  Aimard's  Indian  tales 
into  Englisn.  His  translations  appeared  be- 
twe^l876  and  1879.  In  1846  he  edited 
the '  Mirror  of  Literature/  and  in  1861  the 
*  London  Herald.'  As  correspondent  to  vari- 
ous newspapers,  his  miscellaneous  contribu* 
tions  to  tiie  press  were  numerous,  but  of  no 
special  note ;  and  he  was  also  a  frequent  con- 
tributor of  papers  to  '  Chambers*s  Journal ' 
and  other  magasines.  He  died  in  London 
on  15  March  1889. 

St.  John's  original  works  were :  1. '  Young 
Naturalist's  Book  of  Birds,'  London,  1838. 

2.  'Trapper*s  Bride;  and  Indian  Tales/  Lon- 
don,   l84o;    several   subsequent   editions. 

3.  'Paul  Feabody/  London,  1853  (incom- 
plete) ;  another  edit.  London,  1865.  4.  *  Our 
Holiday :  a  Week  in  Paris,'  London,  1854. 
5.  <  Lobster  Salad '  (collaborated  with  Ed- 
ward Copping),  London,  1855.  6.  'Qusr 
droona,  or  the  Slave  Mother,'  London,  1801. 
7,  <  The  Red  Queen/  London,  1863.  8.  <  Snow 
Ship '  (adventures  of  Canadian  emigrants), 
London,  1867 ;  various  editions  subsequently. 

9.  'The  Young  Buccaneer/  London,  1873. 

10,  '  The  North  Pole '  (a  narrative  of  Arctic 
explorations),  London,  1875.  11.  'Polar 
Crusoes/  London,  1876.  12.  'The  Sailor 
Crusoe/  London,  1876. 

[Litezaiy  World,  Mareh  1889 ;  Brit.  Mas. 
Gat]  J.  B.  M. 

ST.  LAWRENCE,  Sib  OIIKISTO- 
PIIER,  twentieth  or  more  properly  eighth, 
Babon  Hoavth  (d.  1589),  commonly  called 
the '  Blind  Earl/  was  the  third  son  of  Sir 
Christopher,  seventeenth  baron  Howth,  and 
younger  brother  of  Edward  and  Sir  Hichard, 
eighteentli  and  nineteenth  barons  respec- 
tively. His  grandfather  was  Nicholas  St. 
Lawrence,  sixteenth  baron  Ilowth  [a.  v.] 
On  the  death  of  Sir  Richard  in  15o8  he 
succeeded  to  the  family  estates;  but  the 
title  of  baron  was  not  confirmed  to  him  and 
his  heirs  male  by  Elizabeth  until  1561  (Col. 
Carew  MSS.  i.  311).  He  appears  to  have 
sat  in  the  first  parliament  of  Elizabeth's 
reign,  and  he  and  Lord  Slane  were  instru- 
mental in  inducing  Shane  O'Neill  to  repair 
to  England.  He  himself  paid  a  visit  thither 
in  December  1562  with  letters  of  credit  to 
the  privy  council,  and  returned  to  Ireland 
on  28  Feb.  1563.  In  1565  he  si^ed  a  me- 
morial to  the  queen  commendmg  the  go- 
vernment of  Sir  Nicholas  Arnold,  and  ne 
was  knighted  by  Sir  Henry  Sidney  at  Dro- 


gheda  on  9  Feb.  1569  in  acknowledgment 
of  the  assistance  he  had  rendered  the  deputy 
agamst  Shane  CNeUl  (id,  ii.  148).  Subse- 
quently, however,  he  gave  great  ofience  by 
tne  part  he  played  in  the  agitation  of  the 
Pale  against  cess  in  1577-8  ^ee  under  Nu- 
GEirr,  Sib  CaBisTOPHEB,  fourteenth  Babon 
DelviitI.  In  his  examination  before  the 
council  he  justified  his  conduct  by  declaring 
that, '  havm^  read  the  chronicles  and  laws,' 
he  was  convmced  that  the  imposition  was 
unconstitutional.  But  after  five  months' 
confinement  in  the  castle  he  consented  to 
admit  that  he  had  no  intention  '  to  gainsay 
anv  part  of  the  queen's  prerogative,'  and 
acKnowledged  *  that,  in  times  of  necessity, 
the  queen  may  lay  charge  upon  her  subjects 
here  as  fully  as  in  England ; '  whereupon, 
having  been  sharply  reprimanded  for  his 
imdutiful  behaviour,  he  was  set  at  liberty 
(ib,  ii.  133).  The  question  was,  however, 
revived  in  1586,  and  it  was  mainly  in  conse- 
quence of  the  opposition  offered  by  him  and 
Lords  Slane  and  Louth  that  an  attempt  of 
Sir  John  Perrot  [q.  v.]  to  induce  parliament 
to  consent  to  a  composition  for  cess  was  de- 
feated. He  was  induced  to  confess  his  fault, 
and  seems  to  have  become  reconciled  to 
Perrot,  to  whom  he  sent,  shortly  before  his 
death,  an  'intermute  gossawk.  He  died 
at  Howth  on  24  Oct.  1589,  and  was  buried 
in  the  south  aisle  of  the  abbey.  Over  him 
is  a  monument  in  high  relief  with  the  effigies, 
it  is  said,  of  him  and  his  first  wife,  Eliza- 
beth, daughter  of  Sir  John  Plunket  of  Bcau- 
lieu,  CO.  Louth,  though,  as  the  inscri^ion  ia 
now  entirely  obliterated,  it  is  questionable 
whether  they  do  not  represent  some  earlier 
members  of  the  family,  conjecturally  Chris- 
topher, thirteenth  baron,  and  his  wife  (Lbwis, 
Topogr,  Diet,  s.v. '  Howth ; '  Journal  of  the 
Royal  Society  of  Antiquaries^  Irel.  iii.  449). 
By  his  first  wife  St.  Lawrence  had  Nicho- 
las, his  successor  [see  belowj,  Thomas,  and 
Leonard  (Lodge  ;  or,  accordmg  to  the  pedi- 
gree in  HarL  MS.  1425,  f.  104,  Richard, 
who  married  a  daughter  of  Francis  Corby  of 
Queen's  County,  and  Lionel,  who  married 
Ann  Eustace),  and  three  daughters,  viz.  Jane 
(d,  1577) ;  Mary,  who  married  Sir  Patridc 
Barnwell  of  Turvey,  and  (P)  Maigaiet.  His 
second  wife,  by  whom  he  had  no  issue,  was 
Cecilia,  second  daughter  of  Henry  Cusack, 
alderman  of  Dublin,  who  remarried,  first, 
John  Barnwell  of  Monctown,  co.  Meath, 
and,  secondly,  John  Finglos  of  Westpals- 
town. 

The  well-known  '  Book  of  Howth '  (pub- 
lished by  the  master  of  the  rolls),  a  compila- 
tion of  considemble  historical  value,  bears 
evidence  of  having  belonged  to  him,  and  he 


St  Lawrence 


649 


St  Lawrence 


may  possibly  have  been  the  author  of  some 
of  the  oonclading  entries. 

Sib  NiCHOLiis  St.  Lawbencb,  twenty- 
first,  or  more  properly  ninth,  Babon  Howth 
(1550  P-1607),  his  eldest  son,  bom  about  1550, 
was  knighted  by  Sir  William  fitzwilliam  in 
1588;  but  he  mcurred  some  suspicion  as  a 
discontented  person  by  the  eagerness  with 
which,  two  years  later,  heioined  the  Niigents 
in  attaddng  Sir  Robert  ]5illon,  chief  justice 
of  the  common  pleas,  for  maladministration 
(CdL  State  Papers^  Ireland,  Elix.  v.  98).  lie 
had  the  honour  of  entertaining  the  lord 
deputy,  Sir  William  Bussell  [q.  v.],  for  one 
night  on  his  arrival  in  Ireland  on  81  July 
1^4,  and  subsequently,  in  May  1695,  at- 
tended him  on  an  expedition  against  Fiogh 
MacHugh  O'Byme  fq.  v.],  the  outlaw  of  the 
Wicklow  glens ;  ana  for  nis  services  on  that 
occasion  tne  deputy  thought  he  deserved 
'  some  few  words  of  thanks  from  her  majestT.' 
He  earned  the  commendation  of  the  Lords- 
justices  Loftus  and  Gardiner  for  his  prompt- 
ness in  obeying  their  order  in  1598  to  as- 
semble the  gentlemen  of  county  Dublin  '  to 
consider  of  a  course  for  some  provision  to 
be  made  for  the  soldiers  iutendea  to  be  laid 
at  Naas  under  Sir  Henry  Bagenal.'    But  his 
alacrity  in  this  respect  did  not  prevent  him 
from  complaining  directly  to  Sir  Robert 
Cecil,  in  October  1600,  of  the  spoils  com- 
mitted by  the  soldiery  upon  the  inhabitants 
of  the  Pale.  Being  a  Roman  catholic,  though 
at  one  time  he  apparently  conformed  to  the 
established  church,  he  resented  the  increased 
rigour  of  the  laws  against  his  co-religionista 
tluit  followed  the  accession  of  James  I ;  and 
on  8  Dec.  1605  he  signed  a  memorial  to  the 
£arl  of  Salisbury  prayinj^  that  the  penal  laws 
might  be  rather  restrained  than  extended. 
He  died  early  in  May  1607,  and  was  buried 
with  his  ancestors  in  the  abbey  of  Howth. 
He  married,  first,  Maijraret  or  Allison,  fifth 
daughter  of  Sir  Christopher   Barnwell  of 
Turvey,  by  whom  he  had  Sir  Christopher 
(1568  ?~1619^  [q.  v.],  his  successor  j  Thomas, 
who  served  in  the  Spanish  army  in  the 
Netherlands ;    and,    according    to    Lodge, 
Ridiard  and  Mary  (P  Margaret),  the  wife  of 
William  Eustace  of  Castlemartin,  co.  Kil- 
dare.     Ilis  second  wife  was  Mary,  daugh- 
ter of  Sir  Nicholas  White  of  Leixlip,  master 
of  the  rolls,  widow  of  Robert  Browne  of 
Mulrankan,  co.  Wexford,  and  also  of  Chris- 
topher Darcy  of  Platin,  by  whom  he  had, 
according  to  Harl.  MS.  1425,  f.  104,  the 
above-mentioned  Richard,  Americ,  Edward, 
Margaret  (married  to  Viscount  Gormanston), 
and  Allison  (married  to  a  Luttrell). 
[Lodge's  Peerage,  ed.  Aicbdall,  iii.   196-9; 
.  P'Alton'sEist.  of  Dublin,  pp.  127-9 ;  Cal.  State 


Papers.  Ireland,  Elis.  i.  172,  175,  210,  213,  276. 
318.  ii.  115,  118,  129.  iii.  10,  20,  iv.  235,  415, 
419,  576,  V.  15-27,  98.  817.  vii.  342.  James  I,  i, 
365,  ii.  147;  CaL  Carew  MSS.  i.  311,  ii.  58, 
183,  148.  354.  iii.  62-84.  2>1,  228,  475;  Cal. 
PiaDts  Eliz.  Nos.  260,  542,  2117,  2345,  2445» 
3601,  3657,  4515,  5134,  5842,  6044,  6692.1 

R.  D. 

ST.  LAWRENCE,  Sib  CHRISTO. 
PHER,  twenty-second,  or  more  properly 
tenth,  Bakon  Howth  (1668  P-1619),  eldest 
son  of  Sir  Nicholas  St.  Lawrence,  twenty- 
first  baron  Howth  [see  under  St.  Lawbencu, 
SibChbistopheb,  twentieth  Babon  IIowtii], 
was  bom  about  1568.  According  to  a  story 
recorded  bv  D* Alton  (Hist  oj^ Dublin,  p.  130), 
he  was,  when  very  young,  kidnapped  oy  the 
celebrated  Grace  O'Malley  [5.  v.J  in  retalia- 
tion for  a  supposed  act  of  mhospitality  to- 
wards her  on  the  part  of  his  father  or  grand- 
father. A  picture  said  to  represent  this  in- 
cident is  preserved  in  Howth  Castle.  He 
displayed  great  aptitude  in  military  exer- 
cises, and  accompanied  his  father  on  an 
expedition  into  Wicklow  against  Fiagh 
MacHugh  O'Byrne,  when  he  showed  some 
boldness  by  capturing  two  of  Fiagh*s  fol- 
lowers in  April  1595.  Subsequently  he 
paid  a  visit  to  England,  and,  returning  to 
Ireland  with  Sir  Conyers  ClifiTord  on  4  July 
1597,  he  was  given  a  company  of  foot,  and 
for  the  next  two  years  was  chiefly  employed 
on  the  borders  of  King's  County  in  holding 
the  O'Conors  in  check.  He  acquired  a  repu- 
tation as  an  active  but  somewhat  quarrel- 
some officer,  though  there  was  no  truth 
in  the  report  that  he  stabbed  Sir  Samuel 
Bagenal  *  about  the  lie  or  such  like  brabble ' 
(Chambeblaix,  Letters,  p.  23).  He  served 
under  the  Earl  of  Essex  in  Leinster  in 
1599,  and  distinguished  himself  by  swim- 
ming across  the  Barrow  in  order  to  re- 
cover some  stolen  horses,  and  returned  with 
one  of  the  marauders'  heads.  He  was  pre- 
sent at  the  siege  of  Cahir  Castle,  and,  having 
repulsed  a  sortie  of  the  garrison,  was  one  of 
the  first  to  enter  the  place.  He  accompanied 
Essex,  to  whom  he  was  greatly  attached,  to 
England,  and  is  said  to  nave  offered  to  re- 
venge him  personally  on  Lord  Grey  de  Wil- 
ton and  Sir  Robert  Cecil  (Cahden,  iii.  796). 
In  April  1600  he  was  sent  to  reinforce  the 
presiaent  of  Munster,  Sir  Georore  Carew  -,  but 
later  in  the  year  he  accompanied  Lord-deputy 
Mountjoy  into  Leix,  and  in  October  he  was 
slightly  wounded  in  an  encounter  with  the 
forces  of  O'Neill  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
Carlingford.  On  the  news  of  the  arrival  of 
the  Spaniards  he  was  despatched  into  Mun- 
ster, but  his  attempt,  in  conjunction  with  the 
president,  to  intercept  O'Dou^ell  failed.   At 


St.  Lawrence 


650 


St.  Law^rehce 


tbe  siege  of  Kinsale  he  and  the  Earl  of  Clan- 
ricarde  were  statioiied  to  the  west  of  the  town 
in  order  to  prevent  a  junction  between  the 
Spaniards  and  CyDonnell.  On  the  submia- 
aion  of  Hu^h,  earl  of  Tyrone,  hia  company 
was  reduced,  and  in  February  1606  he  ven- 
tured to  solicit  the  kiu^  for  '  some  mark  of 
his  gracious  and  liberal  recognition  of  past 
services.* 

Hb  appeal  met  with  no  response,  and, 
ha.vms  aoout  this  time  separated  from  his 
wife,  he  made  preparations  for  realising  his 
property  with  &e  intention  of  seeking  his 
tortunes  abroad.  Chichester,  who  evidently 
felt  that  he  had  not  been  treated  according 
to  his  deserts,  wrote  strongly  in  his  favour 
to  Salisbury,  emphasising  the  fact  of  his 
being  a  protestant,  and  insisting  that  he 
should  not  quit  the  kingdom  without  per- 
mission. Nothing,  however,  was  done  for 
him,  and  in  July  1606,  having  obtained  the 
king's  consent  to  go  abroad,  he  entered  the 
service  of  the  archduke.  His  examj^e  proved 
contagious,  and  in  January  1607  Uhichester 
wrote  that  so  many  of  the  Irish  gentry 
were  preparing  to  leave  the  country  that 
he  thought  it  would  be  for  the  pubbc  ser- 
vice if  he  could  be  induced  to  return.  But 
his  father's  death  early  in  May  relieved  the 
deputy  from  further  anxiety  on  that  point, 
and  in  June  St.  Lawrence  returned  to  Ire- 
laud.  Meanwhile,  however,  he  had  be- 
come mixed  up  in  an  obscure  conspiracy 
for  subverting  the  government  of  Ireland, 
in  which  several  noblemen,  including,  it 
was  aaid,  the  Earls  of  Tyrone  and  Tyrcon- 
nel  and  Lord  Delvin,  were  implicated.  Now 
whether  the  prospect  of  returning  to  Irt>- 
land  in  a  position  more  suited  to  his  sun- 
bition,  or  the  dread  of  the  consequences 
of  discovery,  induced  him  to  inform  the 
covemmeut,  Howth,  on  his  way  through 
England,  revealed  some  part  of  the  con« 
spiracy  to  the  privy  council.  His  infor- 
mation was  regarded  with  suspicion,  and 
the  work  of  sifting  him  was  transferred  to 
Chichester. 

Arrived  in  Dublin,  'A.  B.'  (the  initials 
under  which  Howth  concealed  his  identity) 
was  secretly  examined  by  the  lord  deputy ;  but 
his  story,  resting  solely  on  his  own  authority, 
seemed  so  improbable  that  the  deputy  was 
inclined  to  treat  it  as  a  fiction  of  a  disordered 
mind,  when  the  sudden  and  unexpected  flight 
of  the  northern  earls,  owing  doubtless  to  a 
rumour  of  treachery,  caused  him  to  view  the 
matter  in  another  light.  Howth,  who  was 
himself  apparently  meditating  flight,  was,  in 
consemience  of  oirections  60m  the  privy 
council^  arrested,  along  with  Lord  Delvin 
[see  Nira£2rr,  Sis  EiOiUSD,  first  Easl  of 


WestmeathI  and  confined  to  the  castle. 
Delvin  shortly  afterwarda  managed  to  es- 
cape ;  and,  in  order  to  avoid  another  mishap, 
Howth  was  in  December  sent  to  London  in 
cham  of  Sir  John  Jephson,  Chichester  re- 
marfing  that  during  nis  imprisonment  in 
the  castle  he  had  '  carried  himself  in  his  ac- 
customed half-witted  fashion.'  He  was  ex- 
amined before  the  privy  council,  and  'no 
cause  of  exception  to  his  loyalty'  having 
been  found,  he  was  allowed  to  return  to 
Ireland  in  March  1608.  Meanwhile  his 
secret  had  leaked  out,  so  that  he  went  about 
in  constant  fear  of  his  life,  distrusting  his 
most  intimate  acquaintances.  Even  those 
who  could  hardly  be  suspected  of  sympa- 
thising with  any  attempt  to  upset  the  gq- 
vomment  looked  askance  at  him  and  spoke 
contemptuously  of  him.  The  remarlra  of 
Sir  Garret  Moore  [q.  v.]  galled  him  particu- 
larly ;  and,  in  revenge,  Howth  preferred  a 
charge  against  Moore  of  compbcity  in  the 
conspiracy,  to  which  Moore's  well-known 
intimacy  with  the  Earl  of  Tvrone  lent  plau- 
sibility. But,  meeting  with  little  encourage- 
ment firom  Chichester,  Howth  repaired  to 
England,  and  was  so  far  successful  that  on 
his  return  to  Ireland  in  June  the  deputy  was 
ordered  to  assign  him  a  company  of  150  sol- 
diers ;  and  for  nis  encouragement,  as '  having 
raised  himself  adversaries  for  doing  service 
for  the  king/  to  give  him  the  support  that  he 
required.  Being  called  upon  to  make  good 
his  charge  of  treason  against  Sir  Grarret  Moore, 
he  refused  to  open  his  case  before  the  Irish 
council  on  the  ground  of  its  partiality  to- 
wards Moore,  and  in  February  16OO  repaired 
to  England.  This  time  he  obtained  a  letter 
from  the  king  testifying  to  his  loyalty,  exone- 
rating him  'in  verbo  regis'  of  having  in 
his  disclosures  compromised  Lord  Delvin, 
'of  whose  safety  he  nad  been  more  careful 
than  of  his  own,'  and  recommending  him  for 
employment  'in  any  fitting  service  which 
may  fall  out.'  But  the  letter  unfortunately 
did  him  more  harm  than  good,  being,  as  he 
dolefully  expressed  it  to  the  king,  '  rather 
construed  disgraceful  than  of  &vour  or  pro- 
tection for  him,'  and  he  implored  to  be 
allowed  to  quit  Lreland  and  ^  hia  residence 
in  England. 

This  time  it  was  Sir  Boger  Jones  who  had 
ofiended  him,  by  speaking  of  him  as  'a  brave 
man  among  cowards:'  and  one  day  when 
Jones  and  some  friends  were  playing  tennia 
toother  in  a  court  in  Thomas  Street,  he  re- 
paired thither  'with  some  ten  or  twelve 
persons  in  his  company  and  a  cudgel  in 
nis  hand  with  purpose  to  have  cudgelled 
him.'  Jones's  friends  interfered,  and  in 
the  fray  one  of  his  retainers  was  killed* 


St.  Lavnrence 


^S' 


St  Lawrence 


The  lard  deputy,  who  happened  at  the  time 
to  be  at  Gnrist  Church,  heaiing  of  the  uxh 
roar,  at  once  committed  Howth  to  the  casUe 
till— an  inqaest  having  been  held  on  the 
dead  man  and  the  jnxy  haying  letomed  a 
▼ardict  of  mansIaiK^ter — ^he  was  enlarged  on 
his  own  bonds,  when  caUed  upon  to  ex- 
plain himself,  Howth  dedared  that  he  was 
the  victim  of  a  consj^racy  on  the  part  of  Sir 
Tiott&^B  &ther,  the  lord  chancellor,  Aidli- 
biahop  Jones,  and  Sir  Garret  Moore,  and 
eren  went  so  &r  as  to  reflect  on  the  im- 
partiality of  Chichester's  ^vemment.  His 
'audacity  in  daring  to  mcense  the  king 
against  his  faithful  servants '  the  denaty  pro- 
nounced to  be  *  beyond  comparison  and  en- 
durance. After  hearing  ooth  sides,  the 
pnvy  council  found  that  'most  of  Lord 
Howth's  charges  arose  out  of  unkind  speeches 
behind  backs,  and  were  grounded  sometimes 
upon  looks  and  sometimes  on  loose  observa- 
tions that  men  did  not  much  love  him;' 
wherefore,  seeing  that  he  was  '  so  much  sub- 
ject to  his  own  passions,'  he  was  strictly 
commanded  'to  retire  himself  to  his  own 
house  .  .  .  that  the  world  might  take  notice 
that  his  majesty  disliked  his  proud  carriage 
towards  the  supreme  officers  of  the  king- 
dom.' He  was  expressly  forbidden  to  leave 
Ireland  on  any  pretext ;  but,  notwithstanding 
the  prohibition,  he  repaired  to  England  with- 
out license  early  in  May  1611.  He  was  im- 
mediately, on  his  arrival  in  London,  clapped 
in  the  ^eet,  but  had  sufficient  interest  at 
court  to  procure  his  release  in  July.  He 
refused  to  be  reconciled  to  Sir  Ro^r  Jones, 
whom  the  council  had  exonerated  ofall  blame; 
but  his  behaviour  in  England  impressed  the 
king  favourably,  and  on  returning  to  Ireland 
in  October  161§  he  was  specially  commended 
to  Chichester,  who  was  aesired  to  treat  him, 
as  he  had  not  hitherto  done,  in  friendly  sort. 
He  sat  in  parliament  in  1612,  and  in  1614 
he  subscribed  100/.  by  way  of  a  free  gift  to 
the  king.  He  died  on  24  Oct.  1619,  and  was 
buried  at  Howth.  Bv  his  wife,  Elizabeth, 
daughter  of  John  Wentworth  of  Little 
Honiesley,  Essex,  from  whom  he  had  long 
been  separated,  and  who  after  his  death  mar- 
ried Sir  Robert  Newcomen,  bart.,  he  had  two 
sons — ^Nicholas,  his  successor ;  and  Thomas, 
who  settled  at  Wiston,  Suffolk,  and  mar- 
ried Ellinor,  daughter  of  William  Lynne  of 
Wormingford  and  Little  Horkesley  {Qeneo' 
ioffittt  new  ser.  i.  149-60,  note  on  tne  '  Easex 
Visitation '  b^  J.  H.  Round) — ^and  a  daughter 
Margaret,  said  by  Lodge  to  have  married, 
ilrst/William  Fitz William  of  Donamon,  and, 
secondly,  Michael  Birford  of  Kilrow. 

[Lodge's  Peerage,  ed.  Archdall,  iii.  199  ;  G.  E. 
C[QkayaeJs  Peerage;  Gal  CaievMSS.  iii  229, 


254.  304.  323,  378,  431-^,  489,  465 ;  Gal.  SUta 
Papers,  Irelaad,  ELis.  vii.  1 21, 41 1, 457;  James  I, 
i  91,  258,  388,  34«,  619,  and  vols.  ii.  iii«  iv. 
panim;  Bagwell's  Ireland  nader  the  Tudors, 
voL  iiL ;  GaL  of  Fiaata,  Elii.  6184, 6281,  6288, 
6672.  6686;  Erek's  Bepotory,  p.  148  «.;  Har- 
rington's NvgiB  Antiqun,  pp,  31,  41 ;  Meehao's 
fiarls  of  Tyrone  and  Tvxconoell ;  J.  Hnband- 
amith's  A  Day  at  Hovth ;  Devereux's  Earls  of 
Essex;  D' Alton's  Hist,  of  Dublin,  pp.  164-^; 
HarL  MS.  1425,  1  104;  Lansdowne  MS.  160, 
1  221.]  R.  D. 


ST.  LAWRENCE,  NICHOLAS,  six- 
teenth,  or  more  properly  fourth,  Baboit 
Howth  {d,  1626),  son  of  Robert,  fifteenth 
haron  [q.  v.l  and  of  Joan,  daughter  of  Edmund 
Beaufort,  duke  of  Somerset,  and  great-uncle 
of  Henry  VII,  succeeded  to  the  hanmy  on 
the  death  of  his  father  in  1483.  Unlike  the 
majority  of  the  English  in  Ireland,  Nicholas 
was  a  staunch  Lancastrian.  When  Lambert 
Simnel  [O'V^  in  1486,  personated  the  Earl  of 
Warwick,  Howth  not  only  refused  to  reco^ 
nise  his  claims,  but  apprised  Henry  VII  of  his 
designs.  At  the  close  of  the  rebellion,  after 
the  battle  of  Stoke,  Henry  summoned  Nicho- 
las with  the  rest  of  the  Irish  nobility  to 
London,  and  rewarded  him  by  presenting 
him  with  three  hundred  pieces  of  gold,  and 
by  confirming  the  lands  of  Howth  to  him 
by  charter. 

Howth  attended  the  parliaments  held  at 
Dublin  in  1490  and  in  1493.  In  1504  he 
attended  Lord  ICildare  on  an  expedition  to 
repel  an  Irish  invasion  of  the  Pale.  On  ar- 
riving at  Cnoctuagh  in  Connaught,  they  found 
the  natives  gathered  before  them  in  mreat 
force.  Lord  Gormanston  and  some  of  the 
leaders  were  in  favour  of  retreating,  or  at 
least  of  trying  to  negotiate  with  an  enemy  so 
superior.  But  Howth  was  for  an  immediate 
engagement,  and  led  the  bill-men  to  the  attack 
on  foot.  The  result  of  the  conflict  justified 
his  counsel,  for  the  English  were  completely 
victorious.  In  1509  Howth  was  created 
lord  chancellor  of  Ireland,  and  retained  that 
office  till  1513.  Although  he  did  not  agree 
with  the  lord  deputy  (Gerald  Fittgjsmd, 
Earl  of  Kildare  [a.  v.])  on  the  justice  of 
Lambert  Simnel's  claims,  yet  in  later  times 
he  became  a  devoted  partisan  of  the  deputy, 
and  went  so  far  as  to  de^  the  Earl  o*  Or- 
monde to  mortal  combat  for  speaking  ill  uf 
Kildare  (^Book  <if  Howth,  p.  176).  After 
Kildare*s  death  in  1518  the  opposite  faction 
obtained  the  dismissal  of  Howth  from  the 
council  (tb.  191 ).  From  this  time  he  remained 
in  obscurity.  He  died  on  10  Julv  1526, 
and  was  buried  in  the  &mily  sepulchre  at 
Howth. 

He  was  thrice  married:  first;  to  Genet, onl^ 


St  Lawrence 


633 


St.  Legef 


lighter  of  Christopher  Plunket,  third  lord 
Killeen,  by  whom  he  had  a  son  Christopher, 
who  succeeded  him  as  seventeenth  iSaion 
Howth,  and  was  father  of  Sir  Christopher, 
twentieth  baron  Howth  [q.  yj,  and  four 
daughters,  Alison,  Elizabeth,  Ellenor,  and 
Anne.  He  married,  secondly,  Anne,  daugh- 
ter of  Thomas  Birford  of  Kibow,  co.  Meath, 
by  whom  he  had  two  sons,  Amorey  and 
Robert,  and  one  daughter,  Katherine.  His 
third  wife  was  Alison,  daughter  of  Robert 
Fitxsimons,  by  whom  he  had  a  son  and  a 
daught^  William  and  Marian. 

[Letters  andPapersof  Henry  VII  (Rolls  Ser.), 
i.  879.  ii.  307,  370 ;  G.  E.  C/s  Peerage,  iv.  272 ; 
Jiodge's  Irish  Peerage,  ed.  Archdall,  iii.  189 ; 
Harleian  MS.  U25,  f.  104;  O'Flanagan's  Lord 
Chancellors  of  Ireland.]  £.  I.  C. 

ST.  LAWRENCE,  ROBERT,  fifteenth, 
or  more  properly  third,  Babon  Howth  {d, 
1483),  son  01  Christopher,  fourteenth  baron, 
whose  father  Christopher,  thirteenth  lord  of 
Howth,  created  a  peer  by  writ  shortly  before 
1430,  was  head  of  the  ancient  family  of 
iSt.  I^awrence.  Their  ancestor,  Almaric  de 
Tristram,  landed  in  Ireland  with  De  Courci 
in  1176,  and  having  distinguished  himself  by 
his  conduct  in  the  first  engagement  with 
the  Irish  at  the  hill  of  Howth,  received  as  a 
reward  the  grant  of  the  district.  lie  assumed 
the  name  of  St.  Lawrence  after  defeating  the 
Danes  near  Clontarf  on  St.  Lawrence's  day, 
and  fell  in  battle  in  1189.  Robert's  mother 
was  Elizabeth  Bermingham  of  Athenry.  He 
succeeded  to  the  barony  on  the  death  of 
his  father  about  1463,  and  was  created  chan- 
cellor of  the  green  wax  of  the  exchequer 
by  patent  on  22  Feb.  1467  (HarL  AfS, 
433).  In  1474  he  formed  one  of  the  *  thirteen 
most  noble  and  worthy  persons  within  the 
four  shires,'  known  as  the  broth'^rhood  of 
St.  George,  who  were  entrusted  by  an  act  of 
parliament  of  that  year  with  the  duty  of 
defending  the  Pale  against  Irish  invasions 
and  of  preserving  order  within  its  bounds 
(Col,  of  Irish  State  Papers^  Carew  MS.  Misc. 
403).  On  20  May  1483  he  was  appointed  lord 
chancellor  of  Ireland  by  Richara  HI,  but  he 
died  a  few  months  later.  He  married  Joan, 
second  daughter  of  Edmund  Beaufort,  duke 
of  Somerset,  and  great-uncle  of  Henry  VII, 
who  afterwards  married  Sir  Richara  Fry. 
By  her  he  had  four  sons — Nicholas  [q.  y!], 
Thomas,  Walter,  and  Christopher — and  two 
daughters,  Qenet  and  Anne. 

[Lodge's  Irish  Peerage,  ed.  Archdall,  iii.  187 ; 
O.  £.  G.'s  Peemge,  iv.  272 ;  Rymer's  Foedera, 
xii.  181 ;  D' Alton's  History  of  Doblin,  p.  160; 
Harleian  MS.  1425,  f.  104 ;  OTlanagHn^s  Loxd 
C^ocsUors  of  XreUnd.]  £.  I.  C. 


ST.  LEQEB,  Sis  ANTHONY  (1496  ?* 
1559),  lord-deputy  of  Ireland,  eldest  son  of 
Ralph  St.  Leger,  esq.,  of  Ulcombe,  Kent,  and 
Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Richard  Haut  of 
Shelyingboume  in  the  same  county,  w^as 
bom  about  1496.  '  When  twelve  years  of 
age,'  says  Llo^d  {State  Worthies,  i.  99), '  he 
was  sent  for  his  grammar  learning  with  his 
tutor  into  France,  for  his  carriage  into  Italy, 
for  his  philosophy  to  Cambridge,  for  his  law 
to  Grays-Inne;  and  for  that  which  com- 
pleted all,  the  ^yemment  of  himself,  to 
court;  where  his  debonnaimess  and  free- 
dome  took  with  the  king,  as  his  solidity  and 
wisdome  with  the  cardinal.'  He  was  present 
at  the  marriage  of  the  Princess  Mary  at 
Paris  in  October  1514,  and  is  mentioned  in 
the  following  year  as  forming  one  of  Lord 
Abergayenn3r's  suite  (Letters  and  Papers  of 
Henry  VIII,  i.  898,  ii.  134).  After  Wolsey's 
downfall,  in  which,  if  we  may  trust  the  un- 
corroborated evidence  of  Lloyd,  he  seems  to 
haye  taken  a  prominent  part,  he  attached 
himself  to  Cromwell,  whose  active  agent  he 
was  in  the  demolition  of  the  suppressed 
abbeys.  On  2  \Mf.  1535,  he  was  appointed, 
along  with  Sir  William  Fitxwilliam  and 
George  Poulett,  to  Inquire  into  the  8t4ite  of 
Calais,  and  to  take  measures  for  strengthen* 
ing  the  English  Pale  in  France  (ib,  Ix.  79). 
The  following  year  he  was  one  of  the  grand 
jury  of  Kent  tnat  found  a  true  bill  against 
Anne  Boleyn  ^cf  Fboudb,  ii.  507),  and  his 
name  appears  m  the  list  of  such  noblemen 
and  gentlemen  as  were  appointed  in  Octobw 
that  year  to  attend  upon  the  king's  own 

?ir8on  in  the  northern  rebellion  (Letters  and 
apers  of  Henry  VIII,  xi.  233).  On  31  July 
1537  he  was  placed  at  the  head  of  a  com- 
mission '  for  the  ordre  and  establishment  to 
be  taken  and  made  touching  the  hole  state 
of  our  lande  of  Ireland,  ana  all  and  every 
our  affaires  within  the  same,  bothe  for  tlie 
reduccion  of  the  said  lande  to  a  due  ciyiUtie 
and  obedyens,  and  the  advanncement  of  the 
publique  weale  of  the  same '  {State  Papers, 
Henry  VIII,  printed,  ii.  452-63),  He  and 
his  fellow-commissioners  arriyed  at  Dublin 
on  8  Sept.,  and,  haying  with  the  assistance 
of  the  lord-deputy,  Lord  Leonard  Qrey  [q.  y.], 
dissolved  the  army,  they  set  out  on  the  26th 
on  a  tour  of  inspection  through  the  parts 
adjacent  to  the  English  Pale.  Banning  at 
Kilkenny,  where  a  jury  of  the  inhabitants 
gaye  eyidence  as  to  the  nature  of  the  dis- 
orders preyailing  among  them  and  of  the 
grieyances  they  suffered  at  the  hands  of  the 
neighbourinff  natiye  Irish  and  of  the  degene- 
rate Anglo^orman  gentry,  the  commis- 
sioners proceeded  systematically  in  like 
manner  urough  Tipperary,  Waterford,  We^« 


St.  Leger 


6S3 


St.  Leger* 


i 


totdf  DubliBi  Meath,  and  Louth.  The 
inauisitioiis  taken  by  them  are  moat  Talu- 
al»e  as  preeenting  a  Tiyid  picture  of  the 
state  of  affiuTs  pfeTailing  in  the  debatable 
lands  at  the  eve  of  the  leconqaest  of  the 
island.  (With  the  exception  of  thoee  for  Dub- 
lin, Meath,  and  Louth,  which  appear  unfortu- 
natelyto  have  been  lost,  the^have  been  edited 
by  Messrs.  Grayes  and  Hare  in  the  *  Annuary ' 
M  the  Kilkenny  AiduBological  Society  wr 
1866.)  The  rapdity  and  discretion  with 
wUeh  the  commissioners  accomplished  their 
work  extorted  general  admiration.  'Trewlye/ 
wrote  Agardto  OromiTell,  *  they  have  ta£yn 
great  payns,  and  in  ther  bussyness  here  do 
usee  uiem  Teirey  dyscretelye,  and,  in  espe- 
diiall,  Mr.  SentlM;er,  whom,  by  reason  of  his 
dyscreschion  and  indyfirensye  towardes 
ererye  man,  is  hylye  commended  here ;  and 
rygfat  well  he  is  worthie'  (tb,  u.  532).  As 
for  St.  Leger  himself,  while  postponing 
fuller  discussion  till  his  return  to  England, 
he  significantly  remarked  that  in  his  opinion 
Irdand  was  much  easier  to  be  won  than  to 
be  retained,  'for  onelesse  it  be  peopled  with 
othera  than  be  there  alredy,  ana  also  certen 
fortresses  there  buylded  and  warded,  if  it  be 
gotten  the  one  daye,  it  is  loste  the  next '  (ib, 
ii.534). 

He  returned  to  England  at  the  end  of 
March  or  beginning  of  April  1588,  and  ap- 
parently in  June  was  appointed  one  of  the 
gentlemen  of  the  king's  priyy  chamber.  He 
was  knighted  early  in  1589,  and  was  one  of 
the  jury  that  tried  and  condemned  Sir 
Nicholas  Carew  [q.  v.]  on  14  Feb.  In 
October  that  year  he  went  to  Brussels  in 
order  to  procure  a  safe-conduct  throiuh 
Flanders  mm  the  queen  of  Hungary  K>r 
Anne  of  Cieves,  whom  he  escorted  to  Eng- 
land  (Oil.  State  Papers,  Henry  VHI,  xiy. 
pt.  i.  114,  pt.  ii.  126),  and  on  his  return  was 
made  sheriff  of  Kent  and  a  commissioner  for 
the  establishment  of  the  church  of  Canter- 
buiT,  with  a  Tiew  to  its  conversion  into  a 
cathedral.  On  7  July  1540  he  was  consti- 
tuted lord  deputy  of  Ireland  with  a  salary 
of  666/.  189. 4d,f  and  in  the  same  vear  oh- 
tauied  an  act  of  parliament  disgaTelling  his 
estates  in  Kent  (RoBnrooir'B  Cfavelkind, 
p.  299). 

St.  Leger^s  appointment  as  lord  deputy 
marks  the  beg^mng  of  a  new  epoch  in  the 
history  of  Inland.  Hitherto  Henry  VIII 
had  been  content  to  follow  more  or  less 
doselT  in  the  footsteps  of  his  predecessors ; 
but  the  rebellion  of  the  Gkraldines,  while 
convincing  him  of  the  futility  of  trying  to 
florem  throngh  the  heads  of  the  great  Lrish 
families,  fiinushed  him  with  the  pretext  and 
oppertnidty  for  adopting  an  entirely  pew 


system  of  government.  The  results  of  the 
inquiry  instituted  in  1687  supplied  him  with 
the  general  outlines  of  his  new  policy,  which 
may  be  brieflv  summed  up  as  aiming  at  the 
recognition  of  his  own  temporal  and  spiritual 
supremacy,  the  mdual  conouest  of  the  island 
b^  a  judicious  admixture  of  torce  and  concilia- 
tion, and  the  substitution  of  the  English  sys« 
tem  of  land  tenure  for  that  of  the  old  tribal 
sjTStem.  For  the  nonce  the  plan  of  import- 
ing colonists,  as  hinted  at  by  St.  Leger,  was 
to  remain  in  abeyance ;  but  in  selecting  St. 
Leger  to  carry  his  new  policy  into  effect, 
Henry  could  have  found  no  better  qualified 
instrument. 

Leaving  court  on  19  July,  St.  Leger  reached 
Dublin  on  5  Augl  The  country  on  the  whole 
was  fairly  quiet,  except  for  the  Kavanaghs  to 
the  south  of  the  Pale.  Five  days  after  his 
arrival  St.  Leger  made  an  inroad  into  their 
country, '  bumyng  and  destroying  the  same.' 
The  Kavanaghs,  bending  before  the  sudden 
storm,  submitted,  and  their  chieftain  sgreed 
to  renounce  the  objectionable  title  of 
MacMurrough,  and  St.  Leger,  wishing  to 
show  them  and  the  Irish  generally  that  it 
was  rather  their  obedience  than  their  pro* 
perty  that  the  king  desired,  restored  them  to 
their  lands  on  condition  of  holding  them  by 
knight's  service  and  keeping  the  peace  in 
future.  By  such  '  gentle  handling '  he  hoped 
to  overcome  their  'fickle  and  inconstant 
natures'  and  give  to  their  submission  a 
lasting  basis.  Thence  he  proceeded  into 
Leix,  where  he  took  hostages  from  the 
O'Mores  and  their  confederates,  and  entered 
into  a  treaty  with  Owen '0*Conor,  chief  of 
Irry,  the  main  object  of  which  was  to  keep 
the  O'Conors  of  Offaly  in  subjection.  The 
only  immediate  danger  to  be  feared  was  on 
the  side  of  the  OTooles,  and,  on  the  expira- 
tion of  their  truce,  St.  Leger  determinea  to 
proceed  against  them.  They  were  accord- 
ingly  shortly  afterwards  required  to  quit 
their  mountain  fastnesses  and  settle  else- 
where, *  where  they  should  have  no  occasion 
to  do  your  subjectes  so  moche  harme.'  On 
their  refusal,  ^.  Leger  invaded  their  country, 
whereupon  Turlough  OToole  demanded  a 
parley,  m  consequence  of  which  he  repaired 
to  England  with  an  interpreter  and  a  letter 
of  recommendation  firom  St.  Leffer  to  Nor* 
folk.  His  petition  and  that  of  nis  brother, 
Art  Oge,  to  be  allowed  to  hold  their  lands 
on  conditions  similar  to  those  enjoyed  by  the 
Kavanaghs  was  supported  by  St.  Leger  and 
granted  by  Henry.  Christmas  was  spent  at 
Carlow  Castle  settling  the  Kavanaghs  and 
O'Mores.  and  on  new  year's  day  St.  Leger 
set  out  for  Munster.  At  Oashel  he  was  met 
by  James  FitxJohii  Fitxgeraldi  foifrteentl| 


St.  Leger 


654 


St.  heget 


earl  of  Desmond  [q.  v.],  with  whom  St.  Le^ 
was  much  pleased,  and  on  his  submission 
admitted  mm  to  the  earldom  of  Desmond. 
He  even  accepted  an  invitation  to  Kilmal- 
lock,  '  where/  as  he  wrote  to  the  king,  *  I 
thinke  none  of  jour  Graces  Deputies  cam 
this  hundreth  yeris  before.'  From  Kilnud- 
lock  he  proceeded  to  Limerick,  chiefly  in 
order  toparley  with  O'Brien,  who  met  him 
there.  The  interview  was  not  so  satisfactory 
as  he  could  have  wished,  but  he  was  gratified 
by  the  submissive  attitude  of  ]£kcGillar 
patrick  of  Ossory  and  Mac  William  of  Con- 
naught,  and  returned,  much  satisfied  with 
hisioumey,  to  Dublin. 

Parliament,  for  which  great  preparations 
had  been  made,  assembled  at  Dublin  on 
18  June,  and  among  the  acts  passed  was  one 
giving  to  Henry  and  his  heirs  the  title  of 
£ing  of  Ireland.  *  And  for  that  the  thing,' 
wrote  St.  Leger,  ^  passed  so  joyously,  and  so 
miche  to  the  contentation  of  every  |)erson, 
the  Sonday  foloing  ther  were  made  in  the 
citie  greate  bonfires,  wyne  sette  in  the 
stretis,  greate  festinges  in  their  howses, 
wilii  a  goodly  sorte  of  gunnes.'  Two  noble- 
men of  miportance  alone  held  aloof — CKDon- 
nell  and  O'Neill.  With  the  former  St.  Leger 
had  an  interview  on  6  Aug.  in  O'Beilfy's 
oountiT,  when  a  basis  for  an  agreement  was 
arrived  at.  O'Neill,  on  the  other  hand,  ob- 
stinately refused  either  to  submit  or  to  meet 
the  deputi^,  and  so  on  16  Sept.  St.  Leger 
invaded  his  territory  with  fire  and  sword. 
O'Neill  attempted  to  outflank  him  and  attack 
the  Pale,  but  nis  manoeuvre  was  frustrated 
by  Lord  Louth.  A  second  and  third  hosting 
followed  in  quick  succession,  which  brought 
O'Neill  to  his  kneea.  A  parley  was  granted 
him  and  a  subsequent  meeting  appointed  at 
Dundalk  to  arrange  the  terms  of  lus  submis- 
sion. The  adjourned  meetiiM^  of  parliament 
at  Limerick  on  15  Feb.  1642  was  attended 
with  good  results,  and  O'Brien  having  re- 
nounced his  claim  to  any  land  on  the  east 
side  of  the  Shannon,  he  was  received  to 
mercy  and  recommended  for  the  title  of  Earl 
of  Thomond.  Henry,  indeed,  complained 
that  St.  Leger  was  a  little  too  free  in  grant- 
ing Irishmen  their  requests ;  but  things  were 
going  smoothly  for  the  first  time  within  the 
memory  of  the  oldest  living  official,  and  his 
oljections  were  treated,  as  perhaps  they  were 
meant  to  be  made,  pro  forma.  But  there 
were  those  of  his  oolleagues  that  regarded 
St.  Leger  with  jealousy,  and  Bobert  Cowley, 
master  of  the  rolls,  slipped  across  to  England 
without  license  to  complain  of  his  malad- 
ministration. His  eomplaint  was  found  to 
be  grounded  on  malice,  and,  having  been 
jismiBsed  from  his  oSoe,  he  wss  left  for  # 


time  to  reflect  on  his  misdemeanour  in  the 
Fleet. 

After  the  submission  of  O'Neill,  St.  Leg«r 
thought  the  time  had  come  when  he  oouli 
advise  the  king  to  entrust  the  govMnment 
to  an  Irish  nobleman,  eepecialrf  since  he 
had  found  in  the  Earl  of  Desmond  a  counter* 
poise  to  any  overweening  ^tensions  on  tiie 
part  of  Ormonde.  But  his  sugKesticm  was 
not  likely  to  recommend  itseDTto  Heniy, 
and  indeed  appears  to  have  been  ignored  ij 
him  (ef.  St.  Leger  to  Paget,  8  Aug.  16iS)» 
Other  proposals  of  a  more  practical  Mrti 
however,  received  his  approval,  suoh  as  the 
establishment  of  a  permanent  council  in 
Munster,  tiie  removal  ci  restrictions  on  the 
admission  of  Irish  students  into  the  inns 
of  court,  and  the  adoption  of  measures  for 
the  better  preservation  of  state  documents 
and  for  the  reformation  of  the  oonntries 
bordering  on  the  Pale.  As  •  sign  that 
Ireland  could  be  made  a  source  of  strength 
to  the  crown,  St.  Leger  in  April  1648 
volunteered  to  raise  a  force  <^  five  hundxed 
horsemen  for  the  war  in  France  or  Soot* 
bmd.  But  in  January  1644  he  was  allowed 
to  repair  to  England,  and  the  execution 
of  his  project  devolved  on  Lordjustiee  Sir 
William  Brabason  ^q.  v.]  St.  Leger's  de- 
parture was  the  signsl  for  disturbances, 
which  the  council  attributed  to  *  youre  lord- 
shipes  olde  firende  Occhonor'  (see  O^Goir« 
NOB,  Bbiax  or  Bbbitabd,  149DP-1660F]; 
but  which  were  periiaps  as  much  due  to 
the  rumour  that  the  young  heir  to  the  eaii" 
dom  of  Kildare  was  about  to  return  with 
the  assistance  of  France.  Nevertheless  the 
levy  was  fairly  satisfoctory,  and  the  list  ik 
kerne  raised  is  an  excellent  commentary  on 
the  practical  results  of  St.  Leget^s  admini- 
stration. 

It  was  the  end  of  June  before  St.  Leger, 
having  in  the  meantime  received  the  honour 
of  the  Garter  together  with  an  augmentsr- 
tion  of  200/.  to  his  sslary  as  deputy,  re- 
turned to  his  post.  The  enect  of  his  return 
was  instantaneous,  and  before  many  weeks 
had  elapsed  he  was  able  to  report  that  the 
country  had  returned  to  its  former  state  of 
tranqmllity.  In  view  of  the  threatened  in- 
vasion by  France,  measures  were  taken  by 
him  to  fortify  Cork  and  Kinsale,  and  in 
September  orders  arrived  from  the  council 
to  raise  two  thousand  kerne  to  assist  the  Earl 
of  Lennox  in  his  Scottidi  expedition.  The 
notice,  St.  Leger  remarked,  was  a  short  one, 
and '  two  thousand  men  were  not  so  soon  to 
be  levied,'  but  he  hoped  to  haye  them  ready 
for  embarkation  within  s  forttti|pht.  Thus 
men  were  fbrthcoming  nt  1^  tune  fixed, 
owin^  to  the  exer^ons  of  th^  liaii  of  Or» 


St.  Leger 


^55 


St  Leger 


moode,  who  was  appointed  to  command 
tlMOi.  But  tba  ear^who  had  been  led  to 
beUsTB  that  hia  amointmeiit  was  a  device 
OA  the  part  of  St.  tiBfl»r  to  get  rid  of  him, 
abortly  afterwazda  pr^iemd  a  aerioua  char^ 
againat  him«  What  'toy'  he  had  in  hia 
head,  the  aichlnahop  of  Dublint  George 
Browne,  was  unaUe  to  say,  and  St.  Leger, 
beiDff  eqnaUj  ignorant,  intercepted  Or- 
monde's letters  to  the  privy  counciL  During 
the  winter  the  qoarrel  became  so  acute  that 
the  privy  council  intervened,  and  in  April 
1540  St.  Leger  and  Onnonde  repaired  to 
Eagland,  where  they  were  speediW  recon- 
cile. The  nuschief  was  soon  afterwards 
tiaoed  to  the  lord  chancellor,  John  Alen, 
who  was  thereupon  deprived  of  the  g^reat 
seal  and  clapped  in  the  Fleet.  St.  Leger 
pstnmed  to  Trdand  on  16  I>ec.,  and  his 
commission  as  deputy  was  confirmed  on 
7  April  1547  by  Edward  VL  TheCyBymes, 
who  had  taken  the  opportunity  to  annoy 
the  cituens  of  Dublin,  were  sharply  re- 
pressed, as  were  also  the  (yMoreB  and 
0*OonorB ;  and  in  order  to  bridle  the  latter 
more  effectively,  St.  Leger  repaired  the  fort 
of  Dii^;an  in  Offaly,  and  Fort  Protector,  as  it 
was  now  called,  in  Leix.  An  incipient  re- 
bellion on  the  part  of  the  sons  of  Thomas 
Eustace  was  likewise  repressed  before  it  had 
time  to  come  to  a  head,  but  in  September 
154d  St.  Leger,  having  been  superseded  by 
Sir  Edward  Bellin^ham  j^q.  v.],  returned  to 
England,  taking  with  him  tnose  two  dis- 
turbers of  the  public  peace,  Brian  0*Conor 
and  Patrick  0*More. 

On  20  April  1550  he  was  appointed  to 
meet  the  French  hostages  for  the  fulfilment 
of  the  treaty  of  Boulogne,  between  London 
and  Dover,  and  on  4  Aug.  he  was  recon- 
stituted lord  deputy  of  Ireumd  (Instructions 
in  Cal  Carew  MSB.  L  226-30),  being  sworn 
in  on  10  Sept.  In  February  1551  he  re- 
ceived an  order,  having  already  taken 
measures  for  the  translation  of  the  whole 
Mrvice  of  the  communion  into  Latin,  for  the 
introduction  of  the  English  liturgy;  but 
before  any  pzoclamatious  were  issued,  he 
convoked  an  assembly  of  the  clergy  at 
Dublin  on  1  March,  and,  in  declaring  the 
king's  intention  to  them,  he  is  reported  to 
have  said  {Sari,  Muoeilany,  ed.  1810,  v. 
601) :  *  This  order  is  from  our  gracious  king 
and  from  the  rest  of  our  brethren,  the 
fathers  and  clergy  of  England,  who  have 
oonsulted  herein  and  compared  the  holy 
nmptures  with  what  they  have  done ;  unto 
who  I  submit,  as  Jesus  md  to  Caesar,  in  all 
things  jnst  and  lawful,  making  no  questions 
whv  or  wherefore,  as  we  own  him  our  true 
^d  lawful  king.'    The  s^eecli,  iQteii4e4  to 


conciliate  such  men  as  Primate  Dowdall, 
and  breathing  a  spirit  of  enlijgrhtened  tole- 
rance, gave  great  offence  from  its  lukewarm- 
ness  to  George  Browne  (d.  1566)  [q.  v.], 
archbishop  of  Dublin,  and,  complaints  of  St. 
Leger*s  predilection  for  the  old  reli^on 
reaching  the  king's  ears,  it  was  determmed 
early  in  April  to  revoke  his  appointment. 
It  was  some  time  before  the  commission  for 
his  successor.  Sir  James  Croft  [q.  v.],  ar- 
rived, but  in  the  meantime  he  ffovemed 
only  by  Croft's  advice.  He  surrendered  the 
sword  at  Cork  on  28  Mav,  and  shortlv  after- 
wards repaired  to  England.  On  o  Aug. 
Browne  transmitted  a  long  complaint  touch- 
ing St.  Leger's  alleged  papistical  pnctices 
(Shiblet,  Oriff,  Letters^  no.  xxiii.)  There  is 
Httle  doubt  that  St.  Leger  believed  that  the 
zeal  of  the  reformers  was  outrunning  their 
discretion.  'Goe  to,  goe  to,'  said  he  to 
Browne, '  yo'  matters  of  religion  woU  marre 
alL'  His  case  came  before  the  privy  council  in 
January  1652,  and  in  the  meantime  he  was, 
bv  Edward's  own  orders,  banished  the  royal 
chamber.  The  acts  of  the  council  are  un- 
fortunately silent  as  to  the  course  of  his  ex- 
amination ;  but,  from  the  fact  that  in  April 
he  was  readmitted  to  the  king's  chamber, 
there  is  every  reason  to  believe  that  he  had 
little  difficulty  in  rebutting  Browne^s  charges. 
In  May  he  had  a  grant  m  fbe  farm  of  the 
castle  of  Leeds  in  Kent,  and  on  12  June  he 
was  appointed  a  commissioner  for  the  survey 
of  Calais  and  the  marches.  His  name  oc- 
curs as  one  of  the  witnesses  to  the  will  of 
Edward  VI,  21  June  1563 :  but  he  supported 
tiie  claims  of  Mary,  and  on  7  Aug.  was 
sworn  a  privy  councillor.  He  was  reap- 
pointed lord  deputy  of  Ireland  in  October, 
and  reached  Dublin  on  II  Nov. 

His  instructions  touched  the  restoration 
of  the  old  religion,  the  reduction  of  the 
army,  the  e8tiu>li3hment  of  a  council  ia 
Munster.  and  the  leasing  of  lands  in  Leiz 
and  Offaly.  Want  of  money  crippled  his 
adminiBtration.  According  to  Campion,  he 
offended  the  catholics  by  certain  verses  ridi- 
culing the  doctrine  of  transubstantiation. 
But  he  hod  other  and  more  powerful  ene- 
mies, chief  among  whom  must  be  reckoned 
Sir  William  FitswUliam  ^1626-1699)  [q.  v.], 
who  charged  him  with  falsifying  his  accounts 
in  favour  of  Andrew  Wyae,  late  vice-trea- 
surer. He  was  acoozdingly  xeealled  for  the 
third  time,  and  on  26  May  1566  surrendered 
the  sword  of  state  to  Thomas  Raddiffe,  lord 
Fitrwalter  (afterwards  third  Earl  of  Sussex) 

Sq.  v.]  The  Question  of  his  defideations  was 
liscussed  at  tne  coundl  board,  but  St.  Leger, 
who  was  suffering  from  sciatica,  did  not 
a^f»ear.    0^  8  Qec.  1558  a  letter  was  f|4- 


St.  Leger 


656 


St.  Leger 


dressed  to  him  •requiring  him  '  to  signifye 
with  speed  .  .  .  wnat  he  m3mdeth  to  doo 
herein;'  but  his  death  at  Ulcombe  on 
16  March  1559  put  a  stop  to  further  pro- 
ceedings. He  was  buried  in  the  parish 
church  there  on  5  April,  the  da^  following  the 
interment  of  his  wife,  who  died  eight  days 
after  him,  on  24  March. 

St.  Leger  married  Agnes,  daughter  of 
Hugh  Warham,  esq.,  of  Croydon,  niece  and 
heiress  of  Archbishop  Warham,  and  had  issue 
William,  who  married  Isabel,  daughter  of 
Thomas  Keys  or  Knight,  was  father  of  Sir 
Warham  St.  Leger  (d,  1600)  [see  under  St. 
LfiesR,  Sib  Wabhajt,  1625P-1597],  and 
died  during  his  Others  lifetime,  having,  it 
is  said  (Harl.  MS,  1425,  f.  54),  been  disin- 
herited by  him ;  and  Sir  Warham  (c7. 1597) 
fq.  y.l  who  succeeded  him.  According  to 
LiOYQ,  Sir  Anthony  St.  Leger  'was  neither 
souldicr,  nor  scholar,  nor  statesman,  yet 
he  understood  the  way  how  to  dispose  of 
all  those  to  his  countries  service  and  his 
master's  honour,  be^ng  all  of  them  eminently, 
though  none  of  them  pedantickly  and  for- 
mally, in  himself.'  '  He  was  the  deputy  that 
made  no  noise,'  and  he  might  have  added  the 
only  deputy  out  of  a  long  succession  who 
appreciated  fully  the  good  and  bad  points  of 
Irish  character.  He  originated  the  custom 
of  cess,  but  he  was  the  only  deputy  that 
managed  to  make  the  revenues  of  Ireland 
suffice  to  meet  the  expenses  of  its  govern- 
ment (cf.  Bagwell,  Ireland  under  the 
Tudority  1.  879).  An  epitaph  by  him  on  Sir 
Thomas  Wyatt  is  printed  among  Wyatt's 
*  Poems.' 

[There  is  a  good  life  of  St.  T^eger  in  Cooper's 
AtheniB  Cantabr.  i.  192-6.  The  principal  antho- 
rities  are  Benr's  County  Genealogies,  Kent,  p. 
887 ;  Hastod's  Kent,  ii.  423 ;  Lodge's  Peerage,  ed. 
Archdall,  vi.  96-106 ;  State  Papers,  Hennr  VIII 
(printed),  vol.  iii.  passim ;  ChI.  State  Papers, 
Hen.  VIlI,  ed.  Brewer  and  Gairdner,  i.  808,  ii. 
184,  ix.  79,z.  219,  xi.  233,  ziv.  pt.  i.  3, 114, 151. 
xir.  pt.  ii.  126,  223 ;  Acts  of  tlie  Priry  Comicil 
of  England,  new  sor.  vols,  i.-vii. ;  Cal.  State 
Papers,  Ireland  (ed.  Hamilton),  vol.  i. ;  Cal.  Care w 
MSS.  vol.  i. ;  Cal.  Hatfield  MSS.  i.  82;  Hayues's 
State  Papers,  pp.  165,  166,  193;  Chronicle  of 
Qneen  Jane  (Camden  Soc),  pp.  100, 185 ;  Journal 
of  King  Edward  YI  in  Cotton.  MS.  Nero  C.  x. ; 
Shirley's  Original  Letters ;  WaM's  Reram  Hiber- 
nicaram  Amuilet ;  Annals  of  the  Four  Masters^ 
ed.  O'Donovan ;  Lloyd's  StateWorthies ;  Machyn's 
Diary;  Chronicle  of  Calais  (Camden  Soc.);  Holin* 
shed's  Chronicle;  Cal.  Fiants,  Hen.  VIII,  Nos. 
804,325,340,372,Edw.VI,No8. 157.162;  Hist. 
MSS.  Comm.  2nd  Bep.  p.  94,  4th  Hep.  p.  202, 
9th  Kep.  pt.  i.  p.  120;  Harl.  MS.  284,  f.  116 ; 
Cotton.  MS.  Titus  B.  xi.  f.  437;  E^erton  MS. 
2790,  f.  1,  ^nd  at«o  S\Q^H9  MS,  2442,  f.  139; 


Addit.MSS.  5751  f.  298,  6362  f.  11,  84079  f.  2; 
Gent  Mag.  1862,  ii.  785;  Wills's  Irish  Nation, 
1.  867-71 ;  Webb's  Oompendinm.]  R.  D. 

ST.  LEOER,  FRANCIS  BARRY 
BOYLE  (1799-1829V  novelist,  bom  in 
Ireland  on  16  Sept.  1799,  was  the  second 
eldest  son  of  Richard  St.  Leeer  (second  son 
of  the  first  Viscount  Boneraile)  hj  his  wife 
Anne  ^daughter  of  Charles  Blakeney  of  Holy- 
well, Roscommon.  After  bein^  educated  at 
Ru^bv  he  is  said  to  have  obtamed  in  1816 
a  civil  appointment  in  the  East  India  Gom- 

fany's  service.  He  resigned  his  post  about 
821  and  returned  to  England,  where  he 
edited  from  1822  onward  the  fashionable 
annual  called  'The  Album.'  He  printed  in 
1821,  for  private  circulation,  a  volume  of 
poems — 'Remorse  and  other  Pdems' — and 
in  1824  appeared  his  beat-known  work, 
'  Some  Account  of  the  Life  of  the  late  Gil- 
bert Earle,  Esq.'  (anon.  12mo,  London).  In 
1826  he  was  editor  of  'The  Brazen  Head,' 
and  in  the  same  year  published  (anony- 
mously) another  novel,  entitled '  Mr.  Blount's 
MSS.,  beinff  selections  from  the  napen  of 
a  Man  of  tne  World'  (12mo,  Lonaon).  In 
1829  he  published  'Tales  of  Passion.'  He 
died  unmarried,  after  an  epileptic  seizure, 
on  20  Nov.  1829.  A  posthumous  work, 
'  Froissart  and  his  Times,  appeared  in  1882 
(8  vols.  8vo,  London). 

[Lodgers  Peerage  and  Baronetage,  1896 ;  Brit. 
Mas.  C^t. ;  Annual  Biography  and  Obituary, 
1830.]  D.  J.  CD. 

ST.  LEQER,  Sir  WARHAM  (1626  P- 
1697),  soldier,  second  son  of  Sir  Anthony 
St.  Leger  fq.  v.]  by  his  wife  Agnes,  daugh- 
ter of  Sir  Hugh  AVarham,  brotner  of  Arch- 
bishop Warham,  was  bom  probably  about 
1626.  His  mother  died  on  24  March  1668-9, 
and  was  buried  in  Ulcombe  church  (cf. 
Macrtn,  Diary,  pp.  192,  872).  His  eldest 
brother,  William,  was  disinherited ;  the  third 
brother.  Sir  Anthony  St.  Leger,  entered 
Gray's  Inn  in  1563  or  1668  (Fosteb.  J?w.), 
was  made  master  of  the  rolls  in  Ireland  in 
1693,  and  died  at  Cork  early  in  1613.  War- 
ham may  have  served  in  Somerset's  invasion 
of  Scotland  in  1647,  and  he  was  a  prisoner 
there  until  January  1649-60,  when  he  was 
ransomed  for  100/.  {Acts  of  the  Privy  Caun» 
cil,  1647-60,  p.  873).  In  1668  he  fought 
against  A^[yatt  s  supporters  in  Kent  (ArekteoL 
Cant,  xi.  l43),  and  perhaps  he  served  in  Ire- 
land under  his  father  during  Mary's  reign. 
About  1669  he  was  named  a  commissioner 
to  transfer  to  England  Bale's  manuscripts 
and  books.  In  1560  he  was  sheriff  of  Kent. 
He  was  soon  a  member  of  the  Irish  nriry 
council,  and  in  July  1565  he  was  knignted. 
Thenceforward  he  took  a  prominent  p^rt  in 


St.  Leger 


6S7 


St  Leger 


Irish,  affiun.  Th9  queen  had  resolved  to 
eeUblUh  a  presideBtiial  gOTemment  in  Mon- 
ster, and  in  January  160&-0  St.  Leger  was 
nominated  president,  apparently  by  Sir  Henry 
Bidne;^,  the  lord  deputy;  he  reoeiyed  in- 
itructiona  dated  1  Feb.,  and  in  the  following 
month  was  given  command  of  all  the  levies 
in  Monster.  Elisabeth^  however,  refused  to 
ooofinn  Si.  Leger's  appomtment.  The  reason 
was  that  St.  Leger  was  a  bitter  enemy  of 
Ormonde,  and  correspondingly  friendly  with 
Desmond;  and  the  queen  accused  St.  Leger 
of  lukewarmness  in  arresting  Desmond  earlv 
in  1565  [see  FiizeBB4Lii,  Qbr^d,  fifteenth 
Eabl  ov  Dbsmokd^    St.  Leger  was  cona&- 

3 ttentlv  recalled,  and  in  November  1668  Sir 
ohn  Terrot  [q.  v.]  became   president  of 
Monster. 

In  1509  St.  Le^er  returned  to  England, 
staying  either  at  his  house  in  Southwark  or 
Leeds  Castle,  Kent,  where  from  1570  to 
1572  he  had  custody  of  Desmond  and  his 
family.  He  left  his  wife  at  Carriffaline,  ca 
Cork,  a  manor  he  held  of  Deemona ;  during 
his  absence  it  was  ravaged  hy  the  rebels. 
He  remained  in  Englana  until  1579,  when 
his  reneated  petitions  for  emplo^paent  and 
rewara  were  answered  by  his  appointment  as 
proYoet-marshal  of  Munster,  a  new  office, 
the  functions  of  which  seem  to  have  been 
purely  military.  Li  this  capacity  St.  Leger 
was  actively  engaged  against  the  Irish  rebels 
for  ten  years.  On  7  April  1583  he  was  ap- 
pointed an  assistant  to  the  court  of  high 
commission  in  Ireland,  and  in  the  following 
year  he  visited  England.  While  there  he 
iocused  Ormonde  of  treason  [see  Botlbb, 
Thoxas,  tenth  Eaxl  op  Obhokdb},  and  laid 
before  the  queen  proposals  for  the  bettor 
gOTemment  of  Ireland.  In  November  1589 
he  was  succeeded,  probably  on  account  of 
hie  old  age,  as  provost-marshal  by  Qeorge 
Thornton,  but  in  1590  he  was  governing 
Munster  in  the  absence  of  the  vice-president. 

He  was  in  England  again  in  1594,  and 
died  at  Cork  in  1597.  His  wUl  is  in  the 
Ilendds'  College,  London. 

fie  married :  first,  Ursula  (d.  1575),  fifth 
daughter  of  George  Neville,  third  baron 
Bergavenny  [q.  v.]  His  eldest  son.  Sir  An- 
thony St.  Leger,  succeeded  to  the  estates  at 
Ulcombe,  Kent,  married  Mary,  daughter  of 
Sir  Thomas  Scott  of  Scott's  Hall,  Kent,  and 
^as  father  of  Warham  St.  Leger  who  was 
Imifi^hted  in  1608,  sold  Leeds  Castle,  went 
with  Balegh  to  Quiana,  and  died  in  1631, 
leaving  a  son  Sir  Anthony  (d.  1680),  who 
wumade  master  of  the  mintin  1660.  Of 
St  Lsffer's  daughters,  Anne  (1555-1686) 
Aimed  Thomas  Digges  [q*  ▼•]  i^nd  was 
BK»ther  of  Sir  Pudlej  Digges  [q.  v.]    St. 

VOL.  XVII. 


Leffer  married,  secondly,  Emmeline  Gold- 
well  (d.  1628),  b^  whom  he  had  a  son  Walter, 
who  obtainea  his  father's  Irish  property  (cL' 
Cdl.  State  JRtiper#,  Ireland,  1598-9,  p.  326 ). 

St.  Leger  must  be  distinffuished  Irom  nia 
nephew.  Sib  Washah  St.  LsesB  {d.  1600\ 
eldest  son  of  St.  Leger^s  eldest  brother  WiU 
liam.  He  began  service  in  Ireland,  accord- 
ing  to  his  own  statement,  about  1574,  and 
was  employed  in  the  defence  and  govern- 
ment  of  Leix  and  Offidy.  In  August  1584 
Maryborouj^h  and  Queen's  County  were  com- 
mitted to  his  charge.  He  acquired  a  repu« 
tation  for  valour  and  activity.  In  January 
1588-9  he  visited  England  to  cnre  a  wound 
which  made  him  lame.  While  there  Eliza- 
beth directed  that  he  should  be  sworn  of 
the  Irish  priv^  council.  In  1597  he  was 
sent  on  a  mission  to  Tyrone,  was  knighted, 
and  made  governor  of  Leix.  On  22  Sept. 
1599  he  was  one  of  the  two  to  whom  the 
^vemment  of  Munster  was  entrusted  pend- 
ing the  appointment  of  a  president.  On 
18  Feb.  1699-1600  he  encountered  Hugh 
Mag^re  fq.  v.],  and  a  hand*to-hand  engage- 
ment took  place  between  the  commanders 
which  proved  fatal  to  both  (AnnaU  of 
the  Four  MasterSy  vi.  2161).  By  his  wife. 
Elizabeth  Eothe  of  Kilkenny,  widow  of 
Hennr  Davell  and  Humphiy  Mackworth,  ho 
was  father  of  Sir  William  ot.  Leger  [q»  v.] 

[There  is  considerable  coofosion  between  the 
various  Sir  Warham  8t.  Legers,  and  they  can 
only  be  satisfiietorily  differentiated  by  a  carefol 
comparison  of  the  namerons  references  to  them 
in  the  GaL  of  Fiants  (Bep.  of  Deputy-keeper  of 
Becords  in  Ireland)  and  GaL  State  Papers, 
Ireland ;  eren  in  the  indeizes  to  these  they  are 
oonfueed.  There  is  no  certain  evidenoe  ton  the 
existence  of  the  Warham  St.  Leger  who,  accord- 
ing to  Metcalfe,  was  knighted  in  1688.  See  also 
the  St.  Leger  pedigree  in  Wykeham-Martin's 
Hist,  of  Leeds  GasUe,  which  is  materially  cor* 
rected  by  The  Royal  Descent  of  Kingsmill,  con« 
tribnted  by  Dr.  T.  K.  Abbott  to  Miscell. 
Oenealog.  etHeraldiea;  Harl.  MS.  1425,  f.  64; 
GarewMSS.;  GaL  Hat6eldMSS.;  Gox'sHibemia 
Anfflieaoa;  Fynes  Moryson's  Itinerary;  Life 
and  Letters  of  Florence  MoGarthy  Reagh; 
Smith's  Bifit.  of  Gork ;  Jonm.  of  the  Gork  Hist, 
and  Archeol.  Soo.  i.  200,  285,  ii.  23,  88 ;  Bag* 
well's  Ireland  under  the  Tudors,  voL  iii. ;  Paeat* 
Hibemia*  ed.  Sundish  D'Orady,  1896 ;  O'Snlle- 
▼an-Beare's  Hist*  Gathol.  Iberniie  Gompendinm ; 
Gollins's  Letters  and  Memorials  of  State,  i.  83-8, 
ii.  125,  184,  ISO;  Brown's  Genesis  U.S.A.; 
Notes  and  Qoerles,  2nd  ser.  xi.  6,  7, 7th  ser.  zL 
386.1  W.  A.  J.  A« 

A.F.P. 

ST.  LEQER,  Sm  WILLIAM  {d.  1649), 
president  of  Munster,  was  son  of  Sir  War- 
ham St.  Leger  {d.  1600)  [see  under  Sc 


St.  Leger 


658 


St  Legier 


liMBBy  81B  Waxhax].  WiHtun  was  pro- 
WUy  bom  in  Ireknd,  but  tba  date  m  nn* 
oertahi.  He  appeaia  to  have  killed  a  maa 
in  early  life,  to  baye  taken  lefiupe  with 
the  Earl  of  Tyrone,  and  to  bave  followed 
bim  in  bis  fligbt,  only  beeanae  be  did  not 
know  wbat  elae  to  do.  At  finueela  be  re- 
ported bimaelf  to  Sir  Thomas  Edmonds,  who 
ibentioned  the  matter  to  Salisbury  in  his 
deqiatdn  on  4  Not.  1007.  He  went  ^m 
Brussels  to  Holland,  and  served  in  the  army 
ibr  at  least  eight  years,  daring  which  he 
probably  reeeived  the  king's  pardon.  He  was 
knighted  on  26  April  1618,  and  on  3  Joly 
1619  he  bad  a  luge  grant  by  patent  of 
crown  lands  in  Queen*s  County  and  Limerick, 
which  was  supplemented  next  year  by  a 
further  grant  in  the  former  countj.  In  1624 
bis  DutSi  wife  was  made  a  denisen,  and  he 
had  a  company  of  foot  on  the  Irish  establish- 
ment. He  was  in  London  on  19  Feb.  1624-5 
on  the  kin^s  business,  and,  as  he  savs, 
neglecting  his  own  ( CaL  State  Paper9),  His 
time  was  not,  however,  wasted ;  for  he  re- 
turned to  Ireland  in  July  1627  as  lord  presi- 
dent of  Munster  and  a  privy  coui^cillor,  with 
a  company  of  foot  and  a  troop  of  horse 
(MoBEOr,  pp.  197,  236,  270). 
.  Soon  after  his  appointment  St.  Leger  was 
busy  about  the  lortifications  of  XoxiAmXj 
which  proved  uaeful  later  on  (  Tovghal  Coun" 
eU  Book,  p.  185).  On  27  June  1628  he  was 
sworn  a  freeman  of  Cork  (  Cork  Goundl  Book, 
p.  139).  Some  years  later  he  ordered  the 
discontinuance  of  football  and  barling  in  the 
streets  of  Cork,  and  the  corporation  carried 
out  the  order  (i&.  p.  157).  St.  Leger  was  at 
>¥aterford  in  June  1630,  and  published  an 
order  there  against  the  '  excessive  multitude 
of  Irish  beggars  encumbering  England.'  Con- 
lEftables  were  straitly  charged  to  whip  vagrants 
and  hand  them  on  to  the  next  parish,  until 
they  came  to  some  settled  conrRe  of  life,  and 
shipmasters  who  took  them  on  board  were 
tb  oe  imprisoned  {TougJUU  Council  Book,  p. 
155).  In  November  1630  St.  Leger  claimed 
to  have  originated  the  scheme  for  the  planta- 
tion of  Ormond,  the  north  part  of  Tipperary, 
vrbicb  Wentwinrth  afterwards  took  up,  but 
wbidh  was  never  really  carried  out.  St. 
l^eger  hoped  to  profit  by  the  settlement  (Zm- 
inors  Fapen,  iii.  171 ;  Strafford  Letters,  ii. 
93,  97 ;  Caste,  Ormonde,  I  59). 

Wb^n  Wentworth  went  to  Ireland  in 
16SS,  he  was  supported  hj  St.  Leger  in  his 
arbitrary  measures  for  maintaining  an  army 
(SmTK,  Cork,  i.  107).  St.  Leger  attended 
the*  parliament  of  1634  as  member  for  the 
county  df  Cork,  his  position  as  lord'  presi- 
dent, of  MuDster  in  the  opening  procession 
being  immediately  below  tho  peers  (Strqf' 


ford  Zetten,  L  288).  In  the  privy  council 
ha  rather  fitvonred  delay  lA  aaUlig  the  Hooae 
of  Commons  for  money,  on  tba  gromBid  that 
*tbe  pxotestapts  not  beinf  weU  prepared^ 
many  of  them  might  be  agaumst  granting  the 
anpply,  and  so,  joining  with  the  po«ah 
part^,  might  foil  the  business '  (a^.  p.  S77). 
Of  ms  ffovemment  in  Munster  there  are  not 
materiids  for  a  detailed  aoeoust ;  but  StndP- 
fovd,  on  his  trial,  called  him' a '  very  noble 
and  just  man'  {Limnore  Papier$,  iv.  179), 
from  which  it  may  be  inferred  that  he  gene- 
rally supported  the  government;  ana  the 
&ct  that  be  was  not  always  on  the  be^t 
terms  with  Lord  Cork  points  to  the  same 
conclusion  (A.  p.  217).    In  1687,  when  the 

f resident  was  engaged  in  litigation  with 
jord  Antrim,  Wentworth  took  St.  Leger^a 
part,  both  on  the  merits  and  because,  as  he 
wrote  from  Limerick,  *  the  president  carried 
himself  so  round  and  afFeotionately  in  bis 
majesty's  service  that  be  passing  well  de- 
served the  gracious  regard  and  favour  of  the 
crown '  {Shuford  Letters,  ii.  97). 

In  April  1638  St.  Leger  attended  the 
meeting  of  the  privy  council  at  which  the 
chancdlor,  Adam  Loftusj  first  viscount 
Loftus  of  Ely  [q.  v.],  was  unanimously  sus- 
pended until  the  king's  pleasure  should  be 
known  (ib,  p.  161).  He  sat  again  for  the 
county  of  Cork  in  the  parliament  of  1639, 
and  in  the  same  year  he  had  a  confirmation 
of  bis  lands  under  the  commission  of  grace, 
and  Boneraile  was  erected  into  a  manor 
(tfr.  ii.  394-8;  Lodge,  p.  112).  He  took  a 
leading  part  in  levying  and  drilling  the 
army  of  eight  thousand  foot  and  a  thou- 
sand, horse  which  Wentworth  raised  Iot  the 
invasion  of  Great  Britain,  and  in  July  1640 
he  was  in  command  at  Oarrickfergua.  He 
kept  strict  discipline,  and  after  a  few  weeks 
pronounced  the  army  fit  for  service  {Strafford 
J>^ferr,iL403;  OABTB,i.99).  After  the  dis- 
missal of  this  ill-starred  host  in  the  spring 
of  1641,  he  was  active  in  trying  to  get  the 
soldiers  out  of  Ireland  and  mto  the  service 
of  foreign  princes  {Omfederathn  and  War, 
i.  217-&).  Afber  Wandesfbvd's  death  in 
November  1640,  Strafibrd  advised  the  king 
to  make  Ormonde,  Dillon,  or  St.  Leger 
deputy.  Had  Charles  chosen  either  the  fir^t 
or  the  third,  his  fate  might  have  been  dif- 
ferent. 

St.  Leger  was  at  Doneraile  when  the  great 
Irish  retellion  broke  out  on  23  Odt.  foil. 
The  army  which  be  had  helped  to  raise  had 
been  disbanded,  and  the  dischaiged  soldiers 
were  ready  fnel  for  the  fiamea.  The 
frightened  lords  justices  had  only  the  old 
stukding  force  to  rely  on,  and  they  withdww 
all  the  garrison  of  Munster  to  guard  Dublin* 


St.  Leger 


6S9 


St.  Leger 


9U  hegeit  wu  Wt  to  dttfimd  his  ftovinoe 
wilk  ft  m^e  troop  of  hone,  and  with  such 
OBMiltr  aimliarieB  m  hi«  loyal  neighbours 
caM  fmnaak  (et  Liamare  Paper$^  V9, 216- 
2S7;  OiBn, Lettcn  84-9).  Lord  Cork  co- 
operated witii  him ;  Wt  their  relations  were 
aot  always  quite  cordial,  though  the  common 
danger  brought  tiiem  together  [see  Botcb, 
RfcSuot]).  first  Eaxl  ot  Cobx].  St.  Leger 
wrote  to  Ormonde  that  *  in  these  days  Magna 
Gbszta  most  not  be  wholly  insisted  upon.'  The 
ipseat  point,  he  held,  was  to  leave  no  weapon 
m  the  hands  of  men  'Romishly  affected.' 
Ottthe  other  hand  he  beffged  for  three  thouf- 
sand  stand  of  arms ;  mot  I  can  find  pro- 
testants  to  wear  and  fight  with  them  which 
I  had  rather  hare  than  aU  those  that  come 
out  of  England.'  Yet  there  were  some  who 
thought  him  too  fiivourable  to  the  Irish 
(JUsmore  Ftgper9f  iv.  189).  Eor  a  month 
thtre  was  no  rising  in  Munster ;  but  Leinster 
was  on  fire,  and  the  unresisted  fiames  spread 
gradually  southwards. 

St.  L^P^*  ^^^  expedition  was  into  Ti]^ 
peraxy  towards  the  end  of  Noyember,  his 
brodier-in-lawy  WUliam  Kingsmill,  haviag 
been  plundered  by  the  Irish  near  Silvermines. 
Many  were  hanged,  and  some  of  these  had 
wohahly  nothing  to  do  with  the  robbery 
(HiCKSOK,  iL  241).  About  the  same  time 
loose  bauds  began  to  infest  the  eastern  end  of 
county  Waterford,  and  St.  Leger  made  a  bold 
raid  orer  the  mountains  in  the  neighbour- 
hood  of  CarricJc-on-Suir.  According  to  a 
contemporary  account,  he  'within  a  few 
days  destroyed  about  six  hundred  of  the 
rebcJs  without  the  loss  of  one  man ; '  but  the 
gallows  did  more  than  the  sword,  and  his 
lorce  was  too  small  to  impose  permanent 
peace.  While  praising  the  lord  president, 
Cork  described  him  as  '^  utterW  destitute  of 
men,  money,  and  munition '  (Orrery  Letter$, 
p.  S;  Hist.  M8S.  Comm.  5th  Bep.  p.  346). 
At  the  beginning  of  December  St.  Leger 
was  at  Clonmel,  and  found  the  Tipperary 
gentlemen  'standinff  at  gaze  and  suffering 
the  rascals  to  rob  and  pillage  all  the  English 
about  them '  (Idsmore  FeMera^  iv.  228).  The 
Boyles  had  soon  enough  to  do  to  defend 
their  own  castles  and  the  town  of  Youghal, 
of  which  St.  Leeer  appointed  Lord  Dungar- 
yan  ffovemor  Ckoughal  Council  Book,  p.  217). 
Unable  to  keep  the  field  with  his  handful  of 
men,  St.  L^er  returned  to  Doneraile  on 
28  Deo.  On  dO  Jan.  1641-2  he  reported 
tliat  the  enemy  were  at  Cashel,  ten  thousand 
strong  and  partly  well  armed,  and  that  their 
ttone  was  equal  both  in  quantity  and  quality 
%o  $iiy  that  ne  had  been  able  to  get  togethcnr 
iLumore  Papers,  iv.  262).  Two  troops  had 
tdded  to  his  original  one.    Early  in 


February  he  vainly  endeavoured,  with  the 
help  of  Lords  Barrymore,  Broghill,  aad 
Dungarvan,  to  stop  Mountgarret's  army  nean 
Eillmallock.  <  Our  foot,'  he  wrote  to  Cork„ 
'  be  of  so  inconsiderable  and  wretched  com* 
poeure  and  condition  of  men  as  that  I  dare 
not  adventure  anything  upon  them.  AH 
that  we  have  to  rely  upon  are  our  horse' 
CSf,)  Kegotiations  were  futile,  though 
BrM^hill  [see  Botlb,  Richabo,  second  Earl 
ov  Cosk],  who  was  a  good  jud^,  admired  the 
way  in  which  *  the  lord  president  answered 
like  a  cunning  fox,  not  having  force  to  do  it 
withtheswora'(SiUTH,Cor^u,117).  B^ore 
the  end  of  February  St.  Leger  had  to  fall  back 
upon  Cork,  leaving  the  open  country  to  the 
enemy. 

From  the  middle  of  Febmaiy  1641-d 
until  his  death  St.  Leger's  quarters  were  at 
Cork,  but  he  took  the  field  whenever  ha 
could.  To  keep  his  men  together  at  all  he 
had  to  make  a  forced  loan  of  4,000/.  from 
Sir  Robert  Tynte,  who  had  revised  to  lend 
on  the  public  faith  (True  and  Kamay  New), 
In  Mansh  Sir  Charles  Vavasour  landed  at 
Youghal  with  one  thousand  men,  and  St.. 
Leger  joined  him  there.  Dungarvan  was 
taken,  out  in  the  president's  auence  Mus- 
kerry,  in  whom  he  had  trusted,  threw  off 
the  mask  and  threatened  Cork  with  four 
thousand  men  fflee  under  MaoCabtht,  Do* 
VOGH,  fourth  Eabl  07  Clajtoabtt].  St. 
Leser  marched  from  Dungarvan  in  two  days^ 
and  got  into  the  city  in  spite  of  the  Irish, 
who  besieged  it  until  they  were  dispersed  by 
Inchiqnin^s  sally  on  23  April  (Htit  M88. 
Camtn.  6th  Bep.  p.  846 ;  C(ntfMeration  and 
War,  i.  76).  "Writing  a  few  days  later  to  con* 
gratiUate  Ormonde  on  his  victory  at  Kilrush, 
Dt.  Leger  complained  of  neglect.  He  had  re» 
ceived  no  money  for  twelve  months,  and  the 
Dublin  goyemment  would  not  even  give 
him  a  few  small  field-pieces  which  were  not 
wanted  anywhere  else.  *  If  they  have  not 
wholly  deserted  me,  and  bestowed  the  go- 
vernment on  my  Lord  of  Cork,  persuade 
them  to  disburthen  themselves  of  so  much 
artillery  as  they  cannot  themselves  employ ' 
(Casib,  Letter  78).  Further  reinforce- 
ments arriving,  St.  Leger  took  the  field 
again;  but  his  illness  increased,  and  he 
died  at  or  near  Cork  on  2  July,  leaving  the 
government  to  Inchiquin,  whom  he  had 
made  vice-president  some  ^time  before,  and 
'^ose  appointment  had  been  confirmed  under 
the  great  seal. 

St.  L^r,  says  Carte,  *  was  a  brave,  gal- 
lant, and  honest  man,  but  somewhat  too 
rough  and  fiery  in  his  temper ;  and  he  did 
not  give  greater  terror  to  Uie  rebels  by  his 
activity  m  pursuing,  his  intrepidity  in  at- 


St.  Leger 


660 


St  Lo 


»•  fi 


tacking,  or  his  severity  in  executing  them 
Wkhont  mercy  when  they  fell  into  his  hands 
than  he  did  offence  to  the  grentlemen  of  the 
country  hy  his  hasty  and  rough  manner  of 
treating  them.'  As  president  of  Munster  St. 
Leger  had  a  commission  to  execute  martial 
law ;  hut  in  March  1641  he  found  it  necessary 
or  prudent  to  sue  out  a  pardon  under  the 
great  seal  for  anything  that  he  had  done  or 
might  have  done  in  that  way.  Instances  are 
given,  hut  it  may  he  douhted  whether  his 
rough  ways  had  really  much  to  do  with  the 
spread  of  civil  war.  St.  Leger  hanged  rehels 
wholesale,  hut  so  did  many  other  officers,  and 
the  work  had  heen  hegun  by  the  Ulster  in- 
surgents. 

BelUngs  says  St.  Leger  was  '  a  man  of 
long  experience  and  good  conduct  in  the 
war,  who  hoped  ...  to  deter  the  loose 
rovers  by  the  exemplary  punishment  of  some 
among  them.  Yet  this  his  prudent  design 
being  executed  confusedly  in  so  great  a 
distraction  of  all  things,  and  some  innocent 
labourers  and  husbandmen  having  suffered 
by  martial  law  for  the  transgressions  of 
others,'  many  were  driven  to  despair,  and  the 
evil  increased  {Confederation  and  War,  i. 
64,  244).  In  December  1641  Lord  Cork  de- 
scribed St.  Leger  as  '  a  brave,  martial  man, 
who  acts  all  the  parts  of  a  good  governor.' 
Kushworth  records  but  misdates  his  death, 
as  that  of  '  a  brave,  prudent  gentleman,  and 
heartv  protestant.'  It  appears,  from  aif 
amusing  story  told  in  Borlase*s  '  Reduction 
of  Ireland '  (p.  167),  and  repeated  in  Ware's 
account  of  Chappel,  bishop  of  Cork,  that  St. 
Leger  had  some  taste  for  theological  con- 
troversy, and  also  that  he  was  on  friendly 
terms  with  the  Roman  catholic  dean  of  Cork. 
A  portrait  of  St.  Leger,  painted  by  William 
Dobson, belonged  in  1866  to  Mr.W.  U.  Blaauw 
(cf.  Cat  of  First  Loan  Exhilntum,  No.  734). 

By  his  first  wife,  Gertrude  de  Vries  of 
Dort,  St.  Leger  had  a  daughter  Elizabeth, 
who  married  Murrough  O'Brien,  first  earl  of 
Inchiouin  [q.  v.]  The  eldest  of  his  four 
sons  fell  at  the  second  battle  of  Newburv, 
fighting  on  the  king^s  side.  The  Doneraile 
peerage  was  first  granted  to  Sir  William's 
grancbon.  St.  Leger  built  a  church  at 
Doneraile,  which  was  rebuilt  in  1726.  His 
house  there,  where  the  presidency  court  was 
usually  held  in  his  time,  was  burned  by  the 
Irish  in  1645. 

[Calendar  of  Irish  State  Papers,  James  I; 
Strafford's  Letters  and  Despatches;  Lismore 
Papers,  ed.  Grosart,  2nd  ser. ;  Morrin's  Calendar 
of  Patent  Rolls,  Cbeirles  I;  Confederation  and 
War  in  Ireland,  ed.  Gilbert,  vol.  i. ;  True  and 
Unppy  News  from  Ireland,  being  a  letter  read 
in  the  Honse  of  Commons  on  Tuesday,  26  April 


1642;  Carte's  Ormonde;  Clarendon's  HisL  of 
the  Rebellion ;  Borlase's  Hist  of  the  Bxoenble 
Irish  Rebellion ;  Lodge's  Peenigs  of  Ireland, 
ed.  Arehdall,  vol.  vi.;  Stenunata  Leodegaria, 
by  £.  F.  S.  L.,  pedigree  in  the  British  Muaeam ; 
Conncil  Books  of  Cork  aad  Yong^ial,  ed.  CaiiW 
field ;  Morrice's  Life  of  Orrory  and  Letters  in 
vol.  i.  of  Orrery  State  Letters ;  Ireland  in  the 
Seventeenth  Century,  ed.  Hickson ;  Smith's  His- 
tories of  Cork  and  Waterford.]  B,  B-l. 

SAINT  LEGER,  or  Saijnqeb,  Williak 
(1000-1665),  Irish  Jesuit,  was  bom  in 
the  county  of  Kilkenny  in  1600,  entered 
the  Society  of  Jesus  at  Toumai  in  1621, 
studied  afterwards  in  Sicily,  and  was  pro- 
fessed of  the  four  vows  in  1685.  After  his 
return  to  Ireland  he  became  superior  of  his 
brethren  in  that  country  during  the  time 
of  the  rebellion,  which  began  in  1641.  He 
was  rector  of  the  college  of  Kilkenny  in 
1650,  and,  when  the  former  city  was  taken 
by  Cromwell's  army,  he  removed  to  Galway. 
At  the  end  of  the  rebellion  he  escaped  to 
Spain,  and  succeeded  Father  John  Lombard 
as  rector  of  the  residence  of  Compostella, 
where  he  died  on  0  June  1665. 

He  wrote '  De  Vita  et  Morte  Illustrisstmi 
Domini  Thomes  Yalesii  fWalsh]  Archiepi- 
sccipi  Casiliensis  in  Hibemia,*  Antwerp, 
1655,  4to,  a  work  of  great  rarity. 

[Catholic  Miscellany  (1828).  ix.  40;  Dodd's 
Church  Hist.  iii.  313;  Foley's  Records,  viS.  680; 
Hogan's  Chronological  Cat.,  of  the  Irish  Pro- 
vince S.  J.  p.  80;  Olivei^s  Jesuit  Collections,  p. 
265 ;  SonthwelFs  Bibl.  Soe.  Jesu,  p.  810 ;  Ware's 
Writers  of  Ireland  (Harris),  p.  144.]        T.  C. 

ST.  LEONARDS,  Bason.  [SeeSuGDExr, 
Edwabd  Bubiekbhaw,  1781-1875.] 

ST.  LIFAKD,  GILBERT  op  (rf,  1805), 
bishop  of  Chichester.    [See  Gilbbbt.] 

ST.  LIZ,  SIMON  BE,  Eabl  of  Nobth- 
AUPTON  {d,  1109).    [See  Senus.] 


ST.  LO,  EDWARD  (1682  P-1729), 
admiral,  probably  the  son  of  Commissioner 
George  St.  Lo  [q.  v.],  was  bom  about  1682, 
and  entered  the  navy  in  March  1696  on 
board  the  Lichfield  with  Lord  Archibald 
Hamilton.  In  1702  he  was  a  lieutenant 
of  the  Chichester,  one  of  the  fleet  with 
Sir  G^rge  Rooke  [o.  y/]  off  Cadis  and  at 
Viffo.  On  9  Sept.  1703  he  was  promoted 
to  be  captain  of  the  Fendennis  in  the  fleet 
under  Vice-admiral  John  Graydon  [q.  v.]  in 
the  West  Indies  and  at  Placentia.  In  1/04 
he  was  again  in  the  West  Indies  in  the 
Dolphin,  which  in  1705  was  employed  ia 
convoy  service  in  the  North  Sea.  In  1706 
he  was  in  command  of  the  Gosport  of  82 
guns,  appointed  to  convoy  a  fleet  of  merckaat 


St.  Lo 


66i 


Sainton 


•hips  to  JanAiaL  On  28  July  they  fell  in 
with  two  French  shipe  of  war,  one  of  which, 
tha  Jnaon  of  54  gone,  engaged  and  took  the 
Gonort  after  an  obstinate  defence.  On 
19  Oct.  following  St.  Lio  was  tried  for  the 
loss  of  the  ship  and  fully  acquitted.  He 
was  shortly  after  appointed  to  the  Tartar, 
also  of  33  g^ns,  which,  during  the  following 
summer  cruised  from  the  Channel,  in  the 
Soundings,  and  as  far  as  Lisbon.  In  1708- 
1709-10  he  commanded  the  Salisbury  prize 
in  the  North  Sea,  and  in  May  1710  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  Defiance,  a  64-gun  ship,  cm- 
dbyed  in  the  West  Indies  in  1711-12.  On 
Cliristmas  day  1712,  on  her  way  home  from 
Jamaica,  she  put  into  Kinsale  in  distress, 
being  fifty  men  short  of  complement  and 
haTing  eighty  sick.  She  did  not  reach  the 
Downs  tiU  26  March  1713.  In  1720-1  he 
was  captain  of  the  Prince  Frederick,  flag- 
ship (^  Kear-admiral  Francis  Hosier  [q.v.] 
in  the  Baltic,  and  continued  in  her  till  1723. 
In  1726  he  went  out  to  the  West  Indies  in 
the  Superbe,  one  of  the  squadron  with 
Honor,  and  succeeded  temporarily  to  the 
chief  command  on  Hosier^s  death  on  25  Aug. 
1727.  He  continued  the  blockade  of  Porto 
Bello  for  some  little  time  lon^^er,  till,  having 
•aoertained  that  all  the  Spanish  ships  were 
laid  up,  and,  for  want  of  stores,  quite  unable 
to  be  ntted  for  sea,  he  returned  to  Jamaica. 
There  he  was  superseded  by  Vice-admiral 
Bdward  Hopsonn  on  29  Jan.  1727-8.  The 
aquadron  returned  to  the  Spanish  coast  in 
l^bniary,  and  on  8  May  Hopsonn  died, 
leaTing  the  command  again  to  ot.  Lo,  who 
held  it  for  eleven  mouto^,  when  he  too  died 
on  22  April  1729.  He  had  been  promoted 
on  4  Much  to  the  rank  of  rear-admiral,  but 
had  not  received  the  news.  He  was  un- 
married, but  by  his  will  provided  for  a  natural 
aon,  an  infant. 

[ImI  books  and  official  letters  in  the  Public 
Kerard Office;  ChamoeVs  Biogr.  Nav.  ill.  284.] 

J.K.L. 

ST.  LO,  GEORGE  {d.  1718),  commis- 
sioner of  the  navy,  was  on  16  Jan.  1677-8 
nnpointed  lieutenant  of  the  Phoenix  in  the 
mediterranean.  From  her  he  was  removed 
to  the  Hampshire,  and  on  11  April  1682  he 
mras  promoted  to  be  captain  of  the  Dart- 
BBOutn,  to  which  he  was  recommissioned  in 
March  1685,  In  August  1688  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  Portsmouth,  attached  to  the 
fleet  in  the  river  under  Lord  Dartmouth  [see 
IdeoB,  Gbobob,  Lobd  Dabtmouth],  and, 
continuing  to  command  her  after  the  revo- 
lution, was  in  1690  captured  bv  the  French 
and  carried,  severely  wounded,  into  Brest, 
where,  and  at  NanteS|  he  remained  a  pri- 


soner for  some  time.  His  wound  probably 
disqualified  him  for  further  service  afloat, 
ana  in  1692  he  was  appointed  a  commis- 
sioner of  prises,  in  1693  an  extra  commis* 
sioner  of  the  navy,  and  in  1695  resident* 
commissioner  at  Plymouth,  where  in  1697 
he  was  directed  to  guard  and  assist  the 
workmen  employed  in  the  construction  of 
the  first  Edoystone  lighthouse.  For  this 
service  the  Terrible  was  appointed ;  but  in 
June  St.  Lo  took  her  off  to  join  the  fleet, 
without  leaving  any  other  ship  to  take  her 
place,  whereupon  a  French  privateer  made  a 
swoop  on  the  rock  and  carried  off  all  the 
workmen  and  the  architect.  They  were, 
however,  presently  released,  and  St.  Lo  re* 
cei  ved  a  sharp  reprimand  from  the  navy  board 
for  his  neelect  of  their  orders.  In  1703  he 
was  moved  to  Chatham  as  resident  commis- 
sioner, and  on  21  Oct.  1 712,  on  abolition  of 
the  office  *  for  easing  the  public  charge,'  he 
was  appointed  commauder-in-chief  of  all 
ships  in  the  Med  way  and  at  the  Nore.  On 
the  accession  of  George  I  he  was  superseded, 
and  was  not  employed  again.  His  will 
(Somerset  House,  Tenison,  ^X)),  dated  4  Oct. 
1716,  and  proved  8  Oct.  1718,  mentions  his 
wife  Elisabeth,  daughter  of  Amphilis  Chlf- 
flnch,  and  his  brother-in-law,  Thomas  Chif- 
finch;  aUo  two  daughters,  Elizabeth  and 
Mary,  and  a  son  John.  Edward  St.  Lo 
[q.  v.],  who  appears  to  have  been  another 
son,  is  not  mentioned. 

In  1693  St.  Lo  published  an  interesting, 
but  now  rare,  pamphlet,  under  the  title  of 
'  England's  Safety,  or  a  Bridle  to  the  French 
King '  (sm.  4to). 

[Ghamock's  Biogr.  Nav.  ii.  96;  Dodcett's 
Naval  Commissioners;  Hard/s  lighthouses; 
Commission  and  Warrant  Books  in  the  Publio 
Record  Office.]  J.  K.  U 

8T.  MAUR.    [See  Seyuoub.] 

ST.  MOLYNS,  LoKD  of.  [See  lU- 
VAKAOH,  Cahir  Mao  Abt,  d,  1654.] 

SAINTON,  PROSPER  PHILIPPE 
CATHERINE  (1818-1890),  violinist,  son  of 
a  merchant,  was  bom  at  Toulouse  on  5  June 
1813,  and  educated  at  the  college  there  with 
the  idea  of  ultimately  becoming  a  lawyer. 
His  musical  taste  led  to  his  entering  the 
Paris  conservatoire  on  20  Dec.  1831,  where 
he  was  a  pu^U  of  Habeneck,  and  won  second 
and  first  prizes  for  violin-playing  in  1833 
and  1834  respectively.  After  qiuttinj^  the 
conservatoire  he  was  a  member  of  the 
orchestras  of  the  Soci^t6  des  Concerts  and 
the  Grand  Op6ra  for  two  years.  He  then 
made  a  concert  tour  on  the  continent,  ulti- 
mately returning  to  Toulouse  in  1840  to  fill 


Sainton 


662 


St.  Paul 


the  post  of  professor  of  the  Tiolin  in  the 
oonservatoire  there.  FduT  years  later  he 
ilppeared  in  England  and  played  at  a  Phil- 
harmonie  concert,  under  the  conductorship 
of  Mendelssohn,  with  whom  he  was  intimate. 
In  1846  he  settled  in  London  on  bein^  ap- 
pointed on  7  Feb.  professor  of  the  yiolm  at 
the  Royal  Academy  of  Music,  a  post  he  oc- 
cupied till  his  death.  Sainton  was  one  of 
the  musicians  who  took  part  in  the  experi- 
mental stages  of  the  Popular  Concerts  in 
1869  (cf.  The  Story  of  Ten  Hundred  Ckmr 
certs,  JLiondon,  1887),  and  became  first  violin 
in  the  orchestras  of  the  Musical  Union,  the 
Philharmonic  Society,  the  Sacred  Harmonic 
Society,  the  Quartet  Association,  and  the 
Royal  Italian  Opera,  under  Costa,  for  whom 
he  frequently  acted  as  deputy  in  the  office  of 
conductor.  He  was  well  known,  too,  at  the 
chief  provincial  festivals ;  and  so  busy  was 
he  as  a  teacher  that  it  was  his  proud  boast 
that  at  the  last  Birmingham  festival  before 
his  death  all  the  violinists  had  been  his  pupils 
or  had  studied  under  his  pupils.  Among  his 
published  compositions  are  two  violin  con- 
certos. In  1862  he  conducted  the  music  at 
the  opening  of  the  International  Exhibition. 
In  June  1888  he  gave  a  farewell  concert  at 
the  Albert  Hall.  He  died  on  17  Oct.  1890, 
and  was  buried  in  his  wife's  gnve  at  E[igh- 
gate. 

His  wife,  Crablotte  Hblebt  Sainto?- 
DoLBT  (1821-1886),  whom  he  married  in 
1860,  was  well  known  as  a  contralto  voca- 
list. Her  maiden  name  was  Dolby.  Bom 
in  London  on  17  Ma^  1821,  she  soon  showed 
unusual  musical  abifity,  and  in  1882  entered 
the  Royal  Academy  of  Music,  where  she 
studied  under  John  Bennett,  Elliott,  and 
Grivelli.  Crivelli,  who  examined  her  for 
voice  on  her  entrance  to  the  Royal  Academy 
of  Music,  recommended  her  '  for  the  present 
not  to  make  it  a  principal  studv '  (cf.  '  A 
History  of  the  Royal  Academy  of  Music '  in 
the  Overture^  1892,  p.  127).  Five  years 
later  she  was  elected  to  a  king's  scholar- 
ship. On  14  June  1841  she  msde  her  first 
appearance  as  a  singer  at  a  Philharmonic 
concert,  and  sang  under  Mendelssohn's  au- 
spices at  the  Gewandhaus  in  Leipzig  on 
26  Oct.  1846  with  such  success  as  induced 
her  to  make  a  tour  abroad.  Mendelssohn 
dedicated  to  her  his  six  songs  (Op.  67). 
and  wrote  Ihe  contralto  music  in  '  Elijah ' 
with  a  view  to  her  voice.  She  appeared  in 
the  first  performance  of  the  revised  version 
of  that  oratorio  at  Exeter  Hall  on  16  April 
1847  under  the  composer's  direction,  and 
from  that  date  until  her  retirement  from 
professional  life  in  1870  she  occupied  the 
foremost  place  among  concert  contralti  in 


England.    In  1872  she  Opened  a  vocal 

demy  in  London.  Mme.  oalnian-Bdl^  «x- 
cell^  chiefly  in  ballad-singingv  but  was  also 
known  as  a  composer.  Among  her  compo- 
sitions are  the  Cantatas  '  The  Legend  of  St. 
Dorothea'  (London,  1876), « The  Story  of  Ihe 
Faithful  Sour  (London,  1879),  'Florinmt' 
(for  female  voices)  (London,  1886),  and 
'  Thalassa '  (a  number  of  songs  and  ballads, 
some  of  which  enjoy^  an  ephemeral  pi(!^- 
larity).  She  also  wrote  a  *  Tutor  for  Ekigfish 
Singers '  (London,  n.d.  8vo).  Her  last  ai>- 
pearance  in  public  took  place  at  her  husbana's 
farewell  concert  in  June  1888.  She  died  in 
Gloucester  Place,  Hvde  Park,  on  18  Feb. 
1886,  and  was  buried  in  the  same  grave  as 
her  mother  at  Highgate  cemetery.  A  scholar- 
ship in  her  memorv  was  founded  At  the 
Royal  Academy  of  Music. 

[Musical  Times,  1885  pp.  145-6, 1890p.  666; 
Hanslick's  Q«8chichte  des  Concertwesena  in 
Wien,  1869,  p.  840;  Beriihmte  Qeiger,  p.  189  ; 
Mt.  F.  G-.  Ed^vrards^s  History  of  MendeUBohA's 
Elijah,  p.  35;  QroVe's  Diet,  of  Music  and 
Musicians,  passim ;  The  Overture,  1890,  pp.  97i 
104.]  R.  H.  L. 

ST.  PAUL.  JOHN  BB  (1296?-1382), 
archbishop  of  Dublin,  was  probably  a  native 
of  Owston  in  the  West  Riding  of  Yorkshire, 
where  he  sub8e<}uently  endowed  a  chaplain 
to  celebrate  divme  service  for  himself  his 
brother  William,  ^nd  other  members  of  the 
family.  He  may  have  been  a  son  of  Thomas 
and  brother  of  Robert  de  St.  Paid,  lord  of 
Byram  in  the  same  Riding,  on  whose  behalf 
he  obtained  from  Edward  II  the  remission 
of  fines  imposed  on  Robert  for  his  adherence 
to  Thomas  of  Lancaster  (JParL  WriiSf  n.  iL 
1887).  He  was  possibly  connected  with 
Mary  de  St.  Paul  or  St.  Pol,  dstngfaker  of 
the  Count  de  St.  Pol,  who  married  Aymer 
de  Valence,  earl  of  Pembroke,  and  frequently 
made  John  de  St.  Paul  her  attorney  during 
her  absence  from  England.  The  family  pro- 
bably came  originally  from  Guienne,  and  it 
had  many  descendants  settled  in  Yorkshire 
(cf.  Teetamenta  Bboraoehgutf  ▼.  36,  &c.) 
Before  1880  John  de  St.  Paul  received  a 
papal  dispensation  from  the  disabiHtiea  at- 
tending iUegitimacy,  but  in  1^889  the  bishop 
of  Winchester  was  directed  by^  tike  pope  to 
affirm  St.  Paul's  legitimacy, '  his  &ther  and 
mother  having  intermarried  in  ^e  |»itMence 
of  their  curate  without  publication  of  banns 
and  not  m  the  church^  (Bliss,  Oil  Paptd 
Letters,  ii.  812,  646,  656).  Bohi  probublf 
about  1296,  he  became  a  clerk  in  the  chanoefr^ 
before  1818  {Cal.  Cloee  RoUt,  1818-28^  pp. 
106,  683J).  He  was  rector  of '  Asshebydavid  * 
in  the  diocese  of  Lincoln  in  1329,  and  next 
year  received  a  licehae  to  hold  imother  b«tte» 


St  t>aui 


663 


St.  Ouintitt 


(ice  whli  it.  H)B  wu  am^btted,  with  two 
other  officers^  to  guard  the  great  seal  from 
18  Jan.  to  17  FeK  1334  during  the  abeence 
of  John  de  Stratford,  tiie  ehuioellor  (Mot 
Oaui.  7  Edward  HI,  p.  2.  m.  4).  On 
18  Oct.  1^6  he  was  maae  a  piebendanr  of 
Brightlinffin  Chichester  Cathedral,  and  on 
6  Inc.  1387,  prebendary  of  Penkridp^  (Cai, 
Patent  Bolls,  1884-8,  pp.  8S8,  667}.  On 
38  April  1837  he  was  created  master  of  the  rolls 
{BoU  Claua.  11  Edward  III,  p.  1.  m.  18},  and 
two  years  later  reoeiyed  a  giant  of  the  house 
of  converts  in  Chancery  Lane  for  life.  While 
he  was  master  of  the  rolls  the  great  seal  was 
twice  temporairily  deposited  with  him  and 
the  iother  clerks,  and  mm  16  Feb.  to  38  April 
he  was  appointed  sole  lord**ke0per  (Rtxbb, 
Fasiera,  Record  ed.,  n.  ii.  1140  et  seq. ;  OaL 
Itot  Fist,  m  Turn  Land.  pp.  182, 184, 187, 
146).  In  1889  he  was  rector  of  Sutton  in 
the  diocese  of  Salisbury,  and  in  the  same 
year  he  acted  as  counsel  fcff  the  prionr  of 
CSirist  Church,  Canterbury,  which  gave  liim 
a  yearly  pennon  of  sixtj  shillings  in  recog- 
nition of  his  services  (Liter€B  Cantuar.  11. 
204-6). 

In  1840  the  indignation  of  Edward  m 
Was  aroused  by  the  malversations  of  his 
officials,  and,  returning  hastily  from  the  siege 
of  Toumai,  he  removed  several  from  their 
posts ;  John  de  St.  t^aul  was  cast  into  pri- 
son (MtrsiinTTH,  Oontin.,  Bolls  Ser.,p.  117). 
He  was  able,  however,  to  obtain  his  r^ 
lease  as  a  priest  through  the  intervention 
of  Archbislkop  Stratford.  Although  the 
mastership  of  the  rolls  had  been  taken  from 
him,  he  was  allowed  in  a  short  time  to  re- 
sume his  position  as  a  master  of  chancery 
In  1846  he  wss  archdeacon  of  Cornwall  (Lb 
Nbvb,  Fasti,  i.  308),  and  shortly  after  pre- 
bendary of  Dunnington  in  the  see  of  York 
{ib.  iii.  181).  In  1849  he  was  advanced  by 
a  papal  provision  to  the  archbishopric  of 
Dubun,  having  previously  been  a  canon  of 
the  see.  In  1361  he  received  a  commis- 
sion from  Clement  VI  to  proceed  agunst 
certain  heretics  who  had  flea  fVom  the  per- 
secution of  Ridiaid  Lederede  [q.  r."],  bishop 
of  Ossory,  and  had  been  protected  by  Alex- 
snder  Btcknor  [q.  v.l,  tne  previous  arch- 
bishop of  Dublin.  John  found  himself  in- 
volved at  his  accession  in  the  controversy 
concerning  the  primacy  which  was  then 
raginK  between  the  archbishops  of  Dublin 
and  Kichard  Fitsralph  [a.  v.J^  archbishop 
of  Armagh.  He  succeedea  in  inducing  Ed- 
ward nito  revoke  his  letters  in  favour  of 
Armaffh,  and  in  1868  the  cause  was  removed 
ibr  trial  to  Rome,  where  it  was  not  decided 
for  nany  yean. 

fa  1360  John  de  St  Paul  was  appointed 


ohaaceOor  of  Ireland,  snd,  save  for  a  brief 
period  at  the  end  of  1864,  held  the  poet  for 
six  years.  In  1868  he  was  appointed  a  mem« 
her  of  the  privy  council,  and  the  lord-deputy 
was  enjoined  to  pay  great  deference  to  his 
advice  (Rtmbb,  Fagdera,  iii.  483-4).  In 
1860  he  was  placed  on  a  commission  of  three 
to  explore  for  mines  of  gold  and  silver,  and 
to  direct  their  management  when  discovered 
(id.  p.  482).  In  1861  he  received  a  special 
summons  to  a  great  council  held  in  Dublin* 
On  its  assembly  he  laboured  to  win  the 
government  to  a  more  conciliatory  policy, 
and  especially  to  obtain  a  general  amnesty  for 
the  English  and  Irish  rebels.  He  died  on 
9  Sept.  1862,  and  was  buried  in  Christ 
Church,  Dublin  (Chart,  qfSt.  Mar^9  Abhe^i 
DubUn,  ii.  $82).  During  his  episcopate  he 
obtained  many  privileges  for  his  see.  He 
also  mudi  enliu|red  and  beautified  the  churdi 
of  the  Holy  Tnnity. 

[Wahnngham's  Hist.  Anftlicana,  i.  224,  236» 
(Kolls  8er.);  Cal.  Patent  and  Ck)se  Bolls  passim ; 
Oalend.  Inqnis.  post  mortem,  ii.  266;  Foss's 
Judges  of  £ngland,  iii.  487 ;  Ware's  Bishops 
of  Ireland,  pp.  76,  882 ;  D*Alton's  Archbishops 
of  Dublin,  p.  184 ;  Wadding's  Ansales  MinMUm, 
viii  49 ;  Barnes's  Edward  IH,  p.  217.1 

B.  I.  C. 

ST.  QUmriN,  Sib  WILLIAM  (1660?- 
1728),  politician,  bom  about  136G  at  Harp- 
ham  in  the  East  Riding  of  Yorvshire,  was 
the  eldest  son  of  Willism  St.  Quintin,  who 
died  in  the  lifbtimeof  hisfather,  by  Elizabeth, 
youngest  daud^ter  of  Sir  William  Strick- 
land, hart.,  of ^ynton,  Yorkshire.  Having 
succeeded  his  grandfather.  Sir  Henry  St. 
Quintin,  second  baronet  of  Harpham,  some 
time  before  1698,  he  entered  the  House  of 
Commons  at  the  general  election  of  1095  as 
representative  of  the  borough  of  Kingston- 
upon-Hull,  for  which  he  served  in  eleven 
successive  parliaments  until  his  death  (Pai^ 
Uamentary  Itetwms\  LtnrrBELL,  Brirf  Rt* 
latitm).  On  24  Dec.  1700  Sir  William  lay 
'dangerously  ill  of  a  feavour'  (ib.)  He 
was  a  commissioner  of  customs  with  a  salary 
of  1,000^  a  year  from  22  Nov.  1698  to 
18  Dec.  1701  (Hatdk,  Book  of  DigmtiM)i 
when,  in  consequence  of  a  clause  in  an  act 
of  parliament  passed  the  preceding  session 
for  disabling  the  commissioners  from  sitting 
in  parliament,  he  resigned  his  office.  From 
1706  he  was  a  commissioner  of  reVeUae 
in  Ireland  with  the  same  salary  uhtil  4  f'eK 
1713,  shortly  after  which  (1714-17)  he 
acted  as  a  lord  of  the  treasury  in  England: 
In  July  1717  he  became  a  oommissiober  of 
the  abenation  office,  and  oh  16  June  1720 
was  appointed  to  the  lucrative  office  of  joint 
vice-treasureri  receiver-general,  and  pay« 


St.  Victor 


664 


S^a 


ttiaster  of  Ireland,  which  he  enjojed  until 
his  death  on  30  June  1723.  Sir  William, 
who  was  a  capable  official,  was  succeeded  in 
the  title  by  his  nephew,  also  Sir  William, 
on  whose  son's  death  in  1705  the  baronetcy 
became  extinct. 

[Burke's  Extinct  Baronetage ;  Liber  Hibemin  ; 
Haydn's  Book  of  Dignities;  Histori«^l  Regi- 
ster.] W.  R.  W. 

ST.  VICTOR,  BICHARD  oje  (d.  1173?), 
theologian.    [See  IUouabd.] 

ST.  VINCENT,  Eakl  or.  [See  Jbbvis, 
JoH5, 1785-18B8.] 

BAKER,  EDWARD  (1831-1883),  actor 
and  theatrical  manager,  son  of  W.  Saker,  a 
well-known  low  comedian  at  the  London 
minor  theatres,  was  bom  in  London  in  1831. 
He  was  placed  with  a  firm  of  architects,  but 
early  showed  a  strong  taste  for  a  theatrical 
career,  which  he  adopted  when  about  twentv- 
iive  years  of  age.  In  1857  he  joined  the 
Edinburgh  company,  then  under  the  manage- 
ment of  Robert  II.  Wyndham,  his  brother- 
in-law.  It  was  in  this  excellent  school  that 
he  learnt  his  profession,  and  soon  became  a 
clever  member  of  the  company.  In  addition 
he  filled  the  post  of  treasurer  for  several 
years.  He  made  a  tour  in  Scotland  with 
Ilenrjr  Irving,  when  the  latter  played  Robert 
Macaire  to  Saker's  Jacques  btrop.  With 
Lionel  Brough  he  also  gave  an  entertain- 
ment, under  the  name  of  the  'So-Amuse 
Twins,'  which  is  said  to  have  been  exceed- 
ingly amusing.  He  first  attempted  manage- 
ment during  a  summer  season  in  1862,  when 
he  rented  the  Edinburgh  Royal  from  W3rnd- 
ham,  and  opened  with  the  ^Lad^  of  the 
Lake.'  In  1865  he  removed  to  Liverpool. 
After  remaining  as  an  actor  there  for  two 
years  he  became  manager  of  the  Alexandra 
Theatre  in  December  1867,  and  carried  on  the 
enterprise  till  his  death  on  29  March  1883. 

As  an  actor  Saker  had  much  talent,  and 
was  most  successful  in  parts  requiring  drollery 
and  facial  expression.  His  ohakespearean 
clowns  were  wonderful  exhibitions  of  low- 
oomedv  acting.  As  a  manager,  however,  he 
made  his  chief  reputation.  His  ^riod  of 
management  at  the  Alexandra,  Liverpool, 
was  rendered  notable  by  a  series  of  splen- 
did revivals  of  Shakespearean  plays,  includ- 
ing 'A  Winter's  Tale,'  'Much  Ado  about 
Nothing,'  'A  Midsummer  Night's  Dream,' 
and  the  'Comedy  of  Errors."  In  all  his 
undertakings  he  was  ably  assisted  by  his 
wife,  who  survived  him. 

Saker's  elder  brother,  HoBi.xio(>l  1850), 
joined  the  Royal,  Edinburgh,  in  1850,  when  it 
was  under  William  Henry  Murray  [q.  v.] 


He  also  played  low  comedy.  His  farewell 
benefit  was  on  80  Aug.  1852  at  the  Adelphi, 
Edinburgh,  after  whidi  he  went  to  the  Ptin- 
cess's,  London,  where  he  remained  till  hb 
death.  He  never  gained  the  front  rank  in 
his  profession,  but  possessed  a  great  fund 
of  original  humour,  and  was  the  father  of 
several  clever  sons,  who  adopted  the  stage 
as  a  profession. 

[J.  C.DibdiD*8  Annals  of  the  Edinburgh  Stage ; 
Brereton's  Dramatic  Notes;  playbills  and  pri- 
vate ioformatioo.]  J.  C.  D. 

SALA,GEORGB  AUGUSTUS  HENRY 
(1828>18d6),  journalist,  bom  in  New  Street, 
Manchester  Square,  London,  on  24  Nov.  1828, 
was  youngest  child  of  Augustus  John  James 
Sala  ( 1792-1828).  His  grsiidfather,  Giandio 
Sebastiano  Sala,  a  citizen  of  Rome,  came  to 
England  about  1776  to  assist  his  god- 
father, Sir  John  Galllni  [see  Galuhi,  Gio- 
VANiri  AjxnvBk  Battista],  in  arranffing 
ballets  at  the  King's  Theatre  and  the  Uay- 
market.  His  mother,  Henrietta  Gatherina 
Florentina  Simon  (1789-1860),  was  daughter 
of  a  well-to-do  planter  in  Demerara.  In 
1827  she  made  her  first  public  appearance  as 
a  singer  at  Covent  Garden  Theatre  under 
Charles  Campbell's  management,  as  Countess 
Almaviva  in  Bishop's  version  of  Mozart's 
'  Marriage  of  Figaro.  A  crayon  portrait  of 
her  was  published  in  the  '  Lady's  Museum ' 
in  the  same  year.  Subsequently  she  mainly 
supported  herself  and  five  surviving  children, 
(four  boys  and  a  girl)  by  teaching  singing 
and  giving  annual  concerts,  both  in  London 
and  Brighton.  Occasionally  she  diversified 
her  labours  by  accepting  a  theatrical  enflmge- 
ment.  In  the  autumn  season  of  18do  and 
1837  she  was  '  actress  of  all  work '  at  the  St. 
James's  Theatre  under  Braham.  She  died 
at  Brighton  on  10  April  1860,  and  was 
buried  in  Kensal  Green jfcf.  GenL  Mag,  I860, 
i.  533).  An  elder  son,  Charles  Kerrison  Sala 
(182a-1857),  who  was  educated  at  Christ's 
Hospital,  resigned  a  clerkship  in  the  tithes 
commissioner?  office  to  become  an  actor; 
he  acquired  a  reputation  as  a  member  of 
Macready'scompanyat  the  Prinoess'sTheatre, 
and  made  some  eiforts  as  a  dramatist  (c£ 
Gent.  Mag.  1857,  i.  376). 

The  youngest  child,  Geoive  Augustus, 
di^laved  unusual  precocity.  l£iving  learned 
French  from  his  mother,  he  wrote  a  French 
tragedy  called  '  Fredegonde '  before  he  was 
ten*  From  1839  to  1842  he  was  at  a  school 
in  Paris,  where  the  younger  Alexandre 
Dumas  was  a  fellow-nupii.  Subsequently 
he  spent  a  few  mojutus  at  a  Pestalosaian 
school  at  Tumham  Green.  He  there  showed 
an  aptitudafordrawing,andhis  mother  t^aii8« 


Sala 


66s 


Sala 


fened  him,  at  the  age  of  fourteen,  to  the 
studio  of  Carl  Schiller,  a  miniature-painter 
in  Charlotte  Street,  Fitzroy  Square.  But 
he  was  soon  withdrawn,  and  at  fifteen — in 
1843 — was  finally  thrown  upon  his  own 
resources.  lie  was  already  a  capable 
draughtsman  and  an  insatiable  reader.  Some 
precarious  employment  as  a  clerk  was  fol- 
lowed by  an  engagement  to  draw  railway 
plans  during  the  railway  mania  of  1845.  His 
mother  and  brother  then  introduced  him  to 
the  green-room  of  the  Princess's  Theatre, 
where  they  were  professionally  engaged,  and 
William  Koxby  Beverley,  the  scene-painter 
there,  gave  him  occasional  work.  In  1848 
he  foUowed  Beverley  to  the  Lyceum  Theatre, 
and  painted  some  scenery  for  Charles 
Mathews  and  Madame  Vestris.  His  sociable 
temper  and  artistic  promise  recommended 
him  to  the  authors  and  artiste  who  fre- 

Snented  the  theatre.  About  1847  he  drew 
ie  illustrations  for  Alfred  Bunn*s  'Word 
with  Punch.'  In  1848  Albert  Smith  com- 
missioned him  to  illustrate  his  comic  volume, 
*The  Man  in  the  Moon.'  Thus  encouraged, 
he  taught  himself  to  et-ch,  and  afterwards 
took  lessons  in  engraving.  He  came  to 
know  George  Cruikshank  (at  whose  funeral, 
in  1878,  he  acted  as  a  pall-bearer)  ana 
Hablot  K.  Browne — *Phiz.'  It  was  his 
ambition  to  follow  in  their  footste]^.  In 
1850  Ackermann  issued  for  him  his  first 
publication,  a  comic  illustrated  guidebook 
for  continental  tourists,  entitled  '  Practical 
Exposition  of  J.  M.  W.  Turner's  Picture, 
HaiL  Rain,  Steam,  and  Speed.'  It  was  suc- 
cessful enough  to  induce  the  publisher,  to 
issue  later  in  the  year,  in  view  of  the  agita- 
tion against  the  so-called  nantd  agmssion, 
a  panorama  by  Sala,  entitlea  '  No  Popery.' 
Next  year  Sala  drew  four  large  litho^^hic 
plates  dealing  with  the  Great  Exhibition. 
In  1852  he  prepared,  with  Aiken,  views  in 
aquatint  of  the  Duke  of  Wellington's  funeral, 
Sala  had  abeady  made  some  efforts  in 
literature,  and  their  reception  encouraged 
him  to  seek  another  road  to  fortune.  In 
1848  he  sent  articles  to  a  struggling  weekly 
paper  called  'Chat.'  They  were  eagerly 
acoepted,  and  he  was  appointed  editor  at  a 
beggarly  salary.  In  1861  a  promising  oppor- 
tunity offered  itself.  Charles  Dickens  ac- 
cepted from  him  an  amusing  article,  called 
'Ijie  Key  of  the  Street,'  for  'Household 
Words.*  From  that  year  till  1856  he  regu- 
larly' wrote  for  that  periodical  an  essa^  or 
story  each  week.  His  contributions  exhibited 
unusual  powers  of  observation,  familiarity 
with  many  phases  of  low  life,  multifarious 
reading,  capacity  for  jy;enial  satire,  and  at 
times  a  veui  oi  sentiment  imitated  from 


Dickens.  Thenceforth  his  energies  were  ab- 
sorbed in  literature  or  journalism.  His  con* 
vivial  tendencies  and  the  att^ractions  that 
bohemian  haunts  offered  him  at  first  some« 
what  imperilled  his  progress,  but  his  ambi- 
tion and  powers  of  work  finallv  enabled  him 
to  resist  temptation,  and  he  found  in  ordi- 
nary club  life  all  the  recreation  he  required. 
He  took  a  chief  part  in  founding  the  Savage 
Club  in  1857,  and  was  soon  admitted  to 
otber  clubs  of  older  standing. 

Dickens  was  the  first  to  test  Sala's  capacity, 
as  *  a  special  correspondent.'  In  April  1856, 
at  the  close  of  the  Crimean  war,  DicKens  sent 
him  to  Russia  to  write  descriptive  articlea 
for '  Household  Words.'  He  remained  abroad 
till  September,  when  Dickens's  refusal  to 
nermit  the  articles  to  be  published  in  volume 
form  temporarily  interrupted  Sala's  good  re- 
lations with  his  editor.  In  1858  a  reconcilia- 
tion took  place,  Sala  renewed  his  connection 
with  'Household  Words,'  and  the  articles 
on  Russia  were  issued  separately  as  '  A  Jour- 
ney Due  North.'  In  the  same  year  Dickens 
inaugurated  a  new  magazine, '  AH  the  Year 
Round,'  in  which  Sala  was  also  a  frequent 
writer.  The  papers  he  contributed  to  these 
periodicals  he  collected  from  time  to  time  in 
volumes  with  such  titles  as  '  Gaslight  and 
Daylight,  and  the  I^ndon  Scenes  they  shine 
upon '^(1859);  'Lady  Chesterfield's  Letters 
to  her  Daiujhter'  (1860);  'Breakfast  in 
Bed,  or  Philosophy  between  the  Sheets* 
(1863).  In  1863  a  novel  by  him,  '  Quite 
Alone,'  appeared  serially  in '  All  the  Year 
Round.' 

Meanwhile  other  ventures  divided  his  at- 
tention and  extended  his  literary  connec- 
tions. Essays  which  he  sent  to  a  short- 
lived serial,  called  '  The  Comic  Times,'  led  to 
a  lifelong  friendship  with  the  editor  and  pro<- 
prietor,  Edmund  xates  [q.v.]  In  January 
1856  the  two  men  projected  a  new  monthly 
magazine,  called  '  The  Train,'  which  did  not 
long  survive.  To  the  'Illustrated  Times,' 
which  was  established  by  Henry  Vizetelly 
[q.  v.]  in  July  1855,  Sala  contributed  his 
earliest  attempt  at  novel-writing — 'The 
Baddington  Peerage :  a  story  of  the  beet  and 
worst  society.'  This  was  illustrated  by 
'  Phiz,'  and  published  in  three  volumes  in 
1860.  Of  another  periodical, '  Tha  Welcome 
Guest,'  initiated  by  Vizetelly  in  1858,  he 
acted  for  a  short^time  as  editor.  In  its  pag^ea 
appeared  the  most  successful  of  all  his  social 
sketches,  the  series  entitled  'Twice  round 
the  Clock,  or  the  Hours  of  the  Day  and 
Night  in  London,'  which  was  published 
separately  in  1859.  In  1860  he,  in  succes- 
sion to  Peter  Cunningham  (1816-1869)  [q.v.], 
began  to  contributei  at  a  salary  of  250/.  a 


Sal; 


666 


Sal; 


jear,  a  column  of  varied  gossw  and  anecdote, 
signed '  G.  A.  S.'  and  entitled '  Echoes  of  the 
Week/  to  the  '  lUQStrated  London  News.' 
Hia  connection  with  that  newspaper  con- 
tinned  till  1886,  when  he  transferred  his 
weekly '  Echoes '  to  the  *  Sunday  Times '  and 
a  syndicate  of  provincial  newspapers.  They 
ceased  in  1894.  Some  of  these  paragraphs 
he  collected  in  the  volumes '  Living  London, 
or  Echoes  Reechoed '  (1883),  and  *  Echoes  of 
the  Year  1883 '  (1884).  A  skit  by  himself, 
entitled  'Egos  of  the  Week'  appeared  in 

*  Punch '  (SpiBLV^Kir,  History  of  Punch,  pp. 
387-8).  A  more  ambitious  work, '  William 
Hoffarth,  Painter,  Engraver,  and  Philo- 
sopher :  Essays  on  the  Man,  the  Work,  and 
the  Time,'  ran  throiu^h  nine  numbers  of  the 

*  Comhill  Magazine  in  the  second  year  of 
its  existence  (March  to  November  I860). 
Thackeray,  who  was  editor,  showed  as  much 
appreciation  of  Sala's  talents  as  Dickens,  and 
seconded  his  candidature  at  the  Reform  Club, 
to  which  he  was  elected  on  18  March  1862. 
Revised  and  amplified,  Sala's  papers  on  Ho- 

Sirth  reappeared  in  volume  form  in  1866. 
ut  his  most  conspicuous  achievement  in 
connection  with  periodical  literature  was  his 
establishment  of  '  Temple  Bar.'  Designed 
to  rival  the '  Coinhill,^it  was  financed  and 
published  by  John  Maxwell,  at  the  sugges- 
tion of  Sala,  who  was  appointed  editor  with 
Edmund  Yatee  as  sub-editor.  The  first  num- 
ber was  issued  in  December  1860.  In  the 
second  number  Sala  began  a  serial  story, 
<  The  Seven  Sons  of  Mammon '  (3  vols.  1862), 
and  there  subsequently  appeared  in  the  pages 
of  the  magazine  another  novel  by  him,  the 
best  that  he  produced,  *  The  Strange  Adven- 
tures of  Captain  Dangerous '  (8  vols.  1863). 
He  resigned  the  editorship  in  1866,  when 
Messrs.  Bentley  took  over  the  magazine. 
In  1869  he  wrote  '  Wat  Tyler,  M.P. :  an 
operatic  extravaganza,'  which  was  performed 
at  the  Ghuety  Theatre  and  was  printed. 

But  Sala  was  about  to  concentrate  his 
energies  in  fewer  channels.  In  1867  he  was 
invited  by  Joseph  Moses  Levy  rq.v.l  the 
proprietor,  to  contribute  to  the  'Daily  Tele- 
graph.' He  was  soon  writing  two  articles  a 
day,  Saturdays  excepted ;  and  for  nearly  a 
quarter  of  a  century,  whenever  he  was  in 
England,  his  output  suffered  no  diminution. 
The  ikcuitjr  with  which  he  drew  upon  his 
varied  stores  of  half-digested  knowledge,  the 
self-confidence  with  which  he  approached 
every  mannetr  of  topic,  the  egotism  and  tiie 
bombastic  ciroumlocutioniB  which  rapid  pro- 
duction encouraged  in  him,  hit  the  taste  of 
a  large  section  of  the  publ  ic.  The  proprietor 
of  the  paper  treatea  him  generously;  and 
Ibr  the  twenty  years  between  1868  and  1883  I 


Sala  r^konedthat  his  income  as  a  journalist 
averaged  2,tl00/.  a  year.  But  his  prosperity 
was  not  unalloyed.  Careless  of  money  mat- 
ters, he  gave  too  liberal  a  scope  to  his  tastes 
as  a  gourmet  and  as  a  collector  of  books  and 
china,  and  was  rarely  firee  firom  pecuniary 
embarrassments.  At  the  same  time  the 
tawdry  style  of  writing  with  which  he  im- 
pregnated the  *  Daily  Telegraph 'excited  ridi- 
cule, which  tormented  lum.  The '  Saturday 
Review'  for  many  years  denounced  it  as 
turgid  and  inflated.  In  1)B67  James  Hain 
Friswell  repeated  this  condemnation,  anud 
some  personalities,  in  a  work  called  *  Men  of 
Letters  honestly  criticised.'  Sala  brought  an 
action  for  libel,  and  recovered  600/.  damages. 
Subsequently  Matthew  Arnold,  with  g[ood« 
humoured  satire,  exhibited  the  protentious- 
ness  of  Sala's  articles  in  'Friendship's  Grar-> 
land '  (ISry . 

In  1863  Sala  undertook  his  first  tour  as  a 
'  special '  foreign  correspondent  of  the  '  Dally 
Telegraph.  He  was  in  America  firom  No- 
vember 1863  to  December  1864,  reporting 
the  frogreBS  of  the  civil  war.  His  '  Diary 
in  the  Midst  of  the  War,'  which  was  after- 
wards issued  as  a  volume,  dis^laved  charac- 
teristics similar  to  those  of  his  nome-made 
articles,  but  his  ener^  in  collecting,  if  not 
in  testing,  information  invested  ms  work 
with  genuine  interest.  A  long  series  of  like 
expemtions  followed ;  and  his  *  special'  cor- 
respondence, which  grow  moro  and  more 
egotistic,  became  a  feature  of  value  to  the 
'  Daily  Telegrafh.'  '  A  Trip  to  Barbary  by 
a  roundabout  Koute  '(publisned  as  a  volume 
in  1866)  recorded  a  journey  to  Algiers  in  the 
tnun  of  the  emperor  Napoleon  III.  'PVom 
Waterloo  to  the  Peninsula :  four  Months' 
hard  labour  in  Holland,  Belgium.  France* 
and  Spain'  (1867),  representea  his  journal  of 
travel  oetween  November  1865  and  February 
1866.  During  the  rest  of  the  latter  year  and 
part  of  the  next  he  was  in  north  Italy,  for  a 
time  with  Garibaldi's  army,  and  afterwards 
in  Venice  during  its  evacuation  bv  the  Aus- 
trians.  His  letters  firom  Italy  rormed  the 
basis  of  his  *  Rome  akid  Venice,  with  other 
Wanderings  in  Italy  in  1866-7 '  (a  volume 
published  in  1869).  In  1867  and  1870 
he  was  in  Paris,  on  the  first  occasion 
preparing '  Notes  and  Sketches '  of  the  ex- 
hibition, and  on  the  second  observing  the 
opening  scenes  of  the  Franco-Gefman  war. 
A  flying  visit  to  Metx  in  August  1870  was 
followed  by  his  arrest  in  Pans  as  a  spy ;  but 
he  managed  to  reach  Geneva,  and  on 
20  Sept.  was  at  Rome  when  ibia  Italian 
troops  ended  papal  rule  there,  fie  was 
nresent  at  the  opening  of  the  G^erman  par* 
fiament  at  Berlin  in  the  autimm  of  io/l^ 


Sala 


«Bd%itD«Bediii  Spaui  in  1876  the 
«iOB  to  tbft  throne  of  Alpbonso  Xlf  and 
tlie  doM  «f  tlw  Ourliflt  war.  At  the  end  of 
lfi76^  irlien  war  between  Rnasia  and  Tazkey 
wae  imminent^  he  was  otdered  to  8t» 
^tefahnig,  whence  he  made  his  way  to 
Oonatantinople  and  Athene,  retnming  home 
m  the  summer  of  1877.  He  spent  much 
time  in  Puis  during  the  exhibition  of  1878, 
and  be  described  us  impressions  in  'Paris 
heteelf  again'  (1880).  between  December 
1879  and  the  spring  of  1880  he  was  ag^ain  in 
the  United  States,  and  he  oolleeted  his  cor- 
lespondenee  in  a  Tolome  called  *  America  Re- 
visited '  (1882).  He  hnrried  to  8t.  Peters- 
bvg  in  Maroh  1881,  after  the  mnrder  of  the 
CHperor  Alexander  11,  /md  was  there  in 
Mny  1888  at  the  coronation  of  the  emperor 
Aksmderin.  On  96  Dec.  1884  he  started 
on  his  final  journalistic  tour — an  extended 
joitrBev  throuffh  America  and  Anstralia.  He 
Li  udertel^  to  leetan  on  Us  own  .c 
eoanty  ehieBy  about  his  journalistic  adyen- 
toree,  as  well  as  to  describe  for  the  'Daily 
Telec^ph'  the  countries  and  peoples  he 
▼iaited.  As  a  lecturer  he  met  with  many 
lebnfis,  but  the  result  showed  a  substantial 
wofit.  He  came  home  by  way  of  India.  His 
lettei*  Cram  Australia  appeared  in  the  news- 
paper under  the  heading,  <  The  Land  of  the 
Gkuden  Fleece,'  and  formed  the  subject- 
matter  c^  two  Tolumes — 'A  Joumey  due 
South '  (1885)  and  *  Right  round  the  World ' 
(1888). 

Danng  Bala's  last  Tears  his  energies  were 
dullsd  by  frequent  illness.  While  continu- 
ing his  articles  in  the  'Daily  Telegraph' 
and  his  *  Echoes  of  the  Week,'  he  resided 
chieflT  at  Brifffaton.  In  May  18^,  how- 
erer,  ne  started,  with  the  co-operation  of  his 
second  wife,  a  weekly  newspaper  called 
*  Sala's  Journal ;'  but  despite  his  voluminous 
contributions,  it  &iled  after  two  years'  trial, 
and  BiTolTed  him  pecuniarily.    In  1894  he 

E)dQoed  '  Things  I  hsTe  seen  and  People  I 
TS  known,'  and  next  year  not  only  a  candid 
namtiTt  of  his  '  lilb  and  AdTentures,'  but 
a  eoUeetkm  of  genial  ffosdip  called  'London 
up  to  Date.'  He  had  always  interested  him- 
sMf  in  culinary  literature,  and  claimed  a 
praetical  acquamtance  with  the  culinary  art. 
The  last  book  on  which  he  engaged  was  an 
elaborate  cookery  book,' The Thoroujrh  Good 
Cook '  (1886).  Owing  to  his  pecuniary  em* 
baaassments  his  large  library  was  sold  by 
auction  in  Match  1895,  and  in  May  Lord 
Bosebery  eonfiwred  on  liim  a  eiTil'-list  pen- 
sion of  100^  a  year.  He  had  always  yaguely 
lanffed  hintteli  with  tlie  libei^  party.  He 
^ed  from  nerrous  exhaustion^  alter  a  long 
ttbMpSy  it  Bi%hfton  on  8  Dec  1895.   Before 


667 


Salaberry 


his  death  he  was  raoMTed  into  the  Boman 
catholic  church. 

He  was  twice  married.  His  first  wiib, 
Mrs.  Harriet  Sala,  whom  he  married  in 
Septemb^  1859,  died  at  Melbourne  in  De- 
cember 1885.  In  1891  he  married  a  second 
wife,  Bessie,  third  daughter  of  Robert 
Staimard,  C.B.,  who  survived  hun. 

Besides  the  works  already  enumerated, 
and  a  memoir  of  '  Bobson  (the  Actor) :  A 
Sketch'  (1864),  he  edited  many  works  or  the 
American  humourists  for  English  publica- 
tion, and,  without  much  success,  all  the 
works  of  Charles  Lamb  in  1868. 

[The  Life  and  Adyentores  of  G«orge  Augustus 
Sala,  written  by  himseli;  2  vols.  1895  (with 
portnits  of  himself  and  his  mother);  Memoirs 
of  Edmund  Yates ;  Memoirs  of  Heniy  Viaetelly ; 
Times,  9,  10,  and  19  Dee.  1895;  AtheuMm, 
December  1896;  Dailv  lUegrai^,  December 
1896.]  '  a  L. 

SALABERRT,  CHARLES  MICHEL 

DB  (1778-1829),  Canadian  soldier,  bom  on 
19  Nov.  1778  at  the  manor-house  of  Beau- 
port,  near  Quebec,  was  the  son  of  Louis 
Ignace  de  Salaberry  br  his  wife,  Mile. 
HorteL  Charles  Michel  s  grandfather^  Mi- 
chel de  Salaberry,  who  settled  in  Canada  in 
1736,  was  descended  from  the  noble  family 
of  Irumberry  de  Salaberry  in  the  Ihiys  des 
Basques.  At  fourteen  ysars  of  age  dnarlea 
Michel  joined  the  60th  regiment2and  soon 
obtained  the  rank  of  lieutenant.  He  served 
for  eleven  years  in  the  West  Indies  under 
General  Robert  Prescott  [q.  v.],  and  was 
present  in  1794  at  the  conquest  of  Marti- 
nique. In  1809  he  was  stationed  in  Ire- 
land, and  in  the  following  year  took  part 
in  the  unfortunate  Walcheren  expedition. 
In  1811  he  returned  to  Canada  with  the 
rank  of  major  as  aide-d&<;amp  of  Major- 
general  Rottenberg.  In  the  following  yoar. 
on  t^e  declaration  of  war  against  Bnglana 
by  the  United  States,  he  was  promoted  to 
the  rank  of  lieutenant^colonel,  and  entrusted 
with  the  ominisation  of  the  Canaadlan  volti- 

feurs.  In  1812,  at  the  head  of  these  troops, 
e  encountered  General  Dearborn's  vanguard, 
numbering  fourteen  hundred  men,  at  La 
Colle,  and  drove  them  back.  In  the  follow- 
ing year  the  Americans  renewed  the  invasion 
with  larger  forces.  Two  armies,  each  num- 
bering seven  or  eight  thousand  men,  invaded 
Canada,  intending  to  converge  on  Montreal. 
One,  under  Hampton,  took  the  route  by  Lake 
Champlain ;  the  other,  under  Dearborn  and 
Wilkinson,  advanced  by  Ejngston.  In  Octo- 
ber Salaberry,  at  the  head  of  four  hundbad 
voltigeurs,  encountered  Hampton's  outposts 
at  Odeltown.  He  repulsed  them,  and  suc- 
ceeded in  striking  terror  into  the  whole 


Salcot 


668 


Sale 


force.  After  aeTertl  davs'  indecision,  Hamp- 
ton marched  westward  to  unite  his  forces 
with  Wilkinson's.  To  prevent  the  junction, 
Salaberrj  posted  himself  at  Ghateauguay  on 
Hampton's  route  in  an  exceedingly  strong 
position,  defended  hj  swamps  and  woods. 
Although  he  had  little  more  than  three 
hundred  men  at  his  disposal,  he  succeeded 
on  25  Oct.  in  repulsing  the  American  attack 
and  in  forcing  Hampton  to  retreat  from 
Canada  altogether.  This  action  oained  for 
Salaher^  the  name  of  the  '  Canadian  Leo- 
nidas.'  On  learning  of  it,  Wilkinson  deemed 
it  prudent  to  abandon  offensive  operations, 
and  Lower  Canada  was  secured  from  further 
invasion.  In  recognition  of  his  services, 
Salaberry  was  maae  a  companion  of  the 
Bath.  After  the  conclusion  of  the  war  he 
turned  his  attention  to  politics,  and  in  1818 
was  called  to  the  legislative  chamber.  He 
died  on  26  Feb.  1829  at  his  residence  at 
Ohambly,  near  Montreal.  By  his  wife, 
Mile.  Hertel  de  Rouville,  whom  he  mar- 
ried early  in  1812,  he  had  four  sons  and 
three  daughters.  His  sons  were :  Alphonse 
Melchior,.deputy  adjutant-general  of  militia 
for  Lower  Canada ;  Louis  Michel,  Maurice, 
and  Charles  Ren6.  His  portrait  was  painted 
by  Dickinson  and  engraved  by  Durand. 

[Morgan's  Celebrated  Canadians,  pp.  496- 
200 ;  James's  MilitSTy  OccurrencM  of  the  Late 
War,  i.  306-18 ;  Christie's  late  War  in  Canada, 
pp.  90-1, 141-7 ;  David's  H^ros  de  Chataaagnay, 
2nd  edit.  188S;  Oent.  Mag,  1813  ii.  617,  1814 
1 169,  276.]  E.  L  C. 

SALOOT,  JOHN  (d.  1667),  bishop  of 
Salisbury.    [See  Capov,  John.] 

SALE,  GEORGE  (1697  P-17d6),  orienta- 
list, son  of  Samuel  Sale,  citixen  and  mer* 
chant  of  London,  was  probably  bom  about 
1697.  Kent  is  said  to  have  been  his  native 
county,  but  the  further  statement  that  he 
was  educated  at  King*s  School,  Canterbury, 
is  not  corroborated  by  the  school  archives. 
On  24  Oct.  1720  he  was  admitted  a  student 
of  the  Inner  Temple.  He  does  not  seem 
to  have  been  callea  to  the  bar,  but  practised 
as  a  solicitor.  At  an  earlv  period  he  turned 
his  attention  to  the  study  of  Arabic,  but 
Voltaire's  statements  in  the  '  Dictionnaire 
Philosophlque '  (arts. '  Alcoran,'  ^  Arot  and 
Marot  *),  that  he  spent  '  twenty-five  years 
amouj^  the  Arabs'  or '  twenty-four  years  near 
Arabia,'  are  quite  erroneous.  He  never  left 
his  native  country.  Gibbon  was  probably 
following  Voltaire  when  (chap,  xlvi.)  he 
called  'our  honest  and  learnect  translator, 
Sale  •  •  •  half  a  Mussulman.'  In  1720  the 
Societv  for  the  Promotion  of  Christian 
Knowledge,  whose  offices  were  in  the  Middle 


Temple,  undertook  to  print  an  Arabic  trans- 
lation  of  the  New  Testament  for  the  use  of 
the  Syrian  Christians.  Solomon  Negri  of 
Damascus  had  been  sent  over  by  the 
patriarch  of  Antioch  to  press  the  scheme  on 
the  society's  attention,  and  it  is  not  im- 
probable that  Sale  engaged  Negri  as  his 
first  instructor  in  Arabic.  A  learned 
Greek,  named  Dadichi,  of  Aleppo,  who 
arrived  in  England  in  the  summer  of  1723, 
also  gave  him  tuition.  Sale  so  perfected 
himself  in  Arabic  that  on  80  Aug.  1726  he 
consented,  at  the  society's  request,  to  give 
his  services  as  one  of  the  correctors  of  the 
Arabic  New  Testament.  In  November  of 
the  same  year  he  was  elected  a  correspond- 
ing (i.e.  non-6ub|pcribing)  member,  and 
thenceforward,  until  1734,  took  an  active  part 
in  the  labours  of  the  society.  Not  onljr  was 
he  the  principal  worker  in  the  completion 
of  the  ^jrabic  New  Testament,  but  he  acted 
as  honorary  solicitor,  auditor,  steward  at 
the  annual  festivals,  and  general  adviser  to 
the  society.  His  relations  with  the  associa- 
tion brought  him  the  acquaintance  of  many 
men  of  note,  including  John  Wesley  and 
Sir  Hans  Sloane. 

Sale  did  not  apparently  relinquish  his 
legal  work  while  pursuing  his  literary 
labours.  His  biograplier,  Davenport,  seems 
to  be  in  error  in  asserting  the  contrary.  But 
there  is  no  doubt  that,  owing  to  his  d(evotion 
to  oriental  studies,  his  legal  business  declined. 
Disraeli  says  of  him,  but  on  what  authority 
does  not  ftjppear,  that  he  'pursued  his  studies 
through  a  me  of  want . . .  and  when  he  quitted 
his  studies,  too  often  wanted  a  change  of 
linen,  and  often  wandered  in  the  streets  in 
search  of  some  compassionate  friend  who 
would  supply  him  with  the  meal  of  the  day ' 
(MisoelL  of  Lit,  ed.  1853,  p.  130  n.)  This 
seems  an  exaggeration.  He  was,  at  any  rate, 
able  to  acquire  a  small  library  of  '  rare  and 
beautiful  manuscripts  in  the  Persian,  Turkish, 
Arabic,  and  other  languages.'  Thesehe  doubt- 
less purchased  of  the  distressed  orientals  in 
Lonaon,  whom  he  constantly  reconunended 
for  employment  or  relief  to  the  Society  for 
the  Promotion  of  Christian  Knowledge. 

Sale's  chief  work,  on  which  his  <daim  to 
remembrance  principally  rests,  is  his  version 
of  the  Koran.  This  first  appeared  in  No- 
vember 1734,  in  a  quarto  v^ume,  and  was 
dedicated  to  Lord  Carteret.  While  apolo* 
gising  for  delav  in  its  publication,  he  stated 
that  the  work  'was  carried  on  at  leisure 
times  only,  amidst  the  necessary  avocationa 
of  a  troublesome  profession,'  As  a  transla- 
tor,  he  had  the  field  almost  entirBly  to  him- 
self. The  only  full  translation  of  tne  Koran 
in  any  modem  language  previously  pub* 


Sale 


669 


Sale 


liflhed  was  the  despicable  French  venion  by 
Andr^  Du  Ryery  baaed  in  1649.  A  Tenrpoor 
KnylMJi  lendlering  of  Bu  Brer's  from  French 
was  issued  by  Alexander  Koas  (1690-^ld&4) 
[q.  T.]  in  London  in  the  same  year.  Despite 
a  few  errors,  Sale*s  translation  is  remarlnbly 
aocniate.  Throughout  he  has  made  f uU  use 
of  natiTe  commentators,  as  rej^ards  both  the 
inteipetation  of  the  text  and  its  illustration 
in  the  notes.  It  may  perhaps  be  regretted 
that  he  did  not  preserve  the  division  into 
verseSy  as  Savary  has  since  done,  instead  of 
connecting  them  into  a  continuous  narrative. 
Some  of  uie  poetical  spirit  is  unavoidably 
lost  by  Sale's  method.  But  his  version  remains 
the  best  in  any  language.  His  translation 
was  reprinted  in  octavo  in  1764, 1795, 1801, 
and  frequently  afterwards.  *  A  Comprehen- 
sive Commentary  on  the  Quran,  comprising 
Sale's  Translation  andpTeliminary  Discourse. 
.  .  •  By  E.  M.  Wherry,'  4  vols.  lx)ndon,  ap- 
peared between  1882  and  1880,  8vo.  *  Se- 
lections from  the  Kurin  .  •  .  chiefly  from 
Sale's  edition '  was  issued  by  E.  W.  Lane  in 
184S,8vo,  and  a  new  edition  of  this  was  re- 
vised and  enlarged  with  introduction  by  Mr. 
Stanley  Lane-Poole  in  1879.  A  German 
timnslation  of  Sale's  book,  by  Tho.  Arnold, 
appeared  at  Lem^o  in  1746,  4to. 

Voltaire  wrote  in  the  '  Dictionnaire  Philo- 
sophique'  that  *  the  learned  Sale  had  at  lost 
enlightened  us  by  a  faithful  translation  of 
the  Alcoran,  and  a  most  instructive  preface 
to  it.'  Sale's  preliminary  discourse  and 
notes  display  a  remarkable  acquaintance 
not  only  with  the  works  of  European  writers 
upon  mohammedanism  and  its  nistory,  but 
also  with  native  Arab  literature.  The  pre- 
£ice  and  notes  are  atill  reckoned  among  the 
best  sources  of  information  with  regard  to  the 
faitli  of  Islam  and  the  mohammedan  peoples. 
'  The  Preliminary  Discourse '  was  twice  trans- 
lated into  French.  Tlie  first  version,  an 
anonymous  one,  was  published  at  Geneva  in 
1751,  and  has  been  reprinted  several  times; 
the  second,  by  Ch.  Solvet,  appeared  in  Paris 
in  1840.  An  abridged  Polish  version  of 
the  preface  was  published  at  Warsaw  in 
1868. 

Meanwhile,  to  the  'General  Dictionary,'  a 
tnnslation  of  Bayle  (10  vols.  fol.  1734),  Sale 
contributed  the  whole  of  the  oriental  bio- 
graphies which  were  published  up  to  the  time 
of  his  death ;  and  when  the  *  Universal  His- 
tory' was  first  planned,  Sale  was  one  of 
those  who  were  selected  to  carry  it  out.  His 
coadjutors  were  the  Bev.  John  Swinton,  Dr. 
J.  Ciampbell,  Captain  Shelvocke,  Archibald 
Bower,  and  the  impostor,  George  Psalmi^ 
nasar  [q.  v.l  Sale's  part  in  the  work  was  the 
portion  dealing  with  the  history  of  the  world 


from  the  creation  to  the  flood,  which  was  pub- 
lished in  1739,  after  his  death. 

After  the  publication  of  the  Koran  in 
1784,  Sale  attended  with  less  regularity 
the  meetings  of  the  Society  for  the  Pro- 
motion of  Christian  Knowledge,  and  he  re- 
ceived payment  for  work  which  he  had 
formerly  done  gratuitously.  It  is  possible 
that  the  society  did  not  view  his  translation 
of  the  Koran  in  a  favourable  light,  and  sus- 
pected his  orthodoxy.  His  last  recorded 
visit  to  the  society  b  on  6  Aug.  1784,  but 
directions  were  issued  to  him  about  some 
le^  matters  down  to  6  July  1786.  At 
this  time  he  was  occupied  with  the  founda- 
tion of  a  publishing  society  called  the  80^ 
ciety  for  tne  Encouragement  of  Learning,  to 
which  belonged  many  noblemen  and  some  of 
the  most  eminent  literary  men  of  the  day. 
Sale  served  on  the  original  committee.  The 
meetings  were  held  weekly,  and  the  cobs- 
mittee  decided  what  works  should  be  printed 
at  the  expense  of  the  society,  or  with  its 
assistance,  and  what  should  be  the  price  of 
them.  When  the  cost  of  printing  Lad  been 
repaid,  the  property  of  the  work  was  to  re- 
vert to  the  author  [see  Caete,  Thohas,  and 
Roe,  Sib  Thoxas]. 

Sale  died  of  fever  at  his  house  in  Surrey 
Street,  Strand,  on  13  Nov.  1786,  and  was 
buried  at  St.  Clement  Danes  on  16  Nov.  No 
stone  marks  the  grave.  Sale  is  described 
hj  his  biographer  as  having  '  a  healthy  con- 
stitution and  a  communicative  mina  in  a 
comely  person.'  On  80  Nov.  the  Society  for 
the  Iromotion  of  Christian  Knowledge  re- 
solved, in  recognition  of  Sale's  services,  to 
give  twentv  guineas  to  his  wife  and  children, 
who  were  left  in  necessitous  circumstances. 

Sale  married  Marianne  d' Argent,  of  IVench 
extniction  (possibly  related  to  a  Huguenot 
&mily  of  this  name).  By  her  he  had  seven 
childreD.  The  eldest  son,  George  James  Sale 
(1728-1778),  fellow  of  New  College,  Oxford 
^1748-65),  was  elected  fellow  of  Winchester 
in  1765,  and  was  rector  of  Bradford  Peverel 
from  1768  to  1778,  when  he  died  without  issue. 
Like  his  next  brother,  William  Mitchell,  ha 
was  distinguished  for  literary  talents.  Wil- 
liam Mitchell  Sale  married  Martha  Penning- 
ton of  Canterbury,  and  had  an  only  daughter, 
who  married  Thomas  Pennington,  A.M.,  rec- 
tor of  Thorlev.  The  third  son,  Samuel  Sale, 
perbhed  in  the  great  earthquake  at  Lisbon. 
A  daughter,  Marianne  Sale,  married  Edward 
Arkell;  by  whom  she  had  an  only  child,  Ed- 
ward. Sale's  three  remaining  children  died 
young  (manuscript  notes  by  Pennington  in 
1784  edition  of  Sale's  Koran,  belonging  to 
the  Bev.  H.  S.  PenningtoUi  rector  of  Su 
Clement  Danes). 


Sale 


$ia 


Sale 


8tle*B  mannacTipts  passed  into  tlie  posses- 
u<m  of  Hamerton.  tlia  administratior  of  his 
"wiUt  who  pnntad  a  catalogue  of  them^  in 
Ftaich  as  well  as  in  Engushf  containing^ 
eightf-fiix  items.  They  were  eventually 
bought  by  Professor  Thomas  Hunt  of  Oxford 
for  the  KadclifTe  Library,  and  axe  now  in 
the  Bodleian.  Some  of  the  manuscripts  seem 
to  hftTe  come  £rom  Aleppo,  and  in  the  Ma- 
kamat  of  Hariri  and  in  one  or  two  other 
books  8sle*s  name  will  be  found  scribbled  in 
Arabic  characters.  In  1789  Hamerton  pub- 
Ushed  'The Lives  and  Memorable  Actions  of 
maoiy  Illustrious  Persons  of  the  Eastern 
NaUons.'  In  the  title  it  states  that  the 
woik  was  designed  and  begun  by  Sale,  and 
completed  bv  a  gentleman  who  resided  in 
Turkey  nearly  twenty  years. 

.  n>a?enpost'8  Sketch  of  the  life  of  George 
SaJA ;  Boon  of  the  Soeiety  for  the  Proraotion  of 
Christian  Kaowledge.]  H.  T.  L. 

SALE,  JOHN  (1758-1827),  vocalist  and 
composer,  the  son  of  John  Sale  a7S4-1802), 
junior  vicar  of  Lincoln  in  1761,  and  lay 
derk  of  Windsor  in  1767,  was  bom  in  Lon- 
don in  1768.  From  1767  to  1776  Sale  was 
A  chorister  of  Windsor  and  Eton,  and  from 
1777  to  1796  ky  viear.  In  1788  he  was  ap- 
pointed gentleman  of  the  Chapel  Koyal,  m 
1,795  vicar  choral  of  St.  Paurs  Cathedral, 

Sd  in  1796  lay  vicar  of  Westminster  Abbey. 
.  ,1800  he  succeeded  to  the  position  of 
almoner  of  St.  Paul's  and  master  of  the 
choristers,  which  posts  he  held  until  his  re- 
signation in  1812.  In  1818  he  became  senior 
gentleman  or  father  of  the  Chapel  Royal, 
and  was  excused  further  duty  and  atten- 
dance. 

Sale  possessed  an  excellent  bass  voice  and 
sang  as  soloist  and  in  concerted  music  at 
many  important  concerts  and  cathedral  fee- 
tiydis.  Prom  1789  to  1814  his  name  ap- 
peared in  the  Ancient  Concerts  programmes, 
where  HandeVs  music  occupied  the  chief 
place.  He  did  not,  however,  neglect  the 
homelier  art  of  glee-singing.  He  conducted 
the  glee  club,  and  was  uom.  1  Feb.  1785 
honorary  member,  and  from  14  Jan.  1812 
secretary,  to  the  Noblemen's  Catch  Club. 
Henry  Phillips,  himself  a  bass  soloist,  de- 
scril^d  Sale's  basso-seoondo  as  '  mellow  and 
l^utiful'  (BecolUctionSf  i.  149).  Sale's 
liiethod  WQS  that  of  the  best  English  school, 
cjpreful  and  pure,  and  his  articulation  dis- 
tinct. Possessed  of  considerable  judgment 
aijid  taste,  he  was  much  sought  after  as  a 
tocher.  He  died,  aged  69,  at  Marsham 
Street,  Westminster,  on  11  Nov.  1827.  and 
was  buried  on  the  19ih  at  St.  Paul's  Cfathe- 
draL 


Sale  published,  about  1800, '  A  Collection 
of  New  Glees,'  including  tax  original  num- 
bers for  three  and  four  voices,  namely, '  My 
PhiUida^  adieu,' '  Thyrsis,  the  music  of  that 
murmuring  spring,'  'With  an  honest  old 
friend^'  *  No  giorv  1  coveV  *  With  my  jug  of 
brown  aJe,'  '  Sometimes  a  happ}r  rustic 
swain.'  He  also  edited  Lord  Momington's 
glees.    His  son, 

JoHX  BsBNABD  SiiLB  (1779-1856),  orga- 
mst.  was  bom  at  Windsor  on  24  June  1779. 
LoL  1786  he  was  a  chorister  of  Windsor  and 
Eton.  In  1792  he  belonged  to  the  chorus  of 
the  Ancient  Concerts,  and  in  1794  he  sang 
as  a  principal  soprano  at  the  Hereford  Three 
Choirs  Festival  In  1800  he  became  lay 
vicar  of  Westminster  Abbey,  obtaining  a 
second  appointment  in  1806 ;  in  1803  he  was 
admitted  gentleman  of  the  CSiapel  Royal, 
and  in  18(^  succeeded  to  the  post  of  organist 
to  St.  Margaret's,  Westminster.  A  similar 
appointment  at  the  Chapel  Royal  was  ac- 
cepted in  1838  by  Sale,  wno  in  the  meantime 
had  won  a  repuuition  as  a  teacher,  and  was 
in  1826  chosen  to  teach  singing  to  the  Prin- 
ceps  Victoria.  While  most  Knglish  basses 
could  hardl;^  be  distinguished  from  baritones, 
Sale,  like  his  father^  had  a  true  bass  voice. 
He  sang  at  the  Ancient  Concerts  from  1821 
to  1838.  He  died  at  Millbank,  Westminster, 
on  16  Sept.  1856,  aged  77.  His  three 
daughters  survived  him;  two,  Mary  Anne 
and  Sophia  ((2.1869), were  musicians;  Laura, 
the  youngest,  married  WiUiam  John  Thorns 
[q.  v.],  the  antiquary. 

He  publishea,  besides  songs,  duets,  and 
arrangements,  the  glee  '  You  ask  the  reason 
why  1  love,'  which  gained  the  king  of  Han- 
over's prize  at  the  Catch  Club,  1844,  and 
'  Psalms  and  Hymns,'  a  collection  of  church 
music  especially  adapted  for  St.  Margaret's 
choir  and  congregation,  1837.  John  Ber- 
nard's brother, 

Geokgb  Chasles  Sale  (1796-1869),  or- 
ganist, youngest  son  of  John  Sale,  succeeded 
Dr.  Busby  in  1817  as  oro^st  of  St.  Mary's, 
Newington,  and  in  182o  was  appointed  or- 
ganist of  St.  Qeorge*s,  Hanover  Square.  He 
died  on  23  Jan.  1809. 

[Glove's  Diet,  iil  218 ;  Annual  Biogr.  ziii. 
466 ;  Diet,  of  Mumcians,  ii.  406 ;  Gent.  Mag. 
1856,  ii.  652 ;  Pohl's  Haydn  in  LoiidoD, passim; 
Quarterly  Musical  Mag.,  1827  p.  544,  1828  p. 
281 ;  Haimonicon,  1827,  i.  250 ;  Annals  of  the 
Three  Choire,  pp.  71,  76,  86;  Musical  World, 
1837-56,  passon;  Lincoln  Archaeological  Soc 
Keportfi,  1891.]  L.  M.  M. 

sale;  Sib  ROBERT  HENRY  Q782. 
1845),  major-general,  defender  of  Jalalabad, 
second  son  of  Colonel  Sale  of  the  East  India 


Sale 


6'jt 


Sale 


Compute  iemeei  by  his  yniS^  dhu^htex  of 
Hsny  Bxiae,  esq^  of  JOuokden,  Hnntuigdoii- 
fthire,  was  bom  on  19  Sept.  1782.  Educited 
with  his  brother  Chx»ge  Jdhn(iifterw«rdfl  of 
the  17th  and  4th  dragoons)  at  Dr.  Nicholaa's 
Bobool  at  Baling,  he  obtained  an  eniign's 
commiesion  in  w  86t&  foot  on  19  Jan.  1796. 
He  'was  pzomoted  to  be  lieutenant  on 
19  Avril  1797,  and  on  8  Jan.  1798  was  trans* 
ftmca  in  the  same  zanJc  to  the  IStih  foo^ 
then  quartered  at  Fort  George,  Madras.  He 
inarched  with  his  regnment  to  Tai^ore,  arriv- 
ing there  on  1  Maroh,  and  on  22  July  nio- 
oeeded  with  it  to  join  the  force  assemblinff 
under  Lieutenant-general  (afterwards  Lord) 
Harris  to  act  against  Tipu  Sultan.  The 
12th  foot  were  in  the  first  infantry  brigade 
under  Major-general  Baird.  On  7  March 
17^  diey  were  employed  in  an  attempt  to 
surprise  the  enemy's  cavalry  camp,  and  on 
the  Sth,  took  possession  of  Naldrug.  Sale 
took  part  in  the  operations  in  the  battle  of 
M^lavelly  on  27  March  and  in  the  siege  and 
storm  of  Seringanatam,  which  was  carried 
by  assault  on  4  May.  He  received  the  silver 
medal  I6r  Seringapatam.  He  was  engaged 
with  his  regiment  under  Oolonel  Stevenson, 
in  the  subsequent  operations  directed  by 
Oolonel  the  Hon.  A.  WeUeslejy  (afterwards 
Duke  of  Wellington),  commanding  in  Maisu^ 
against  the  freebooter  Dhundia  Wagh,  be- 
tween Julv  and  September,  the  troops  eft- 
gaged  receiving  the  thanks  of  the  governor- 
general  in  coundl  and  of  the  Madras  gorem- 
ment.  The  12th  foot  were  then  encamped 
near  Seringapatam  till  the  dose  of  1800.  in 
December  Sale  aewed  in  the  expedition  into 
the  Wainad  and  Malabar  country  under 
Oolonel  Pater  against  Paiehi  Biga.  The  ser- 
vice was  very  severe  in  this  hilly  and.  thickly 
wooded  country,  and  was  not  concluded  until 
May  1801,  wImu  the  troops  again  received 
the  thanks  of  government. 

Sale  returned  with  his  regiment  to  Sorin- 
Ipapatam.  moving  in  October  to  TrichinopQly, 
where  tney  remained  for  nearly  four  years, 
when  they  were  again  sent  to  Seringapatam. 
On  28  March  1800  Sale  was  promoted  to  be 
ca^^tain,  and  in  April  1807,  after  an  epi- 
demio  of  fever,  he  accompanied  his  regiment 
to  Osnnanore.  Ls  December  1808  they  em- 
barked for  Quilon  in  Travanoore  to  wage  war 
against  the  nuah  of  that  provinee,  arriving 
thei«  on  29  Deo.  On  15  Jan.  1809  Sale 
semd  with  his  regiment,  which  formed  pert 
ht  Oolonel  Ohalnwifi'iB  foffce,  against  the 
dewnnofT^vaneore.  After  an  engagement 
at  Quilott  which  lasted  for  five  hours,  the 
enemy  wesa  defeated  with  the  loss  of  iiMus 
tsen  flfuns.  Again,  on  dl  Jan.  ha  was  eft* 
gigeitin  another  vict^iiona  action  at  Quilon« 


when  another  gun  was  captuied.  He  took 
part  in  the  storminff  of  the  l^avanoore 
lines  and  theaetion  of  KiUianore  on  21  Feb.| 
when  seven  guns  were  captured  and  &v^ 
thousand  of  ins  enemy  defMted. 

Sale  arrived  on  24  July  1809  with  hia, 
regiment  at  Trichinopoly,  where  he  married 
the  same  year.  In  August  1810  the  regi-* 
ment  moved  irom  Walijabad,  wheare  it  had 
been  quartered,  to  St.  Thomas's  Mounts  and 
thence  in  September  to  Madras,  where  it 
embarked  in  uie  fleet  to  take  part  in  the  ex« 

edition  against  Mauritius.  Sale  landed  in 
apon  Baj  with  the  troops  on  28  Nov.  He 
tooK  part  in  the  storm  of  the  French  position 
a  few  miles  from  Port  Louis,  and  in  the  other 
operations  resaltinff  in  the  surrender  of  the 
island  on  3  Dec.  1810.  He  remained  in 
ICauritius  until  April  1813,  when  he  moved 
with  the  reffiment  to  Bourbon.  He  was 
nromoted  to  be  regimental  major  on  30  Dec 
1818,  and  served  on  the  staff  during 
his  stay  in  Bourbon ;  on  the  restoration  of 
that  island  to  France  in  April  1815  Sale  re- 
turned with  his  battalion  to  Mauritius.  Sale 
sailed  from  Mauritius  with  the  1st  battalion 
on  25  July  for  England,  and  landed  at  PcMts* 
mouth  on  10  Nov.  The  regiment  moved  to 
Ireland,  arriving  at  Cork  on  26  Dec.  and  a^ 
Athlone  on  9  Jan.  1818.  Here  the  two 
battalions  met ;  the  second  was  disbanded,  on 
reduction  of  the  army,  on  16  Jan. ;  Sale,  as 
a  junior  major,  was  placed  on  half-pay  on 
26  March  1818, 

Sale  was  brought  back  to  full  pay  as 
major  in  the  13th  foot  on  28  Jane  1821,  and 
joined  the  regiment  at  Dublin.  He  accom- 
panied the  18th  foot  to  Edinbui^h  in  August 
1822  to  do  datv  during  the  visit  of  George  lY, 
and  proceeded  thence  to  Chatham,  and  on 
1  Jan.  1828  sailed  with  it  for  India,  arriving 
at  Calcutta  in  May. 

Towards  the  end  of  1823  Burmese  incur- 
rions  on  British  territory  led  to  war  with 
Burma,  and  an  expedition  was  fitted  out 
under  the  command  of  Major-general  ^ 
Archibald  Campbell  Lieutenant-colonel 
McCreagh^  who  commanded  the  13th  foot, 
having  been  appointed  to  command  abrigade^ 
the  command  of  the  re^^ent.  devolved  upon 
Sale,  who  embarked  with  it  on  5  April  1824^ 
and  entered  the  Irrawaddy  on  10  May.  Ban- 
goon  was  occupied,  and  Sale  with  uie  13th 
regiment  drove  the  enemy  from  the  neiffh- 
bourhood.  On  10  June  Sale  commanded 
two  companies  of  the  13th  foot  and  two 
companies  of  the  38th  foot  in  the  suocessfi^l 
attack  OA  the  stronghold  at  Kignandiiu 
Thib  slookads  was  ten  feet  h^h,  and  the 
Bsegot,  encouftged  by  Sal^  helped  one  another 
up  its  face,  entering  the  wotk  simoltaneona^ 


Sale 


6ja 


Sale 


with  the  party  at  the  breach.  Sir  A.  Gamp* 
bell  mentioned  in  his  despatch  that  Sale  was 
the  first  man  who  appeared  on  the  top  of  the 
work.  The  attack  on  the  seven  stockades 
at  Eamanit  on  8  July  was  led  by  Sale  at 
the  head  of  his  regiment.  Sale  had  a  per- 
sonal encounter  with  the  Burmese  com- 
mander-in-chief, whom  he  killed  in  single 
combat,  taking  from  him  a  valuable  gold^ 
hilted  sword  and  scabbard. 

At  the  end  of  November  1824  Sale  com- 
manded one  of  the  two  columns  of  attack 
which  were  to  advance  from  Rangoon. 
With  this  column,  eiffht  hundred  strong,  on 

1  Dec.  Sale  stormed  the  Burmese  lines.  On 
the  6th  he  drove  the  enemy  from  all  their 
positions.  On  the  8th  he  attacked  the  rear 
of  the  enemy's  lines  opposite  the  Great 
Pagoda,  and  on  the  16th  stormed  the 
enemy's  entrenchment  at  Eokien,  where 
he  was  severely  wounded  in  the  head.  Sir 
A.  Campbell  again  mentioned  Sale  in  his 
despatch  as  '  an  officer  whose  gallantry  has 
been  most  conspicuous  on  every  occasion 
since  our  arrival  at  Rangoon,'  and,  alluding 
to  his  wound,  '  I  trust  his  valuable  services 
will  not  long  remain  unavailable.' 

The  Burmese  army  having  retreated  to 
Donabyu,  the  commander-in-chief  detei> 
mined  on  an  advance  on  Prome,  first  sending 
Sale  with  a  column  to  reduce  the  province 
of  Bassein.  Embarking  on  10  Feb.  1826  at 
Rangoon,  Sale  arrived  off  Pagoda  Point, 
Chreat  Negrais,  on  the  14th.  On  the  26th 
the  first  stockade  on  the  river  was  success- 
fully stormed ;  others  followed ;  and  when 
the  city  of  Bassein  was  reached  on  3  March, 
it  was  found  to  be  on  fire  and  abandoned. 
Sale  made  an  expedition  up  the  river  120 
miles,  returning  to  Bassein  on  23  March, 
and,  having  met  with  no  resistance,  he  re- 
embarked  with  the  troops  under  his  com- 
mand for  Rangoon,  where  he  arrived   on 

2  May.  He  was  promoted  to  be  regimental 
lieutenant-colonel  on  2  June  1826,  and  on 
the  same  day  his  brother  G^ige,  in  the  4th 
dragoons,  was  promoted  to  be  lieutenant- 
colonel  ;  so  their  names  for  some  years  were 
together  in  the  army  list. 

On  8  Aug.  Sale  embarked  with  his  regi- 
ment at  Rangoon  to  join  the  army  at  Prome, 
where  he  arrived  on  26  Aug.  On  1  Dec. 
1826  he  commanded  the  Ist  brigade  and  re- 
pulsed the  Shans  and  Burmese  at  Simbike, 
near  Prome ;  the  next  day  he  stormed  the 
enemy's  position  on  the  Napadi  Hills.  On 
19  Jan.  1826  he  commandea  the  successful 
assault  from  boats  on  the  main  face  of  the 
enemy's  works  at  Malown,  when  he  was 
severely  wounded.  He  was  again  mentioned 
in  despatches.    The  war  was  concluded  the 


following  month,  and  Sale  returned  with 
his  regiment  to  India,  arriving^at  Oalcatta 
in  the  middle  of  April  1826.  He  was  made 
a  Companion  of  the  Bath  for  hia  services  in 
Burma. 

Sale  was  with  his  regiment  at  Barhampur 
until  November  1826,  when  he  took  it  to 
Danapur  for  five  years  and  then  to  Agra  for 
four  years,  and  in  January  1836  he  amved 
at  Eamal.  On  28  June  1838  Sale  was  pro- 
moted to  be  brevet-colonel.  In  October  be 
was  appointed  to  command  the  1st  Bengal 
brigade  of  the  army  of  the  Indus,  then 
assembling  at  Eamal.  This  brigade,  which 
formed  the  advanced  brigi^e  throughout 
the  first  campaign  in  Afghuiistan,  was  com- 
posed of  the  13tn  light  infantry  and  the  I6th 
and  48th  native  inuntry  regiments. 

The  march  from  Eamal  began  on  8  Nor. 
1838.  Sale  reached  Rohri  at  the  end  of 
January  1839,  crossed  the  Indus  by  a  bridge 
of  boats,  and  reached  Shakarpur  on  20  FA, 
After  a  five  days'  halt  at  Dsdar  he  entered 
the  Bolan  pass  on  16  March,  and  reached 
Shalkot  or  Quetto  on  26  March  with  little 
opposition  but  ^at  loss  of  baggage-animals. 
Want  of  suppbes  was  greatly  felt,  and  the 
force  had  to  be  put  on  reduced  rations. 
After  a  halt  of  eleven  days  the  Ehojak  pass 
was  traversed,  with  further  loss  of  animals, 
baggage,  and  ammunition,  but  without  oppo- 
sition,  and  Sale  entered  Eandahar  on  26  ApriL 
Here  a  halt  of  two  months  was  made  to 
allow  crops  to  ripen  and  the  army  to  rest 
and  refit.  In  this  interval  Sale  was  sent,  on 
12  May,  with  a  mixed  force  of  two  thousand 
^ye  hundred  men,Abbott's  battezj^  of  artillery, 
t  wol8-pounder  guns,and  two  6^inch  mortan, 
to  reduce  Girishk  and  dislodge  the  Eandahar 
chiefs  from  their  refuge.  After  a  fatiguing 
march  the  river  Halmand  was  crossed  on 
18  May,  and  Sale  found  Girishk  deserted, 
the  Afghan  chiefs  having  retired  towards 
Seistan.  Leaving  a  regiment  of  the  shah's 
contingent  to  occupy  Girishk  and  other 
abandoned  places,  Sale  hastened  back,  on 
24  May,  to  ICandahar,  where  he  arrived  on 
29  May. 

On  27  June  the  march  to  Kabul  was  re* 
sumed,  and  on  21  July  the  army  arrived  in 
front  of  Ghazni.  The  Eabul  gate  was  blown 
in  by  the  engineers  on  l£e  morning  of 
23  July,  and  Sile  commanded  the  storming 
column^  composed  of  aU  the  European  in- 
fantry m  the  force;  the  advanced  sectiotty 
consisting  of ^  the  light  companies  nndar 
Odonel  Dennie,  made .  good  their  entrance^ 
and  were  at  once  supported  by  Sale  with  ihm 
main  column.  There  was  a  sturdy  confliot 
at  the  gate,  and  amid  the  crumbling  masonry 
and  the  fidling  timber,  Sale  was  brought  to 


Sale 


673 


Sale 


the  ground  by  sn  A%faan  sabre-cut^  in  the 
&oe.  After  a  desperate  struggle  with  his 
assailant,  whose  skull  he  clave,  he  regained 
his  feet,  and  the  fortress  was  soon  in  posses- 
sion of  the  British.  Ghazni  being  well  pro- 
visioned, the  army  wss  able  to  recruit,  and 
after  a  week's  rest  the  march  was  resumed 
and  Kabul  entered  without  further  opposi- 
tion on  7  Auff.  1889,  Dost  Muhammad  hav- 
ing fled  to  Bokhara. 

On  28  Jul^  1889  Sale  was  giTen  the  local 
rank  of  majoi>genenil  while  serving  in 
A%hanistan.  He  was  made  a  K.C.6.  for 
his  services  with  the  army  of  the  Indus,  and 
the  shah  bestowed  upon  him  the  order  of 
the  second  class  of  the  Durani  Empire.  On 
the  break-up  of  the  army  of  the  Indus  in 
October  1889  and  the  departure  of  Lord 
Keane,  Major-general  Sir  "Willoughby  Cotton 
took  command  of  the  troops  in  Afghanistan, 
and  Sale  was  second  in  command.  He  spent 
the  winter  at  Jalalabad,  whither  Shah  Snuja 
had  moved  his  court,  and  where  Lady  Sale 
and  his  daughter  joined  bim  and  accompanied 
him  to  Kabul  wnen  the  shah  returned  there 
in  the  spring  of  1840.  In  spite  of  the  sub- 
aidies  paid  to  the  hill  tribes,  the  escort  was 
attacked  on  the  way. 

In  the  autumn  of  1840  Dost  Muhammad 
was  again  in  the  field  and  raising  the  whole 
country  against  the  British.  Sale  was  sent 
on  24  Sept«  to  chastise  some  rebellious  chiefs 
in  Kohistan,  the  hill  country  north  of  Kabul, 
his  brigade  consisting  of  the  18th  light  ui- 
fuitry,  the  27th  and  two  companies  of  the  87  th 
native  in&ntrv,  Abbott's  9-pounder  battery, 
two  of  the  shah's  horse-artiUery  guns,  a 
34-pounder  howitzer,  two  mortars,  the  2nd 
Bengal  light  cavaliy,  and  a  regiment  of  the 
ahah's  horse.  On  29  Sept.  the  enemy  was 
found  strongly  posted  in  nront  of  the  viUa^ 
of  Tutandara,  six  miles  north-east  of  Chari- 
kar,  their  flanks  suppcnrted  by  small  detached 
forts.  Sale  threatened  both  flanks  and  at- 
tacked the  centre  in  force  with  complete 
ancoeea.  His  attack  on  the  fort  of  Jtugah 
on  S  Oct.  was  less  successful,  but,  although 
the  attacking  column  was  at  first  beaten  off 
with  loss,  the  enemy  evacuated  the  fort  in 
the  evening  and  fled.  On  18  Oct.  an  attack 
was  made  on  Babu-Kush-Ghar,  when  the 
enemv  retired.  On  19  Oct.  Sale  was  rein- 
foroed  by  the  remaining  six  companies  of  the 
97th  native  in&ntry  and  two  9-pounder8, 
and  on  the  20th  be  attacked  and  captured 
Eutfdarrah  and  Baidak.  For  the  remainder 
of  the  month  Sale  was  engaged  in  minor 
operations  and  ineffectual  attempts  to  cap- 
tnre  Boat  Muhammad,  who  was  then  in  tne 
Nijrao  country. 

On   29  Oct.  Sale  was  at  Bagh-i-Alam 

VOL.  xvn. 


when  he  heard  that  Dost  Muhammad  waa 
in  the  'Kohistan  valley.  On  2  Nov.  he  en- 
countered and  defeated  him  near  the  village 
of  Parwan.  In  the  cavalry  charge  the 
British  officers  covered  themselves  with 
glorv,  but  the  native  troopers  fled,  and  the 
Afghan  horsemen,  emboldened  by  tlus  craven 
conduct,  charsed  nearly  up  to  the  British 
guns.  Broadfoot  of  the  engineers  and  Dr. 
Lord,  political  a^fent,  who  accompanied  the 
cavalrv,  were,  with  the  adjutant,  killed,  and 
several  of  the  officers  were  severely  wounded. 
The  British  infantry,  advancing,  recovered 
the  lost  ffround,  and  cleared  the  Farwandara 
or  pass  01  Parwan,  the  enemy,  completely  de- 
feated, flying  to  the  Panjsher  valley.  Dost 
Muhammad,  seeing  the  hopelessness  of  fur- 
ther resistance,  went  to  Kabul  and  surren- 
dered himself  to  Sir  William  Macnaghten, 
He  accompanied  Sir  WUloughby  Cotton  to 
India,  leaving  Kabul  on  12  ffov.,  when 
Major^eneral  William  G^rge  Keith  Elphin- 
stone  [q.  v.]  succeeded  to  the  A^hanistan 
command.  Sale  returned  with  his  force  to 
Kabul.      . 

Some  reductions  and  alterations  were 
made  in  the  army  of  occupation,  which 
settled  down  into  the  quiet  hfe  of  canton- 
ments. Many  of  the  married  officers  had 
sent  for  their  wives  and  families,  and,  wrapt 
in  a  false  sense  of  security,  were  oblivious  of 
thecominff  storm.  On  9  Aug.  1841  Sale's 
youngest  daughter  was  marri^  at  Kabul  to 
Lieutenant  J.  L,  D.  Sturt  of  the  engineers. 
Notwithstanding  that  the  inhabitants  of  the 
country  manifested  their  antipathy  to  Euro- 
peans by  continual  insults  and  occasional 
murders ;  tbat  the  shah  waa  daily,  by  his  con- 
duct, alienating  his  subjects ;  and  that  not  a 
single  month  passed  without  a  punitive  ex- 
peoition,  no  suspicion  of  danger  influenced 
the  actions  of  the  political  and  military 
authorities.    At  an  early  sta^  of  the  oocu- 

Sition  Sale  had  protested  agamst  placing  the 
ritish  troops  in  cantonments  in  the  position 
proposed,  and  had  vainly  advocated  the  occu- 
pation of  the  Bala-Hissar,  where  a  British 
force  could  have  held  Kabul  against  any 
odds.  WhUe  contemplating  a  large  reduc- 
tion in  the  not  over  la^  army  of  occupatioui 
the  government  now  determined,  for  the  sake 
of  4,000/.  a  year,  to  reduce  the  subsidies  paid 
to  the  hill  tribes  to  keep  open  the  passes 
and  refrain  from  plunder.  TheGhilaaisardars 
were  informed  of  the  decision  at  the  be- 
ginning of  October  1841.  The  hillmen  at 
once  rose  and  occupied  the  passes  in  force^ 
cutting  the  communications  oetween  Kabul 
and  India. 

Sale,  who  was  about  to  proceed  with  his 
brigade  to  India  on  relief,  and  with  whom  Mac- 

XX 


Sale 


674 


Sale 


naffhten,  appointed  governor  of  Bombay,  was 
to  nave  returned  to  India, was  directed  to  clear 
the  passes  to  Jalalabad.  On  12  Oct.  he 
moved  from  Butkhak  into  the  Khnrd  Kabul 
pass,  his  force  consisting  of  the  13th  light 
infantry,  the  d6th  native  infantry,  two  field 
guns,  some  native  sappers,  and  some  Jazail- 
ohis.  Crowning  the  neight  on  each  side  of 
the  defile.  Sale  forced  the  pass,  but  was 
wounded  early  in  the  fight  oy  a  buUet  in 
the  ankle  and  reUnquished  the  command  to 
Lieutenant-colonel  Dennie.  On  reaching 
Ehurd  Kabul  the  13th  light  infSuitry  re- 
turned to  Butkhak,  leaving  the  rest  of  the 
force  under  Lieutenant-colonel  Monteith  at 
Khi^  Kabul.  Li  these  positions  the  force 
remained  for  nine  da^s,  Sale  refusing  to 
move  without  a  sufficient  force,  transport, 
and  ammunition.  He  moved  from  Khura 
Kabul  on  22  Oct.  with  the  13th  light  in- 
fuitry,  the  36th  and  four  companies  of  the 
d7th  native  in&ntry.  No.  6  neld  (camel) 
battery,  the  mountain  train,  the  corps  of 
sappers  and  miners,  a  squadron  of  the  5th 
li^t  cavalry,  and  a  nsala  of  the  shah*8 
second  cavalry.  He  made  his  way  cautiously 
through  the  defiles  of  the  Hafb  Kotul, 
occupving  the  heights  on  each  side  with 
skmmshers,  and  on  reaching  the  valley  of 
Tesin  attacked  and  captured  the  fort.  The 
loss  was  slight,  the  rearguard  sufiering 
most,  but  a  good  deiftl  of  baggage  and  ammu- 
nition was  carried  off  by  the  enemy. 

Sale  halted  at  Tezin  on  the  night  of 
SS  Oct.  The  political  officers  were  all  power- 
ful, and  as  Macna^hten  ruled  at  EjiduI,  so 
Macgregor  controlled  Sale  at  Tecin,  and 
precious  days  were  wasted  in  making  a  treaty 
"With  the  ndthless  Afghans  instead  of,  by 
seizing  their  forts  and  breaking  their  power, 
forcing  them  to  keep  open  the  passes.  On 
26  Oct.  Side  sent  back,  under  command  of 
Major  Ghriffiths,  the  87th  native  infantry, 
three  companies  of  Captain  Broadfoot's 
sappers,  and  half  the  mountain  train  to 
Kabar  Jabar,  between  Tezin  and  Khurd 
Kabul,  to  keep  open  the  route  through 
whidi  he  had  just  passed,  and  to  await  the 
arrival  of  a  regiment  expected  firom  KabuL 
Being  much  pressed  for  baggage  animals,  he 
appropriated  the  disposable  animals  of  the 
troops  sent  back.  On  the  same  day  he 
marched  to  Seh-Baba  and  reached  his  first 
camping  ground  with  no  other  opposition 
than  some  shaip  skirmishing  between  his 
bagffage  and  rear  guards  and  the  enemy. 
On  27  Oct.  he  movS  to  Kata  Sang  through 
a  narrow  pass,  after  reaching  the  summit  of 
which  it  was  necessary  for  the  rearguard  to 
fi^ht  throughout  the  rest  of  the  march,  in- 
flicting severe  loss  upon  the  enemy.     At 


Kata  Sang  Sale  received  information  that 
the  enemy  were  massinff  to  resist  him  in  the 
Pari-dara  and  Ja^ali^  passes.  Captain 
Macgregor,  the  pohtical  officer,  assured  Sale 
that  there  was  no  national  feelinff  of  hostility, 
and  that  after  the  treaty  he  haa  made  there 
would  be  no  organised  attack.  Sale,  how- 
ever, avoided  the  Pari-dara  route,  where  the 
enemv  were  prepared  to  resist  him,  and  on 
the  28th  took  the  route  to  the  south  over  the 
hills,  a  chord  of  the  arc,  a  segment  of  which 
was  occupied  by  the  enemy.  Here  Sale 
missed  an  opportunity  of  striking  a  deadly 
blow,  and  of  crushing  the  insurrection. 
Had  he  turned  sharply  to  his  left  when 
opposite  the  defile,  owing  to  the  peculiar 
configuration  of  the  j^ound,  he  would  have 
caught  the  Ghilzais  m  a  hopeless  position, 
swarming  along  the  southern  margm  of  the 
pass  to  overwhelm,  as  they  believed,  the 
British  column  locked  amid  the  winding  of 
the  defile  below — ^would  have  snared  them  in 
their  own  net,  and  driven  them  headlong 
over  the  precipice.  It  is  possible  that  igno- 
rance of  the  ground  or  deference  to  Mac- 
gregor's  treaty  may  have  been  the  reason  of 
the  omission,  but  it  was  a  serious  blunder 
having  momentous  consequences.  Sale  was 
attacked  after  passing  the  outlet  of  the 
Pari-dara,  but  held  the  Afghans  in  check. 
On  account,  however,  of  the  jaded  condition 
of  his  camels  he  had  to  destroy  a  ffood  deal 
of  camp  equipage  to  prevent  it  £uiing  into 
the  enemys  hands.  On  the  29th  Sale 
marched  from  Jagdalak  to  Surkh-ab,  and  his 
rearguard  had  some  sharp  fighting  in  forcing 
the  naasage  of  the  Kotal-i-Js^alak.  On 
the  SOth  Gandamak  was  reached  without 
further  molestation. 

On  5  Nov.  on  the  urgent  representations 
of  Broadfoot  and  (Sir^  Henry  Havelook  [q.  v.], 
Sale  sent  a  force  to  Mamu  Khel,  which  cap- 
tured the  fort  of  Mir  Afiral  Khan,  who  was 
molesting  the  British  camp.  On  10  Nov.  Sale 
received  the  news  of  the  outbreak  at  Kabul, 
and  the  murder  on  2  Nov.  of  Sir  Alexander 
Bumes  [q.  v.l,  accompanied  by  peremptory 
orders  from  Elphinstone  to  return  at  once 
with  his  whole  force  to  Kabul.  Sale  called 
a  coimcil  of  war,  and,  concurring  in  its  ad- 
vice, continued  his  march  the  following  day 
towards  Jalalabad,  where,  after  a  successful 
contest  at  Fatehabad,  he  arrived  on  12  Nov. 
1841,  the  Afghans  hovering  about  his  rear 
all  the  way,  but  meeting  with  severe  punish- 
ment. On  15  Nov.  he  wrote  to  El^hmstone 
explaining  his  reasons  for  taking  this  course, 
which  were  briefiy  that  his  camp  equipage 
had  been  destroyed ;  he  had  three  hundred 
sick  and  wounded ;  there  was  no  longer  a 
single  depot  of  provisions  on  the  road  to 


Sale 


67s 


Sale 


Kabul ;  his  available  cama^  was  insuificient 
to  bring  on  one  da^*8  rations  with  it ;  the 
whole  country  was  m  arms;  his  ammunition 
was  insufficient ;  with  the  means  at  his  dis- 
posal he  could  force  neither  the  Ja^alak 
nor  the  Khurd  Kabul  pass,  and  if  the  ddbris 
of  his  force  should  reach  Kabul,  it  would 
be  only  to  find  the  Kabul  garrison  without 
the  means  of  subsistence.  Regard  for  the 
honour  and  interests  of  the  fforemment  com- 

Selled  him  to  put  Jalalabad  into  a  state  of 
efence  until  the  Kabul  force  should  fall 
back  on  it  or  succour  arrive  from  Peshawar. 
Ck>nsiderin^  that  Major  Griffiths,  with  the 
37th  native  infantry  and  three  guns,  sent 
back  by  Sale  to  Kal»r  Jabar  and  recalled  to 
Kabul  by  Elphinstone,  made  good  his  wa)r 
through  the  passes  in  spite  01  the  Gfailzai 
attack,  and  reached  Kabul  on  8  Nov.  with- 
out even  the  loss  of  any  baggage,  it  is  diffi- 
cult to  understand  why  Sale  could  not  have 
secured  his  sick  and  wounded  and  his  bag^ase 
in  one  of  the  defensible  forts  in  his  neign- 
bourhood,  and  then,  unencumbered,  made  a 
rapid  march  to  Kabul,  where  his  appearance 
would  have  hem  a  blow  to  the  insurrection 
and  new  life  to  the  British  cause.  Even  if 
lie  did  not  go  to  Kabul,  he  would  have  been 
of  much  greater  use  to  the  Kabul  force  had 
he  remained  at  Gandamak,  where  he  could 
have  maintained  himself  at  least  as  easily  as 
at  Jalalabad,  and  could  have  held  out  a  help- 
ful hand  to  the  retiring  Kabul  force.  On 
the  other  hand  it  must  oe  remembered  that 
Sale's  decision  must  have  been  deliberately 
taken,  for  he  had  the  strongest  personal  in- 
ducements to  return  to  Kabul,  where  his 
-wife  and  daughter  and  son-in-law  shared  the 
dttogers  of  the  garrison. 

T^e  defences  of  Jalalabad  were  in  a  mise- 
Table  condition,  and  there  were  no  food  sup- 
plies. Sale's  force  numbered  about  two  thou- 
sand men,  composed  of  seven  hundred  men 
of  the  Idth  light  infantry,  half  of  whom  were 
lecmits  who  had  joined  from  England  during 
the  summer ;  the  S6th  native  infantry,  760 
men;  Broadfoot's  sappers,  160  men;  forty 
men  of  the  shah's  in&ntry;  one  squadron 

S)0  men)  of  the  6th  Bengal  cavalry  under 
ptain  Oldfield ;  one  risak  of  Shah  Shuja's 
oontingent(ninety  sabres);  Backhouse's  moun- 
tain train  (sixty  men) ;  and  Abbott's  battery 
^120  men\  A  successfiil  sortie  was  made 
by  Monteith  on  14  Nov.,  which  cleared  the 
neighbourhood  of  A%hans  and  enaUed  sup* 
plies  to  be  got  in.  Abbott  and  Broadfoot 
.were  entrusted  with  the  duty  of  placing  the 
town  in  a  state  of  defence.  On  the  2l8t 
Sale  heard  of  the  destruction  of  the  Charikar 
garrison,  and  the  following  day  of  the  evaoua- 
tm  of  Peril  BoUk,  east  of  the  ^^-^-- 


pass,  and  by  the  end  of  the  month  Sale  was 
surrounded  by  six  thousand  Afghans.  An- 
other successful  sortie  was  made  by  Dennie 
on  1  Dec,  which  left  tlie  garrison  unmolested 
for  some  time  and  enabled  the  provisional 
defences  to  be  completed.  On  2  Jan.  1842 
Sale  heard  of  the  murder  of  Macnaghten, 
and  on  the  9th  he  received  orders  from 
El^hinstone  to  evacuate  Jalalabad  and  march 
to  Feshawaar,  in  accordance  with  a  conven- 
tion made  at  Kabul.  The  despatch  informed 
Sale  that  Akbar  Khan  had  given  a  safe*con- 
duct,  and  that  he  would  be  unmolested  on 
his  marclL  It  is  impossible  to  account  for 
the  imbecility  which,  could  put  faith  in  the 
Afghans  after  the  events  which  had  occurred* 
Sale  at  this  time  intercepted  a  despatch  from 
this  very  Akbar  Khan  to  a  chief  near  Jalala- 
bad ezhortinff  the  faithful  to  assemble  and 
fight  the  infiaels,  and  he  so  informed  Elphiiv 
stone,  and  declined  to  move  without  further 
orders.  On  13  Jan.  a  solitary  horseman,  Di!. 
Brvdon,  wounded  and  exhausted,  arrived  to 
tell  the  fearful  tale  of  the  annihilation  of 
the  Kabul  force  of  4,600  men  with  its  ten 
thousand  camp  followers.  Broadfoot,  the 
acting  engineer,  laid  before  Sale  the  con- 
dition of  Jalalabad,  and  advised  him,  if  he 
thought  he  could  not  hold  out,  to  march 
that  night  for  Peshawar  while  retreat  was 
possible. 

On  23  Jan.  came  news  of  Colonel  Wild's 
attempt  to  force  the  Khaibar  and  the  aban- 
donment of  Ali  Masjid.  Every  precaution 
was  taken  by  Sale  and  the  Jalalabad  garri- 
son to  enable  them  to  fight  to  the  last^  and 
they  prepared  for  the  worst.  On  26  Jan.,  how- 
ever, Macgpregor  received  a  letter  from  Shah 
Shuja  referring  to  the  treaty,  and  askinv 
Sale's  intentions  in  remaining  in  JalalabacL 
A  council  of  war  was  called  on  the  follow- 
ing day,  which  was  presided  over  by  Sale 
and  attended  by  Oaptsin  Macgregor,  politi- 
cal officer,  Lieutenant-colonels  Dennie  and 
Monteith,  and  Captains  Abbott,  Broadfoot, 
Oldfield,  and  Backhouse.  Captains  Have- 
lock  and  Wade,  Sale's  staff  officers,  were  also 
present,  but  had  no  vote.  Sale  and  Mac- 
gregor proposed  to  negotiate  for  the  evacua- 
tion, which  was  vehemently  opposed  by 
Broadfoot  and  Oldfield,  but  agreed  to  by  the 
rest ;  the  meeting  was,  however,  adjourned 
until  the  following  day,  when,  after  a  heated 
discussion,  the  reply  to  Shah  Shuja,  agreed 
to  by  the  majority,  modified  as  regards  hofr- 
tages,  was  approved  and  sent.  This  reply 
was  briefly  tnat,  if  the  shah  had  no  farther 
need  of  their  services,  they  would  evacuate 
Jalalabad  on  his  giving  them  formal  permis- 
sion to  do  so,  provided  Akbar  Klum  were 
withdrawn,  tkati.  aafehoonduct  were  guaran- 

zx2 


Sale 


676 


Sale 


teod  to  the  force  on  their  return  to  India, 
and  that  hostages  were  g^iven. 

The  decision  of  Sale  and  the  majority  of 
the  council  was  based  upon  the  consideration 
that  thegovemor-general had  abandoned  them 
by  his  despatch  directing  that,  if  Kabul  fell,  all 
other  stations  should  be  evacuated;  and  that, 
if  they  defied  the  shah,  the  British  captives 
might  suffer,  while  hj  negotiating  time  would 
at  any  rate  be  gamed.  On  12  Feb.  the 
same  council  was  assembled  to  hear  the 
shah's  rejoinder,  which  was  a  request  that 
the  members  would  affix  their  signatures 
and  seals  to  Macgregor's  letter.  In  the 
meantime  there  had  been  considerable  dis- 
cussion as  to  the  situation,  and,  though  Sale 
and  Macgregor  urged  the  members  to  affix 
their  seeds,  the  demand  of  the  shah  was 
seized  upon  as  an  opportunity  to  withdraw 
from  the  proposals  contained  m  the  letter  of 
28  Jan.  The  shah  was  accordingly  informed 
that  the  coimoil  declined  to  negotiate  further 
until  assured  that  he  no  longer  desired  their 
services. 

These  councils  of  war  have  been  the  sub- 
ject of  considerable  discussion,  not  generally 
favourable  to  Sale  and  Macgregor.  The 
original  papers  came  into  the  hirnds  of  the 
Inma  omce  only  in  1890,  and  a  study  of 
them  shows  that,  while  Sale  was  too  easily 
influenced  by  Macgregor  to  put  trust  in  the 
crafby  Afghan,  his  chief  hope  seems  to  have 
been  that  negotiations  would  gain  time, 
which  was  all  important.  The  credit  of 
withstanding  all  attempts  at  evacuation,  and 
of  almost  alone  upholaing  the  necessity  of 
maintaining  the  nosltion  (»  Jalalabad  to  the 
last,  belonffs  to  (ieorge  Broadfoot.  The  very 
da^  after  the  council  nad  been  held  Sale  re- 
iseived  intelligenoe  that  (Sir)  George  PoUodc 
f  q.  v.]  had  arrived  at  Peshawar  to  command 
the  force  for  his  relief. 

On  19  Feb.  severe  earthquakes  occurred, 
causing  great  destruction  of  ouildings.  They 
undid  m  an  hour  all  that  Sale's  force  nad  con- 
structed in  three  months.  Nothing  daunted, 
however.  Sale  set  to  work  the  next  day  to 
reconstruct  the  defences,  and  Broadfoot  vtras 
again  his  right  hand  in  the  work.  Earth- 
quake shocks  of  a  milder  form  continued  to 
recur  during  the  next  month,  but  little 
damage  was  done  by  them.  On  28  Feb.  and 
on  2  and  4  March  Akbar  Ehan  made  attacks 
which  were  repulsed.  Provisions  began  to 
&11  short,  and  the  investment  was  drawn 
closer ;  but  successiiil  sorties  were  made  on 
1  and  24  March,  and  again  on  1  April,  when 
five  hundred  sheep  were  capturea.  When 
Sale  proceeded  to  aistribute  the  sheep  among 
the  different  regiments  and  coips  of  his  force, 
a  pleasing  incident  occurred :  the  86th  native 


infimtry  desired  that  their  share  miffht  be 
given  to  their  friends,  the  13th  light  inmntiy, 
as  animal  food  was  less  necessary  to  them 
than  to  European  troops. 

On  5  April  Macgregor^s  spies  brought  in 
false  news  of  the  de&Bt  of  Pollock  m  the 
Khaibar,  and  on  the  6th  Akbar  Khan  fired 
a  salute,  as  was  supposed,  in  honour  of  this 
victory.  Urged  by  Broadfoot  and  Abbott 
and  other  fiery  spirits.  Sale,  who  was  eager 
to  fight  but  loth  to  take  the  responsibility, 
made  arrangements  to  give  battle  to  Akbar 
on  the  following  day  and,  if  successful,  to 
move  with  all  his  baggage  and  stores  towards 
the  Khaibar.  In  the  evening  he  learned  that 
Pollock  had  been  victorious  at  the  Khaibar, 
and  that  Akbar's  salute  was  to  celebrate  die 
murder  of  Shah  Shuja  at  KabuL  Sale  never- 
theless determined  to  fight  on  the  morrow  as 
already  arranged.  Accordingly,  at  daybreak 
on  7  April,  he  formed  his  troops  in  three 
columns  of  attack,  under  oonmiand  respec- 
tively of  Dennie,  Monteith,  and  Havelock. 
The  attack  was  completely  successful,  but 
Dennie  was  killed  leading  the  Idth  light  in- 
fantry to  victory.  Akbar  EJian's  lines  were 
carried  by  7  ▲.%.,  and  his  camp,  baggage, 
artillery,  arms,  ammunition,  and  horses  rail 
into  Sale's  hands.  Akbar,  with  the  wreck  of 
his  army,  fied  towards  Kabul,  and  the  chiefs 
of  the  districts  in  the  Khaibar  direction 
hastened  to  submit  to  Sale. 

On  16  April  Pollock  arrived  at  Jalalabad 
with  his  relieving  column  to  find  that  Sale 
had  relieved  himself.  Lord  Ellenborough, 
the  new  governor-general,  issued  a  highly 
complimentary  order,  in  which  he  alluded  to 
the  g^arrison  of  Jalalabad  as  that '  illustrious 
garrison.'  A  silver  medal  and  six  months' 
oatta  was  granted  to  every  officer,  non-com- 
missioned officer,  and  man,  both  European 
and  native,  which  belonged  to  the  gamaon 
on  7  April  1842.  The  order  was  directed  to 
be  read  to  all  the  troops,  and  a  salute  of 
twenty-one  guns  to  be  fired  at  every  princi- 
pal station  of  the  army  in  India. 

A  long  stav  was  made  bv  Pollock  at 
Jalalabad,  partly  on  account  of  sickness  and 
want  of  transport,  but  mainly  because  of  the 
indecision  of  the  government  as  to  the  course 
to  be  pursued.  On  16  June  1842  Sale  vras 
made  a  Knight  Gband  Cross  of  the  Batii  for 
his  defence  of  Jalalabad.  Towards  the  end 
of  July  Sale  moved  his  division  (the  first)  to 
Fatehabad,  on  the  road  to  Kabul,  and  on 
20  Aug.  Pollock  marched  from  Jalalabad 
with  the  remainder  of  the  army.  On  8  Sejpt. 
Sale  encountered  the  enemy  at  the  Jagdalak 
pass,  where  they  occupied  a  position  of  great 
strength,  and,  after  some  shiurp  fighting  and 
yeiy  fttigning   dimbingi  dispersed   tham« 


J 


Sale 


677 


Sale 


Sale,  always  to  the  front  when  flffhting  was 
going  on,  was  wounded  leading  his  men  up 
the  heights.  On  12  and  IS  Sept.  some  twenty 
thousand  men  had  oocupiea  every  post  of 
Tantaffe  in  the  Tezin  pass,  but  Sale  drove 
them  Irom  ciag  to  crag,  contested  at  every 
step,  until  the  pass  was  cleared,  hut  only  to 
finoi  numbers  assembled  in  an  almost  impreg- 
nable position  on  the  Haft  Kotal  (7,800 
feet).  The  hill  was  after  mudi  labour  scaled, 
and  the  enemy  driven  from  height  to  height. 
A  decisive  victory  was  fpained,and  on  15  Sept. 
Sale  encamped  ms  division  at  Kabul. 

On  arrival  at  Kabul,  Sir  Richmond  Camp- 
bell Shakespear  [^.  v.]  had  been  at  once 
despatched  with  six  hundred  horsemen  to 
xeecue  the  captives  at  Bamian,  and  on  the 
17th  Sale  took  a  brigade  of  his  Jalalabad 
troops  and  pushed  on  to  Shakespear's  sup* 
port.  The  captives,  who  had  oy  bribery 
already  effected  their  own  release,  met  Shake- 
spear on  17  Sept.  and  the  following  day  were 
safe  in  Sale's  camp. 

On  13  Oct.  Sale  led  the  advanced  guard 
on  the  return  march  to  India  by  the  Khiubar 
pass,  and,  having  exercised  great  caution^ 
met  with  no  difficulty,  and  reached  All 
Hasjid  on  12  Nov. 

On  17  Dec.,  at  the  head  of  the  Jalalabad 
garrison,  Sale  crossed  the  Satlaj  by  the  bridge 
of  boats  into  Firoipur,  and  was  received  with 
great  honour  and  ceremony  by  the  governor- 
general.  On  24  Feb.  1843  the  thanks  of 
parliam«it  were  unanimously  voted  to  Sale 
for  the  skill,  intrepidity,  and  perseverance 
displayed  in  the  military  operations  in  Af- 
l^anistan.  The  resolution  was  moved  in 
the  House  of  Lords  by  the  Duke  of  Welling 
ton,  and  in  the  House  of  Commons  by  Sir 
Eobert  PeeL  On  the  death  of  General  Ed- 
ward Morrison,  colonel  of  the  13th  (Prince 
Albert's)  regiment  of  light  infantry,  Sale 
Teoeived  on  16  Dec.  1843,  as  a  special  promo- 
tion for  distinguished  service,  the  colonelcy 
of  his  old  regiment,  a  most  unusual  distino- 
tion  for  so  junior  an  officer.  In  addition  to 
the  special  medal  for  Jalalabad,  Sale  received 
medals  for  Ghasni  and  Kabul. 

Sale  went  to  England,  but  returned  to 
India  on  appointment,  on  29  March  1844,  as 
quartermaster-general  of  the  queen's  troops 
m  the  East  Indies.  On  the  outbreak  of  the 
Sikh  war,  towards  the  end  of  1845,  he  served 
as  quartermaster-general  of  the  armv  under 
Sir  Hugh  (afterwards  Lord)  Gough.  His 
left  thigh  was  shattered  by  a  grape-shot  at 
the  battle  of  Mudki  on  18  Dec,  and  he  died 
from  the  effects  on  21  Dec.  1845. 

Sale  was  a  brave  soldier.  He  was  nick- 
aamed '  Fighting  Bob,'  and  wherever  there 
was  fighting  he  was  sdways  in  the  thick  of 


it.  His  men  followed  hhn  anywhere.  He 
was  too  much  afraid  of  responsibility  to 
make  a  ^od  general,  nor  indeed  had  he  the 
special  gifts  wnich  make  a  great  commander. 
Sir  RoMrt  Peel,  in  the  House  of  Commons, 
paid  a  graceful  tribute  to  his  memory  when 
proposing  a  vote  of  thanks  to  the  army  of 
the  Satlaj,  and  suggested  a  public  menu-* 
ment.  A  portrait  <n  Sale  was  paintc^i  by 
GFeorge  Chut,  A.R;A.,  and  engraved  in 
meisotinto  by  Thomas  Lupton.  Another  por- 
trait was  painted  by  Scarlet  Davis^  ana  in 
1846  was  in  the  possession  of  John  Hinz-' 
man,  esq. 

SSale  married,  in  1809,  Flobbntia  (bom 
13  Aug.  1790),  daughter  of  George  Wynoh, 
esq.  She  was  at  Ludiana  at  the  time  of  her 
husband's  death.  On  the  retreat  of  the 
British  force  from  Kabul  in  January  1842, 
and  the  massacre  which  ensued,  Lady  Sale 
had  shared  the  horrors  of  those  cold  snowy 
days  and  nights.  She  did  what  she  could  to 
alleviate  the  sufferings  of  the  women  and 
children  and  the  wounded.  Her  clothes 
were  riddled  with  bullets,  and  she  was  twice 
wounded  and  had  a  bullet  in  her  wrist. 
With  her  daughter,  Mrs.  Sturt,  she  soothed 
the  last  moments  of  her  mortally  woimded 
son-in-law,  Lieutenant  Sturt  of  the  engineers^ 
who  died  near  Khurd  Kabul  on  9  Jan.  1842, 
and  was  the  only  officer  who  received  Chris- 
tian buriaL  At  last,  on  10  Jan.,  Akbar  Khan 
had  compassion  on  these  unfortunate  women 
and  children,  and  carried  them,  with  other 
prisoners  and  hostages,  to  a  fort  in  the  Khurd 
Kabul.  Their  baggase  was  all  looted^  and 
they  had  only  the  clothes  they  were  wearing. 
Fortunately,  before  leaving  iLetbul,  Lady  Sale 
had  taken  out  her  diary  to  make  an  entr^, 
and  then,  finding  her  baggage  gone,  put  it  in 
a  bag  which  she  tied  to  her  waiet.  This 
graphic  account,  begun  at  Kabul  in  Septem- 
ber 1841,  was  continued  through  her  cap- 
tivity, and  published  in  1843.  On  11  Jan. 
1842  the  captives  were  moved  from  Khurd 
Kabul ;  they  reached  Jagdalak  on  the  13th, 
on  the  15th  Tigri,  a  fortified  town  in  the 
valley  of  Lughman,  twenty-five  miles  north 
of  Jalalabadj  and  on  the  17th  Badiabad, 
eight  miles  higher  up  the  valley,  the  fort  of 
which  formed  the  prison  of  nine  ladies, 
twenty  gentlemen,  and  fourteen  children, 
besides  seventeen  European  soldiers,  two 
European  women,  and  one  child.  Crowded 
togetner,  with  no  spare  clothes  nor  neces- 
saries, except  coarse  food  and  shelter,  they 
were  nevertheless  not  molested,  and  Lady 
Sale  was  even  allowed  to  carry  on  a  corre- 
spondence with  her  husband  m  Jalalabad, 
lliey  suffered  a  good  deal  from  the  earth- 
quake €^  19  Feb.  and  frequent  earthquakes 


Sale 


678 


Salgado 


during  the  followinff  month.  On  11  April, 
after  the  battle  of  Jalalabad,  they  were 
moved  from  Tigri,  and  reached  Tezin  on 
the  19th.  Here  some  of  the  party,  includinff 
General  Elphinstone,  who  died  on  2d  April, 
were  left,  but  Lady  Sale  and  her  daughter, 
with  the  remainder  of  the  party,  went  on  to 
Zandah  on  the  32nd,  remaining  there  a  whole 
month.  On  23  May  they  left  Zandah,  and 
the  next  day  arrived  at  Nur  Muhammad, 
Mir  Akor's  fort  near  Kabul.  On  26  Aug. 
the  captives  were  moved  from  Nur  Muham- 
mad, and  reached  Bamian  on  3  Sept.,  in 
charge  of  Saleh  Muhammad  Khan.  Having 
ascertained  that  this  man  was  open  to  bribery, 
a  paper  was  drawn  up  in  which  the  prisoners 
agreed  to  pay  him  twenty  thousand  rupees 
down  and  a  pension  of  twelve  thousand  rupees 
per  annum  to  effect  their  escape.  On  18  Sept. 
they  heard  of  the  approach  of  Pollock  and 
Nott  to  Kabul  from  Maidan  and  Butkhak  re- 
spectiveljr,  and  that  a  light  force  had  been  sent 
to  their  aid,  so  on  the  16th  they  started  from 
Bamian,  and  on  the  17th,  at  the  forts  at  the 
foot  of  the  Kalu  pass,  met  Sir  Richmond 
Shakespeare  on  his  way  with  six  hundred 
Kazlbash  horsemen  to  rescue  them.  They 
continued  their  march  under  his  protection. 
On  the  following  dar  they  met  Sale  and  his 
brigade,  who  arrived  just  in  time  to  prevent 
their  recapture  by  an  Afghan  force  u4der 
Saltan  Jan.  On  21  Sept.  they  arrived  at 
KabuL  After  her  husband's  death  Lady 
Sale  continued  to  reside  in  the  hills  in  India 
on  a  pension  of  600/.  a  year,  granted  by  the 
aueen  as  a  mark  of  approbation  of  her  con- 
duct and  of  her  husband's  services.  In  1853 
she  visited  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  for  the 
benefit  of  her  health,  and  died  at  Gape  Town 
on  6  July,  a  few  days  after  her  arrival  there. 
Lady  Sale  was  far  excellence  'a  soldier's 
wife.'  She  was  tne  companion  and  friend  of 
her  husband  throughout  a  life  of  military 
vicissitude,  sympathiBing  with  him  in  all 
that  concerned  his  profession,  quick  in  per- 
ception, self-reliant  and  practical. 

f Despatches;  War  Office  Records;  India 
Office  Keeords;  Stooqueler's  Memorials  of  Af- 
ffhanistan,  Calcutta,  1S48 ;  Oleig's  Sale"^  Brigade 
in  Afghauistan,  London,  1846 ;  Kaye's  History 
of  the  War  in  A^hanistan,  London,  1851 ;  Kaye's 
Lives  of  Indian  Officers,  London,  1867 ;  Durand's 
First  Afghan  War  and  its  Causes,  London, 
1879  ;  Low's  First  Afghan  War,  from  the  Jour- 
nal and  Correspondence  of  Major-general  Augus- 
tus Abbott,  London,  1879;  Forbes's  Afghan 
Wars,  London,  1892 ;  Eyre's  Military  Opera- 
tions at  Oabul,  London,  1843 ;  Low's  Life  and 
Correspondence  of  Field- Marshal  Sir  George 
Pollock,  London,  1873 ;  Malleson's  Hist,  of  Af- 
ghanistan, London,  1878 ;  Lady  Sale's  Journal 
of  the  Disastera  in  Afghauistan,  London,  1813; 


Welsh's  Military  Beminiscsnces,  liondon,  1680 ; 
Hough's  Political  and  Military  Events  in  Britash 
India  from  1756  to  1849,  London,  1863 ;  Vibartfs 
Military  History  of  the  Madras  Engineeza, 
London,  1881 ;  Professional  Papers  of  the  Corps 
of  Eojal  Engineers,  Occasional  Papers  Series, 
vol.  iii.  1879;  Hist.  Review,  January  1893; 
Gent.  Mag.  1846  and  1853;  The  Defence  of 
Jalalabad,  engravings,  with  letterpress  at  the 
end  by  Colonel  W.  Sale,  fol.  London,  1846,  with 
portrait  of  Sir  B.  Sale  as  frontispiece;  Annual 
jRegister,  1845;  Broadfoot's  Career  of  Major 
George  Broadfoot,  C.B.,  London,  1888;  Cannon's 
Historical  Beoord  of  the  Twelfth  or  the  East 
Suffolk  Kegiment  of  Foot,  London,  ]  848 ;  Can- 
non's Historical  Becord  of  the  Thirteenlih,  First 
Somerset,  or  the  Prince  Albert's  Begiment  of 
Light  Infantry,  London,  1848 ;  English  Cyclo- 
p»dia,  1872.]  B.  BL  V. 

SALE-BARKER,  LUOY  ELIZA- 
BETH DRUMMOND  DAVIES  (1841- 
1892),  writer  for  the  young,  born  in  1841, 
was  the  third  and  youngest  daughter  of 
Francis  Henry  Davies  (1791-1863),  regi- 
strar of  the  court  of  ohanceiy,  andf  of  his 
wife.  Lady  Lucy  Clementina  (k  1879),  onlv* 
sister  of  George  Drummond^  fourteentifL 
earl  of  Perth  and  sixth  duke  of  Melfort. 
She  was  twice  married :  first,  on  25  Aug. 
1858,  to  Lieutenant-colonel  James  John 
Yilliers,  who  died  in  command  of  the  74th 
highlanders  at  Belasse,  India,  on  10  May 
1862,  affed  38  (  Gent  Mag.  1862,  iL  233) ;  an^ 
secondly^  on  10  Aug.  1866,  to  John  Sale- 
Barker  of  Cadogan  Place,  Chelsea,  who  died, 
6  Oct.  1884.  Mrs.  Sale-Barker  died  on 
6  May  1892. 

Mrs.  Sale-Barker  begsn  her  literary 
career  with  occasional  articles  for  the  magnr- 
zines,  and  about  1872  began  to  write  regularly 
for  children.  Between  1874  and  1888  she 
published  move  than  forty  volumes  for 
luvenile  readers.  Many  of  the  stories  she 
nad  composed  for  her  own  children.  Some  of 
her  publications  bore  such  titles  as  '  Little 
Bright  Eyes'  Picture  Book'  and  *  Little 
Golden  Locks'  Story  Book.'  She  edited 
'  Little  Wide-Awake,'  a  magazine  for  chil- 
dren, from  its  commencement  in  1874  until 
her  death,  and  wrote  the  verses  for  Kate 
Greenaway's  popular  '  Birthday  Book  for 
Children '  (1880). 

[Times,  9  May  1892;  Burke's  Peerage,  &v. 
Perth;  AUibone's  Diet.  s.  v.  'Barker,'  dnppL  i. 
93  ;  Brit.  Mus.  Cat.]  £.  L. 

SALESBURY.    [See  Salibbtjbt.] 

'SALESBY,'  ROBERT  of   (JL  1150), 

chancellor  of  Sicily.    [See  Robert.] 

SALGADO,  JAMES  (^  1680),  Danish 
refugee,  of  a  good  Spanish  family,  becajaa 
a  ttomish  priest  of  the  order  of  the  Domini- 


Salisbury 


679 


Salisbury 


caiiA.  Becoming  comTBrted  to  protestanttflm, 
he  sufiered  mudi  hj^  the  inquisition  of 
Spain,  and  after  yisitmg  France,  Italy,  and 
the  United  Netherlands,  came  to  England 
shortly  before  ld78.  On  26  Dec  1678 
Andrew  Sallfq.  y.l  signed  a  certificate,  dated 
from  Christ  Churon,  Oxford,  testifying  to  his 
ciTil  behaviour  in  the  uniyersity ;  oall  re- 
commended him  for  employment  in  tuition. 
In  his  dedication  of  the  '  Description  of  the 
Plasa'  to  Charles  n  Salgado  speaks  of  his 
pinching  poverty.  It  is  possiole  he  left 
England  for  Holland  before  1684. 

Sdgado  wrote:  1.  'The  Romirii  Priest 
tum'd  Protestant,  with  the  Reasons  of  his 
Conversion,  wherein  the  true  Church  is  ex- 
posed to  the  view  of  Christians  and  derived 
out  of  the  Holy  Scriptures/  London,  1679, 
4to  (dedicated  to  the  lords  and  commons  in 
parliament).  2. '  A  brief  Description  of  the 
If  ature  of  tne  Basilisk  or  Cockatrice '  (anon.) 
(1680  P),  4to.  8.  *  'Sv/i0/«>o-tr,  or  the  intimate 
converse  of  Pope  and  Devil  attended  by  a 
Cardinal  and  Buffoon.  To  which  is  annexed 
the  portrait  of  each  with  a  brief  explication 
thereof,'  London,  1681  (dedicated  to  Prince 
Kupert,  duke  of  Cumberland) ;  Manchester, 
1828^  8 vo ;  with  *  An  Appenoix  wherein  the 
Hellish  Machinations  oftne  Pope  are  further 
searched  into  on  the  occasion  of  the  never 
enough  to  be  lamented  death  of  Sir  Ed- 
mundbury  Godfrey ,'  London,  1681.  4.  *  An 
impartial  and  briei  Description  of  the  Plaxa 
or  sumptuous  Market  Place  of  Madrid  and 
the  Bull-baiting  there,  together  with  the 
History  of  the  famous  Placidus,'  London, 
1683,  4to  (dedicated  to  Charles  11);  re- 

frintod  in  'Harleian  Miscellany,'  voL  vii. 
.  *  GFeraldus  Lisardo  de  regimine  morali  per 
Jacobum  Salgado  Hispanum,'  Amsterdam, 
1684  (date  corrected  to  1683). 

[Salgado's  works;  Harleian  Mlsoellany,  vii. 
237  ».]  W.  A.  S. 

8AIJSBI7BY,  Eaios  of.  [See  Lo»aE- 
8P^,  WiLXJAX  DE,  first  earl  of  the  Longe- 
sp4e  familv,  d.  1226 ;  Loiro£sp£E,  WiLLii.K 
BB,  second  earl,  1212P-1260;  Montacxttb, 
WiLUAH  SE,  first  earl  of  the  Montacute 
family,  1301-1344;  Moktacutb,  William 
OB,  second  earl,  1328-1897;  Montaoutb, 
JoHir  DB,  third  earl,  1860  P-1400 ;  Monta- 
CUTB,  Thomas  db,  fourth  earl,  1388-1428; 
Nbvillb,  Hichabd,  first  earl  of  the  Neville 
fiunily,  1400-1460;  Neville,  Kichabd, 
second  earl,  1428-1471 ;  Cbcil,  Hobbbt,  first 
earl  of  the  CecQ  family,  1663-1612 ;  Cecil, 
James,  third  earl,  d.  1683;  Cbgil,  James, 
fourth  earl,  d,  1693.] 

SALISBURY,  CouiTTESs  oy.  [See  Pole, 
Maboasbi,  1473-1541.] 


SALISBUBY,  ENOCH  EGBERT 
GIBBON  (1819-1890),  harrister,  eldest  son 
of  Joseph  Salisbury  of  Bagillt,  Flintsfaire, 
was  bom  on  7  Nov.  1819.  He  became  a 
student  of  the  Inner  Temple,  7  Jan.  1860, 
and  was  called  to  the  bar,  17  Nov.  1862.  He 
went  the  North  Wales  circuit,  where  he 
had  a  good  practice,  but  his  chief  success  was 
as  a  parliamentary  counsel.  He  was  elected 
in  the  liberal  interest  M.P.  for  Chester  in 
1867,  but  he  was  unsuccessful  in  contesting 
the  seat  in  1869.  His  knowledge  of  books 
relating  to  Wales  and  the  border  counties 
was  remarkable.  Of  these  he  made  a 
fine  collection,  which  is  now  in  the  posses^ 
skm  of  Cardiff  College.  He  died  at  his 
house,  Glen-aber,  Saltney,  near  Chester,  on 

27  Oct.  1890,  and  was  buried  at  Eccleston, 
near  that  city.  He  married,  on  28  June 
1842,  Sarah,  youngest  daughter  of  the  Rev. 
Arthur  Jones,  D.I).  She  died  on  2  Match 
1879,  leaving  a  son  and  five  daughters. 

SidisbuTv  published :  1.  '  A  Letter  on 
National  Education,  suggested  by  "A  Letter 
on  Sute  Education  in  Wales,"'  1849,  I6mo. 
2.  'A  Catalogue  of  Cambrian  Books  at 
Glen-aber,  Chester,  1500-1799,  not  men- 
tioned in  Rowhmds's  Cambrian  Bibliographj,' 
Carnarvon,  1874,  8vo.  8. '  Border  Counties 
Literature,  a  Catalogue  of  Border  County 
Books  in  the  Glen-aber  Library,  Chester, 
A.i>.  1600-1882,'  pt.  i.  Chester,  ]2mo,  no 
date.    4.  'Border  Counties  Worthies'  (re- 

frinted  ficom  the  *  Oswestry  Advertiser  ^, 
st  and  2nd  ser.  London,  1880, 8vo. 

[Fostei^a  Men  at  the  Bar,  p.  410 ;  British  Ma- 
seam  and  Manchester  Free  Library  Oatalogaes ; 
information  from  Mr.  T.  Oann  Hoghes.]  A.  N. 

SALISBURY  or  SALBSBUEY, 
HENRY  (1561-1637  P),  Welsh  grammarian, 
bom  in  1661  at  Dolbelidr  (now  known  as 
Ffynonfair)  in  the  parish  of  Henllan,  Den* 
bighshire,  was  probably  the  younoest  son  of 
Foulke,  third  son  of  Piers  Salesbury  of 
Bachymbyd  and  Riig,  a  branch  of  the  Sales- 
barys  of  Llewenny,  Denbighshire  (cf.  Wil- 
liams, Records  of  Denbigh^  p.  182).  He  ma- 
triculated on  16  Dec.  1681  at  St.  Ailum  Hall, 
Oxford,  and  graduated  K  A.  on  1  Feb.  1684-5 
and  (under  the  name  of  Robert)  M.A.  on 

28  June  1688  (Fostbb,  Alumm  Oxon.  s.v. ; 
ChLTiSJ^f  Register jiiu  \2Q),  He  studied  medi* 
cine,  which  he  afterwards  practised  'with 
great  success'  at  Denbigh;  but  'he  was  es- 
teemed by  the  learned  not  only  an  eminent 
physician,  but  a  curious  critic,  especially  as 
to  matters  relating  to  the  antiquities  and 
language  of  his  country '.  (Wood).  Dr.  John 
Davies  (1570  P-1644)  [q.  v.]  referred  to  him 
as  '  medicus  doctis  annumerandus.'  In  16d3 


Salisbury 


680 


Salisbury 


liu  published  a  Welah  grammar,  bearing  the 
title '  Grammatica  Britamiica  in  usum  linguflD 
Btudiosorum  succinctft  methodo  et  perspicoi- 
tate  facili  conscriptai  et  nuno  in  lucem  edita' 
(London,  8vo)  ;  the  first  Welsh  grammar, 
that  of  Dr.  loan  Dafydd  or  John  David  Rhys 
[a,  Y.l  was  published  in  the  preceding  year. 
Salesbury  dedicated  his  book  to  Henry,  earl 
of  Pembroke ;  no  copy  is  now  known.  He 
also  be«^n  a  Welsn-Latin  dictionsj^r,  to 
which  he  ffave  the  title  'Geirva  Tavod 
Oymraec:  hoc  est,  Vocabularium  Linfiruse 
GlomeritaniB,'  &c.,  and  this  he  intendea  to 
publish  with  a  new  edition  of  his  grammar; 
but,  according  to  Wood,  the  manuscript  was 
'  left  imperfect,'  and  came  into  the  hands  of 
Dr.  John  Davies,  who  refers  to  it  as  un- 
finished. Davies  is,  however,  said  by  Wood 
to  have  largely  utilised  the  work  in  the  pre* 
paiationof  hisown  dictionary;  but  this  must 
have  been  with  Salesbury's  consent,  as  Davies 
states  in  his  preface  (dated  31  May  1682) 
that  Salesbury  was  alive  at  the  time  of  the 
publication  of  his  work.  The  manuscript 
was  perused  by  Edwfurd  Lhu]^d  [q^v.],  who 
save  in  his  '  Archedologia  Britannica '  (Ox- 
lord,  1707)  a  list  of  woras  included  in  Sales- 
bury's manuscript,  but  omittedin  Dr.  Davies's 
'Dictionary '  (Lhutd,  pp.  iv.  218-21).  Its 
present  whereabouts  is  not  known. 

Some  commendatory  verses,  by  Salesbury, 
in  Latin  and  Welsh,  and  a  metrical  version 
of  Psalm  XV.  are  in  '  Egluryn  Phraethineb ' 
(1595),  edited  by  Henry  Perry  [q.  v.]  He 
seems  to  have  married  Marsery,  daughter 
of  Piers  Salesbury  of  Llanrnaiadr,  and  to 
have  died  in  Chester  on  6  Oct.  1687,  *  being 
of  great  age.'  His  second  son,  Foulkei  was 
an  alderman  of  Chester. 

[Wood's  Athens  Ozon.  i.  689,  667,  and  Fasti, 
i.  226  (where  Humphreys  gives  further  {>artica- 
lars)  ;  Preface  to  Dr.  John  Davies's  Dictionary, 
1682;  Williams's  Records  of  Denbigh,  p.  182 ; 
Ames's  Typogr.  Antiq.  ed.  Herbert,  ii.  1278.] 

D.  Ll.T. 

SALISBURY,  JOHN  oe  (d.  1180),  bishop 
of  Ohartres.    [See  John.] 

SALISBURY,  JOHN  (1500P-1678), 
bishop  of  Sodor  and  Man,  born  about  1600, 
was  a  member  of  the  ancient  family  settled 
at  Llewenny  in  Denbighshire,  whose  name 
was  frequently  spelt  Salesbury  or  Salusbury. 
lie  was  educated  at  Cambridge,  where  he 
proceeded  B.A.  in  1619-20,  M.A.  in  1628, 
and  B.D.  in  1684.  After  his  arts  course  he 
entered  the  Benedictine  order,  and  became  a 
monk  of  Bury  St.  Edmunds.    He  subse- 

Suently  repaired  to  Oxford,  where  he  gra- 
uatea  in  both  the  canon  and  civil  law  in 
1629-80  (Wood,  Fasti  Oxotu  i.  61,  84 ;  Ms 


christian  name  is  given  as  Thomss  in  Boasb'b 
Beg,  of  Univ.  of  Oxford^  L  168).  Here  he 
associated  with  Thomas  Ghrardf  [q.  v.]  and 
other  early  protestants,  and  is  himself  men- 
tioned as  a  '^  gospeller '  (Stbtpb,  BocUs.  Me- 
moriaUf  I.  i.  6^ ;  FozB,  Aoies  and  Monu- 
menu,  ed.  1846,  ▼.  428).  Suspected  of 
holding  heretical  opinions,  he  was  im- 
mrisoned  for  a  year  at  Oxford  by  order  of 
Cardinal  Wolsey. 

On  returning  to  his  abbey  he  was  for  five 
years  little  Mtter  than  a  pritoner,  till 
Henry  VIII  appointed  him  prior  of  St. 
Faith's,  Horsham.  That  post  he  and  the  six 
monks  under  him  soon  resigned  to  the  king, 
subscribing  an  acknowledffment  of  the  royal 
supremacy  on  17  Aug.  16§4  (Deputy^Keeper 
of  Seoords,  7th  Rep.  App.  ii.  289).  He  is 
also  mentioned  as  aobot  of  St.  Mary's,  Titch- 
field,  Hampshire,  which  he  surrendered  about 
the  same  time  {Letters  and  Papen  of 
Henry  VIII,  vol.  xii.  No.  1818  [40l).  On 
19  March  1686-6  he  was  consecratea  suffira- 
ffan-bishop  of  Thetford,  and  within  the  next 
few  years  he  received  numerous  other  pre- 
ferments. He  was  collated  on  20  Dee.  1587 
to  the  archdeaconry  of  Anglesey ;  on  2  Mav 
1688  he  was  appointed  canon  of  Norwich 
Cathedral  by  tne  charter  refounding  that 
church,  and  was  promoted  to  the  deanery  in 
the  following  year.  His  signature  as  dean 
occurs  to  the  decree  dated  9  July  1640  an- 
nulling the  king's  marriage  with  Anne  of 
Cleves.  In  1641,  after  reserving  to  himself 
a  pension  for  life,  he  resigned  the  rectory  of 
Creke  in  Norfolk  to  a  son  of  Sir  R^er 
Townsend,  who  forthwith  presented  Salis- 
bury to  the  rectory  of  Cleydon,  Suffolk.  To 
this  wss  added  the  rectory  <tf  Lopham, 
Norfolk,  on  the  king's  presentation,  2  Feb. 
1646-7. 

On  1  March  1668^,  after  the  accession  of 
Mary,  Salisbury  was  deprived  of  his  deanery, 
and  about  the  same  time  he  lost  his  otiier 
preferments^  on  the  ground  that  he  was  mar- 
ried ;  his  wife  was  a  member  of  a  Norfolk 
family  named  Barret.  He  was,  however, 
re-presented  to  the  rectory  of  Lopham  in 
1664,  installed  chancellor  of  Lincoln  on 
6  April  1664,  restored  to  the  archdeaconry 
of  Anglesey  in  1669^nd  to  the  deanery  of 
Norwich  in  1660.  He  was,  moreover,  ap- 
pointed to  six  other  independent  rectones  in 
the  counties  of  Lincoln  and  Norfolk  between 
1564  and  1667. 

In  1662  Salisbury  appeared  in  convoca- 
tion, subscribed  to  tne  Tnirty-nine  Articlesi 
and  signed  the  petition  for  discipline.  Ow- 
ing to  a  violent  dispute  with  Rowland  Mey- 
rick  [q.  y.],  bishop  of  Ban^r,  he  was  for  a 
short  time  deprived  of  his  archdeaconrji 


Salisbury 


68i 


Salisbury 


probably  on  acoonnt  of  his  zioii-residence  in 
the  diocese.  He  was  also  suspended  from 
his  deanery  for  preaching,  in  his  cathedral, 
a  sermon  in  which  he  *  inveighed  too  sharply 
against  the  vices  of  the  gentry  and  clergy, 
and  seemed  to  prefer  the  popish '  to  the  re- 
formed religion.  He  soon  after  made  a 
satisfactory  explanation  in  the  same  place. 
Both  sermons  are  preserved  among  the  Lam- 
beth manuscripts  (No.  118,  ff.  69,  79). 

On  27  March  1570-1  he  was  appointed 
bishop  of  Sodor  and  Man,  and  was  mnted 
a  dispensation  by  Parker  enabling  nim  to 
hold  m  eommendinn  his  deanery,  archdea- 
conry, snd  the  rectories  of  Diss  and  Thorpe 
in  Norfolk.  He  does  not  appear  to  have 
visited  his  diocese,  bat  died  at  Norwich  to- 
wards the  end  of  Septomber  1678,  and  was 
buried  in  St.  Andrews  Church  in  that  city 
(Blombfihld,  Hist  of  N<nfoik,  viii.  256 ; 
AMhmolean  MS,  792,  ii,  fol.  64). 

SaUsbury  has  occasionally  been  confounded 
with  William  Salisbury  (1620P-1600P)j;q.v.] 
Probably  as  a  result  ox  this  confusion  it  nas 
erroneously  been  stated  that  Salisbury  ren- 
dered some  assistance  in  the  translation  of 
the  New  Testament  into  Welsh ;  he  does 
not  appear  to  have  taken  any  part  in  Welsh 
aflEkirs  oeyond  drawing  the  emoluments  of 
his  archdeaconry.  He  is  said  to  have  been 
highly  esteemed  by  Uie  Duke  of  Norfolk. 
Thomas  Tusser  [q.  v.],  who  was  a  chorister 
in  Norwich  Cathedral,  speaks  of  him  as '  the 
gentle  dean '  (Suffolk  Oarlandf  p.  264). 

[Wood's  AtbenaB  Oxon.  ii.  807 ;  Strype's  An- 
nals, i.  328,  889, 343,  iv.  810  (for  other  references 
in  Stiype*s  Works  see  geDend  index) ;  Cooper's 
Athene  Cantabr.  i.  318-19,  560 ;  Browne  Willis's 
Surrey  of  Bangor,  pp.  138-9,  262.  For  an  ae- 
eonnt  of  Salisbary^  various  preferments  in 
Norfolk  see  F.  Blomefield's  History  of  Norfolk, 
liL  617-18  (and  also  nninexons  other  references 
given  in  general  index  thereto),  and  Foster's 
Alumni  Oxonienses  (s.  v.) ;  biographical  memo- 
randum in  Lansdowne  MS.  No.  981,  f.  126.] 

D.  Ll.  T. 

SAMSBUBY,  JOHN  (1675-1626),jesuit 
snd  Wel^  scholar,  bom  in  1576,  is  described 
as  a  native  of  Merionethshire,  presumably  a 
member  of  the  "Rdg  branch  of  the  Salisbury 
or  SalesbuiT  family.  He  entered  the  Jesuits' 
College  of  St.  Albans,  Valladolid,  on  22  June 
1696,  was  ordained  priest  on  21  Nov.  1600, 
and  in  May  1603  was  sent  to  England,  where 
in  1605  he  entered  the  Society  of  Jesus, 
being  then  described  as  a  '  zealous  missioner 
in  North  Wales.'  On  6  Dec.  1618  he  took 
the  vows  of  a  professed  father.  On  the 
death  of  Father  Kobert  Jonee,  in  1616, 
Salisbury  became  superior  of  the  then  united 
North  and  South  W  ales  district,  taking  up 


his  residence  at  Raglan  Castle,  where  he 
acted  as  chaplain  to  £ad  v  Frances  Somerset. 
By  addinff  to  some  Amds  which  his  prede- 
cessor had  begun  to  collect,  he  was  enabled 
to  found,  in  1622,  the  coU^re  of  St.  Francis 
Xavier,  of  which  he  became  superior.  He 
was  appointed  procurator  of  uie  English 
province  to  Rome,  but  died  in  England  while 
preparing  himself  for  his  journey  thither  in 
1626. 

Salisbury  translated  into  Welsh  Cardinal 
Bellarmine's  laive  catechism  on  Christian 
doctrine,  under  the  title '  Eglurhad  Helaeth- 
lawn  o'r  Athrawiaeth  Gristnogawl.'  This  is 
written  in  idiomatic  Welsh,  and  was  printed 
anonymoushr  at  the  English  Ptovince  press, 
St.  Omer's  (jollege,  in  1618  (16mo,  pp.  848). 
In  the  colophon  the  translation  is  said  to 
have  been  completed  on  26  March  1618 
(Brit.  Mus.)  Sfuisbury  is  said  to  have  com* 
posed  other  works  of  piety. 

He  is  to  be  distinguished  from  John 
Saltsbttbt  (Ji.  1627),  a  member  of  the 
English  College  at  Rome,  and  the  author  of 
a  Latin  poem,  which  bore  the  title  '  Pana* 
cridee  Apes  Musicis  Concentibus  Advocandee 
ad  Philosophicas  Theses,'  which  was  pub* 
lished  at  Rome  in  1627  (4to),  along  with 
three  other  poems  bjy  members  of  the  same 
coUege-^ohn  Campian,  Hadrian  Talbot,  and 
Thomas  Qrine  or  Gnrinus  (Brit.  Mus.) 

[Foley's  Records  of  the  JesuitB,  iv.  335,  392, 
471,  vii.  681,  1460;  Y  Oymmpodor,  iv.  63-6; 
Rowlands's  Oamb^an  Bibhography,  p.  98.] 

D.  Ll.  T. 

SALISBURY,  JOHN  (Jt,  1696),  printer. 
[See  under  Salisbitbt  or  Salbebtb,  'moMAS, 
16e7P-.1620P] 

SALISBURY,  RICHARD  ANTHONY 
(1761-1829),  botanist,  only  son  of  Richard 
Markham,  cloth  merchant,  of  Leeds,  was 
bom  in  1761  at  Leeds.  His  mother  was 
descended  from  Jonathan  Laycock  of  Shaw 
HiU,  who  married  Mary  Lyte,  sister  of 
HenryLyte  [q.  v.],  the  translator  of  Dodoens's 
*  HerbaL  Salisbury,  as  he  afterwards  called 
himself,  seems  to  have  been  educated  at  the 
university  of  Edinburgh,  where  he  became 
intimate  with  James  Edward  (afterwards 
Sir  James  Edward)  Smith  [o.  v.j,  and  pro* 
bably  studied  botany  under  Professor  John 
Hope  (1726-1786).  In  1780,  according  to 
his  own  account,  he  became  acc^uainted  with 
an  elderly  lady.  Miss  Anna  Salisbury,  a  con* 
nection  of  his  maternal  grandmother,  Hester 
Salisbury,  and  in  1786  she  gave  him  ten 
thousand  pounds  in  three  per  cents  to  en* 
able  him  to  pursue  his  studies  in  botany  and 
gardening,  on  condition  of  his  assuming  the 
sole  surname  (tf  Salisbury  (cf .  Bahids,  Cbrr&' 


Salisbury 


683 


Salisbury 


ipondence,  vol.  x.)  SaliBbary  lived  first  on 
one  of  his  father*8  estates,  at  Chapel  Ailerton, 
near  Leeds,  where  he  had  a  fine  giurden. 
About  1802  he  purchased  Ridge  way  House, 
Mill  Hill,  Middlesex,  formerly  the  residence 
of  Peter  Collinson  fq.  v.],  and  now  occupied 
by  a  lar^e  public  scnooL  Smith  spent  a  fort- 
night with  him  at  his  new  home  in  1802. 
The  two  botanists  were  supporters  of  op- 
posing views  of  classification,  Salisbury  using 
the  natural.  Smith  the  Linnsean  system. 
The  latter  seems  to  have  resented  his  mend's 
outspoken  criticisms.  A  furious  quarrel  en- 
sued, in  the  course  of  which  Smith,  in  letters 
to  his  Mends,  assailed  Salisbury's  private 
life  with  much  acerbity.  As  a  result '  there 
was  a  tacit  understanding  on  the  part  of  the 
botanical  leaders  of  the  period,  including 
Brown,  Banks,  and  Smith,  that  Salisbury^ 
botanical  work  and  names  should,  as  far  as 

Possible,  be  ignored'  {Journal  qf  Botany , 
886,  p.  297). 

Sidisbury  added  annotations  to  the  '  Plan- 
tarum  Guianee  Icones '  (1805>7)  of  Edward 
Rudge  [q*v.],  and  described  the  plants  in 
'  Paradisus  Londinensis '  (1806-9),  the  draw- 
ings in  which  were  by  William  Hooker. 
The  cost  of  publishing  the  latter  work  Salis- 
bury partly  defirayed.      There,  in    March 

1808,  he  described  the  genus  Hbokaray  which 
he  named  after  his  friend  William  Hooker, 
the  artist.  In  the  Mav  folio wiiur,  Smith,  with 
a  view  to  depriving  Salisbury  of  the  credit  of 
the  description,  issued  adescription  of  another 
ffenus,  naming^  it  Hookeria,  after  his '  young 
iriend,  Mr.  William  Jackson  Hooker,  of 
Norwich  *  (afterwards  Sir  William  [a.  v.l) 
Three  years  later  Smith  gave  Salisbur^s 
genus  Hookera  the  new  name  of  Broduea 
after  his  wealthy  'friend  and  patron,'  James 
Brodie  of  Brodie  House,  Elgin.  Salisbury's 
morals,  as  a  man  of  letters,  do  not  entitle 
him  to  much  sympathy.  Chi  17  Jan.  1809 
Robert  Brown  (1773-1868)  [q.  v.]  read  a 
paper  at  the  Linnean  Society  on  the  Pro- 
teacesd,  but  this  was  not  published  till  1810. 
Meanwhile  Salisbury,  who  was  present  at 
the  reading  of  Brown's  paper,  published  a 
work  on  the  same  ^up  of  plants  under  the 
nominal  authorship  of  Joseph  Knight,  gaiv 
dener  to  an  enthusiastic  collector,  George 
Hibbert,  M.P.  The  work  contains  several 
descriptions  borrowed  memoritery  but  with- 
out acknowledgment,  from  Brown's  paper. 
Bishop  Qoodenouffh  of  Carlisle,  writing  on 
the  subject  of  the  plagiarismto  Smith,  26I)ec. 

1809,  says :  '  I  think  Salisbury  is  got  just 
where  Catiline  was  when  Cicero  attacked 
him,  viz.  to  that  point  of  shameful  doing 
when  no  good  man  could  be  found  to  defend 
him '  {Memoir  qf  Sir  J.  E,  Smith,  L  688). 


In  1809  Salisbury  was  appointed  the  first 
honorary  secretary  of  the  Horticultural  So- 
ciety of  London.  Next  year  the  accounts 
were  found  in  the  utmost  confusion,  and  he 
was  succeeded  by  Joseph  Sabine  (1770- 
1887)  fq.  v.]  About  the  same  time  he  moved 
firom  Mill  Hill  to  Queen  Street,  Edgware 
Road,  where  in  a  garden,  not  more  than 
thirty  feet  square,  he  cultivated  several  hun- 
dred rare  plants  in  pots.  Despite  his  per- 
sonsl  defects,  Salisbury  was  a  most  accom- 
plished and  painstaking  botanist,  examining 
every  plant  he  could ;  describing,  dissecting, 
drawing,  and  preserving  it  with  the  atmost 
care,  (me  of  tne  chief  roreign  introductions 
which  we  owe  to  him  was  the  Corsican 
pine,  which  he  procured  for  Kew  from  the 
south  of  Europe  in  1814.  Though  appa- 
rently engaged  upon  a '  Ghnera  Plantanun ' 
arranged  according  to  the  natural  system, 
he  published  little  or  nothing  after  1818. 
Having  made  the  acquaintance  of  Alphonse 
de  Candolle  in  Banks's  library,  he  ofiered  to 
bequeath  his  library  and  fortune  to  him,  if 
he  would  act  as  his  literary  executor  and 
take  the  name  of  SaJisbuiy.  This  offer  being 
declined,  it  was  transferred  about  1819  witn 
like  result  to  John  Edward  Qray  (1800-1876). 
After  this  Salisbury  made  the  acquaintance 
of  Matthew  Burchell,  a  Fulham  norist,  and 
made  his  son  William  John  Burchell  (1782  P- 
1868)  [q.  v.],  afterwards  well  known  as  a 
traveller,  his  heir.  Salisbury  died  of  paraly- 
sis in  1829.  On  Burchell's  death,  in  18^ 
his  herbarium  went  to  Kew;  but  Salisbury's 
manuscripts  were  given  by  Miss  Burchell  to 
Dr.  J.  E.  Gray,  who  published  the  com- 
pleted portion  of  the  '  Genera  Plantarum,' 
and  presented  six  volumes  of  drawings  and 
notes  to  the  botanical  department  of  the 
British  Museum. 

Salisbury  married,  in  1796,  Caroline  Stain- 
forth,  and  they  had  one  daughter,  Eleanor, 
who  married  a  Major  Brice  of  Bath.  Salis- 
bury's marriage  proved  unhappy,  owing 
partly  to  disputes  with  his  wife's  relatives 
as  to  her  dowry ;  and  in  order  to  deprive 
his  wife  of  property  that  he  claimed  to  nave 
settled  on  her  he  declared  himself  a  bank- 
rupt, and  had  recourse  to  other  legal  shifts 
of  doubtful  honesty.  There  is  a  pencil  poi^ 
trait  of  the  botanist  at  Kew,  executed  by 
Burchell  in  1817,  and  his  name  was  given 
by  Smith  to  the  maidenhair  tree  of  China 
and  Japan,  which  was  previously  named 
CHnkgo, 

Besides  papers  in  the  Linnean  '  Transac- 
tions,' vols,  i-xii.  (1791-1818),  the  *  Annals 
of  Botany,*  vols.  i.  ii.  Q805-6),  and  the 
Horticultural  Society's  'Transactions,'  vols. 
L  ii.  (1812-17),  Salisbury  was  the  author 


Salisbury 


683 


Salisbury 


of :  1.  '  Icones  Stirpium  rariorum/  London, 
178] ,  fol.y  five  coloured  plates  with  descrip- 
tions, dedicated  to  Banks.  2.  'Prodromus 
Stirpium  in  horto  ad  Ohapel  Allerton/ 
London,  1796,  8yo,  arranged  in  natural 
orders  and  dedicated  to  Josd  Oorrea  de 
Serra.  8.  '  Dissertatio  botanica  de  Erica,' 
reprinted  from  that  of  J.  B.  Struve,  Feather- 
stone,  1800,  4to.  4.  'Genera  of  Plants,' 
London,  1866, 8yo,  edited  by  J.  £.  Otraj, 

[Banks*8  manuscript  Correspondencd,  vol.  z. ; 
Preface  to  the  Genera  of  Plants;  Journal  of 
Botany,  1886.]  G.  S.  B. 

SALISBURY,  ROGER  op  (^.  1189), 
bishop  of  Salisbiuy  and  justiciar.  [See 
RoeBB.] 

SALISBURT  or  SALESBTJRY, 
THOMAS  (1655  P-1586),  conspirator,  bom 
about  1555,  was  the  eldest  son  of  Sir  John 
Salisbur7,junior,  of  Llewenny ,  Denbighshire, 
[see  for  earlier  history  of  family  Salibbubt, 
WiLMAM,  1520  P-1600  P].  His  mother,  Ca- 
therine  Tudor,  daughter  and  heiress  of  Tudor 
ap  Robert  Vychan  of  Berain  in  the  same 
county,  was  commonly  Imown,  owin^  to  her 
numerous  ^^ogeny,  as  'Mam  Gwalia'  (i.e. 
mother  of  vV^ales).  After  her  husband's 
death,  Catherine  successively  married  Sir 
Richard  Clough  [q.  v.],  Maurice  Wynn  of 
Ghrydyr,  and  Edward  Thelwall  of  Ruthin, 
and  had  issue  by  each  except  Thelwall,  who 
murived  her ;  one  of  her  daughters  b^  Clough 
married  John  Salisbury  of  Bachegraig,  Flint, 
from  whom  Mrs.  Piozsi  was  descended 
(YonKB,  Soyal  Tribes  of  Waks,  ed.  1887, 
p.  82,  where  a  portrait  of  Catherine,  show- 
ing her  to  be  a  woman  of  great  beauty,  is 
given;  another  portrait  is  mentioned  in 
By&-Ganes  for  1876,  p.  182). 

Salisbury  appears  to  have  entered  at  Ghray's 
Lm  in  1573  (Foster,  Hegister,  p.  44),  and 
is  said  to  have  attached  himself  for  a  time 
to  t^e  Earl  of  Leicester  (Fboitdb,  Hiitory, 
xii.  280).  Most  of  his  relatives  were  pro- 
testants  [see  Salisbubt,  Wuxiau,  1520  P- 
1600 PI;  Dut  voung  Salisbury  himself  es- 
pousea  the  catholic  faith,  and  ne  appears  to 
have  joined  the  secret  society  formed  about 
1580  "by  a  number  of  wealthy  young  men, 
for  the  most  part  connected  with  the  royal 
household,  with  the  object  of  protecting 
and  maintaining  the  jesuit  missionaries 
who  were  then  just  arriving  in  England 
(Fbottde,  in  xi.  820,  gives  his  name  in  tMs 
connection  as  Richard).  Later  on,  when 
Anthony  Babington  [q.  v.],  who  was  the 
leading  member  of  the  society,  besfan  to 
plot,  early  in  1686,  for  the  release  of  Mary 
Stuart  and  the  murder  of  Elizabethi  it  k 


;  said  that  Salisbury  '  could  b^  no  means  be 
persuaded  to  be  a  Queene-kiUer,  but  to  de- 
,  liver  the  Scots  Queene  he  offered  his  ser> 
vices  willingly.'  Throughout  the  ensuing 
summer  the  conspirators  met  almost  dailV) 
'  either  in  St.  Giles's  Fields,  or  St.  PauTs 
Church,  or  in  taverns,  where  thej  every 
day  banqueted  and  feasted,  being  puffisd  up 
with  hope  of  great  honours.' 

Walsmgham's  spies  were,  however,  aware 
of  their  conspiracy  almost  from  the  first. 
The  servants  at  Llewenny  were  examined  by 
the  sheriffs  and  justices  of  Denbigh,  and 
among  other  thin^  deposed  that  young 
Salisbury  and  Babington  '  were  bedfellows 
together  in  London  for  a  quarter  of  a  year 
or  more'  {CaL  State  Papers^  Dom.  17  Aug. 
1586).  At  last,  towards  the  end  of  August, 
Babington  was  arrested.  Edward  Jones, 
another  Welsh  accomplice,  whose  father  was 
keeper  of  the  queen's  wardrobe,  hurried  with 
the  news  to  Salisbury,  and  lent  him  a 
horse  and  a  cloak  to  make  his  escape  from 
London.  But  Salisbury  was  captured  in 
Cheshire. 

On  13  Sept.  the  conspirators  were  brought 
up  for  trial  before  a  special  commission  at 
Westminster.  The  charge  against  Salisbury 
was  taken  on  the  following  day,  the  indict- 
ment against  him  being  that  on  7  June,  at  a 
meeting  of  the  conspirators  at  St.  Giles's,  he 
had  undertaken  to  go  into  his  county  of 
Denbigh  '  to  move  and  stir  up  sedition  and 
rebellion,'  so  as  to  aid  the  delivery  of  Mary 
Stuart  and  the  invasion  of  the  country  by  a 
foreign  enem^.  To  this  he  pleaded  guilty, 
but '  for  kiUing  of  the  Queen's  Majesty,  I 
protest  I  always  said  I  would  not  do  it  for 
a  kingdom.'  Subsequently  a  confession  pur- 
porting to  have  been  made  by  Salisbury 
was  read,  stating  how  Babington,  Titch- 
bourne,  and  himself  had  communicated '  con- 
cerning the  sacking  of  the  city  of  London.' 

Salisbury  was  the  first  of  the  conspirators 
to  be  executed  on  the  21  st.  He  died  peni- 
tent, praying  in  Latin,  and  '  admonishing 
the  catholics  not  to  attempt  to  restore  reli- 
gion by  force  and  arms.'  To  Salisbury  the 
conspirators  looked  for  securing  the  support 
of  the  gentry  of  North  Wales,  most  of  whom 
were  still  catholics  at  heart.  For  this  end 
he  appears  to  have  had  the  qualification  of 
popmarit^r  apart  from  the  commanding  posi- 
tion of  his  family ;  for  Jones,  who  j^rotested 
that  he  had  triea  to  dissuade  him  from 
joining  the  conspiracy,  referred  to  him  on  his 
own  trial  as  '  the  best  man  in  my  country,' 
and  'my  dearest  friend  whom  I  loved  as 
my  own  self.' 

Salisbury  married  Margaret,  a  daughter  of 
his  mother's  third  husband,  Maurice  Wynn 


Salisbury 


684 


Salisbury 


of  Ghrydyr  (by  his  fixst  wife,  Jane,  daughter 
of  Sir  Richard  Bulkeley  of  BeaumariB)^  and 
by  her  he  had  a  daughter,  also  named  Mar- 
garet, who  was  married  to  William  Norris 
of  Speke  in  Lancashire.  The  Llewenni 
estates  went  to  the  second  son,  Sir  John 
Salisbary,  *  the  strong/  known  in  Welsh  as 
<  Sion  7  Bodiau'  {d.  1612),  whose  eldest 
son.  Sir  Henry  Salisbuir  (el.  1682),  the  first 
baronet,  was  &ther  of  Thomas  Salisbury 
(d.  1648)  [q.  v.]  An  alleml  portrait  of 
Salisbury  is  mentioned  by  Pennant  (Tours 
in  Wales,  ed.  1888,  ii.  140)  as  being  at  Llew* 
enny;  it  represented  him  'in  a  grey-and- 
black  yest,  dark  hair,  short  whiskers,  bushy 
beard|  and  with  an  ear-ring ;  his  bonnet  in 
his  hand;  his  breast  naked.^ 

[The  pedigrees  of  the  SaUsbuiy  fkmily  and 
Catherine  of  Berain  are  giyen  in  Dwnn's 
Heraldic  VisiUtions,  ii.  881  and  884  respeo- 
tiyely.  The  chief  authorities  for  the  history  of 
tiie  oonspinugr  are  CSamden's  Annales,  ed.  Heame, 
ii.  476,  482-4,  or  the  English  tianslation,  4th 
ed.  (1688),  pp.  88&-45  (the  account  given  in  A 
Thankful!  Kemembrance  for  Gk)d'e  Mercy,  by 
Geo.  Carleton,  1625,  pp.  100-10,  is  almost  yer- 
bally  identical) ;  State  Trials,  i.  427-62  ;  see  also 
Pronde's  Hist.  zii.  280,  255,  265-70,  and  art 
Babington,  Amthont.]  D.  Ll.  T. 

SALISBURT  or  SALBEBYE,  THO- 
MAS (1667P-1620P),  printer  and  Welsh 
poet,  bom  about  1667,  is  described  in  his  in- 
dentures of  aporenticeship  to  Oliyer  Wilkes, 
stationer,  datea  9  Oct.  1681,  as  son  of  Pierce 
Salberye  of  the  parish  of  Clocaenog,  Denbigh- 
shire, 'husbandman'  (cf.  John  Wiluajcb, 
Beeords  qf  Denbigh,  p.  184,  and  art.  Salx»- 
BiTBT,  William,  1620  P-1600P).  He  was  ad- 
mitted freeman  of  the  Stationers'  Oompany 
on  16  Oct.  1688,  and  in  1608  nrinted  for 
Henry  Salisbury  [q.  y.l  his  *  (irammatica 
Britannica.'  In  1603  ne  printed,  jointly 
with  Simon  Stafford,  a  yersion  of  the  Psalms 
written  in  the  strict  Welsh  metres  by  William 
Myddelton  [q.  y.]  Salisbury,  who  edited  the 
work  for  the  press,  dedicated  it  to  James  I, 
and  wrote,  in  his  address  '  to  the  reader,'  *  I 
haye  also  begun  the  printing  of  the  PssJms 
in  liie  like  kinde  of  meeter  in  Brytish,  as 
they  are  usually  sung  in  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land, and  haye  prefixed  apt  notes  to  sing 
them  withall,  wnich  I  hope  to  see  fully 
finished  ere  long.'  A  part  of  this  free-metre 
Psalter,  which  was  of  Salisbury's  own  com- 
position, was  (according  to  an  entry  in  Bow- 
LAin>8,  Cambrian  Bibliography,  p.  76)  pub- 
lished in  the  same  year  (1608),  with  an  in- 
troduction by  Maunce  Kyffin  [q.  y.l;  it  was 
described  as  printed  by  Stafford  tor  T.  S. 
'There  are  also  diyers  other  good  thin^ 
ready  for  the  press '  (Salisbury  continues  m 


his  address),  'as  namely,  the  Brytish  Testa- 
ment, lately  corrected  by  thereyerend  Father 
in  God,  the  Bishop  of  St.  Asaphe  [William 
Moigaa,  q.  v.] ;  a  Treatise  of  the  goyemment 
of  the  tongue,  and  another  Treatise  of  re- 
pentance, penned  by  Master  Perkins  [see 
under  PbbxihSj  Wxliiax]  ;  a  preparatiye  to 
Marriage  and  diyers  other  sermons  of  Master 
Henry  Smithes.'  All  the  works  published 
by  Salisbury  are  of  a  decidedly  protestant 
character.  A  letter  firom  him  (assigned  to 
22  June  1611\  addressed  to  Sir  John  Wyun 
of  Gtwjdyr,  'from  my  house  in  the  doth 
Fair  in  London,'  has  been  printed  in  the 
'  Cambro-Briton '  (1820,  L  256).  He  is  said 
to  haye  died  about  1620. 

John  Sausbubt  (/L  1696),  printer,  pro- 
bably Thomas's  grandson,  was  oeecribea  l^ 
John  Dunton  (I^e  and  Errors,  p.  287)  as  '  a 
desperate  hyper-Oorgonic  Welchman.'  He 
was  the  first  printer  and  editor  of  the  'Fly- 
ing Post'  [see  BiBPATH,  Gbosob,  d.  1726]. 
The  first  number  was  issued  on  11  May  1695 

S^MPEBLBT,  Diotumary  of  Printing,  p.  678). 
unton  says  that  Salisbuxy  '  did  often  fill  it 
[the  '  Poet ']  with  stol'n  conies/  In  1697  he 
published  in  it  a  false  ana  malicious  para^ 
graph,  eyidently  intended  to  throw  suspi- 
cions on  the  exchequer  bills,  he  being '  tne 
tool  of  a  band  of  stodgobbers  in  the  city, 
whose  interest  it  happened  to  be  to  cry 
down  the  public  secuntieB.'  A  warrant  was 
issued  sffainst  him  by  the  speaker  of  the 
House  of  Commons,  and  a  biU  was  at  once 
introduced  to  prohibit  the  pubHshing  of  news 
without  a  license,  which  was,  howey er,  ne^;ar- 
tiyed  {Maoajjuly,  Sist  qf  Bingland,^TxA,% 
Command  Journal,  1  and  8  April  1697; 
LTJTTBBLL,2)iafy,iy.  208-6).  Salisbury  also 
went  to  law  with  the  Oompany  of  Stationen, 
'  to  keep  himself  from  the  liyery.'  He  died, 
according  to  Dunton,  before  1706.  Dunton 
writes  that '  he  wou'd  hector  the  best  man 
in  the  trade.' 

[The  authorities  for  Thomas  Salisbury's  life 
are  Arber's  Register  of  the  Company  of  Sta- 
tioners, u.  107,  177,  180,  249,  298,  708 ;  Tim- 
perley's  Dietionaiy  of  Printers,  pp.  417,  445 ; 
PrefjBtce  to  Myddelton's  (Welsh)  Psahns,  as 
aboye;  Y  Traethodydd,  1876,  p.  435.] 

D.  liL.  T. 

SALISBURY,  BALESBUBY,  or  SA- 
LUSBURY,  THOMAS  (rf.  1643),  poet, 
was  the  eldest  son  and  heir  of  Sir  Henry 
Salisbury,  first  baronet,  of  Llewenny,  Den- 
bighshire, by  Hester,  daughter  of  Sir  Thomas 
Myddelton  (1660-1631)  [a.  y.l  He  has  been 
confused  with  Thomas  Salisoury  (1667  F- 
1620  P)  [q.  y.]  the  printer. 

He  matriculated  as  gentleman-commoner 
of  Jesus  (Allege,  Ozf<nd|  but  did  not  gra- 


Salisbury 


685 


Salisbury 


daate;  lie  became  a  student  of  the  Inner 
Temple  in  NAvember  IdSl,  but,  succeeding 
to  the  baronetcy  on  the  death  of  his  fitther, 
on  2  Aug.  1632,  he '  retired  to  his  patrimonyi 
after  he  had  seen  the  vanities  of  the  great 
eity '  (Wood).  He  was  sworn  a  burgess  of 
Denb^h  on  10  Sept.  1682,  common  council- 
man on  18  Feb.  1633,  alderman  1634-^  and 
1639,  and  was  M.P.  for  Denbighshire  fix>m 
25  March  1640  until  his  death.  According 
to  Wood, '  he  was  an  active  man  in  the  king^ 
cause  in  the  beginning  of  the  rebellion,  ror 
which,  thouffh  he  died  soon  after,  his  family 
notwithstanding  suffered.'  Pennant  (Tbur^ 
m  Wai6$,  ed.  1&3,  ii.  141)  also  refers  to  him 
as  a 'loyalist  .  .  •  as  much  distinguished  by 
his  pen  as  his  sword.'  It  was  ordered  by 
Uie  House  of  Commons  on  27  Sept.  1642 
that  he  be  sent  for  as  a  delinquent,  and  that 
an  impeachment  for  high  treason  be  j^repared 
-''<~:~Bt  him '  for  levying  forces  a^mst  the 
and  Parliament  and  marchm^  in  the 
of  those  forces  a^^ainst  the  parliament ' 
{Oommofu^  Joumah,  iL  783).  He  was  pro- 
baUy  with  the  Welsh  contingent  at  Edgehill 
on  ^  Oct.  1642  [see  Sausbitbt,  William, 
1580P-1669F],  and  was  a  few  days  later  at 
Oxford,  where  he  received  the  degree  of 
D.OX*  He  died  about  August  1643,  and 
was  boried^t  is  supposed,  at  Whitchurch, 
Denbigh.  His  wife,  Hester,  daughter  of  Sir 
Edward  l^n^rell  of  Thornton,  Buckingham- 
sliire,  survived  him.  He  was  succeeded  by 
his  eldest  son,  Thomas,  who  was  bom  on 
B  June  1684,  and  matriculated  at  Jesus  Col* 
lege,  Oxford,  on  4  Nov.  1661,  but,  dying 
without  issue,  was  succeeded  about  1665  by 
the  second  son,  John,  the  fourth  and  last 
baronet,  whose  daughter  and  heiress  was 
married  to  Sir  Robert  Cotton,  first  baronet 
of  Combermere ;  the  latter's  descendant,  Sir 
Robert  Salusbury  Cotton,  fifth  bsKmet,  sold 
the  Uewenny  estates  to  the  Hon.  Thomas 
FitsMaurice  about  1780. 

Wood  says  that  *  having  a  natural  geny 
to  poetry  and  romance,'  he  became  '  a  most 
noted  poet  of  his  time;'  but  his  only  known 
production  is '  The  History  of  Joseph '  (Lon- 
don, 1636.  4to),  *  a  very  rare  poem '  snd  a 
'  scarce  volume,'  dedicated  to  Lady  Mvddel- 
ton  or  Middleton,  fourth  wife  and  widow  of 
the  author's  grandfather.  Sir  Thomas  Myd* 
delton,  as  an  acknowledgment  of  her  care 
for  him  in  his  youth.  Among  the  commen- 
datory verses  printed  at  the  beginning  are 
some  by  two  kinsmen  of  the  author  (John 
Salusbury  senior  and  junior  respectively), 
the  latter  most  probably  being  of  Bachegraig, 
Flintshire,  and  an  ancestor  of  Mrs.  Piozzi. 

A  portrait  of  Salisbury  was  formerly  at 
liLewenny,  and  is  described  by  Pennant, 


[Wood's  Athente  Ozon.  iii.  66-9 ;  Fasti,  ii. 
42 ;  Pennant's  Tours  in  Wales,  ed.  1888,  ii.  141 ; 
John  Williams's  Records  of  Denbigh,  pp.  130^2; 
W.  B.  Williams's  ParL  Hist  of  Wales,  p.  73 ; 
Arch.  Cambr.  3pd  ser.  vii.  120-2.]    D.  Ll,  T. 

SALISBURY  or  SALESBURY,  WIL- 
LIAM  (1620F~1600P),  lexicographer,  and 
first  translator  of  the  New  Testament  into 
Welsh,  was  bom  probably  about  1520  at 
Oae  Du,  Llansannan  in  Denbighshire.  The 
chief  residence  alike  of  his  parents  and  of 
himself  was  Plas  isaf,  Llanrwst,  where  many 
writers  have  erroneously  placed  his  birth. 
He  was  the  second  son  of  Foulke  Salesbury, 
whose  undo,  also  named  Foulke  {d,  1643), 
was  the  first  protestant  dean  of  St.  Asaph, 
and  whose  grandfather  was  Thomas  Sales- 
bury  of  Llewenn^  {Ji,  1451).  The  family 
has,  since  the  sixteenth  century,  claimed 
descent  from  Adam  de  SaUbuiff — a  younger 
son  of  a  duke  of  Bavaria — ^wno  is  said  to 
have  come  to  England  and  been  appointed 
captain  of  the  garrison  of  Denbigh  by 
HeniT  U;  Adam's  great^randson,  John 
Salesbury  (d,  1289),  is  said  to  have  settled  at 
Llewenny,  and  endowed  a  monastic  house  at 
Denbigh  (Lewis  Dwinr,  Hi$rc^dic  Vmtaiums, 
ii.  114-15,  cf  p.  881 ;  Vineent  Collections  at 
the  Heralds'  Oollege,  No.  135;  cf.  Wlir 
LIAKB,  Ancient  and  Modem  Denbigh^  pp. 
168-74).  The  family  name  was  spelt  in  a 
ffreat  variety  of  ways,  Salbri  and  Salsbri 
being  the  oldest  Welsh  forms,  the  latter 
being  anglicised  into  Salesbury  and  Salis- 
bury, while  the  modem  representatives  of 
the  family  have  uniformly  adopted  Salusbury 
(Bubxb,  Landed  Gentry,  ed.  1894,  ii.  1778). 
The  translator  used  the  form  Salesbury. 
His  mother  was  Elen,  daughter  of  John 
Puleston  of  Hafodywem  (in  Welsh  Maelor). 

Salesbury  was  educated  at  Ocford,  where 
<  he  spent  several  years  in  academical  learn- 
ing, either  at  St.  Albans  or  Broadgatee- 
hidl  or  both.'  Thence  he  proceeded,  about 
1547,  to  London  to  study  law,  first  at 
Thavies  Inn  and  subsequendvy  *  as  'tis  sup- 
posed,' at  Lincoln's  Inn  (Wood,  Athena 
Oxon»  i.  858).  According  to  his  own  state- 
ment, he  was  brought  up  in  the  catholic  fSuth. 
His  conversion  to  protestantism  has  been 
assigned  to  the  personal  influence  exerted  on 
him  while  at  Oxford,  between  1540  and 
1547,  by  Jewel,  the  leader  of  the  protestant 
partv  at  the  universitv  (Dr.  T.  0.  Edwards, 
in  Trans.  Liverpool  Welsh  Nat,  Soe,  1st  see- 
sion,  pp.  56-7).  In  1550  he  first  openly  de- 
darea  for  protestantism  by  the  publication 
of  *  The  baterie  of  the  Popes  jBotereulx, 
commonlye  called  the  high  Altart.  Compiled 
by  W.  S.  in  the  yere  of  oure  Lorde  1550,' 
liondon,  8vo  (Biit.  Mus.)   This  was  printed 


Salisbury 


686 


Salisbury 


by  Robert  Orowley,  who  in  the  same  year 
also  published  for  Salesbury  a  small  tractate 
(4to,  pp.  4)  entitled  '  Ban  wedy  i  dynny . .  . 
o  hen  gyfreith  Howel  da.  Sec,  A  certaine 
case  extracte  out  of  the  Auncient  Law  of 
Hoel  da  .  . .  whereby  it  may  be  gathered 
that  priestes  had  lawfully  marled  wyues  at 
that  tyme.'  The  work  was  apparently  in- 
tended as  a  supplement  to  '  The  Baterie/  A 
copy  is  in  the  possession  of  the  Rev.  Chan- 
cellor Silvan  Evans  (Iteime  Celtiquej  i.  883-4). 
It  is  probably  to  this  work  that  Wood  (loc. 
cit.)  referred  when  stating  that  Salesbury 
published  '  the  laws  of  Howell  Dda.' 

Salesbury  had  already  produced  some  im- 
portant philological  books.  Under  the  title 
*  Oil  Synwyr  Pen  Kembero '  he  edited  and 
published  a  collection  of  Welsh  proverbs 
which  had  been  compiled  by  his  friend  and 
neighbour,  Grufiydd  Miraethog  [q.  r.]  Only 
one  copy  is  known ;  it  is  at  Shirbum  Oastle, 
in  the  Earl  of  Macclesfield's  collection.  It 
was  printed  by  Nicholas  Hyll,  and  bears  no 
date.  Mr.  Gwenogvryn  Evans  is  of  opinion 
that  it  was  issued  in  1546,  in  which  case  it 
was  the  earliest  extant  book  printed  in 
Welsh.  Its  claim  to  this  place  is,  however, 
contested  by  another  work,  also  said  to  have 
been  printed  in  1546,  of  which  no  co^y  is 
now  known  to  exist.  This  has  been  described 
as  a  Welsh  almanac,  with  portions  of  the 
Scriptures  (e.g.  the  Decalogue  and  the  Lord's 
Prayer)  in  Welsh,  and  on  tnat  account  called 
<  Beibl '  (MosHS  Williams,  Welsh  List,  1717 ; 
Rowlands,  Cwmbr.  Bibl.  p.  3).  It  is  said  by 
Bishop  Humphreys  to  be  either  by  Salesbury 
or  Sir  John  Price  (d.  1573  ?)  [q.  v.]  (Wood, 
Athen<8  Oxen,  i.  218,  359).  Salesbury  is 
said  to  have  brought  out  in  1547  another 
^  Calendar  of  Months  and  Days,'  possibly  a 
revised  version  of  the  former  volume ;  but 
this  work  is  also  unknown  (Rowlahds,  Cambr, 
Bibl,  p.  6). 

In  1547  Salesbury  issued '  A  Dictionary  in 
Englyshe  and  Welshe  moche  necessary  to 
all  suche  Welshemen  as  wil  spedly  leame 
the  englyshe  t^gue  thought  vnto  the  kynges 
maiestie  very  mete  to  be  sette  foithe  to  the  vse 
of  his  graces  subiectes  in  Wales:  Wherevnto 
is  p'fixed  a  litle  treatyse  of  the  englyshe  pro- 
nflcicion  of  the  letters,'  London,  4to.  This 
is  really  a  Welsh  and  English  dictionary, 
the  first  of  its  kind,  and,  as  is  further  ex- 
plained in  a  dedication  to  Henry  VIU,  waa 
intended  to  facilitate  the  acquisition  of  Eng- 
lish by  Welshmen,  whom  Saliesbury  desired 
to  see  converted  into  a  bilingual  nation, 
while  most  of  his  educated  countrymen  at 
the  time  thought  it  best  that  the  Welsh  lan- 
guage should  be  allowed  to  die  as  soon  as 
possible.  The  dictionary  was  printed  in  black 


letter  by  John  Walley  [q.  v.^  Perfect  copies 
are  in  the  Peniarth  CoDectton  and  in  the 
possession  of  Chancellor  Silvan  Evans,  while 
there  are  two  copies  (one  of  them  imperfect^ 
in  the  British  Museum.  A  facsimile  reprint 
was  issued  by  the  Cymmrodorion  Society  in 
1877.  The  '  litle  treatyse'  prefixed  to  the 
dictionary  Salesbury  supplement-ed  in  15M 
by  a  treatise  entitled  'A  playne  and  a 
familiar  Introductid,  teaching  how  to  pro- 
nounce the  letters  in  the  Brytiehe  tongrue, 
now  commonly  called  Welshe,'  London,  4to ; 
this  was  apparently  intended  for  English- 
speaking  people  resident  in  Wales.  No  copy 
of  the  original  edition '  is  known ;  but  there 
are  in  the  British  Museum  two  copies  of  a 
second  edition  in  black  letter,  '  perused  and 
augmSted'  by  the  author,  and  'imprinted 
at  London  by  Heniy  Denham  for  Htunfrey 
Toy'  [1667].  Salesbury  describes  Toy  as 
*  my  louinffe  Friende,'  and  dedicated  the  book 
to  him  wnile  'soiuming  at  your  house  in 
Paules  Churchyarde,  the  6  day  of  Maij  1667.' 
An  eighteenth-century  transcript  is  in  the 
British  Museum  (Addit.  MS.  33777).  The 
full  text  ^omitting  only  such  parts  as  had 
no  phonetic  interest),  and  a  diplomatic  re* 
production  of  the  earlier  Welsh  tract  of 
1547,  with  a  translation  in  parallel  columns 
and  notes,  appeared  in  Elba's  '  Eariy  Ihig- 
lish  Pronunciation'  (iiL  743-94,  London, 
1871,  8vo^.     Salesbury's   account  of   the 

8 renunciation  of  English  in  his  time  is  there 
escribed  as  'the  earliest  which  has  been 
found '  (cf.  Y  Oymmrod&r,  i.  120]).  In  the 
same  year  (1660)  Robert  Wyer  printed  '  The 
Descrrpcion  of  the  Sphere  or  Frame  of  the 
World^  set  forth  by  Proclus  Diadocfans,  and 
Englysshed  by  me,  Wyllyam  Salysbuxye ' 
(black  letter,  i2mo).  The  translation  was 
made  £rom  Linacve's  Latin  version,  and  was 
dedicated  by  Salesbury  from  *  Thauies  Inn ' 
'to  his  louynge  cosen,  John  Edwordes  of 
Chyrke '  (Denbighshire),  who  had  desired  the 
translator  to  procure  him  an  English  work 
on  the  subject  (Brit.  Mus.)  In  1661  he  pub- 
lished, while  '  dwellynge  in  Elye  rentes  in 
Holboume/  a  Welsh  translation-^or  the 
most  part  rrom  the  Vulgate — of  the  Epistles 
and  Gospels  appointed  to  be  read  in  churches 
throughout  the  year,  under  the  title  '  Kyn- 
niver  Llith  a  Ban,'  the  printer  being  Itobert 
Crowley  QLiondon,  4to).  The  only  perfect 
copy  is  at  Shirbum  Castle ;  but  the  principal 
of  Bala  College  (Dr.  T.  C.  Edwards)  haa 
another,  from  which  the  title-page  is  miss- 

Sg.    Only  a  few  leaves  are  in  the  British 
useom. 

After  the  accession  of  Mary,  Salesbury 
seems  to  have  wil^drawn,  not  to  his  better 
Imown  residence  at  Plas  isaf-- of  wbleh  he  is 


Salisbury 


687 


Salisbury 


sttid  to  haye  illegally  dispoesessed  the  orphan 
daughters  of  his  elder  brother — ^but  to  the 
remoter  houae  of  GaeDuyLlansaiman.  There 
he  is  reported  to  have  pursued  his  studies  in 
a  secret  chamber,  which,  when  examined  a 
few  years  ago,  could  only  be  entered  by 
climbing  up  the  chimney. 

In  15o2-3  John  Walley  obtained  a  license 
'for  nryntinge  of  the  Latenye  [Litany]  in 
Welane '  (  Abbbr),  and  it  may  be  assumed 
that  Salesbury  was  the  translator.  It  was 
published,  but  no  copy  is  known  (Bowlaitds, 
Oambr,  BibL  p.  10,  quoting  Thipeiilbt). 
Salesbury  had '  long  desired '  a  translation  of 
the  whole  Bible  into  Welsh.  In  1663  an  act 
of  parliament  (5  Elis.  chap.  28),  the  passage  of 
which  was  doubtless  due  tohis  efibrts,  charffed 
the  bishops  of  the  Welsh  sees  and  of  Hereford 
to  'take  order  among  themselves'  that  the 
whole  Bible  and  Book  of  Common  I^a^er 
be  translated  into  Welsh  within  a  penod 
of  four  years  (Dr.  T.  C.  Edwards,  op.  cit. 
pp.  64--6).  The  bishops  seem  to  have  en- 
trusted the  work  to  ^lesbory  (cf.  his  New 
Testament f  ded.)  In  the  same  year  (1663) 
a  patent  was  granted  to  Salesbury  and 
Waller  to  be  sole  printers  for  seven  years  of 
the  whole  Bible  or  any  part  thereof,  the 
Book  of  Common  Prayer  and  Administra- 
tion of  the  Sacraments,  and  the  Book  of 
Homilies  in  Welsh,  on  condition  that  the 
books  be  ftrst  perused  and  allowed  by  the 
five  bishope  or  any  two  of  them  ^Stbtpb, 
Atmale,  i.  ii.  88 ;  a  facsimile  of  this  patent 
is  in  the  Lansdowne  MS.  No.  48,  fol.  176). 

Salesbury  probably  wrote  the  major  part 
of  his  translation  at  Cae  Du  in  1664.  In  the 
spring  of  1666  he  borrowed  from  a  neiffhbour 
100/.,  the  bond  being  executed  on  S  April 
1665  (Arch.  Oambr.  6th  set,  ix.  180,  where 
a  tracing   of   his   autograph  signature   is 

g'ven).  Having  thus  apparently  provided 
r  his  expenses,  he  appears  to  have  carried 
so  much  of  his  version  as  was  finished  to 
Richard  Davies  {d.  1681)  [|q*vj,  bishop  of 
St.  David's,  at  Abergwili  m  Carmarthen- 
shire. Davies  gave  Suesbury  enezgetic  aid, 
and,  while  the  New  Testament  was  still 
in  progress,  they  jointly  executed  a  render- 
ing of  the  Psalms  and  prayer-book.  Their 
sepaiwte  contributions  have  not  been  here 
identified*  The  four  years'  lunit  prescribed 
h7  the  act  for  the  completion  of  the  New 
l^tament  necessitated  all  speed.  Arch- 
bishop Parker  wrote  to  Bishop  Davies '  to 
despatch  his  lot  in  the  Bible/  and  through 
him  asked  Salesbury,  who  '  then  sojourned 
with  the  bishop/  to  decipher  a  manuscrint  of 
sreatantiqui^  which  he  enclosed.  Salesbury 
forwarded  a  mil  statement  of  *  his  conjeo- 
turn '  on  19  May  1666,  with  which  Parker 


was  well  pleased  (Ststpb,  Parker,  i.  418- 
419 ;  0.  a  C.  M88.  at  Cambridge,  No.  114, 
p.  491 ;  see  Nasmtth,  Catalogtie,  p.  164). 

In  order  to  finish  the  New  Testament  in 
time,  other  aid  had  to  be  summoned.  Sales- 
bury himself  translated  all  from  the  beginning 
of  St.  Matthew  to  the  end  of  2  Hiessalonians, 
together  with  2  Timothy,  Titus,  Philemon, 
1,  2,  and  3  John  and  Jude.  Thomas  BLuett, 
precentor  of  St.  David's,  translated  the  Book 
of  Revelation,  while  the  remainder  was  the 
work  of  Bishop  Davies.  Huett  contributed 
24folios,Davies40,and Salesbury 330.  Sales- 
bury also  supplied  the  explanatory  words 
in  the  margin  throughout,  translated  from 
the  Genevan  Bible  the  '  argument  *  prefixed 
to  every  book,  and  wrote  an  Enelish  dedica- 
tion to  the  queen  and  a  Welsh  letter  to  'all 
Welshmen.'  The  translation  (which  was  in** 
dependent  of  Salesburv's  earlier  version  of 
the  Epistles  and  Gbspels,  published  in  1661) 
was  prepared  firom  the  Gre^,  the  text  chiefly 
followed  being  Beza's  edition  of  1666,  and  to 
a  lesser  extent  the  two  Stephanie  editions 
of  1660  and  1661 ;  while  reference  was  often 
made  to  the  Vulgate,  the  Latin  text  of 
Erasmus,  Beza's  two  versions  of  1666  and 
1665,  and  the  two  Genevan  versions  of  1667 
and  1560,  together  with  Besa's  annotations 
on  his  text  in  1666.  Salesbury *s  portion 
shows  numerous  signs  of  the  influence  of  the 
English  G^evan  versions  of  1667  and  1660 

iDr.  T.  C.  Edwards  of  Bala,  op.  cit. ;  Pro- 
essor  Hugh  Williams  in  Y  JDryaoffa^  1888, 
new  ser.  xlii.  126, 163). 

In  order  to  see  the  whole  version  thron^h 
the  press,  Salesbury '  sojourned '  through  the 
summer  of  1667  at  Humphry  Toy's  house 
in  London.  Henry  Denhamprinted  it '  at 
the  costes  and  charffes  of  Humfrey  Toy/ 
who  possessed  sole  rights  (Abbsb;  Statumerif 
Beffister,  L  386-337).  It  was  published  on 
7  Oct.  1567.  Twenty-nine  copies  of  the  New 
Testament  were  known  in  1890  (cf.  list  in 
Mr.  Charles  Ashton's  Welsh '  Life  of  Bishop 
Morgan,'  pp.  321-6);  it  was  reprinted,  with 
some  of  the  introductory  matter  omitted,  In 
1860  (Carnarvon]).  Two  other  reprints,  one 
of  them  in  facsimile,  were  commenced  in 
this  century,  but  were  not  completed  (AsH- 
Toir,  op.  cit.  p.  76). 

Denham  also  printed  Davies's  and  Sales- 
bury's  I^yer  Book  and  Psalms,  which  was 
published  a  short  time  before  the  New  Tes- 
tament. A  copy  of  the  prayer-book  is  at 
the  Free  Library,  Swansea ;  none  is  in  the 
British  Museum ;  a  second  edition  was  issued 
in  1686  (London,  fol.) 

Salesbury's  Welsh  presents  an  uncouth 
appearance  owing  to  the  general  absence  of 
the  initial  mutations  and  the  writer's  ten- 


Salisbury 


688 


Salisbury 


dency  to  spell  all  words  according  to  their 
supposed  etymology.  But  his  version  is  re- 
mancahle  for  the  wealth  of  its  rocahulaxy — 
especially  as  he  had  often  '  to  form  his  theo- 
logical terms  for  himself' — while  his  attempt 
to  combine  Tarious  dialects  both  in  the  text 
and  by  means  of  copious  marginal  variants 
renders  the  work  extremely  valuable  to  the 
philologist.  But  it  never  acquired  much 
popularity,  and  was  soon  superseded  in  gene- 
ral use  by  Bisho]^  Morgan's  version,  which 
was  mainly  a  revision  of  Salesbury^s  work, 
with  his  linguistic  peculiarities  eliniinated. 

A  few  years  after  the  publication  of  the 
New  Testament,  Salesbuir  appears  to  have 
returned  to  Abergwili,  where,  according  to 
their  contemporary,  Sir  John  Wynn  (MieL 
of  Owydir  Family,  1878,  pp.  93-4),  he  and 
Bishop  Davies  were  engaged  '  for  almost  two 
years 'in  translating  'homilies,  books,  and 
divers  other  tracts  inTto]  the  British  tongue,' 
as  well  as  the  Old  Testament  into  Welsh. 
About  1676  a  'variance  for  the  general  sense 
and  etymology  of  one  word '  caused  a  ru]^ 
ture  between  them  and  put  an  end  to  their 
partnership.  Sir  John  VVVtin,  who  had  a 
grudge  against  Bishop  William  Morgan 
(1540  P-1604)  [q.  v.1,  says  that  Morgan,  in 
tran^ting  the  Ola  Testament,  had  'the 
benefit  and  help  of  Davies  and  Salesbury's 
works,  who  had  done  a  great  part  thereof 
(Choydir  JBamily,  p.  96).  Salesbury  appears 
to  bave  had  no  share  in  the  production  of 
Morgan's  Welsh  version  of  the  Old  Testar 
ment  of  1688. 

After  the  dispute  with  Davies,  Salesbury 
'gave  over  writing  (more  was  the  pity)' 
WTinr;  of.  Addit.  MS.  Brit.  Mus.  16034. 
'.  187).  Another  work,  mainly  completed 
by  him  before  1550,  was,  however,  published 
subseq^uently ;  it  was  a  Welsh  book  on 
rhetone,  entitled  '  Egluxvn  Phraethineb' 
ri.e.  'The  Elucidator  of  l^oquence'),  Lon- 
don, 1596,  8vo,  which  is  described  on  its 
title-page  as  commenced  by  Salesbury,  added 
to  and  completed  by  Henry  Peiry  [q.  v.l  and 
published  at  the  expense  of  Sir  John  Salis- 
bury of  Llewenny,  brother  of  Thomas  Salis- 
bury (1556  P-1586)  [q.  v.]  John  Davies,  in 
his  'Grammar'  (1621,  p.  218), refers  to  it 
thus : '  De  figuris  syntaxeos  consule  Wilhelmi 
Salesbury  Rhetoricam  MS.  ab  Henrico  Perrio 
interpolatam  et  in  luoem  editam.'  The  work 
as  published  was  completed  after  1580.  A 
second  edition,  with  a  few  omissions,  was 

Published  under  the  editorship  of  Dr.  Owen 
^ughe  [q.v.]  in  1807  (London,  8vo),  of  which 
a  reprint  appeared  in  1829(Llanrwst,  12mo). 
A  manuscript  copy  prepared  for  publication 
by  Sir  Thomas  Wmiams  or  ab  William  [q.  v  J 
is  in  the  British  Museum  (Addit.  M&  1604^ 


i 


ff.  299-348).  Williams  doubtless  had  the 
advanta^  of  perusing  many  of  Salesbury's 
manuscnpts,  besides  consulting  him  per- 
sonally. 

Rowlands  doubtfully  records  (Cambr.  BibL 
p.  81)  under  1607  a  translation  of'  Prideauz 
on  F^yer/  which  he  says  was  ascribed  to 
Salesbury. 

But  although  Salesbury  published  nothing 
after  his  rupture  with  Davies,  he  was  busily 
engaged  in  scientific  and  antiquarian  studies. 
It  was  in  his  later  years  that  he  wrote  a 
Welsh  Botanology,  a  transcript  of  which, 
made  in  1768  from  the  original  manuscript, 
now  lost,  was  recently  in  the  possession  of 
John  Peter  (loan  Pedr)  of  Bala.  It  was  an 
original  work,  quite  abreast  of  the  time^ 
and  showing  close  observation  of  plant  life 
(F  TraetM^dd,  1873,  zxviL  156-81). 
Under  the  date  of  1586  Lewis  Dwnn  men- 


tions Salesbury  as  one  of  the  gentiy  '  by 
whom  he  was  permitted  to  see  <ud  reoorda, 
&c.'  in  the  compilation  of  his  pedigrees 
(Mer.  Vidt.  i.  8).  Among  the  Marquis  of 
liute's  manuscripts  there  is  a  volume  con- 
taining (inter  a£wi)  '  poetry,  pedigrees,  &c.. 
coUectod  from  vanous  Wush  anthore,  and 
in  that  language  by  W.  Salesbury  of 
Llanrwst '  (^tr^  MS^.  Qmm.  App.  to  drd 
Rep.  p.  207 ;  of.  Harleian  M88,  voL  2289, 
No.  7,  f.  76).  Another  manuscript,  containing 
pedigrees  of  Welsh  saints  bv  Salesbury,  is 
quoted  in  the  '  Myvyrian  Archaiology '  (2nd 
ed.  p.  417),  while  letters  of  his  are  among  the 
Addit.  MSS.  (14929  f.  189,  14986  f.  105. 
16084  f.  187,  15069  f.  121)  (Gwbho&vbtit 
EvAKs's  Cat.  of  Welsh  MSS,)  A  tract  on 
the  bardic  office,  apparently  forming  part  of 
some  laiffer  work  now  lost,  has  bMn  attri- 
buted te  him,  and  is  reproduced  in  Edward 
Jones's  '  Musical  and  Poetical  Relica '  (L 
51-9).  Salesbury  died  about  1600.  His 
place  of  burial  is  unknown.  He  manned 
GatJierine,  a  sister  of  Dr.  Ellis  Price  [q.  v.] 
of  Plas  lolyn ;  Salesbury's  elder  brother 
married  another  sister.  A  son,  John,  max^ 
ried  Maiy  Salesbury  of  Steur,  iLent,  and  by 
her  had  two  sons,  the  elder  of  whom  lived 
at  Plasisaf  in  1612,  and  the  other  died  at 
Gae  Du  in  1680. 

Salesbury  was  'the  best  scholar  among 
the  Welshmen '  of  his  time  (Dr.  T.  0.  Ed- 
wards, p.  60).  According  to  his  contem- 
porary, &r  John  Wynn  (op.  cit.  p.  94),  he 
was  '  especially  an  Hebrician,  whereof  there 
was  not  many  in  those  days.'  Skilled  in 
no  less  than  nine  languages,  he  seems  to 
have  grasped  the  value  of  the  comparative 
meth^  in  studying  langua^,  and  to  have 
been  a  pioneer  of  the  science  of  philo- 
k^*   But  his  interesto  were  wide ;  he  was 


Salisbury 


689 


Salisbury 


'  a  most  exact  critic  in  British  antiquities ' 

SToob),  and  was  described  by  Dr.  John 
vies  f  Pre&ce  to  Davieb's  DieHonary)  as 
'de  ecclesia  lingnaqne  Brit,  yir  plurimum 
meritus ; '  he  also  appears  to  have  nad  some 
ambition  to  rank  as  a  poet  (cf.  Addit.  MS. 
14872,  f.  348).  He  had  a  taste  for  science, 
as  is  nroved  l^  his  botanical  work,  while  he 
is  saia  to  have  constructed  an  automatic  mill 
(Dr.  Datibs's  Dictionary,  s.y. '  Breuan '). 

[Wood,  in  his  Athenn  Ozonionses,  ed.  Bliss, 
i.  358>-9,  has  only  a  short  notice  of  him.  C!od- 
sidarable  materials  for  an  adequate  biography  are 
coUeeced  by  the  Bev.  John  Peter  (loan  Pedr)  of 
Bala  in  toL  ii  of  the  Welsh  works  of  Walter 
Davies  (Gwallter  Mechain),  1868,  in  Enwogion  y 
Ffydd  (1874?),  i.  33-53,  and  in  Mr.  Charles  Ash- 
ton's  (Welsh)  Life  and  Times  of  Bishop  Morgan 
(1891),  pp.  48.62,  71-83,  181-4.  See  also  Dr. 
Lewis  Edwards's  Traethodau  Llenyddol,  pp.  80- 
92  ;  Williams's  Eminent  Welshmen,  p.  466 ; 
Y  Cymmrodor,  i.  107-25;  Arch.  Gambr.  Sth 
ier.  iz.  177-91.  Bowlands,  in  his  Oambrian 
Bibliography,  gives  particulars  of  most  of  his 
books,  bat  is  not  wholly  to  be  relied  upon.  The 
critical  articles  on  Salesbnry's  work  as  trans- 
lator, by  Dr.  T.  O.  Edwards,  in  the  Transactions 
of  the  Liverpool  Welsh  National  Society  (first 
seasion,  188516),  pp.  51-81,  and  by  Profeseor 
Hugh  Williams  in  Y  Drysorfa,  1888,  are  valu- 
able.]  D.  Ll.  T. 

SALISBURY  or  SALESBURY,  WIL- 
LIAM (1680P-1659?),  royalist,  bom  abont 
168Q,  was  the  third  son  of  John  Salisbury 
((f.  1580)  of  Rfig,  Merionethshire,  by  Eliza- 
beth, daughter  and  heir  of  Sir  John  Sali»- 
bnry  of  Llewenny.  Two  members  of  his 
family,  Captains  Owen  and  John  Salisbury, 
probably  an  uncle  and  a  brother  of  William, 
were  adherents  of  Sir  G^Uy  Mejrrick  fq.  t.I, 
and  were  slain  in  the  Essex  rising  of  1601 
(cf.  Cal  8taU  Pmers,  1698-1601,  pp.  648- 
549, 673-6,  683, 686 ;  Howbll,  State  Trials, 
L  1446;  Ashmolean  M8,  862,  f.  229).  Wil- 
liam seems  to  have  matriculated  from  Oriel 
College,  Oxford,  on  19  Oct.  1699;  but  he  is 
said  to  haye  enerienced  so  much  unkind- 
nesB  from  his  elder  brothers  that  he  quitted 
his  home,  and  earned  his  lirinff  for  some 
time  as  a  droTer.  On  1  Jan.  1607,  how- 
eyer,  the  deatb  of  John,  only  son  of  his 
brother  Sir  Robert  Salisbury,  placed  him  in 
possession  of  the  family  estate  of  B.tf, 
together  with  the  Bachumbydd  |>roper^  m 
Denbighshire,  and  he  seryed  as  knight  of  the 
shire  K»r  Merioneth  in  1620-2.  At  the  out- 
bieak  of  the  ciyil  war  he  raised  a  regiment 
twelye  hundred  stronjff  (^  poor  Welux  yer- 
min,  tbe  offsconring  of  tne  nation ')  under 
the  king's  commission  of  colonel,  which 
formed  the  only  troop  of  infantry  reserye  at 
Edgehillon280ot.l642(Ni7eBirr,  Hampden^ 

TOL.  XTH. 


Srd  ed.  p.  808).  The  troops  are  said  to  haye 
shown  a  lack  of  courage,  but  they  redeemed 
their  honour  soon  afterwards  by  forcing  the 
parliamentary  barricades  at  Brentford  (Ola- 
BBHDON,  lUbellum,  yi.  186).  Appointed  ^ 
yemor  of  Denbigh  Castle  the  followin^g 
year,  he  and  his  kmdred  r^^ired  it  at  their 
own  cost  (STUOirBs,  Diary,  Camden  Soc. 
p.  243),  making  it  one  of  the  strongest 
fortresses  in  the  laud ;  so  that  when  the  par- 
liamentary general,  Sir  Thomas  Myddelton 
(1686-1666)  [q.  y.],  summoned  the  castle 
to  surrender  on  14  Noy.  1643,  *  Old  Blue 
Stockings '  (Hen  Hosanau  Oleision),  as  bis 
deyoted  followers  styled  him,  laughed  tbe 
nroposal  to  scorn,  and,  despairing  01  success, 
Myddelton  marched  away.  After  his  defeat 
at  Rowton  Heath,  Charles  I  stayed  at  Den- 
bigh Castle  from  26  to  28  Sept.  1646  as  Salis- 
bury's guest.  Symonds  described  Salisbury 
as  an  upright,  honourable  man;  and  Sir 
Edward  Walker  said  that  under  coyer  of  a 
countryman  he  had  more  experience,  courage, 
and  lo^ralty  than  many  that  made  far  greater 
professions.  The  next  year  General  My  tton, 
haying  taken  Ruthin,  summoned  Denbigh 
to  surrender  on  17  April,  but  was  answerod 
by  the  goyemor  that  he  resolyed  to  make 
good  the  place  till  he  receiyed  the  king's 
command  and  warrant  for  his  discharge. 
Mytton  then  laid  dose  siege  to  it,  endea- 
youring  to  effect  by  famine  what  he  feared 
to  attempt  by  assault.  '  Its  Goyemor,  Wil- 
liam Salisbury '  (the  parliamentary  commis- 
sioners reported), '  is  a  yery  wilful  man,  and 
hath  yery  nigh  600  able  fighting  men  in  it.' 
Af^in  summoned  to  surrender  on  24  June, 
with  the  information  that  Camaryon  and 
Beaumaris  castles  had  now  &llen,  theyeteran 
coolly  replied  that  that  did  not  concern 
him,  and  managed  to  send  through  the 
enemy's  lines  a  letter  to  the  king  at  New- 
castle acquainting  him  with  the  atate  of  the 
beleaguered  garrison.  On  13  Sept.  his  ma- 
jesty wrote  thanking  him  for  his  loyal  con- 
duct, but  authorising  him  by  warrant  to 
surrender  the  fortress,  out  of  his  anxiety 
to  secure  the  peace  of  the  kingdom.  Ao» 
cordingly,  on  27  Oct.  1646,  Denbigh  Castle, 
which  was  one  of  the  last  of  the  royal 
strongholds  to  yield,  surrendered  on  fayour- 
able  terms  (printed  in  CaL  State  Papers, 
Dom.  1646-7,  pp.  477-8),  and  its  jrarrison  of 
two  hundred  men  marched  out  with  all  the 
honours  of  war. 

After  paying  a  fine,  Salisbury  was  pardoned 
b^  parliament  for  taking  up  arms  for  the 
king,  8  Aug.  1648,  and  thenceforth  liyed  in 
'obscurity  and  comparatiye  indi^nce'  at 
Bodtegym.  He  died  about  1669.  Salis- 
buiy  married  Dorothy,  daughter  of  0wai9 


Salisbury 


690 


Salkeld 


Vaughan.  Rowland  Vaughan  h'T*]  '^^ 
her  near  relative,  and  it  was  at  oalisbuiVs 
request  that  Vauffhan  translated  into  Welsh 
Brough's  *  Manual  of  Prayer/  London,  1658, 
8yo.  Salisbury  also  bore  the  expense  of  its 
publication.  Prefixed  to  it  are  some  Terses 
addressed  to  Salisbury  by  two  of  his  grand- 
sons, John  and  Gkibriel,  both  of  Jesus  Col- 
lege, Oxford  (see  Foster.  Alttmni  Oxon, 
1500-1714).  Salisbur^s  eldest  son,  Owen, 
predeceased  him  in  1667.  Owen's  son  Wil- 
Ham  succeeded  to  the  Rfig  estate,  and  in 
1662  was  nominated  a  kni^t  of  the  Royal 
Oak,  A  similar  honour  was  bestowed  on 
Salisbury's  second  son,  Charles,  whose  only 
daughter  (Jane)  married  Sir  Walter  Bagot^ 
ancestor  of  the  Lords  Bagot. 

[Information  from  D.  Lleafer  Thomas,  esq. ; 
Cat.  Comm.  for  Adyanoe  of  Money  and  for  Com- 
pounding ;  Commons'  Journals;  Axchaeol.  Cambr. 
4th  ser.  ix.  284-91 ;  Williams's  ParL  Hist,  of 
Wales;  Phillips's  Civil  War  in  Wales;  Yorke's 
Boyal  Tribes  of  Wales,  1887,  p.  170;  Parry's 
Royal  Progr.  2nd  ed.  pp.  360-1,  372-9.1 

W^.  A*  W^, 


SALISBURY,  WILLIAM  {d.  1828), 
botanical  nurseryman,  has  been  erroneously 
described  as  a  brother  of  Richard  Anthony 
Salisbury  [q.  t.]  He  states  that  from  179i 
he  was  employed  by  the  board  of  agricul- 
ture in  conducting  experiments  on  the  growth 
of  plants  ( Preface  to  his  Botanisfs  Ckm^tamon^ 
▼oL  ii.);  he  may  have  been  previously  en- 
gaged as  a  nurseryman.  In  1797  he  was 
gwdener  to  J.  Svmmons,  F.RS.,  at  Padding- 
ton  House,  Paddington,  and  in  the  same 
year  entered  into  partnership  with  William 
Curtis  [q.  t.]  at  his  garden  at  Queen's  Elm, 
Brompton.  After  Curtis's  death  in  1799 
he  removed  the  garden  to  Cadoji^  Place, 
Sloane  Street,  where  he  held  botanical  classes. 
He  died  in    1828.     Salisbury  published: 

1.  '  Hortus  Paddingtonensis,  a  Catalogue  of 
the  Plants  in  the  Ghuden  of  J.  Symmona,  esq., 
Paddington    House,'    London,    1797,  8to. 

2.  ^  Hortus  Siccus  Gramineus,'  1816,  a  col- 
lection of  actual  specimens.  8.  'A  General 
Catalogue  of  Trees,  Shrubs,  Flowers,  etc., 
cultivated  in  England,'n.d.  4. '  The  Botanist's 
Companion,'  London,  2  vols.,  1816,  with  a 
plan  of  the  Sloane  Street  garden.  5. '  Hints 
to  Proprietors  of  Orchards  fwithjthe  Natural 
History  of  American  Blight,'  London,  1816, 
12mo,  with  two  copperplates  of  insects  by 
F.  Evee.  6.  ^  The  Cottager's  Companion,  or 
a  Complete  System  of  Cottage  Horticulture,' 
London,  1817, 12mo ;  2nd  edit.  1822. 

[Trimen  and  Byer^s  Flora  of  Middlesex,  p. 
396;  Gknt.  Mag.  1815,  ii.  103;  Britten  and 
Bovlger's  Biogr.  Index  of  British  Botanists.] 

a.  a  B. 


SALKELD,  JOHN  (1676-1660),  catholic 
renegade  and  author,  bom  in  1576,  was  de- 
scended from  the  Salkdds  of  Corby  Castle, 
Cumberland  (see  pedigree  in  Nioholsov  and 
Bitbn'b  Westmareiand  and  Cumberland,  IL 
885;  Vmt,ofTorksh%re,^,^2yVi8it.ofQm^ 
berlandfj,  25,  Harl.  Soc),  and  was  £3urth 
son  of  ETdward  Salkeld,  second  brother  of 
Sir  Qteom  Salkeld.  He  was  possibly  of 
Queen's  College,  Oxford,  but  did  not  gra* 
duate,  and  was  soon  after  sent  to  Spain,  and 
studied  under  the  Jesuits  in  the  university  of 
Coimbra.  He  studied  later  at  Cordova  and 
after  spending  six  further  years  in  Portugal 
joined  the  English  mission  under  the  assumed 
name  of  John  Dalston.  He  soon  f^l  under 
the  suspicion  of  the  English  government,  and 
in  March  1612  he  was  in  the  custody  of  Sbr 
William  Qodolphin  as  a '  guest.'  He  delivered 
to  Qodolphin  '  papers  relative  to  his  conver- 
sion from  Popery'  (State  Ptyters,  Dom. 
James  I,  Ixviii.  No.  81,  28  Maioh  1612). 
Reports  of  his  learning  reached  James  I, 
who  had  several  conferences  with  him,  and 
it  was  stated  that  the  cogency  of  the  king's 
arguments  finally  led  to  his  conversion  to 

Erotestantism.  After  livincr  for  a  time  at  the 
ouse  of  Br.  King,  bishop  of  London  (Wood, 
Athen€B  Oxtm,  ii.  816),  he  indulged  in 
speculations  as  to  the  nature  of  angus,  and 
dedicated  a  treatise  on  the  sulnect  to  the 
king  in  1618.  James  presented  nim  to  the 
living  of  Wellington,  Somerset,  in  November 
1618  (WbjlVBB,  Somenet  Incumbents,^,  462), 
and  subsequently  granted  him  a  pardon 
under  the  si^  manual  for  having  gone 
beyond  sea  without  license  and  joined  the 
church  of  Rome  (17  March  1616 ;  Moyal  Sign 
Manual,  iv.  No.  88,  Public  Record  Office). 
Salkeld  was  then  described  as  B.D.  (Wood, 
Athenm  Oxon,  iii.  488). 

In  1616  Salkeld  informed  against  Lord 
William  Howard  for  recusancy  \SUt,  MS8, 
Comm,  12th  Rep.  pt.  vii.  p.  15,  12  Nov. 
1616).  In  1686  he  became  lector  of  Church 
Taunton  in  Devonshire.  In  the  dvil  wars 
he  was  strongly  royalist,  and  was  deprived 
of  Church  Taunton  about  1646.  He  subse- 
quently settled  atUffculmein  Devonshire,  and 
tnere  in  November  1651  and  January  1652 
he  was  arrested  and  examined  by  the  county 
commissioners  on  the  ground  01  his  royalist 
symftaihies  (Cal,  Committee  for  Compound- 
ing, iii.  1418;  Walkbb,  Sujferings  qf  the 
Clergy,  iL  858).  He  died  at  Uffouhne  in 
Februarv  1659-60,  and  was  buried  in  the 
church  there.    He  left  a  son. 

Salkeld  wrote :  1. '  A  Treatise  of  Angels, 
of  the  nature,  essence,  place,  power,  science, 
will,  apparitions,  grace,  sinne,  and  all  other 
proprieties  of  angels  collected  out  of  the 


Salkeld 


691 


Sail 


Holy  ScrmtureB,  ancient  fathers  and  school 
diTines,'  London,  1613  (dedicated  to  King 
James).  2.  *  A  Treatise  of  Paradise  and  the 
principall  Contents  thereof,  especially  of  the 
greatnesse,  situation,  beaatie,  and  other  pro- 
perties  of  that  place/  London,  1617,  8to  (de- 
dicated to  Sir  Francis  Bacon).  He  also  left 
manuscripts  fit  for  the  press,  among  them 
two  concerning  controversies  between  Borne 
and  the  church  of  England  (see  Foley,  Be- 
eord$f  T.  864) ;  and  another  concerning  the 
end  of  the  world  (see  Wood,  Athena  Oxon, 
In.  489). 

[Authorities  as  in  text;  Foley's  Records  of 
the  English  Province  of  the  Society  of  Jesus, 
V.854,  yi.  355 ;  Dodd'sChurch  History,  iii.  319.] 

W.  A.B. 

SALKELD,  WILLIAM  (1671-1716). 
l^nd  writer,  was  the  son  of  Samnel  Salkeld 
ofFallowden,  Northumberland,  who  died  in 
1609,  and  came  of  an  ancient  Cumberland 
family.  He  was  bom  in  1671,  and  matri- 
cnlated  at  St.  Edmund  Hall,  Oxford,  on 
22  April  1687,  at  the  age  of  fifteen  (Fosibb, 
Alumni  Oxen,)  He  entered  himself  as  a 
student  of  the  Middle  Temple,  2  May  1692, 
and  was  called  to  the  bar  on  8  June  1698. 
He  settled  in  Dorset  on  his  marrisge,  in 
1700,  with  Mary,  0^  daughter  and  heiress 
of  John  Byves  of  flfehide  Nevill  in  that 
county.  He  acquired  a  portion  of  that 
manor,  disposinff  in  1707  of  his  paternal 
estate  of  Fallowden.  Having  in  the  mean- 
while attained  to  a  fedr  practice  at  the  bar, 
Salkeld  was  in  1718  appointed  chief  justice 
of  the  great  sessions  for  the  counties  of  Car- 
marthmi,  Cardigan,  and  Pembroke.  On 
24  Jan.  1716  he  became  serieant-at-law,  and, 
in  suite  of  the  change  01  djrnasty,  he  pre- 
sidea  over  the  Carmarthen  circuit  until  his 
death  on  14  Sept.  following.  He  was  buried 
in  the  church  of  Fifehide  Nevill,  where  a 
monument  was  erected  to  his  memory.  His 
widow  died  in  1723,  aged  42,  leaving  three 
sons  and  three  daughters.  Serjeant  Salkeld 
is  best  remembered  as  a  dOigent  and  pains- 
taking law-reporter,  his  *  Reports  of  Cases  in 
the  King's  Bench.  1689-1712,'  nublished 
after  his  death  in  1717  and  1718,  being  the 
standing  authority  for  that  period.  With 
others  he  translated  into  English  the '  Re- 
ports of  Sir  CresweU  Levins  m  the  Kinjr's 
Bcmdi,  1660-1697,'  which  appeared  in  17^. 

[Hntchtns's  Hist,  of  Dorset. ;  Haydn's  Book  of 
Dignities,  ed.  Ockerby ;  Hist.  Beg.]  W.  R.  W. 

flALL,  ANDREW  (1612-1682),  Irish 
Jesuit,  bom  at  Cashel  in  1612,  belonged  to 
a  good  old  family  whose  tombs  are  st&U  pre- 
served there.  Mis  father's  name  is  nowhere 
menUoned.  He  was  educated  at  St.  Omer  for 


the  priesthood,  and  became  a  Jesuit.  F^m 
1662  to  1666  he  was  rector  of  the  Irish  Col- 
1^  at  Salamanca,  and  '  reader  in  the  chaic 
of  controversy  against  heresy  there,'  in 
which  capacity  he  was  licensed  by  the 
Spanish  inquisitor-general  to  read  prohibited 
books.  He  was  at  the  same  time  professor 
of  moral  theolo^.  Afterwurds  he  was  pro- 
fessor of  divinity  in  the  colleges  of  Pam- 
peluna,  Palencia,  and  Tudela,  all  in  the 
north  of  Spain.  During  his  residence  at 
Pampeluna  he  was  intimate  with  Nicholas 
French  [Q;  v.],  who  called  him  his  'unicum 
solatium^  m  exile  there  (Preface  to  Sell's 
Catholic  and  Apostolic  Faith),  The  Jesuits' 
fourth  vow,  that  of  special  allegiance  and 
obedience  to  the  pope,  was  taken  by  Sail  at 
Valladolid,  probabl^r  in  1667  or  1668.  Thin 
vow  admits  to  the  highest  rank  of  the  order, 
and  by  the  constitution  is  not  taken  before 
the  age  of  forty-five.  In  October  1669  Sail 
was  at  Nantes^  whence  he  wrote  a  letter 
about  the  sufienngs  of  his  church  in  Ireland 
(MoBAir,  Sjpieileffium  Oeeorietue,  i,  428). 

The  exact  date  of  Sail's  return  to  Ireland 
does  not  appear,  but  he  was  provincial  supe- 
rior of  thelrish  Jesuits  in  July  1664  (Walsh, 
Bemonatrancef  pp.  496,  676,  679),  and  not 
before  the  winter  of  1662  (u>,  pp.  84,  670). 
On  16  June  1666  he  subscnbed  officially  to 
the  loyal  remonstrance  of  the  Roman  catho- 
lic der^  (t5.  p.  684).  Sail's  long  and  varied 
theological  studies  Iiad  the  efiect  of  makina 
him  doubt  whether  the  church  of  England 
was  not  more  in  the  right  than  the  church 
of  Rome.  He  argued  the  point  for  six  years 
with  Thomas  Pnce  [q^v.],  the  protestant 
archbbhop  of  Oashel,  out  without  making 
any  public  declaration.  Rumours  of  his  in« 
tended  change  were  in  circulation  about  the 
beflinninff  of  1674,  and  Sail  believed  his  life 
to  be  in  danger.  Price,  with  the  mayor  and 
'other  Engfish  gentlemen  of  the  city  of 
Oashel,'  sent  a  mounted  party  to  bring  him 
safe  to  the  archiepiscopai  palace.  Sail  re- 
mained under  Price's  raotection,  and  pub- 
licly challenged  the  Roman  catholics  to 
resolve  his  doubts.  On  17  May  1674,  being 
the  fourth  Sunday  after  Easter,  Sail  made 
a  public  declaration  of  his  adhesion  to  the 
church  of  England  in  St.  John's  Church, 
CasheL  Sail  considered  his  new  confession 
a  '  safer  way  for  salvation  than  the  Romish 
diurch,'  but  admits  that  he  would  probably 
not  have  declared  himself  openly  but  for 
Essex's  proclamation  ordering  regular  priests 
to  leave  Ireland,  which  grew  out  of  the 
proceedings  of  the  English  parliament  in 
January  1678-4.  After  taking  the  final 
leap  Sail  went  to  Dublin,  and  John  Free, 
superior  of  the  Irish  Jesuits,  invited  him  to  a 

tt2 


Sail 


692 


Sail 


priTate  conference ;  but  this  lie  declined  on 
the  pound  that  his  case  was  already  public. 
On  5  July  he  preached  in  Christ  Church 
Cathedral,  when  he  explained  and  amplified 
the  Cashel  declaration. 

Sail  went  into  residence  in  Trinity  C0I7 
lege,  Dublin,  and  was  admitted  to  the  degree 
of  D.D.  He  published  a  thesis  with  two 
main  points — tnat  there  is  salvation  outside 
the  Roman  church,  and  that  the  church  of 
England  way  to  it  is  safer  than  that  of 
Rome.  By  leave  of  Primate  James  Mar^ 
getson  [q.  v.]  and  the  college  authorities 
Ee  invited  several  learned  Roman  catholic 
doctors  to  argue  publicly  with  him,  but 
they  could  hardly  have  done  so  safely,  and 
refused.  Protestant  graduates  then  took  up 
the  Roman  aide,  and  argued  it  ably,  even 
by  the  confession  of  those  whom  Sail  had 
challenged. 

In  July  1675  Sail  went  to  Oxford,  and  was 
admitted  to  read  in  the  Bodleian  on  2  Aug. 
(Wood,  2^<?,  ii.  805).  His  position  was 
strengthened  by  a  letter  from  the  Duke  of 
Ormonde  as  chancellor  of  the  university. 
Peter  Walsh  [q.v.],  writing  from  London 
on  1  Aug.  to  Bishop  French,  says :  'Andrew 
Ball  himself,  that  very  gentleman  whose 
**  doleful  fall "  you  sent  me,  is  come  hither 
last  week  and  much  caressed  by  several  per- 
sons of  high  quality,  amongst  whom  is  the 
Earl  of  Orrery.  One  of  the  greatest  of  them 
says  his  talent  is  not  preaching.  He  is  never- 
theless in  ffood  repute  among  all  the  Church 
of  England  men  ^{Four  Letters,  p.  69).  In 
September  Sail  received  an  anonymous  letter 
containing  a  bull  of  Clement  X,  who  pro- 
mised him  absolution  if  he  would  return  to 
the  fold.  In  the  meantime  his  Dublin  thesis 
had  elicited  a '  shower  of  books'  against  him. 
One  was  by  J.  E.  printed  at  Louvain,  and 
dedicated  to  Mary  of  Modena ;  another  was 
the  'Doleful  Fall  of  Andrew Saiy  by  Bishop 
Nicholas  French  [q.  v.],  calling  himself 
N.  N. ;  and  a  third  by  Ignatius  Brown,  a 
Jesuit,  who  wrote  under  the  name  of  J.  S. 
According  to  Peter  Walsh,  French's  attack 
rather  added  to  Sail's  reputation,  for  he 
allowed  him  learning  and  virtue.  In  answer 
to  these  assailants  Sail  published  his  '  True 
Catholic  and  Apostolic  Faith,'  which  was 
licensed  by  the  vice-chancellor  on  23  June 
1676.  and'  printed  '  at  the  theater  in  Ox- 
ford. This  book  is  Sail's  apology  for  him- 
self, and  also  a  vigorous  but  temperate 
statement  of  the  case  for  the  church  of  Eng- 
land against  Rome.  Three  hundred  copies 
were  at  once  taken  up  in  Oxford,  and  a  second 
edition  was  in  preparation  within  two  days 
of  the  first  publication  (Cotton,  ii.  187). 
Ball  was  created  D.D.  on  22  June  1676, 


and  '  in  the  act  this  year  at  the  vespers  dis- 
puted verjr  briskly'  (Wood,  Life,  iu  842, 
850).  Besides  the  serious  attacks  on  Sail, 
the  library  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  con- 
tains a  stupid  and  abusive  contemporary 
poem,  entitled  '  A  Oounterpoyson  for  to  en- 
chant that  enchanted  enchanting  forsworn 
wretch  Andrew  Sail.' 

Sail  resided  at  first  in  Wadham  College, 
e  afterwards  removed  to  a  house  in  Holy- 
ell  Street  close  by,  but  his  health  was  not 
od  there,  and  '  by  the  favour  of  Dr.  Fell 
removed  to  convenient  lodging  in  the 
cloister  at  Ch.  Ch.,  near  the  chaplain's  quad- 
rangle, where  he  remained  about  two  years ' 
(Fasti  Oxon,  ii.  856).  He  printed  two  books 
at  Oxford  in  1680,  but  returned  to  Ireland 
early  in  that  year. 

Sail  gave  up  a  good  position  and  a  cer- 
tainty of  preferment  in  the  church  of  Rome, 
but  he  was  not  allowed  to  sufibr  muoh  on 
that  account.  In  1675  he  was  presented  by 
the  crown  to  the  prebend  of  Swords  in  St. 
Patrick's,  Dublin,  and  in  1676  he  was  made 
chancellor  of  CasheL  He  had,  besides  the 
rectory  of  Kilfithmone  with  other  benefices 
in  Cashel,  the  rectory  of  Dungoumey  in 
Qoyne,  and  two  livings  in  Meath  (Cottof, 
i.  44,  V.  7).  These  Insh  preferments  were 
estimated  at  between  800/.  and  400^  a  year. 
Sail  was  also  domestic  chaplain  to  the  king. 
Tanner  had  been  told  that  he  waschantor  of 
St.  David's  by  royal  dispensation  {FasU 
Oxen,  ii.  856),  and  Wood  says  this  Welsh 
appointment  was  worth  80/.  or  100/.  a  year, 
but  Le  Neve  ignores  it. 

From  November  1680  till  his  death,  he 
lived  at  Dublin  in  the '  next  house  to  Young's 
Castle  in  Oxmanstown,'  on  the  lefb  bank  of 
the  Liffey  (Botm,  Works,  v.  608).  He  had 
made  somQ  progress  towards  the  comple- 
tion of  a  system  of  philosophy,  but  laid 
all  aside  to  advance  Robert  Boyle's  plan  of 
an  Irish  bible.  With  Boyle  he  had  made 
friends  in  En^and,  and  spoke  of  his  sister- 
in-law,  Lady  Burlington,  as '  among  the  best 
women  I  ever  knew  °(ib,  p.  606).  With  the 
translation  of  the  New  Testament  into  Irish 
it  was  only  a  question  of  a  new  edition. 
Bedell's  translation  of  the  Old  Testament, 
which  was  unpublished,  was  in  the  hands  of 
Henry  Jones  [q.  y.},  bishop  of  MeiUli  [see 
BsDEiti.,  WiLLiAul  After  some  time  the 
manuscript  reached  Sail's  hands,  but  he 
found  it  '  a  confused  heap,  pitifully  defaced 
and  broken  '  (Boxlb,  Works,  v.  606).  With 
this  and  '  another  uncouth  bulk '  sent  him 
from  Trinity  College,  he  hoped  to  make 
up  a  complete  Old  Testament.  The  Irish 
types  provided  by  Queen  Elizabeth  for  the 
conversion  of  Ireland  had  been  spirited  away 


Sail 


693 


Salmon 


to  Doaavy  where  they  did  service  on  the 
other  side ;  but  a  new  fount  was  now  cast 
in  London,  and  a  skilful  printer  specially  in- 
structed in  its  use  (Botlb,  L^fe,  pp.  d65| 
392).  Before  the  middle  of  February  16S1- 
1682  twelve  sheets  were  ready  for  the  press. 
Sail  also  wrote  a  preface  in  which  he  was 
partly  guided  by  the  work  of  the  French 
Jansenists.  Boyle  thought  him  particularly 
fit  for  this  worki  as  *an  able  man  and 
well  acauainted  with  the  humour  and  opi- 
nions or  his  countrymen '  (t^.  p.  878).  Of 
these  labours  Sail  was  not  destmed  to  make 
a  full  end,  for  he  died  imeznectedly  on  the 
eveniug  of  5  April  1682,  ana  was  buried  in 
St.  Patrick's  GathedraL  'He  was,'  says 
Boyle  (  WorkBf  v.  234), '  a  worthy  and  use- 
ful person,  whose  death  I  look  upon  espe- 
cially at  this  juncture  as  a  great  loss,  not 
only  to  those  that  knew  him,  but  to  the 
Church  of  Ireland  in  generaL'    NarciesuB 


printing 

language  has  received  a  great  (but  I  hope 
not  a  fatal)  stroke,  Inr  the  death  of  Dr.  SaU ' 
(ib.  p.  610). 

Sail's  published  works  are:  1.  'A  Decla- 
ration for  the  Church  of  England,'  Dublin, 
12mo;  London,  4to,  1674.  2.  'A  Sermon 
preached  at  Christ  Church,  Dublin,  on 
Matt.  xxiv.  15-18,'  Dublin,  4to,  1874  and 
1875.  There  is  a  French  version  of  this  in 
the  Bodleian  Library,  London,  8vo,  1675; 
but  it  is  not  in  the  firitish  Museum  nor  in 
Trinity  College,  Dublin.  8.  '  True  Catholic 
and  Apostolic  Faith,'  dedicated  to  Essex,  Ox- 
ford, 8vo,  1676.  4.  '  Votum  pro  pace  Chris- 
tiana,' Oxford,  4to,  1678,  and  8vo,  1680. 
5.  'Ethica  stve  Moralis  Philosophia,'  Ox- 
ford, 8vo,  1680.  All  the  above  are  rare ;  the 
second  and  third  were  republished  in  1840 
aad  1841  respectively  by  Josiah  Allport. 

^Sail's  own  writings  contain  many  antobiogra- 
pbical  details,  and  apon  them  the  notices  in  Ware's 
Writers  of  Ireland,  ed.  Harris,  aad  in  Cotton's 
Pasti  Eodesie  Hibemicas  are  chiefly  founded. 
Wood's  Fasti  Ozon.  ed  Bliss,  and  his  Life  and 
Times,  ed.  Clark;  Foster's  Alumni  Ozon.  1600- 
1714;  Walsh's  Hist,  of  the  Remonstrance,  and 
his  Four  Letters  to  Persons  of  Quality ;  Birch's 
Life  of  Robert  Boyle,  8to,  and  his  folio  edition 
of  Boyle's  Works,  vol.  v.;  Bedell's  Life,  ed. 
Jones  (Camden  Soc.) ;  Le  Neve's  Fasti  Ecclesiss 
Anglicans.  Some  of  Sail's  letters  are  preserved 
at  Kilkenny  Castle  (Hist.  MSa  Gonim.  Srd 
Hep.)]  B.  B-L. 

SALMON,ELIZA  (1787-1849),  vocalist, 
bom  at  Oxford  in  1787,  was  daughter  of  one 
Munday,  and  came  of  a  musical  family.  Her 
mothers  brothers,  John  Mahon  (6,  1746)  I 


and  William  Mahon  (1763-1816),  were 
noted  clarinettists.  Their  sisters  (£lisa*e 
aunts),  Mrs.  Warton,  Mrs.  Ambrose,  and 
Mrs.  Second  (1777-1806),  were  excellent 
vocalists.  Mrs.  Second  sang  at  the  Three 
Choirs  Festival  in  1796,  and  on  the  Covent 
Garden  stage  in  1796.  Her  voice  was  of 
rare  quality,  and  she  '  sang  up  to  F  in  alt 
with  ease '  (Pabkb). 

Eliza  Munday  became  a  pupil  of  John 
James  Ashley.  On  4  March  1803  she  made 
her  first  appearance  in  oratorio  at  Covent 
Garden,  Miss  Stephens  having  at  that  period 
the  first  place  aa  a  singer.  Miss  Munday, 
gifted  with  a  voice  of  beautiful  tone,  a 
charming  manner,  and  a  face  'of  dazzling 
fairness,  obtained  immediate  success;  but 
her  attempt  to  embellish  her  solo  singing 
with  inappropriate  tricks  was  condemned  by 
critics.  After  acquiring  further  experience 
Eliza  Munday  learnt  to  employ  her  execu- 
tive powers  more  judiciously.  She  mar* 
ried,  at  Liverpool  on  11  Feb.  1806,  James 
Salmon,  orgamst  of  St.  Peter^s,  Liverpool, 
whose  father,  James  Salmon  the  elder  {d. 
1827),  was  lay  clerk  of  St.  Geone's  Chanel, 
Windsor,  and  whose  brother  William  (1789- 
1868),  after  holding  the  same  position,  was 
lay  clerk  of  Westmmster  and  taught  singing. 
In  1813  her  husband  enlisted  and  went  to 
the  West  Indies  with  his  regiment,  where  he 
died.  Mrs.  Salmon  sang  constantly  at  the 
Three  Choirs  Festivals  from  1812  until  1824, 
and  was  soon  deemed  indispensable  at  ora* 
torios  and  concerts  in  London.  So  numerous 
were  her  engagements  that  she  had  been 
known,  in  those  days  of  difficult  journeys, 
to  travel  some  four  hundred  miles  in  six 
days,  appearing  at  the  large  towns  on  the 
way.  £Ler  professional  income  during  1823 
is  said  to  have  reached  6,000/.  Suddenli^,  in 
a  moment  it  was  even  said,  during  an  Ancient 
music  concert  at  the  beginning  of  May  1826, 
Mrs.  Salmon's  voice  collapsed.  Her  hus- 
band died  before  her  voice  failed.  During 
her  widowhood  she  sought  for  pupils,  but  in 
vain.  She  married  for  a  second  time  a 
clergyman  named  Hinde,  who  died  about 
1840,  leaving  her  destitute.  After  several 
years  of  poverty  she  died,  aged  Q%  at 
33  King's  Koad,  Chelsea,  on  6  June  1849. 

The  magic  of  Mrs.  Salmon's  voice  lajr  in 
its  tone.    It  was  likened  to  that  of  musical 

f  lasses,  and  Henrv  Phillips  wrote  that  when 
'homas  Lindsay  Willman  [q.  v.],  the  clari- 
nettist, accompanied  Mrs.  Salmon,  it  was 
difficult  at  times  to  distinguish  the  voice 
from  the  instrument.  But  Mrs.  Salmon  was 
no  musician,  although  perfectly  drilled  into 
everything  the  orchestra  then  required.  She 
gave  no  character  to  anything  she  sang. 


Salmon 


694 


Salmon 


[Gtot6*8  Diet.  iii.  220;  Diet,  of  MaBicians,  it. 
410 ;  Georgian  En,  iv.  303 ;  Quarterly  Masical 
Mag.  and  Review,  ii.  195,  and  181&-27 
paBsim ;  Annala  of  the  Three  Choirs,  pp.  51-98, 
passim  ;  Phillips's  Recollections,  i.  96 ;  Orosse^s 
Hist,  of  the  York  Musical  Festiyal,  pp.  80  &c. ; 
Oardiner^s  Music  and  Friends,  ii.  124,  490; 
Gent.  Mag.  1806,  i.  180.]  L.  M  M. 

SALMON,  JOHN  (A  1326),  bishop  of 
Norwich  and  chancellor,  was  probably  of 
humble  origin;  his  parents'  names  were 
Soloman  and  Amicia or  Alice  (Cat,  Pap,  Beg. 
ii  140 ;  Anglia  Sacra,  i.  802).  He  became  a 
monk  at  Ely  and  was  elected  prior  of  that 
House  before  1291  (Dugdile,  Monast  Angl 
i.  467).  On  the  death  of  William  of  Louth 
in  1298  tihe  majority  of  the  chapter  chose 
Prior  Salmon  as  their  bishop,  but  the  minority 
chose  John  Langton  [q.  v.j,  the  kind's  chan- 
cellor and  afterwards  bishop  of  Chichester. 
The  archbishop  decided  in  favour  of  Salmon, 
but  Lan^n  appealed  to  the  pope.  After 
much  litigation  ooth  candidates  abandoned 
their  claims,  and  the  pope  translated  the 
bishop  of  Norwich  to  JBlj,  while  he  con- 
ferred the  see  thus  set  vacant  on  Salmon 
SiiraDAXB,  Monast  Angh  i.  487;  Florts 
i9toriarum,  iii.  105-6,  29S ;  Cal,  Pap,  Beg, 
L  588-4).  Salmon  had  license  from  tne  pope 
on  18  June  1299  to  contract  a  loan  of  thir- 
teen thousand  marks  for  his  expenses  (ib,  L 
582).  The  formal  provision  was  aated 
15  July  1299.  Salmon  received  restitution 
of  the  temporalities  on  19  Oct.  {Oal,  Pat, 
Bolls,  Edw.  I,  1292-1301,  p.  442),  and  was 
consecrated  by  Archbishop  Winchelsey  on 
15  Nov.  (Stubbs,  Beg,  Sacr,  Angl,  p.  49). 
During  tne  reign  of  Edward  I  Salmon  is 
mentioned  only  as  accompanying  the  king 
on  a  visit  to  St.  Albans  m  the  autumn  of 
1299  (RiSHANOEB,  Chron.  p.  199,  Rolls  Ser.) 
and  as  going  to  the  Roman  court  in  January 
1306  (Chron,  Edw,  land  Edw,  II,  i.  144). 
Edwud  n  employed  him  in  negotiating  his 
marriage  in  November  1307  (FadercL  u.  11) 
and  in  March  1309  on  a  mission  to  tne  pope 
to  obtain  absolution  for  Piers  Gkiveston 
(Chron,  Edw,  I  and  Edw,  II,  i.  267 ;  Cal. 
Close  Bolls,  L 104, 198).  Salmon  was  one  of 
the  ordainers  elected  on  20  March  1310.  In 
August  he  was  sent  by  the  king  on  a  mission 
to  Qascony  (ib,  i.  253,  269,  277);  on  this 
business  he  remained  abroad  till  September 
1311  (Of,  I  876,  418).  On  his  way  home  he 
was  instructed  to  visit  Abbeville  and  settle 
certain  disputes  there  (Fcsdera,  ii.  127).  In 
March  1312  Salmon  was  employed  on  the 
commission  for  the  correction  A  the  ordi- 
nances ((7a/.  Pat  Bolls,  i.  437 ;  Oil,  Close 
Bolls,  i.  451).  In  November  he  went  to  Paris 
to  conduct  certain  negotiations  relating  to 


Aquitaine  (^ib.  i,  488).  •  He  accompanied  the 
king  on  his  journey  to  Paris  in  May-July 
1318.  In  March  1316  as  one  of  the  council 
he  was  busv  with  provision  for  the  Scottish 
war.  At  the  end  of  the  year  he  went  on  a 
mission  to  Aviffnon  to  obtain  a  grant  of  a 
tenth  from  ecclesiastical  goods.  In  March 
1317  he  was  directed  by  the  pope  to  warn 
Bruce  against  invading  England  or  Ireland. 
For  his  services  on  this  mission  and  as  one 
of  the  council  at  London  Salmon  had  a  gnnt 
of  200/.  on  10  June  1317  (ib.  i.  580,  ii.  251, 
389,  420 ;  Flores  Histortarum,  iii.  182 ;  Cal. 
Pap.  Beg,  ii.  138).  He  proclaimed  the  king's 
agrreement  with  the  earls  at  St.  Paul*s  on 
8  June  1318  (Chron.  Edw,  I  and  Edw,  II,  I 
282),  and  was  one  of  the  council  nominated 
to  remain  with  the  king  on  9  Aug.  On 
26  Jan.  1319  he  was  nominated  chancellor 
(Cal,  Close  Bolls,  iii.  112,  219).  In  June 
1320  he  accompanied  Edward  on  his  visit  to 
France.  Though  Salmon  still  retained  the 
seal  except  during  occasional  visits  to  his 
diocese  (tb,  iii.  823,  676),  his  health  was 
failing;  in  April  1321  he  was  relieved  of  the 
seal  tor  a  time  during  illness,  and,  though 
he  was  with  the  king  at  York  in  November 
1322,  he  was  again  so  ill  in  June  1323  that 
he  finally  resigned  the  seal  (ib,  iii.  366,  677, 
714).  But  at  the  close  of  1824  he  had  suf- 
ficiently recovered  to  go  on  a  mission  to 
Paris,  where  he  arranged  terms  of  peace. 
Salmon  died  on  his  way  home,  in  the  priory 
at  Folkestone,  on  6  July  1825  (Chron, 
Edw.  I  and  Edw,  II,  I  309,  ii.  284),  and  waa 
buried  in  the  cathedral  at  Norwich. 

Though  not  a  court  official  by  training, 
Salmon  seems  to  have  sided  with  Edward  II 
throughout  his  troubles  and  to  have  been 
trusteed  by  him.  The  El^  chronicler  says 
that  he  always  preserved  his  good  will  for  his 
ancient  priory,  and  at  his  death  bequeathed 
the  monks  some  vestments  and  two  oooks  of 
decretals  TWhabtok,  Anglia  Saora,  i.  689). 
He  built  tne  great  hall  in  the  bishop's  palace 
at  Norwich  and  founded  a  chapel  in  the  cathe- 
dral in  honour  of  St.  John  the  Evangelist,  to 
$ray  for  his  own  and  his  parents'  souls  (Ca/. 
*ap.  Beg.  ii.  140;  Cal.  Pat  BollsBAwtA  III, 
iii.  523).  Salmon  is  also  called  Saleman  and 
De  Meire  or  De  Meire,  and  is  sometimes  re- 
ferred to  as  John  of  Ely.  His  arms  were  on 
a  field  sable,  three  salmons  hauriant  argent. 

[Chronicles  of  Edward  I  and  Edward  U« 
Annales  Monastici,  iv.  462-3,  Murimuth's 
Ohronide,  Cotton,  De  Episcopis  Norwioensibus 
p.  395  (those  four  in  Bolls  Ser.);  Le  Nere*s 
Fasti  Eecl.  Angl.  ii.  482;  Bolls  of  Parliament; 
Fcedera,  Becoid  ed. ;  Foss's  Judges  of  England; 
Blomefield's  Hist.  Norfolk,  iii.  497-9;  other 
authorities  quoted.]  0.  L.  K. 


Salmon 


69s 


Salmon 


SALMON,  JOHN  DREW  (1802  P- 
1869),  ornithologist  and  botanist,  bom  about 
1802,  lived  from  1826  to  1883  at  Stoke 
Fernr  and  from  1888  to  1887  at  Thetfoid, 
Norrolk,  whence  he  removed  to  Godalming, 
Surrey.  He  was  afterwards  manager  of  the 
Wenham  Lake  Ice Oomnanv,andreBided  over 
their  office  in  the  Strand.  He  visited  Holland 
in  1826,  the  Isle  of  Wight  in  1829,  and  the 
Oricneys  in  1881 .  He  was  elected  a  fellow  of 
the  linnean  Society  of  London  in  1862.  He 
died  at  Stoke  Ferry,  on  6  Aug.  1869,  aj^  67. 

Salmon  was  an  enthusiastic  naturalist,  but 
wrote  little.  He  published  in  1836  <  ANo- 
tice  of  the  Arrival  of  Twenty-nine  njlVpra- 
tory  Birds  in  the  Neighbourhood  of  l£et- 
fora,  Norfolk.'  Sevei^  papers  on  ornithology 
and  botany  appeared  between  1832  and 
1862  in  the  'Annals  and  Maffacine  of 
Natural  History,'  the  'Zoologist^  and  the 
'  Fhytologist ; '  that  on  the  flora  of  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  Gbdalming  beinff  reprinted  by 
Newman  in '  The  Letters  of  Kustious,'  18^. 
Salmon's  manuscript  notes  on  the  ^ants  of 
Surrey  were  incorporated  in  the  'Flora  of 
Surrey,'  which  Thomas  M.  Brewer  edited  for 
the  Molmesdale  Natural  EQstory  Club  in 
1868.  Salmon  began  in  1828  to  form  a  col- 
lection of  eggs,  part  of  which  he  bequeathed 
to  the  Linnean  Society.  The  remaining  poi^ 
tion,  with  his  herbarium  and  natural  history 
diaries  from  1826  to  1837  he  left  to  the 
Norwich  Museum. 

[Trans.  Norf .  and  Norwieh  Natoralists*  Soc.  ii. 
420 ;  Proa  Linn.  Soc.  1869-60,  p.  zxiz ;  Gent. 
Mag.  1869ii.  817;  information  kindly  famished 
^  Professor  A.  Newton,  W.  G-.  Olarke,  esq.,  and 
^niomas  Southwell,  esq.]  B.  B.  W. 

SALMON,  NATHANAEL  (1676-1742^, 
historian  and  antiquary,  bom  on  22  March 
1674-6,  was  son  of  Thomas  Salmon  a648~ 
1706)  fq.  v.],  who  married  Katherine,  oaugh- 
ter  or  oerieant  John  Bradshaw  [q.  v.]  Thomas 
Salmon  (1679-1767)  [q.  v.]  was  a  brother. 
He  was  admitted  at  Corpus  Christ!  College, 
Gambridge,  on  11  June  1690.  In  1696  he 
took  the  degree  of  LL.B.,  and,  having  been 
ordained  in  the  English  church,  was  curate 
at  Weetmill  in  Hertfordshire.  Though  he  had 
taken  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  WiUiam  ELI, 
he  declined  to  acknowledge  Queen  Anne  as 
his  sovereign.  He  thereupon  resided  his 
charge  and  adopted  medicine  as  his  profes- 
sion, settling  fijst  at  St.  Ives  in  Hunting- 
donshire, and  then  at  Bishop  Stortford  m 
Hertfordshire.  A  friend  offered  him  a  living 
in  Suffolk,  valued  at  140/.  per  annum;  but 
he  refused,  though  in  great  poverty,  to  sub- 
mit to  the  necessary  qualifications.  Soon 
afterwards  he  came  to  London  and  engaged 


in  literary  commlation.  The  publication  of 
his  *  History  of  £2ssex'  is  described  by  Gtough 
as  <  his  last  shift  to  live.'  He  died  in  Lon- 
don on  2  April  1742,  and  is  said  to  have 
been  buried  in  St.  Dunstan's  Churdi.  He 
left  three  daughters. 

Salmon  paid  particular  attention  to  the 
study  of  Roman  remains  in  Qreat  Britain. 
His  works  consisted  of:  1. '  Roman  Stations 
in  Britain  upon  Watling  Street  and  other 
Roads,'  1726.  2.  'A  Survey  of  the  Roman 
Antiquities  in  some  of  the  Siu^and  Counties 
of  England,'  1726.  These  volumes  were 
subsequent  expanded  into:  8.  'A  new 
Survey  of  iSigland,  wherein  the  Defects  of 
Camden  are  supplied,' 2  vols.,  1728-9.  This 
work  came  out  in  parts,  and  was  reissued 
with  a  new  title-page  in  1781.  His  observa- 
tions were  often  acute,  but  were  sometimes 
paradoxical  and  eccentric.  4.  '  History  of 
Hertfordshire,' 1728.  A  copy  in  the  British 
Museum  has  some  manuscript  notes  by  Peter 
Le  Neve.  6.  *  lives  of  the  English  Bishops 
from  the  Restauration  to  the  Revolution' 
[aaon.],178d^  It  shows  his  nonjuring  views 
and  his  hatr^  of  Bishop  Burnet.  6.  '  An- 
tiquities of  0urrey,  collected  from  the  most 
Ancient  Records,'  1786.  7.  <  History  and 
Antiquities  of  Essex,  from  the  Collections 
of  Thomas  Jekyll  and  others,'  1740.  Un- 
finished, ending  at  p.  460.  Gough  says  that, 
however  extravagant  his  conjectures  may 
appear,  it  was  the  best  history  of  the  county 
then  extant  (Brit,  Tcpogr.  vol.  i.  p.  x).  A 
\  Critical  Review  of  the  State  Tri^,'  1786, 
is  assigned  to  him  in  the  catalogue  of  the 
Forster  collection  at  South  Kensing^ton,  and 
he  made  some  collections  for  a  history  of 
Staffordshire. 

(Nichols's  Illiietr.  of  Lit  iii.  673,  iv.  860»  668, 
viii.  680;  Nicholas  Lit.  Anecdotes,  ii.  182; 
Hasters's  Oorpiis  Ohristi  Coll.  Cambr.  p.  486; 
Bibli<>thecaTjpognphicaBritaiinica,ii].  186-40, 
149^4,  269 ;  Stukeley  Memoin  (Snrtees  Soc.), 
ii.  191-6;  Gent.  Mag.  1742,  p.  318;  ShaVs 
Staffordshire,  vol.  ii.  p.  vii ;  Letters  of  Kminent 
Lit.  Men  (CamdeD  Soc.)  p.  860.]       W.  P.  C. 

SALMON,  ROBERT  a76S-1821),  in- 
ventor, youngest  son  of  William  Salmon, 
carpenter  and  builder,  was  bom  at  Stratford- 
on-Avon  in  Warwickshire  in  1763.  At  an 
early  age  he  entered  the  service  of  anattomey 
named  Grey,  residing  near  Leicester  Fields, 
who  aided  mm  in  his  education.  He  soon 
displayed  remarkable  mecluuiical  ability,  and, 
being  fond  of  music,  made  for  himself  a  violin 
and  other  musical  instruments. 

A  few  years  later  he  obtained  the  appoint* 
ment  of  clerk  of  works  under  Henry  Hol« 
land  (1746P~1806)  [q.  v.],  and  was  engaged 
in  the  rebuilding  0/  Carlton  House.     la 


Salmon 


696 


Salmon 


1790  he  was  employed  under  Holland  at  Wo- 
bum  Abbey  in  Beafordabire,  and,  attracting 
the  notice  of  Francis  Russell,  fifth  duke  of 
Bedford  [q.  y.^  became  in  1794  the  duke's 
resident  architect  and  mechanist.  In  this 
capacity  he  effected  many  reforms  in  the 
management  of  the  property.  He  designed 
the  home  farm  at  Wobum,  the  Swan  Inn  at 
Bedford,  and  many  buildings  and  farmhouses 
on  the  Russell  estates,  all  of  which  were 
models  in  their  wav.  His  services  in  the  im- 
provement  of  a^cultural  implements  proyed 
of  the  highest  importance,  and  his  numerous 
inyentlons  attracted  much  attention  when  ex* 
hibited  at  the  annual  sheep-shearings  at  Wo- 
bum.  In  1797  the  Society  of  Arts  awarded 
him  thirty  guineas  for  a  chaff-cutting  engine, 
which  was  the  parent  of  idl  modem  cnaff- 
cutters.  In  1801  Salmon  exhibited  his  ^  Bed- 
fordshire Drill,' which  became  the  model  for 
all  succeeding  drills.  In  1803  he  showed  a 
plough,  where  the  slade  was  replaced  by  a 
skew  wheel,  as  in  Pirie's  modem  double-fur- 
row plough.  In  1804  he  brought  out  an  ex- 
cellent '  Bcuffler,'  or  cultiyator,  and  two  years 
later  he  exhibited  a  self-raking  reaping 
machine,  which  was  described  in  1806  in 
'  Bell's  Weekly  Messenger.'  and  which  em- 
bodied all  the  principles  of  the  modem  self- 
raker,  introduced  nearly  sixty  years  later. 
In  1814  Salmon  patented  the  first  haymaking 
machine,  to  which  modem  improyement  has 
added  nothing  but  new  details.  He  receiyed 
at  yarious  times  silver  medals  from  the  So- 
ciety of  Arts  for  surgical  instruments,  a  canal 
lock,  a  weighing  machine,  a  humane  man- 
trap, and  a  system  of  earthwalls.  John  Rus- 
sell, sixth  duke  of  Bedford,  father  of  Lord 
John  Russell  [q.  y.],  conferred  on  him  the 
stewardship  of  liis  Chenies  estate,  that  he 
might  improye  the  system  of  plantation. 
He  paid  great  attention  to  the  proper  method 
of  pruning  forest  trees,  for  which  he  inlrented 
an  apparatus,  and  made  numerous  experi- 
ments to  determine  the  best  method  of 
seasoning  timber. 

Salmon  continued  his  duties  at  Wobum 
until  September  1821,  when  failing  health 
caused  him  to  resign  his  offices  and  retire 
to  Lambeth.  He  died,  however,  within  a 
month,  while  on  a  visit  to  Wobum,  on  6  Oct. 
1821,  and  was  buried  two  days  later  in 
Wobum  Church,  where  the  sixth  Duke  of 
Bedford  placed  a  tablet  commemorating  his 
'  unwearied  zeal  and  disinterested  integrity.' 

Salmon  was  the  author  of  '  An  Analysis 
of  the  General  Construction  of  Trusses,' 
1807, 8yo.  He  also  contributed  several  papers 
to  the  'Transactions'  of  the  Society  or  Arts. 

[Ann.  Biography  and  Obitnary,  1822,  pp.487- 
400;  Clarke's  Agriculture  and  the  House  of 


Russell,  1891,  p.  10;  Bipgr.  Diet,  of  Living  Au- 
thors, 1816,  p.  305;  Reoss's  Register  of  Liviog 
Authors^  1 790-1803,  ii.  291 ;  Woodcroft's  Alphar 
betical  List  of  Patentees,  p.  498 ;  Journal  Boyal 
Agricult.  Soc.  1891,  p.  132  and  1892,  p.  260.J 

E.  I.  C. 

SALMON,  THOMAS  (1648-1706), 
divine  and  writer  on  music^  bom  in  1648, 
was  the  son  of  Thomas  Salmon,  gentleman, 
of  Hackney.  He  entered  IMnity  College, 
Oxford,  on  8  April  1664,  and  graduated 
B.A.  1667,  and  M.A.  1670.  At  the  uni- 
versity he  chiefly  studied  mathematics ;  but 
it  is  in  connection  with  music  that  he  is  prin- 
cipallv  remembered.  Matthew  Locke  [q.  v.] 
says  that  Salmon  applied  to himlbr  instruction 
in  composition ;  adding  ^  but  I,  never  having 
contriv'd  any  method  that  way,  referred  him 
to  Mr.  Simpson's  "Compendium  of  Practical 
Music"  for  the  first  introduction,  and  to 
Mr.  Birchensha.'  Salmon,  in  1672,  published 
an '  Essay  to  the  Advancement  or  Musick,' 
proposing  the  disuse  of  the  Guidonian  gamut- 
nomenclature,  and  the  substitution  of  the 
first  seven  letters  of  the  alphabet,  without 
the  further  additions  by  which,  for  example, 
tenor  0  (C-fa-ut)  had  been  distinguished 
from  middle  0  (0  sol-fa-ut].  As  the  Guido- 
nian hexachords  were  then  tailing  into  disuse, 
the  nomenclature  was  certain  to  follow  them 
into  oblivion.  Salmon  proposed  the  modem 
octave  system,  which  Wiluam  Bathe  [q.  v.] 
had  long  before  recommended.  Salmon  also 
added  a  proposal  to  give  u^  the  tablature 
then  used  for  the  lute,  and  in  all  music  to 
substitute  for  the  clefs  the  letters  B,  M,  T 
(bass,  mean,  treble),  each  stave  having  G  on 
the  lowest  line.  This  proposal,  if  aaopted, 
would  have  enormously  simplified  the  ac- 
quirement of  notation ;  and  the  essay  was 
recommended  by  the  Royal  Society.  But 
its  only  result  was  a  very  scurrilous  con- 
troversy. Salmon  had  appealed  to  Locke 
and  the  lutenist,  Theodore  Stefkins,  for  sup- 
port ;  Locke  answered  by  publishing '  Obser- 
vations upon  a  late  Essay,  in  which  Salmon's 
proposals  are  attacked  with  great  acrimony 
and  scarcely  veiled  obscenity.  Salmon  re- 
torted in  a  'Vindication;*  with  this  was 
printed  a  tract  b^  an  unidentified  '  N.  E.,' 
dated  from  Norwich.  Locke's  answer, '  The 
Present  Practice  of  Music  Vindicated,'  was 
more  decently  written  than  the  'Observa- 
tions ; '  but  tne  tracts  by  John  Phillips  and 
John  Playford  in  its  support  are  singularly 
coarse. 

In  1678  Salmon  obtained  the  valuable 
living  of  Mepsal  or  Meppershall  in  Bedford- 
shire, and  he  was  also  rector  of  Ickleford, 
Hertfordshire.  He  abandoned  the  contro- 
versy with  Locke,  but  in  1688  issued  a  work 


Salmon 


697 


Salmon 


on  temperament^  entitled  '  A  Proposal  to 
perform  Music  in  Perfect  and  Mathematical 
f^portione,'  to  which  John  Wallis  contri- 
buted ;  this  was  apparently  ignored  by  the 
musical  world.  Sabnon^s  next  publication,  in 
1701,  was  in  favour  of  education  and  uniyersal 
parochial  schools,  and  in  1704  he  nublished 
'A  New  Historical  Account  of  St.  Geoxve  for 
England ;  and  the  Origin  of  the  Most  Noble 
Order  of  the  Gkrter/  in  refutation  of  Dr^Peter 
Heylyn*s  eulogy  upon  the  patron  saint  of  the 
order.  Next  followed 'Historical Collections 
ofGreat  Britain' (1706). 

Returning  to  his  musical  studies,  he  gave, 
in  July  1705,  a  lect^ire  before  the  Royal  So- 

aK)n '  Just  Intonation/  with  iUustrat  iye 
anoes  by  the  brothers  Stef  kins  and 
ni;  the  TeipoTt{FhHo$ophicalTrmi8aO' 
tum$)  seems  to  show  that  equal  temperament 
wss  ali^andy  recognised  in  musical  practice* 
On  4  Dec.  he  wrote  to  Sir  Hans  Sloane  con- 
cerning Ghreek  enharmonic  music,  announcing 
that,  when  again  in  London,  he '  would  set 
the  mechaziicals  at  work.'  On  8  Jan.  he  again 
wrote ;  he  was  looking  for  a  munificent  Patron 
to  carry  out  experiments,  and  added :  'There 
are  two  things  before  ua :  either  to  giye  a 
fall  consort  of  the  present  muaick  in  the 
greatest  perfection  ...  or  to  make  an  ad- 
Tancement  into  the  Enharmonic  Musick, 
which  the  world  haa  been  utterly  unao> 
ouainted  with  oyer  since  the  oyerthrow  of 
Classical  Learning.' 

Sabnon  died  at  Mepsal,  and  was  buried 
m  the  church  on  1  Aug.  1706.  He  married 
Katherine,  daughter  of  Serjeant  John  Brad* 
shaw  [q.  y.]  the  regicide ;  his  sons  Nathanael 
and  Thomaa  (1679-1767)  are  noticed  sepa- 
rately. 

[Salmon's  and  M.  Locke's  Works ;  Letters  in 
Sloane  MS.  4040,  formerly  inMS.  4058 ;  Masters's 
Historj  of  Gorpos  Christi  Coll.  Cambr.  p.  865 ; 
Wood's  Athens  Oxon.  !▼.  683,  and  Fiasti,  ed. 
Blias,  il  298,  319 ;  Foster's  Alumni  Oxonienses; 
Hawkins's  History  of  Music,  0.  160 ;  Barney's 
History  of  Mneie,  iii.  473-4,  iv.  627 ;  G^rove's 
Dictionary  of  Music,  iii.  655 ;  Davey's  History 
of  English  Mnaic,  p.  887 ;  Moule's  Bibliotheca 
Heraldiea,  p.  264 ;  Nichols's  Litecarr  Anecdotes, 
ii.  132,  ix.  491 ;  Philosophical  Transactions, 
Kos.  80  and  302;  Gentleman's  Magazine,  Ko- 
TemhCTl796.]  H.  D. 

SALMON,  THOMAS  (1G79-1767),  hia- 
torical  and  geographical  writer^  bom  at  Mep- 
pershall  and  baptised  there  on  2  Feb.  1678-9, 
was  son  of  Thomas  Salmon  (1648>1706) 

Sq.T.l  rector  of  Meppershall  or  Mepsall,  Bed- 
brdsnirei  by  his  wife  Katherine,  daughter  of 
John  Bradshaw  [q.  y.],  the  regicide.  Na- 
thanael Salmon  [q.  v.]  was  his  elder  brother. 
Cole  says  that  although  he  was  brought  up  to 


no  learned  profession, '  yet  he  had  no  small 
turn  for  writing,  as  his  many  productions ' 
show,  most  of  which  were  written  when  he 
resided  at  Cambridge,  where  at  last  he  kept 
a  coffee-house,  but,  not  having  sufficient 
custom,  removed  to  London'  {AddU.  M& 
6880,  t  198  5).  He  informed  Cole  that  he 
had  been  much  at  sea,  and  had  resided  in 
both  the  Indies  for  some  time.  He  also 
travelled  many  years  in  Europe  and  elsewhere 
{The  Uruversal  Traveller,  1762,  Introd.),  and 
the  observations  he  records  in  his  works  are 
largely  the  result  of  personal  experience.  In 
17^^-40  he  accompanied  Anson  on  his  voyage 
round  the  world.  He  died  on  20  Jan.  1767 
{Qmt  Mag.  1767,  p.  48). 

His  works  are:  1.  'A  Review  of  the 
History  of  England,  as  far  as  it  relates  to 
the  Titles  and  Pretensions  of  four  several 
Kings,  and  their  Respective  Characters,  from 
the  Conquest  to  the  Revolution,'  London^ 
1722,  8vo;  2nd  ed.  2  vols.  London,  1724. 
8vo.  2.  'An  Impartial  Examination  of 
Bishop  Burnet's  History  of  his  own  Times,' 
2  vols.  London,  1724,  8vo.  3.  'Bishop 
Burnet's  Proo&  of  the  Pretender^a  lUegiti* 
macy .  • .  compared  with  the  Account  given  by 
other  writers  of  thesame  fact,'  2  vols.  London, 
1724,  8yo.  4.  '  A  Critical  Essay  concerning 
Marriage  . . .  By  a  Gentleman,' London,  1724, 
8yo,  and  a  second  edition  in  the  same  year 
under  the  author's  name.  6.  'The  Characters 
of  the  several  Noblemen  and  Gentlemen  that 
have  died  in  the  Defence  of  their  Princes,  or 
the  Liberties  of  their  Country.  Together 
with  the  Characters  of  those  who  have  suffered 
for  Treason  and  Rebellion  for  the  last  three 
hundred  years,'  London,  1724,  8vo.  6.  'The 
Chronological  Historian,  containing  a  regular 
Account  of  all  material  Transactions  and  Oo- 
currencee.  Ecclesiastical,  Civil,  and  Military, 
relating  to  the  English  affairs,  from  the  In* 
vasion  of  the  Romans  to  the  Death  of  King 
George  I,'  London,  1733,  8vo ;  3rd  ed.  con* 
tinned  to  the  fourteenth  year  of  George  II, 
2  vols.  London,  1747, 8vo.  A  French  trans- 
lation, by  Garrigue  de  Froment,  appeared  in 
2  vols.,  Paris,  1761, 8vo.  7. '  A  new  Abridge 
ment  and  Critical  Review  of  the  State  Trials 
and  Impeachments  for  High  Treason,'  Lon- 
don, 1738,  fol.  8.  '  Modem  History,  or  the 
IVesent  State  of  all  Nations  . . .  illustrated 
with  Cuts  and  Maps  ...  by  Herman  Moll,' 
8  vols.  London,  1/39,  4to;  3rd  ed.  8  vols. 
London,  1744-6,  fol.  This  is  his  best  known 
work,  and  it  has  been  abridged,  continued,  and 
published  under  various  fictitious  names. 
A  Dutch  translation,  in  forty-four  part&  ap- 
peared at  Amsterdam,  1729-1820,  and  an 
Italian  translation  in  twenty-three  volumes, 
at  Venice,  1740-^1,  4to.    9.  '  The  Present 


Salmon 


698 


Salmon 


,  Slate  of  the  IJniyerBitiee,  and  of  the  five 
'adjacent  Counties  of  Cambridge,  Hunting- 
don, Bedford,  Buckingham,  and  Oxford/ 
Loadon,  1744,  8vo.  (hily  one  volume  ap- 
peared, containing  the  history  of  the  county, 
eity,  and  university  of  Oxfoi^.  In  the  pre- 
fihoe  he  speaks  of  a  work  which  he  had  pub- 
lished under  the  title  of  10.  '  Oeneral  De- 
scription of  England,  and  particularly  of 
London,  the  Metropolis,'  2  vols.  11.  '  The 
Modem  Gazetteer,  or  a  short  View  of  the 
several  Nations  of  the  World,'  London, 
1746,  12mo ;  8rd  ed.  London,  1766,  8vo ; 
6th  ed.  'with  great  additions  and  a  new  set 
of  maps,'  London,  1769,  8vo.  12.  ^The 
Foreigner's  Companion  tiirough  the  Univer- 
sities of  Oxford  and  Cambridge  and  the  ad- 
jacent Counties,'  describing  the  several 
Colleges  and  other  Public  Buildings,'  Lon- 
don, 1748,  8vo.  18. '  Considerations  on  the 
Bill  for  a  General  Naturalisation,'  London, 
1748,  8vo.  14  <  A  New  Geographical  and 
Historical  Grammar,  with  a  set  of  twenty- 
two  Maps,'  London,  1749,  8vo;  2nd  ed. 
1761 ;  6th  ed.  1768 ;  other  editions  'brought 
down  to  the  present  time  by  J.  Tytler,' 
Edinburgh,  1778  and  1782,  8vo;  18th  ed. 
London,  1786,  8vo.  16.  'A  Short  View  of 
the  Families  of  the  present  English  Nobility,' 
London,  1761,  12mo ;  2nd  ed.  1768;  8rd  ed. 
1761.  16.  'The  Universal  Traveller,  or  a 
Compleat  Description  of  the  several  Nations 
of  the  World,'  2  vols.  London,  1762-8,  fol. 
17.  '  A  Short  View  of  the  Families  of  the 

f  resent  Irish  Nobility,'  London,  1769, 12mo. 
8.  'A  Short  View  of  the  Families  of  the 
Scottish  Nobility,'  London,  1769, 12mo.  He 
also,  in  1726,  brought  out  an  edition  of  his 
iS&ther's  'Historic^.  Collections  of  Great 
Britain,'  to  which  he  ]fre£ixed  a  preface  de- 
monstrating the  '  partiality  of  M!ons.  Rapin 
and  some  other  republican  historians.' 

fBowes's  Cambridge  Books,  p.  216;  Chough's 
British  Topography,  ii.  119;  HaUcettand  Laing's 
Diet.  Anon.  Lit.  1. 537,  iii.  1115 ;  Lowndes's  Bibl. 
Man.  (Bohn),  p.  2179;  Masters's  Corpus  Ohristi 
Coll.  p.  866;  Bourchier  de  la  Rieharderie's 
Biblioth^uedes  Voyages,  i.  91-2;  Monle's  Bibl. 
Heraklica,  pp.  878,  300 ;  Notes  and  Queries,  3rd 
ser.  iii.  11 ;  Watt's  Bibl.  Brit.]  T.  0. 

SALMON,  WILLIAM  (1644-1713), 
empiric,  was  bom  2  June  1644  (inscription 
unaer  portrait  in  'Ars  Anatomica').  His 
enemies  asserted  that  his  first  education  was 
firom  a  mountebank  with  whom  he  travelled, 
and  to  whose  stock-in-trade  he  succeeded. 
His  travels  extended  to  New  England.  Before 
out-patient  rooms  were  establisned,  irregular 
practitioners  frequently  lived  near  the  gates 
of  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  and  obtained 
patients  from  those  to  whom  admission  or  at- 


tendance could  not  be  granted  in  thehospital. 
Salmon  set  up  in  this  capacity  near  Uie  Smith- 
field  gate  of  St.  Bartholomew's,  treated  all 
diseases,  sold  special  prescriptions  of  his  own, 
as  well  as  drugs  in  general,  cast  horosoopea, 
and  professed  alchemy.  While  residemt  in 
Smithfield  he  published  in  1671  '  Synoj^wia 
Medicine,  or  a  Compendium  of  Astrological, 
Galenical,  and  Chymical  Physick,'  in  three 
books.  The  first  book  is  dedicated  to  Dr. 
Peter  Salmon,  a  wealthy  physician  of  the 
time;  the  third  to  Thomas  Saunon  of  Hack- 
ney, but  the  author  does  not  claim  to  be  re- 
lated to  either,  though  endeavouring, 
obviously  without  their  consent,  to  associate 
himself  in  the  public  eye  with  them.  Lauda- 
tory verses  by  Henry  Cole^,  philomath; 
Henry  ^Crawford,  student  in  astrolo^ ; 
James  Maxey,  astrophilus ;  H.  Mason ; 
Jacob  Lamb,  philiatroe ;  and  John  Bramfield, 
are  prefixed,  which  state  the  work  to  be  an 
admirable  compound  of  Hermes,  Hippocrates, 
Galen,  and  Paracelsus.  A  second  edition  ap- 
peared in  1681 ,  a  reissue  in  1685,  and  a  fourUi 
edition  in  1699.  Richard  Jones  of  the  Golden 
Lion  in  Little  Britain,  who  published  this 
book, brought  out  in  1672Salmon's '  Polygra- 
phice,  the  Ajrt  of  Drawing,  Engraving,  fetch- 
ing. Limning,  Painting,  WashingyV arnishing. 
Colouring,  and  Dveing,'  dedicated  to  Peter 
Stanley  of  Alderley,  who  seems  to  have 
consulted  Salmon  professionally.  Besides 
the  mechsnical  parts  of  art,  descriptions  are 
given  of  the  ways  of  representing  the  passions 
and  emotions  in  portraiture.  At  the  end 
Salmon  advertises  his  pills,  which  are  to  be 
had  for  three  shillings  a  box,  and  are  good 
for  all  diseases.  He  moved  to  the  B;ed  Balls 
in  Salisbury  Court  off  Fleet  Street,  and  there 
in  1681  brought  out  a  new  edition  of  his '  Sy- 
nopsis'for  a  fresh  publisher,  Thomas  Dawks, 
who  also  published  his '  Hor»  M&thematics» ' 
in  1679,  <Doron  Medicon'  in  1683,  and 
'  latrica  seu  Praxis  Medendi,'  in  1681  (re- 
issued in  1684).  In  1684,  after  a  short 
residence  in  George  Yard,  near  Broken 
Wharf,  Salmon  moved  to  the  Blue  Balcony 
by  the  ditch  side,  near  Holbom  bridge,  where 
he  continued  to  reside  tiU  after  1692.  He 
brought  out  a  j^rophetic  almanac  in  1684, 
his  wmt  publication  of  the  kind ;  and  says  in 
the  "preface  that  he  liked  to  deal  in  medicine 
better  than  in  prophecv.  In  1687  he  pub- 
lished, with  Randal  Taylor,  *  Select  Physical 
and  Chirurgical  Observations,' and  in  1689, 
with  Edward  Brewster,  a  translation  of  the 
anatomy  ofDiemerbroek,  thef amousphysician 
of  Utrecht.  In  1690  he  published  *  A  Dis- 
course against  Transubstantiation,'  in  the 
form  of  a  dialogue  between  a  Protestant  and 
a  papist ;  in  1^2  '  Practical  Physick,'  with 


Salmon 


699 


Salomon 


the  philosopliic  works  of  Hennes  Trisme- 
flnstuB,  Kabdy  Geber,  Artephius,  Nicholas 
flammel,  ^g^r  Bacon,  and  Qeorge  Ripley ; 
and  in  1696 '  The  Family  Dictionary/  a  work 
on  domestic  medicine.  In  1698  he  took 
part  in  the  dispensary  controrersy  [see 
GABTHy  Sib  SAmTEiH,  in  a  '  Rebuke  to  the 
Authors  of  a  Blew  ^ok  written  on  behalf 
of  the  Apothecaries  and  Chirurgians  of  the 
City  of  London.'     In  1699  he  published  a 

Sm&nl  surgical  treatise,  '  Ars  Chirurgica.' 
e  used  to  attend  the  meetings  of  a  new 
aect  at  Leathersellers'  Hall,  and  in  1700 
published  a  '  Discourse  on  Water  Bap- 
tism.* In  1707  he  published  'The  Practice 
of  Physicky  or  Dr.  Sydenham's  '*  Processus 
Integri "  translated/  and  in  1710  and  1711  two 
folio  volumes,  'Botanologia;  or  the  English 
Herbal/ dedicated  to  Queen  Anne.  He  accu- 
mulated a  large  library,  had  two  microscopes, 
a  set  of  Napier's  bones  [see  Napibb  or  Nbpeb, 
JoHV],  and  other  mathematical  instruments, 
some  arrows  and  curiosities  which  he  brought 
Ixom  the  West  Indies,  and  a  few  Dutch 
paintings.  He  died  in  1718.  His  portrait 
IS  prefixed  to  his  edition  of  Diemerbroek,  and 
to  nis '  Ars  Anatomica,'  which  appeared  pos- 
thumously in  1714.  Several  other  engraved 
portraits  are  mentioned  by  Bromley,  among 
them  being  one  bv  Vandergucht. 

Parts  of  the  ^  Bi blioth^ue  des  Philosophes,' 
1672,  and  the  '  Dictionnaire  Hermetique,' 
1695,  are  attributed  to  him,  and  besides  the 
books  mentioned  above,  he  wrote  *  Officina 
CSiymica,'  'Systema  Medicinale,'  a  'Phar- 
macopoeia Londinensis,' '  Pharmacopoeia  Ba- 
teana,'  and  *  Phylaxa  Medicinse.'  The  biblio- 
graphy of  his  works  is  complicated,  as 
several  were  reprinted  with  alterations,  and 
his  own  lists  do  not  agree  with  one  another 
and  are  devoid  of  dates.  His  recorded  cases, 
though  they  seem  original,  may  often  be 
traced  to  other  sources,  and  it  would 
be  easy  to  believe  what  he  says  was  asserted 
{latricOf  preface),  that  he  was  merely  the 
amanuensis  of  another  person. 

[Works ;  Bibliotheea  Salmonoa,  London,  1713  ; 
Sebastian  Smith  of  Amsterdam,  The  Religious 
Impostor :  or  the  Life  of  Alexander,  a  Sham 
Prophet,  Doctor  and  Fortnne-Teller,  out  of 
Locian,  dedicated  to  Dr.  Salmon,  London.  1700.] 

N.M. 

SALMON,  WILLIAM  (Jl.  1746), writer 
on  building,  was  a  carpenter  and  builder  at 
Ck>lche6ter,  Essex,  who  wrote  practical  trea- 
tises on  all  the  branches  of  nis  trade,  in- 
cluding plumbers',  plasterers',  and  painters' 
work,  with  which  he  claimed  practical  ac- 
quaintance. He  published :  1. '  The  London 
and  Country  Builder's  Yade  Mecum,  or  the 
Compleat  iuid  Universal  Estimator,'  1745, 


Syo;  8rd  edit.  1766.  2.  'Palladio  Lon- 
dinensis,  or  the  London  Art  of  Building,' 
1734,  4to;  6th  edit.,  with  alterations  and 
improvements  by  Hoppus  and  others,  and 
the  'Builder's  Dictionary'  annexed,  1756. 

Salmon's  son,  of  the  same  christian  name, 
lived  at  Colchester,  and  wrote  books  of  like 
character.  The  two  are  frequently  con<- 
founded.  In  1820  a  WiUiam  Salmon  was 
*  late  surveyor  to  the  corporation  of  the  Law 
Association.' 

The  younger  William  Salmon  published: 
1.  'The  Country  Builder's  Estimator,  or 
Architect's  Companion;'  3rd  edit., corrected 
bjr  Hoppus,  1748 ;  6th  edit.  1768 ;  8th  edit., 
with  additions  by  John  Green  of  Salisbury, 
1770.  2.  'The  Builder's  Guide  and  Gen- 
tleman  and  Tradesman's  Assistant,'  1769. 

[The  works  of  the  elder  and  younger  Salmon  ; 
Diet,  of  Architecture.]  M.  G.  W. 

SALOMON,  JOHANN  PETER  (1745- 
1816),mu8ician,wasbom  at  Bonn  in  thehouse 
(615Bonngasse)  where  Beethoven  was  bom 
twenty-five  years  later.  He  was  baptised 
on  2  Feb.  1746.  His  father,  himself  a  musi- 
cian of  small  account,  had  nim  educated  for 
the  law;  he  attained  some  classical  learn- 
ing, and  spoke  four  modem  languages  per- 
fectly, accomplishments  of  the  greatest  ser* 
vice  to  him  in  after  life.  At  the  same  time 
the  boy  distinguished  himself  in  music,  and 
about  1767  the  elector  of  Cologne  appointed 
him  court  musician,  without  regular  pay,  in 
the  palace  at  Bonn.  On  30  Aug.  1768  he 
was  ordered  126  gulden.  Leave  of  absence 
was  refused  in  1764 ;  but  on  1  Aug.  1766  he 
left  the  establishment  with  high  testimonials. 
and,  after  touring  as  a  violinist,  was  engaged 
as  concertmeister  (leader)  by  Prince  Henry 
of  Prussia.  For  the  princess  French  com- 
pany at  Rheinsberg  several  operettas  were 
composed  by  Salomon,  who  also  helped  to 
make  Haycm's  works  (then  '  music  of  the 
future')  better  known  and  appreciated  in 
north  Germany.  After  some  vears  the 
orchestra  was  discharged,  upon  which  Salo- 
mon went  to  Paris,  and  thence  to  London. 
During  this  period  he  had  often  revisited 
Bonn,  and  won  the  affection  of  the  child 
Beethoven.  Salomon's  first  appearance  in 
England  was  at  Covent  Garden  on  23  March 
1701 ;  he  led  the  orchestra  and  played  a  solo 
of  his  own  composition.  At  once  he  became 
one  of  the  principal  London  musicians,  and 
his  name  constantly  appears  as  soloist, 
leader  (time-beating  was  not  then  practised), 
and  occasionally  as  composer,  during  the 
next  twenty  years,  both  in  London  and  the 
provinces.  In  1786  Salomon  began  concert- 
giving  on  his  own  account,  in  opposition  to 


Salomon 


700 


Salomons 


the  professional  concerts,  from  whicli  he  had 
boen  excluded.  In  1790  he  went  to  the 
continent  to  engage  opera-singers  for  the 
impresario  GalUui.  At  Cologne  he  heard 
that  Prince  Esterhazy  was  dead,  and  Hajdn 
free  to  travel.  It  was  then  arranged  that 
EEaydn  should  accompany  Salomon  to  Eng- 
land, and  Mozart  should  follow  next  year. 
During  the  spring  of  1791  the  famous  '  Salo- 
mon concerts'  were  given  at  the  Hanover 
Square  rooms,  and  were  so  successful  that, 
Mozart  having  died,  Haydn  remained  for 
another  year.  Salomon  again  brought  over 
Haydn  in  1794.  For  these  two  visits  Haydn 
composed  his  finest  instrumental  works,  the 
'Twelve  Grand  [called  in  Germany  the 
Salomon]  Symphonies.'  In  1796  Salomon, 
when  on  a  Tisit  to  Bath,  recognised  the 
talent  of  young  John  Braham,  whom  he 
brought  to  London ;  and  his  promising  pupil, 
G.  F.  Pinto,  aroused  great  expectations. 

The  world  also  owes  Haydn's  oratorios  to 
Salomon,  who  suf^ted  that  Haydn  should 
attempt  work  in  uus  style,  and  procured  him 
the  libretto  of  the  '  Creation.'  The  oratorio 
was  published  in  1800,  and  a  copy  was  sent 
to  Salomon,  who  paid  30/.  16s,  postage ;  but 
was  forestalled  in  nis  intention  of  producing 
it  in  public  by  John  Ashley,  who  caused  it 
to  be  performed  on  28  M!arch  at  Covent 
Garden.  Salomon  first  gave  it  on  21  April  in 
the  concert  room  of  the  King's  Theatre. 
Next  year  Salomon  himself  took  Covent 
Garden,  in  partnership  with  Dr.  Arnold,  for 
the  Lenten  oratorio  performances.  From 
this  time  his  name  appears  less  freq uently 
in  concert  programmes;  but  in  1818  he  took 
a  very  active  part  in  establishing  the  Phil* 
harmonic  Society,  and  led  the  orchestra  at 
the  first  concert.  He  afterwarda  planned  an 
academy  of  music;  but  in  the  summer  of 
1816  a  fall  from  his  horse  brought  on  dropsy, 
of  which  he  died  on  25  Nov.,  at  his  house, 
70  Newman  Street.  He  was  buried  (2  Dec.) 
in  the  south  cloister  of  Westminster  Abbey. 

Of  Salomon's  compositions,  now  long  for- 
gotten, the  most  important  was  a  spectacular 
opera,  'Windsor  C&stle,'  composed  for  the 
Prince  of  Wales's  wedding  (8  April  1796). 
Bumey  {Hist,  of  Music,  iv.  682)  praises  the 
*  taste,  refinement,  and  enthusiasm '  of  Salo- 
mon's violin-playing ;  and  the  lost  quartets 
of  Haydn  (in  which  the  first  violin  part  is 
written  very  high)  were  especially  intended 
to  suit  his  style.  The  Stradivarius  violin  he 
used  had  been  Oorelli's.  He  bequeathed  con- 
siderable property,  although  he  was  always 
generous  to  excess ;  he  fortunately  possessed 
a  faithful  and  vigilant  servant,  who  lived 
with  him  twenty-eight  years,  and  saved  him 
from  ruining  himseli  through  liberality. 


Salomon  presented  his  portrait,  by  Jamos 
Lonsdale  [q.  v.],  to  the  museum  at  Bonn. 
Another  is  in  the  Music  School  collection, 
Oxford  (cf.  Bkoklet,  Portraits,  p.  412). 

[Grove's  Diet,  of  Music  and  Musicians,  iii. 
220,  iv.  727:  Thayer's  Beethoven's  Lebeo,  i.  31, 
43,104,  203;  Pohl's  Haydn  und  Mozart  in  Lon- 
don, ii.  73-85,  123,  314;  Gent  M&s.  December 
1816,  p.  569  ;  the  article  '  Salomon  in  Knight's 
Penny  Cyclopaedia;  MomiDg  Chronicle, 30  Nov. 
1815;  Times,  2  Dec.  1815.  The  account  in  the 
Georgian  Era  is  untrustworthy  as  regards 
dates.]  H.  D. 

SALOMONS,  Sib  DAVID  (1797-1873). 
lord  mayor  of  London,  second  son  of  Levy 
Salomons,  merchant  and  underwriter  of 
London  and  Frant,  Sussex,  and  Matilda  de 
Mitz  of  Leyden,  was  bom  on  22  Nov.  1797. 
He  was  a  member  of  a  Jewish  family  lon^ 
resident  in  London  and  engaged  in  commer- 
cial pursuits.  He  was  brought  up  to  a  com- 
mercial life,  and  in  1832  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  London  and  Westminster 
Bank,  of  which  at  the  time  of  his  death  he 
was  the  last  surviving  governor.  He  com- 
menced business  as  an  underwriter  in  March 
1834.  In  1831  Lord  Denman  advised  the 
corporation  of  Loudon  that  they  could  ad- 
mit Jews  to  certain  municipal  offices  by  ad- 
ministering to  them  such  an  oath  as  would 
be  binding  on  their  conscience ;  and  in  1835 
Salomons,  having  distinguished  himself  by 
his  charitable  contributions  and  benevolent 
efforts  in  the  city,  and  being  a  liveryman  of 
the  Coopers'  Company,  was  chosen  one  of 
the  sheriffs  for  London  and  Middlesex.  To 
set  at  rest  any  doubts  which  might  exist  as 
to  the  legality  of  the  election,  a  special  act 
of  parliament  was  passed.  A  testimonial 
was  presented  to  him  in  September  1836, 
at  the  close  of  his  shrievalty,  by  his  co- 
religionists '  as  an  acknowledgment  of  his 
exertions  in  the  cause  of  religious  liberty/ 
It  consisted  of  a  massive  silver  ^roup,  em- 
blematical of  the  overthrow  of  ignorance 
and  oppression  and  the  establismnent  of 
religious  equality.  This  is  now  preserved, 
in  accordance  with  a  provision  in  Salo 
mons's  will,  in  the  Guildhall  Museum. 

He  was  also  elected  in  1835  alderman  for 
the  ward  of  Aldgate ;  but  as  he  declined  on 
conscientious  grounds  to  take  the  necessary 
oaths,  the  court  of  aldermen  took  proceedings 
in  the  court  of  queen's  bench  to  test  the 
validity  of  his  election.  The  verdict  was  in 
favour  of  Salomons,  but  was  reversed  on 
appeal,  the  higher  court  considering  that  the 
oath  required  bythe  act  of  George  IV  could 
not  be  evaded.  He  was  appointedhiffh  sheriff 
of  Kent  in  1839-40,  without  being  obliged  to 
subscribe  to  the  usual  declaration,  and  was  also 


Salomons 


701 


Salt 


a  magistrate  and  deputy  lieutenant  for  Kent, 
Sussex,  and  Middleflez,  reoeiving  his  com- 
mission for  Kent  in  1838  as  the  first  Jewish 
magistrate.  He  was  again  elected  alderman, 
this  time  for  Portsoken  ward,  in  1844 ;  but, 
the  oath  being  still  compnlsory,  he  was  not 
admitted  to  the  office  by  the  court  of  alder- 
men. In  the  following  year,  mainly  through 
the  exertions  of  Salomons,  an  act  of  parlia- 
ment was  passed  to  enable  Jews  to  accept 
and  hold  municipal  offices,  and  in  1847  he 
was  accordingly  elected  and  admitted  alder- 
man of  Gordwainer  ward.  In  celebration  of 
his  triumph  Salomons  founded  a  perpetual 
scholarship  of  50^per  annum  in  the  Gity  of 
London  School.  He  was  admitted  a  member 
of  the  Middle  Temple  in  1849. 

His  political  career  began  at  Shoreham, 
which  ne  unsuccessfully  contested  in  the 
liberal  interest  in  August  1837.  He  was 
also  defeated  at  Maidstone  in  June  1841, 
and  at  Qreenwioh  in  August  1847,  but  was 
returned  as  a  liberal  for  the  last-mentioned 
borough  in  June  1861.  He  declined  to  take 
the  oath  '  on  the  true  faith  of  a  Christian,' 
but  neverthelessinsisted  on  voting  three  times 
without  haying  been  sworn  in  the  statutory 
way.  Prolonged  legal  proceedings  followed  in 
the  court  01  exchequer,  and  he  was  fined 
600/.  Upon  the  alteration  of  the  parliamen- 
tary oath  in  1868  [see  Kothsohild,  Lioitbl 
Nathah  dbI  he  was  again  elected  for  Ghreen- 
wich  as  a  lioeral,  and  took  his  seat  in  1869, 
continuing  to  represent  that  constituency 
until  his  death.  Salomons  had  great  weight 
with  the  house  in  commercial  and  financial 
questions. 

His  civic  career  was  crowned  by  his  elec- 
tion as  lord  mayor  on  Michaelmas  day  1866 ; 
and  on  leaving  office  he  received  the  uni(|ue 
distinction  of  an  address  of  congratulation 
siffued  Inr  the  leading  merchants  and  bankers 
of  the  ci^.  He  was  created  a  baronet  on 
26  Oct.  1869,  with  limitation,  in  default  of 
male  issue,  to  his  nephew,  David  Lionel 
Salomons  (the  present  baronet).  He  died 
on  18  July  1873  at  his  house  in  Great 
Cumberland  Place,  Hyde  Park. 

Salomons  was  twice  married,  first,  to 
Jeanette,  daughter  of  Solomon  Cohen ;  and 
secondly,  in  1873,  to  Cecilia,  widow  of  P.  J. 
Salomons.  There  were  no  children  by  either 
marriage.  By  his  will  he  left  a  legacy  of 
1,000/.  to  the  Guildhall  Library,  which  was 
applied  in  part  to  augment  the  collection  of 
Hebrew  and  Jewish  works  presented  by  his 
brother  Philip,  and  in  part  to  the  purchase 
of  books  on  commerce  and  art. 

He  was  author  of:  1.  'A  Defence  of  the 
Joint-stock  Banks,'  1837.  2.  « The  Mone- 
tary Difficulties  of  Amenoa,'  1837.    3.  *  An 


Account  of  the  Persecution  of  the  Jews  at 
Damascus,'  1840.  4.  'Reflections  on  the 
Recent  I^iessure  on  the  Money  Market/ 
1840.  6.  <The  Case  of  David  Salomons, 
being  his  Address  to  the  Court  of  Aiders 
men/ 1844.  6.  <  Parliamentary  Oaths,'  1860. 
7.  '  Alteration  of  Oaths,'  1868. 

[Times,  13  July  18S6  p.  6,  1  Oct.  1885  p.  8, 
1  Oct.  1856  p.  10,  10  Nov.  1866  p.  7,  10  Nov. 
1866  p.  10,  28  July  1873  p.  5 ;  City  Press, 
26  July  1878,  p.  8  ;  Burke's  Peerage ;  Men  of 
the  Time;  Dod's  Parliamentary  Companion; 
Gnildhfai  Library  Catalogue.]  C.  W-b. 

SALT,  HENRY  (1780-1827),  traveller 
and  collector  of  antiquities,  bom  at  Lich- 
field, 14  June  1780,  wm  the  youngest  child 
of  Thomas  Salt,  a  Lichfield  doctor,  by  his 
wife  Alice,  daughter  of  Gary  Butt,  another 
medical  man  of  Lichfield.  He  was  sent  to 
the  free  school  of  his  native  place,  and  to 
the  school  at  Market  Bosworth,  where  he 
was  idle,  though  fond  of  reading.  He  was 
destined  for  a  portrait-painter,  and  on  leav- 
ing school  was  taug^ht  drawing  by  Glover, 
the  watercolour-painter  of  Lichfield.  In 
1797  he  went  to  London  and  became  a 
pupil  of  Joseph  Faiington,  R.A.,  and  (in 
1800)  of  John  Hoppner,  R.A.  About  1801 
he  painted  a  few  portraits  which  he  sold 
for  small  sums;  but,  though  an  accurate 
draughtsman,  he  never  mastered  the  techni- 
calities of  painting. 

On  3  June  1802  Salt  left  London  for  an 
eastern  tour  with  George,  viscount  Valentia 
(afterwards  Lord  Mountnorris\  whom  he 
accompanied  as  secretarv  and  arau^htsman* 
He  visited  India,  Ceylon,  and  (m  1805) 
Abyssinia,  returning  to  England  on  26  Oct. 
18(>8.  He  made  many  drawings,  some  of 
which  served  to  illustrate  Lord  Vslentia's 
^  Vcmiges  and  Travels  to  India,*  published  in 
1809.  'Twenty-four  Views  in  St.  Helena 
.  .  .  and  Egypt'  were  published  by  Salt 
from  his  own  drawings  in  the  same  year. 
The  originals  of  all  these  drawings  were 
retained  by  Lord  Valentia. 

In  January  1809  Salt  was  sent  by  the 
British  government  to  Abyssinia  to  carry 
presents  to  the  king,  to  report  on  the  state 
of  the  country,  and  to  cultivate  friendly 
relations  with  the  tribes  on  the  Red  Sea 
coast.  He  was  unable  to  proceed  to  the 
king  at  Gondar,  but  delivered  the  presents 
of  ammunition  and  richly  ornamented  arms 
to  the  ras  of  Tijrre,  whom  he  delighted 
with  a  display  of  fireworks.  Salt  again 
reached  England  on  11  Jan.  1811.  He  sub- 
sequently received  an  affectionate  letter  from 
the  ras :  *  How  art  thou,  Hinorai  Sawelt  P 
Peace  to  thee,  and  may  the  peace  of  the 
Lord  be  with  thee  1    Aoove  aU  things^  how 


Salt 


702 


Salt 


art  thou,  my  friend,  Hinorai  Sawelt  P '  In 
1814  Salt  published '  A  Voyage  to  Abyssinia,' 
describing  his  travels  in  that  country  dur- 
ing 1809  and  1810.  The  work  was  well 
receiyed,  and  Salt's  publishers  paid  him 
800/.,  with  a  share  in  the  profits. 

In  1816  (May  or  June)  Salt  was  ap- 
pointed British  consul-general  in  Egypt. 
After  making  a  tour  in  Italy  he  reached 
Alexandria  m  March  1816.  During  his 
term  of  office  he  did  much  to  encourage 
excavation,  and  himself  formed  three  large 
collections  of  Egyptian  antiquities.  In  1816, 
in  conjunction  with  Burckhardt,  he  em- 
ployed Qiovanni  Baptista  Belzoni  [q.  v.]  to 
remove  the  colossal  bust  of  Rameses  11 
('  Yoimg  Memnon ')  from  Thebes.  This  was 
presented  by  Salt  and  Burckhardt  to  the 
British  Museum  in  1817.  Salt  himself  made 
some  discoveries  at  Thebes  in  October  1817. 
He  took  sketches  of  various  remains  there, 
and  made  a  survey  and  drawings  of  the 
Pyramids.  In  the  same  year  he  paid  Belzoni's 
expenses  incurred  in  excavating  the  great 
temple  at  Abu  Simbel.  While  in  company 
with  his  secretary  Bankes,  Salt  discovered 
and  copied  the  earlj  Greek  writing  ('the 
Abu  Simbel  inscription')  on  the  legs  of  one 
of  the  colossi  before  the  temple.  Salt  also 
supplied  Oaviglia  with  money  for  his  re- 
searches in  connection  with  the  Sphinx  and 
the  Pyramids,  and  in  1819  Giovanni  d'Athsr 
nasi  made  explorations  under  Salt's  direction 
(lyATHAiTASi,  BritfAecount  oftheJResearehes 
. .  ,in  Upper Egypt^  1886,  8vo). 

In  June  1818  Salt  wrote  to  his  firiend, 
William  Richard  Hamilton  fq.  v.],  enclosing 
a  priced  list  of  his  first  collection,  formed 
1816-18.  Salt's  prices,  as  he  afterwards  ad- 
mitted, were  extravagant,  and  Sir  Joseph 
Banks  and  others  deecnbed  him  as  ^  a  second 
Lord  Elgin,'  and  discouraged  the  purchase  of 
the  collection  by  the  British  Museum.  Nego- 
tiations for  the  sale  to  the  museum  were  long 
protracted,  and  it  was  not  till  18  Feb.  1823 
that  Salt's  agent  accepted  the  sum  of  2,000/. 
offered  by  l£e  museum  for  the  collection. 
According  to  Salt,  the  antiquities  had  cost 
him  8,0(X)/.,  and  he  considered  that  in 
various  ways  he  had  been  badly  treated  bv 
the  trustees  of  the  museum,  and  in  parti- 
cular by  Banks,  who  had  encouraged  him  to 
collect  for  the  museum  (details  in  Halls's 
Life  of  Salt,  ii.  295  et  seq.)  In  May  1824  Sir 
John  Soane  [q.  v.]  purchased  from  Salt  the 
alabaster  sarcophajrus  found  in  1817  by  Bel- 
soni  in  the  sepuldire  of  Setil  ('Belzoni's 
tomb ')  for  2,000/.  This  sarcophagus,  on  which 
Belzoni  had  some  claims^  and  which  had 
been  declined  by  the  British  Museum  when 
offered  by  Salty  was  removed  to  Soane's 


house  in  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields,  and  is  now 
a  principal  feature  of  the  Soane  Museum. 

in  April  1826  Salt  sold  his  second  collec- 
tion of  Egyptian  antiquities,  consisting  of 
papyri,  bronzes,  &c.  (formed  in  1819-24),  to 
the  French  government  for  10,000i2:  Salt 
died  from  a  disease  of  the  spleen  on  30  (or 
29)  Oct.  1827  at  the  villa^  of  Dessnke,  near 
Alexandria.    He  was  buned  at  Alexandria. 

Salt  was  a  vigorous  man,  aix  feet  high, 
and  of  a  somewhat  restless  and  ambitious 
temperament.  A  portrait  of  him  is  emmved 
in  HaUs's '  Life  of  Salt,'  voL  L  front.  He  was 
a  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  and  of  the 
Linnean  Society,  and  a  correspondent  of  the 
French  Institute.  Salt  married,  in  1819,  at 
Alexandria,  the  daughter  (d.  1824)  of  Mr. 
Pensa,  a  merchant  of  Leghorn,  and  had  by 
her  a  datu^hter. 

A  third  collection  of  Egyptian  antiquities 
formed  by  Salt  was  sold  after  his  death  at 
Sotheby's  in  1885,  and  the  nine  days'  sale 
realised  7,168/.  18«.  6d.  Objects  to  about 
the  amount  of  4,500/.  were  purchased  at 
this  sale  by  the  British  Museum  (Gent,  Mag, 
1885,  ii.  187).  Various  antiquities  procured 
by  Salt  in  Egypt  had  been  sent  home  by 
him  for  the  collection  of  Lord  Mountnorris. 
The  plants  collected  by  Salt  in  his  travels 
were  given  bj  him  to  Sir  Joseph  Banks, 
and  are  now  m  the  British  Museum.  His 
algee  were  sent  to  Bawson  Turner. 

Salt  published :  1.  'Twenty-four  Views 
in  St.  Helena,'  1809,  fol.  2.  <  A  Voyage  to 
Abyssinia  and  Travels  into  the  Interior  of 
that  Coimtry,'  &c,  London,  1814,  4to  (Ger- 
man translation,  Weimar,  1815,  8vo). 
8.  'Essay  on  Dr.  Young's  and  M.  Oham- 
poUion's  Phonetic  System  of  Hieroglyphics, 
with  some  additional  Discoveries,'  &c., 
London,  1825,  8vo  (French  translation, 
Paris,  1827).  He  also  published  (1824) 
'  Egypt,'  a  poem  of  no  merit,  and  prefixed  a 
life  of  the  author  to  Bruce's  'Travels  to 
discover  the  Source  of  the  Nile '  (1805). 

[HalLB*B  Life  of  Salt;  Redgiave's  Diet,  of 
Artists;  Gent.  Mag.  1828,  i.  374;  Britten  and 
Boiilger*8  Biogr.  Index  of  British  Botanists; 
Simms's  BibL  Staffordiensis ;  Brit.  Mns.  Cat.] 

W.W. 

SALT,  SAMUEL  {d,  1792),  lawyer,  and 
benefactor  of  Charles  Lamb,  was  a  son  of  John 
Salt,  vicar  of  Audley  in  Staffordshire.  He 
was  admitted  at  the  Middle  Temple  in  1741, 
and  at  the  Inner  Temple  in  17415,  and  was 
duly  called  to  the  bar  in  1753.  In  1782  he 
was  raised  to  the  bench  at  the  Inner  Temple, 
became  reader  in  1787  and  treasurer  in  1788. 
(Jharles  Lamb  says  that  he  had  '  the  reputa- 
tion of  being  a  very  clever  man,  and  of  excel- 
lent discernment  in  the  chamber  practice  of 


Salt 


703 


Salt 


the  law/  but  that  he  hiixuelf  had  doubts  on 
the  point.  Through  the  influence  of  the 
family  of  Eliot  he  was  retumed  to  parliament 
in  1768  for  their  pocket-boroughs  of  St.  (Ger- 
mans and  Idskeardy  and  preferred  to  sit  for 
the  latter  constituency.  He  represented 
Uskeaid  during  the  three  parliaments  firom 
1768  to  1784  (having  from  1774  to  1780 
Edward  Gibbon  as  fis  colleague),  and  sat 
for  AldebuTffh  in  Suffolk  from  1784  to  1790. 
In  politics  he  was  a  whig.  '  He  was  a  shy 
man/  says  Lamb,'.  • .  indolent  and  procras- 
tinating/yezy  forgetful  and  careless  in  eyery- 
thing,  Dut '  you  could  not  ruffle  Samuel  Salt.' 

Sut  died  at  his  chambers  in  Crown  Office 
Bow,  Inner  Temple,  on  27  July  1792,  and 
was  buried  in  a  vault  of  the  Temple  Church. 
A  shield  with  his  coat-of-arms  is  in  the 
sixteenth  panel  (counting  frt>m  the  west)  on 
the  north  side  of  the  Inner  Temple  hall.  He 
married  young  (it  is  said  that  his  wife  was  a 
daughter  of  Lord  Coventry),  and  lost  his 
wife  in  childbed  'within  the  first  year  of 
their  union,  and  fell  into  a  deep  melancholy ' 
(Laxb,  Benehen  of  the  Inner  Temple), 

John  Lamb,  fatiier  of  Charles  Lamb,  the 
'Lovel'  of  the  essay  on  the  Lmer  Temple 
benchers,  was  Salt* s  derk  for  nearly  forty 
years.  Charles  was  bom  in  Crown  Office 
Bow,  where  Salt '  owned  two  sets  of  cham- 
bers,' and  it  was  the  home  of  the  Lamb 
family  until  1792.  He  procured  the  admis- 
sion <tf  Charles  to  Christ's  Hospital,  and  made 
himself  answerable  for  the  boy's  discharge, 

S'ving  a  bond  for  the  sum  of  1002.  Through 
dVs  influence  as  a  governor  of  the  South 
Sea  Company,  Charles  and  his  elder  brother 
obtained  clerkships  under  the  company,  and 
in  his  will  Salt  made  provision  for  his  old 
clerk  and  his  wife. 

A  medallion  portrait  of  Samuel  Salt,  exe- 
cuted in  plaster  of  Paris  by  John  Lamb,  be- 
longed to  Mrs.  Arthur  Tween. 

[Masters  of  Bench  of  Inner  Temple,  1888, 
p.  88;  Gent.  Mag.  1792.  ii.  678;  Notes  and 
Qoeries,  7th  ser.  vi.  85,  217  ;  Official  Betum  of 
Members  of  Parliament,  ii.  187,  188,  160, 
163,  181 ;  Lamb's  Inner  Temple  Benchers  in 
Essays  of  Elia  (ed.  Ainger),  pp.  122-6,  128-9, 
394-6;  Johnson's  Christ's  hospital,  pp.  264, 
274.]  W.  P.  C. 

SALT,  SiB  TITUS  (1803-1876),  manu- 
facturer,  was  the  son  of  Daniel  Salt,  white 
doth  merchant  and  divsalter,  of  Morley  in 
the  West  Biding  of  Yorkshire,  by  his  wife 
Grace,  daughter  of  Isaac  Smithies  of  Morley. 
He  was  bom  there  on  20  Sept.  1803.  When 
Salt  was  about  ten   years  old  his  father 

Sve  up  his  business,  and  took  a  farm  at 
often  in  Wakefield.    Titus  was  educated 
at  the  Heath  grammar  school,  Wakefield. 


In  1820  he  was  placed  with  Mi .  Jackson  of 
Wakefield  to  leam  the  wool-stapling  busi- 
ness, and  in  1822  entered  the  mill  of  Messrs. 
Rouse  &  Son  of  Bradford,  where  he  spent  two 
years.  The  elder  Salt,  not  succeeding  with 
his  farm,  remoTed  in  1822  to  Bradford, 
where  he  started  in  business  as  a  wool- 
stapler,  at  a  time  when  the  worsted  trade 
was  shifting  its  ouarters  to  Bradford.  Titus 
Salt  joined  his  father  as  partner  in  1824. 
He  first  showed  his  enterprise  by  introducing 
Donskoi  wool  for  worsted  manufiicture.  The 
difficulty  of  dealing  with  this  Russian  wool, 
owing  to  its  rough  and  tangled  nature,  had 
hithorto  proTented  its  use  m  the  worsted 
trade.  Salt,  finding  himself  unable  to  per- 
suade manufacturers  to  make  use  of  the  wool, 
determined  to  do  so  himself,  and  after  careful 
experiment  fiilly  succeeded,  by  means  of 
special  machinery  which  he  set  up  in  Thomp- 
son's mill,  Bradford.  After  this  disooyery 
his  business  rapidly  increased,  and  in  1836 
he  was  working  on  his  own  account  four 
mills  in  Bradfora. 

In  1836  Salt  made  a  first  purchase  from 
Messrs.  Hegan  &  Go.  of  Liyerpool  of  alpaca 
hair.  Though  no  noyelty  in  this  country, 
the  hair  was  practically  unsaleable  owing 
to  difficulties  attending  its  manufacture,  and 
a  consi^ment  of  thr^  hundred  bales  had 
long  lam  in  the  warehouses  of  the  Liverpool 
broKers.  Salt  saw  in  this  despised  material 
a  new  staple,  bought  the  whole  quantity, 
and,  after  much  inyestiffation,  produced  a  new 
class  of  goods,  whi<m  took  the  name  of 
alpaca.  He  rapidlj  deyeloped  his  discovery, 
and  acquired  considerable  wealth.  He  was 
elected  mayor  of  Bradford  in  1848,  and,  after 
some  hesitation  as  to  whether  he  should  re- 
tire from  business,  began  to  build  in  1861,  a 
few  miles  out  of  Bradford  above  Shipley  on 
the  banks  of  the  Aire,  the  enormous  works 
which  eventually  grew  into  the  town  of 
Saltaire.  The  main  mill,  with  its  five  great 
engines  and  some  three  miles  of  shafting, 
was  opened  amid  much  rejoicing  in  Septem- 
ber 1863.  From  a  sanitary  point  of  view 
the  new  works  were  much  superior  to  the 
average  factory  then  in  existence.  Especial 
provision  was  made  for  light,  warmth,  and 
ventilation.  Eight  hundred  model  dwelling- 
houses,  with  a  public  dining-hall,  were  pro- 
vided for  the  workpeople,  and  during  the 
next  twenty  years  the  great  industrial  es- 
tablishment was  methodically  developed.  A 
congregational  church  was  completed  in 
1869 ;  factory  schools  and  public  baths  and 
washhouse  m  1868;  almshouses,  an  infir- 
mary, and  club  and  institute  were  added  in 
1868-9,  and  the  work  completed  by  the  pre- 
sentation of  a  public  park  in  187i.    Money 


Salt 


704 


Salt 


^aoQjB;)ioat  wms  spent  unsparingly,  and 
Saltaire  beeame,  through  the  care  of  its 
owner  and  originator,  the  most  complete 
model  manufacturing  town  in  the  world. 

In  1056  Salt  was  elected  president  of  the 
Bradford  chamber  of  commerce,  and  at  the 
general  election  in  April  1859  he  was  re- 
turned to  represent  Bradford  in  the  House  of 
Oommons.  Though  holding  strong  liberal 
and  nonconformist  opinions,  he  was  no  active 
politician,  and  retired  from  the  representa- 
tion in  February  1861.  He  was  created  a 
baronet  in  September  1869. 

Salt  will  be  remembered  in  the  history  of 
British  commerce  as  the  establisher  of  a  new 
industry  and  the  founder  of  a  town,  and  as 
one  of  the  first  of  great  English  manufac- 
turers who  recognised  to  the  full  the  re- 
quirements of  those  employed  by  them,  and 
who  made  the  cost  of  providing  for  the 
sanitary  and  domestic  welfare  of  the  wage- 
earners  a  first  charge  on  the  profits  of  the 
concern. 

He  died  on  29  Dec.  1876,  and,  at  the  re- 
quest of  the  corporation  of  Bradford,  was 
accorded  a  public  funeral ;  he  was  buried  in 
a  mausoleum  at  Saltaire. 

He  married,  in  1829,  Caroline,  youngest 
daughter  of  Geoive  Whitlam  of  Qreat 
Qiimsby,  by  whom  he  leflb  a  family  of  eleven 
chOdren.  Lady  Salt  was  always  interested  in 
his  benevolent  undertakings,  which  she  con- 
tinued after  his  death.  ]^  his  will  she  and 
her  eldest  son  had  the  disposal  of  the  alms- 
house, hospital,  institute,  and  schools  at 
Saltaire,  and  of  an  endowment  fund  of 
90,000/.  They  created  the  Salt  trust  in  1877, 
and  left  the  institute  and  high  schools  to 
the  control  of  the  governors  of  the  Salt 
schools.  In  1887  they  also  transferred  to 
the  governors  the  hospital,  almshouse,  and 
endowment  fund  of  80,000/.  Lady  Salt  died 
at  St.  Leonard's  on  20  April  1893,  and  was 
buried  at  Saltaire. 

There  is  in  the  possession  of  the  family  apor- 
trait  of  Sir  Titus  Salt,  by  J.  P.  Knight,  R.  A., 
presented  to  him  by  public  subscription  in 
1871 ;  and  a  bust,  by  T.  Milnes,  presented 
by  the  people  of  Saltaire  in  1856.  A  statue, 
by  Adams  Acton,  was  erected  in  1874,  and 
stands  near  the  town-hall,  Bradford. 

[Times,  80  Dec.  1876;  Illostrated  London 
News,  2  Oct.  1869  (with  portrait) ;  Leeds  Mer- 
cury, 80  Dec.  1876  and  22  April  1898 ;  Bal- 
garoie*8  Life  of  Sir  Titus  Salt;  Holroyd's  Sal- 
taire and  its  Founder ;  Reports  on  Paris  Uni- 
versal Exhibition,  1867,  vol.  ri.]       W.  C-b. 

SALT,  WILLIAM  (1805-1868),  the 
Staffordshire  antiquary,  bom  in  1805,  was 
third  son  of  John  Stevenson  Salt  of  9  Rus- 
sell SquarOi  London,  and  Weeping  Cross, 


West  Staffordshire,  a  member  of  the 
firm  of  Stevenson  Salt  &  Sons,  bankers 
in  Lombard  Street.  In  due  course  he  be- 
came a  junior  partner  in  that  firm,  his 
leisure  hours  being  devoted  to  archsBological 
pursuits.  He  became  a  fellow  of  the  So- 
cietv  of  Antiquaries,  and  an  active  member 
of  the  Royal  Society  of  Literature.  At  the 
reading-room  of  the  British  Museum  he  was 
a  constant  visitor,  and  he  presented  many 
valuable  works  to  that  institution.  The 
only  work  he  printed  was  '  A  List  and  De- 
scription of  the  Manuscript  Copies  of  Erdes- 
wicke's  Survey  of  Staffordshire,  which,  after 
careful  inquiry,  have  been  traced  in  Public 
Libraries  or  Private  Collections,'  sine  loco 
aut  anno,  1842-d.  Only  twenty  copies  of 
this  work  were  issued  m  a  separate  form, 
but  it  was  included  in  the  1844  edition  of 
Harwood's  '  Erdeswicke,'  pn.  Ixzix-cL  Salt 
spent  thirty  years  in  the  collection  of  books, 
pamphlets,  maps,  drawings,  and  mannscripts 
illustrative  of  the  history  of  Staffordshire. 
Another  of  his  undertakings  was  the  proper 
alphabetical  arranp^ement  of  wills  in  the 
probate  office  at  Lichfield.  This  work  was 
nighlv  commended  by  Lord  RomiUy  in  a 
speech  in  the  House  of  Lords.  Late  in  life 
he  married  Miss  H.  Black,  and  he  resided 
in  Park  Square  East,  Regent's  Park,  where 
he  died  on  6  Dec  1868. 

Salt's  archssological  collection  was  valued 
at  80,0(X)/.,  and  after  his  death  waa  cata- 
logued for  sale  by  Messrs.  Sotheby.  Soffi- 
cient  funds  were,  however,  collected  to 
secure  it  for  the  county,  and  in  1872  it  waa 
located  at  Stafford  in  a  house  purchased 
by  Mrs.  Salt  at  a  cost  of  2,000^  To  pro- 
vide for  the  proper  keeping  of  the  collection, 
and  for  the  saliury  of  a  librarian,  the  county 
subscribed  6,217/.,  of  which  sum  2,0001,  was 
contributed  by  Salt's  nephew,  Thomas  Salt, 
M.P.  The  collection  consists  of  mora 
than  seven  thousand  volumes,  2,d(X)  deeds, 
eight  or  nine  thousand  drawings  and  en- 
gravings, with  numerous  autographa  and 
other  manuscripts ;  and  it  is  being  gradually 
augmented  by  appropriate  donations. 

In  memory  of  him  the  'William  Salt 
ArchsBological  Society'  was  established  at 
Stafford,  17  Sept.  1879.  Its  object  is  the 
editing  and  printing  ot  original  documents 
relating  to  the  county  of  Stafford,  and  it  has 
published  (1880-94)  fifteen  volumes  of  col- 
lections for  a  history  of  Staffordshire. 

[Private  information;  Pnbl.  of  the  William 
Belt  Archffiol.  Soc.  voL  i.  pp.  i>yii ;  Calvert's 
Hist,  of  Stafford  (1886),  p.  70  ;  Examiner, 
12Dec.  1863, p.  796;  Gent.  Mag.  1864,  i.  1S8  ; 
Notes  and  Queries,  4th  ser.  vi.  Z59,  878,  684, 
viii.  429,  ix.  261;  Simms's  Bibl.  Stafibrdienris 


Salter 


70s 


Salter 


(1894),  pp.  889,  890,  689;  Proe.  Soe.  Antiq. 
lifc  Mr.  k  218,280.  299.  iii.  29,  189,  286,  288, 
It.  76,  2iid  ser.  ii.  894 ;  Times,  9  Dec.  1868,  p.  7, 
coL  8.]  T.  0. 

BALTEB,  JAMES  (1660-1718?},  poet 
and  gramniftriftn,  bom  in  1650.  son  of  James 
Saher,  plebeiua,  of  the  city  01  Exeter,  was 
matricmated  at  Oxford  as  a  servitor  of  Mag- 
dalen College,  24  Juljr  1668.  Leaving  the 
university  without  a  degree,  he  became 
vicar  of  Xesnewth,  Cornwall,  in  1679,  and 
of  St.  Mary  Church,  Devon,  in  1680.  He 
was  appointed  master  of  the  free  grammar 
school  at  Exeter,  4  March  1688-4,  and  was 
'on  removal '  succeeded  by  Zachi^  Mayne 
[q.  v.],  19  Jan.  1689-90  (Cabuble,  Endowed 
Orammar  Schools^  L  817).  He  appears  to 
bavediedinl718. 

He  was  the  author  of;  1.  'Compendium 
Gr»c»  Grammatioes  Chatechisticum,  atque 
eitta  Terminorum  Explanotio  qua  facihus 
Foefi  Linguas  Elementa  expressant,'  Lon- 
don, 1686, 8vo.  2.  *  The  Tnumnhs  of  the 
Holy  Jesus :  or  a  Divine  Poem  of  the  Birth, 
Life,  Boith,  and  Resurrection  o^  our  Sa- 
viour,' London,  1692, 4to ;  dedicated  to  Dr. 
Richard  Ansley,  dean  of  Exeter. 

His  son,  Jaxbb  Saltbb  {d.  1767),  B.A.  of 
New  Inn  Hall,  Oxford,  obtained  the  vicarage 
of  St  Mary  Church  in  1718,  and  held  it  tul 
his  death  in  1767.  He  wrote  *  An  Expo- 
sition or  Practical  Treatise  on  the  Church 
Catechism,'  Exeter,  176^  8vo. 

There  was  another  Jajcbs  Salteb  (Jl. 
1665),  a  Devonian,  who  was  author  of 
' Callope's  Cabinet  opened.  Wherein  Gentle- 
men may  be  informed  how  to  adorn  them- 
selves for  Funerals,  Feastinffs,  and  other 
hmoic  Meetings,'  Xiondon,  1866,  8vo;  2nd 
ad.  enlarged,  London,  1674, 12mo. 

[Addit.  MS.  24487.  t  328  banter's  Chonn 
Vatum);  Bloxam's  Begisten  m  Magdalen  Coll. 
ii  76;  Foyer's  Alumni  Oxon.  (1600-1714),  iv. 
1808;  Lowndes's  Fibl.  Man.  (Bohn);  Wood's 
Athena  Oxon,  (Bliss),  iv.  800.]  T.  C. 

SALTER,  JAMES  (/.  1728),  proprietor 
of  '  Don  Saltero's  coffee-house,'  settled  in 
(Chelsea  about  1678,  having  come  thither 
^tnm  Rodman  on  the  Lriui  main.'  He 
was  at  one  time  a  servant  of  Sir  Hans 
Sloane  [q.  v.],  whom  he  accompanied  on  his 
travels.  He  occupied  a  substantial  house 
fiaciv  the  river  in  Cheyne  Walk,  Chelsea, 
whicE  he  opened  about  1696  as  a  barber's 
sE(^  Sloane  and  other  coUeotors  made 
him  a  present  of  various  euriositiea,  and 
ReaiHadmiral  Sir  John  Munden  bestowed 
on  him  the  title  of '  Don  Sdltero.'  Under 
the  name  of  '  Don  Saltero's  ooffee-house,' 
ihm  plaoe  became  a  favourite  lounge  for 

TOi  xvn. 


men  like  Sloane,  Mead,  and  Nathaniel  Old- 

^^'^^  [3*  ^0  1°  1^^  Steele  described  in  a 
paper  in  the  'Tatler '  (No.  84)  *  the  ten  thou- 
sand gimoracks '  at  Don  Saltero's.  Thoresby 
(1728)  and  Benjamin  Franklin  (about  1724) 
visited  the  place  as  one  of  the  sights  of 
Chelsea.  The  don  himself  was — according 
to  Steele — 'a  sage  of  a  thin  and  meagre 
countenance.'  He  was  &mou8  for  his  punch, 
could  play  a  little  on  the  fiddle,  and  uiaved| 
bled,  and  drew  teeth  for  nothing. 

Salterns  museum  was  an  astounding  aa* 
semblage  of  oddities,  such  as  a  petrified  crab 
from  China,  medals  of  the  Seven  Bishops, 
Laud  and  Ghistavus  Adoldhus,  William  tne 
Conqueror'sfiaming  sword,  AincrHenryVIXI's 
coat  of  mail.  Job's  tears,  of  which  anodyne 
necklaces  are  made,  a  bowl  and  ninepins  in 
a  box  the  bigness  of  a  pea,  Madagascar 
lances,  and  the  root  of  a  tree  in  the  shape  of 
a  hog[.  The  last  object  was  presented  as  a 
'lignified  hog'  by  John  (great-uncle  of 
Thomas)  Pennant.  The  curiosities  were 
placed  in  glass  cases  in  the  front  room  of  the 
first  fioor,  and  weapons,  skeletons,  and  fishes 
covered  the  walls  and  ceiline .  Salter  printed 
(price  2^.)  'A  Catalogue  of  the  Rarities  to 
be  seen  at  Don  Saltero's  Coffee  House  in 
Chelsea,'  of  which  there  are  no  fewer  than 
sixteen  different  editions  in  the  BritiA  Mu- 
seum, ranging  in  date  from  1729  to  the 
'forty-eighth^ in  1796.  The  list  ot  donors 
set  forth  m  the  catalogues  include  the  names 
of  Sir  Robert  Cotton,  Martin  Folkes,  the 
Earl  of  Sutherland,  and  Sir  John  Cope, 
bart. 

Salter  inserted  a  poetical  account  of  him- 
self and  his  '  Museum  Coffee  House '  in  the 
<  Weekly  Journal' for  22  June  1728.  The 
date  of  nis  death  is  unknown.  The  coffee- 
house and  museum  were  carried  on  till  about 
1760  hj  his  daughter,  a  Mrs.  Hall,  and  the 
collection,  or  a  considerable  part  of  it,  re- 
mained on  the  premises  till  7  Jan.  1799,  when 
the  house  and  the  collection  were  sold  b^ 
auction.  The  sale  of  the  curiosities — distri- 
buted in  121  lots — realised  onlv  about  60/., 
the  highest  price  for  a  single  lot  being  1/.  16«. 
for  a  model  of  the  Holy  Sepulchre.  In  its 
later  days  the  house  became  a  tavern.  It 
was  pulled  down  in  1866,  and  a  private  resi- 
dence (No.  18  Cheyne  Walk)  was  affcerwuds 
built  on  the  site. 

[Salter's  Gatalognes;  Tatler,  No.  84;  Gent. 
Maff.  1799»  i.  160;  Beaver's  Memorials  of  Old 
Chdsea;  Faalknei^s  Chelsea,  L  878  f . ; 
LrEstrange's  The  Village  of  Palaces,  ii.  198  £ ; 
Walibrd's  London,  v.  61  f. ;  Wheatley  and  Cun- 
ningham's London,  i.  611 ;  Angelo's  Picnic,  p. 
106 ;  varieos  refemnees  in  Notes  and  Qoeries^ 
s^eoally  4th  sar.  iii.  680.]  W.  W. 

88 


Salter 


706 


Salter 


SALTER^  JOHN  WILLIAM  (1820- 
1869),  geologist,  was  born  on  16  Dec.  1820, 
and  gave  eany  indications  of  an  entliusiastic 
love  of  natural  history,  especially  of  ento- 
mology. In  April  1835,  an;er  education  at 
a  private  school^  he  was  apprenticed  to  James 
de  Carle  Sowerbv  [see  under  Sowebbt, 
Jauis].  Some  eiguteen  months  later  he  read 
his  first  scientific  paper  *  on  the  habits  of  in- 
sects '  at  the  Camaen  Literary  Society.  He 
was  engaged,  under  Sowerby  s  care,  on  the 
illustrations  of  such  books  as  Loudon's  '  En- 
qyclopffidia  of  Plants/  ilurchison's '  Silurian 
System/  Sowerb/s  'English  Botany  and 
Mineral  Oonchology/  thus  acquiring  that 
accuracy  of  eye  and  command  of  the  pencil 
which  were  so  valuable  to  him  in  after  life. 
Another  result  of  this  employment  was  his 
marriage,  in  1846,  to  Sally,  second  daughter 
of  his  master,  and  the  same  year  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  geological  survey  as  assistant 
to  Edward  Forbes  [q.  v.]  When  the  latter 
went  to  Edinburgh  in  1854,  Salter  became 
palaeontologist  to  the  survey.  In  1842  he 
spent  a  short  time  in  Cambridge  arranging 
a  part  of  the  Woodwudian  collection,  and 
made  summer  Journeys  in  North  Wales  with 
or  for  Adam  bedffwick  [q.  v,]  between  that 
year  and  1846^  aiding  the  professor  from  his 
own  knowledge  of  paleeontology,  but  learn- 
ing much  in  return,  as  he  always  gratefully 
confessed,  from  that  master  of  stratigraphy. 
He  was  elected  an  associate  of  the  Linnean 
Society  in  1842,  and  F.Q.S.  in  1846,  and 
in  1865  was  awarded  the  Wollaston  donation- 
fund  by  the  Gteological  Society. 

In  1863  he  retired,  unwisely  as  it  proved, 
from  the  ffeological  survey,  and  was  after- 
wacds  empioyed  at  various  local  museums  in 
arranging  their  palaeozoic  invertebrata,  and 
in  illustrating  scientific  books,  one  of  the 
longest  and  most  important  engagements 
being  at  the  Woodwardian  Museum,  Cam- 
bridge. Though  Salter's  life  was  mainly 
spent  in  museums  or  at  the  desk,  his  en- 
thusiastic love  of  open-air  nature  never 
flagged,  and  he  long  retained  something  of 
boyhood's  freshness.  But  in  later  years  his 
health  was  bad,  and  at  last  so  hopelessly 
broke  down  that  he  drowned  himself  in 
tjte  estuary  of  the  Thames  on  2  Aug.  1869. 
His  body, was  recovered  and  buried  in  High- 
gate  cemetery.  His  wife  and  aeven  childron 
survived  him. 

'  Salter,  when  health  permitted,  was  an  in- 
defatigable worker.  X^inety-two  separate 
papers  on  palaeontology  and  geology  appear 
uhder  his  name  in  the  Koyal  ^cietjrs  *  Cata^ 
lo^ue  of  Scientific  Papers,'  besides  twelve  of 
joint  authorship.  In  addition  to  these,  as 
paleontologist  to  the  ge(4ogioal  survey  he 


contributed  to  the  ^  British  Organic  Bemaans/ 
decades  i-ziii.,  and  to  the  memoirs  illustra- 
tive of  the  published  ma^,  determining  and 
describing  the  fossils  obtained  by  the  survey's 
collectors.  But  he  also  got  through  a  large 
amount  of  unofficial  work,  describuig  colh^ 
tions  made  by  travellers  in  various  parts  of 
the  globe,  and  aiding  such  geologists  as 
Charles  Lyell  [q.  vj  in  the  preparation  of 
his  ^  Elements '  and  Koderick  Impey  Murchi- 
son  [q.  v.]  in  his  '  Siluria.'  Salter's  chief 
work  lay  among  the  palaeozoic  rocks,  their 
Crustacea  being  his  favourite  subject  of  study, 
especially  the  trilobites,  of  which  he  had 
acquired  an  unrivalled  knowledge.  At  the 
time  of  his  death  he  had  barely  completed 
an  illustrated '  Catalogue  of  Oamluian  and 
Silurian  Fossils '  in  the  Woodwardian  Mu- 
seum [see  SsDawicx:,  Adah],  and  he  left  un- 
finished a  '  Monograph  of  British  Trilobites,' 
published  by  the  Palaeontographical  Society. 

[Gkol.  Mag.  1869,  p.  447;  see  also  Quart 
Journ.  Geol.  See.  vol.  zxvi.,  Proc  vol.  zaxvi. ; 
Froc.  LinnsBan  Soc.  1 869-70,  vol.  cvii.;  references 
in  Life  and  Letters  of  A.  Sedgwick  (Clark  and 
Hughes),  Life  of  Murchison  (A  Oeikie),  and 
Life  of  A.  Bamsay  (id.  portrait  at  p.  324  ).1 

T.  a.  BL 

SALTER,  SAMUEL  {d.  1778},  master  of 
the  Charterhouse,  was  the  son  of  Ajchdeacon 
Samuel  Saxteb  (d,  1756?)  by  Anne  Pene- 
lope, daughter  of  John  Jefieiy,  archdeacon  of 
Norwich. 

The  father  was  admitted  to  Corpus  Christ! 
College,  Cambridffe,  in  1697  (B.A.  in  1700, 
M.A.  in  1704,  and  D.D.  in  1728),  was  yicac 
of  Thurgarton,  Norfolk,  from  1705  to  1709, 
rector  of  Erlham  from  1712  to  1714,  vicar 
of  St.  Stephen's,  Norwich,  from  1708,  pre- 
benda^  of  Norwich  from  13  March  1728, 
and  archdeacon  of  Norfolk  from  22  Nov. 
1784.  He  also  held  the  benefice  of  Bremer- 
ton, Norfolk.  According  to  Sir  John  Hawkins 
(Idfe  of  Johnson^  2nd  edit.  p.  220),  he  left 
Norwich  at  the  age  of  seventy,  owing  to 
some  domestic  disagreements,  and,  settling 
in  London,  became  a  member  of  the  Rambler 
Club,  meeting  weekly  at  the  King'e  Head 
in  Ivy  Lane.  Dr.  Johnson,  Hawkins,  and 
Ha wkes worth  were  among  the  nine  iHem-' 
hers.  The  club  lasted  from  1749  till  1766 
(c£  BoswELL,  ed.  Hill,  i.  190  n.)  He  finally 
retired  to  a  boarding-house  in  Bromley 
kept  by  Dr.  Hawkesworth's  wife.  He  is 
stated  to  have  died  in  1766.  Hawkins  says 
he  was  a  man  of  general  readlnpf  and  a  good 
conversationalist.  Noble  mentions  an  eteh- 
ing  after  a  portrait  by  Vivares.  Cole  says 
he  was  one  of  the  tallest  men  he  had  seen. 

The  son,  Samuel,  was  educated  at  the  free 
school,  Norwich,  and  at  the  Charterhouse. '* 


Salter 


707 


Salter 


He  was  admitted  at  Corpua  Christi  College, 
Cambridge,  on  80  Jime  1730,  and  graduatod 
B. A.  in  1788  and  M. A.  in  1787.  From  1785 
to  1788  he  was  a  fellow  of  the  college.  He 
boasted  in  later  life  of  his  intimacy  with 
Bentley  during  this  period.  Afterwards  he 
became  domestic  chaplain  to  the  first  Lord 
Hardwicke  and  tutor  to  his  son.  He  con- 
tributed while  at  Cambridge  to  the  'Athenian 
Letters/  which  are  mainly  the  work  of  the 
ktter  [YoBXB,  Phiup,  second  Eabl  ot 
Habdwicxs],  and  were  first  nublished  in 
1741.  Through  the  influence  of  his  patron, 
Salter  was  named  prebendary  of  Gloucester 
on  21  Jan.  1788,  rector  of  Burton  Coggles, 
Lincolnshire,  in  1740,  and  prebendary  of 
Norwich,  where  he  was  installed  by  his 
father  on  9  March  1744.  In  1760  he  also 
became  minister  of  Great  Yarmouth,  and  in 
the  following^  July  received  the  Lambeth 
degree  of  DJ).  ^m  Archbishop  Herring. 
In  1766  Salter  was  further  presented  to  the 
rectory  of  St.  Bartholomew's,  neartheRoy^ 
Ezchanffe,  by  Lord  Hardwicke,  then  lord 
eiiancelfor.  He  had  been  preacher  at  the 
Charterhouse  since  January  1764,  and  be* 
came  master  in  November  1y  61.  He  died  in 
London  on  2  May  1778,  and  was  buried,  by 
his  own  wish,  in  the  common  burial-ground 
at  the  Charterhouse.  He  married,  on  2  Nov. 
1744,  Elizabeth  Seeker,  a  relative  of  thd 
archbishop,  and  left,  with  two  dauffhters,  a 
son  Phibp,  who  was  vicar  of  Shenfield, 


Salter  was  a  classical  scholar,  and  versed 
in  modem  literature.  He  preached  extem- 
pore, and  two  of  his  sermons  were  printed. 
Ue  idso  published:  1.  'A  Complete  Col- 
lection of  the  Sermons  and  Tracts  of  Dr. 
Jefiery,  with  Life,'  1761, 2  vols.  8yo.  2.  <  Some 
Queries  relating  to  the  Jews,  occasioned' by 
a  late  Sermon,'  1761.  8.  *  The  Moral  and 
Beligious  Aphorisms  of  B.  Whichcote ; '  a 
new  edit.  1768,  8vo.  4.  '  Extracts  from  the 
Statutes  of  the  House  and  Ordeis  of  the 
Gtovemors  respecting  the  Pensions  of  Poor 
Brethren '  (Charterhouse),  a  largefolio  sheet, 
1776.  He  revised  some  of  the  Kev.  H.  T^y-^ 
ler^s  *  Letters  of  Ben  Mordecai'  in  1778-4, 
and  in  1777  corrected  for  Nichols  the  proof- 
sheets  of  BentleVs  'Dissertation  on  Pha- 
laris/  in  which  t&e  peculiarities  of  spelling 
andpunctuation{>rovoked  criticism  (Nichols, 
Lit.  Anecdotes,  in,  26).  In  Dawes's  'Miscel- 
lanea Critica '  (1781 ,  pp.  484-9)  axe  reprinted 
some  philological  and  Homeric  exercises  by 
Salter  which  he  privately  printed  in  177o. 
Some  of  Salter's  anecdotes  concerning  Bent- 
ley  wsse  printed  in  Hie  '  Gentleman's  Maga- 


sine '  (1779,  p.  647-  cf.  ib.  p.  6^  j  Swrrr, 
Worke,  ed.  Scott^  L  98-100; 


Oettt  Mag. 


1790,  i.  167,  8^ ;  TatUr  (annotated),  1786, 
V.  146).  ■ 

^  [For  the  elder  Salter,  see  Noble's  Gontiniia- 
tion  of  Granger's  Biogr.  Hist.  iii.  106;  Masters's 
Hist,  of  Corpus  Christi,  Cambridgs,  ed.  Lamb, 
p.  486 ;  Luard's  Grad.  Cant. ;  filomefield's  Nor- 
folk, iii.  646,  671,  iv.  160,  614,  riii.  176; 
Nichols's  Lit.  Anecdotes,  iii.  221  f>.,  ix.  779,  787. 
For  the  ^Caster  of  the  Charterhouse,  see  Nichols's 
Lit.  Anecdotes,  iii.  221-6,  and  lUostiations,  i« 
142,  160,  164,  iii.  44,  riii.  79,  84,  160;  Add. 
M3.  6880,  f.  91  (Cole) ;  Charterhouse  Begisters 
(Harl.  Soc.) ;  Harris's  Life  of  Hardwicke,  i.  290 ; 
Blom0fie)d'8  Norfolk,  iii.  663 ;  Le  Neye's  Fasti 
AngL  Eodes.  i.  460 ;  Masteis's  Hist,  of  Corpus 
Christi,  ed.  Lamb,  p.  393  ;  Watt's  Bibl.  Brit  i. 
829;  Brit.  lias.  Cat.;  Chalmers's  Biogr.  Diet.] 

a.  Lb  G.N. 

SALTER,  THOMAS  ifi,  1680),  author, 
is  said  by  Ritson  to  h&ye  been  a  schoolmaster. 
If  80,  he  is  probably  the  Thomas  Salter, 
schoolmaster,  of  Upounster,  Essex,  who  mar- 
ried, on.  14  March  1688-4,  Johanna,  daughter 
of  John  Welshe,  yeoman,  of  Thurrock  in  the 
same  county  (Chesxbb,  London  Marriage 
Licenses),  and  not  thaThomsa  Salter,  minister, 
who  matriculated  from  Christ  Church,  Ox* 
ford,  on  24  Nor.  1681,  aged  38,  and  was 
rector  of  St^  Mellion,  Oomwall,  till  his  death 
in  1626  (Clark,  Seg,  Univ.  Oxen,  u.  iL  106; 
Parcchial  Mist,  of  (hrmoall,  iii.  800).  His 
leaninsfs  were  towards  puritanism,  and  in 
1679  fie  issued  'A  Mirrhor  mete  for  bH 
Mothers,  Matrones,  and  Maidens,  intituled 
the  Mirrhor  of  Modestie,'  London,  8yo,  n.d. 
(Bnt.  Mus.  and  Bodleian).  It  was  licensed 
on  7  April  1679  to  Edward  White  (Abbeb, 
ii.  861),  .who  dedicated  it  to  Anne,  wife  of 
Sir  Thomas  Lodge  [q.  t.],  and  mother  of 
Thomas  Lodge  [q.  tT)  the  poet.  The  pub- 
lisher White  has  been  erroneously  crecuted 
with  its  authorship.  The  book  was  reprinted 
in  '  Illustrations  of  Old  English  Literature,' 
1866,  Tol.  i.,  edited  by  Payne  Collier,  who 
erroneously  described  the  copy  in  the  British 
Museum  as  the  only  one  extant.  It  con- 
tains much  curious  and  amusing  information 
about  the  habits  and  education  of  girls  of 
the  period,  and  protests  against  auowing 
them  indiscriminate  user  of  the  classics. 
Robert  Greene  (1660  P-1592)  [q.  v.]  in  1684 
issued  a  book  of  entirely  different  character 
under  the  same  title,  'A  Mirrhor  of  Modestie.' 

In  1680 Salter  published  'The  Contention 
betweene  Three  Brethren,  the  Whoremonger, 
the  Drunkard,  and  the  Dice-player,  to  ap^ 
prove  which  of  the  three  is  the  worst,'  16mo; 
ncensed  to  Thomas  Gosson,  8  Oct.  1680 
(AxBESi,  h,  878).  A  copy  of  this  edition — 
the  only  one  known — was  bought  by  Heber 
in  1884.    Haclitt  erroneously  says  another 


Salter 


708 


Salthouse 


edition  appeared  in  1581,  16mo.  In  1608 
Henry  Gosson  issued  an  edition  in  qnartOi  a 
copy  of  which  is  in  the  British  Museum. 
The  work  is  a ''translation  of  Beroaldns's 
*  Peclamatio  Ebriosi,  Scortatoris,  Aleatoris, 
de  vitiositale  disceptantium/  which  fiiat  ap- 

f  eared  in  1499,  and  was  translated  into 
'rench  (1666)  and  into  Gennan  (1680). 

[Authorities  quoted;  Bitaon's  BibL  Anglo- 
Poetica;  Works  in  Brit.  Mus.  Libr.;  Oat 
Bodleian  and  Huth  libraries ;  GoUier^s  Bibl. 
Account  ii.  312-16;  Haslitt'a  Handbook,  p. 
631 ;  information  from  Mr.  B.  E.  QraTes  of  the 
British  Museum.]  A.  F.  P. 

SALTER,  THOMAS  FREDCRIGK 
(^.  1814-1826),  writer  on  angling,  carried 
on  bosinees  as  a  hatter  at  47  Qiaruur  Gross, 
London.  When  a  child  of  twelye  ne  con- 
stantljr  accompanied  his  &ther  on  fishing 
expeditions,  and  until  the  ase  of  fifty-two  he 
used  to  fish  wherever  possible  in  the  vicinity 
of  London,  remainiiurat  fiivourite  stations 
for  weeks  together.  When,  owing  to  dedin* 
ing  health,  he  retired  from  business,  he  lived 
for  a  lon^  time  at  Glapton  Place,  and  put 
into  writing  his  observations  on  angling.  He 
called  himself  '  gent.'  in  the  title  of  his  first 
book, '  The  Angler's  Guide,  or  Complete  Lon- 
don Angler  in  the  Thames,  Lea,  and  other 
Waters  twenty  miles  round  London 'n8l4>, 
and  dedicated  it  to  the  Duchess  of  York.  He 
added  a  weather  table,  in  which  he  assigns 
meteorological  changes  to  the  influence  of  the 
moon.  A  nuith  edition  was  published  in 
1841.  This  is  still  one  of  the  soundest  and 
moat  practical  treatises  on  the  art  of  aii|[ling. 
A  few  copies  of  the  sixth  edition  were  prmtM 
on  large  paper  with  proof  impressions  of  the 
plates.  Salter  also  published : '  The  Angler's 
Guide  Abridged,'  1816,  which  passed  through 
nine  editions,  and  'The  Trollers  Guide,' 1820 
(Srd  edit.  1841);  this  was  also  appended  to 
the  fiftii  edition  of  the '  Angler's  Uuide.' 

r&ltei^s  books ;  Bibliotheea  Piscatoria ;  Notes 
and  Queries,  2nd  ser.  iv.  67.]  M.  G.  W. 

aALTER»  WILLIAM  (1804^1876), 
paints,  son  of  William  and  Sarah  Salter, 
was  bom  at  Honiton,  Devonshire,  and  bap- 
tised there  on  26  Dec.  1804.  He  removed 
to  London  in  1822,  and  became  a  pupil  of 
James  Northcote,  K.A.  [q.  vA  with  whom 
he  remained  until  1827.  ae  then  went 
to  reside  at  Florence,  where  in  1881  he 
exhibited  a  picture  of  *  Socrates  before  the 
Jud^  of  the  Areopagos,'  which  was  much 
admired,  and  led  to  his  election  as  a 
member  of  the  Florence  academy.  After 
visiting  Home  and  working  for  a  time  at 
Parma,  where  also  he  was  elected  into  the 
academy,  Salterretumed  to  England  in  1883. 


Soon  afterwards  he  undertook  the  woik  Vy 
which  he  is  now  remembered,  and  upon 
which  he  was  engaged  for  six  years,  '  The 
Waterloo  Banquet  at  Apsley  House.'    This 

e'cture,  containing  £uthful  portraits  of  the 
uke  of  Wellington  and  aU  his  most  dis- 
tinguished companions  in  arms,  eighty-three 
fiffures  in  [aU,  was  exhibited  in  1841  by 
F.  G.  Moon,  the  publisher,  at  his  gallery  in 
Threadneedle  street,  and  excited  intenae  in- 
terest and  admiration;  a  large  engraving 
firom  it  bv  Ghreatbach,  published  by  Moon 
in  1846,  also  became  very  popular.  In  1862 
a  proposal  was  made  to  purchase  the  picture 
bv  sulbscription  and  present  it  to  the  Duke 
of  Wellington,  but  tne  project  was  not  car^ 
ried  out,  presumably  being  finistrated  by  the 
duke's  death;  the  work  is  now  in  the  posses- 
sion of  Mr.  William  Mackenzie  of  Fawley 
Court,  Henley-on-Thames.  Salter  painted 
many  religious,  mythological,  and  historical 
suljjects,  exhibiting  chieflv  at  the  British 
Institution  and  with  the  Society  of  British 
Artists,  of  which  body  he  became  a  member 
in  1846  and  later  a  vice-president. 


portraits  are  numerous  and  of  good  ouality ; 
those  of  the.  Duke  of  Wellington,  Wilbu^ 
force,  Sir  A.  Dickson,  and  others  have  been 
engraved.  Li  1838  Salter  presented  an  altar- 
piece  of  the  'Descent  from  the  Gross '  to  the 
new  parish  church  of  his  native  town.  He 
died  at  Devon  Lodge,  West  Kensington,  on 
22  Dec.  1875;  at  Uie  time  of  his  death  he 
was  a  corresponding  member  of  the  ooundl 
of  the  Parma  academy. 

[Redgrave's  Diet,  of  Artists ;  Ottley's  Diet  of 
Aitists;  Athenifeam,  1841 ;  Art  Union,  184 1,  p. 
91 ;  Art  Journal,  1876;  Pycrofb's  Art  in  Deron* 
shire;  information  from  the  Bev.  H.  J.  For- 
tescue.l  F.  M.  O'D. 

SALTHOUSE,  THOMAS  (1630-1691), 
quaker,  was  bom  in  Lancashire  in  1630, 
probably  at  Dragiey  Beck,  an  outlving  dis- 
trict in  Ulverston  parish,  about  half  •  mile 
from  SwarthmoiHr  HalL  After  a  scanty 
education,  Salthouse  was  employed  aa  land 
steward  by  Judge  Thomas  Foil  at  Swarth« 
moor  Hall  (Wabtfibld,  Trm  Teitimony,  p. 
48 ;  Wbbb,  Feila  qf  Sw^trtAmoor,  pp.  41, 
146),  and  was  converted  to  quakerism,  with 
the  other  inmates  of  the  house,  on  Cieorge 
Fox's  first  visit  therein  1662.  His  hrother  Ro- 
bert also  became  a  quaker.  Two  years  later 
he  set  out  with  MileiB  Halhead  to  visit  Corn- 
wall, where  many  of  the  sect  were  in  prison. 
On  reaching  Honiton,  they  were  taken  for 
cavaliers  and  imprisoned  a  fortnight.  Beinr 
passed  on  as  '  vagrants '  (although  described 
as  '  men  of  substance  and  reputation,  who 
travelled  on  horseback,  lodged  at  tlie  best 
inns,  and  paid  punotuaUyOr  ^^7  letched 


Salthouse 


709. 


Saltmarsh 


Taunton,  where  the  officer  in  commend  re- 
leeeed  them.  On  16  May  1665  they  emTed 
mFlymonthyandwerere-arrasted.  This  time 
the  qramkera  were  taken  for  jeeuits,  and 
for  rwusing  the  oath  of  ahjnration  of  po* 
pery  were  sent  to  Exeter  Oaatle,  remored  to 
the  eaol,  and  detained  more  than  seven 
monus,  with  much  iU-usage,  which  is  detaUed 
in  '  The  Wounds  of  an  Enemy  in  the  House 
ofaiViendV1666,4to).  Onheingieleased 
Salthouse  held  meetinfra  in  Somerset,  and 
was  again  anested  at  Martock  on  24  April 
1667.  He  was  sent  to  Dchester  gaol,  brought 
up  at  Taunton,  fined,  and  condemned  to 
rsmain  in  prison  until  the  fine  was  paid 
(A  True  TeiUmomf  </  FaiU^  W^ne$9e$, 
sc,  London,  1657, 4to,  part  by  Salthouse). 
The  chief  charge  against  him  was  inTariably 
that  he  was  a  *  wandering  person  who  gave 
no  account  of  any  visible  estate  to  live  on.' 

Salthouse  met  G^rge  Fox  in  Devonshire 
in  1668  (Jawnal.  8th  edit  ii.  6).  In  April 
1666  he  was  fined  for  preaching  at  Kingston, 
Surrey,  and,  refusing  to  pajr,  was  imprisoned 
seven  weeks  in  the  White  Lion  prison, 
Southwark.  When  Charles  ITs  prodama^ 
tion  agminst  papists  and  nonconformists  was 
issued  in  Manm  1668,  Salthouse  wrote  from 
Somerset  to  Margaret  Fell: '  Wearepremrinff 
our  minds  for  prisons  in  these  PArts,  ror  tnouff  n 
papists  are  named  we  are  luce  to  bear  the 
greatest  part  of  the  sufierings ....  and  we  are 
neolTad  to  meet,  preach,  and  pray,  in  public 
and  private,  in  season  and  out  of  season,  in 
city,  town,  or  country,  as  if  it  had  never 
been'  (Basclat,  Letters  qf  Early  Friend9^ 
p.  245^.  As  he  anticipated,  he  was  many 
times  m  prison,  and  more  than  once  refused 
his  liberty  on  the  terms  ofiered,  vis.  to  re- 
turn to  TJancashire  and  engaffe  not  to  visit 
the  south  for  three  yean,  l^r  preaching  at 
a  Amend  in  Oomwall  on  8  Feb.  1681  he  was 
fined  20/.  Subsequently  he  was  three  years 
in  Lannoeston  gaol  for  refusing  the  oath  of 
allegianoe.  He  died  on  29  Jan.  1690-1  at  St. 
Austell,  and  was  buried  on  1  Feb.  Hemamed, 
on  10  Nov.  1670,  Anna  Upcott  (<i  5  July 
1695),  daughter  of  the  pnntan  rector  of  St. 
Austell. 

Salthouse  wrote :  1.  '  An  Epistle  to  the 
Anabaptists,'  1657.  2.  •  The  Lyne  of  True 
Judgment,'  ftc.,  London,  1666,  4to;  this 
was  written  with  John  Gollens  in  reply  to 
Thomas  Collier's  answer  to  the  above  epistle. 
GoUier  then  attacked  him  in '  The  Hypocrisie 
and  Falsehood  of  T.  Salthouse  discovered' 
(1659),  which  Robert  Wastfield  answered  on 
Salthouse's  behall  8.  '  A  Manifestation  of 
Divine  Love,  written  to  Friends  in  the  West 
of  England,'  London,  1660,  4to.  4.  'A 
Oandle  fighted  at  a  Ck>al  firom  the  Altar,' 


London,  1660,  4to.  5.  'An  Address  to  both 
Houses  of  Parliament,  the  General,  and 
Officers  of  the  Armj,'  15  May  1660,  on  the 
ill-treatment  experienced  by  the  Friends  at 
a  meeting  in  their  hired  house  in  Ftilaoe  Yard, 
Westminster.  6.  *  To  all  the  Christian  Con* 
gregation  of  the  Peculiar  People  .  •  •  of 
Quakers,' 1662, 4to.  7.  <  Righteous  and  Be* 
ligious  Beasons '  in '  A  Controversy  between 
the  Quakeie  and  Bishops,'  London,  1668, 4to* 
8.  'A  Loving  Salutation,  ftom  the  White 
lion  Prison,'^ London,  1665,  4to.  9.  'A 
Brief  Disooveiy  of  the  Cause  for  which  the 
Land  mourns'  (with  reference  to  the  plague), 
1665, 4to. 

[fieese's  Sufferings,  i.  128, 124, 126, 163, 142, 
202,  693;  Smith's  Catalogue,  IL  527-9;  Boase 
and  Conrtaey's  Bibliotheca  Coranb.  p.  619; 
works  above  mentioned ;  Whittng's  Memoirs,  pp. 
462-60 ;  BareUy's  Letters  of  Barly  Friends,  pp. 
26,  26»  31,  34,  36, 146»  227,  245, 261.  Begist^is 
at  Devom^re  Honse,  and  Svarthmoor  M8S., 
where  twenty-nine  letteie  from  Salthoose,  diiefly 
to  Msrgaret  Fell,  are  preserved,  tQsether  with 
some  papen  written  by  him  in  CpK>L]  G.  F*  8. 

8ALTMAB8H,  JOHN  (<2. 1647),  mysti- 
cal writer,  was  of  an  old  Yorhshire  family, 
and  a  native  of  Yoricshire,  according  to 
FuUer.  At  the  expense  of  lus  Idnsman,  Sir 
Thomas  Metham,  he  was  educated  at  Mag* 
dalene  College,  Cambridge,  graduating  M.  A. 

Sie  college  records  do  not  oegin  till  16^\ 
1686  he  published  a  volume  of  respectable 
Bcademie  verses.  Leaving  the  university, 
he  became  (about  1689)  rector  of  Hesler- 
ton,  Torkshire^  being  at  this  time  a  sealous 
advocate  of  episcopacv  and  conformity.  He 
took  the  'etcetera  oath '  of  1640.  A  change 
in  his  views  seems  to  have  been  produced 
by  his  intimacy  with  Sir  John  Hotham  [q.  v.] 
gjaltmarsh  embraced  with  ardour  the  cause 
of  (^nirch  reform,  reaching  by  decrees  the 
position  of  a  very  sincere,  11  ecoentnc,  cham- 

Sion  of  complete  relijpious  liberty.  This 
evelopment  of  his  opinions  began  towards 
the  end  of  1640,  and  advanced  by  rapid 
stages  after  1648. 

In  August  1643  he  criticised,  in  a  pam- 
phlet dedicated  to  the  Westminster  As- 
sembly, some  points  in  '  A  Sermon  of  Re- 
formation '  (1642)  by  Thomas  Fuller  (1608- 
1661)  [q.  v.]  Saltmarsh  thought  Fuller 
gave  too  much  weight  to  the  claims  of 
antiquity,  and  was  too  tender  to  the  papists. 
Fuller  defended  himself  in  'Truth  Main- 
tained' (1646).  Fuller  errs  in  supposing 
that  Saltmarsh  made  no  reply ;  his  dedica- 
tory preface  to  *  Dawnings  of  Light '  (1644) 
is  a  courteous  rejoinder  to  '  Truth  Main- 
tained.' That  he  then  dropped  the  contro- 
versy was  due  to  a  false  report  of  Fuller's 


Saltmarsh 


710; 


Saltmarsh 


death.  Similarly  Fuller,  who  speaks  gene- 
rously of  his  opponent,  but  knew  him  .only 
by  repute,  was  misinformed  about  the  date 
of  Saltmarsh's  death. 

Saltmarsh  appears  to  have  resigned  his 
Yorkshire  preferment  in  the  autumn  of 
1643,.o:v7ing  to  scruples  about  taking  tithe ; 
ultimately  ne  handed  oyer  to  puhlic  uses 
all  the  tithe  he  had  received.  The  league 
and  covenant  of  1643  he  hailed  in  a  prose 
pamphlet  and  in  verses  entitled  '  A  Divine 
Kapture.'  At  this  time,  according  to  Wood, 
he  was  preaching  in  and  about  Northunp- 
ton.  Before  January  1645  he  was  put  into 
the  sequestered  rectory  of  Brasted,  Kent,  in 
the  room  of  Thomas  Bayly,  D.D.  [q.  v.]  For 
two  years  he  poured  forth  a  constant  stream 
of  pamphlets  with  fanciful  titles,  pleading 
for  a  greater  latitude  in  ecclesiastical  ar- 
rangements. He  found  a  sympathetic  critic 
in  John  Durie  (1696-1680)  fq.  v.] ;  a  less 
appreciative  antagonist  in  John  I^y  [q.  v.] 
Having  'no  libraries*  at  hand,  his  tracts 
exhibit  little  of  the  learning  of  which  he 
was  master;  but  he  displays  an  imusual 
amount  both .  of  common-sense  and  of 
spiritual  power.  In  his  *  Smoke  in  the 
Temple'  (1646)  he  argues  boldly  for  un- 
restricted freedom  of  the  press,  charged  only 
with  the  condition  that  all  writers  shall 
pve  their  names  (p.  8);  The  same  treatise 
IS  remarkable  for  its  assertion  of  the  pro- 
gressive element  in  divine  knowledge.  He 
anticipates,  almost  verbally,  a  memorable 
passage  in  the  'Journal'  of  George  Fox, 
when  he  affirms  in  his  'Divine  B^ht  of 
Presbyterie'  (1646)^  '  Surely  it  is  not  a 
universitv,  a.  Cambridge  or  Oxford,  a  pulpit 
and  black  gown  or  cloak,  makes  one  a  true 
minister.'  The  presbyters,  who  had  begun 
to  assert  the  '  divine  right '  of  theb  order, 
were  themselves,  he  observes,  made  pres- 
byters by  bishops.  His '  Qroanes  for  Liberty ' 
(1646)  is  a  clever  retort  upon  the  presby- 
terians,  bemg  extracts  from  Smectymnuus 
(1641)  applied  to  existin£[  circumstances. 
On  the  other  hand,  he  maintained,  in  his 
'JDnd  of  one  Controversy'  (1646),  that  the 
functions  of  bishops  are  antichristian.  His 
controversial  manner  is  gentle  and  dignified, 
thouffh  the  full  title-page  of  his '  Perfume ' 
(1646)  might  give  a  contrary  impression. 
His  reply  to  Thomas  Edwards  (15^-1647) 
[q.  v/|  of  the  '  Gangraena  *  could  hardly  be 
mended :  '  You  set  your  name  to  more  than 
you  know.' 

In  matter  of  religious  doctrine,  as  dis- 
tinct from  church  policy,  Saltmarsh  ap- 
parently had  but  a  solitary  antagonist, 
Thomas  Gataker  fq.  v.],  who  attacked  his 
'  Free  Gbrace '  (1645)  as  leading  to  Armi- 


nianism.  His  theolosy  was  Calvinistic  in  its 
base,  but  improved  by  practical  knowledge 
of  men.  Barclay  connects  him  with  the 
'seekers,'  but  he  considered  that  he  had  gone 
beyond  their  position.  Two  of  his  books 
deservedly  retain  a  high  place  among 
the  productions  of  spiritual  writers,  via. :  his 
'  Holy  Discoveries  '  (1640),  and  especially 
his  '  Sparkles  of  Gloi^ '  (1647),  fairly  well 
known  in  Pickering's  beautiful  reprint.  In 
giving  his  official  imprimatur  (26  May  1646) 
to '  Reasons  for  Ynitie,'  John  Bacluler  writes, 
'I  conceive  thou  hast  «  taste  both  of  the 
sweetnesse  and  glory  of  the  gospeL' 

In  1646  Saltmarsh  became  an  army  chap- 
lain, attached  to  the  fortunes  of  Sir  Thomas 
Fairfax  (afterwards  third  Lord  Fairfax)  [a.  v.] 
After  the  surrender  of  Oxford  (20  June)  he 
preached  in  St.  Mary's.  Baxter  complains 
ySeliqidcRf  1696,  i.  56)  that  Saltmanin  and 
William  Dell  [q.  v.]  had  the  ear  of  the 
army.  Both  of  them  were  spiritual  writers 
rather  than  eminent  theologians.  Saltmarsh 
never  preached  on  church  government  while 
he  was  with  the  army.  It  was  remarked 
that  he  '  sometimes  appeared  as  in  a  trance.' 

The  dissatisfaction  which  he  had  felt 
with  the  result  of  experiments  in  church 
government  was  increased  by  his  personal 
knowledge  of  the  temper  of  the  army.  On 
Saturday,  4  Dec.  1647,  rousing  himself  from 
what  he  deemed  a  trance,  he  left  his  abode 
at  Caystreet,  near  Great  Ilford,  Essex,  and 
hastened  to  London.  Thence,  after  twice 
missing  his  way,  he  rode,  on  horseback 
(6  Dec.)  to  headquarters  at  Windsor.  Re- 
taining his  hat  in  Fairfax's  presence,  he 
'  prophesied '  that '  the  army  mid  departed 
from  God.'  Next  day  he  returned  to  llford 
on  9  Dec.  apparently  in  his  usual  health. 
He  died  two  days  later,  and  was  buried  on 
15  Dec.  at  Wanstead,  Essex.  His  a^  could 
not  have  been  much  more  than  thirty-five 
years.  Fuller  ascribes  his  death  to  'a 
burning  feaver;'  nervous  exhaustion  is  a 
truer  account.  '  He  was  one,'  says  Fuller, 
'  of  a  fine  and  active  fancy,  no  contemptible 
poet,  and  a  good  preacher,'  referring  to  his 
'  profitable  printed  sermons.' 

He  published :  1.  'Poemata  Sacra,  Latine 
et  Anglice  scrinta,'  Cambridge,  1636,  8vo 
(three  parts,  each  with  distinct  title-page ; 
the  Latin  verses  are  chiefly  sacred  epigrams ; 
the  English  poems  '  upon  some  of  the  holy 
raptures  of  David,'  and '  The  Picture  of  Gk>d 
in  Man,'  are  fair  specimens  of  mystical 
verse).  2.  'The  Practice  of  Policie  in  a 
Christian  Life,'  1689,  12mo  (contains  185 
brief  resolutions  of  questions  of  conduct). 
3.  'Holy  Discoveries  and  Flames,'  1640^ 
12mo;   reprinted,  1811,  12mo.     4i    'Ex- 


Saltmarsh 


7ii 


Saltonstali 


aminations .  . .  of  some  DangeTous  Positions 
deliyered ...  by  T.  Fuller/ &c,  1648,  4to 
(12  Aug.)  5.  '  A  Solemne  Discoiurse  upon 
the  Qrand   Corenanty'    &o,,   1643,   24mo 

il2  Oct.;  verses  at  end);  2nd  edit.  1644. 
ta  6.  <A  Peace  but  no  Pacification/ 
ftc,  1643, 4to  (23  Oct.)  7.  'A  Voice  from 
Heayen ;  or.  the  Words  of  a  Dying  Minister, 
Mr.  Kfayesy  &c.,  1644,  4to.  8.  <  Dayvn- 
ings  of  liight  .  .  •  with  some  Maximes  of 
Beformation/  &;c.,  1644,  870  (4  Jan.  1645). 
9.  'A  New  Qnere  . . .  whether  it  be  fit .  • . 
to  settle  any  Qhurch  Ooyemment  .  .  . 
hastily/  &c.,  1645,  4to  (SO  Sept.);  another 
edition,  same  year.  10.  '  The  C^ninff  of 
Master  Prynnes  New  Book,  called  a  Vindicar 
tion/  &0.J  1645, 4to  (22  Oct. ;  a  *  dialo^e  be- 
tween Pfresbyterian]  and  O[ongregational],' 
with  leaning  to  the  latter).  11.  'Free 
Grace ;  or  the  Flowings  of  Christ's  Blood 
fipsely  to  Sinners,'  &c.,  1645, 12mo  (30  Dec.) ; 
6th  ed.  1649,  12mo;  12th  ed.  1814,  12mo 
(not  to  be  confounded  with '  The  Fountaine 
of  Free  Grace  opened  ...  by  the  Congrega- 
tion .  .  .  falsely  called  Aiiabaptists/  £c., 
1645,  8yo,  which  has  been  ascribed  to  Salt- 
marsh).  12.  'The  Smoke  in  the  Temple  . . . 
A  Designe  for  Peace  and  Reconciliation . . . 
Argument  for  Liberty  of  Conscience  .  •  . 
Answer  to  Master  Ley/  &c.,  1646,  4to 
(16  Jan.),  two  parts ;  another  edition  dame 
yettr.  13.  '  Groanes  for  Ldberty/  &c.,  1646, 
4to  (10  Maidi).  14.  'The  Diyme  Right  of 
Fim>yterie .  ', .  with  Reasons  for  discussing 
this,'  &c.,  1646,  4to  ??  April).  15.  'Per- 
ftune  against  the  Sulpkerous  Stinke  of  the 
Snuffe  of  the  Li^t  for  Smoak^  called  No- 
yello-Mastix;  With  a  Check  to  Cerberus 
Diabolus  .  .  .  and  an  Answer  to  the  Anti- 
aueries,  annexed  to  the  Light  against  the 
Smoak  of  the  Temple/  ftc,  1646,  4to 
(19  April ;  in  defence  of  No.  12  against  Ley 
and  otkers).     16.  '  A  Plea  for  the  Congre- 

fationall  Goyemment/&c.,  1646, 4to(6  May). 
7. '  An  End  of  one  Controversy,*  &c.,  1646, 
4to  (answer  to  Ley).  18.  '  Reasons  for 
Vnitie,  Peace,  and  Iiove.  With  an  Answer 
...  to  .  . .  Gataker . . .  and  to  . . .  Edwards 
his  . . .  Gangnena/  &c.,  1646,  4to  (17  June; 
the  reply  to  Gataker  has  the  separate  title^ 
^  Shadowes  flying  away ').  19. '  Some  Dro^s 
of  the  Yiall,  poyyred  out  .  .  .  when  it  is 
neither  Night  or  Day,'  &c.,  1646,  4to  three 
editions  same  date,  consists  of  reprints  of 
Noe.  9, 10,  12, 13, 14,  17,  18,  with  separate 
title-pages).  20.  '  Sparkles  of  Gloria;  or 
some  l&ams  of  the  Morning  St4ir,  &c., 
1647, 12mo  (27  May) ;  reprinted  1811,  8vo; 
1847, 12mo.  21. '  A  Letter  from  the  Army, 
eonceming  the  Peaceable  Temper  of  tfie 
same^'  ftc.|  1647,  4to  (10  June).    Posthu- 


mous were  22.  *  Wonderftil  Predictions  . . . 
a  Message,  as  from  the  Lord,  to  .  .  .  Sir 
Thomas  Fairfax,'  &c,  1648,  4to  (contains 
account  of  his  death) ;  reprinted  in  ^Thirteen 
Strange  Prophecies,'  &o.  [1648],  4to,  and 
in  <  Foureteene  Strange  Prophecies/  &c., 
1648,  4to.  23.  <  England's  Friend  raised 
from  the  Graye  .  .  .  three  Letters  .  .  . 
by  .  .  .  Saltmarsh/  &c.,  1649,  4to 
(31  July ;  edited  by  his  widow).  He  wrote 
a  preface  to  Hatch's  'A  Word  for  Peace/ 
&c.,  1646,  16mo ;  and  added  an  epistle  to 
Thomas  Oolliei's  'The  Glory  of  Christ/ 
1647,  8yo.  The  list  of  his  publications  is 
sometimes  swelled  by  separately  cataloguin;^ 
the  subdiyisions  of  his  tracts.  His  name  is 
used  without  explanation  on  the  title-pages 
of  two  books  by  Samuel  Gorton  [q.  v.l  viz. 
'Saltmarsh  returned  firom  the  Dead,  &c., 
1655, 4to,  and  '  An  Antidote,'  &c.,  1667,  4to 
(where  Saltmarsh  is  transposed  into  Smart- 
lash). 

[Saltmarsh's  writings;  Edvards's  Gangr»na, 
1646,  pt.  iii. ;  HeraariiiB  Melancholicns,  18  to 
24  Bee.  1647,  p.  102 ;  Wood's  AthensB  Oxon. 
(Bliss),  iii.  571  sq.;  PuUer^s  Worthies,  1662, 
p.  212  (Yorkshire);  Brook's  LiTes  of  the  Puri* 
tans,  1818,  iii.  70  sq.;  Darids's Evanr. Nonoonf. 
in  Essex,  1863,  ]p.  256;  Barslay's  Inaer  Life  of 
BeligioQS  Societies  of  the  Commonwealth,  1876, 
pp.  172,  175;  information  firom  the  Roy.  H» 
Draiamood,  rector  of  Wanstead.]  A.  G. 

SALTON8TALL,0HARLES(^.  1642), 
sea-captain,  was  probably  son  of  Sir  Samuel 
Saltonstali  (d.  1640},  and  brother  of  Wje 
Saltonstali  [q.  yr],  who  dedicated  to  him  his 
'  Fiotur»  Loquentee '  in  1631.  Charles  was 
the  author  of  'The  Nayigator,  shewing  and 
explaining  all  the  Ghiefe  Principles  and 
Farts  boui  Theorick  and  Practick  that  are 
oontainedin  thefkmous  Artof  Nayigation . .  J 
(sm.  4to.  1642).  The  work  is  extremely  rare, 
and  in  tne  British  Museum  there  is  only  an 
imjperfect  copy  of  the  third  edition  (sm.  4to, 
1660  P)  In  the  dedication  to  Thomas,  earl 
of  Arundel  and  Surrey,  he  describes  himself 
as  a  stranger  to  the  land  and  his  kinsfolk, 
many  longyoyages  haying  banished  him  fVom 
the  remembrance  of  both ;  and  in  the  body 
of  the  work  he  speaks  incidentally  of  haying 
sailed  with  the  IloUanders.  As  a  treatise 
on  nayigation,  the  little  book  has  consider* 
able  merit ;  it  strongly  condemns  the  'plaine 
charts '  then  in  use ;  urges  the  use  of  tne  so- 
called  Mercatot^s  charts,  the  inyention  of 
which  he  correctly  attributes  to  Edward 
Wright  [q.  y.],  and  discusses  at  some  length 
the  principle  of  great  circle-sailing.  He  may 
be  identical  with  the  Charles  Saltonstali  who 
in  1640-1  wrote  from  Boston  in  Lincoln- 
shire, condemning  the  inefficiency  of  Sir  A3t* 


Saltonstall 


7X3 


Saltonstall 


thou  J  Thomas  in  oonnection  with  the  drain- 
ing of  the  fens  and  the  works  on  the  north- 
east side  of  the  river  Witham  {Col,  State 
Papers,  Dom.  1640,  p.  102,  1  Feb.  1640-1), 
or  with  the  Captain  Charles  Saltonstall  who 
in  January  1652  commanded  the  ship  John 
in  the  state's  service  (ib.  6  Jan.  1652).  A 
portrait  of  Saltonstall,  engraved  by  W.  Mar- 
shall, is  prefixed  to  the  '  Art  of  Navigation.' 

[Beferenoes  in  the  text ;  Watt;  AUibone.] 

J.K.L. 

SALTONSTALL,  Sib  RICHARD 
(1521 P-1601),  lord  mayor  of  London,  second 
son  of  Gilbert  Saltonstall  of  Halifax,  was 
bom  about  1521.  He  came  to  London  in 
early  life,  and  became  a  member  of  the 
Skinners'  Company,  of  which  he  was  master 
in  1589,  1593,  1595,  and  1599.  He  was 
elected  alderman  of  Aldgate  ward  26  Sept. 
1587  (City  Seccn-di,  Rep.  21,  f.  594),  and 
removed  28  Feb.  1592  to  Tower  ward,  which 
he  represented  till  his  death  (ib.  Rep.  22, 
t  855*6).  In  1586  he  was  one  of  the  city 
parliamentary  representatives,  and  became 
sheriff  in  1588  ana  lord  mavor  in  1597,  being 
knighted  during  his  mayoralty,  80  April  1598. 
Saltonstall  rose  to  a  position  of  great  afflu- 
ence as  a  London  merchant,  and  was  engaged 
in  numerous  fin<mftii>.l  transactions  with  the 
government,  both  individually  and  on  be- 
half of  the  Merchant  Adventurers'  Company, 
gf  which  he  was  the  governor  (State  Papers^ 
Spanish,  1568-79  ^.  592,  Dom.  1581-90  p. 
386).  In  his  official  capacity  he  was  fre- 
quently abroad  at  Hamburg,  Stade,  Emden, 
and  other  places  (ib.  passim^,  and  was  a 
member  of  various  commissions  to  settle 
commercial  disputes  or  examine  state  offen- 
ders. He  was  collector  of  customs  for  the 
port  of  London,  in  which  office  he  was 
assisted  as  deputy  by  his  son  Samuel  (t6* 
Dom.  1598-1«)1  pp.  138,  507,  1608-10  p. 
345). 

Saltonstall  'and  his  children'  were  also 
among  the  adventurers  of  the  East  India 
Company  in  their  first  voyage,  22  Sept.  1599 
rSTBYBirs,  Ckmrt  Heoords  of  the  East  India 
Company y  p.  3).  He  died  on  17  March  1601, 
and  was  buried  in  the  parish  church  of 
South  Okendon,  Essex,  where  he  held  the 
manor  of  Groves  and  presented  to  the  living 
in  1 590.  He  also  held  the  manor  of  Ledsham 
in  Yorkshire,  and  many  other  country  estates. 
By  his  will,  dated  1597,  and  proved  in  the 
Prerogative  Court  of  Canterbury  on  19  May 
1601  (Goodhall  32),  he  left  one  hundred 
pounds  for  provision  of  money  and  bread  to 
the  poor  of  the  parish  of  Halifax,  and  be- 
quests to  the  city  hospitals.  The  terms  of 
toe  will  weroi  however,  disputed  by  his  sons 


(StaU  Pavers^  Dom.  1608-10,  p.  346),  and 
by  Abigail  Baker,  alias  Saltonstall,  a  natural 
daughter  (P.C.C.  Montaffue  51).  An  ^K>crv- 
phal  print  of  Saltonstall  was  published  by 
W.  lUohardson  in  1794. 

He  married  Susan,  only  daughter  of  Thomas 
Fointa  of  North  Okendon,  and  sister  of  Sir 
Gabriel  Points.  His  married  life  extended 
overfifty  years.  He  had  seven  sons  and  nine 
daughters,  one  of  whom,  Hester,  manned  Sir 
Thomas  Myddelton  (1550-1631)  [q.v.],  l<«d 
mayor  in  1613-1614 ;  three  of  his  sons — ^vis. 
Samuel,  Peter,  and  Richard — ^were  knighted. 
Through  his  son  Sir  Richard,  Saltonrtall  was 
ancestor  of  the  Norths,  earls  of  Ghiilfoxd. 

[Watson's  History  iA  Halifax,  pp.  237,  570 ; 
Thoresby*8  Dneatus  Leodieosis,  %L  Whitaker, 
1816,  p.  236 ;  Baker's  Northamirtx>iwhire,  L  626 ; 
ClQtterbnek's  Hertfordshire,  iii.  362,  601 ;  BdLo' 
rant's  Essex,  i.  101 ;  Wadmore's  History  of  the 
Skinners'  Company,  p.  58 ;  Notes  and  Queries, 
2Qd  ser.  xi.  613,  3kI  ser.  i.  360;  Appleton's 
Cyclop,  of  Amer.  Biogr.  v.  879;  authorities 
above  cited.]  C.  W~h. 

SALTONSTALL,  RICHARD  (1566- 
1658),  colonist,  bom  near  Halifax,  York- 
shire, in  1586,  was  the  son  of  Sir  Peter 
Saltonstall  (knighted  in  1605)  and  nephew 
of  Sir  Richsfd  &ltonstall  [i^.  v.l  lord  mavor 
of  London  in  1597.  A  justice  ror  the  West 
Riding,  and  lord  of  the  manor  of  Ledsham, 
near  Leeds,  he  was  knighted  at  Newmarket 
on  23  Nov.  1618.  In  1699  he  beoame  a 
member  of  the  Massachusetts  Bay  Oompaay, 
and  in  the  same  year  was  appointed  an  as- 
sistant. He^  with  his  five  children,  was 
among  those  who  in  April  1630  sailed  in 
company  with  John  Winthrop  in  the  Ar- 
bella,  and  landed  at  Salem  on  12  June.  In 
June  1632  he  was  desired  bv  the  council  to 
make  a  map  of  Salem  ana  Massachusetts 
Bay  (CaL  StaU  Papers,  Dom.  1632,  p.  153V. 

Saltonstall  left  the  colony  on  30  Maicii 
1631,  and  did  not  again  visit  America.  He 
continued,  however,  to  take  an  interest  in 
the  affairs  of  New  England,  and  more  than 
once  corresponded  wiu  leading  men  there 
on  public  matters.     In  1631  he,  in  con- 

S*  motion  with  Lord  Saye  and  Sele,  Lord 
rooke,  and  others,  obtained  from  the  Earl  of 
Warwick  a  grant  of  land  on  the  Gonnecti* 
cut,  imder  which  was  established  the  mili- 
tary settlement  of  Saybrook.  In  1648  he  was 
appointed  a  member  of  the  parliamentary 
commission  to  try  the  Duke  of  Hamilton,  the 
EarLof  Hamilton,  aud  Lord  Canel  for  high 
treason.  In  1651  he  wrote  to  John  Cotton 
and  John  Wilson  a  letter  of  remonstrance  in 
regard  to  their  persecution  of  quakers.  Salton- 
stall died  in  1658.  He  married  Grace^  daugh- 
ter of  Robert  Keyes,  and  there  ate  state* 


Saltonstall 


713 


Saltonstall 


ments,  luunpported  by  extant  records,  of  two 
other  mazriaffee* 

A  son  Bichsrd  (d.  1694)  matriculated  at 
Enunaiiael  Ck>11ege.  Oambridgey  on  14  Dec. 
1627,  and  was  admitted  a  freoinan  of  Massa- 
dmaetta  in  October  1631.  He  befriended 
the  regieideB  who  escaped  to  New  England 
in  1660,  and  protested  a^inst  the  imports^ 
tion  of  negro  alayes.  He  spent  his  later 
years  in  England,  and  died  at  Holme,  Lan- 
ca^ie,  on  29  April  1694.  His  son  Na- 
thaniel, bom  in  America  in  1689,  was  chosen 
a  connu^lor  under  the  charter  of  William 
and  Mary,  and  in  1&&2  was  appointed  judge 
of  thesupreme  court,  but  resigned  rather  thim 
preside  oyer  the  witchcraft  trials.  He  died 
on  21  May  1707. 

[Winthfop's  Hist  of  New  EogUuid;  Tram- 
boirs  Hist,  of  CoDiieeticat;  Sayage's  (Jenealo- 
rieal  Bagister  of  New  England ;  Memoir  of  Sir 
B.  SalUmstall  in  Massachasatta  Historical  Col- 
lection, 8rd  aer.  ir.  167 ;  Hutohinson's  Hist,  of 
Maasaehnaetts,  1764,  p.  15;  Notee  and  Queries, 
2nd  set.  zi.  484,  618,  zii.  864 ;  Clntterbnck's 
Hist,  of  Hertfoxdshire,  iii.  862;  Miscellanea 
Oeneal.  et  Hemld.  8id  ser.  i.  248 ;  Appleton's 
Cjelop.  of  American  Biography.]       J.  A.  D. 

aALTONSTALL,  WYE  (Ji.  1680- 
1640),  translator  and  poet,  was  the  son  of 
Sir  Samuel  Saltonstall,  and  grandson  of  Sir 
Richard  Saltonstall  (1521P-1601)  [q.  v.], 
Imrd  mayor  of  London  in  1697.  Bichard 
Saltoaatall  ^1686-1668)  [q.  v.]  was  first 
cousin  to  Sir  Samuel,  and  Oharles  Saltonstall 
fq.  T.]  was  apparently  Wye's  brother.  The 
mther,  who  must  be  distinguished  from  his 
uncle,  Samuel  Saltonstall  (son  of  Gilbert) 
was  a  prominent  man  in  the  city  of  London, 
but  suoeequently,  for  some  unlmown  cause, 
was  imprisoned  tor  thirteen  years ;  he  was  re- 
leased by  the  effortsof  Sir  Thomas  Myddelton 
(1650-1681)  [q.  y.],  who  had  married  his 
sister  Heater.  He  died  on  80  June  1640 
(HarL  MS.  509 ;  FamUm  Mm.  Gentium,  pp. 
689-40 ;  Oen/MUogist,  new  ser.  ii.  49 ;  MuceL 
Gen.  et  Heraldioa,  8rd  ser.  L  248 ;  Vmt.  of 
EfseXf  pp.  96, 269 ;  Clvtcebbvck,  Hertford- 
$kire,  m.  862 ;  Maseaekueette  Hiet  OolL  8rd 
ser.  iy.  157). 

Wye  entered  Queen's  Collm,  Oxford,  as  a 
commoner  in  Easter  term  1619,  but  did  not 
graduate ;  subseqiiently  he  is  said  to  have 
studied  law  at  Gray's  Inn,  but  his  name  does 
not  appear  in  the  register.  About  1626  he 
letumed  to  Oxford  '  purposely  for  the  benefit 
of  the  public  library  and  oonyeniation  with 
learned  men '  (Wood).  He  also  acted  as  tutor 
in  Latin  and  French,  but  latterly  fell  into  a 
state  of  misery  and  apparently  poverty.  He 
was  alire  in  1640,  and  Wood  attributes  to 
*  Somnia  All^^rica,'  by  W.  Salton  (2nd 


ed.  1661),  no  copy  of  which  can  be  traeed. 
Still  more  doubtful  is  Wood's  assignment  to 
him  of  the  '  Poems  of  Ben  Johnson  (sic), 
junior,'  1672.  The  author,  '  W,  S.  gent.,' 
seems  to  have  been  more  highly  patronised 
than  Saltonstall  ever  was,  and  Saltonstall 
was  probably  dead  before  1672. 

SaltonstaU's  works  are :  1.  '  Pictum 
Loquentes;  or  Pictures  drawne  fortii  in 
Characters,  with  a  Poem  of  a  Maid,'  1681, 
12mo,  dedicated  adeX^  sue  0.  S.'  (probably 
Oharles  Saltonstall);  another  edition  ap- 
peared in  1685.  The  '  Characters/  and 
especially  that  '  of  a  scholar  at  the  uni- 
versity,' are  amusing,  though  at  times  coarse, 
satires.  The  '^Poem  of  a  Maid '  is,  accords 
ing  to  Oorser  {Collect.  Anglo-Poet.  y.  92), 
the  best  extant  imitation  of  Sir  Thomas 
Oyerburr's  '  Wife.'  Some  stanzas  are 
reprinted  in  Brydges's  '  Oensura  Literaria,' 
▼.  87^8.  2.  *  Ovid's  Tristia  in  English 
Verse'  (rhymed  couplets),  1688,  8vo;  dedi- 
cated to  Sir  Kenelm  Digbr  [q.  y.]  ;  other 
editions  appeared  in  1687  and  I08I.  8.  <  CSayis 
ad  Portam ;  or  a  Key  fitted  to  open  the  Gate 
of  Tonnes'  (Le.  an  index  to  Anchoran's 
translation  of  Komensky's  'Porta  Lin- 
guarum '),  Oxford,  1684, 12mo ;  also  reprinted 
8vo,1640.  4. '  Historia  Mundi ;  orMercator^s 
Atlas . . .  writtenby  JudocusHondyfJodocus 
Hondius,  qk  t.I  in  Latin,  and  englished  by 
W.S.,'  16^,  fol.  No  copy  of  thu  is  in  the 
British  Museum  Library,  but  there  ase  two 
in  Queen's  College  Library,  and  a  third  (im-* 
perfect)  in  the  Bodleian.  Bliss  also  possessed 
one,  and  noted  that  there  was  'a  rery  fine 
impression  of  the  portrait  of  Capt.  J.  Smith 
on  the  map  of  New  England  at  p,  980.' 
5.  '  Ovid's  Heroicall  Epistles,  englisned  by 
W.  S.;  2nd  edit.  1686,  8yo  (Bodleum  Libr.) ; 
subseauent  editions  were  1689,  1668,  1671, 
and  1695.  6.  '  Eusebius  his  Life  of  Constan-* 
tine  the  Great, in  Foure  Books,' 1687,  fol.: 
dedicated  to  Sir  John  Lambe.  knt.  and  bound 
up  with  Meredith  Hanmers  translation  of 
Eusebius's '  Ecclesiastical  Histoiy.'  7.  *  Ovid's 
EpistoliB  de  Ponto,  translated  in  Verse,'  1689, 
dvo ;  2nd  ed.  1640.  8.  <  Funerall  Elegies  in 
English,  Latin,  and  Greek,  upon  the  Death 
of  his  Father,  Sir  Samuel  Saltonstall,  knt., 
who  deceased  80  June  a.d.  1640/  extant '  i 
HarL  MS.  509.  It  is  dedicated  to  Salton- 
staU's cousin,  Sir  Thomas  Myddelton  (1586* 
1666)  fq*  v.],  the  parliamentary  genanL  At 
the  end  are  eulogistic  verses  to  t^e  author  b^y 
his  friend  Robert  Codrington  [q.  ▼.];  it  is 
partly  reprinted  in  Wood's  'Athenss,'  ii, 
677-«0. 

[Authorities  quoted ;  WorVs  in  Brit.  Mas. 
libr. ;  Wood*8  Athen»,  ii.  876-80 ;  Foster^s 
Alumni  Ozon.  1600-1714 ;  HazliU's  Handbook, 


Saltoun 


7M 


Salvin 


pp.  631-2,  and  OoUectioDs,  1st  ser.  p.  371*  2nd 
Ber.  pp.  302,  538,  4th  ser.  p.  91 ;  Madan*s  Early 
Oxfora  Press,  pp.  180-1;  £arle*s  Mierocos- 
monaphy,  ed.  Bliss,  p.  289 ;  Notes  and  Queries, 
2Dd8er.xi.  409,  434,  613.  zii.  372,  3rd  ser.  i. 
350, 418,  xi.  68 ;  information  kindly  supplied  by 
the  Bey.  J.  R.  Magratb,  provost  of  Qneen's  Col- 
lege, Oxford.]  A.  F.  P. 

SALTOUNySizteenthLoRD.  fSeeFBi^BB, 
ALBXASDiiB  QjaoBBBf  1785-*1858.] 

SALTRBY,  HENRY  of  (/L  1150),  Cis- 
tercian.    [See  Hbitbt.] 

SALTWOOD,  ROBERT  (^.  1640),  monk 
of  St.  Auffustine'a,  Canterbury,  paid  for  the 
printingoi  Hugh  of  Caumpeden's  translation 
of  the  French  history  of  King  Boccua  and 
Sydracke,  by  Thomaa  Godfiray  in  London, 
about  1630  (cf.  Ames,  ed.  Herbert,  p.  319; 
ed.  Dibdin,  iii.  66).  Saltwood  wrote  'A 
comparyson  betwene  iiij  byides,  the  lark,  the 
nyghtyngale,  the  thruBhe,  and  tlie  cucko,  for 
theyr  syngynge,  who  should  be  chantoure  of 
the  quere/  in  seven-line  stanzas,  printed  at 
Canterbury  by  John  Mychel  about  1660. 
Only  one  copy  is  known  to  be  extant  (cf. 
AiiBS,  ed.  Herbert,  p.  1816 ;  Hazlitt,  Hand- 
bookf  p.  632).  Saltwood  was  keeper  of  the 
diapet  of  the  Virgin  Mary  at  Canterbury 
when  on  4  Dec.  16S9  he  signed  the  surrender. 
His  name  is  not  in  th^  list  of  pensioners 
(Hasted,  Kent,  iy.  668). 

[Authorities  died.]  M.  B. 

SALUSBtJRY.    [See  Sajjsbuby.] 

SALVEYN,  Sib  GERARD  (d.  1320), 
judge,  was  son  of  Robert  Salyeyn  of  North 
Drimeld,  Yorkshire,  b^  Sibilla,  daughter  of 
Robert  Beeston  of  Wilberfoss.  The  family 
claimed  descent  from  Joce  le  Flemangh,  who 
came  over  with  the  Conqueror  and  settled 
at  Cukeney,  Nottinghamshire,  and  whose 
grandson  Ralph  obtained  the  surname  Le 
Dilyan  from  his  manor  of  Woodhouse.  Li 
March  1296  Salyeyn  was  enfeoffixL  of  Croham 
and  Sledmere  by  his  cousin  Gerard  Salveyn, 
who  died  in  1296  (Subtebs,  Hist,  Durham, 
iy.  117 ;  Robebts,  QiUndariumG&nealofficumf 
ii.  617).  On  26  Dec.  1298  he  was  a  com- 
missioner *  de  Walliis  et  fossatis '  on  the 
Ouse,  and  on  24  Oct.  1301  an  assessor  of 
the  fifteenth  for  Yorkshire  (Ca/.  Pat  BoUt, 
Edward  I,  iii.  469,  611).  In  1803  he  was 
employed  on  a  mission  to  France,  and  on 
23  Not.  1304  was  one  of  the  justices  of 
trailbaston  in  Yorkshire.  He  was  a  knight  of 
the  shire  for  the  county  of  York  in  1304  and 
1307.  Early  in  the  reign  of  Edward  II  he  was 
appointed  escheator  north  of  the  Trent,  and 
held  the  office  till  10  Dec.  1309,  and  after- 
wards was  sheriff  of  Yorkshire  firom  1811  to 


1814.    In  July  1311  he  was  a  justice  for  the 
trial  of  forestallers  in  Yorkshire,  and  in  No- 
vember of  that  year  was  employed  beyond 
seas  in  the  royal  seryice  (Qi/.  Fat.  Jxotts, 
Edward  II,  i.  334,  361,  404).    He  was  one 
of  the  royal  btuli£b  whom  the  ordainers  re- 
moved from  office  in  1311  {Chron.  JBdw.  1 
and  Edw.  II,  i.  200,  ii.  40).    In  August 
1312,  as  sheriff,  he  was  directed  to  hold  York 
against  Henry  de  Percy  {CaL  Clow  HolU, 
Edward  H,  i.  477).    He  was  removed  from 
his  office  as  sheriff  before  31  Oct.  1314  {ib, 
ii.  123).    Complaints  had  been  made  in  the 
parliament  of  1314  concerning  his  oppree- 
sions  as  sheriff  and  escheator,  and  a  com- 
mission was  appointed  for  his  trial  (BolU  ^f 
Parliament,  i.  316, 326).    As  a  consequence 
he  was  imprisoned  in  York  Castle,  but  was 
released  on  bail  in  June  1316,  and  in  October 
1316,  by  ceding  the  manorof  Sandball,  York- 
shire, to  the  king,  obtained  pardon  {Col, 
Close  Eolle,  Edw.  lI,  ii.  183,  4SS ;  Subtbbs, 
Hist  Durham,  iv.  121\    On  6  March  1316 
he  was  returned  as  lord  of  Okingham,  North 
Driffield,  and  other  lordships  in  Yorkshire. 
He  had  pardon  as  an  adherent  of  Thomas  of 
Lancaster  in  November  1318.     He    died 
before  3  May  1320.    By  his  wife  Margery 
he  had  two  sons,  John  and  Gerard,  and  a 
daughter  Joan,  who  married  Sir  Thomas 
Mauleverer.     John   Salveyn  died   in    his 
father's  lifetime,  leaving  by  his  wife  Mar- 
garet Ross  a  son  Geraro,  bom  in  1308,  who 
was  his   grandfather's   heir;   this   voimg 
Gerard  Salveyn  was  ancestor  of  the  jSunily 
of  Salvin  of  Orozdale,  Durham  (^,  iv.  117- 
120 ;  Cal.  Close  Bolls,  Edward  II,  iii.  201, 
669).   Gerard,  son  of  Gerard  Salveyn,  fought 
for  Thomas  of  Lancaster  at  Borooghbridge 
in  1322  {ib,  iiL  696). 

[Calendars  iii  Close  and  Patent  Rolls  Ed- 
wiud  II;  Flft]g:nye*s  Pariiamentary  Writs,  iy 
1 394  ;  Foes's  Judges  of  England ;  Foster^s  York- 
shire Pedigrees ;  other  anthorities  quoted.] 

C    Ii    K^ 

SALVIN,  ANTHONY  (1799-1881}, 
architect,  bom  at  Worthing  on  17  Oct.  1799, 
was  son  of  Lieut.*general  Anthony  Salvin  ot 
Sunderland  Bridge,  Durham,  a  scion  of  the 
ancient  family  tluit  has  held  Crozdale  manor 
in  unintorrupted  possession  since  1474  [see 
Salvetk,  Sib  GebabdJ.  The  name  is  written 
Salveyn  and  Salvein  m  the  Durham  visita- 
tion pediffrees  of  1676  and  1666.  Having 
completed  his  education  in  Durham  school, 
he  chose  architecture  as  a  profession,  and 
entered  the  office  of  John  Nash  (1762-1836) 
[q.  v.]  He  commenced  practice  in  the  me- 
tropolis, which  he  carriea  on  for  about  sixty 
years  in  Somerset  Street,  Savile  Row,  and 
Argyle  Street  successively.    He  was  gradu* 


Salvin 


7  IS 


Salwey 


ally  lecogniBed  as  the  greatest,  authority 
on  medueval  military  amiitecture,  and  a 
large  number  of  ancient  fortresses  or  castles 
passed  through  his  handsy  either  for  restora- 
tions or  additions.  Of  these,  the  most  im- 
portant were  the  Tower  of  London,  where 
nf^was  engaged  upon  the  Beauchamp  Tower, 
the  White  Tower,  St.  Thomas's  Tower,  the 
Saltery,  and  Traitor's  Qate ;  Windsor  Castle, 
where,  under  the  auspices  of  the  prince  con- 
sort, he  was  entrusted  with  restoringthe  Cur- 
few Tower,  the  Hundred  steps,  the  Embank- 
ment, Henry  YITs  library,  and  the  canons' 
residences;  the  castles  oi  Carisbrook,  Car- 
narvon, Bangor,  Newark-upon-Trent,  and 
Durham;  ana  those  at  Warwick,  Naworth, 
Warkw(Mrth,  and  Alnwick,  which  last  was 
in  his  hands  for  several  years.  As  early  as 
1829  he  was  commissioned  to  restore  the 
neat  hall  in  Brancepeth  Castle ;  and  Rock- 
uigham,  Qreystoke,  Dunster,  Petworth,  and 
West  Cowes  castles  were  among  other 
similar  structures  placed  in  his  care. 

His  practice,  however,  was  not  confined 
to  this  brandi  of  architecture.  Many  resi- 
dential halls  and  manor-houses  in  different 
parts  of  the  country  received  from  him  re- 
storation and  improvements,  notably  those 
at  Muncaster,  Patterdale,  Thoresby,  Har- 
laxton,  Encombe,  Marbury,  Parham,  Cowsby, 
Warden,  Flixton,  Kelham,  Congham,  Cross- 
rigG^,  Foresby,  Whitehall  in  Cumberland, 
and  Somerford.  He  also  built  many  new 
country  seats.  In  182S  Mamhead  was  de- 
Bigned  by  him  for  Sir  B.  Newman,  and  Morby 
£11  was  commenced ;  the  latter  cost  40,000/. 
In  1830  he  was  employed  on  Methley  Hall 
by  the  Earl  of  Mezborough;  in  1835  he  de- 
signed Barwarton  House;  and  Keele  Hall, 
Staffordshire,  was  another  of  his  important 
works. 

He  built  a  new  castle  at  Peckforton,  in 
the  strictest  Plantagenet  manner;  and,  as 
in  the  rebuilding  of  the  great  keep  of  Aln- 
wick Castle,  the  question  whether  the 
accommodation  of  the  middle  ages  was 
appropriate  for  a  residence  in  the  reign  of 
victoria  was  widely  discussed ;  but  Salvin's 
masterly  skill  and  minute  arch»ological 
knowledge  were  never  disputed. 

New  <£urches  were  built  from  his  designs 
at  Runcorn,  Doncaster,  Shepherd's  Bush, 
Alnwick,  Acklington,  South  Charlton,  and 
three  in  Tynemouth;  and  his  restorations 
of  ancient  churches  include  St.  Michael's, 
Alnwick,  Headley,  Betshanger,  Northaller- 
ton, Patterdale,  Lower  Peeover,  Hock,  and 
Arley  Hall  chapeL  He  built  schools  at 
Portsmouth,  Fmchley,  Danesfield,  and 
j^angor;  parsonages  at  Keswick,  Denton, 
and  Seaton  Carew ;  the  County  Hotel,  Car- 


lisle; White  Swan,  Alnwick;  Gumey's 
Bank,  Norwich ;  and  clubhouses  at  Queens* 
town  and  West  Cowes.  He  directed  the 
necessary  precautions  to  be  taken  to  prevent 
f^her  dilapidations  to  the  prionr  buildings 
at  Lanercost  and  Holy  Island,  in  addition 
to  the  great  works  at  Alnwick  Castle,  he  was 
commissioned  bv  Algernon  Percy,  fourth  duke 
of  Northumberland,  to  make  many  improve* 
ments  on  his  estate,  including  lodges,  bridges^ 
and  cottages.  He  also  designed  the  monu- 
ment placed  to  the  memory  of  G^raoe  Dariing 
in  Bamborough  churohyarcl. 

Salvin  was  elected  a  fellow  of  the  Royal 
Institute  of  British  Architects  in  1836.  In 
1839  he  was  chosen  a  vice-president,  and  in 
1863  the  gold  medal  of  the  Institute  was 
conferred  upon  him.  He  was  a  fellow  of 
the  Society  of  Antiquaries  from  1824  tiU 
his  death.  Between  1823  and  1836  he  ex- 
hibited eight  architectural  sul^ects  in  the 
Royid  Academy.  In  1831  he  illustrated  a 
work  on  Catterick  X)hurch  by  Jaihes  Raine 
[q.  v.l  He  competed  unsuccessfully  for  the 
new  nouses  of  parliament  commission  with 
a  set  of  designs  of  Tudor  character,  and  for 
the  FitswiUiam  museum  at  Cambridge. 

Salvin  resided  for  many  years  at  Knchley 
and  subsequently  in  Hanover  Terrace,  Re- 
gent's Park.  In  1864  he  took  up  his  resi- 
dence at  Hawksfold,  Femhurst,  near  Haslel- 
mere.  In  the  last  year  of  his  life  he  interested 
himself  in  the  restoration  and  enlargement 
of  the  church  at  Femhurst*  He  died  at< 
Hawksfold  on  17  Dec.  1881,  and  was  buried 
at  Femhurst.  A  stained-glass  window  was 
placed  to  his  memory  and  that  of  his  wife  in 
Femhurst  church. 

He  married  his  cousin  Anne,  sister  of 
William  Andrews  Nesfield  [q.  v.],  on 
26  July  1826.  They  had  two  sons  and  two 
daughters.  The  elder  aon,  Anthony,  who 
was  also  an  architect,  predeceased  his  father 
in  the  year  of  his  own  death.  Mrs.  Salvin 
died  on  5  Nov.  1860. 

(Sessional  papers  of  the  Royal  Institata  of 
Bnti^  Architects,  1863 ;  Dictionary  ot  Archi- 
tecture, voL  viL  p.  9 ;  Graves's  Dictionary  of 
Artists,  p.  206;  Hutchinson's  History  of  Durham* 
ii.  419;  Brit.  Mus.  Cat.;  Building  News 
xli.  818  and  893;  Builder,  31  Dec.  1881, 
p.  809 ;  Durham  visitations,  1576,  1616,  and 
161 6,  ed.  J.  Foster,  1 887.]  S.  W-h. 

SALWEY,  RICHARD  (1616-1686),par- 
liamentarian,  was  the  fourth  son  of  Hum- 
phrey Salwey,  member  for  Worcester  in  the 
Long  parliament.  Hvmphbby  Salwet 
(1676P-1662),  bom  about  1575,  matriculated 
at  Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  8  Not.  1590, 
and  was  admitted  to  the  Inner  Temple  in 
1691  (Fo8XBB,^timmai:tm.i.  1805).  InUw 


Salwey 


716 


Salwey 


civil  war  lie  took  the  side  of  the  parliament, 
and  on  its  behalf  endearoured  to  pieyent  the 
execution  of  the  Icing's  commission  of  array 
in  Worcestershire  (WEBB,  (Xvil  War  in  Sere- 
fordthire,  i.  195;  Beport  on  the  Duke  of 
FortlancPs  MSS.  i.  68,  63).  On  5  Aug. 
1644  parliament  appointed  him  kind's  re- 
membrancer in  the  court  of  exchequer  {Lord^ 
Journals,  yi.  661),  and  on  12  June  1648  a 
member  of  the  Westminster  assembly  of 
divines  {BTJEBAWDfOrdmanceSf  1646,  p.  208). 
In  1645  he  was  one  of  four  commissioners 
sent  to  represent  the  parliament  in  the  Scot- 
tish army  m  England  CPbrtland  MSS.  i.  244, 
248,  268,  265).  In  January  1649  Salwey 
was  appointed  one  of  the  king's  judges,  but 
refiisea  to  sit.  He  died  in  December  1652, 
and  was  buried  in  Westminster  Abbey  on 
20  Dec.  At  the  Bestoration  his  body  was 
exhumed  and  removed  by  order  of  9  Sept. 
1661  (Chbbtbb,  Westminster  Registers^  pp. 
146,  522). 

Richard  Salwey,  bom  in  1615,  was  appren- 
ticed to  a  London  tradesman.  In  Septemr 
ber  1641  he  obtained  a  license  to  many  Anne, 
daughter  of  Richard  Waring,  in  which  he 
is  described  as  citixen  and  grocer  of  St.  Leo- 
nards, Eastcheap  (Oksstbb,  London  Mar- 
Hage  Licenses^  1  ISO  K  He  is  said  to  have  been 
the  spokesman  of  tjie  apprentices  in  some  of 
their  tumultuous  petitions  to  the  Long  par- 
liament {Mystery  of  the  Oood  Old  Ccuse,  ed. 
1868,  p.  140).  In  October  1645  Salwey  was 
electea  to  the  Lon^  parliament  for  Appleby, 
with  Ireton  as  his  colleague  (Itetum  of 
Names  of  Members  ofParhamentf  p.  495). 
He  is  mentioned  as  taking  part  in  uie  siege 
of  Worcester  in  June  1646  (HreH  Pbtebs, 
Last  BepoHf  1646,  p.  4).  In  October  1646 
parliament  appointed  mm  one  of  the  five 
commissioners  sent  to  Ireland  to  negotiate 
with  Ormonde  for  the  reception  of  parlia- 
mentary ffarrisons  in  Dublin,  and  other 
stronffhol& — a  mission  which,  after  three 
months'  futile  negotiaticms,  ended  in  failure 
(RusHWOBlH,  vi.  418-44;  Gabte,  Ormonde, 
iii.  279).  Salwey  was  a  member  of  the  third 
and  the  fourth  councils  of  state  elected  during 
the  Commonwealth.  He  was  also  appointed 
on  28  Oct.  1651  one  of  the  eight  commis- 
sioners sent  to  Scotland  to  prepare  the  way 
for  its  union  with  England,  and  on  10  Dec. 
1652  one  of  the  commissioners  for  the  regu- 
lation of  the  navy  (Oommofu^  Journals,  viL 
80,  222,  228). 

On  18  Sept.  1650  he  had  been  selected 
as  one  of  the  commissioners  for  the  civil 
fzfovemment  of  Ireland,  but  on  20  Nov. 
his  resignation  was  accepted  (tb.  vi. ;  Lud- 
low, Memoirs,  ed.  1894,  pp.  249-50).  Ac- 
cording to  Lualow,  Salwey  opposed  the  dis* 


solution  of  the  Long  parliament  when  it 
first  debated  by  the  officers,  and  again  ex- 
pressed his  disapproval  after  Cromwell  had 
dissolved  it  {ib.  pp.  887,  858).  But  he  re- 
mained on  friendly  terms  with  Cromwell,  and 
in  August  1658  was  offered  the  post  of  am- 
bassa£ir  to  Sweden,  which  he  declined '  on 
account  of  his  unfitness  through  want  of 
freedom  of  spirit  and  bodily  h^th '  (Hist, 
3fiS^.Cbmm.I0thRep.pt.iv.n.410).  He  like- 
wise refused  in  June  1657  tne  invitation  of 
the  lord  mayor  and  corporation  of  London  to 
go  to  Ulster  to  settle  the  city  estates  (id. 
p.  411).  Nevertheless,  on  14  Aug.  1654,  he 
was  appointed  English  ambassador  at  Con- 
stantinople, and  ROme  of  his  letters  to  the 
Levant  Company  on  his  mission  are  among 
the  state  papers  (t^.  p.  410;  Cal.  State 
Papers,  Dom.1655  p.  66, 1654  pp.  840,  864, 
871 ;  Poems  by  Thcmas  Salwey,  1882,  pp. 
12S-90). 

On  the  fall  of  the  house  of  Cromwell  in 
April  1659,  Salwey  came  once  more  to  the 
front.  He  took  part  in  the  negotiations 
between  the  army  and  the  membm  of  the 
Rump,  which  led  to  the  re-establishment  of 
the  Long  parliament,  and  was  appointed  a 
member  of  the-  committee  of  safety,  7  May 
1659,  and  of  the  council  of  state  (14  May 
1659).  He  also  became  once  more  one  of 
the  committee  which  managed  the  navy 
(LXTDLOW,  ii.  74-85,  passim).  When  the 
army  turned  out  the  Long  parliament  a^^ain, 
Salwey  was  nominated  one  of  the  committee 
of  safety  erected  by  them,  but  refused  to  sit 
(Hist.  MSS.  Comm.  10th  Rep.  pt.  iv.  p.  471). 
Nevertheless  he  complied  with  them  much 
too  far  for  his  reputation  among  parliamen- 
tary republicans,  as  he  consented  to  take 
part  in  their  discussions  about  the  future 
constitution,  and  continued  to  act  as  navy 
commissioner.  Fear  lest  the  officers  should 
attempt,  if  left  to  their  own  devices,  to  restore 
Richard  Cromwell  seems  to  have  been  one 
of  his  motives  (Lttblow,  ii.  181,  149,  164, 
178\  He  consented  to  act  as  one  of  die 
meaiators  between  the  army  and  the  fleet 
(18  Dec.  1659),  when  the  latter  declared  for 
the  restoration  of  the  parliament  (Memorials 
of  Sir  W.  Petm,  ii.  186).  The  restored  Long 
parliament  consequently  regarded  him  as 
a  traitor,  and  on  l7  Jan.  I60O  ordered  him 
to  be  sent  to  the  Tower;  but,  on  the  nlea 
of  ill-health,  he  was  on  21  Jan.  allowea  to 
retire  to  the  country  instead  (Lfblow,  ii. 
201,  211 ;  Hist.  MSS.  Oomm.  lOth  Rep.  iv. 
411). 

At  the  Restoration  he  escaped  unpunished, 
though  Prynne  made  an  eflfirt  to  have  him 
excluded  from  the  act  of  indemnity  (Old 
ParUammtary    History,    xxiL    852).     In 


Samble 


717 


Samelsan 


July  1062  Lord  Newport  arreBted  Salwey  in 
Shiopshire  on  suspicion,  but  Clarendon 
ordered  hie  release  (11  Anf^»)  as  there  wss 
no  information  against  hun,  and  several 
persons  of  un|q[uestionable  integrity  had 
given  bail  for  him  (CaL  State  Papers^  Dom. 
1661-2,^.  457).  On  2  Nov.  1663  Salwey 
was  again  committed  to  the  Tower  in  con- 
nection with  what  was  known  as  the  Fam- 
SWood  plot,  but  released  on  4  Feb.  1664 
166S-4rPP'  32o,  366,  362, 466 ;  Mmwirs 
rf  Colonel  Hutchinson^  ed.  1886,  iL  311). 
Li  1678  Charles  II  ordered  Salwey  to  absent 
himself  beyond  sea  for  some  time,  and  he 
was  again  under  suspicion  at  the  time  of 
Monmouth's  rising.  He  died  about  the  end 
of  1685,  diBtractod  by  commercial  losses 
(Pbeme  ly  Thomas  8alwejf,m.  147,  148 ; 
SnresB,  Correspondsnoe  of  Menry,  Earl  qf 
Clarendon,  I  203).  Mr.  Alfred  Salwey  pos- 
sesses a  portrait  of  Salwey,  of  which  a  photo- 
graph is  given  in,  the  memoir  of  the  Bev. 
Thomas  Salwey. 

[lires  of  Humphrey  and  Biehazd  Salwey, 
both  verv  enNmeona,  are  giren  in  Noble's  Lives 
of  the  Begieides,  ii.  166-63.  A  pedigree  is 
in  Burke's  Commoners.  Aq  aoeoant  of  the 
fitmily  papers  in  the  posseesion  of  Mr.  Al£red 
Salwey  is  given  in  the  10th  Re^.  of  the  His- 
torical MSS.  Commission,  pt.  iv.  Some  are 
printed  at  length  in  Poems  by  Thomas  Salwey, 
n.D.,  with  a  memoir  of  the  author  and  a  selec- 
tion from  old  l&mily  letters,  privately  minted, 

issa.]  C.  H.  F. 

aAiTRT.TB,  BIOHAHD  a644-1680), 
quakar,  was  baptised  at  Pennale  in  the 
narish  of  St.  Enoder,  Cornwall,  on  24  July 
1644  Joining  the  quakers  in  1666,  he  soon 
hecame  a  minister,  and  travelled  about  Eng- 
hmd  and  Wales.  At  the  end  of  six  years  he 
returned  home  to  work  at  his  trade  of  tailor- 
ing. He  was  fined  20Z.  for  preaching  at 
Flymoutii  on  6  April  1677,  and  in  April  of 
the  following  year  40/.,  both  under  the  Ck>n- 
venticle  Act.  He  was  also  heavily  mulcted 
for  absence  from  church.  He  died  on  16  May 
1680  at  Olampet,  near  Moreton,  Devonshire. 
He  was  buried  at  Kingsbridge  on  the  18th. 
By  his  wife,  Jane  Voyte  of  Creede,  Com- 
waU,  whom  he  married  on  16  Nov.  1668, 
Samble  had  issue. 

He  wrote:  1.  'A  Testimony  unto  the 
Truth,  to  the  Inhabitants  of  St.  Enoder, 
1676,  4to.  2.  '  Testimony  to  the  Plainness 
and  Simnlici^f  of  the  Truth,'  1679,  4to. 
8.  'A  Testimony  concerning  Christopher 
Bacon'  (the  preacher  who  Imd  converted 
him),  n.a.,  4to.  4.  ^A  Handful  after  the 
Harvest  Man,'  London,  1684,  4to;  pub- 
lished posthumously,  and  containing  testi- 
monies of  Samble   by  Thomas  Salthouse 


[q.  v.],  Jane  Samble,  wife  of  the  authofj 
and  others. 

[Boase  and  Gonrtne/s  BiUkitheea  Comub. 
p.  620;  Besse's  Sufferings,  i.  122,  161 ;  8mith*s 
OBtalogn^  ii.  680;  Life  of  Samble  in  Evans's 
Friends'  Library,  Philadelphia,  voL  zii. ;  Begi* 
sters,  Devonshire  Honse.]  0.  P.  S. 

SAMELSON,  ADOLPH  (1817-1888), 
ophthalmic  surgeon,  bom  of  Jewish  parents 
at  Berlin  on  6  Sept.  1817,  was  educated  at 
the  Berlin  Gvmnasium,  the  Winterhaus,  and 
the  Berlin  ^iedrich-Wilhelm  Gymnasium, 
and  finally  at  the  university  of  Berlin,  where 
he  graduated  M.D.  in  1840.  Jn  the  following 
year  he  began  to  practise  at  Zehdenidk  in 
Brandenburg,  where  he  played  some  part  in 
politics  as  a  staunch  liberal,  and  became  a 
member  of  the  town  council  and  the  eleo- 
toral  ooUeffes  for  the  Prussian  national  as- 
sembly ana  the  German  reichstaff .    He  was 
instrumental  in  the  foundation  of  a  friendly 
burial  society  and  a  co-operative  loan  society, 
and  was  an  active  contnbutor  to  '  Die  Neue 
Zeit,'  a  local  liberal  newspaper  which  was 
started  in  1849.     For  an  article  on  the 
Dresden  insurrection  and  the  mode  in  which 
it  was  suppressed  by  the  Prussian  soldiers  he 
was  imprisoned  for  six  months  and  deprived 
of  his  civil  rights.    After  Ids  release  ne  re- 
sumed his  professional  duties  at  Zehdenicl^ 
but  they  were  terminated  bv  the  withdrawal 
of  his  license  to  practise  medicine.    He  aftop- 
wards  went  to  Berlin,  took  up  the  study  of 
diseases  of  the  eye,  and  became  the  pupil  and 
friend  of  Dr.  von  Graefe.    The  authorities 
eventually  forced  him  to  leave  the  country, 
and  he  went  to  Paris,  with  the  intention  of 
entering  the  medical  service  of  the  French 
army  in  the  Crimea.    He,  however,  fell  ill 
durinjg^  a  cholera  epidemic,  and  spent  some 
tixoB  in  Holland  and  Belgium.    But  he  was 
prevented  by  official  difficulties  from  foUow- 
mg  his  profession  there. 

In  the  summer  of  1856  he  came  to  Eng- 
land, and  devoted  himself  chieflv  to  the  etuaj 
of  the  diseases  of  the  eye.  He  took  up  his 
residence  in  Manchester  in  1867,  and  from 
that  time  displayed  the  keenest  interest  in  its 
social,  sanitary,  and  educational  progress.  In 
1859  the  Prussian  authorities  restored  his 
social  status  and  his  license  to  practise.  His 
zealous  ^ublio  spirit  and  high  character 
gained  him  many  warm  friends  in  Manches- 
ter, where  he  was  one  of  the  physicians  of 
the  Eye  Hospital  from  1862  to  1876,  and 
joined  in  the  management  and  support  of 
the  Schiller- Anstalt,  the  Sanitary  Associa- 
tion, the  Dramatic  Reform  Association  (of 
which  he  was  the  treasurer  and  moving 
spirit),  the  Art  Museum,  the  Provident  So- 


Sammes 


718 


Sampson 


ctety,  and  otlier  oiffanisations.  He  was  also 
a  member  of  the  Manchester  Literary  dab, 
and  a  frequent  speaker  at  its  meetings,  where 
his  knowledge  of  classical  and  modern 
literature  and  his  critical  acumen  in  dis- 
cussion were  much  appreciated.  In  1866 
he  went  to  Berlin  to  be  treated  by  von  Graefe 
for  an  affection  of  the  e^e  called  '  nanular 
lid/  and  norwards  published  his  '  Bemini- 
scences  of  a  Four  Months'  Stay '  with  that 
oculist,  in  which  he  gave  to  the  English 
public  the  first  account  of  his  method  of 
linear  extraction  of  cataract.  Samelson  in 
1867  translated  Ton  Graefe's  essay  on  *  The 
Study  of  Ophthalmology/  and  between  1860 
and  1880  contributed  many  papers  on  oph- 
thalmic science  to  yarious  jounials  and  so- 
cieties. 

His  last  years  were  attended  by  persistent 
insomnia,  and  he  sought  relief  at  Bourne- 
mouth, and  then  at  Cannes,  where  he  died 
on  12  Jan.  1888.  He  was  buried  at  the 
protestant  cemetery.  By  his  will  he  left  the 
bulk  of  his  property,  value  about  4,900/.,  to 
charitable  and  educational  institutions. 

Besides  professional  papers  he  wrote: 
1.  'The  Altar  at  Pergamus  and  the  Satyr 
from  Pergamus :  Papers  read  before  the  Man- 
chester Literary  Club,'  1881.  2. « Dwellings 
and  the  Death-rate  of  Manchester/  188s. 
8.  '  The  Education  of  the  Drama's  Patrons/ 
printed  in '  Social  Science  Association  Trans- 
actions'  (1882)  and  'Journal  of  Dramatic 
Beform.' 

[Memoir  by  W.  E.  A.  Axon  in  Papers  of  Man- 
chester Literary  Olab,  1888,  with  list  of  his 
papers ;  personal  knowledge.]  0.  W.  S. 

SAMMESw  AYLETT  (1686  P-.1679  P),  an- 
tiquary, gpranason  of  John  Sammes,  lord  of 
the  manor  of  Little  Totham,  Essex,  and  son 
of  lliomas  Sammes  by  his  wife  Mary  (Jef- 
frey), was  bom  at  Kelyedon  in  Essex  about 
1686.  His  father's  younger  brother^  Ed- 
ward, married  into  the  Aylett  family  of 
Riyenhall.  In  1648  he  entered  Felsted  school 
under  John  Qlascock,  a  fellow  of  Ohrist's 
College,  Cambridge,  and  a  teacher  of  repute 
throughout  East  Anglia.  On  8  July  1665 
he  was  admitted  a  feUo  w-commoner  of  Christ's 
College ;  he  graduated  B.A.  in  1657,  was  ad- 
mitted of  the  Inner  Temple  on  28  Oct.  in 
the  same  year,  and  proceeded  M. A.,  probably 
at  Cambridge  about  1659,  though  there 
appears  to  be  no  record  of  the  fact.  He  was 
incorporated  M.A.  at  Oxford  on  10  July  1677. 
He  had  in  the  preyious  year  issued  his  elabo- 
rate 'Britannia  Antiqua  Illustrata,  or  the 
Antiquities  of  Ancient  Britain  deriyed  from 
the  Pnoenicians'  (London,  1676,  folio,  yoL  L, 
no  more  pubUshed).  The  yolume  was  ucensed 


by  L'Estrange  in  March  1675,  and  dedicated 
to  Heneage  Finch.  The  work,  which  ex- 
tends to  nearly  600  folio  pa^,  brings  down 
the  narratiye  to  the  conyersion  of  Kent.  It 
deals  fully  with  the  Roman  period,  but  its 
main  thesis  of  the  Phoenician  deriyation  is 
peryerse,  and,  apart  from  its  reproductions 
of  ancient  documents,  such  as  the  'Laws 
of  King  Ina,'  it  has  little  intrinsic  yalue. 
Bishop  l^^icolson  accused  the  author  of  pla- 
giarism from  Bochartus,  and  Wood  giyea  cur^ 
rency  to  a  rumour  that  the  work  was  really 
written  byan  uncle  of  Sammes.  These  asper- 
sions are  rebutted  by  Myles  Dayies  in  his 
'  AthensB  Britannicsd  (i.  185),  and  Sammes's 
erudition  was  praised  by  Dr.  Henry  Olden- 
l>u^  [q*  y.]2the  secretary  of  the  Royal  So- 
ciety (cf.  iPhiL  Trana.  No.  124,  p.  596). 
Sammes  died  before  the  completion  of  any 
further  portion  of  his  work,  probably  in  1679. 
Besides  the  'Britannia  Antiqua,'  he  is 
credited  by  Lowndes  with  '  Lonff  Liyera :  a 
curious  history  of  such  persons  of  both  sexes 
who  haye  liyed  seyeral  ages  and  grown 
young  again/  London,  1722,  8yo. 

[Notes  from  Christ's  College  Registers  kindly 
supplied  by  Dr.  Peile ;  Foster's  ^omni  Ozon. 
1600-17H;  Wood's  Eekstl  Oxon.  ed.  Bliss,  ii. 
363;  Morant's  J^aaex^  1768,  i.  886;  Nicholson's 
Engl.  Hist  Libr.  1776,  pp.  21,  82 ;  Lowndes's 
Bibl.  Manual  (Bohn) ;  Allioone's  Diet,  of  English 
Lit  ii.  1920 ;  Brit  Mus.  Cat]  T.  & 

SAMPSON.    [See  also  Samson.} 

SAMPSON,HENRY(1629P-1700),non. 
conformist  minister  and  doctor  of  medicine, 
eldest  son  of  William  Sampson  (1590P-16S6  P) 

tq.  y.l  was  bom  at  South  Lieyerton,  Notting- 
lamsnire,  about  1629.  His  mother,  Helen, 
daughterof  Gregory  Vicars,  notairied,  in  1687, 
as  l^  second  husband,  Obadiah  Grew  [q.  y.j 
Sampson  was  educated  at  Atherstone  gram- 
mar school,  imder  his  stepfather,  and  at 
King  Henry  VIIPs  school,  Goyentry,  under 
Phinehas  white.  In  1646  he  entered  at  Pem- 
broke Hall,  Gambridge,  his  tutor  being  Wil- 
liam Moses  fq.  y/|  He  graduated  B. A.  in  Id&O, 
was  elected  feKow  in  the  same  year,  and 
proceeded  M.A.  in  1658.  He  paid  special 
attention  to  the  study  of  Hebrew  and  New 
Testament  Greek,  and  collected  a  libraiy  rich 
in  critical  editions  of  the  scriptures.  In  1660 
he  was  presented  by  his  colleffe  to  the  rich 
rectory  of  fVamlingham ,  Suffolk,  yacated  by 
the  sequestration  of  Richard  GK)ultie  for  re- 
frising  the  'enga^ment.'  He  was  neyer  or- 
dain^, but  acQuired  considerable  repute  as 
a  preacher,  both  atFramlinghamand  Goyen- 
try. At  Pramlingham,  ymere  he  had  no 
literary  neij^hbours,  he  added  antiquarian  to 
his  theological  interests.  At  thelUstoratioii 


Sampson 


V9 


Sampson 


QouJtIe  was  replaced  in  the  lectary,  but 
Sampson  continued  for  some  time  to  iireadi 
piyatelj  at  Framlingham,  and  founoed  an 
mdependent  congregation,  which  still  exists 
(now  nnitarian). 

Turning  to  medicine,  he  studied  at  Padua 
and  at  Levden,  where  he  graduated  M.D.  on 
12  July  1668.  He  practised  in  London,  and 
was  amnitted  an  honorary  fellow  of  the  Col- 
le^  of  Physicians  on  SO  Sept.  1680.  He  re- 
tamed  his  nonconformity,  attending  the 
ministry  of  Laaarus  Seaman  [q.  v.l  and  later 
of  John  Howe.  He  died  on  '2S  July  1700, 
and  was  buried  in  August  at  Clayworth, 
Nottinghamshire,  of  whidi  parish  his  brother, 
William  Sampson,  was  rector.  He  was  twice 
married,  but  nad  no  issue.  His  first  wife, 
Elinor,  died  on  24  Not.  1689.  His  second 
wife,  Anna,  survived  him. 

He  published  'Disputatio  •  •  •  de  celebri 
mdicationum  fnndamento,  Gontraria  con* 
trariis  curari,'  &c.,  Leyden,  1668,  8yo,  and 
contributed  papers  on  morbid  anatomy  to 
the  '  PhUosophical  Transactions/ 1674, 1678^ 
1681, 1695.  His  account  (1663)  of  Fram- 
lingham  Castle  is  printed  in  Heame's  editions 
of  Leland's '  Collectanea/  He  edited  'Me- 
thodus  BivinsB  Gratisd/  &c.,  1667, 12mo,  by 
Thomas  Parker  a595-1677)  [q.  y.l  Samp- 
son's papers,  including  '  a  particular  list  of 
the  eiected  in  each  county,'  gave  considerable 
help  to  Galamy  in  the  preparation  of  his 
*  Account '  (1713)  of  the  silenced  ministers 
of  1662.  I>^one  of  his  manuscripts  are  now 
known  to  exist,  but  the  British  Museum  has 
a  volume  (Addit.  MS.  4460)  of  Thoresby's 
transcripts  from  Sampson's  'Day-books.' 
Some  extracts  are  printed  in  the  *  Gentle- 
man's Magazine/  1851,  and  in  the  *  Chris« 
tian  Beformer,'  1862,  pp.  235  sq. 

[Funoral  Sermon,  1700,  by  Howe»  with  ae- 
eonnt  of  Sampson  by  bis  half-brother,  Nehemiah 
Orew;  Galamy^s  Aooount^  1713,  pp.  xziii,  88  aq.; 
Calamya  Continuation,  1727»  i.  118  ;  memoir  m 
Gent.  Mag.  1851,  i.  381  sq.;  Munk's  ColL  of 
Phys.  1861,  i.  884;  Christian  Beformer,  March 
1862,  pp.  154  sq. ;  Browne's  Hist.  Congr.  Norfolk 
and  SnflTolk,  1877,  p.  637 ;  Heywood's  Begister 
(Turner),  1881,  p.  102;  Thoresby's  Diary  and 
Corresp. ;  Garth's  "Works,  1776,  p.  1 1.]    AG. 

SAMPSON,  HENBY  (1841-1891), 
newspaper  proprietor  and  editor,  the  son  of 
a  journalist,  was  bom  at  Lincoln  in  1841. 
At  the  age  of  twelve  he  entered  a  printing 
office  in  jLondon,  and  became  successirely  a 
Qompositor  and  proof-reader.  From  youth 
he  was  devoted  to  sport,  and  excelled  as  a 
boxer,  runner,  and  scidler  until  he  was 
twenty-three,  when  he  was  disabled  by  an 
accident  to  his  left  foot  In  1866  he  was 
engaged  by  Samuel  Orchart  Beeton  to  con- 


tribute sporting  leaders  to  the  '  Glow-worm' 
and  the  '  Weeluy  Dispatch.'  Afterwards  he 
joined  the  staff  of  the  '  Illastrated  Sporting 
News  and  Theatrical  Beview,'  and  early  in 
1869  was  appointed  editor  of  that  journal. 
On  its  collapse  on  19  March  1870  he  became 
the  first  editor  of  the '  Latest  News '  (No.  1, 
29  Aug.  1869),  a  penny  Sunday  paper  of 
sixteen  pages,  which  ceased  after  No.  57 
on  25  Sept.  1870.  In  1870  he  was  engaged 
as  a  leader-writer  on  the  '  Morning  Adver- 
tiser,' and  commenced  contributingto '  Fun.' 
During  the  illness  of  Thomas  Hood  the 
younger  [q,  y.]  he  acted  as  sub-editor  of 
'Fun,'  and  after  the  death  of  Hood,  in  1874^ 
conducted  the  paper  until  February  1878. 
In  1875,  1876,  1^7,  and  1878  he  edited 
'  Fun  Comic  Annual,'  and  wrote  stories  for 
its  pages.  Earlv  in  1872  he  commenced 
senamg  to  the '  Weekly  Dispatch,'  under  the 
si^ature  of  '  Fendragon,'  letters  of  general 
cnticism  on  sport.  Developing  the  scheme; 
he,  on  19  Aug.  1877,  as  part  proprietor  and 
editor,  under  the  same  pseudonym  of  Pen- 
dragon,  started  a  weeJdy  sporting  paper, 
'The  Referee.'  Its  success  soon  enabled 
him  to  give  up  his  other  engagements  and 
confine  mmself  exclusively  to  his  own  paper 
for  the  remainder  of  his  life.  He  died  at 
6  Hall  Boad,  St.  John's  Wood,  London,  on 
16  May  1891. 

He  was  the  author  of:  1.  '  Dictionary  of 
Modem  Slang,'  2nd  ed.  1860.  2.  <  A  His- 
toxy  of  Advertising,'  with  illustrations  and 
facsimiles,  1874.  8.  '  Modem  Boxing,  by 
Fendragon,'  1878. 

[Sporting  Minor,  April  1881,  pp.  72^,  with 
portrait;  Illustr.  London  News,  23  Mav  1891, 
p.  667,  with  portrait;  Entr'acte  Annual,  1882, 
p.  22,  with  portrait;  Times,  18  May  1891, 
p.  10.]  a-.  0.  B. 

SAMPSON,  mCHABD  {d.  1554), 
bishop  successively  of  Chichester  and  of  Co* 
ventry  and  Lichfield,was  educated  at  Clement 
Hostel  and  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge,  pro* 
ceeding  B.C.L*  in  1505.  Then  he  went  for 
six  years  to  Paris  and  Sens,  and,  returning^ 
proceeded  D.C.L.  in  1518.  He  enter^ 
Wolsey's  household,  became  his  chaplain^ 
and  as  Wolsey  wished  for  some  one  to  look 
after  his  interests  at  Toumay^  of  which  ha 
was  bishop,  he  placed  SamjMBon  there  as  hia 
chancellor;  he  was  also,  it  seems,  vicav*. 
general  there  and  one  of  the  ooancU.  The 
position  had  its  difficulties,  as  the  Frendi 
bi^op  did  not  surrender  his  rights.  Sampson 
was  at  Toumay  in  April  1514,  In  the  July 
following  Wolsey  complained  of  his  want  of 
assiduity,  and  Sampson  excused  himself  on 
tiie  ground  that  he  wanted  time  to  study 
civil  or  canon  law.    In  September  1514  he 


Sampson 


720 


Sampson 


was  at  BruBsels  on  an  embassy  to  the  Lady 
Margaret,  and  on  8  May  following  Tunstal, 
More,  and  others  joined  him  in  the  commis- 
sion which  was  to  arrange  commercial  mat- 
ters. Meanwhile,  on  20  March  1614-15,  he 
had  been  admitted  an  advocate.  He  was 
aome  time  longer  at  Toumay  disputing  with 
the  offlciak  of  the  old  bishop.  He  took  an 
important  part  in  the  negotiations  as  to  the 
peace  and  as  to  the  custody  of  Touma^^, 
which  was  finallv  given  up  to  the  French  in 
1517.  One  of  the  results  of  his  connection 
with  that  place  was  that  he  made  the  ac- 
quaintance of  Erasmus,  who  held  a  prebend 
tnere.  ' 

On  31  Aug^.  1515  Sampson  wrote  to  Wol- 
sey  begging  for  preferment.  He  also  sent 
him  a  piece  of  tapestry.  In  1516  accordingly, 
doubtless  by  Wolsey's  influence,  he  was  made 
dean  of  St.  Stephen's,  Westminster,  dean  of 
the  Chapel  Royal,  and  kin^s  chaplain ;  but 
he  remamed  at  Toumay  a  snort  time  longer, 
and  was  on  12  Jan.  1516-17  made  king's 

Eroctor  for  Toumay.  On  8  Feb.  following 
e  became  archdeacon  of  Cornwall,  and  on 
28  Anril  1519  prebendary  of  Newbold.  This 
year  ne  was  present  at  a  diet  held  at  Bru|;es, 
and  in  OctoW  1519  Wolsey  ofiFered  to  pbce 
him  over  his  household ;  he,  however,  wisely 
declined.  In  1521  he  was  incorporated  at 
Oxford,  and  had  to  deal  with  some  heretical 
books.  In  October  1522  he  left  Plymouth 
with  Sir  Thomas  Boleyn,  and  reached  Bilbao 
after  a  fight  with  six  Breton  pirate  ships. 
They  nrooseded  to  Valladolid  (Si  Oct.)  on 
an  embassy  to  the  emperor.  Sampson  was 
to  remain  there  some  years  as  resident  am- 
bassador, no  small  testimonial  to  his  merits, 
his  companion  changing  from  time  to  time. 
Sir  Richard  Jemingham  took  Bole;p's  place 
in  June  1528,  and,  with  Sampson,  signea  the 
treaty  of  2  July  1528  with  Spain  aeainst 
France.  Sampson  moved  about  with  the 
court  (ef.  Letters  and  Papers  of  Henry  VIII), 
In  March  1525  he  was  at  Madrid.  In  June 
1525  he  was  at  Toledo,Wingfield  and  Tunstal 
being  with  him.    Curzon  came  in  July. 

Sampson  was  recalled  in  October  1525,  and 
succeeded  by  Dr.  Edward  Lee  [q.  v.] ;  but  he 
did  not  reach  the  English  court  till  early  in 
1526.  Meanwhile  he  had  not  been  forgotten. 
He  was  made  dean  of  Windsor  14  Nov.  1523, 
and  18  June  1526  vicar  of  Stepney;  about 
the  same  time  the  prebend  of  Chiswick  in 
St.  Paul's  Cathedral  was  riven  him.  On 
28  March  1627  he  received  a  prebend  at 
Lincoln,  and  that  he  was  well  thought  of  by 
Henry  is  shown  by  his  being  ordered  hy  the 
kinjf  to  reply,  on  15  July  1527,  to  the  Hun- 
garian ambassador  Laski.  On  1 1  Jan.  1528-9 
he  was  made  archdeacon  of  Suffolk.    He 


was  one  of  Henry's  chief  agents  in  the  di- 
vorce and  in  the  question  of  the  sunremaey. 
On  8  Oct.  1529  he  was  sent  with  Sir  J^cholas 
Carew  on  an  embassy  to  the  emperor.    They 
went  to  Bologna  and  Rome,  and  saw  pope  as 
well  as  emperor.    He  was  summoned  to  par- 
liament in  1580  to  speak  about  the  divorce 
as  a  doctor,  and  he  presented  the  (pinions 
of  the  universities,  and  signed  the  petition 
to  the  pope  in  its  favour.    He  was  made, 
19  March  1582-^,  prebendary  and,  20  June 
following,  dean  of  Lichfield.    In  1588  he 
nublished  a  Latin  oration  (see  below)  in 
lavour  of  the  king^s  supremacy,  which  was 
cmswered  by  Pole  in  his  '  Pro  Ek%lesiastic» 
Unitatis  Defensione.'    On  81  March  1584  he 
became  rector  of  Hackney,  and  resigned 
Stepney  and  his  prebend  of  Chiswick,  and 
16  March  following  was  made  treasurer  of 
Salisbury.    On  11  June  1586  he  was  made 
bishop  of  Chichester,  and  having  been  ap- 
pointed as  first  coadjutor  to  Pace  at  Bb. 
Paul's,  he  was  on  20  July  allowed  to  hold 
the  deanery  there  in  oommendam.  He  acted 
for  Henry  m  the  case  against  Anne  Boleyn. 
In  the  same  year  he,  Cromwell,  and  the  bishop 
of  Hereford  were  named  in  a  commission 
to  treat  as  to  the  peace  of  Europe.    In  1587 
he  took  part  in  drawing  up  'The  Institu- 
tion of  a  Christian  Man.     The  next  year  he 
was  in  a  commission  affainst  anahtaptists, 
and  took  part  in  the  triu  of  John  Lambert 
{d»  15S^)  [q.  v.]    His  general  attitude  was, 
however,  conservative  (cf.  Stbtpe,  Memorialed 
I.  L  499,  &c.)    He  incurred  the  suspicion  of 
Cromwell,  and,  after  Latimer  had  been  con- 
fided to  his  care  in  July  1589,  he  was  him- 
self placed  in  the  Tower  (April  1540).    He 
made  a  confession  and  submission  and  was 
released,  but  he  resigned  the  deanery  of  St. 
Paul's  the  same  year.    His  general  attitude 
was  conservative,  and  he  is  said  to  have  sup- 
ported the  six  articles  in  parliament  (Stbtpb, 
C!ranm«r,  p.  748).  On  19  Feb.  1542-8  he  was 
translated  to  Coventry  and  Lichfield,  and  for 
the  next  few  yeais  acted  as  lord-president  of 
Wales.     He  retained  his  bishopric  under 
Edward  VI,  and  in  April  1551  was  appointed 
commissioner  to  treat  with  ScotUad  {LiL 
Remains  Edw,  VI,  Roxbursrhe  Club,  n.  812). 
He  did  homage  to  Queen  Mary,  and  oied  on 
25  Sept.  1554  at  Eccleshall,  Staffordshire 
He  was  buried  on  the  north  side  of  the  altar 
of  the  parish  church  there. 

Sampson  was  an  able  civil  servanc  whom 
circumstances  compelled  to  become  an  eode- 
uastic.  He  was  mthful  to  Wolsey  and  to 
Henry,  and  Yery  attentive  to  his  civil  duties. 
Brewer  calls  him  a  time-serving  ecclesiastic 
Of  his  conduct  in  his  various  preferments  we 
know  little.    A  choir  book  of  Henry  VUTs 


Sampson 


721 


Sampson 


time^  formerly  belonging^  to  St.  Qeorge's 
Ch&pel,  Windsor,  contains  two  motets  in  the 
Mizolydian  mode  with  his  name  affixed  to 
them.  They  are  now  in  Royal  MSS.  11.  e. 
xi.  Sampson's  chief  works  were:  1.  'Oratio 
quad  docet  hortatnr  admonet  omnes  potissi- 
mum  Anglos  reffias  dignitati  cum  primis  ut 
obedianty  &c.y  London,  4tOy  1638.  2.  'In 
priores  quinquagtnta  psalmos  Daviticos  fami-* 
liarie  ezplanatio/  London,  1639,  fol.  8. '  Ex- 
planatio  in  D.  Paul!  Epistolam  ad  Bomanos 
atque  in  priorem  ad  Corinthos/  London, 
12mo,  1640.  4.  '  Explanationis  Psalmorum 
seeonda  pars/  London,  1648,  fol. 

[Cooper's  Athense  Cantabr.  i.  119,  545; 
Bravers  Reign  of  Henry  VIII,  i.  58  &c.,  ii.  H, 
I5»  &c.;  Goagh's  Index  to  the  Parker  Society's 
Publications;  Strype's  Works,  passim;  Sussex 
Areh.  Coll.  xxix.  85  (a  eorions  letter  as  to  the 
diocese  of  Chichester) ;  Letters  and  Papers 
Henry  VIII ;  Gal.  State  Papers,  Spanish  Ser., 
1609-35,  1525>6,  1529-80,  1584-5,  Venetian, 
1520-6. 1527-38 ;  Fronde's  Hist,  of  Engl.  iii. 
450.  481,  ix.  470 ;  Div.  of  Catherine  of  Aragon, 
p.  274;  Friedmann's  Anne  Boleyn,  i.  151,  ii. 
289,  325;  Karr.  of  the  Reformation  (Caniden 
Soe.),  pp.  53,  55  &c. ;  Thomas's  Hist.  Notes,  i. 
270 ;  information  from  H.  Davey,  esq.] 

TV.  A.  J.  A. 

SAMPSON,  THOMAS  (1617  P-1689), 
puritan  divine,  bom  at  Playtbrd,  Suffolk, 
about  1617,  was  educated  at  JPembro&e  HaU, 
Cambridge.  There  is  no  evidence  to  show 
that  he  took  a  degree  at  Cambridge.  It  is 
said  that  he  also  studied  at  Oxford,  but  it  is 
only  certain  that  he  was  admitted  a  student 
of  the  Inner  Temple,  London,  in  February 
1646>7  (CooXB,  Students  admitted  to  the 
Inner  Temple^  p.  2>.  While  he  was  studying 
the  common  law  there  he  was  converted  to 
the  protestant  roligion,  and  it  is  said  that  he 
shortly  afterwards  converted  John  Bradford 
(1510P-1666)  [q.  v.J  the  martyr  (Wood, 
Athena  Oxon,  ed.  Bliss,  i.  648).  In  1649  he 
and  Bradford  received  holy  orders  from  Bishop 
Ridley,  and  when  he  took  exception  'against 
the  apparel,'  Ridlev  and  Cranmer  allowed 
him  to  be  ordained  without  assuming  the 
sacerdotal  habits  (Ststpb,  AnnaU  of  the 
JR^ormation,  i.  478 ;  L\fe  of  CranrneTf  pp. 
191, 192). 

He  soon  acquired  celebrity  as  a  preacher. 
On  10  March  1660-1  he  was  collated  by 
Archbishop  Oranmer  to  the  rectory  of  All- 
hallowa,  Bread  Street,  London,  and  in  Fe- 
bruary 1662  he  was  preferred  to  the  deaneiy 
of  Ghiohester.  After  the  death  of  Edward  VI 
he  concealed  himself  in  London  for  a  time, 
and  with  Richard  Chambers  collected  money 
for  the  support  of  such  scholars  of  the  um- 
yesnties  *aa  were  haters  of  the   Roman 

VOL.  xvn. 


catholic  religion.'  On  8  Feb.  1666-6,  when 
William  Peryn  [q.  v.l  preached  at  St.  Paul's 
Oross,  Sampson  '  dya  penanse  for  he  had  ii 
wyffes'  (Maohtk,  Diary,  ed.  Nichols,  p.  100). 
It  is  possible  that  his  offence  is  somewhat 
exaggerated.  Soon  afterwards  Sampson  fled 
with  one  wife  to  Strasburg.  There  he  atn 
sooiated  with  Tremellius,  and  {greatly  en- 
larged hiB  knowledge  of  divmity.  He 
addressed  to  his  former  parishioners  at  All- 
hallows,  Bread  Street,  a  letter  in  which  he 
exhorted  them  to  submit  to,  and  to  receive 
with  humbleness,  the  ceremonies  of  the 
church  as  reformed  under  King  Edward.  He 
removed  to  Geneva  in  1666,  and  appears  also 
to  have  resided  for  some  time  at  Frankfort 
andZiirich  (BuBK,  Livre  deeAngloieiLQenhoe, 
p.  8).  During  his  exile  he  enthusiastically 
adopted  the  Genevan  doctrines,  and  de« 
veloped  a  bitter  dislike  of  the  ceremonies  of 
the  English  church.  He  was  constantly  en- 
gaged in  disputes  with  his  fellow-exiles,  and 
Henry  Bnllinger,  writing  firom  Ziirich  to 
Theodore  Besa,  16  Mardi  1667,  says :  *  I 
have  always  looked  with  suspicion  upon  the 
statements  made  by  Master  Sampson.  He  is 
not  amiss  in  other  re8;^ects,  but  of  an  ex- 
ceedingly restless  disposition.  While  here- 
sided  amongst  us  at  Zurich,  and  after  he 
returned  to  England,  he  never  ceased  to  be 
troublesome  to  Master  Peter  Martyr,  of 
blessed  memory.  He  often  used  to  complain 
to  me  that  Sampson  never  wrote  a  letter 
without  filling  it  with  grievances :  the  man 
is  never  satisfied ;  he  has  always  some  doubt 
or  other  to  busy  himself  with'  {Zurich 
Letters^  ii.  162). 

On  the  accession  of  Queen  Elizabeth  Samp- 
son returned  to  England,  and  during  the  first 
three  years  of  her  teijra  he  delivered  the 
rehearsal  sermons  at  St,  Paul's  Cross,  re- 
peating memoriter  the  Spital  sermons  which 
had  Men  preached  at  Easter  (Stbtpb, 
Annate^  i.  478,  fol.)  He  refused  the  bishopric 
of  Norwich,  which  was  offered  to  him  in 
1660.  In  the  royal  visitation  to  the  north 
he  accompanied  the  queen's  visitors  as 
preacher.  On  4  Sept.  1660  he  was  installed 
canon  of  Durham,  and  in  March  1660-1  he 
supplicated  the  university  of  Oxford  that 
whereas  he  had  for  the  space  of  sixteen 
years  studied  divinity,  he  miffht  be  admitted 
'to  the  reading  of  the  Epistles  of  St.  Paul,' 
that  is,  to  the  degree  01  B.D.,  the  formula 
before  the  Reformation  having  been  Ho  the 
reading  of  the  book  of  Sentences.'  His 
supplication  was  granted,  though  it  does  not 
appear  that  he  was  admitted  to  the  degree. 

in  1661  he  was  appointed  dean  of  Christ 
Church,  Oxford  {ib,  i.  474\  He  ^as  installed 
in  Michaelmas  term  1661.  A  short  time  pre- 


Sampson 


733 


Sampson 


yiously  he  had  been  busily  engaged  la  burn- 
ing '  supentitioufl  utensils '  at  Oxford  (ib.  i. 
270 ;  AlACHTH,  p.  266).  In  November  1561 
he  supplicated  for  permission  to  preach  in  a 
doctoral  habit  within  the  precincts  of  the 
Vmiversity.  The  request,  though  considered 
unreasonable,  was  granted  in  consequence  of 
l^is  being  a  dean,  but  was  only  to  continue 
tin  the  following  act.  It  is  clear  that  he 
never  took  a  doctor's  degree. 

He  sat  in  the  convocation  of  1662-3,  and 
voted  in  favour  of  the  articles  for  abolishing 
certain  rites  and  ceremonies.  He  also  signed 
the  petition  of  the  lower  house  for  disci^ine. 
In  December  1563  the  secretary  of  state  had 
some  communication  with  him  about  the 
apparel  prescribed,  earnestly  urging  him  to 
comply  with  it.  He  told  Sampson  *  that  he 
gave  offence  bv  his  disobedience,  and  that 
obedience  waa  better  than  sacrifice.'  Samp- 
son, however,  in  reply  set  forth  the  reasons 
why  he  declined  to  wear  the  apparel. 

On  3  March  1664-^  he,  Laurence  Hum- 
phrey, and  four  other  puritan  ministers  were 
cited  to  appear  before  the  ecclesiastical  com- 
missioners at  Lambeth.  Archbishop  Parker 
and  his  colleagues  in  vain  endeavoured  to 
bring  them  to  conformity  (cf.  Farker  Cor* 
respimdenoey  p.  23d\  At  length  Sampson  was, 
by  a  special  order  trom  the  queen,  deprived  of 
the  deanery  of  Christ  Church  (Stbtpb,  Life 
qf  Parker,  l  368),  and  placed  in  confinement. 
After  some  time  Sampson  obtained  his  re- 
lease throagh  the  intercession  of  the  arch- 
bishop, and  was  allowed  to  officiate  outside 
Christ  Church  without  conformity.  In  1567 
he  was  appointed  master  of  Wigston'shospital 
at  Leicester.  On  13  Sept.  1570  he  be^me 
prebendary  of  St.  Pancraa  in  the  church  of 
St.  Paul,  London,  and  penitentiary  in  that 
church.  He  was  also  theological  lecturer  at 
Whittington  College,  London,  receiving  from 
the  Company  of  Clothworkers  the  annual 
stipend  of  10/.  In  1572-3  he  was  struck 
with  the  dead  palsy  on  one  side,  whereupon 
he  retired  to  his  hospital  at  Leicester,  and 
passed  the  remainder  of  his  life  in  attending 
to  the  duties  of  the  mastership.  He  died 
on  9  April  1589,  and  was  interred  in  the 
chapel  of  his  hospitaL  Over  his  grave  was 
placed  a  Latin  inscription,  describing  him  as 
'  Hierarchiffi  Homanaa,  papaliumque  rituum 
hostis  acerrimus ;  sincentatis  evangelica  as- 
sertor  constantissimus.' 

He  married  a  niece  of  Bishop  Latimer, 
and  had  two  sons,  John  and  r^athanieL 
Hb  works  are :  1.  'A  Homelye  of  the  Be- 
surrection  of  Christe,  by  John  Brentius, 
translated,'  1550,  8vo.  2.  '  A  Letter  to  the 
Trewe  Professors  of  Christes  Qospell,  in- 
liabitinge  in  the  Parishe  of  Allhallowis,  in 


Bredstrete  in  London,'  Strasbuig,  1554, 8vo; 
reprinted  in  Stxype's  'Memorials,'  voL  iii. 
App*  No.  18.  8.  'Warning  to  take  heed  of 
Fowlers  Psalter  (sent  lately  from  Louvain), 

fiven  bv  lame  Thomas  Samson,'  London, 
576,  l6mo;  .  .  .  1578,  8vo;  dedicated  to 
Robert  Aake.  4.  Preface  to  John  Brad- 
ford's '  Two  Notable  Sermons,'  which  were 
edited  by  him,  London,  1574,  1581,  1599, 
12mo.  5.  '  Brief  Collection  of  the  Church, 
and  Ceremonies  thereof,'  London,  1581,  8vo. 
6.  'Prayers  and  Meditations  Apostolike, 
gathered  and  framed  out  of  the  Epistles  of 
the  Apostles,'  London  and  Cambria^,  1592, 
12mo.  7.  '  A  Sermon  of  John  Chnsostome 
of  Pacience,  of  the  ende  of  the  Worlde,  and 
of  the  Last  Judgment,  translated  into  Eng- 
lish,' n.d. 

He  was  also  concerned  in  the  translation 
of  the  Geneva  Bible,  published  in  1560 ; 
and  to  him  has  been  attributed  a  share  in 
the  composition  of  '  An  Admonition  to  the 
Parliament  for  the  Reformation  of  Church 
Discipline '  {Zurich  Letters,  i.  285).  In 
Strype's  '  Annals '  (iii.  222)  '  A  Supplication 
made  in  the  name  of  certain  true  subjects ; 
to  be  in  most  humble  wise  presented  to  our 
sovereign  lady.  Queen  EluEabeth,  to  the 
Lords  of  her  most  Honourable  Privy  Council, 
and  to  the  "High.  Court  of  Parliament,'  dated 
December  15£l  ;  there  ia  a  copy  in  the  Lans- 
downe  MS.  119,  art.  5. 

[ Addit.  MSS.  6848  p.  48,  6880  f.  69  6  ;  Ames's 
Typogr.  Antiq.  ed.  Herbert ;  Brook's  Puritans, 
i.  375 ;  Cooper's  AthenflB  Cantabr.  ii.  43-4 ; 
Fostei's  Alumni  Oxon.  1600-1714,  iv.  1307; 
Gk>rhAm'8  Reformation  Gleanings,  p.  346 ;  Hay- 
ward's  Annals  of  Elisabeth,  p.  6 ;  Le  Neve's 
Fasti,  ed.  Hardy;  Harsden's  Early  Puritans, 
pp.  49,  101 ;  Keal's  Puritans,  i.  131,  187,  189, 
21 7f  824  ;  Nichols's  Leicestershire,  iv.  495,496; 
Notes  and  Queries,  Ist  ser.  x.  162 ;  Parker  Soc. 
Publications  (general  index) ;  Cal.  State  Papers, 
Dom.  1647-80,  p.  606 ;  Stiype*8  Works  (geueial 
index).]  T.  C. 

SAMPSON,  WILLIAM  (1590P-ie36  P), 
dramatist,  was  doubtless  bom  about  1590  at 
South  Leverton,  a  village  near  Retford,  Not- 
tinghamshire. He  belonged  to  a  fismily  of 
yeomen  who  owned  property  in  South  Lever* 
ton.  In  1612  William  Sampson,  either  the 
dramatist  himself  or  his  father,  figured  with 
Thomas  and  Henry  Sampson  among  the 
humbler  owners  of  land  there  (Thobotoit, 
Antiguitiee  of  Nottinghamahire,  eid.  Throsby, 
iii.  ^1).  l2ke  many  other  yeomen's  sons, 
the  dramatist  seems  in  early  life  to  have 
become  a  serv'mg  man  in  great  households 
of  the  neighbourhood.  He  finally  found  a 
permanent  home  as  a  retainer  in  the  family 
of  Sir  Henry  Willoughby,  bart.,  of  Bialeyi 


Sampson 


7^3 


Sampson 


DerbyBlurey  witli  whom  Phineas  Fletcher 
[q.  T.J  alao  resided  between  1616  and  1631. 

Sampson's  duties  left  him  leisure  for  litems 
ture.  He  made  the  acquaintance  of  Gterraae 
Markham,  another  Nottinghamshire  author, 
and  joined  him  in  writing,  probablj  about 
1612,  a  tragedy  on  the  story  of  Herod-  and 
Antipater  drawn  from  Josephus's  ^Anti- 
quities of  the  Jews'  (bks.  xiv.  and  zy.)  It 
was  successfully  produced  in  London,  was 
licensed  for  publication  on  22  Feb.  1621-2, 
and  appeared  under  the  title  'The  True 
Tragedy  of  Herod  and  Antipater,  with  the 
Death  of  fiure  Marriaxn.  According  to  Jo- 
sephusy  the  learned  and  £Eunous  Jewe.  As  it 
hath  beene  of  late  divers  times  publiquely 
acted  (with  great  applause)  at  the  Red 
BnU  by  the  company  of  his  Maiesties  Rerels. 
Written  byGeryaise  Markham  and  William 
Sampson,  Gentlemen,'  London,  printed  'by 
Q.  £3d  for  Matheyy  Bhodes,'  1622.  The 
publisher  Rhodes  signed  prefatory  yerses  ad- 
dressed to  the  reader. 

Sampson  followed  up  this  effort  by  a  play 
(without  any  collaborator)  on  a  topic  of  local 
interest — ^the  seduction  by  one  Bateman  of 
Mistress  German,  a  young  married  woman 
of  Olifton.  The  loyers  committed  suicide. 
The  episode  was  the  subject  of  a  rare  chm- 
bodk,  entitled  'Batemairs  Tragedy;  or  the 
perjiued  Bride  justly  rewarded/  and  Ritson 
printed  a  popular  ballad  on  the  theme. 
Sampson's  piece  was  written  partly  in  blank 
yerse  and  partly  in  prose,  and  was  composed 
under  tlie  roof  of  nis  patron  Willoughby. 
It  was  published  with  the  title  'The  Vow 
Breaker.  Or  the  Faire  Maide  of  Clifton  in 
Nottinghamshire  As  it  hath  beene  diyers 
times  acted  by  seyerall  companies  with  great 
applause.'  By  William  Sampson,  London 
(by  John  Norton,  and  are  to  be  sold  by  Roger 
Bsjn,  16S6.  This  was  dedicated  to  Anne, 
Sir  Henry  Willoughby's  daughter,  and  a  pre- 
fatory plate  Ulustrated  the  story.  In  the 
last  act  the  mayor  of  Nottingham  has  an 
interview  with  Queen  Elisabeth  respecting 
the  navigation  of  the  river  Trent. 

A  third  piece,  a  comedy,  entitled  'The 
Widow's  Prize,'is  idso  attributed  to  Sampson. 
According  to  an  extract  from  Sir  Hexiry 
Herbert's  diary,  quoted  by  HalliweU  (Diet, 
qfPi^«),  it  contained '  much  abusive  matter,' 
but  was  allowed  by  Herbert,  the  licenser,  on 
26  Jan.  1624-5  to  be  acted  by  the  prince's 
company,  on  condition  that  Herbert's  're- 
fonnations  were  observed.'  It  was  entered 
for  publication  in  the  *  Stationers'  Registers' 
on  9  Sept.  1658,  but  is  not  known  to  haye 
beempnnted.  The  manuscript  was  destroyed 
by  '^^ffborton's  servant. 

Later  in  life  Sampson,  in  accord  with  his 


profbssion  of  serving  man^  devoted  much  of 
nis  literary  energy  to  panegyrising  in  heroic 
yerse  the  nobility  and  gentry  of  the  midland 
counties.  In  1686  there  appeared  his '  Vir- 
tus post  Funera  vivit^  or  Honour  Tryumph- 
ing  over  Death,  bemg  true  Epitomes  of 
Honorable,  Noble,  Learned,  and  Hospitable 
Personages'  (London,  printed  by  John  Nor- 
ton, 16to,  4to).  The  opening  lines  are  ad- 
dressed to  William  Cavendish,  earl  of  New- 
castle. There  follow  a  prose  dedication  to 
Christian,  dowager  countess  of  Devon,  and 
one  in  verse  to  Charles,  viscoimt  Mansfield, 
son  of  the  Earl  of  Newcastle.  The  poems — 
all  in  heroic  couplets — ^number  thirty-two. 
Among  the  persons  commemorated  are 
Elisabeth  Talbot,  countess  of  Shrewsbury 
CBess  of  Hardwick,' No.  I),  and  William 
Cavendish,  earl  of  Devonshire  (No.  8). 
Sampson's  efforts  to  attract  the  patronage 
of  the  Cavendishes  were  untiring.  An  un- 
printed  poem  by  him,  inscribed  to  Margaret 
Cavendish,  marchioness  of  Newcastle,  is  en- 
titled '  Love's  Metamorphosis,  or  Apollo  and 
Daphne,'  a  poem.  It  is  in  some  ISO  six-line 
stansas,  and  is  extant  in  Harl.  MS.  6947 
(No.  41,  ff.  818-886).  The  first  line  runs 
*  Scarce  had  Aurora  showne  her  crimson 
face.'  Another  of  Sampson's  poems,  entitled 
'Cicero's  Lo^sl  Epistle  according  to  Han- 
nibal Caro,'  IS  also  unprinted ;  it  was  dedi- 
cated to  Lucy,  wife  of  Ferdinando,  lord 
Hastings  (afterwards  sixth  earl  of  Hunting- 
don). The  manuscript  formerly  belonged  to 
B.  H.  Bright. 

Sampson  died  soon  after  the  publication  of 
his  <  Virtus  post  Funera'  in  1686.  He  mar- 
ried Helen,  daughter  of  Gregory  Vicars,  and 
sister  of  John  Vicars,  and  had  by  her  at 
least  two  sons,  Henry  [q.  y/1  and  William, 
who  both  became  fellows  of  Pembroke  EEall, 
Cambridge.  William  (1685-1702)  was  after- 
wards rector  of  Clayworth  and  prebendary 
of  Lincoln  from  1672  (Thobotok,  ed.  Thros- 
by,  iii.  808).  To  Hannah  Sampson,  possibly 
the  dramatist's  daughter,  Wuloughby,  his 
master,  left  on  his  death  in  1649  '  his  ruby 
hatband  and  case  of  silver  instruments' 
(Addit.  MS.  6688,  f.  142).  Sampson's  widow 
in  1687  married,  as  her  second  husband,  Oba- 
diah  Grew  [q.  v.] 

[William  Sampson,  a  Seventeenth-centniy 
Poet  and  Dramatist,  by  John  T.  Godfrey, 
F.B.HJ3.,  1894 ;  Hunters  manuscript  Chorus 
Vstum  in  Brit.  Mns.  Addit.  MS.  24488,  pp. 
288-4;  ileay's  Biogr.  Ghron.  of  the  Engbsh 
Drama.]  S.  L. 

SAMPSON,  WILLIAM  (1764-1886), 
United  Irishman  and  jurist,  son  of  a  presby- 
terian  minister,  was  bom  at  Londonderry  on 
17  Jan.  1764.    At  the  age  of  eighteen  he 

8a2 


Sampson 


724 


Sampson 


[?, 


emolled  himself  among  the  Iriah  yolunteen. 
Soon  afterwards  he  entered  Trinity  Goll^, 
Dablin,  of  which  hia  father  had  been  a 
scholar  in  1768  {Cat.  Dublin  OraduaUs),  but 
he  did  not  graduate.  In  1790  he  kept  hia 
terms  at  Lincoln's  Inn.  On  his  return  to 
Ireland  he  took  up  his  residence  at  Bel£ut. 
He  was  called  to  the  Irish  bar,  and  obtained 
agood  practice  on  the  north-eastern  circuit. 
He  took  some  part  in  politics  on  tiie  nsr 
tionalist  side,  although  his  '  interests,  con- 
nexions, and  hopes  lav  with  the  court  party.' 
At  Belfast  he  wrote  tor  the  'Northern  Star,' 
and  some  of  his  contributions  were  circu- 
lated as  pamphlets.  They  gave  great  offence 
to  the  Insh  government,  and  a  mock  review 
of  a  pretended  epic,  *  The  Lion  of  Old  Eng- 
land, caused  irritation  in  the  army.  When 
l^e  proprietors  of  the '  Northern  Star'  were 
indicted  for  libel,  in  May  1794,  Sampson 
acted  as  junior  counsel,  with  John  Fhupot 
Ourran  as  his  senior.  In  the  following  year 
he  was  associated  with  Curran  and  Ponsonby 
in  the  defence  of  the  Rev.  William  Jackson 

(1787  P>1795)  rq*v.]>  <^  Pu^^l^  &  nfott 
of  the  trial.  Subs^uently  he  was  engiund 
widi  Ourran  in  the  aefence  of  William  On 

.v.]  for  administering  the  oath  of  the 

nited  Irishmen.  Sampson  himself,  like 
Thomas  Addis  Emmet,  took  the  oath  in 
open  court, '  because  I  hated  dissimulation.' 
Nevertheless,  he  wrote  afterwards,  <I  was 
long,  very  long,  in  taking  anv  part,  and 
was  never  mu<m  in  any  secret,^  He  seems 
to  have  for  some  time  deprecated  violent 
measures. 

In  1796,  in  a  pamphlet  entitled  ^  Advice 
to  the  Rich,'  he  predicted  the  Irish  union, 
and  tried  to  show  that  the  government  was 
stimulating  rebellion  with  a  view  to  brinj;^ 
mg  it  about.  At  public  meetings  held  m 
Belfast  on  the  receipt  of  the  news  of  the 
approach  of  the  first  French  expedition  to 
Ireland,  Sampson  gave  proofs  of  his  loyalty. 
At  the  second  meeting,  on  2  Jan.  1797,  he 
took  the  chair  and  put  resolutions  in  which 
it  was  declared  that  a  reform  in  parliament, 
*  without  distinction  on  account  of  religion,' 
would  satisfy  the  public  mind.  To  these 
moderate  resolutions  there  was  appended  a 
request  to  government  for  permission  '  to 
arm,  in  like  manner  as  the  volunteers.' 
against  the  French.  A  petition  of  the  Irisn 
bar  to  the  same  effect,  drawn  up  on  17  May 
of  the  same  vear,  and  bearing  the  names  of 
Francis  Dobbs,  Henry  Flood,  and  George 
Ponsonby,  was  signed  by  Sampson  (Gb^iv 
TAK,  Life  of  Qrattan,  iv.  299). 

But  Sampson's  attitude  failed  to  satisfy 
the  Irish  p^ovemment.  He  was  known  to 
be  the  writer  of  letters  signed  'Forteaque' 


in  the  'Ftess,'  the  Dublin  ozgan  of  the 
United  Irishmen.  He  was  a  prime  mov«r 
in  a  society  formed  for  obtaining  authentic 
information  as  to  outrages  by  tne  military 
in  Ireland.  The  society  met  chiefly  at  Lord 
Moira's  house  in  Dublin,  and  all  tbie  leading 
members  of  the  Irish  parliamentary  opposi- 
tion were  memberB  of  it.  Some  of  the  docu- 
ments collected  by  the  society  were  privately 
Srinted  in  London.  In  1797  and  1798  Mad- 
en  had  the  collections  in  his  possession 
{United  IrMntm,  2nd  ser.  iL  856-8  and 
notes).  Sampson,  in  his  '  Memoirs,'  states 
that  he  declined  Moira's  ofifer  to  take  him  to 
England  and  provide  for  him  in  order  to  save 
him  from  impending  danger. 

On  12  Feb.  1798  an  abortive  charge  of 
high  treason  was  brought  against  Sampson 
by  the  aldermen  of  Dublin  for  attempting 
to  protect  from  the  soldiery  the  house  of 
his  client  Stockdale,  printer  of  the  '  Fkess.' 
In  March  a  false  report  was  circulated 
that  he  held  a  Frenoh  general's  oommia- 
sion,  and  an  attempt  waa  made  to  arrest 
him.  He  escaped,  but  wrote  offering  to 
surrender  on  promise  of  a  fair  trial.  Re- 
ceiving no  answer,  he  fled  to  England  on 
16  April,  but  was  arrested  at  Whitehaven 
and  sent  to  Carlisle  gaol.  On  6  May  he  was 
taken  back  to  Dublin,  where  he  was  oonflned 
for  several  months,  first  in  the  Castle  tavern, 
and  afterwards  in  the  BridewelL  He  was 
never  brought  to  triaL 

Sampson  was  now  approached  on  behalf 
of  the  Irish  government  with  a  view  to 
mediating  between  it  and  the  other  state 
prisoners.  He  declined  the  proposal,  but  in 
order  to  save  the  life  of  his  friend  Oliver 
Bond  [q.T.],  he  agreed,  with  the  other  pri- 
soners, at  Comwallis's  suggestion  (Cbrn- 
wallie  Correap,  2nd  ed.  ii.  &l)i  to  give  all 
information  concerning  their  organisation 
and  go  into  voluntary  exile,  on  condition 
that  Dond's  life  were  spared.  Sampson's 
release  waa  delayed  for  some  time;  but 
early  in  1799,  in  accordance  with  the  afpree- 
ment,  he  arrived  at  Oporto.  After  living 
quietly  for  some  time  there,  Sampson  was 
arrested  on  12  March  1799,  by  order  of 
the  English  ministry,  on  suspicion  of  writ- 
ing 'Arguments  for  and  a^inst  a  Union 
considerea,'  a  pamphlet  against  the  union. 
This  was  in  fact  by  Edward  Cooke  [q.  ▼.], 
the  Irish  under-secietary.  In  May  he  was 
shipped  on  board  a  Danish  dogger  at  St.  Se- 
bastian, and  obtained  a  passport  to  Bayonne. 
Thence  he  proceeded  to&)raeaux,  near  whidi 
place  he  remained  under  the  close  surveil- 
lance of  the  municipality  for  some  eighteen 
months.  From  the  winter  of  1800  tiu  May 
1806  he  was  in  Paris,  and  after  spending 


Sampson 


7*5 


Sams 


iy  &  jBKt  «t  Hambmg^lieobtoiiied  firom 
the  British  minirtw  there  a  jumfost  for 
Kngiand,  Onhis  amTml  in  LoBaon^  in  April 
18&,  hm  was  placed  nnder  anesty  and  on 
12  May  he  was  sent,  at  the  gofemment's 
expense^  to  New  Toik.  His  familj  followed 
him  four  yeazs  later. 

Sampson  soon  attained  a  high  pontion  at 
the  AmeTicMi  har.  Heaeced  as  legal  ad- 
▼iaer  to  Joseph  Bonaparte  when  he  aniyed 
in  America.  WoUe  Tone's  son  entoed  Ins 
offiooy  and  snheeoaently  married  his  dangh- 
ter.  In  1828  he  ddiTBted  heforetheHist<m- 
cal  Sodety  of  New  Yoik  a  discoorse '  show- 
ing the  origin,  progress^  antiqnities,  curiosi- 
ties, and  nature  of  the  common  law/  which 
led  to  much  discnssion.  It  was  pahlished 
in  1824,  and  repahlished,  with  adoitioiis  by 
Pishej  Thompson  [o*  ▼•]»  m  1826.  Hoffinan 
(Ze^o/  8iudie9y  p.  891)  sajs  that  Sampson 
was  the  ffreat  promoter  of  legal  amendment 
and  codincation  in  America.  He  took  a  pro- 
minent part  in  all  meetings  concerning  uidi 
affiuis  held  in  America,  and  in  1831  was 
inrited  to  Philadelphia  to  defend  some  of 
his  countrymen  charged  with  riot.  In  his 
last  years  he  vainly  endeavoured  to  obtain 
leare  from  the  British  soTemment  to  rerisit 
Irelsnd.  He  died  at  New  York  on  28  Deo. 
1886. 

Besides  Tsrions  reports  of  American  trials 
and  pamphlets  dealing  with  law  reform, 
Sampson  published  his  'Memoirs'  in  the 
form  of  letters,  written  partly  in  France, 
partly  in  America  (New  York,  1807;  2nd 
edit.  1817 ;  an  English  edition,  with  notes 
by  W.  C.  Taylor,  m  Whitaker's  '  Autobio- 
g^raphy  *  series,  1832).  He  contributed  addi- 
tions, consisting  of  contemporaiy  history,  to 
an  American  reprint  of  W.  C.  Tay  Ws '  His- 
tory of  the  Irish  C^ril  Wsn.'  Some  verses 
by  Sampson  are  in  Madden's  '  Litersiy  Be* 
mains  of  the  United  Irishmen,' pp.  122, 177. 
179,  and  in  Watty  Cox's  *  Irish  Magaxine^ 
for  1811. 

In  1805  Sampson  was  described  officially 
as  having  brown  hair  and  eyebrows,  a  high 
forehead,  large  nose,  and  oval  foce.  A  por- 
trait, enmred  by  F.  Grimbrcde  from  a 
painting  oy  Jarvis,  is  prefixed  to  the  second 
American  edition  of  the  '  Memoirs.' 

Sampson  married,  in  1790^  a  lady  named 
Clarke,  and  had  several  children.  Curran 
stood  godfather  to  a  son,  bom  at  Belfiist  in 
1705,  who  received  his  sponsor^s  names,  and 
was  at  his  death,  on  20  Aug.  1820,  at  the 
head  of  the  New  Orleans  bar. 

[An  obituary  notioe  by  Dr.  MeNeren  appeared 
in  the  Trath-TeUer  (New  Ymk)  for  27  Jan. 
1837.  The  Bngiish  edition  of  fianiDSoii's  Me* 
has  a  Talnable  introduction  ana  notes  by 


W.  G.  TW^lor,  bat  emits  almost  all  the  Ap- 
pondieaB  giTsn  in  the  Amerieaa  editioiis,  as  veU 
as  the  poftiait.  Madden's  United  Irishman, 
Sad  SMS.  iL  3S6-S8,  contains  much  additional 
mattsr,  supplied  by  Sunpson's  daughter.  See 
also  Madden's  Irish  Period.  litemtore,  ii.  22«, 
234 ;  Bovaa's  Aatobiegiaphy,  App.  ii ;  AUi* 
bone's  DieL  EngL  Lit.  iL  1920.1 ;  Brit.  Mas. 
Got.;  Appleion^  CyeL  American  Biography; 
Webb's  Cumpend.  Iriah  Biogr. ;  ODonqgnae's 
Poets  of  Ireland,  p.  221.]  O.  La  Q.  N. 

SAMS,  JOSEPH  (1784-1860),  orien- 
talist, bom  in  1784  at  Somerton,  Somerset, 
was  educated  at  Ackworth  sdiool,  Yoric- 
shire,  from  1794  to  1798,  and  became  a 
teacher  there  in  1804.  He  left  in  1810  to 
start  a  school  at  Darlington,  but  relinquished 
it  to  open  a  booksellei^s  shop.  Later  he 
travellea  over  the  continent  ox  Europe  and 
elsewhere  in  search  of  antiquities.  During 
his  many  visits  to  the  East  he  formed  a 
valuable  collection  of  Egyptianpapyri,  mum« 
mi^  and  sarcophaffi.  The  olnects  were  in- 
telligently coUectea  to  show  the  workmen's 
method,  and  included  half-finished  inscrip- 
tions, palettes  with  the  colours  prepared,  and 
children's  toys.  Among  the  lewellery  was 
said  to  be  the  ring  presented  by  Pharaoh 
to  Joseph.  In  the  course  of  his  Tisits  to 
Palestine,  Sams  Tisited  ereryspot  mentioned 
in  the  New  Testament  that  could  be  iden« 
tified. 

In  1832  he  obtained  irom  a  banker  in 
Qirgenti  160  Grseco-Sicilian  yases  of  much 
interest,  which  he  exhibited  and  described. 
Sams  was  somewhat  eccentric,  wore  a  'three- 
decker'  hat,  and  secreted  the  money  for 
which  his  circular  notes  were  changed,  in  a 
screw  ferrule  at  the  end  of  a  walking-stick. 
He  carried  with  him  religious  books  and 
tracts  in  Italian,  Arabic,  and  other  tongues. 
When  ^nted  an  interview  with  Monam- 
met  Ab  at  Alexandria  he  gaye  him  a  copy 
of  the  scriptures,  and  deposited  another  in 
the  monastery  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Sinai. 

Same's  curiosities  were  exhibited  at 
56  Great  Queen  Street,  London,  and  at  Dar- 
lington. Many  collections  were  enriched  from 
them.  The  bulk,  which  was  offered  to  the 
British  Museum,  was  purchased  by  Joseph 
Mayer  [q.  y.]  about  1860,  was  exhibited  with 
his  own  collection  in  Great  Colquith  Street, 
Liyernool,  and  in  1867  presented  to  the 
town  Dy  him. 

Sams  died  on  18  March  1860,  and  was 
buried  at  Darlington.  He  married,  in  1807, 
Mary  Brady  of  Doncaster  (cL  1834) ;  by  her 
he  had  seyeral  children.  His  books,  pictures, 
tapestries,  and  manuscripts,  were  sold  by 
Messrs.  Puttick  ft  Simpson  in  London  on 
2  Not.  1860. 


Samson 


736 


Samson 


Sam8  issued  a  '  DescriptiTe  Catalogue  'of 
his  collection  of  rare  books,  illustrated  by 
Bewick,  and  with  critical  and  biographicid. 
notes  (pt.  i.  1822,  pt.  ii.  1824).  He  also 
printed  drawings  of  the  Egyptian  remains ; 
m  1889  an  illustrated  catalogue  of  them, 
and  a  catalogue  of  ancient  and  modem  books 
relating  chiefly  to  the  Society  of  Friends 
(Durham,  1866, 8voJ.  A  notice  of  his  Egyp- 
tian curiosities,  witn  plates,  appeared  in  the 
'  Gentleman's  Magazme,'  April  1888,  pp. 
812-16,  and  was  separately  issued. 

[Nodal's  Bibliography  of  Ackworth  School, 
p.  27 ;  Hodgson's  Teachers  and  Offioeis  of  the 
School,  p.  8 ;  Hewitt's  Boy's  Oountzy  Book,  p. 
260;  Boyce's  Annals  of  a  Olevoland  Family,  p. 
192 ;  Longstaffe's  Hist,  of  Darlington,  p.  339 ; 
Gatt/s  Cat.  of  the  Mayer  Collection,  1879; 
Gent.  Mag.  1832  i.  451,  ii.  65,  1838  i.  257; 
Notes  and  (Queries,  l8t  ser.  Tiii.  621;  Literary 
Gazette,  12  May  1832,  p.  812 ;  private  informa- 
tion.] 0.  F.  a 

SAMSON  (fi.  660),  British  saint,  appesrs 
to  have  been  tne  son  of  Amon  of  Dyfea  and 
Anna  of  Qwynedd,  parents  of  noble  but  not 
royal  rank.  Dedicated  from  his  infancy  to 
a  clerical  career,  he  was  sent  to  the  monastic 
school  of  Illtud  {see  Illiys  or  Iltxtttts]  at 
Lluitwit  Major,  where  he  made  rapid  pro- 
gress, and  was  in  course  of  time  ordained 
deacon  by  Dubricius  (Dyfrig)  [q.  v.]]  His 
rise  was  so  marked  as  to  attract  the  jealous 
notice  of  Dltud's  nephews,  who  feaa»d  he 
might  oust  them  from  the  succession;  but 
they  plotted  a«;ainst  him  in  Tain.  Haying 
received  priesrs  orders  from  Dubricius,^  he 
witilidrew  to  the  monastery  of  one  'Firo' 
(possibly  on  Oaldy  Island).  In  the  course 
of  a  visit  to  his  home  he  persuaded  his  father, 
mother,  uncle,  aunt,  and  brothers  to  take 
monastic  vows.  Not  long  after  he  became 
'pistor'  or  steward  of  his  monastery,  and,  on 
the  disgrace  of  Piro,  succeeded  him  as  abbot. 
A  visit  to  Ireland  resulted  in  his  receivixig 
the  submission  of  a  monastery  there;  on  his 
return  he  sent  his  uncle  across  the  Channel 
to  take  charge  of  the  new  acquisition.  He 
resolved  himself  to  found  a  new  cell,  and, 
journeying  to  the  banks  of  the  Severn,  esta- 
blished there  a  small  community  in  a  '  cas* 
tellum '  far  from  the  haunts  of  men.  Dis- 
covered by  his  fellow-countrymen,  he  was 
appointed  by  a  synod  abbot  of  the  old  monas- 
tery of  Germanus,  and  there  consecrated 
bishop  by  Dubricius,  with  no  reference,  it 
would  appear,  to  any  special  see.  Warned  by 
an  angel  that  he  was  to  be  '  peregrinus,'  he 
crossed  the  Severn  sea,  but  for  some  time  ^t 
no  further  than  the  shores  of  the  English 
Channel,  where  he  founded  another  monas- 
tery.    Finally,  however,   he    set  sail  for 


Brittany,  landing  near  Dol,  where  he  built 
the  monasterv  which  served  as  his  centre 
during  his  Breton  ministrations.  ludual 
(Idwiu),  the  ri^htM  heir  of  'Domnonia,' 
having  been  dispossessed  by  '  Oonmonis' 
(CvnforP),  Samson  visited  Paris  in  order  to 
aid  him,  and,  with  the  aid  of  Childebert 
f  611-568),  restored  him  to  his  territory.  He 
oied  on  28  July,  and  was  buried  at  Dol. 

He  was  no  doubt  the  '  Samson  peccator 
episoopus '  who  in  667  (or  666)  signed  the 
decrees  of  the  council  of  Paris.  Dol,  never- 
theless, did  not  become  a  regular  episcopal 
see  until  860,  and  in  Samson's  time  the  place 
was  only  a  monastery.  His  archiepiscopate 
(in  the  modem  sense)  is  a  late  fiction; 
Qeoffirey  of  Monmouth  makes  him,  first,  arch* 
bishop  of  York  (viii.  12,  iz.  8)^  and  then, 
after  his  expulsion  bv  Uie  Saxons,  of  Dol 
rix.  16);  Qiraldus  Gambrensis  asserts,  in 
defiance  of  chronology,  that  he  was  twenty- 
fifth  bishop  of  St.  I^vid's,  whence,  at  the 
time  of  the  '  yellow  plague,'  he  carried  off  the 

Sail  to  Dol  (Itm,  Oambr,  iLl;  de  Jure  et 
'tatu  Men,  JEooL  ii.) 

The  Welsh  ha^iologies  connect  Samson 
and  his  fjEither  with  the  pKrincely  family  of 
Emyr  of  Brittany,  but  their  authority  must 
yield  to  that  of  the  early  lives  (Myvyrian 
.^IreftotbAMy, 2nd  edit.  pp.  416,481;  loloMSS, 
107,  111,  182).  There  are  no  Welsh  dedica- 
tions to  St.  Samson,  but,  according  to  Bo^ 
lase  (^s  qf  the  SainU^  p.  140),  he  is  patron 
of  Samson  Island  in  SciUy  and  the  Cornish 
churches  of  Gh>lant  and  South  Hill. 

[Samson  is  the  subject  of  several  lives,  though 
all  appear  to  be  derived  from  one  early  and 
fairly  trastvorthj  legend.  The  oldest  *life,' 
that  printed  by  MabiUon  (from  a  manuscript  of 
Oiteauz)  in  Acta  Sanctonim  (1.  165),  and  re- 
printed by  the  BoUandists  (28  July,  vi.  568), 
claims  to  be  written  by  one  who  had  obtained 
his  information  from  Samson's  contemporaries, 
and  is  aooordiogly  dated  at  abont  600  (Cyiniodor, 
xi.  127).  Another  and  fuller  earl;r  'Ufe'  is 
that  printed  (from  MS.  Andeg.  719)  m  Analecta 
BoUajidiana  (vi.  77-150);  this  is  regarded  by 
the  editor,  Plaine,  as  anterior  even  to  Mabillon's, 
and  is  certainly  older  than  the  beginning  of  the 
tenth  century.  It  was  versified  at  that  time  at 
the  request  of  Bishop  Lovenan  of  Dol,  and  in 
the  twelfth  century  re-edited  byBalderic,  another 
bishop  of  the  same  see.  Later  lives  appear  in 
the  Liber  Landavensis  (ed.  Evans,  pp.  6-24), 
Bibliotheca  Fioriacensis  (pp.  464-84),  and  CSap- 
grave's  Nova  Legenda  Anfflise  (pp.  266-8).  The 
manuscripts  are  described  in  ^rdy's  Descrip- 
tive Gatalogne  (i.  141-4).  See  also  authorities 
oited,  and  Haddan  and  Stubbs's  Ck>uncils  and 
Ecclesiastical  Documents,  i  158-9, 149,  ii.  pt.  i. 
I>p.  75-6,  92 ;  Kees's  Welsh  Sainti ;  Diet  Chris* 
tian  Biogr.]  J.  £.  L. 


r 


Samson 


7*7 


Samson 


SAMSON  (d  1112),  bishop  of  Worcester, 
born  at  Douvres  near  Caen,  was  the  son  of 
Osbert  and  Morieli  vrho  were  of  noble 
lineage.  Thomas  Ui.  1100)  [q.  y.],  arch- 
bishop of  York,  was  nis  brother.  Samson  was 
sent  to  stadj  philosophy  at  Lidge  by  Odo 
{d,  10d7)  [q.  ▼.],  bishop  of  Bayeux,  and  at 
Angers  he  was  a  pnpil  of  Marbod,  afterwards 
bishop  of  Eennes.  From  childhood  he  was 
befriended  by  William  I,  in  whose  chapel  he 
was  clerk.  In  1078  William  offered  him  the 
bishopric  of  Le  Mans,  bnt  he  refused  it  on 
the  ground  that  his  character  was  not  irre- 
proachable (Obd.  Vit.  It.  11).  In  1082  he 
was  treasurer  of  the  church  of  Bareuz 
(Bbzibbs,  p.  217),  of  which  he  was  also  a 
canon  (Gesta  Pontiff,  p.  289;  some  manu- 
scripts say  he  was  dean).  On  8  June  1096 
he  was  consecrated  bishop  of  Worcester  at 
St.  Paul's,  London,  Anselm  and  his  brother 
Thomas  officiating.    He  was  admitted  to 

Sriest's  orders  at  Lambeth  on  the  preceding 
ay.  On  15  July  1100  he  assisted  at  the 
dedication  of  Gloucester  abbey-church,  and 
in  1102  was  present  at  a  council  held  by 
Anselm  at  Westminster.  Samson  was  mar- 
ried before  he  took  orders,  and  in  1109  he 
was  required  to  take  part  a^inst  his  son 
Thomas  {d,  1114)  [q.  v.],  archbishop  of  York, 
who  refused  obedience  to  Anselm.  He  made 
rich  grants  to  the  prior  and  monks  of  Wor- 
cester, and  brought  ornaments  for  the  church 
from  London ;  nut  he  offended  the  whole 
monastic  order  by  removing  the  monks  from 
Westbniy,  putting  secular  canons  in  their 
place. 

Samson  corresponded  with  Anselm,  Ivo 
of  Ohartres,  and  Marbod  of  Rennes.  His 
son  Richard  became  bishop  of  Bayeuz  (1108- 
1138J),  and  his  daughter,  Isabella  de  Dourre, 
is  said  to  have  been  mistress  of  Robert,  earl 
of  Gloucester  (d.  1147)  [q.  y.]  He  died  at 
Westbury  on  5  May  1112,  and  was  buried  in 
Worcester  Cathedral,  at  the  bottom  of  the 
steps  going  up  into  the  choir.  William  of 
Malmesbury  describes  him  as  gluttonous  but 
charitable. 

[Oidericus  Vitalis,  ed.  Le  Trivoet,  ii.  249,  iii. 
266;  William  of  Malmesbury's  G-esta  Pontifi- 
cum,  ed.  Hamilton ;  Eadmer,  ed.  Stubbs,  pp.  74, 
174 ;  Liber  ViUBDunelm.  (Sortees  See.),  pp.  139i 
140;  Beziers'  Hist,  de  Bayeuz,  p.  217,  quoting 
the  Joum.  de  VerJnn,  October  1760,  p.  276 ; 
Whartons  Anglia  Sacra,  i.  474 ;  Symeonis 
Honachi  Opera,  ii.  227,  230,  235.  247 ;  Hist  et 
Oart.  Mon.  S.  Petri  Gloucest.  passim ;  Heming's 
Cartulary,  pp.  426,  676 ;  Flor.  Wig. ;  Letters  to 
and  f^rom  Samson  in  Migne's  Patrologia,  elzr. 
col.  162,  clix.  col.  248,  dxzi.  col.  1668;  Free- 
man's Norman  Conquest  and  William  Rofhs.] 

H.B. 


BAMSON  (1135-1211),  abbot  of  St.  Edi- 
mund's,  was  bom  in  1185  (Jooelin,  p.  243) 
at  Tottinffton  (Chron.  Bur,  p.  7),  near  Thet- 
ford  in  Norfolk.  When  nine  years  old  he 
was  taken  by  his  mother  on  a  pilgrimage  to 
St.  Edmund's.  '  As  a  poor  clerk/  he  received 
gratuitous  instruction  from  a  schoolmaster 
named  William  of  Diss.  Having  attained 
the  degree  of  master  of  arts  in  Paris  (ib.),  he 
became  a  schoolmaster  in  Norfolk.  By  1160 
he  was  at  St.  Edmund's,  employed  by  the 
monks  to  carry  to  Rome  their  appeal  against 
an  arrangement  made  between  tne  abbot  and 
the  kinff  respectinj^  the  living  of  Woolpit 
(Suffolk)'  ^or  this  the  abbot  sent  him  to 
prison  at  Oastle  Acre.  Samson  made  his  mo< 
nastic  profession  early  in  1166  (Arm,  S.  Ednu 
p.  5 ;  cf.  JooEUN,  pp.  248^).  During  the 
next  fourteen  years  he  was  successively  sub- 
sacrist,  guest-master,  pittancer,  third  prior, 
prisoner  at  Acre  again,  and  master  of  the 
novices.  He  was  a  second  time  subsacrist, 
and  also  master  of  the  workmen,  in  1180, 
when  he  was  sent  to  convev  to  the  king  the 
news  of  Abbot  Hugh's  death  Q5  Nov.) 
Samson  was  elected  abbot  on  21  Feb.  1182, 
and  blessed  at  Harwell  (Isle  of  Wight)  on 
28  Feb.  (Ann,  S,  Edm,  p.  5;  Cknm,  Bur. 
p.  7)  by  the  bishop  of  Winchester,  who 
gave  him  a  mitre,  saying  he  knew  the  abbots 
of  St.  Edmund's  were  entitled  to  this  dig«- 
nity.  Samson  is  accordingly  represented 
on  his  seal  with  a  mitre.  On  29  March 
Samson  regained  for  abbev  and  town  the 
TiAt  of  jointlv  electing  the  town-bailiffo, 
wnich  the  kinfi's  officers  had  usurped.  He 
demanded  the  homage  of  all  his  free  tenants 
on  1  April,  and  after  this  an  aid  from  his 
knights.  Within  a  year  he  visited  all  his 
manors^  put  them  under  new  managementi 
ascertamed  the  amount  of  his  predecessor's 
debts,  and  made  terms  with  his  creditors. 
Two  vears  later  he  had  cleared  off  aJl  arrears 
of  debt;  and  a  book,  which  he  called  his 
kalendar,  containing  a  list  of  the  services 
and  revenues  due  from  every  estate  belonging 
to  the  abbey,  was  conipleted  in  1186. 

Before  the  end  of  1182  Pope  Lucius  III 
made  Samson  a  judge  delegate  in  ecclesis»- 
ticalcauses.  On  17  Jan.  1186orl  187  (i?^er. 
NiffT,  ff.  736,  74)  Urban  III  authorised  him 
and  his  successors  to  give  the  benediction  as 
bishops  in  all  churches  on  their  own  estates. 
In  1187  he  was  successful  in  a  contest  with 
Baldwin  (d,  1190)  [a.  v.],  archbishop  of 
Canterbury,  for  jurisoiction  in  a  case  of 
homicide  at  Eleigh  (Suffolk),  a  manor  belong 
ing  to  the  see  of  Canterbury,  but  within 
the  liberties  of  St.  Edmund's ;  and  also  in 
establishing  against  the  justices  in  eyre  the 
exemption  of  nis  abbey  from  all '  gelds '  and 


^amsoA 


yaS 


Samson 


^soots'  due  to  the  king.  On  20  Jan.  1188 
the  pope  extended  to  Samson  and  his  suo- 
cessors  the  jfrant  of  exemption  from  metro- 
politioal  junadiction,  which  Abbot  Hugh  had 
receiyed  for  hia  own  lifetime  {Ee^.  Nigr,  f. 
74).  In  February  he  vainly  begged  the  king's 
leave  to  join  the  projected  cnuade.  Samson 
was  present  at  the  coronation  of  Richard  I 
on  8  Sept.  1189  {Gesta  Ric  ii.  79).  He  was 
one  of  the  arbitrators  chosen  by  the  king 
to  settle  the  dispute  between  Archbishop 
Baldwin  and  the  Christ  Church  monks  in 
November  1189  (Bpp,  Oantt.  p.  817;  Gbbv. 
Cant.  i.  469, 478).  After  a  massacre  of  Jews, 
which  occurred  at  St.  Edmund's  on  Palm 
Sunday  1190,  he  obtained  the  king's  leave 
to  expel  all  the  remaining  Jews  from  the 
town.  In  October  he  attended  a  council 
held  in  London  by  William  of  Longcliamp 
[q.v.]  as  legatCi  and  defied  William's  at- 
tempts to  curtail  the  independence  of  the 
Benedictine  order. 

In  1193  Samson  ofiered  to  search  out  the 
captive  king.  He  was  called  the  'hi^h- 
souled  abbot '  for  his  bold  excommunication 
of  the  rebels,  of  whom  John  was  the  head  j 
and  he  led  his  knights  in  person  to  the  siege 
of  Windsor,  which  John  had  seized.  He 
afterwards  went  to  visit  the  king  in  his 
German  prison.  He  was  once  appointed  a 
justice-errant ;  Battely  {Antiq,  8,  Edm,  p. 
84)  dates  this  1196-6,  but  his  authority  has 
not  been  traced.  A  long-standing  dispute 
with  his  knights  as  to  the  amount  of  ser- 
vice which  they  owed  him  was  settled  in 
the  abbot's  favour  in  1196-7;  he  established 
his  right  to  the  full  service  of  fifty  fees,  while 
he  was  only  answerable  to  the  crown  for  that 
of  forty  (JocBLiK,  pp.  269,  270;  cf.  Feet  of 
FmeSf  8  Rie.  I,  Nos.  29-41,  and  9  Ric  I, 
No.  60).  In  1197  Samson  was  joined  with 
Archbishop  Hubert  and  the  bishop  of  Lin- 
coln in  a  papal  commission  for  restoring 
the  monks  of^  Coventry,  whom  their  bishop 
[see  NovANT,  Hugh  be]  had  expelled.  Soon 
afterwards  he  foiled  Hubert  in  a  project  for 
asserting  over  St.  Edmund's  his  authority 
both  as  legate  and  justiciar;  and  he  was 
equally  successful  in  a  strife  with  the  king 
for  the  wardship  of  an  infant  tenant  of  the 
abbey.  He  was  absent  from  St.  Edmund's 
when  the  shrine  was  burnt  on  17  Oct.  1198. 
After  its  restoration  he,  in  the  night  of 
26  Nov.,  opened  the  coffin  and  examined  the 
body  of  the  saint. 

With  his  monks  Samson  had  no  easy  life. 
They  liked  neither  his  masterful  ways,  nor 
his  economic  reforms,  nor,  above  all,  that  en- 
couragement of  the  town  in  its  struggle  for 
liberty  which  is  the  most  remarkable  feature 
of  his  career.  Early  in  his  rule  he  commuted 


for  a  fixed  sum, paid  yearly  through  the  town- 
bailiff,  the  dues  of  '  reap-silver '  and  'sor- 
penny '  which  the  cellarer  had  been  wont  to 
coUectfrom  the  townsfolk  on  an  arbitrary 
and  unfair  assessment.  In  1186  he  flowed 
the  cellarer's  court  to  be  merged  in  that  of 
the  toven,  in  order  that  '  tenants  dwelling 
'  without  the  gate '  might  thenceforth  '  enjoy 
equal  liberty '  with  the  townsmen  (Joobuk, 
pp.  801-2 ;  for  date  cf.  p.  833).  He  turned  a 
deaf  ear  to  the  entreaties  of  the  monks  in 
1192  for  the  ejection  of  new  settlers  from 
the  town  and  new  stall-holders  from  the 
market,  and  next  year  he  confirmed  by  a 
eharter  Sprinted  in  Afonast,  Angl.  iii.  168-4^ 
all  the  old  liberties  of  the  borough.  In  1199 
the  dissensions  within  the  convent  rose  to 
such  a  pitch  that  Samson  withdrew  from  St. 
Edmund's  for  a  week,  believing  that  the 
younger  monks  were  plotting  his  death.  The 
severe  measures  which  he  took  on  his  retum 
soon  brought  them  to  a  better  mind ;  *  and 
when  he  saw  they  were  willing  to  submit, 
he  was  conquered  at  once.' 

In  1200  Samson  drew  up  an  account  of 
the  knight's  fees  belonging  to  the  abbey,  and 
of  their  tenants.  He  was  one  of  the  papal 
commissioners  for  the  settlement  (6  Nov.) 
of  the  quarrel  between  Archbishop  Hubert 
and  the  Canterbury  monks  {J^p»  Cantt,  p. 
612).  In  September  1201  he  was  one  of  three 
commissioners  sent  by  the  pope  to  Worcester 
to  investigate  the  miracles  of  St.  Wulfstan 
{Arm,  Menaet  iv.  391).  In  December  he 
was  summoned  over  sea  by  the  king  (R. 
DiCETO,  ii.  173).  In  the  autumn  of  1202  he 
obtained  a  royal  order  for  the  abolition  of 
a  market  which  the  monks  of  Ely  had  set 
up  at  Lakenheath,  in  infringement  of  the 
rights  of  St.  Edmund's  (cf  Joobldt,  p.  829 ; 
Bot,  Chart  p.  91 ;  Bot,  de  Oblat,  et  Fin.  p. 
186 ;  Abbrev.  Placit,  p.  36\  The  order  was 
unheeded,  and  Samson  baoe  his  bailiffs  over- 
throw the  market  by  force.  For  this  he  was 
summoned  to  answer  at  the  exchequer.  On 
21  Jan.  1203  he  and  the  bishop  of  El^r  alike 
were  called  over  sea  as  papal  commissioners 
to  release  some  of  John's  ministers  from  their 
vdw  of  crusade.  On  the  eve  of  Samson's 
hurried  departure  his  monks  asked  him  to 
indemnify  them  for  what  they  had  lost  since 
1186  by  his  concessions  to  the  town.  He 
promised  that  on  his  retum  he  would  'render 
to  every  man  his  dues,  and  act  in  all  things 
by  the  convent's  advice.'  His  biographer 
hmts  that  the  promise  was  not  fulfilkd. 

While  still  only  a  cloister  monk,  Samson 
had  written  a  treatise  on  the  miracles  of  St. 
Edmund  (printed  in  Arvold,  L  107-208). 
Except  the  prolo^e  and  four  other  passages 
in  the  first  book,  it  is  merely  a  recasting  of 


Samson 


7«9 


Samuda 


earlier  work.  While  he  was  maeter  of  the 
workmen  (1180-2),  the  choir  of  the  abbey 
church  was  rebuilt,  and  the  subjects  of  the 
paintings  on  its  walls  were  arranged  by  him. 
At  the  same  time  he  built  one  storf  of  the 
great  bell-tower  at  the  west  end  of  the 
church.  He  completed  this  when  abbot,  and 
added  two  flanking  towers.  He  also  had 
the  chapels  of  St.  Katharine  and  St.  Faith 
new  roofed  with  lead,  and  greatly  embel- 
lished the  whole  church  within  and  without. 
On  1  Dec.  1198  Innocent  in  ghve  him  leave 
to  make  arrangements  for  its  re-dedication 
(Ihkoobht  III,  £p.  1.  L  No.  458) ;  but  the 
ceremony  did  not  take  place  in  Samson's 
lifetime.  He  improved  the  monastic  build- 
ings, and  Matthew  Paris  (^Ckrcn.  Mqf,  iL 
SS)  says  he  made  ah  aqueduct  for  the 
monastc^.  In  1184  or  1185  he  founded  a 
hospital  or  almshouse  at  Babwell,  outside 
the  north  gate  of  the  town  (TAmnm,  NoHt, 
Monast,  Suffolk,  x.  6).  He  also  provided  the 
school  with  an  endowment  which  freed '  poor 
scholars '  firom  the  payment  of  rent  and  fees 

gooBLnr,  p.  296)  (li^iat.  Nigr.  f.  222  b), 
e  'had  nded  his  abbey  successfullv  for 
thirty  years,  freed  it  from  manifold  debts, 
enriched  it  with  most  ample  privileges, 
Ubertiee,  possessions,  and  buiidingB,  and  set 
its  churon  services  on  a  new  and  most 
seemly  footing,'  when  he  died  there  on 
ao  Dec  1211  {Ann.  S.  Edm.  pp.  19,20).  He 
was  buried  in  the  chapter-house  (James,  p. 
181). 

[Except  where  otherwise  stated,  all  the  ma- 
terial for  this  article  is  in  the  Chronicle  of 
Jooelin  de  Bmkelond,  edited  by  Mr.  J,  Oage 
Bokewode  for  the  Camden  Society,  and  by  Mr. 
T.  Arnold  for  the  master  of  the  rolls  (Memo- 
riab  of  St.  £dmnnd*8,  vol.  i.)  The  Annales  S. 
Gdmandi  are  printed  in  the  second  volome,  the 
Chronica  Bnriensis  in  the  third  volume,  of  Mr. 
Arnold's  Memorials,  and  the  Annales  are  also  in 
Dr.  Liebermann's  Ungedmekte  Anglo-norman- 
nisehe  (Jeschichtsqnellen.  The  references  gj^en 
above  to  Jocelin  and  the  Annales  are  to  the  Bolls 
edition.  Pert  of  Samson's  Kalendar  is  printed 
in  Oaf^'s  History  of  Thingoe  Hnndred,  Introd. 
pp.  zii-xvii.  Dr.  Montague  James's  work  on  the 
Abbey  of  St.  Edmund  at  Bury  is  No.  xzWiL  of  the 
octavo  publications  of  the  Cambridge  Antiquarian 
Society  ( 1 895) .  To  English  readers  Samson's  name 
has  beoomefamiliarchiefly  through  Carlyle's  Fast 
and  Present,  which,  however,  is  rhetoric,  not  his- 
tory. A  care^l  monograph  on  Samson  von  Totting- 
ton,  by  Hof rath  Phillips,  isin  theSiteungsberichte 
(philosophisch-historische  Clusse)  of  the  Kaiser- 
faehe  Akademie  der  Wissenschaften  at  Vienna, 
ToL  zlviii.  (1866).  See  also  Bokewode^s  notes 
to  his  edition  of  Jocelin,  Mr.  Arnold's  preface 
to  his  Memorials,  tol.  i.,  and  '  Abbot  and  Town ' 
in  J.  B.  Green's  Stmy  Studies;  Bokewode's  re- , 


liBrenoes  to  the  Begistrom  Nigrum  Vestiarii 
(MS.  Mm.  iv.  19,  Cambridge  University  Library) 
have  been  kindly  verified  and  corrected  for  this 
article  by  Miss  Bateson.1  K.  N. 

SAMUDA,  JOSEPH  D^AGUILAR 
(1813-1886),  engineer  and  shipbuilder, 
second  son  of  Abraham  Samuda,  a  broker 
and  an  East  and  West  India  merchant,  of 
10  South  Street,  flnsbury,  London,  by  Joy, 
daughter  of  H.  D'Aguilar  of  Enfield  Chase, 
Middleeez,  was  bom  in  London  on  21  May 
1813.  He  studied  as  an  engineer  under  his 
brother  Jacob,  with  whom  he  entered  into 
partnership  in  1832.  Between  1832  and 
l842  the  operations  of  the  finn  of  Samuda 
Brothers  were  principally  confined  to  the 
building  of  marme  engines.  From  1842  to 
1818  they  were  partly  engaged  in  Inyin^  down 
railway  fines  on  the  atinoepheric  principle  at 
Dalkey,  Ireland,  at  Groydon,  and  in  Fans ; 
but  the  difficulties  in  the  working  ultimately 
led  to  the  abandonment  of  this  method  of 
locomotion.  La  1843  the  firm  commenced  a 
shipbuilding  business.  One  of  the  first  vessels 
built  was  the  Ginsy  Queen,  but  during  the 
trial  trip  on  12  I^ov.  1844  Jacob  Samuda  was 
killed  by  the  ^ving  way  of  an  expansion 
joint  of  the  engme  (ven^.  Mag,  March  1846, 
p.  321).  From  1843  onwards  the  firm  was 
uninterruptedly  engaged  in  the  construction 
of  iron  steamships  lor  both  the  war  and 
merchant  navies,  the  passenger  and  mail  ser- 
vices of  England  and  other  countries,  besides 
royal  yachts  and  river  boats.  Among  ships 
built  for  the  British  navy  were  the  Thunderer, 
the  first  armour-cased  iron  vessel ;  the  Prince 
Albert,  the  first  ironclad  cupola  ship ;  and 
the  mortar  fioat  No.  1,  the  fint  iron  mortar 
vessel  ever  constructed.  Under  Samuda's 
persoxial  control  thev  at  a  later  period  built 
the  Biachnelo  and  the  Aquidaban,  two  iron- 
clads, for  the  Brazilian  government,  and  also 
three  channel  steamers,  the  Albert  Victor, 
the  Louise  Dagmar,  and  the  Mary  Beatrice, 
for  the  service  between  Folkestone  and 
Boulogne.  Samuda  introduced  into  his  yard 
on  the  Isle  of  Dogs  all  the  efficient  time-  and 
labour-saving  miuihines  of  the  day.  Among 
these  was  a  hydraulic  armour-plate  bend- 
ing machine,  capable  of  exerting  a  work- 
ing preesure  of  seventy  hundredweight  per 
square  inch,  or  a  total  pressure  of  4,000 
tons. 

In  1860,  in  co-operation  with  Sir  Edward 
Reed  and  others,  he  established  the  Institu- 
tion of  Naval  Architects,  of  which  he  was 
elected  the  original  treasurer  and  a  member 
of  counciL  He  subsequently  became  one 
of  its  vice-presidents.  His  contributions 
to  its  'Transactions'  were  numerous,  and 
there  were  few  discussions  at  its  meetings  in 


Samuel 


730 


Samuel 


whicli  he  did  not  take  part.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  a  committee  appointed  by  the  ad- 
miralty in  1884  to  inquire  into  the  condition 
under  which  contracts  are  inyited  for  the 
building  and  repairing  of  H.M.  ships  and 
their  engines  and  with  the  practical  working 
of  the  dockyards  (ParUamentary  Papersy 
1884r^,  0.  4219). 

On  6  May  18o2  he  became  a  member  of 
the  Institution  of  Oiyil  Engineers,  and  fre- 
quently spoke  at  their  meetings.  To  the 
minutes  of  the  '  Proceedings '  he  contributed 
a  paper '  On  the  form  and  materials  for  iron- 
plated  ships '  (xzii.  6, 130). 

He  was  a  member  of  the  metropolitan 
board  of  works  from  1660  until  I860,  in 
which  jear  he  entered  parliament  in  the 
liberal  mterest  for  Tavistock.  He  sat  for 
that  constituency  down  to  1868,  when  he 
was  returned  for  the  Tower  Hamlets,  which 
he  continued  to  represent  until  1880.  He 
failed  to  secure  re-election  owing  to  his  sup- 
port of  Lord  Beaconsfield's  foreign  policy. 
He  spoke  frequently  in  the  house,  more  par^ 
ticularly  on  naval  subjects.  He  was  captain 
in  the  2nd  Tower  Hamlets  rifle  volunteers 
6  April  1860,  major  10  Nov.  1863  to  4  Dec. 
1867,  and  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  1st  Tower 
Hamlets  rifle  volunteers  4  Dec.  1867  to  June 
1869.  He  died  at  7  Gloucester  Square,  Hyde 
Ftok,  London,  on  27  April  1885,  and  was 
buried  on  2  May  in  Kexisal  Green  cemetery. 
He  married,  in  1837,  Louisa,  daughter  of 
Samuel  Ballin  of  Holloway,  Middlesex,  by 
whom  he  had  nve  children. 

Samuda  wrote '  A  Treatise  on  the  Adapta- 
tion of  Atmospheric  Pressure  to  the  Purposes 
of  Locomotion  on  Railways,'  1841 ;  and  with 
S.  Ol^g, '  Olegg  and  Samuda's  Atmospheric 
Railway,'  1840. 

[Minutes  of  Proceedings  of  Instit.  of  Civil 
Engineers,  1885,  Ixzzi.  884-7 ;  Times,  29  April 
1885,  p.  6 :  Iron,  1  May  1885,  p.  884 ;  East  End 
News,  1  May  1885  p.  3, 5  May  p.  8 ;  Vanity  Fair, 
15  Feb.  1873,  p.  56,  with  portrait]    G.  G.  B. 

SAMUEL,  EDWARD  Q674-1748), 
Welsh  divine,  son  of  Edward  Samuel,  was 
born  in  1674  at  Gwt  y  Defaid  in  the  parish 
of  Penmorfa,  Carnarvonshire.  His  parents 
were  poor,  and  he  owed  his  education  to  the 
interest  of  Bishop  Humphreys  of  Bangor, 
who  was  a  native  of  the  district.  On  19  May 
1693  he  matriculated  as  a  '  pauper  nuer '  at 
Oriel  OoUege,  Oxford.  Taking  oraers,  he 
became  on  4  Nov.  1702  rector  of  Betws 
Gwerfyl  Goch,  Merionethshire,  a  position  he 
exchanged  on  12  Jan.  1721  for  the  rectory 
of  Llangax  in  the  same  county.  In  1732 
the  rectory  of  Llanddulas,  Denbighshire, 
was  also  conferred  upon  him.  He  died  on 
8  April  1748|  and  was  buried  at  Llangar. 


Two  sons,  Edward  (1710-1762)  andWiUiam 
(1718-1766),  became  dergymen.  The  latter 
was  father  of  David  Samwell  [q.  v.^ 

Samuel  was  a  facile  writer,  both  m  Welsh 
verse  and  prose.  His  elesy  to  Huw  Morris 
or  Moms  [q.  v.]  is  printed  in/  Eos  Oeiriog' 
(i.  103-9);  and 'BlodeugerddCymru' (1769) 
contains  four  carob  and  a  Ivrical  piece  written 
by  him  at  various  times  from  1720  to  1744, 
all  of  which  are  marked  byattachment  to  the 
church  and  the  house  of  Hanover.  Some  of 
his  Welsh  poems  are  in  Brit.  Mus.  MSS. 
Addit.  14961.  He  is,  however,  best  known  as 
a  translator  of  religious  books.  He  published 
in  prose,  besides  sermons  (1731  and  1766) : 
1.  '  BucheddauV  Apostolion '  ('  Lives  of  the 
Apostles'),  an  original  compilation,  Shrews- 
bury, 1704.  2.  <Gwirionedd  y  Gre^dd 
Gristionogol,'  a  translation  of  '  De  Veritate 
Religionis  Christianse,'  by  Qrotius,  Shrews* 
bury,  1716;  2nd  edit.,  London,  n.d. ;  did, 
Carmarthen,  1864.  3.  <  HoU  Ddyledswydd 
Dyn'  ('Whole  Duty  of  Man'),  with  an 
appendix  of  prayers,  Shrewsburv,  1718. 
4.  <Prif  Ddledswvddau  Ohristion,' a  twna- 
lation  of  Beveridge's  'Chief  Duties  of  a 
Christian,'  first  part  in  1722,  second  in  1793, 
Shrewsbury ;  2nd  edit,  of  both,  Chester,  1793. 
6.  '  Athrawiaeth  yr  Eglwvs,'  a  translation 
of  Nourse's  <  Devout  Treatises,'  with  Wake's 
'  Family  Prayers '  as  a  second  part,  Shrews- 
bury, 1731. 

[Preface  to  Carmarthen  edition  of  Gwirionedd 
y  Grefydd  Gristionogol ;  Alumni  Oxoaienses ; 
Thomas's  Hist  of  the  Diocese  of  St.  Asaph; 
Bowlands's  Cambrian  Bibliography.]  J.  £.  L. 

SAMUEL^  GEORGE  {d,  1823  P),  land- 
scape-painter, practised  both  in  oils  and 
watercolours,  and  was  one  of  the  most  es- 
teemed topographical  draughtsmen  of  his 
day.  He  exhibited  annually  at  the  Royal 
Academy  from  1786  to  1823,  and  also  lax^ely 
at  the  British  Listitution,  his  works  being 
pleasing  transcripts  of  the  scenery  of  Corn- 
wall, Westmoreland,  and  other  picturesque 
parts  of  England.  In  1789  Samuel  painted 
a  view  of  the  Thames  fromRotherhithe  dur- 
ing the  great  frost,  which  attracted  much 
attention ;  his  view  of  Holland  House  was 
engraved  in  Angus's  '  Select  Views  of  Seats,' 
that  of  Windsor  Castle  in  Pyne's  *  Royal 
Residences,'  and  manv  others  in  the  'Copper- 
plate Magazine'  (1792)  and  WaAser's 
'  Itinerant '  (1799).  He  also  made  in  1799 
the  designs  for  the  illustrations  to  '  Grove 
Hill,'  a  poem  describing  the  seat  of  Dr. 
Le  ttsom  by  Thomas  Maurice  [q.  v. J  Sam  uel 
was  a  member  of  Girtin*s  sketchjng  society 
in  1799,  and  one  of  the  earliest  workers  in 
lithography.    His  death,  which  occurred  in 


Samuel 


731 


Samways 


or  soon  after  1828,  was  canaed  bv  an  old 
wall  filling  on  him  while  he  waa  akatching. 


[BadgimTa'sDiet.  of  Ardflts;  Boget'a  Hist  of 
the' Old Watereoloar' Society;  ezhibitiooestA- 
logucfl.]  F.  M.  (TD. 

SAMUEL,  RICHARD  (JL  1770-1786), 
portiait-painter,  twice  obtained  the  gold 
medal  of  the  Society  of  Arts  for  the  best  ori- 
ginal historical  drawing,  and  in  1773  was 
awarded  a  premium  for  an  improTement  in 
layinff  mezzotint  grounds,  but  there  is  no 
record  of  his  haying  practised  this  art.  From 
1772  to  1779  he  contributed  to  the  Royal 
Academy  exhibitions  portraits,  small  whole- 
lengths,  heads,  and  conyersation  pieces,  with 
an  occasional  subject-piece.     In  1784  he 

Eted  a  laige  pcnrtrait  of  Robert  Pollard 
rj]  the  engrayer,  which  is  now  in  the 
anal  Portnit  QiJlery ;  this  is  a  work  of 
some  distinction,  paint^Jl  somewhat  in  the 
manner  of  Gainsborough.  In  1786  he  pub- 
lished a  short  pamphlet  *  On  the  Utility  of 
lowing  and  Paintmg.'  A  group  of  female 
portraits  by  him  was  engrayed  as '  The  Nine 
Liying  Muses  of  Great  Britain.'  As  none 
of  his  works  show  maturity  in  his  art,  it  is 
probable  that  he  died  young. 

[Badgnye's  Diet,  of  Artiste;  Grayeflfs  Diet  of 
ijtiflts,  1760-1898;  Gatalogue  of  the  National 
Pottmit  Gallezy.]  L.  C. 

SAMUEL,  WILLIAM  (Ji.  1661-1569), 
diyine  and  poet,  perhaps  connected  with  the 
Sunwells  of  Northamnton  (Bubkb's  C<nn- 
monerij  L  440),  descnbes  himself  in  1651 
as  seryant  of  the  duke  of  Somerset,  but  firom 
1558  onwards  as  minister  of  Christ's  church. 
He  may  haye  been  father  of  Willism  Samuell 
of  Sheyyodc,  Cornwall  (HarL  Soe.  ix.  196). 

He  wrote :  1.  *  The  Loye  of  God — ^here 
is  declared,  if  you  will  rede — ^that  Gh)d  doth 
loye  thiB  land  indede — ^by  felynge  with  his 
rod,'  no  place,  no  date,  12mo,  4  leayes.  2. 
'The  Abndfipnent  of  Goddes  statutes  in 
myter,'  London,  1561,  b.L  88  leayes  (oon- 
tams  metrical  abridgments  of  (^enesLs,  Exo- 
dus, Leyiticus,  Numbers,  and  Deuteronomy). 
8.  *  An  Abridgment,  brief  abstract  or  short 
Bumeof  those  bookee  following  taken  out 
of  the  Bible  and  set  into  Stemhold*s  meter' 
(Genesis  to  Kinfls  inclusiye,  1668  ?\  8. '  An 
Abridgement  of  all  the  Canonical  books  of 
the  OMe  Testament,'  1669,  written  in  Stem- 
hold's  metre  (all  the  Old  Testament^;  at 
md.  'The  prophets  thus  are  finishea  and 
boon  canomcaU — apocrypha  you  shall  haye 
next  if  death  do  not  me  call.'  4.  'The 
grace  from  Gk>d  the  &ther  hye,'  b.l.  broad- 
side, 8  stanzas,  1574  (Boxbursihe  OoU.) 
6.  *  Preoes  pro  afflicta  eodesia  Anffucana'(of. 
TAnBB,  Bibl.  BrU,)  Samuel  is  siso  credited 


by  Oorser  {CblLAnffL  IStet.  i.  74)  with  'An 
answere  to  the  proclamation  of  tne  rebeU  in 
the  North,'  by  W.  8.  London,  1669,  8yo ; 
but  at  the  end  is  'finis  quod  William  Seres' 
[q.  y.^  who  waa  probably  the  author  as  well 
as  prmter.  It  is  distinct  from  the '  Epistle ' 
of  the  same  date  by  Thomas  Norton  C16S2- 
1584)  [q.  y,] 

[Fuker  Society's  Select  Poetiy,  pp.  zxyiii, 
SlS;Bi7dges'sBMtitata,iii.49S ;  AmcsViTypoer. 
Antiq.,  ed.  Herbert,  iii.  1697;  Haslitt's  HkSA" 
book,  p.  6S2 ;  Hist.  M88.  Comm.  6th  Bep.  p. 
4S4.1  W.  A.  S. 

SAMWAYS  or  SAMWAIBS,  PETER, 
DJ).  (1616-1698),  royalist  diyine,  bom  at 
Eltham,  Kent,  in  1616,  waa  the  son  of  a 
'  person  about  the  court.'  He  was  educated 
at  Westminster  School,  and  was  elected  in 
1684  to  a  scholarship  at  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  wherehe  was  admitted  on  10  April 
1686  {Addit.  MS.  6861,  f.  78  b).  He  grar 
duated  BA«  in  1687,  was  elected  a  fellow  of 
lus  college  in  1640,  and  commenced  M.A.  in 
1641  (1^.5846, 1188  6).  From  the  latter  date 
till  1650  he  was  one  of  the  ooUeffe  tutors. 
During  his  residence  at  Cambridge  he  contri- 
buted yeraes  to  the  uniyersity  cdlections  of 
poems  on  the  birth  of  the  Princess  Elisabeth 
m  1685,  on  the  birth  of  Charles  Ps  fifth  child 
in  1687,  on  the  birth  of  a  prince  in  1640,  and 
on  the  king's  return  firom  Scotland  in  1641. 

In  or  before  1667  he  became  rector  of 
Maiden,  Bedfordshire,  and  in  1669  he  was 
chaplain  to  Elisabeth,  countess  of  Peter- 
borough. He  was  presented  by  Lord  Sdis- 
bury  to  the  yicarage  of  Cheshunt,  Hertford- 
shire, from  which  he  waa  expelled  by  the 
parliamentary  yisitors  because  he  persisted 
m  reading  the  liturgy  of  the  church  of  Eng- 
land (Cluttbrbvok,  Hertfordshire^  iL  U^. 
He  was  likewise  depriyed  of  lus  fellowflhip 
at  Trinity. 

After  the  Restoration  he  was  created  D.D. 
at  Cambridge,  by  royal  mandate,  on  5  Sept. 
1660  (EjurNJurr,  JEUffieter  and  C^renieU,  pp. 
207,  261),  but  he  waa  not  reinstated  in  ma 
benefice  at  Cheshimt,  probably  because,  on 
31  Dec.  1660,  he  was  presented  to  the  rectory 
of  Wath,  near  Ripon,  Yorkshire,  worth 
about  140/L  per  annum,  by  the  Earl  of  Ayles- 
bury, in  whose  family  he  had  spent  some 
time  during  the  rebellion.  Soon  afterwards 
he  was  presented  by  Charles  II  to  the 
neighbouring  rectory  of  Bedale,  worth  nearly 
600/.  ajrear  (Walkbb,  Suffermffs  of  the 
Clergy f  iL  863).  He  was  a  great  benefactor 
to  the  parish  of  Wath,  where  he  built  and 
endowed  a  school.  On  27  May  1668  he  was 
collated  to  the  prebend  of  Bameby  in  the 
church  of  TorkjfWiLUS,  Survey  of  Oatk^ 
draU,  i.  117).    He  was  a  stauncn  supporter 


Sam  well 


732 


Sancho 


of  the  churcli  of  England,  and  it  is  recorded 
of  him  that  he  boldly  disputed  liie  doctrine 
of  transuhstantiation  with  the  Diike  of  York 
(afterwards  James  U).  He  fell  under  the 
displeasure  of  Bishop  Oartwright,  then  ad- 
ministering the  see  of  York,  by  rSusmg  to  sub- 
scribe the  king's  declaration  for  liberty  of  con- 
science in  1688,  and  he  narrowly  escaped  a 
second  ejection  from  his  benefices.  Samways 
further  aided  the  cause  of  civil  and  religious 
liberty  by  publishing  a  letter,  which  had  a 
considerable  effect  in  persuading  the  clergy 
of  his  neighbourhood  to  take  me  oaths  to 
Kinf^  WiUiam  and  Queen  Mar}r,  and  for  this 
service  he  is  said  to  have  received  an  offer 
of  the  bishopric  of  Bath  and  Wells  which  he 
declined.  Among  his  intimate  friends  were 
Dr.  IsaacBarrow  and  Archbishops  Ussher  and 
Bancroft  He  died  at  Bedale  in  April  109S. 
He  gave  25/.  a  year  for  scholars  of  West- 
minster school. 

His  works  are:  1.  'Devotion  digested: 
In  Severall  Discourses  and  Meditations  upon 
the  Lords  most  holy  Prayer,'  London 
[28  July],  1652,  12mo.  2.  *  The  wise  and 
faithful  Steward,  or  a  Narration  of  the  ex- 
emplary Death  of  Mr.  Benjamin  Rhodes, 
Steward  to  the  .  .  .  Earl  of  Elgin.  .  .  . 
Together  with  some  remarkable  Passages 
concerning  Mrs.  Anne  Rhodes  his  Wue,' 
London,  1657,  8vo.  8.  <The  Church  of 
Rome  not  sufficiently  vindicated  from  her 
Apostasie,  Heresie,  and  Schism,'  1663, 12mo. 
4.  '  The  Penitent's  Humble  Address  to  the 
Throne  of  Grace,  in  his  deep  Reflections  on 
the  Sufferings  of  the  Nation  in  general ;  and 
particularly  in  the  Apprehension  of  the  late 
dreadful  Devastation  made  in  London  by 
the  Fire  there,'  1666, 12mo. 

[Addit.  MS.  6880,  f.  154 ;  Le  Neve's  Fasti,  ed. 
Hiudy,iii.  171 ;  Walker's  Sufferings  of  the  Clergy, 
ii.  1 6 1 ;  Welch's  Alamni  Westmon.  ed .  Philiimore, 
p.  1 06 ;  Wood's  Athene  Ozon.  ed.  Bliss,  lii.  838 ; 
Notes  and  Qaeries,  8th  ser.  zii.  223.]     T.  0. 

SAMWELL,  DAVID  (<f.  1799),  surgeon, 
was  the  son  of  William  Samuel,  vicar  of 
Nantglyn,  and  therefore  grandson  of  £d« 
ward  Samuel  fQ^^O  of  Llangar.  He  sailed 
with  Captain  Oook  on  his  third  voyage  of 
discovery  as  surgeon's  first  mate  on  the  Re- 
solution. On  the  death  of  William  Ander- 
son he  succeeded  John  Law  as  surgeon  of 
the  Discovery.  In  this  capacity  he  was  an 
eye-witness  of  Cook's  deatn,  of  which  he 
wrote  an  account  for  '  Biographica  Britan- 
nica ; '  this  was  published  separately  in  1786 
as  'A  Narrative  of  the  Death  of  Captain 
James  Cook.'  In  later  life  Samwell  was  a 
prominent  member  of  the  Welsh  literary 
circle  of  London ;  he  was  secretary  of  the 
Ghryneddigion  Society  in  1788,  and  yiofr-pr»- 


sident  in  1797.  His  assistance  is  acknow- 
ledged in  the  preface  toPughe's  edition  (1789) 
of  the  poems  of  Dafydd  ap  Gwilym  [see 
Davu)],  and  in  October  179o  he  contributed 
to  the  first  volume  of  the  'Cambrian  Regis- 
ter' a  bio^phical  and  critical  noticcf  of 
Huw  Moms  or  Moms  [q.  v.]  (jpp.  426-S9). 
Some  of  his  poems  are  preserved  m  Brit.  Mus. 
MSS.  Addit.  14957  an<ri6056.  He  died  in  the 
autumn  of  1799,  and  was  buried  in  the  church- 
yard of  St.  Andbrew's,  Holbom.  An  elegy  on 
him,  by  Thomas  Edwards  ('  Twm  o*r  Nant '), 
was  printed  in  '  Diliau  Barddas'  (1827). 

[Leathart's  History  of  the  G-wyneddigion, 
1831 ;  Eos  Ceiriog,  1823,  intxod.  p.  xv;  elegy 
in  Diliau  Barddas;  Byegones  for  8  Jan.  1890; 
CSook's  Voyagee.]  J.  £.  L. 

SANOHO,  IGNATIUS  (1729-1780), 
ne^  writer,  was  bom  in  1729  on  board  a 
ship  engaged  in  the  slave  trade  while  on 
the  journey  from  Guinea  to  the  Spanish  West 
Indies.  At  Carthe^na,  in  South  America, 
a  Portugese  bishop  baptised  him  in  the  name 
of  Ignatius.  His  mother  soon  died  owing  to 
the  climate,  and  his  father  committed  suicide. 
At  two  years  old  he  was  brought  to  England, 
and  was  made  over  to  three  maidenladies,  who 
lived  at  Ghreenwich.  They  deemed  it  impru- 
dent to  give  him  any  education,  and  subjected 
him  t>o  a  rigorous  discipline.  A  fsncied  re- 
semblance to  Don  Quixote's  Squire  led  them 
to  give  him  the  surname  of  Sancho.  He  is 
conjectured  to  have  sat  to  Hogarth  in  1742  for 
the  negro  boy  in  '  Taste  in  Hiffh  Life '  (Ho- 
OABTH,  Works,  ed.  Nichols  ana  Steevens,  iL 
158,  iiL  383).  He  rebelled  against  his  servi- 
tude. John  Montagu,  second  duke  of  Mon- 
tagu, who  lived  at  Blackheathand  visited  the 
ladiefB  whom  Sancho  served,  took  notice  of 
him,  and  deemed  hiscapacity  above  his  station. 
The  duke  lent  him  books,  and  he  read  them 
with  avidity.  His  mistressesgrew  more  exact- 
ing, and  after  1749,  when  his  ducal  bene- 
factor died,  he  fled  for  protection  to  the  duke*8 
widow.  She  took  him  into  her  service  as 
butler,  and  the  post  proved  so  profitable  that 
at  her  death  in  1751  he  boastea  of  possessing 
70/.  and  an  annuity  of  302.  A  passion  for 
gambling,  which  he  mans^ged  to  suppress, 
temporarily  embarrassed  him,  and  he  made 
some  effort  to  appear  on  the  stage  as  Othello  or 
OronookOfbut  failed  to  obtain  an  engagement 
owing  to  his  defective  articulation.  He  soon 
resumed  service  with  the  Montagni  &mily, 
and  George,  the  fourth  duke  [q.  vj,  his  first 
benefactor's  son-in-law,  treated  him  with 
every  consideration.  He  now  enjoj^ed  abun- 
dant opportunities  of  satisfying  his  litenuT 
predilections.  He  read,  on  liieir  first  publi- 
cation, the  sermons  and  '  Tristram  Shandy ' 


Sancho 


733 


Sancroft 


ofLaaranoe  Sterne ;  and,  impieBsed  by  Stenie*8 
sympathetic  Teferences  to  tne  evils  of  slavery, 
he  entreated  him  in  a  letter  dated  in  1766  to 
ease  the  yoke  by  *  handling '  the  subject  in 
his  '  striking  manner.'  Sterne  replira  in  a 
sentimental  vein  (27  July  1766),  and  struck 
upanacqnaintjmce  with  his  correspondent.  In 
the  spring  of  1767  Sancho  nrocurod  promises 
of  subscriptions  for  the  nintn  volume  of '  Tris* 
tram  Shandy '  from  the  Duke  and  Duchess  of 
Montagu  and  their  son.  Viscount  Mande- 
ville.  Sterne,  whfle  thanking  him  for  his 
eflbrts,  pressed  htm  to  exact  the  money  with- 
out  delay.  One  of  Sterne's  latest  letters — 
from  Coxwold  80  June  1767 — ^was  addressed 
to '  his  good  friend  Sancho '  (Stebitb,  Letters^ 
ed.  Saintsbury,  i.  129-81,  iL.18,  25). 

The  connection  extended  Sancho's  reputa^ 
tion,  and  on  29  Nov.  1768  Gainsborough, 
while  at  Bath,  painted  his  portrait  at  one 
rapid  sitting.  About  1778  Sancho's  health 
faUed,  and  he  withdrew  from  domestic  ser- 
vice, setting  np  as  a  chandler  or  grocer  in  a 
shop  in  Oharles  Street,  Westminster.  His 
litenuT  ambition  was  unquenched,  and  he 
spent  his  latest  years  in  penning  epistles  in 
feme's  manner.  Men  or  letters  and  artLsts 
befriended  him.  NoUekens  took  John  Thomas 
Smith  to  visit  him  on  17  June  1780  {NoOe^ 
hena  and  hia  Times,  ii.  27).  He  died  at  his 
shop  on  14  Dec.  1780,  and  was  buried  in 
Westminster  Broadway. 

He  married  '  a  deserving  younjf  woman  of 
West  India  origin/  and  &e,  with  at  least 
two  children,  Elizabeth  and  William,  sur- 
vived him.  For  the  benefit  of  the  f&milv,  one 
of  his  correspondents,  Miss  Crewe,  collected 
his  '  Letters/  and  published  them  in  1782  in 
two  volumes,  with  an  anonymous  memoir  by 
Joseph  JekyU  [q.  v.l  The  subscription  list  is 
said  to  have  been  of  a  length  unlmown  since 
the  first  issue  of  the  '  Spectator.'  Gains- 
borough's portrait,  engraved  by  Bartoloxzi, 
was  prefixed.  The  work  was  popular;  a 
fifth  edition  was  published  in  1803,  witii  a 
facsimile  of  Sterne's  letter  of  27  July  1766, 
and  JekyU's  name  on  the  title-page  as  author 
of  the  prefatory  memoir ;  the  publisher  was 
Sanchas  son  William,  who  was  then  pursu- 
ing the  career  of  a  bookseller  in  his  father's 
old  shop  in  Oharles  Street. 

The  portrait  by  Gainsborough  was  pre- 
sented by  Sancho's  daughter  Elizabeth  to 
Sancho's  friend,  William  Stevenson  of  Nor- 
wich, and  it  was  sold  at  Norwich  by  auction 
in  March  1889,  with  the  property  of  Steven- 
son's son,  Henry  Stevenson,  F.S.  A. 

[Chalmers's  Biogr.  Diet. ;  Fitzgerald's  Life  of 
Stome,  ii.  870  et  seq. ;  Sancho's  Letters  with 
JeVyirs  Memoir;  Notes  and  Queries,  7th  ser. 
rii.  825.  427,  457,  viii.  82,  296, 336.]       S.  L. 


SAirOBOFT,  WILLIAM  (1617-1608X 
archbishop  of  Canterbury,  second  son  of 
Francis  Sandcroft  of  Frassingfield,  Suffolk, 
and  Maigaret,  daughter  and  coheiress  of 
Thomas  Butcher  or  Bouchev,  was  bom  at 
Fressingfield  on  80  Jan.  1616-17  ([the  arch- 
bishop flJways  spelt  hisBumame  without  the 
'd'  at  the  end  of  the  first  syUable).  He 
came  of  an  old  yeoman  stock  which  had  long 
owned  lands  in  Suffolk,  but  which  did  not 
obtain  the  right  to  bear  arms  till  the  grant 
to  his  brother  and  himself  (26  Jan.  1668). 
His  uncle,  William  Sandcroft,  was  master 
of  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  1628-87, 
and  planned  and  carried  out  the  first  large 
extension  of  the  college,  the  *  Brick  BuOding' 
(see  Bmfmmuel  OolUge  Mag.  vol.  i.  No.  2). 

William  was  sent  to  the  grammar  school 
of  Bnry  St.  Edmunds,  and  early  showed  aa 
aptitudiB  for  learning.  A  commonplace- 
book  beg^n  when  he  was  quite  young  is  full 
of  extracts  from  Greek  and  Latin,  as  weU 
as  English  poetiy  (TanMr  MS.  465).  He 
was  admitted  to  Emmanuel  Collcwfe,  Cam- 
bridge,  on  10  Sept.  1688,  with  his  elder 
brother  Thomas,  and  was  matriculated  on 
8  July  1684.  He  graduated  B.A.  in  1687, 
M.A.  in  1641,  and  B.D.  in  1648.  In  1642 
being  elected  fellow  he  became  tutor  of  the 
college,  and  he  held  during  residence  the 
offices  of  Greek  and  of  Hebrew  reader  (cf. 
Tanner  MS8.  60,  63,  66,  &c. ;  Bemarke  of 
kis  lAfe,  prefixed  to  Sermons,  1708,  p.  xii). 
In  1644  he  was  bursar  of  the  college.  He 
was  patronised  by  Dr.  Ralph  Brownrigg, 
bishop  of  Exeter.  His  high  character  and 
the  influence  of  Brownrigg  enabled  him  to 
retain  his  fellowship  until  1661  (Taimer 
M&  64,  No.  148). 

For  the  next  nine  years  Sancroft  resided 
ohiefljr'^th  his  brother  at  Fressingfield,  and 
sometimes  at  Triplow,  engaged  in  literary 
work,  and  with  *  no  company  except  that  of 
mine  own  thoughts.'  In  1661  he  published 
*  Fur  Prgedestinatus,  sive  Dialogismus  inter 
quondam  Ordinis  Pr»dicantium  Oalvinia- 
tam  et  Furem  ad  laqueum  damnatum  hi^ 
bitus,'  London,  8vo.  An  English  translation 
appeared  in  1668.  It  was  a  vigorous  attack 
on  Calvinism  as  subversive  of  morality,  with 
reference  to  the  works  of  all  tiie  leading 
Calvinist  doctors.  Birch  (LifB  qf  TiUoteon^ 
p.  160)  says,  without  giving  his  authority, 
that  this  was  a  joint  composition  witib  *  Idr. 
G^rge  Davenport  and  another  of  his  friends.' 
Shortly  affcerwards  Sancroft  published  '  Mo< 
dem  Policies  taken  from  Machiavel,  Borgia, 
and  other  choise  Authors  by  an  Eye-witness.' 
of  which  a  seventh  edition  appeared  in  1667. 
It  was  dedicated  to '  my  lord  jR.  B.  E.'  (Ralph 
Brownrigg,  bishop  of  Exeter),  and  is  an  in* 


Sancroft 


734 


Sancroft 


diotment  of  the  religion  and  politics  of  the 
Commonwealth.  'Ail  newes  in  religion, 
whether  in  Doctrine  or  Discipline,  is  the 
common  skreen,'  he  says,  *  of  private  design/ 
In  1656  he  saw  through  the  press,  and  wrote 
a  preface  (not  obscurely  censuring  the  inno- 
yations  of '  a  new  and  fifth  monarchy,  a  new 
and  fifth  gospel')  to  the  collation  of  the 
Vulgate  undertaken  by  John  Boys,  at  the 
wish  of  Bishop  Andrewes  [London,  16561 
Meanwhile  he  was  in  correspondence  with 
the  most  notable  of  the  exiled  churchmen 
abroad,  and  assisted  the  poorer  royalist  clergy 
out  of  his  own  purse  (cf.  Sarldan  MS. 
8788,  ff.  108, 105). 

In  1657  he  went  abroad,  staged  at  Am- 
sterdam and  Utrecht,  was  noticed  by  the 
Princess  of  Orange  (mother  of  William  III), 
and  then  started  with  his  friend  Robert 
Gayer  for  a  southern  tour  by  Spa,  Maes- 
trichi,  Geneya,  Venice,  Padua,  to  Kome.  At 
Padua  he  was  entered  a  student  of  the  uni- 
yersity  (Gittoh,  Collect,  Ouriosa,  yol.  L  p. 
xxiz).  At  Rome  he  heard  of  the  Restora- 
tion,  and  his  friends  were  urgent  for  his 
return,  the  bishop  of  Derry  offering  him  the 
chaplaincy  to  Lord  Ormonde,  with  valuable 
preferments.  On  8  May  1660  he  was  chosen 
a  university  preacher  at  Cambridge,  and  on 
his  return  to  England  he  became  diaplain  to 
Gosin,  at  whose  consecration,  with  six  other 
bishops,  in  Westminster  Abbey,  on  2  Dec. 
1660,  he  preached  a  sermon  on  the  office  of 
a  bidiop  and  the  divine  origin  of  the  apo- 
stolic ministry  (London,  1660).  He  was 
emnloyed  in  the  Savo^  conference,  and  is 
saia  to  have  been  especially  concerned  in  the 
alteration  of  the  calendar  and  rubrics  (Ebbt- 
KETT,  Register^  pp.  574,  682;  also  Cal,  </ 
State  Papers,  Dom.  Charles  11,  Addenda, 
1660-70,  p.  523).  Cosin  gave  him  the  rectory 
of  Houghton-le-Spring,  to  which  he  was  in- 
stituted on  7  Dec.  1661,  and  on  11  March 
1662  he  was  collated  to  a  prebend  in  Durham 
Cathedral.  He  became  also  in  1661  one  of 
the  king's  chaplains.  While  resident  in  Dur- 
ham he  made  lEurge  collections  concerning  the 
antiquities  of  the  county,  which  proved  of 
great  assistance  to  subsequent  historians 
(HiTTOHiirsoK,  Durham,  ii.  206]|.  He  pro- 
ceeded D.D.  at  Cambridge  per  Uteras  regiaa 
in  1662. 

The  fellows  of  Emmanuel,  despite  their 
puritanic  sympathies,  remembered  Sancroft's 
learning  and  nigh  character,  and  when  Dr. 
Dillingham  vacated  the  mastership  on  24  Aug. 
1662,  oy  refusing  to  take  the  oath  ordered 
by  the  Act  of  Uniformity,  Sancroft  was 
elected  to  the  post  on  80  Aug.  '  Beyond  all 
expectation,'  he  wrote, '  I  am  come  back  to 
the  college  where  I  knew  nobody  at  all,  my 


acquaintance  being  wholly  worn  out.'  He 
found  the  coUeffe  in  sad  pUffht,  and  the  uni- 
versity much  decayed  in  learning.  With 
the  benefaction  of  a  deceased  master.  Dr. 
Houldsworth,  he  set  about  the  conversion  of 
the  old  chapel  into  a  library,  and  he  procured 
plans  for  a  new  chapel,  to  which  he  sub- 
scribed liberally  (nearly  600/.) ;  it  was  fineJly 
completed  under  his  successors.  On  8  Jan. 
1664  he  was  nominated  by  the  king  to  the 
deanery  of  York.  He  was  installed  by  proxy 
on  26  Feb.  (Cal,  of  State  Papers,  Dom. 
Charles  II,  166^-4,  p.  461).  '  ^s  dignity 
he  held  but  ten  months,  and  in  that  time 
he  expended  in  building  and  other  charges 
200/.  more  than  he  received.  He  made  a 
rental  of  the  church  of  York,  and  brought 
the  accounts  of  it  (before  wholly  neurlected) 
into  order'  (Lb  Neve,  BUhope,  i.  19i9 :  see 
Harlan  MS,  8788,  ff.  187, 141). 

On  the  death  of  Dr.  John  Barwick  (1612- 
1664)  [q.  v.],  Sancroft  was  nominated  to  the 
deanery  of  St.  Paul's  (Harleian  MS.  878,  f. 
100),  and  was  installed  on  10  Deo.  1664.  He 
thereupon  resigned  the  rectory  of  Hou«rhton, 
and  shortly  fSterwaids  the  mastership  of 
Emmanuel.  He  continued  to  take  great  in- 
terest in  the  college,  giving  to  it  a  large 
proportion  of  his  books  when  he  left  Lambeth 
m  1691,  and  the  {uresentation  of  the  benefice 
of  Fressingfield,  with  endowments  for  a  chap- 
laincy at  Harleston  (cf.  Emmamtel  CaUe^ 
Moffozme,  vol.  vii.  No.  1,  pp.  49-52 ;  JG^ 
manuel  College  MSS.) 

In  his  new  office  he  applied  himself  at 
once  to  the  restoration  of  St.  Paul's  Cathe- 
dral. During  the  plague  he  was  at  Tun- 
bridge,  whither  he  nad  been  advised  to  go 
by  ms  physician  'long  before  any  plague 
was  heard  of  (Letter  of  Dr.  Barwick,  5  Aug. 
1666,  Sarkian  MS.  8788,  f.  19).  On 
27  July  1666  he  viewed  the  cathedral  with 
Christopher  Wren,  the  bishop  of  London, 
and  others,  and  decided  upon  the  erection  ox 
a  *  noble  cupola,  a  forme  of  church  building 
not  as  yet  known  in  England,  but  of  won- 
derful! grace '  (Evslth,  iHary,  i.  871).  The 
great  fire  necessitated  the  rebuilding  oi  the 
whole  cathedral,  and  to  this  Sancroft  de- 
voted his  energies  for  many  years.  He 
contributed  1,400/.  himself  and  raised  large 
contributions  from  others,  and  entered  mi- 
nutely into  the  architectural  as  well  as  the 
financial  aspjects  of  the  work.  He  was  ex- 
cused his  residence  as  prebendary  of  Durham 
in  consequence  of  the '  perpetual  and  dose 
attendance  required '  on  the  commission  for 
the  rebuilding,  nothing  being  done  'without 
his  presence,  no  materials  bought,  nor  ac- 
counts passed  without  him'  {OU.  State 
Papers^  Dom.,  Charles  H,  Addenda,  1660- 


Sancroft 


735 


Sancroft 


1670, 10  and  11  Not.,  1670,  vp.  522-S;  see 
also  Lex  Ignea^  cr  the  SBkool  of  BigkUoua- 
ness,  a  sennon  preached  before  the  kiiigy 
10  Oct.  1666,  by  W.  Sancroft,  London, 
1666;  :Refi8ier4ifI>ean4if8LPatif$;  Wkeit, 
Parmtaka ;  Ditoiiaub^  JStUnryqfSL  PauC$), 
He  also  rebuilt  the  deaaeij,  winch  had  been 
burnt  down  (FamUiar  Letten  <if  W,  Stm- 
er^  1767,  p.  21),  at  a  coat  of  2,500^,  and 
he  added  to  the  diaconal  reyenuee.  It  ia  said 
to  have  been  largely  by  his  exertions  that 
the  Coal  Act  was  pasee^  which  rendered  the 
restoration  of  the  cathedral  possible  within 
eo  short  a  time.  In  September  1668  he 
refused  the  bishopric  of  Chester,  desiring  to 
eaxry  out  the  rebuilding  of  St.  Paul's  (SitL 
M88,  Comm,f  Report  on  Manuscripts  of 
S.  H.  Le  Fleming,  esq.  p.  60).  On  7  Oct 
1668  he  was  admitted  archdeacon  of  Can- 
terbury. He  resigned  in  1670,  and  he  was 
in  that  year  prolocutor  of  the  lower  house 
of  the  conyocation  of  Canterbuiy.  It  was 
about  this  time  that  Sheldon  entrusted  to 
Sancroft  the  publication  and  translation  of 
Laud's  'Diaxy  'and  history  of  his  trial;  but 
Sancroft's  appointment  to  the  primac^caused 
him  to  lay  this  task  aside.  In  1603  he 
resumed  it,  and  was  actually  encaged  on  it 
when  he  was  seized  with  his  mst  illness. 
By  his  directions  the  work  was  tmdertaken 
by  his  chaplain,  Henry  Wharton,  who  com- 
pleted it  in  1694  (Whabtoh,  Introduction  to 
tke  Hittory  of  ike  Trouble$  and  Tryal^  ^v., 
London,  1605). 

Sheldon  died  on  ONoy.  1677,  and  a  month 
later  Sancroft  was  chosen  to  succeed  him. 
<3o6sip  said  that  he  was  '  set  up  by  the  Duke 
of  York  affainst  London  [Henry  Compton, 
bishop  of  London!  and  York  put  on  hy  the 
^pists '  rWooD,  tdfe  and  Times,  ed.  Clark, 
iL  807).  Gurnet  says  that  the  court  thought 
that  he  might  be  entirely  won  to  their  ends. 
fiut  no  one  charged  him  with  personal  ambi- 
tion. Biyden  notices  him  in  '  Absalom  and 
Achitophel '  as 

Zadock  the  priest,  whom,  shunning  power 

and  place, 
His  lowly  mind  adyanced  to  Daxid's  grace. 

He  was  consecrated  on  27  Jan.  1678  in 
Westminster  Abbey ;  Le  Neye  (J?wAop«,  jv. 
L  200)  says  in  Lambeth  Palace  chapel.  One 
of  his  first  acts  was  an  endeayour  to  yrin 
bade  the  Duke  of  York  to  the  English  church ; 
the  king  suggesting  that  Bishop  Morley  of 
Winchester  Mioula  assist  him.  On  21  Feb. 
1679  they  waited  on  the  duke  in  St.  James's, 
and  the  archbishop  addressed  him  in  a  long 
speech  (printed  in  D'Oyl/s  'Life  of  San- 
croft,' i.  166  sqq.)  His  efforts  were  quite 
ineflOMStnaL 


In  the  ecclesiastical  duties  of  his  office 
Sancroft  was  assiduous  and  eneivetic.  In 
August  1678  he  issued  letters  to  his  sufira- 
ffans  requiring  more  strict  testimonies  to  can- 
oidates  for  ordination.  He  had  the  courage 
to  suspend  Thomas  Wood,  bishop  of  Lich- 
field and  Coyentiy,  a  prot6g6  of  the  Duchess 
of  Cleyeland,  for  neglect  of  duty  (document 
printed  firom  the  ' i^hbishop's  Register'  in 
b'Oyly,  L  194^).  When  Charles  was  on 
his  deathbed  Sancroft  yisited  him  and  spoke 
yrith  great  *  freedom,  which  he  said  was 
necessary,  since  he  was  going  to  be  judged 
by  One  Who  was  no  respecter  of  persons' 
(bvBiTBT,  ii.  467). 

The  day  after  James  IPs  accession  to  the 
throne  (7  Feb.  1686),  Sancroft,  with  other 
prelates,  yisited  him  to  thank  him  for  his 
declaration  of  respect  for  the  priyileges  of 
the  established  church.  A  few  days  later 
the  king  repeated  his  promise,  with  a  sig- 
nificant waminff.  'My  lords,*  he  said  to 
Sancroft  and  (S>mpton,  'I  will  keep  my 
word  and  will  undertake  nothing  against 
the  religion  established  by  law,  assuming 
that  you  do  your  duty  towards  me ;  if  you 
fail  therein,  yon  must  not  expect  that  I  shall 
protect  you.  I  shall  readily  find  the  means 
of  attaining  my  ends  without  your  hdp' 
(cf.ItAjrKB,J2Mt..£^J!.iy.219).  Sancroft  on 
zS  April  1686  crowned  the  new  king  accord- 
ing to  the  ancient  English  seryice ;  but  the 
communion  was  not  administered  {Tanner 
MS,  SI,  f.  91 :  Sancroft's  own  memoranda 
for  the  coronation).  The  fint  step  of  the 
new  king  was  to  prohibit  'preadiing  upon 
controyersial  points '  (EysLTK,  Diary,  2  Oct. 
1686 ;  Life  of  James  II,  ii.  9).  James  next 
established  a  high  commission  court,  to 
which  he  appointed  as  clerical  membere  the 
aichbishop,  Lord  Crewe,  bi^op  of  Durham, 
and  Sprat,  bishop  of  Rochester.  Sancroft 
declined  to  serye,  on  the  grotmds  of  hia 
mat  age  and  infirmities  {Tanner  MS,  80, 
f.  69).  Burnet  seyerely  condemns  his  con- 
duct, sayinff  that  *  he  lay  silent  at  Lambeth 
• .  .  seemea  lealous  against  popery  in  priyate 
discourse,  but  he  was  of  such  a  timorous 
temper,  and  so  set  on  enriching  his  nephew, 
that  he  showed  no  sort  of  courage '  {History 
of  Ms  own  Time,  iii.  82).  But  as  a  matter 
of  fact  the  archbishop  showed  courage  in 
declaring  that  he  would  not  take  part  in  a 

5iritual  commission  of  which  a  layman 
efireys)  was  the  head ;  he  minutely  in- 
yestigated  the  le^lity  of  the  new  court,  and 
deci&d  against  it  (see  a  mass  of  autograph 
papers,  Tanner  MS,  460).  It  appears  that 
there  was  some  thought  of  summoning  him 
before  the  commission  (D'Otlt,  i.  283),  and 
that  he  was  henceforth  forbidden  to  appear 


Saricroft 


73^ 


Sancroft 


at  court.  On  29  July  1686  he  recommended 
to  the  king  candidates  for  election  to  the 
bishoprics  of  Chester  and  Oxford  and  to  the 
deanenr  of  Chnst  Church  {^Tanner  AfSS,  80» 
f.  69),  but  in  no  case  was  his  advice  accepted* 
The  see  of  Oxford,  for  which  he  recom- 
mended South,  was  given  to  Samuel  Parker 
(1640-1688)  [q.  v.] 

Meanwhile  the  archbishop  was  assiduous 
in  the  duties  of  his  see.  In  1682  he  had 
undertaken  a  metropolitical  visitation,  in 
which  he  had  made  a  minute  examination  of 
each  diocese  (see  Tanner  MS.  124).  He  con- 
tinued to  collect  information  on  all  points  of 
historical  and  antiquarian  interest  a^Eecting 
his  see  and  the  church  (see  Tenmer  Ma. 
126,  entirely  concerned  with  ancient  hos- 
pitals). He  put  out  orders  to  check  the 
celebration  oi  clandestine  marriages,  on  a 
report  firom  the  high  commission.  He  was 
intimately  concerned  in  protecting  the  pri- 
vileges of  All  Souls'  College,  Oxford  (Bur- 
bows^  Worthies  qf  All  8oM\  and  in  esta- 
blishing the  position  of  the  university  printers 
(GuTOH,  Collectanea  Owriosa^  i.  269-86). 
He  entertained  men  of  leaminja^  ^cf*  Wood, 
L^e  and  Times,  iiL  169),  and  did  nis  utmost 
to  promote  distinguished  scholars  in  the 
church. 

At  length  he  was  compelled  to  enter  upon 
an  onen  contest  with  tne  king.  He  had 
alreaay  refused  to  order  the  dei^  to  give 
np  the  afbemoon  catechisin|f,  which  James 
declared  to  be  directed  against  his  religion 
(Banks,  iv.  293-4,  from  Bonnefs  manu« 
script),  and  had  joined  in  the  refusal  of  the 
governors  of  the  Charterhouse  to  admit  a 

Stpist  on  the  king's  orders,  contrary  to  law. 
n  4  May  1688  the  council  oraered  all 
clergy  to  read  in  church  the  king's  declara- 
tion of  liberty  of  conscience.  Suicroft  im- 
mediately summoned  a  meeting  of  the  most 
prominent  clergy,  with  the  Earlof  Clarendon 
and  others,  to  consider  the  situation.  Several 
meetings  took  place,  of  which  Sancroft  left 
copious  memoranda  (see  TVmM^r  If $iS.,  espe- 
cially 28).  The  decision  was  that  the  order 
should  not  be  obeyed — not,  in  Sancroft's 
words  (Tanner  MSS.  28,  f.  60),  from  *  any 
want  of  tenderness  towards  dissenters,  but 
because  the  declaration,  being  founded  on 
such  a  dispensing  power  as  may  at  pleasure 
set  aside  all  laws  ecclesiastical  and  civil, 
appears  to  me  illegal,'  and  was  in  fact  so 
declared  in  1672. 

A  petition  was  then  drawn  up  and  signed 
by  Sancroft  and  six  other  biwops  (Dndt 
pNstition,  Tanner  MSS.  28,  f.  84 ;  actuiU  peti- 
tion with  signatures,  18  May,  f.  86;  another 
copy  with  additional  signatures,  f.36;  a  full 
account  of  the  petition,  and  the  proceedings 


thereon,  f .  88 ;  all  in  Sancroft's  own  hand). 
The  ux  bishops  presented  the  petition  to 
James,  Sancroft  being  still  forbidden  to 
appear  at  court. 

On  27  May  Sancroft  and  the  six  bishops 
were  summoned  before  the  council  on  8  June, 
and  after  repeated  examination,  and  on 
declining  to  enter  into  a  reoognisanoe  to 
appear  in  Westminster  Hall  to  answer  a 
charge  which  was  not  specified,  were  com- 
mitted to  the  Tower.  Here  crowds  flooJied 
to  them  with  expressions  of  sympathy  and 
offers  of  assistance.  The  Prince  and  Pmcess 
of  Orange  had  already  congratulated  San- 
croft on  his  firmness.  On  16  June  the 
bishops  appeared  before  the  king^  bendi, 
and  were  released  on  bail  till  29  June,  when 
the^  were  put  on  their  trial  on  a  charge  of 
seditious  bbel.  The  defence  followed  the 
lines  which  had  been  already  sketched  by 
Sancroft,  and  the  verdict  of  'not  guilty,' 
which  was  delivered  at  10  o'clock  in  the 
morning  of  30  June,  was  received  with  uni- 
versal enthusiasm  (the  proceediiun  of  the 
triid  were  published  in  folio  in  1689,  and  in 
ocUvo  in  1716 ;  Tanner  M&  28  contains  full 
account  of  the  expense.  Sancroft's  share 
was  260/.  I60.  8^1.)  Sancroft  made  a  design 
for  a  medal  to  commemorate  the  trial  (Tan- 
ner M8.  28,  f.  142).  The  archbishop  im- 
mediately after  his  acquittal  drew  up  in- 
structions for  the  bishops  '  of  things  to  be 
more  fully  insisted  upon  in  their  Mdressea 
to  the  clergy  and  people  of  their  respective 
dioceses,'  in  which  he  enjoined  neat  care 
against  '  all  seducers,  and  especiiuly  popish 
emissaries,'  and  '  a  very  tender  regard  to  our 
brethren  the  protestant  dissenters '  {Tanner 
MS.  28,  f.  121,  afterwards  printed).  He  en- 
gaged also  in  a  scheme  of  comprehension 
with  the  dissenters  (Wakb,  in  Sackeverelts 
Trial) f  which  was  unsuccessful,  and  put  out 
a '  warning  to  the  people '  (Tanner  MS.  28. 
f.  163)  affainst  'deceivers,'  that  is,  papal 
vicars  and  bishops  in  partibus. 

When  the  king  perceived  his  danger,  it 
was  Sancroft  who,  on  8  Oct.  1688,  headed 
the  deputation  which  advised  him  to  revoke 
all  his  illegal  acts,  abolish  the  high  commis- 
sion, and  restore  the  city  charters  (the  origi* 
nal  manuscript  of  his  speech,  much  corrected, 
in  Tanner  MS.  28,  f.  189).  He  was  ordered 
to  prepare  prayers  for  the  restoration  of  public 
tranquillity  (Tanner  MS.  28,  f.  192),  which, 
Burnet  says,  *  were  so  well  drawn  up  that 
even  those  who  wished  for  the  prince  might 
have  joined  in  them.'  On  22  Oct.  he  was 
present  at  the  examination  of  witnesses  at 
Whitehall  to  '  clear  the  birth  of  the  Prince 
of  Wales  (William  Penn  to  Lord  Dart- 
mouth, Mist  MSS.  Oomm.f  Report  on  Barf 


Sancroft 


737 


Sancroft 


of  Dartmoutli's  MSS.,  p.  ^70).  When  the 
news  of  the  project  oi  William  of  Orange 
hecame  known,  ne  had  several  interviews 
with  James,  and  drew  up  a  declaration  that 
he  had  never  invited  or  encouraged  the  inva- 
sion (original  draft  in  Tanner  MS,  28,  f.  224, 
3  Nov.  1688),  but  ^rsistently  refused,  after 
a  long  wrangle,  to  join  in  any  declaration  of 
abhorrence  or  repudiation  of  the  declaration 
that  had  been  put  out  in  the  nsme  of  Wil- 
liam (  Tanner  MS,  28,  f.  1 59).  On  17  Nov. 
he  went  to  the  kinff,  with  the  archbishop- 
£lect  of  York  and  Uie  bishops  of  Ely  and 
Rochester,  to  urge  the  summoning  of  a '  free 
parliament'  (drafb  petition  in  Tanner  MS. 
^8,  f.  250 ;  printed  in  *  A  Oompleat  Collection 
of  Papers  relating  to  the  great  Revolutions 
in  England  and  Scotland,'  &c.,  London,  1689; 
GiTTGH,  CoUectaiiea  Curiosa,  vol.  i.) 

After  the  king*s  flight  Sancroft  signed, 
with  other  peers,  the  order  to  Lord  Dart- 
mouth to  abstain  ttom  any  acts  of  hostility 
to  the  Prince  of  Orange's  fleet  (Hist.  MSS. 
Cdmm.f  Report  on  Dartmouth  MSS.,  p.  229). 
He  signed  sjso  the  declaration  of  11  Dec. 
1688,  oy  which  a  meeting  of  peers  at  tiie 
Guildhall  called  upon  Wuliam  to  assist  in 
procuring  peace  and  a  'free  parliament.' 
This  was  the  last  public  action  undertaken 
by  Sancroft.  When  he  saw  that  William 
was  resolved  to  procure  the  crown  for  him- 
self, he  withdrew  from  all  association  with 
proceedings  by  which  he  might  appear  to 
break  his  oath  of  allegiance.  On  16  Dec. 
he  saw  James  for  the  last  time  at  Whitehall, 
and  from  that  moment  he  took  no  step  which 
might  even  indirectly  forward  the  revolution, 
wiQidrawing  altogether  from  public  business. 
On  18  Dec.  1686  the  university  of  Cam- 
brid^  elected  him  their  chancellor,  but  he 
dedmed  to  accept  the  honour.  When  the 
Prince  of  Orange  entered  London,  Sancroft 
alone  among  the  prelates  did  not  wait  upon 
him.  His  friends  vainly  urged  him  to  attend 
the  House  of  Lords.  James  wrote  to  him 
from  France  expressing  his  confidence  in 
him.  He  engaged  in  constant  discussion  at 
Lambeth  on  public  affairs,  and  wrote  long 
statements  and  arguments  concerning  the 
political  questions  at  issue  {Tanner  MS, 
459^.  His  papers  show  him  to  have  been 
in  favour  of  declaring  James  incapable  of 
government,  and  appomting  William  custoe 
regni.  He  declared  that  it  was  impossible 
lawfully  to  appNoint  a  new  king ;  '  and  if  it 
be  done  at  all,  it  must  be  by  force  of  con- 
•quest.'  On  15  Jan.  1689  a  large  meeting 
of  bishops,  lay  peers,  and  others  was  held  at 
LambetL  On  the  22nd  the  Convention  met 
and  voted  the  throne  vacant.  Sancroft  was 
not  present.    On  the  day  when  the  new 

VOL.  xvii. 


sovereigns  were  proclaimed,  Henry  Wharton^ 
his  chaplain,  misunderstanding  his  instruct 
tions,  prayed  fot  William  and  Mary  in  the 
chapel.  Sancroft, '  with  great  heat,  toAd  him 
that  he  must  thenceforward  desist  from  offer* 
ing  prayers  for  the  new  kin^  and  ^ueen,  or 
else  from  performing  the  duties  of  his  chanel, 
for  as  long  as  King  J  ames  was  alive  no  otner 
persons  could  be  sovereigns  of  the  country ' 
(D'OiLT,  i.  435,  from  Wharton^s  *  Diary '}. 

On  15  March  1689  he  issued  a  commission 
which  virtually  empowered  his  suffragans  to 
perform  the  coronation.  On  23  Murch  he 
wrote  to  Lord  Halifax,  speaker  of  the  House 
of  Lords,  to  excuse  his  attendance  which 
had  been  ordered  on  the  22nd  (Lord^  Jour- 
naU^  xiv.  158),  saying  that  since  his  refusal 
to  sit  on  the  high  commission,  and  James's 
command  to  him  not  to  attend  at  all,  he  had 
never  been  out  of  doors  save  when  he  was 
forced,  and  for  the  last  five  months  he  had 
not  been  so  much  as  into  his  garden,  and 
that  he  could  not  cross  the  river  without 
great  detriment  to  his  health  {State  Papers^ 
William  and  Mary,  1689-90,  p.  38 ;  Hut. 
MSS.  Comm.,  Report  on  MSS.  of  House  of 
Lords,  1689-90,  p.  39;  original  manuscript 
in  Tanner  MS.  28,  f.  381).  He  still  continued 
to  exercise  the  ecclesiastical  functions  of  his 
office  {cL  CaL  State  Papers,  William  and 
Mary,  1689-90,  p.  58),  but  he  prepared  for 
what  must  foUow.  ^  Well,'  he  said  to  % 
friend, '  I  can  live  on  50/.  a  year.' 

On  1  Aug.  1689  he  was  suspended,  on 
1  Feb.  1690  deprived,  with  five  bishops  and 
about  four  hundred  clergy.  Shortly  after 
this  he  joined  with  the  other  noinuring 
bishops  in  putting  out  a  flysheet  ('  A  V  indi- 
cation of  the  Archbishop  and  several  other 
Bishops  from  the  imputations  and  calumnies 
cast  upon  them  by  tne  Author  of  the  "  Mo- 
dest Enquiry,"'  London,  1690,  one  leaf), 
denying  all  sedition  or  intrigue  with  France, 
and  appealing  to  their  past  resistance  to 
*  popeiy  and  an>itrary  power.'  Burnet  states 
that  some  efforts  were  made  by  the  court  to 
make  a  settlement  with  him,  and  it  appears 
that  he  received  the  revenues  of  his  see  till 
Michaelmas  1690. 

Tillotson  was  publicly  nominated  his 
successor  on  23  April  1691.  Sancroft  did 
not  leave  Lambeth.  He  packed  up  his  books, 
told  his  chanlaina  that  they  had  better 
leave  him — ^wiiich  they  declined  to  do,  though 
they  *  differed  from  him  concerning  public 
matters  in  the  state  '—-dismissed  most  of  his 
servants,  and  save  up  the  public  hospitality 
which  it  was  the  practice  of  the  archbishops, 
down  to  the  time  of  Howley,  to  offer  to  all 
comers.  On  20  May  he  received  a  peremp- 
tory order  from  the  queen  to  leave  Lambeth 

3b 


Sancroft 


73« 


Sancrofl 


within  ten  days.  Higidv  indignant,  lie  d»- 
tennined  not  to  stir  till  he  wee  forced  Ij 
law.  He  had  intended  to  leave  his  booiu 
to  the  liJicary  of  the  aiehbiahope;  he  now 
changed  his  mind.  He  was  dted  to  appear 
before  Uie  barons  of  tiie  eaeheqner  on  12  Jtme 
to  aniwar  a  writ  of  introsion.  His  attorney 
endeaTOtned  to  delay  the  oase,  but  avoided 
any  plea  iHiieh  woald  reco^pise  the  new 
sovereigns,  and  acoordimrly  judfimient  was 
passed  against  him  on  28  June.  That  even- 
ing he  Im  Lambeth  and  went  to  a  private 
house  in  the  Temple.  There  he  remained 
in  retirement,  still  attended  by  his  chaplains, 
and  waited  on  by  many  friends,  tiU  3  Aug. 
He  made  no  oompUint;  and  when  Lora 
Aylesbury  wept  to  see  his  state  so  olianjfed, 
he  said,  '0  my  good  lord,  rather  re|oioe 
with  me;  for  now  I  live  again.'  On  6  Aug. 
he  anived  at  Fressingfield,  his  birthnlace, 
wiiere  he  had  been  building  a  small  house 
for  himself.  His  letters  to  Sir  Henry  North 
show  him  to  have  lived  theze  quietly,  busied 
with  his  books  and  papers  and  with  the 
oompletton  of  his  house,  watching  public 
afiairs  with  a  keen  eye,  but  taking  no  part 
in  any  plots  against  the  government.  On 
28  Beo.,  when  accusations  were  very  freely 
bandied  about  against  him,  he  wrote :  *  I  was 
never  so  much  as  out  of  this  poor  house,  and 
the  vards  and  avenues,  since  X  came  first  di- 
iBctry  from  London  into  it ;  and  I  never  suf- 
fered our  vicar  or  any  other,  not  even  my 
chaplains  when  they  were  here,  so  much  as 
to  say  grace  when  I  eat ;  but  I  constantly 
officiate  myself,  **  secundum  nsum  Lambethar 
num,"  which  you  know,  and  never  give  the 
Holy  Sacrament  but  to  those  of  xnv  own 
persuasion  and  ^ane^ce'  (Fantiliar  LitttrSf 
1757,  p.  25).    Li  May  1692  a  forgery,  per- 

EBtrated  by  Blackhead  and  Young,  seemed 
kely  to  involve  him,  with  Bishop  Sprat  of 
Bochester,  in  a  charffe  of  high  treason;  but 
it  was  soon  disproved. 

By  this  tune  he  had  determined  to  nreserve 
the  suoeession  in  the  nonjurinff  boay.  On 
9  Feb.  1091  he  ezeeuted  a  deed  delegating 
the  exercise  of  his  arohiepiscopal  authority  to 
WiUiam  Lloyd  (1687-1710)  [q.  y.!  the  de- 
prived bishop  of  Norwich  ^manuscript  at  Em- 
manuel College).  He  appears,  too,  to  have 
joined  in  the  preparstion  for  the  consecration 
of  new  nonjuring  bishops  though  l&e  first 
ooDseoeation  took  plaee  after  his  deach.  He 
oontiuued  to  receive  visits  from  his  friends, 
to  add  to  his  ooUeotion  of  antiquarian  re- 
cords, and  on  oooasion  to  confirm  privately 
in  his  own  chapel<iSb»mani4e/  OotUfB  Mag, 
VoL  i.  No.  2^  n.  44),  and  to  minister  to  non- 
jurors. He  oevoted  his  last  days  to  the 
prepsiiatbnforthepsess  of  the  'Memorials  of 


Laud.'  On25Aug.l698hewa8attaekadb/ 
fever  ^in  November  he  died.  He  had  UTed, 
says  Wharton,  like  a  hermit,  was  much 
wasted,  and  wore  a  long  beard.  To  the  last 
he  would  communicate  only  with  nonjurove, 
and  in  his  last  moments  he  prayed  for  King 
James,  the  queen,  and  pnnee.  He  was 
buried  in  f^ressingfield  churchyaid  on 
27  NoT.^  where  a  tomb  was  erected,  vritii  an 
inscription  by  himself. 

A  number  of  portouts  of  Saneroft  eodst, 
amongthe  most  interestingbeinff  that  by  Ber- 
nard Lens  [q.  y.]  at  Emmanuel  GoUefle,  Gam- 
bridge.  Twodrawings— onebyBavidLoggan 
and  the  other  in  erayons  by  £.  Lutterel  ■  atre 
in  the  National  Portrait  Gallery.  Thcnre  are  en- 
gravings by  Yandergucht  the  elder,  R.  White, 
andSturt.  Of  his  manuscript  rexuaina,  a  few 
letters,  his  deed  of  resignation,  and  a  number 
of  documents  connected  with  his  gifts,  are 
at  Emmanuel  GoUege.  Further  collections 
are  at  Lambeth  and  at  the  British  Museum 

SIorL  M8S.  8788-5,  8766-98,  &c.)  But 
e  largest  proportion  of  manuscripts  be- 
longing to  and  written  b^  him  are  in  the 
Tamier  MSS.  at  the  Bodleian  Library. 

No  character,  at  the  stonny  period  during 
which  he  lived,  was  judged  more  di£fetently 
by  partisans.  Burnet,  who  much  disliked 
him,  says  that  he  was  '  a  man  of  solemn  de- 
portment, had  a  sullen  gravity  in  his  lo(^, 
aud  was  considerably  learned.  .  .  .  He  was 
a  dry,  cold  man,  resented  and  peevish^  so 
that  none  loved  him,  and  few  esteemed  him ' 

iButon  of  hit  own  Ttme,  edit.  1768,  ii. 
46).  Of  his  action  at  the  time  of  the  revo- 
lution Burnet  adds  that  'he  was  a  poor- 
spirited  and  fearful  man,  and  acted  a  very 
meanpturt  in  idl  this  great  transaction'  (to. 
iii.  28s).  Antony  Wood  at  first  caUs  lum 
'  a  clownish^  odd  Mlow '  (Xf^-  and  Times, 
ed.  Glark,  ii.  400),  but  soon  became  inti- 
mate with  him  as  an  antiquary,  and  grew 
to  love  and  respect  him.  As  a  man  of  loam- 
ing  his  industry  was  prodigious ;  the  mass 
oihis  corresuondence  in  the  Tanner  MSS.  is 
enormous.  The  opinions  of  Heame  (pref. 
to  OttbbboubmB)  p.  46)  and  Nelson  (L^  of 
Bull,  1718  edit.  pp.  864-6)  are  very  difierent 
from  that  of  Bumet,  and  the  charge  of  mo- 
foseaeas  is  frilly  refuted  by  the  stylb  of  his 
ISuniliar  letters,  which  are  pleasant,  chatty,, 
and  jocose.  He  was  munificent  in  dmrity, 
living  himself  alwaye  in  the  strictest  sim- 
plicity. Needham,  wh&  lived  with  him  from 
1686  to  1691, says:  'Hewas  themoetmous, 
humble,  good  Glnristlan  I  ever  knew  in  all  my 
life*  His  hours  for  chapel  were  at  sik  in  the 
morning,  twelve  before  dinner,  three  in  the 
afternoon,  and  nine  at  night,  at  which  time 
hewasconstantly  present,  and  alwaysdnssed. 


Sanctofidensis 


1^ 


Sandakt 


He  wi8  abetemioiw  in  Ids  did^  but  eiijoTed' 
a  pip«  of  tobacco  &tt  bieaikfilM,  attd  a  dlasb 
of  mam  at  nigiit'  CC^U  MBS:^  wuMd  br 
lyOYLT,  y.  09^  cf.;<Si(»i«  RcmarkB '  of  hia 
'  Life/  prefixed  to  hie  SermarUf  1703,  p.  99). 
On  hie  deathbed  he  repeated  moze  than  once, 
*  What  I  have  done.  I  have  done  in  the  in- 
tegrity of  my  heart.'  His  nature  was  '  pure, 
deep^  poetical,  and  religious '  Q^AirXfi|  iy.  845 ; 
cf.  Lb  NbYB,  BishopSf  &o.  i.  205-8).  In  an 
age  of  the  greatest  political  profligacy  no 
chaij^  could  be  brought  against  his  nonour. 
As  tneologian  and  pohtician  he  was  a  disciple 
of  Andtewes  and  Laud.  He  was  the  last  of 
the  old  sohool  of  eccleaiastical  statesmen,  as 
Tillotson  was  the  first  of  the.  new. 

[Tabaet  MSS. ;  manaseripts  of  Eaimaimal  Col- 
]AEe>  Cambridge*  with  information  kindlT  sap- 
pUed  Vy  th»  borsar  of  the  ooll^;  trOylfB 
Life,  2  veiB.  8?o,  1821 ;  Biogsaphia  &ritannica, 
1760,  ToL  T<;  Le  Keye's  Lives  of  the  Bishops  of 
the  Ghnreh  of  England  ^nce  the  Beformatlon, 
L  197-220^  BartMSfs  History  of  his  own  Time; 
t^ood*B  Life  and  Times ;  Lathbor/s  History  of 
the  Konjurtm;  Cratch's  Collectanea  Cnrioea; 
Heame's  Diaries,  WorUs;  Gal.  State  Papers, 
Bom. ;  HJet^  MSB.  Cottm,  Bepotla ;  Bmmanuel 
Cellege  Mag. ;  Banket  Haetonr  of  England,  y ot 
iv. ;  Modanby'iHfistary  of  England ;  Tryal  of  the 
Seven  fiishop%  8Vo, .  London^  171 9 ;  m^J^  news- 
sheets  aad  pamphletref  the  time;  Walker's 
Sni&ringft  of  the CUcgyr  Somen TjBcts:  Notes 
and  Queries,  8th  ser.  zii;  223.]       W.  H.  H. 

BAiXiyroFmmmm  joBAmrES  (d. 

1359),  theological  writer.    [See  St.  Fatten, 
JoHV  oy.] 

SANCTO  FBANOXSOO,  ANOELUS  X 
(1601-167S),  Franciscan,  water*    [Bee  AzT't 

6EL1X8.] 

SAKOTD  FEANCISOO;  BERNARD  A 

(1628-1709),   Franciscan.     [See    Eyston, 
Bebbabd.] 

8ANGT0   GEBMAirO.  JOHANNES 

2)fi  (Jl.  1170),  theologian.    [See  JoSk.] 

fiEANlDALE,  JOHN  hb  (4. 1819),  hishop 
of  Winchester  and  QhaaceUory  yrae  j^bably 
n  native  of  YorkBldre*  HJe  first  oeonrs  as 
ene  of  the  kinf^s  elerks  on  17  Oct.  1294 
(CkL  Fttt  JZbiS,.  Edward  I,  1398^1801,  p. 
98).  In  Miay  1297  hm.  wm  appointed  coit* 
tioller  of  XBceipts  in  €kucany,  whkher  ha 
aooompanied  Eomnad  of  Lsneaater  (ib»  pp* 
247,  871,686;  GcO.  Cidse  MxOUi  Edward  Ij; 
iL62,  178).  On  8  Ajmil/ 1299  he  war  sjp" 
poinl^  trtnumrer  of  St.  Patrick'ei  Doblin^ 
and  a  few  yeero later  hecame  diamoellor  of 
that  duiroh  <(M.  Fat.  JRb/Vs,  Edward  I,  ii. 
404).  In  September  1299  he  tMis  seBKi;bna 
Itoek  flBdaaion  to  Oaseony  {ib.  p^  440).    From 


1800  to  1808  hfr  was  keeper  of  eaehadfes  » 
England  {ib,  pp.  604-5;  SwBBTXAir.  ai/«  V^ 
DocufnenU  relaiing  to  Ifelundf  y.  m,  272). 
In  1804  he  was  employed  to  leyjf  a  taUMe  in 
London  {Chron,  Edward  Im^  Mc^wafd'  Ui 
i.  183^.  Previously  to  2.Noyw  1804-  he  wa» 
chamberlain  bf  Scotlmd,  and  xistainttd  tills 
poet  till  the  Old  of  the  reiffn^  beinf 'idM>eBD^ 
ployed  in  negotiation  with  the  Soots  6C%i^ 
qfDocumenU  r^Hng  to  Scotktnd,.  yoL  ii« 
passim).  In  February  1606  he  wee  ooe  of 
tbe  depnt^-guardians  of  Scotland.  AilJer. 
the  accession  of  Edward  II,.  Satidale  was^ 
on  7  Aug.  1807,  appointed  chanorilor  of  the 
exchequer  (fial,  roL  JRolk,  Edward  11^  pw 
6).  In  May  1808  he  resigned  this  poet  (A. 
p.  72),  and  from  this  time  acted  as  lieutenant 
Ibr  the  treasurer  till  6  July  1810^  when  he 
succeeded  Walter  Eeynolcls  j[q.yO  in^'  that 
post  (t!6.  p.  284).  He  had  matgned'  hie^f&cb 
before  l^Noy.  ISll  (Cat,  CIm  iic^,  Ed- 
ward II,  L  448),  probably  through  iUnessi 
fbr  in  the  fbllowing  Maicch  hewaafalselyv 
reported  to  be  dead,  and  an  order  was  nsade 
for  the  seouestration  of  hie  goods  on  aeoount 
of  his  deots  to  the  exehequer  (ib,  ii  412 ; 
J2ey.  Pai.  Dunelm.  i.  172,  iy.  102«-8)^  As  a 
royal  derk,  Sandale  receited  numeioneecele* 
siastical  benefices,  although  in  IdOff  he  waa 
still  only  subdeacon.  He  is  nMotioned'  aa 
holding  sixteen  paroohial  benefices  in  Enff* 
land,  Msides  Dunbar  in  Scotland  (CaL  Papt 
Btg.  ii.  9,  27,  88, 120 ;  Cal.  PceL  PolUiBd* 
ward  II,  pp.  Ill,  282^  480).  On  16  M^  1809 
he  was  appointed  jprebendnry  of  Dnndett^ 
and  on  11  Sept.  1810  proyoet  and  pnebendarjt 
of  Wyyeliscombe,  Wells ;  a€  Liehfield  he 
held  the  treasurerab^,  to  whkh.  he  was  ad-^ 
mitted  on  12  Jan.  1810-11 ;  at  York  he  held 
Buccessiyely  the  prebends  of  Fenton,Qeiyen- 
dale,  and  Riccall;  at  Lincofaa  that  cf  Cko*' 
perdy,  at  St.  Paul's  thsit  of  Newlngton^;.  lie 
also  held  canonries  at  Howdeni  Bbyeriey,:fliEtd 
Glasgow  (t6.pp.  115, 277,480-1 ;  LbNbvbiX 
081,  iL  140,  417,  iii.  1 84, 189, 209|  Oat,  Pofi 
IUff.ii.160).  InMayldOOEdwurdllcdllated 
Sandale  to  the  arehdeaocsuy  of  Ridunond, 
but  this  was  contested  by  the  pope^  who 
daimed  it  for  the  cardinal  FKanois  Qsietaai^ 
and  Edward  eyentnally  gaye  way  (ib,  ii.  58 } 
Gal.  Pat.  Rolk^  Edward  U,  L  111,  176-7 ; 
CaL  Chee  BoUa,  L  178, 252)«  Sandale  was 
likewise  master  of  the  'hospiisli  of  Katherine 
Without  the  Tower  («&.  L  285}.  In  ISU  ha 
was  ejbsoted  dean  ai  St.  Pauls;  but  was  not 
confirmed  in  the  office  (I«e  NBV0f,ii.-811)« 
He  receiyed  a  prebend  in  the  ooUefflate 
church  of  Orantock^  Cornwall,,  on  22  Feb. 
1815.  Murimuth  mentiona-  Sandale  as  one 
of  the  I^iglish  clerks  whose  good  benefices 
and  fiao  prebends  had  e]sacted>  ps|pal  oaiiidity! 

8b2 


Sandale 


740 


Sandby 


\o  make  %  Bpecial  reservation  (Chron.  p. 
176). 

On  4  Oct.  1812  Sandale  was  reappointed 
treaanrer,  and  on  28  Oct.  was  joined  with 
WalterdeNorwich  and  the  bishop  of  Worces- 
ter to  tdce  fines  for  respite  of  knighthood 
(Cal.  Fat.  BolU,  Edward  U,  L  601,  606). 
A  little  later  he  was  sent  to  St.  Alban's  to 
receive  ddivery  of  the  ffpods  of  Piers  Gave- 
ston  {tb.  i.  626,  668;  Tbokelowb,  p.  79). 
On  26  Sept.  1814  he  was  appointed  chan- 
cellor (Madoz,  Sist,  Exeh.  i.  76,  ii.  88>.  On 
26  July  1816  he  waa  elected  bishop  01  Win* 
Chester;  the  royal  assent  was  given  on 
6  Ang.,  and  the  temporalities  restored  on 
28  Sept.  (Le  Nevb,  iii.  12).  After  his  con* 
secration  bv  Archbishop  R^nolds  at  Can- 
terbury on  81  Oct.  (Stubb8,j22i^.  Soar,  AngL 
p.  61),  Sandale  went  abroad,  but  on  6  Dec. 
the  seal  was  restored  to  him  at  Southwark 
iCal  Clow  Bolh,  Edward  IT,  ii.  489,  448). 
Except  for  some  brief  intervals  when  he  was 
employed  in  his  diocese  and  during  a  pil* 
ffrimaffe  to  Canterbury  in  February  1818, 
Sandsle  retained  the  seal  till  9  June  1318  (t6« 
ii.  676,  692,  619\  During  the  same  year  he 
was  collector  or  the  tenth  from  the  clergy, 
and  on  16  Nov.  1818  was  reappointed  trear- 
surer.  Sandale  was  present  in  the  parliar- 
ment  at  Leicester  in  April  1818,  when  he 
swore  to  observe  the  ordinances.  On  24  Sept. 
he  took  part  at  St.  Paul's  on  the  process 
against  Robert  Bruce.  In  March  lol9,  as 
treasurer,  he  sat  to  hear  a  dispute  between 
the  mayor  and  aldermen  of  London  {Chron, 
Edward  land  Edward  II,  i.  288, 286,  ii.  64). 
He  died  on  2  Nov.  1819  at  Southwark,  and 
was  buried  in  the  church  of  St.  Mary  Oveir. 

In  the  'Floree  Historiarum'  (iii.  174), 
Sandale  is  described  as  '  vir  cunctis  aiTabilis 
et  necessarius  communitati.'  He  had  pro- 
perty at  Wheatley,  near  Doncaster,  and  in 
ISll  had  license  to  crenellate  his  house 
there  (Cal  Pat.  MolU,  Edward  II,  i.  840; 
Cal.  Inq.  po$t  mortem,  i.  292).  Edward  I 
gave  him  the  manor  of  Berghby,  Lincoln- 
colnshire,  and  Edward  H  a  house  in  the 
suburbs  of  Lincoln  (Abbrw.  Rot.  Orig.  L 166, 
196,197).  He  had  also  houses  at  Bo6ton(CSar^ 
CZoMi2o/^,Edwardn,ii.821).  Severalmem- 
bers  of  the  family  who  are  mentioned — ^viz. 
Bobert  Sandale,  John  Sandale  the  younger, 
William  Sandale,  and  GKlbert  Sandale — ^were 

Srobably  the  bishop's  nephews.  Gilbert  San- 
ale  was  prebendfuy  01  Auddand  and  lieu- 
tenant of  John  Sandale  as  treasurer  (2207. 
Pa/.  Jhmelm.  vol.  ii.  passim). 

[Chronicles  of  Edward  I  and  Edward  H, 
nores  Historiaram,  Murimoth's  Chronicle,  Re- 
gistmm  Palatinum  BunelmeDse,  Letters  from 
Northsni  Begisten  (all  in  Bolls  Ser.) ;  OMsan's 


lives  of  Bishops  of  Winchester ;  Fosses  Judges 
of  England;  Wharton,  Be  Episoopis  et  i>e- 
canis  Londinensibns,  pp.  21^17;  Le  Kere's 
Fasti,  ed«  Hardy,  passmi ;  other  authorities 
quoted.]  G.  L.  K. 

SANDARS,  THOMAS  COLLETT 
(1825-1894),  editor  of  'Justinian,'  eldest 
son  of  Samuel  Sandars  of  Lochnere,  near 
Hemel  Hempstead,  Hertfordshire,  was  bom 
in  1825.  He  matriculated  at  Balliol  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  on  80  Nov.  1848,  was  a  scholar 
from  1848  to  1849,  graduated  B.A.  in  1848 
(having  taken  first-class  honours  tin  Uteris 
humanioribus  and  the  chancellor's  Latin- 
verse  prize),  became  fellow  of  Oriel  in  1849, 
and  proceeded  M.  A.  in  1 851 .  He  was  called 
to  the  bar  in  1851,  and  was  reader  of  con- 
stitutional law  and  history  to  the  inns  of 
court  from  1865  to  1878.  He  was  one  of 
the  earliest  contributors  to  the  'Saturday 
Review,'  and  an  intimate  friend  of  James 
(afterwards  Sir  James)  FitzJames  Stephen 
[q.  v.]  He  interested  himself  in  commercial 
affairs  in  later  years,  and  went  twice  to 
Egypt  in  1877  and  1880  to  represent  the 
Association  of  Foreign  Bondholders.  He 
was  also  chairman  of  the  Mexican  Railway 
Company.  He  died  on  2  Aug.  1894  at 
Queen  Anne's  Mansions ;  he  had  married,  on 
25  May  1851,  Margaret,  second  daughter  of 
William  Hanmer  of  Bodnod  Hall,  Den- 
bighshire, and  left  a  family. 

Sandars  is  remembered  chiefly  by  his  use- 
ful edition  of  Justinian's  '  Institutes,'  which 
first  appeared  in  1858 ;  it  reached  an  eighth 
edition  in  1888. 

[Foster's  Alumni  Ozon.  1715-1880;  Oxford 
Honours  Register ;  Times,  9  Aug.  1894 ;  Leslie 
Stephen's  LUe  of  Sir  James  FitzJames  Stephen, 
pp.  163, 178, 197 ;  Foster^s  Men  at  the  Bar.] 

W.  A.  J.  A. 

SANDBY,  PAUL  (1723-1809),  waterw 
colour  painter,  engcaver,  and  caricaturist, 
son  of  Thomaa  Sandby  '  of  Babworth,'  and 

Sounger  brother  of  Thomas  Sandby  [^  ▼.],  waa 
om  at  Nottingham  in  1725.  llie  orothera 
obtained  appointments  in  the  military  draw- 
ing department  at  the  Tower  of  London  in 
1741,  and  Paul  was  employed,  after  the  sup- 
pression of  the  rebellion  in  1745-6,  to  assist 
in  the  military  surrey  of  the  new  line  of 
road  to  Fort  Qeorge,  and  of  the  northern  and 
western  parts  of  the  Highlands,  under  the 
direction  of  Colonel  David  Watson.  He  waa 
afterwards  appointed  draughtsman  to  the 
surrey,  and  ma  drawings  presented  to  the 
board  of  ordnance,  as  specimens  of  his  ability 
for  the  post,  are  now  in  the  print^room  of 
the  British  Museum.  They  include  a  sketch 
of  the  east  view  of  Edinburgh  Castle,  with 


Sandby 


74t 


Sandby 


many  figures  in  the  fbregrousd.  While  em- 
ployed on  the  surrey  he  made  a  large  number 
of  sketches  of  scenes  and  well-known  persons 
in  and  about  Edinburgh,  sixty-eight  of  which 
are  also  in  the  museum  print-xoom.  He 
made  many  others  of  the  scenery  and  anti- 
quities of  Scotland,  and  etched  two  small 
landscapes  (1747-8),  a  set  of  six  small  land- 
scapes (1748),  and  ten  fiews  of  Scotland 
(1760).  He  quitted  the  service  of  the  sur- 
yey  in  1751,  and  took  up  his  abode  for  a 
time  with  his  brother  Thomas  at  Windsor, 
where  the  latter  was  now  installed  as  dej^nty 
ranger  of  the  Great  Park.  His  next  etchings 
—eight  folio  views  of  Edinburgh  and  other 
places  in  Scotland — are  inscribed '  Windsor, 
August  1751.'  At  Windsor  he  assisted  his 
brother,  and  made  a  series  of  drawings  of 
the  castle,  the  town,  and  its  neighbourhood, 
which  were  purchased  by  Sir  Joseph  Banks. 
Some  of  these  form  port  of  the  lazffe  col- 
lection of  his  drawings  in  the  royal  library 
at  Windsor.  He  now  etched  a  great  number 
of  plates  after  his  own  drawings^  hundred 
of  whi<^  (including  the  views  of  Edinburgh, 
&c.)  were  publish^  in  a  volume  (1765)  by 
Ry umd  ana  Bryer.  In  1760  he  issued  twelve 
etchings  of '  The  Cries  of  London.'  He  also 
made  many  plates  after  other  artists,  in- 
cludinghis brother.  He  etched  David  Allan's 
illustrations  to  Ramsay's  'Gentle  Shepherd' 
(1758);  a  year  or  two  later,  in  conjunction 
with  Edward  Rooker,  engraved  tnose  by 
John  Collins  to  Tasso's '  Jerusalem  Delivered/ 
and  in  1761  he  published  *  Eight  Views  in 
North  America  and  the  West  Indies,'  from 
drawings  by  Governor  Thomas  Pownall  [q*v.] 
and  others. 

It  was  Hogarth's  'Analysis  of  Beauty' 
which  provoked  his  first  attempts  at  carica- 
ture, in  1753  and  1754  he  published  anony- 
mously several  single  plates,  m  which  hetried, 
with  more  animus  than  success,  to  turn 
Hogarth's  weapons  against  that  great  satirist 
himself.  Hogarth's  nretensions  as  an  arbiter 
of  taste,  his  want  of  education,  his  contempt 
of  the  old  masters,  his  opposition  to  public 
academies,  which  was  probably  the  prime 
cause  of  dandby's  animosity,  his  attempts  at 
*  high  art'  (especially  his  'Paul  before  Felix') 
were  among  the  themes  of  Sandby's  ridi- 
cule. Hie  caricatures  included  a  parodv  of 
Hogarth's '  Mardi  to  Finchley,'  and  a  plate 
called '  The  Burlesquer  burlesqued,'  in  which 
Hogarth  is  represented  as  a  pug-dog  painting 
a  hutorr  piece  suited  to  his  capacitir.  In  1762 
Hogarth's  political  satire,  called '  The  Times,' 
in  support  of  the  Bute  ministry,  and  his  con- 
sequent collision  with  Wilkes  and  Churchill, 
again  provoked  Sandby's  hostility,  and  pro- 
ducedsevtfal  burlesques  of  Hogarth's  prmts, 


including  'A  set  of  blocks  for  Honirth'i» 
Wigs— designed  for  the  city — see  "Worth 
Briton,"  No.  xix.'  and  'A  Touch  on  the 
"Times,"  plate  L,  or  the  "Butefyer"'  (for 
descriptions  of  Sandby's  caricatures,  see  Cat, 
of  Satirical  PrinUf  in  the  British  Museum, 
by  F.  G.  Stephens).  It  is  said  that  Sandby's 
admiration  of  Hoprth's  genius  made  him 
withdraw  his  caricatures  from  circulation, 
after  seeing  his  pictures  of  the  'Marriage 
jirla^mode,' out  as  the  latter  were  finished  and 
engraved  as  early  as  1745,  his  repentance  was 
ratner  late.  Now  and  again,  though  rarely, 
in  his  after  life  his  sense  of  the  ridiculous 
or  his  indignation  found  vent  in  caricatures. 
The  tax  on  post-horses  was  the  cause  of  ono 
in  1782,  and  balloon  ascents  (by  John  Sheldon 
and  Blanchard  from  Chelsea,  and  by  Lunardi 
from  Yauxhall)  of  others  in  1784.  Perhaps 
the  best  of  his  works  of  this  kind  was  that 
representing  Vestris,  the  famous  dancing- 
master,  giving  lessons  to  a  goose.  It  was  pub- 
lished on  a  sheet  with  some  lively  verses. 
But  Sandby's  caricatures  and  his  many  dog- 
{i^rel  verses  also  were  only  sportive  incidents 
m  his  serious  career. 

It  is  not  recorded  how  long  Sandby  lived 
with  his  brother  at  Windsor,  but  he  is  said  to 
have  spent  a  portion  of  each  year  in  London, 
and  much  of  nis  time  was  probably  spent  in 
sketching  excursions.  On  8  Mav  1757  he 
married  Miss  Anne  Stogden,  a  lady  of  much 
personal  charm,  as  apnears  by  her  portrait 
by  Francis  Cotes ;  but  lus  first  fixed  address 
which  is  recorded  is  at  Mr.  Pow's,  Dufours 
Court,  Broad  Street,  Camaby  Market,  where 
he  was  living  in  1760.  In  this  vear  he  con- 
tributed to  the  first  exhibition  of  the  Society 
of  Artists,  and  was  one  of  the  forty  artists 
who  met  at  the  Turk's  Head  Tavern ;  they 
agreed  to  meet  again  on  5  Nov.  in  the  fol- 
lowing year  at  the  artists'  feast  at  the 
Foundling  Hospital,  in  suits  of  clothes  manu- 
factured oy  the  diildren  of  the  hospital 
at  Ackwoith  in  Yorkshire.  He  exhibited 
regularly  at  the  societv's  exhibitions  (1760- 
1768),  and  was  one  of  the  first  directors  when 
it  was  incorporated  in  1765.  In  176C  ap- 
peared 'Six  Views  of  London,'  engraved  by 
Edward  Rooker  [q.  v.], after  drawings  by  him- 
self and  his  brother.  Inl768hewasanpointed 
chief  drawing^master  at  the  Royal  Military 
Academy  at  Woolwich.  On  the  formation 
of  the  Koyal  Academy  in  1768  he  was  one 
of  the  twenty-eight  members  nominated  by 
G^rgein.  He  (&en  served  upon  the  council, 
and  was  a  contributor  to  erery  exhibition 
from  1769  to  1809,  except  in  the  eight  years 
1788-^,  1789,  1796,  and  1808-5.  In  1766 
he  removed  to  Poland  Street,  and  in  1772 
purchased  No.  4  St.  George^s  Row,  Oxfocd 


Sandby 


747 


Sandby 


Baad,  now  14  Hyd^  Park  PlAce,  where  he 
liTed  tiU  hk  death. 

Though  never  a  rioh  man,  he  attained  by 
hiatale&t^  hiB  induatry^his  grenial  manners, 
and  lively  eonTonation  an  honouiable  por- 
tion in  hia  profesmon  and  in  society.  He 
ymB  a  favourite  of  Gfeorge  III  and  Queen 
Ghaiiotte.  The  younf  princee,  the  queen 
konelfyViacount  Newnham(afterwBrd8li0xd 
QaroourQ,  Sir  J.  F.  Lttceater  (afterwards 
Lord  de  TaU^),  and  the  Princess  BashkoiF 
were  saumg  his  pupils.  He  was  often  em- 
fkojeA  t4>  draw  tha  oonntnr  seats  of  the 
ftobiUty  and  gentry,  with  whom  he  became 
on  intiuMte  termS|  and  many  of  his  pupils  at 
Woolwich  remained  his  Mends  in  mer  life. 
He  gathered  round  him  a  circle  of  intel- 
lectual and  attached  fitienda,  comprising  the 
moat  distinguished  artists  and  amateurs  of 
tJbM  day.  '  His  house/ says  Qandon,  'became 
aiute  the  centre  of  attraction,  particularly 
duHng  th&  spring  and  summer  montlis,  when 
on  aach  Sunday,  after  divine  service,  his 
iriends  aseembfted,  and  formed  a  conversar 
xione  on  the  arts,  the  sciences,  and  the  general 
literature  of  the  day.'  He  was  kindly  and 
tpenereus  to  his  professional  brethren.  He 
Bought  IUehs(rd  Wilson's  pictures  when  he 
was  in  distress,  and  he  was  a  valuable  friend 
to  Beecdiey,  and  helped  to  bring  David  Allan, 
William  rars,  and  C.  L.  Qlerisseau  into  notice 
by  engnving  their  drawing. 

As  an  artist  Sandby  was  indefatigable ;  he 
travelled  over  a  great  part  of  Great  Britain, 
aketdnnff  eastl^,  cathedrals,  and  other 
ancient  ouildings  of  interest,  and  its  finest 
aeeneiy  in  days  when  travellingwas  laborious 
and  aecommodataon  uncertain.  He  visited  Ire- 
landalso.  He  was  thepioneer  oftopographical 
art  In  England,  and  aU  the  '  draughtamen '  of 
the  aext  ganeratioi^  induding  Grirtin  and 
Turner,  followed  his  footsteps.  He  was 
before  them  on  tbe  Clyde  and  in  the  High- 
lands, 'in  Yorkshire  and  Shropshire,  in 
•Warwick,  and  in  Wales,  fiy  his  drawings 
and  his  engravinrs  from  them  he  did  more 
than  any  man  had  done  before  to  inform  his 
txmntrymen  of  the  beauty  of  their  native 
Und.  Tins  is  specially  true  with  regard  te 
Wales,  which  was  then  almost  a  terra  incogs 
futa.  It  was  not  till  177d  that  he  exhibited 
a^drawingf^om  the  principality,  but  after  this 
it  was  his  favourite  sketching  ground,  and  he 
published  four  sets  (of  twdve  plates  each) 
aftorhisWeleh  drawings.  The  first  of  these 
(pttMished  I  9ept.  1775)  introduced  to  the 
vob^  his  new  process  of  engraving,  which 
he  named  '  aqoatinta.'  It  was  an  improve- 
ment'by  hamself  of  a  process  employed  by 
Jean  ttaptiate  Le  Prince,  a  French  painter 
•and  engraveri  the  secret  of  which  had  been 


purchased  from  Le  Prince  .hj  the  Hen. 
Oharies  Qreville,  and  coaummifiatod  to 
Sandby.  The  piDoeaswA8«dniiraUy  adapted 
te  inritete  theeffeet  oi  a  drawing  in  aepia  or 
indian  ink,  and  the  pviats  when  tinted  by 
hand  very  nearly  resembled  muA.  wnterooloar 
drawings  as  wene  then  prodooed.  For  a  time 
it  was  very  nopolar.  Sandby  hiflMolf  pub- 
lished mosetnan  a  hundred  aquatints  which 
are  similar  in  stae  to  the  drawings  df  Turner's 
'  Ldber  Studionim,'  the  first  of  which  was 
executed  in  aquatint..   A  list  of  his  principal 

Elates  in  this  method  will  be  fDund  in^l- 
iam  Sandb/s  'Thomas  and  Paul  Sttodby' 
(pp.  146-8). 

In  1797  Sandby  vacated  his  appeintnent 
as  drawing-master  at  the  Hoyai  Military 
OoUege  at  Woolwich.  He  received  a  pension 
of  60/.  a  year.  And  was  suooaeded  in  me  post 
bjy  his  second  son,  Thomas  Pkal,  who  mar- 
ried his  first  cousin  Harriott,  the  daughter 
of  Thomaa  Sandby.  This  was  the  only  one 
of  his  three  children  who  survived  him.  Hia 
eldest  son,  Paul,  was  in  the  army,  and  died 
in  1793;  his  only  daughter  Kancy  died 
younff.  He  himself  died  at  his  house  in 
Faddmgton  on  7  Nov.  1809,  and  was  buried 
in  the  burial-gronnd  of  St.  George's,  Han-* 
over  Square,  where  his  tomb  is  still  pre- 
served. 

Sandby  has  been  oalled^  the  fiather  of  water- 
colour  art.  Certainly,  a&  contemporary  with 
Tavemer,  an  amateur,  and. Lambert,  and  aa 
preceding  Heame,  Booker,  Malton,  Byrne, 
and  Weober  by  more  than  twenty  years,  he 
may  claim  that  title  hypriority '  (RwiflfRAVEy 
Century  of  Painters).  He  may  claim  it  also  in 
virtue  of  the  extent  of  his  influence.  Before 
his  time  wateroolour  was  used  only  to  tint 
monochrome  drawinffs.  The  coloiua  em- 
^yed  were  few  andpeoTy  and  hsd  to  be 
manufactured  by  the  artiato  thonselvea. 
Sandby  was  constantly  maldng  expenmento 
in  pigmente  and  manipulation,  and  gxaatiy 
improved  the  teehiuqua  of  the  .art.  He 
show^  the  osjpacity  «f  watereolaar  to 
render  effects  oi  light  and  air  which  had 
soaicelybeen  attempted  in  the  medium  he* 
fore,  and  he  tseatea  his  subiects  with  an 
artistic  feeling  unknown  to  tne  <  draughts- 
man' of  his  oay.  He  also  painted  land* 
scape  (generally  '  classical '  compositions)  in 
tempera  and  oils.  His  works  show  much  pep- 
soniU  observation  of  nature,  aqieeially  in 
trees  and  skies.  He  also  drewportraits  on  a 
small  scale  in  chalk  and  watoroodour,  which 
have  often  the  geaee  ^and  simplicitn^  of  Gains^ 
borou^.  A  laive  number  of  suen  portvaila 
and  wsetches  of  figures  are  contained  in 
u  folio  vc^iune  in  the  royal  library  at 
Windaor.    Among  them  are  pertnlfta  of 


Sandby 


743 


Sandby 


Kitty  FUher,  James  Gkadoa  the  avehHect, 
A^n  BaoHaT  the  poet,  Qeorge  Movland  the 
painteri  and  Jonathan  Wild,  eeveralof  him- 
eelf  ttid  his  wife,  and  many  others  of  pe^- 
sons  of  distinction  both  male  and  female* 
Many  of  Suidby's  drawings,  as  those  of  the 
*  Encampments  in  Hyde  Park'  (1780),  which 
are  also  at  Windsor,  are  enlivened  by  groups 
of  wflU-hnowneharacterBof  thetime.  Seve- 
ral inAerestinK  portraits  are  also  indaded  in 
the  luge  colfeetion  of  the  works  of  both 
the  Bandbys  whieh  has  been  formed  by 
Mr.  William  Sandby,  their  biographer,  and 
the  last  of  the  family  to  bear  tne  name. 
Many  of  his  works  are  at  the  South  Een- 
sinffton  Museum  and  in  other  public  gal- 
leries throughout  the  country.  A  large  col- 
lection of  the  works  of  Paul  and  Thomas 
Sandby  was  exhibited  at  the  Nottingham 
Museum  in  1884. 

[Thomas  and  Paul  Sandby,  by  WilHam  Sandby 
(1892),  oootains  an  exbaastiye  account  of  the 
lires  ii  both  brothers.]  C.  M. 

SANDBY,  THOMAS  (1721-1798), 
draughtsman  and  architect,  was  bom  at 
Nottingham  in  1721.  His  father,  Thomas, 
is  described  in  Thomas  Bailey's  '  History  of 
the  Oounty  of  Nottingham '  as  'of  Babworth 
in  this  oounty,'  but  he  appears  to  have  taken 
up  his  residence  at  Nottingham  early  in  the 
eybteenth  century.  Paul  Sandby  [q*  v.l  was 
his  brother.  The  Sandbys  of  Babworth  are 
said  to  have  been  a  branch  of  the  family  of 
Saundsbv  or  Be  Saundsby  of  Saundby  in 
linooInBiiire  (see  Thobotow,  Stttory  of  No^ 
tm^^UmMre),  As  a  draughtsman  and  archi- 
tect Sandby  was  self-taught  At  the  Not- 
tingham Museum  is  a  drawing  by  him  of  the 
old  town-hall  at  Nottingham,  dated  1741, 
and  a  sonth  view  of  Nottfugham,  dated  1742 ; 
and  Beeiing's  'History  of  the  Town  'contains 
engravings  of  the  castle  and  town-hall,  after 
drawoigs  ezeeuted  by  him  in  1741. 

Aoeording  to  the  'MeuMirs'  of  James 
Gandon  the  architect  (Dublin,  1846),  he  and 
his  brother  Paul  kept  an  academy  in  Notting- 
ham before  they  came  up  to  London  in  this 
year.  They  were  then  of  the  respective  ages 
of  twenty  sAd  sixteen.  Aoeording  to  Antony 
Plasquin  (John  Williams),  in  lus  '  Memoirs 
of  the  Boyal  Academicians '  (1796)  Thomas 
Sandby  eaaa  to  London  to  the  purpose  of 
having  a  view  of  Nottingham  en||;raved, 
which  had  been  eocecuted  on  principles  of 
perspective  perfected  b^  himself,  sad  had 
won  fann  repntation  in  his  native  town.  Ao- 
oordinff  to  (gandon,  on  the  other  hand,  botJii 
he  ana  his  brother  leffc  Nottingham  in  order 
to  ttloe  up  situations  in  the  miHtarv  dbnw- 
oig  department  at  the  Tower  of  London^ 


which  liad  been  procured  for  them  by  John 
Plumptre,  the  member  for  Nottingham.  In 
1743  Sandby  was  appointed  private  secretary 
and  dranghtsmanto William  Augustus,  Duke 
of  Oumbvland,  and  aooompanied  him  in  his 
camnaigns  in  Flanders  and  Scotland  (1743- 
174^.  Sandby  was  at  the  battle  of  Dettin* 
gen  m  1748.  JPasquin  says  that  he  was  ap- 
pointed draughtsman  to  the  (duef  engineer  of 
Sootland,  in  which  situation  he  was  at  Fort 
William  in  the  highlands  when  the  Pretender 
landed^  and  was  the  first  person  who  oon* 
veyed  mtelligence  of  the  event  to  the  govern* 
mentin  1745.  He  accompanied  the  duka 
in  hii  expeditions  to  check  the  rebels,  and 
made  a  sketch  of  the  battle  of  Oulloden 
wRidi  is  now  in  the  royal  library  at  Windsor 
Castle,  together  with  three  panoramic  views 
of  Fort  Augustus  and  the  surroundinff 
scenery,  showing  the  encampments,  in  174£ 
and  a  drawin^f  the  triumphal  ardi  erectea 
in  St.  James'sPark  to  commemorate  the  vic- 
tories. In  this  year  the  duke  was  appointed 
ranger  of  Windsor  Gbeat  Park,  and  selected 
Sandby  to  be  deputv  ranger;  but  Sandby 
sgain  accompanied  the  duke  to  the  war  in 
the  Netherlands,  and  probably  remained  there 
till  the  conclusion  oi  the  peace  of  Aix-la* 
Ohapelle  in  October  1748.  In  the  British 
Museum  are  four  views  by  Sandby  of  the 
camps  in  the  Low  Oountries,  covering  exten- 
sive tracts  of  country,  and  another  insoribed 
'Abbaye  prds  de  Sarlouis.'  Two  of  the 
former  are  dated  22  June  1748,  and  in  the 
royal  collection  at  Windsor  is  a  verv  elabo- 
rate drawing  of  'Diest  from  the  Uamp  at 
MQdsrt,  174&.' 

£Qs  appointment  as  deputy  rang[er  of 
Windsor  Great  Park,  which  no  held  till  his 
death,  placed  Sandby  in  a  position  of  inde- 
pendence, and  afforded  scope  for  his  talent 
both  as  an  artist  and  as  an  architect.  The 
Qxeat  Lodge  (now  known  as  Onmbarland 
Lodge)  was  enlarged  under  his  supervision 
as  a  residence  for  the  duke.  The  lower 
lodge  (of  which  two  rooms  are  preserved  in 
the  royal  conservatory)  was  ocouoied  by 
himseli.  His  time  was  now  prinoipauy  spent 
in  extensive  alterations  of  the  park,  and  in 
the  formation  of  the  Virginia  Water,  in 
which  he  was  assisted  by  his  younger  brother, 
Paul,  who  came  to  live  with  him  (see 
HxroHis's  Rutory  qf  Wmdwr  IhreH)*  A 
number  of  his  pLsns  and  drawings  illustrating 
these  works  are  preserved  in  the  royal  library 
at  Windsor  OasUe  and  in  the  Soane  Museum. 
In  December  1764  a  prospectus,  etched  by 
Paul  Sandfay,  was  issued  for  the  publication 
of  eight  folio  plates,  dedicated  to  the  Duke 
of  uumberlsnd,  illustrating  the  wodis  «t 
Virginia   Water.      They  were   drawn  1^ 


Sandby 


744 


Sandeman 


Tliomas  Sandby,  and  engrared  on  copper  by 
bis  brother  Paul  and  the  best  engravers  of 
the  day.  They  were  republished  by  Boydell 
in  1772.  A  number  of  the  original  plans 
and  designs  for  these  works  are  preserved  at 
Windsor  Gastle  and  the  Soane  Museum. 
George  111,  who  took  great  interest  in  the 
undertaking,  honoured  Sandby  with  his  confi- 
dence and  personal  friendship,  and  on  the 
death  of  William  Augustus,  JJuke  of  Cum- 
berland, in  1765,  the  King's  brother,  Henry 
Frederick  (also  Duke  of  Cumberland,  ana 
ranger  of  the  park),  retained  Sandby  as 
deputy. 

Although  devoted  to  his  work  at  Windsor 
and  preferring  a  retired  life,  it  was  Sandby's 
custom  to  spend  a  portion  of  each  year^in 
London.  He  rented  a  house  in  Great  Marl- 
borough Street  from  1760  to  1766.  He  was 
one  of  the  committee  of  the  St.  Martin's 
Lane  school,  which  issued  a  pamphlet  in 
1755  proposing  the  formation  of  an  academy 
of  art,  and  he  exhibited  drawings  at  the 
Society  of  Artists'  exhibition  in  1767,  and 
afterwards  for  some  years  at  the  Boyal 
Academy.  Both  he  and  his  brother  Paul 
were  among  the  twenty-eight  of  the  original 
members  of  the  Royal  Academy  who  were 
nominated  by  George  HI  in  1768.  He  was 
elected  the  first  professor  of  architecture  to 
the  academy,  and  delivered  the  first  of  a 
series  of  aix  lectures  in  that  capacity  on 
Monday,  8  Oct.' 1770.  The  sixth  was  illus- 
trated by  about  forty  drawings  of  buildings, 
ancient  and  modern,  including  original  de- 
signs for  a  '  Bridge  of  Magnificence,'  which 
attracted  much  attention.  He  continued 
these  lectures  with  alterations  and  additions 
annually  till  his  death.  They  were  never 
published,  but  the  manuscript  is  in  the 
library  of  the  Royal  Institute  of  British 
Architects.  The  illustrations  were  sold  with 
his  other  drawings  after  his  death. 

In  February  1769  he  competed  for  the 
Royal  Exchan^  at  Dublin,  and  obtained 
the  third  premium,  40/.  (see  Builder,  2  Oct. 
1869).  As  far  as  can  now  be  discovered, 
his  only  architectural  work  in  London  was 
fVeemasons'  Hall  in  Queen  Street,  Lin- 
coln's Inn  Fields,  which  was  opened  with 
^est  ceremony  on  23  May  1776,  when  the 
title  of  '  Grand  Architect '  was  conferred  on 
Sandby  (see  Bbitton  and  PueiN's  Illuatra- 
turns  of  ike  Public  Buildings  of  London), 
The  building  was  partially  destroyed  by 
fire  on  8  May  1883,  but  has  since  men  re- 
stored. Sandby  designed  a  carved  oak  altar- 
screen  for  St.  Geoige's  Chapel,  Windsor, 
now  replaced  by  a  reredos,  and  a  stone  bridge 
over  the  Thames  at  Staines,  opened  in  1796, 
but  removed  a  few  years  afterwards  on  ac- 


count of  its  insecurity.  He  built  several 
houses  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Windsor, 
including  St.  Leonardos  Hill  for  the  Duchese 
of  Gloucester,  and  one  for  Colonel  Deacon, 
now  known  as  Holly  Ghrove.  Designs  exist 
for  many  others  of  his  architectaral  works 
which  cannot  now  be  identified.  In  1777 
he  was  appointed,  jointly  with  James  Adam 
[q.  v.],  arcnitect  of  his  majesty's  works,  and 
in  1780  master-carpenter  of  the  same  in 
England.  Sandby  died  at  the  deputy  ranger's 
lodge  in  Windsor  Park  on  Monday,  26  June 
1798.  He  was  buried  in  the  chiu^chyard  of 
Old  Windsor. 

Sandby  was  twice  married.  The  name  of 
his  first  wife  is  stated  to  have  been  Schultz. 
His  second  wife  was  Elizabeth  Venables 
(1733-1782),  to  whom  he  was  married  on 
26  April  1753.  She  had  a  dowry  of  2,000/., 
and  bore  him  ten  children,  six  of  whom  (five 
daughters  and  one  son)  survived  him.  It  is 
to  be  observed  that  in  his  will,  and  in  some 
simple  verses  addressed  to  his  daughters  after 
their  mother's  death,  he  names  four  only, 
Harriott,  Charlotte,  Maria,  and  Ann,  omit- 
ting his  eldest  girl,  Elixabeth,  who  was  twice 
married,  and  is  said  to  have  died  about  1809 
(see  WiLLiAX  Sakbbt'b  Thomae  and  Paul 
Sandby,  pp.  176-80),  His  daughter  Harriott 
married  (1786)  Thomas  Paul,  the  second  son 
of  his  brother  Paul,  and  kept  house  for  her 
father  after  her  mother's  death.  Eiffht  of 
her  thirteen  children  were  bom  at  the  deputy 
ransrer's  lodge. 

Tnough  he  was  self-educated  as  an  archi- 
tect, and  left  few  buildings  by  which  his 
capacity  can  be  tested,  the  hall  of  the  fi«e- 
masons  shows  no  ordinary  taste,  while  of  his 
skill  as  an  engineer  and  landscape-gardener 
Windsor  Great  Park  and  Yirgmia  Water 
are  a  permanent  record.  He  was  an  excel- 
lent and  versatile  draughtsman,  and  so  skil- 
ful in  the  use  of  watercoiour  that  his  name  de- 
serves to  be  associated  with  that  of  his  brother 
Paul  in  the  hist<»y  of  that  branch  of  art.. 

[Sandb/s  Thomas  and  Paul  Saodby,  1892.1 

O.  M, 

SANDEMAN,  ROBERT  (1718-1771)^ 
Scottish  sectary,  eldest  son  of  David  Sande- 
man, merchant  and  magistrate  ^1735-68) 
of  Perth,  was  bom  at  Perth  in  1718.  After 
being  apprenticed  at  Perth  as  a  linen-weaver, 
he  stuoied  a  session  or  two  at  Edinburffb 
University.  While  hesitating  between  meai- 
cine  and  the  church  as  his  future  profession, 
he  came  under  the  influence  of  John  Glas 
Hq.  v.],  whose  reli^ous  views  he  adopted. 
Returning  to  Perth  m  1736,  he  married  in  the 
following  year  Gks's  daughter  Katharine 
{d.  1746),  and  entered  into  partnership  with 


Sandeman 


'45 


Sandeman 


his  brothfiTy  William  Sandeman,  aa  a  linen 
mannfacturer.  From  this  business  he  with* 
drew  in  1744,  on  bein^  appointed  an  elder  in 
the  Qlassite  oommnnion.  He  exercised  his 
ministry  successively  at  Perth,  Dundee,  and 
Edinburgh,  and  became  widely  known  by 
his  'Letters'  (1767)  in  criticism  of  the 
'Dialogues  between  Theron  and  Aspasio' 
by  James  Hervey  (1714-1758)  [q.  v.]  This 
puUication  led  to  a  controversy  with  samuel 
Pike  [q.vO*  ^^^  ultimately  became  his 
disciple,  in  1760  Sandeman  removed  to 
Lonaon,  where  he  gathered  a  oon^gation 
at  Glovers'  Hall,  Beech  Lane,  Barbican.  It 
was  soon  transferred  to  a  building,  formerly 
the  Friends'  meetinff-house,  in  Bull  and 
Mouth  Street,  St.  Martin's-le-Grand.  His 
writings  and  preaching  attracted  attention. 
Among  those  who  went  to  hear  him  was 
'William  Bomaine  [(}.  v.j] 

On  the  urgent  invitation  of  his  followers  in 
New  England,  Sandeman  sailed  from  Glasgow 
for  Boston  on  10  Aug.  1764,  with  James  Car- 
gill  and  Andrew  Olifant.  The  first  church  of 
his  connexion  was  founded  at  Portsmouth, 
New  Hampshire,  on  4  May  1765.  He  suc- 
ceeded in  planting  other  churches  in  New 
England,  but  the  success  of  his  mission  was 
hindered  by  his  warmth  in  urging  the  duty  of 
loyalty  to  the  mother  country  at  a  critical 
time  in  American  politics.  In  March  1770 
he  was  brought  to  trial  by  the  authorities  of 
Connecticut.  He  died  at  Danbury,  Con- 
necticut, on  2  April  1771.  His  interment 
there  was  the  signal  for  a  hostile  display  of 
political  feeling. 

Sandeman  aaded  nothing  to  the  principles 
of  theology  and  church  polity  adopted  by 
Glas;  but  his  advocacy  gave  them  vogue, 
and  the  relijjfious  community  which  is  still 
called  Glassite  in  Scotland  is  recognised  as 
Sandemanian  in  England  and  America. 

He  published :  1.  '  A  Letter  to  Mr.  W. 
Wilson .  . .  concerning  Ruling  Elders,'  1736, 
16mo.  2.  '  Letters  on  Theron  and  Aspasio,' 
1757,  2  vols.  8vo  (often  reprinted) ;  a  contri- 
bution to  the  controversy  excited  by  the 
w^-known  'Dialoj^ues'  of  James  Hervey 
fq.  v.]  8.  'An  Epistolary  Correspondence 
between  . . .  Pike  and  . . .  Sandeman,'  1758, 
8vo',  in  Welsh,  1766, 12mo.  4.  'An  Essay  on 
Plreachin^,' 176dy  12mo.  5. 'SomeThouriits 
on  Christianity,'  Boston,  New  England,  1764, 
12mo.  Posthumous  were :  6.  *  The  Honour 
of  Marriage,'  1777,  8vo ;  Edinbui^h,  1800, 
12mo.  7.  'An  Essay  on  the  Sons  of  Solo- 
mon,' 1808,  12mo.  8.  '  Letters,^  Dundee, 
1851,  8vo.  9.  'Discourses  on  Passages  of 
Scripture:  with  Essays  and  Letters  • . .  with 
a  Biographical  Sketch,'  Dundee,  1857, 8vo. 
In  '  Christian  Songs,'  Path,  1847,  8vo,  are 


nineteen  pieces  of  reli^ous  verse  by  Sande* 
man,  of  no  poetical  merit. 

[Wilson's  DiflseDting  Charchen  of  London, 
1810,  iii.  220,  274  sq.  884;  Biography  by 
D.  M[itchol8on]  in  Disoonrses,  1867  (portmit, 
vearinj;  wig);  Anderson's  Scottish  Nation, 
1873.  iii.  401 ;  Thornton's  life  of  Sir  Robert 
Sandeman,  1895,  p.  2;  authorities  in  art.  on 
OiJLS.]  A  G. 

SANDEMAN,  Sib  ROBERT  GROVES 
(1885-1892),  Indian*  officer  and  admini- 
strator, bom  on  26  Feb.  1885  at  Perth,  was 
son  of  G^eral  Robert  TumbuU  Sandeman 
of  the  East  India  Company's  service,  by 
his  wife,  whose  maiden  name  was  Barclay. 
The  family  was  lon^  connected  with  Perth, 
members  of  it  having  filled  various  muni- 
cipal offices  since  17&  [see  Sandexait,  Ro- 
bbbt].  Robert  was  educated  at  Perth  Aca- 
demy and  at  St.  Andrews  University.  In 
1856  he  was  appointed  to  the  Sdrd  Bengal 
infantry,  his  father's  regiment,  which,  though 
disarmed  at  a  time  of  supreme  anxiety,  re- 
mained faithful  throughout  the  mutiny,  and 
afterwards  had  its  arms  publicly  restored. 
From  it  Sandeman  was  transferred  to  Pro- 
byn's  Horse,  now  the  11th  (Prince  of  Wales's 
Own)  Bengal  lancers,  with  whom  he  saw 
some  service,  taking  part  in  storming  Dil* 
khusha,  in  the  capture  of  Lucknow,  and  other 
minor  operations  in  which  he  was  twicfr 
severely  wounded.  He  was  selected  to  carry 
despatches  to  Sir  John  Lawrence,  who  ap- 
pointed him  to  the  Punjab  commission.  He 
thus  gained  an  opportunity  of  distinction  of 
which  he  took  full  advantage. 

To  the  performance  of  administrative  and 
magiBteriai  duties  Sandeman  brought  pa- 
tience and  ]^rtinacity  curbed  by  much  cau- 
tious sagaci^.  In  1866,  as  magistrate  of 
Dera  Ghazi  Khan,  an  arid  and  unattractive 
trans-Indus  district  of  the  Punjab,  he  used 
his  utmost  endeavours  to  obtain  influence 
with  the  tribes  within  and  beyond  the 
border.  He  succeeded  by  irregular  methods 
which  were  often  viewed  unfavourably  by 
the  chief  officer  of  the  Sind  frontier,  who 
had  the  control  of  the  Baluch  tribes.  But 
Sandeman  was  supported  by  the  Punjab 
government,  whose  opinions  were  ultimately 
adopted  by  the  government  of  India.  Wheit 
thepolicy  of  non-intervention  adopted  byLord 
Lawrence  and  his  school  was  abandoned, 
Sandeman  endeavoured,  by  securing  the 
acquaintance  and  good-will  of  neighbouring 
chie&,  to  strengthen  the  defences  of  the- 
frontier.  In  1876  he  conducted  negotiations 
which  led  to  a  treaty  with  the  khan  of 
Khalat.  The  value  of  his  work  was  reoog-* 
nised  at  the  Delhi  ^  assemblage,  where,  oa 
1  Jan.  1877,  he  was  made  C.S.I.  On  21  Feb* 


Sandemah 


746 


Sanders 


lollowmg  he  was  eazetted  agent  to  the 
governor-general  in  fialnchistin,  and  he  held 
that  post  for  the  rest  of  his  life.  In  July 
1879,  when  holding  the  rank  of  major,  he 
was  made  KG.S.L 

During  the  Ai^n  war  of  1879-^ 
the  fideLty  of  tihe  Balaohis  under  Sande- 
man's  control  waa  aevevely  tested  when  the 
news  of  the  disaster  at  Maiwand  (27  July 
1880)  spread  through  the  country.  Some 
tribes  rose,  attacked  &e.outpost8,  and  blocked 
the  roads;  but  Sandeman,  trusting  the 
people,  made  over  his  stores  in  out-etations, 
ana  those  poets  themselves,  to  the  charge  of 
the  village  headmen,  and  was  thus  set  free 
to  assist  the  troops  who  were  in  evil  plight 
at  Kandah&r.  Order  was  soon  restored  by 
his  good  management,  and  the  zeal  and 
«nergy  displayea  were  brought  to  the  notice 
<»f  the  queen.  In  September  1880  Oeneral 
Sir  Frederick  (afterwards  Lord)  Roberts, 
when  on  his  way  to  the  scene  of  war,  stayed 
with  Sandeman  at  Quetta,  and  Sandeman 
effectively  aided  Sir  Frederick  Roberts  in  the 
transport  service  to  Quetta  and  Kandahar. 
''  He  was,*  Lord  Roberts  wrote  of  Sandeman, 
^  intimatelv  acquainted  with  every  leading 
man  [of  the  native  tribes],  and  there  was 
not  a  village,  however  out  of  the  way,  which 
he  had  not  visited '  (Lobd  Robbbtb,  Forty" 
oiM  Years  in  Indian  ii.  872-3).  '  After  the  war 
he  was  instrumental  in  adding  to  the  empire  a 
new  province,  of  much  stratcuric  importance, 
^commanding  the  passes  into  South  A^hani- 
stan,  and  access  to  three  trade-routes  between 
Persia,  Kandahir,  and  British  India.  .  .  . 
Outside  the  limits  of  the  new  province,  in 
the  mountain  region  westward  of  the  Suli- 
mans,  between  the  Gumal  river  and  the 
Man!  hills,  he  opened  out  hundreds  of  miles 
of  highway,  through  territories  till  then 
unknown,  and,  in  concert  with  the  surround- 
ing Pat&n  tribes,  made  them  as  safe  as  the 
highways  of  British  India. .  .  .  But  perhaps 
the  most  important  of  his  achievements  was 
this — ^that  he  succeeded  in  revolutionising 
the  attitude  of  the  government  of  India 
towards  the  frontier  tribes,  and  made  our 
*'  sphere  of  influence  "  on  the  western  border 
no  longer  a  mere  diplomatic  expression,  but 
a  reality '  (Thokktoit). 

Sandeman's  last  days  were  spent  at  Lus 
Beyla,  the  capital  of  a  small  state  on  the  Sind 
frontier  about  120  miles  north-west  of  Kur- 
rachi.  He  had  gone  thither  in  hope  of  healing 
a  misunderstanding  between  the  chief  and  his 
eldest  son,  and  to  arrange  for  carrying  on 
the  affiurs  of  the  state.  After  a  short  ilhiess 
be  died  there  on  29  Jan.  1892,  and  over  his 
grave  the  j&m  or  chief  caused  a  handsome 
dome  to  be  erected.    The  governor-general, 


Lord  Lansdowne,  issued  a  notification  in 
the  ^  Gazette '  of  India,  dated  6  Feb.*  in  which 
testimony  was  borne  to  Sandeman's  good 
qualities,  and  his  death  was  lamented  as  a 
public  misfortune. 

He  marriedf  firsti  in  1864,  Oatiieruiei 
daughter  of  John  Allen,  esq.,  of  Kirkby  Lons- 
dale ;  and  secondly,  on  17  Jan.  1882,  Helen 
Kate,  daughter  of  Lieutenant-oolonel  John 
William  Gaisford  of  donee,  co.  Mealh.  Tbere 
is  an  excellent  portrait  of  Sir  Robwt  Sande- 
man, by  the  Hon.  John  Collier^  which  is 
reproduced  in  his  biography. 

[Colonel  Sir  Bobert  Sandeman,  by  Thomas 
Henry  Thornton,  0.8.L,  B.CL.,  1896;  Athe- 
nnum,  20  Jaly  1895 ;  personal  knowledge.] 

W.  B-T. 

SANDERS.    [See  also  Saunders.] 

SANDERS  alias  BAma,  FRANCIS 
(;i648-1710),  Jesuit,  bom  in  Woiceetershire 
in  1648,  pursued  his  humanity  studies  in  the 
college  at  St.  Omer,  and  went  through  his 
higher  course  in  the  English  GoUege/fiome, 
which  he  entered  as  a  convictor  or  boarder 
on  6  Nov.  1667.  He  took  the  college  oath 
on  27  Jan.  1668-9,  and  was  ordained  as  a 
secular  priest  on  16  April  1672.  He  was 
admittea  into  the  Sode^  of  Jesus  at  Rome, 
by  the  father-general,  Obva,  on  4  Jan.  1678- 
1674,  and  left  for  Watten  to  make  hk  novice^ 
ship  on  5  April  or  4  June  1674.  He  was 
prGsessed  of  the  four  vows  on  16  Aug.  1684. 
A  catalogue  of  the  members  of  tiie  society, 
drawn  up  in  1693,  states  that  he  took  the 
degree  of  D.D.  at  Cologne,  and  had  been 
prefect  of  studies  and  vice-rector  of  the  col- 
lege at  Lidge,  and  of  the  *  College  of  St. 
Ignatius,  Looidon.'  He  was  anointed  con* 
feasor  to  the  exiled  king,  James  II,  at  Saint* 
Gtermain^  and  attended  that  monarch  dnrinff 
his  last  illness  (Olajbxb,  Z^e  <f  James  I!, 
ii.  598).  He  died  at  Saint-Germain  on 
19  Feb.  1709-10. 

The  Jesuit  father,  fVan^s  Bretonnean, 
published  '  Abr^  de  la  Vie  de  Jacques  II, 
Koy  de  la  Grand&  Bretaffne,  &c.  T116  d'un 
6crit  Anglois  du  R.  P.  ^an^ois  Anders,  de 
la  Compagnie  de  Jesus,  Con&sseur  de  Sa 
Majesty,'  Paris,  1708, 12mo.  This  appeared 
in  English,  under  the  title  of:  'An  Abridge 
ment  of  the  Life  of  James  H  .  .  .  extracted 
fiom  an  English  Manuscript  of  the  Rove* 
rend  Father  Francis  Sanders  .  •  .  done  out 
of  French  from  the  Paris  edition,'  London^ 
1704.  An  Italian  tranalation  was  published 
at  Milan  in  1703,  and  at  f\srrara  in  1704; 
and  a  Spanish  translation,  by  F^eesoo  de 
Medyana  y  Vargaa,  appeared  at  Ca<tti  in 
1707, 4ta 

Sanders  translatad  ftom  the  Fzeaeh  vev» 


Sanders 


747 


Sanders 


-uLm '  The  Pnctioe  of  Chxiatian  Perfection^* 
by  Father  Alphonsiii  BodrigueB,  S.  J.^  3  pta. 
homdon,  1697«-9,  4to.  This  traaiUtian  has 
beat  several  times  leprinted  in  Englsnd, 
Ireluid,  and  the  United  States. 

[De  Backer,  Blbl.  des  fertraina  de  la  Com- 
pagnie  de  J^a,  1876,  iii.  634 ;  Foley's  Beooxda, 
T.  ]M,S18,  Ti.4l2,  tU.  888;  Hdme'bOarloiiattis- 
eaUaaeova  FraameDta,  181  A,  p.  14)4;  Loiwa(Wa 
BibL  Man.  ed.  Boho,  pp.  266,  2186 ;  Notes  and 
Qneiiaa,  2nd  aar.  vii  132;  Oliver's  Jesuit  Golr 
lectioDs.  p.  186.]  T.  G. 

SANDERS,  FRANCIS  WILLIAMS 
(1769>1881),  conyeyaneer,  eldest  son  of  John 
Williams  Sanders  of  the  island  of  Neris, 
West  Indies,  bom  in  1760,  was  admitted,  on 
80  April  1787,  a  member  of  Lincoln's  Inn, 
where,  after  some  years  of  pupilage  to  John 
Stanley,  attorney-ffeneral  or  the  Leeward 
Islands,  and  M.F.  for  Hastiiigs,  1784-1801, 
he  beganpraetiee  as  a  certi&ated  oonyey<- 
aneer.  He  was  called  to  the  bar  in  Hilary 
term  1803.  He  gave  evidence  before  the 
real  property  law  commission  appointed  in 
1828,  and  was  afterwards  added  to  the  com- 
miesi<m,  of  which  he  signed  the  second  report 
in  1880.  He  died  at  his  house,  5  Upper 
Montagu  Street,  Russell  Square,  on  1  May 
1881.  Sanders  was  author  of  a  profe»- 
flional  treatise  of  deservedly  hiffh  repute  en- 
titled '  An  Essay  on  Uses  and  Trusts,  and 
on  the  Nature  and  Operation  of  Conveyances 
at  Common  Law,  ana  of  those  which  derive 
their  effect  from  the  Statute  of  Usee,'  Lon- 
don, 1791, 1799  (2  vols.  8vo\  1818  (2  vols. 
8vo);  6th  edit.,  by  George  William  Sanders 
and  John  Warner,  1844  (2  vols.  8vo).  San- 
ders also  edited  the  'Reports'  of  John  Tracy 
Atkyns  [q.  v.],  and  published  in  1819  a 
learned  tract  entitled  *  Surrenders  of  Copy- 
hold Property  considered  with  reference  to 
Future  and  Springing  Uses,'  London,  8vo. 

[Linooln'a  Inn  Reg.;  Gent.  Mag.  1881,  i. 
476;  Leffal  Obsenrer,  1881.  ii.  84;  Law  List, 
1705;  Bndf^an's  L^gal  Bibliography;  Marnn'a 
Legal  Bibkography ;  Allibone's  IMet.  Engl.  Lit.; 
B<al  Property  Law  Oommiasion,  IstBep.  (1829), 
p.  121.  2nd  Rep.  (1830),  p.  66.]        J.  M.  B. 

SANDERS,  GEORGE  (1774-1846),por- 

trait-fMunter,  was  bom  at  Kinghom,  l^ife- 

shire^  in  1774,  and  educated  at  Edinburgh. 

There  he  was  appientioed  to  a  coaahr]jaiater 

named  Smeaton,  and  afterwards  praoused  as 

«  miniature-painter  aad  drawing-master,  and 

designer  of  book  illustrations.  At  that  period 

he  asEecttted  a  paaomma  of  Edinburgh  taken 

'from  the  guaitUUp  in  LeiUi  roads.    Before 

1807  Sanders  ca«ys  to  London,  where,  after 

'WaMog  as  a  miniaturist  for  a  few  years»  he 

.establifloed  himself  as  a  painter  ef  ule^sized 


portraits  in  oil.  Though  of  limited  abilitiaty 
ne  was  for  a  time  a  very  fiishionable  artist, 
and  obtained  hi^  W^om,  as  much  as  800C 
being  paid  for  his  porfarait  of  Lord  Londoa- 
derry.  HeusuaUyrepresentedlusnialssifateBB 
in  faiu^  dress.  His  portraits  of  the  Dukes  of 
Buckinriiam,  DevQnsiiire,  and  Rutland,  Lord 
Dover,  LordFalmonth,  the  Duchess  of  Marl- 
borough, Mr.  W.  CavandiHh,  and  Sir  W. 
Forbes,  were  well  engravad  by  J.  Bumet, 
0.  Turner,  H.  Meyer,  and  othen.  Simders 
painted  several  pertasaitsofLocdBvron;  one, 
dated  1607,  was  engraved  whola4ength  by 
E.  Finden  as  a  frontispiece  to  his  '  Works^* 
1882,  and  half-length  for  Finden's  'Illustza. 
tions  to  Lord  Byron's  Works,'  1884 ;  another, 
representing  the  poet  standing  by  his  boaty 
ot  which  a  plate  by  W.  Finden  was  pub- 
lished in  1881,  is  well  known.  He  also 
painted  a  miniature  of  Byron  for  his  sister, 
Mrs.  Leigh,  which  was  engrsTed  for  the 
*  Works,'  but  cancelled  at  Byron's  request. 
Sanders  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy  in 
1834  only,  sendinff  then  five  portraits, which 
were  severely  criticised  at  the  time(AB90Lii, 
Ubrary  of  the  Fine  Arte,  iv.  143).  He  fre- 
quently visited  the  continent,  and  made 
watercolour  copies  of  eelebnited  pictures  by 
Dutch  and  Flemish  masters;  twentv^-three 
of  these  are  now  in  the  National  GhJlery  of 
Scotland.  He  died  at  AUsop  Terrace,  New 
Road,  London,  on  26  March  1846. 

George  Sanders  has  been  confuaed  with 
George  Lethbridge  Saunders  (1807-1868), 
miniature-painter,  frequently  exhibiting  at 
the  Royal  Academy  between  182^  sad  1668 ; 
he  died  at  Bristol  on  25  Aug.  1868. 

[Bedgrave'e  Diet,  of  Artists;  Oat.  of  the 
Seottiah  National  Gallery;  Bojal  Academy 
Gatalognes;  OonoUy's  Fifeshire  Biography, 
1866,  p.  890 ;  Byron^s  W<Mrka,  1832.  ii.  176, 180, 
187 :  Times,  28  March  1846.}       F.  M.  CD. 

SANDERS  or  SAUNDERS,  JOHN 
(1760-1825^,  painter,  bom  in  London  in  1750, 
appears  to  nave  been  the  son  of  John  Saun* 
ders,  a  pastel-painter  of  merit,  who  practised 
at  Norwich,  Stourbridge  in  Worcestershire, 
and  elsewhere.  Sanders  waa  a  atudentat 
the  Royal  Academy  in  1769,  and  obtained  a 
ailver  medal  in  1770.    He  first  appears  as 


portrait ;  in  1778  '  Jael  and  Sisera'  and  three 
portraits ;  and  continued  to  exhibit  pictures 
in  oil  and  crayon,  and  drawings,  for  some 
^ears.  During  these  years  he  was  resident 
m  Great  Ormond  Street,  and  in  1775  npyeam 
in  the  catalogue  of  tha  Royal  Aeadem^  as 
'John  Saunders,  junior.'  PessiUyamneof 
the  works  mentioned  above  ware 


Sanders 


748 


Sanders 


by  his  father.  In  1778  he  removed  to  Nor- 
wich, but  continued  to  contribute  to  the 
Boy(d  Academy  portraits,  including  one  of 
Dr.  Crotch  the  musician,  and  views  of  Nor- 
wich Cathedral.  In  1790  he  removed  to 
Bath,  where  he  practised  for  many  years 
with  success  as  a  portrait-painter.  A  portrait 
of  Judith,  countess  of  Radnor  (at  Longford 
Castle),  painted  in  1821,  is  a  very  good 
example  of  his  work.  He  is  mentioned  by 
Madame  d'Arblay  in  her  '  Journal' as  paint- 
ing a  portrait  of  Princess  Charlotte  of 
Wales.  Sanders  died  at  Clifton  in  1825. 
Durinff  his  residence  at  Norwich,  about 
1780,  he  married  Miss  Arnold  of  that  town, 
by  whom  he  left  five  daughters  and  one  son, 
John  Arnold  Sanders,  bom  at  Bath  about 
1801,  who  practised  with  some  success  as  a 
landscape-painter  in  London,  and  was  popu- 
lar as  a  orawing-master ;  he  emigrated  to 
Canada  in  1882. 

[Redgrave  8  Diet,  of  Artists ;  Graves's  Diet,  of 
Artists,  1760-1893;  Notes  and  Queries,  7th 
ser.  vi.  461,  vii.  96,  184;  information  from 
Percy  E.  Clark,  esq.]  L.  0. 

&ANDEBS  or  SANDER,  NICHOLAS 
(1580  P-1581K  controversialist  and  historian, 
was  one  of  tne  twelve  children  of  William 
Sanders  of  Aston,  one  time  high  sheriff  of 
Surrey,  by  Elizabeth  Mynes,  his  wife.  His 
ancestors  had  been  settled  in  the  county  of 
Surrey  from  the  time  of  King  John,  first  at 
Saoiderstead,  and,  in  the  reign  of  Edward  II, 
at  Sander  Place,  or  Charlwood  Place,  in  the 
parish  of  Charlwood,  where  Nicholas  was 
Dom  about  1580.  Two  of  his  sisters  became 
nuns  of  Sion,  and  a  third  married  Henry 
Pits,  the  father  of  John  Pits  [q.  vj,  the  author 
of  the  '  De  Illustribus  Angua)  Scriptoribus.' 
Nicholas  was  admitted  scholar  of  Winchester 
College  in  1540, '  aged  10'  (Eibbt,  Winches- 
ter S^olars^  p.  128).  He  became  scholar  of 
New  College,  Oxford,  6  Aug.  1546,  and  fellow 
6  Aug.  1548,  and  graduated  B.C.L.  in  1551 
(Wood,  Feutij  i.  182).  He  gave  public  lec- 
tures on  canon  law,  and  in  1557  he  delivered 
the  oration  at  the  reception  of  Cardinal  Pole's 
visitors  to  the  university. 

Shortly  after  the  accession  of  Elizabeth  he 
went  abroad  (1559)  under  the  guidance  of 
Sir  Francis  Englefield,  who,  as  Sanders  grate- 
fully acknowlMged  {De  Visib.  Monarchia), 
became  his  main'support  for  the  next  twelve 
years.  He  at  fint  went  to  Rome,  where  he 
was  befriended  by  Cardinal  Morone,  created 
doctor  of  divinity,  and  ordained  priest  by 
Thomas  Gbldwell  [q.  v.],  bishop  of  St.  Asaph. 
Bo  high  did  his  reputation  stand  already  that, 
as  early  as  10  Nov.  1559  (if  we  may  trust 
the  date  assigned  to  an  extract  from  the 


letter>book  of  Sir  Thomas  Chaloner),  the* 
friends  of  Sanders  were  umng  the  long  of 
Spain  to  obtain  for  him  mm  the  pope  m. 
cardinal's  hat,  that  the  English  might  nave  a 
man  of  credit  to  solicit  their  causes  (WBiftirr,, 
Eliz.  i.  7;  Cal.  State  Papers,  Foreign,  Elii. 
No.  286 ;  cf,  Stbtpb,  Parker,  p.  217). 

In  1561  he  was  taken  by  Stanislaus  Hosius, 
the  cardinal  legate,  to  the  council  of  Trent, 
and  he  subsequently  attended  Hosius  on  hi» 
important  mission  to  Prussia,  Poland,  and 
Lithuania.  At  this  same  time  (1568-4)  he 
formed  also  an  intimate  friendship  with 
Commendone,  then  apostolic  nuncio  to  the 
king  of  Poland,  and  afterwards  cardinal. 
From  1565  to  1572  he  made  his  headquar- 
ters at  Louvain,  where  his  mother  was  then 
living  in  exile.  Here  he  was  appointed  regiu» 
professor  of  theologv  at  the  university ;  and, 
in  company  with  a  band  of  English  scholars, 
for  the  most  part  Wykehamists  like  himself, 
viz.  Harding,  Stapleton,  Dorman,  Povnts, 
Rastall,  and  the  printer  Fowler,  he  threw 
himself  ardentlv  into  the  controversy  pro- 
voked by  the  umous  challenge  of  fiishop 
Jewel,  and  published  a  series  of  volumes  in 
both  Latin  and  English.  For  a  few  month» 
in  1566  he  was  at  Auffsburg  in  attendance 
upon  Ck>mmendone,  wno  was  assisting  at 
the  imperial  diet  as  cardinal  iM^te;  and, 
shortly  afterwards,  Sanders  and  Vr,  Thomas 
Harding  were  appointed  by  the  pope  in  coa- 
sistory  as  apostolic  delMfates,  witn  powers  to 
grant  to  priests  in  England  faculties  to  ab- 
solve from  heresy  and  schism,  and  wertfr 
piven  a  special  commission  to  make  known 
m  England  the  papal  sentence  that  under  no 
circumstances  could  attendance  at  theAngli* 
can  service  be  tolerated.  liawrence  Yaux, 
the  ex-warden  of  the  collegiate  church  of 
Manchester,  conveyed  the  commission  from 
Rome  to  the  two  priests  at  Ijouvain,  and  at 
their  earnest  request  Vaux  went  himself  into 
England,  carrying  with  him  from  Sanders  a 
manifesto,  in  the  shape  of  a  pastoral  letter, 
which  created  some  considerable  stir  (Fuller, 
Church  Hist,  ed.  1887,  ii.  481).  Sanders  in- 
sisted upon  the  same  doctrine  in  a  preface  to 
his  'Treatise  of  Images,'  1567.  His  great 
work, '  De  Yisibili  Monarchia  Ecclesin/  the 
argument  of  which  had  been  suggested  to 
him  in  conversations  with  Commendone,  ap- 
peared in  the  summer  of  1571,  prefaced  with 
a  dedication  to  Pius  V,  and  letters  to  hia 
three  patrons  already  mentioned,  the  Cardi*- 
nals  Morone,  Commendone,  and  Hoeaos, 
whom  he  used  to  call  'cardinalis  mens/ 
These  epistles  are  the  chief  sources  of  our 
information  regarding  Sanders's  career  up  to 
that  date.  The  book  is  historically  ralnable 
as  containing  the  first  attempt  to  compile  % 


Sanders 


749 


Sanders 


deseriptive  list  of  the  cleijgy  and  principal 
laity  who  suffered  exile,  imprisonment,  or 
oUier  losses  for  recusancy.  The  strong-  ultra- 
montane position  maintained  by  him  through- 
out the  work,  his  marked  approval  of  them- 
surrection  of  1669,  and  of  the  bull  of  deposi- 
tion, with  his panegrricsof  Dr.  Story,FeIton, 
and  others  who  hiul  died  refusing  idlegiance 
to  the  queen,  provoked  the  bitterest  hostility 
in  EngLuid,  and  the  book  became  subse- 
quently a  source  of  dangerous  questionings 
and  torments  to  captured  priests  (BuBOHLET, 
SxeaUion  0/ Justice,  sig.  £,  ii. ;  Alleit,  D^ 
fence,  pp.  61-6 ;  Butleb,  Afemoire,  i.  426). 
In  the  previous  year  Sanders  had  printed  a 
more  formal  treatise  in  defence  or  the  bull 
of  Pius  V,  so  extremely  outspoken  as  to 
cause  alarm  to  his  more  prudent  friends; 
and  in  proof  of  the  moderation  of  the  exiles 
and  seminarists  in  general,  Allen,  in  his 
reply  to  Burghlev,  written  fourteen  years 
later,  declares  that  Sanders  had  himself 
withdrawn  and  utterly  suppressed^  the  tract 
in  question, '  no  copie  thereof  that  is  knowen 
being  now  extant '  (p.  65). 

Immediately  after  the  publication  of  the 
'De  Monarcma,'  Sanders  received  a  sum- 
mons to  Bome,  and  the  supposition  or  hope 
of  his  friends  uiat  he  was  now  to  be  raised 
to  the  purple  was  probably  not  without 
ground.  B^  left  Louvain  towards  the  end 
of  January  1572.  Pius  V,  however,  died  on 
1  May  following.  In  October  Northumber- 
land, Leonard  j3acre,  and  Englefield  were 
writing  to  the  cardinal  of  Lorraine  begffing 
him  to  accredit  Sanders,  as  a  staunch  adhe- 
rent of  the  Queen  of  Scots,  to  Ghregory  XIU, 
and  in  November  157S  Sandera  was  in 
Madrid  bearing  letters  to  the  king  and 
nuncio.  Here  ne  remained  in  high  mvour 
with  tbe  Spanish  court  and  in  receipt  of  a 
pension  <rf  three  hundred  ducats  from  Philip. 
His  whole  energies  were  now  directed  to- 
wards the  dethronement  of  Elizabeth  in 
favour  of  a  catholic  sovereign.  He  is,  how- 
ever, reported  to  have  advised  Philip  not  to 
claim  the  crown  for  himself  by  right  of  con- 
quest or  by  a  ffrant  from  the  pope,  but  to 
content  himself  with  the  regency  in  the 
name  of  Queen  Mary  or  her  son.  He  soon 
grew  impatient  with  the  apparent  timidity 
of  the  Spanish  king.  On  6  Nov.  1577  he 
wrote  in  cipher  to  Dr.  Allen,  'We  shall 
have  steady  comfort  but  from  Gbd,  in  the 
pope  not  the  kinff.  Therefore  I  beseech  you 
take  hold  of  the  jKjpe,  for  the  king  is  as  fear- 
ful of  war  as  a  child  of  fire,  and  all  his  en- 
deavour is  to  avoid  such  occasions.  The 
pope  will  g^ve  yon  two  thousand  when  you 
•hall  be  content  with  them.    If  they  do  not 

Fe  to  go  into  £ngUuid|  at  the  least  th«j 


will  serve  to  go  into  Ireland.  The  state  of 
Christendom  dependeth  upon  the  stout  as- 
sailing of  England  *  (Eirox,  Allen,  p.  8d).  (n 
this  same  year  Gregory  XIII  had  appointed 
as  his  nuncio  in  Spain  Mgr.  Sega,  wno  was 
instructed  to  uige  Philip  to  nudce  an  attack 
upon  England  on  the  siae  of  Ireland,  and  he 
was  to  offer  on  the  pope's  part  a  force  of  four 
to  five  thousand  men.  When  the  papal  expe- 
dition, soon  afterwards  fitted  out  under  the 
conduct  of  Sir  Thomas  Stukeley  [q.v.],  was  by 
him  diverted  from  its  purpose,  Sanders,  who 
had  been  in  communication  with  Sega  and 
James  Fitzmaurice,  was  himself  commissioned 
by  the  pope  to  go  as  his  nuncio  into  Ireland, 
and  there  incite  the  chiefs  to  rise  under  the 
papal  banner  against  the  English  govern- 
ment. Philip  assisted  with  men  and  money, 
but  very  secretly ;  and  Sanders,  landing  at 
Dingle  with  Fitsmaurice,  set  up  the  papal 
standard  at  Smerwick  in  Julv  1579.  He 
soon  secured  the  adherence  of  the  Earl  of 
Desmond,  and  showed  extraordinary  activity 
in  directing  the  movements  of  the  rebels  and 
sustaining  their  failing  courage.  '  We  are 
fightinp^,'  he  wrote  to  Ulick  Burke,  'by 
authority  of  the  head  of  the  church  .  •  •  If 
it  please  you  to  join  with  us  in  this  holy 
quarrel, you  shall  be  under  the  protection  of 
tnat  prince  whom  God  shall  set  up  in  place 
of  this  usurper  and  of  God's  vicar.'  In  Sep- 
tember he  was  able  to  persuade  Philip  to 
send  him  reinforcements  (Brit,  Mum,  Addit, 
M8.  28420).  For  nearly  two  years,  not- 
withstanding the  continued  failure  of  the 
enterprise,  'the  diligence  of  the  cunning- 
lettered  traitor'  bamed  all  Burghley's  at- 
tempts to  capture  him.  He  had  many  hair- 
breadth escapes ;  his  servant  was  caught  and 
hanged,  his  chalice  and  mass  furniture  were 
seised,  and  eventually,  after  wandering  with 
Desmond  for  some  time  as  a  fugitive  m  the 
hiUs,  he  succumbed  to  want  and  cold  in 
1681  (says  Rishton),  and  almost  certainly 
in  the  spring  of  that  year  (Ca/.  State  Papers^ 
Ireland,  St.li^r  to  Bur^hley,  No.  Ixxxiii.) 
O'Sullivan,  in  his  'Historia  Catholicas  Iber- 
niss '  (1621),  ascribes  his  death  to  a  sudden 
attack  of  dysentery,  and  j^ves  a  circumstan- 
tial account  of  his  receiving  viaticum  at  the 
hands  of  Cornelius,  bishop  of  Killaloe,  and 
of  his  subsequent  burial  in  secret.  Mendosa 
reported  to  Philip  as  a  certainty  (1  March 
lbS2)  that  Sanders's  bod^  had  been  found  in 
a  wood,  'with  his  breviary  and  his  Bible 
ntader  his  arm.'  The  leading  English  exiles 
did  not  conceal  their  discontent  at  the  pope's 
action  in  thus  exposing  in  the  Irish  troubles 
a  life  so  valuable  to  them.  '  Our  Sanders,' 
they  exclaimed,  *  is  more  to  us  than  the  whole 
of  Ireland.'    A  last  attempt  had  just  been 


Sanders 


7S<s 


Sanders 


made  to  tklae  him  to  the  cardinalate.  Men* 
dosa,  6  April  1681,  represented  the  desires' 
Of^ths  En^h  ca^olios  for  a  hat  for  either 
Sanddrs  or  Allen^  and  the  king  in  reply 
promised  to  use  his  influence  that  not  one 
but  bolih  should  be  made  cardinals  (CdL 
State  Papers,  Simancas,  pp.  97, 118, 119). 

Before  leaving  Spain  Sanders  placed  in 
the  hands  of  Sega  the  manuscript  of  his  '  De 
Clave  David/ a  reply  to  the  attacks  mad^ 
upon  his  '  De  Monarobia/  with  a  request 
that,  if  any  accident  should  befall  him,  Sega 
trould  see  that  the  book  was  published^ 
which  was  done  in  1588.  Sanders  also  left 
behind  him  unfinished  his  more  famous  book| 
*  De  Oi^igine  ac  Frogressu  Schismatis  Angli- 
can!/ which  he  Was  writing  at  Madrid  in 
1676.  About  this  he  had  ajyparently  given 
no  instructions,  and  after  his  death  many 
copies  circulated  in  manuscript.  Edwara 
Rishton  [q.  v.]  edited  the  work,  making  some 
retrenchments  and  carrying  on  the  mstoiy 
from  the  point  at  which  Sanders  had  broken 
off,  viz.  the  accession  of  Elisabeth,  to  the  date 
of  publication.  It  Was  printed  at  Cologne  in 
1586.  On  the  continent  it  was  frequently 
reprinted  and  translated,  and  it  fonned  the 
basis  oi  evenr  Roman  catholic  history  of  the 
English  Reformation.  In  England  it  oIh 
tained  for  its  author  the  evil  name  of  Dr. 
Slanders.  He  was  said  to  have  invented  his 
facts  as  weU  as  his  authorities.  The  French 
translation  made  by  Maueroix  (ed.  1676) 
was  the  proximate  occasion  of  Burnet  writing 
his  'History,'  in  which  he  catalogues  and 
lefHites  the  alleged  calumnies  of  Sanders; 
Especially  is  Simdere  denounced  ais  the  ori« 

S'nator  of  tibe  story  that  Anne  Bdeyn  was 
enry*s  own  daughter.  Recent  historians 
have,  however,  shown  that,  notwithstanding 
his  animus  ana  the  violence  of  his  language, 
his  narrative  of  facts  is  remarkably  tvuthraL 
In  almost  erety  disputed  point  he  has  been 
proved  right  and  Burnet  wrong.  The  state»- 
ment  of  Sanders,  for  instance,  that  Bishop 
John  lionet  [^.  v.]  was  tried  and  punished 
for  adultery  with  a  butcher's  wi^  has  been 
unmfestionably  confirmed  by  the  publication 
of  Machyn's  '  Diary'  and  the  '  (hey  Friars 
Chronicle  ,* '  and,  even  in  the  extreme  case 
of  the  impossible  stox^  regarding  Anne  Bo* 
leyn's  birth,  it  is  provea  to  have  been  at 
least  no  invention  of  Sanders^  but  was  re^ 
peated  by  him^  in  apparent  good  faith,  on  tiie 
authority  of  Rastall's  *  Life  of  More/  to 
which  he  refers,  and  of  common  gossip.  la 
respect  to  information  derived  from  Roman 
aooross,  Sandefs  is  particularly  accurate 
(SatDcrday  HevieU^  xxi.  290,  xxvi.  82,  464^ 
xliv.  898 ;  Lbwib,  tninslatioa  of  the  iDi 
SMnnate,  pp.  izi-xlvii). 


llie  following  is  a  complete  list  of  worka 
written  bv  or  attributed  t6  Sanders :  1.  *  The 
Supper  of  ottr  Lord  set  fo<Nrth  in  Six  Booksy 
according  to  the  Truth  of  the  GK»pell,'  Lou- 
vain,  16&  and  1666, 4tQ^  2. '  Tres  Orationee 
Lovanii  habitiB,  aj).  1565.  De  Transsub- 
stantiatione ;  De  Idu^is  Officiorum  Eccles. ; 
De  pluribus  Missb  m  eodem  Tenoplo/  &e.. 
Antwerp,  1666.  8.  '  A  Treatise  of  Images  ol 
Christ  and  his  Saints/  Louvain,  1567, 8va.' 

4.  *  The  Roeke  of  the  Churche  wherein  th» 
Primacy  of  P&ter/  &e.,  Louvain,  1567,  8vo» 

5.  'A  Dviflfe  Treatise  of  Usurie,'  Louvain^ 
1568,  8vo*  6.  'De  l^ca  et  Honoraria 
S.  Imaginom  Adoratiooie/  Louvain,  1568; 

7.  'Sacrificii  Miss»  ae  ^us  partium  Ex^ 
plioatio/  Louvain,  1669;  AntwSfp,  1678« 

8.  '  Quod  Dominus  in  sexto  cap.  Joannis  de 
Sacramento  Eucharistiss  propne  sit  locutua 
Traotatua,' Antwerp,  1570,  12mo.  9.  'Pvo 
Defensione  Excommunicationis  a  Pio  Y/ 
&c,  suptiressed  as  mentioned  above.  10. '  De 
VisibiliMonarehiaEoclesuB/  Louvain,  1571| 
fbL  The  following  were  edited  posthu- 
mously :  11.  '  De  Qrigine  ac  Progressu  Schia* 
maitis  Anglicani  .  .  .  editus  et  auctus  per 
Bdouavdum  Bishtonum/  Cologne,  1585, 8vo ; 
English  translation  with  notes  and  intro- 
duction by  David  Lewis,  London,  1877. 
12.  'De  Jtustificatione  contra  Colloqnium 
Altenbui^B^ense  libri  sex  in  ouibus  expli- 
cantur  diMidia  Lotheranorum/ Treves,  1585. 
18.  'De  Clave  David,  sen  regno  Christi  oontra 
caliunnias  Aderi '  (edited  by  F.  de  Sega>  bi« 
shop  of  Piaoenza),  Rome,  1588, 4te.  14.  Wood 
and  Dodd  add  '  De  Militantis  Eccles.  Bo- 
mansB  Poteatate/  Rome,  1603,  4to;  and  Pita 
mentions  '  Sedes  Apostolica/  Venice^  160S« 
15/  De  Martyrio  quorundam  temp.  Heti.yni 
et  Elizabeaha^,'  printed  in  1610  (Woob), 
18  an  exeerpt^^dm  the  '  DeVis.  Monarohia^' 
16.  'Orationum  partim  Lovanii  partim  in 
Concilio  Trident,  et  alibi  habitaram  liber' 
(Pits)  is  perhsjis  the  same  as  No.  2.  Pits 
also  asoribes  to  Sandars,  on  the  autitkority  of 
Richard  Stimyhniat,  who'  declax«d  to  Pits 
that  he  had  seen  them,  (a)  a  chromcle  of 
things  done  in  his  presence  in  Ireland^  and 
(6)  a  book  of  letters  written  by  Samders  fixun 
Ireland  to  Grego(ry  ZHI. 

[BtograpbisB,  with  list  of  publications,  in 
Pitfy  p.  773,  Dodd/  ii.  7i,  and  'Wood's  Athene,  i. 
460;  Stryp«'8  Httmoriala,  ii.  29,  472,  Annala, 
li.  106,  551 ;  Parker,  ii.  168-73,  iii.  214 ;  Lewis's 
inttoduction  to  his  translation  of  Sanders's  Histi 
of  the  Schism ;  Froude's  History,  vol.  x.  ch. 
Ikii. ;  Bag^relfs  Lreland  under  the  Tadora; 
Tetilet*s  Papieis  d'Etat,  ii.  329,  812 ;  Cal.  Statss 
PapeHk  Dom.  Ells.  Addit.  xxl.  For.  Blia 
1IS1%  No.  41,  1573»  No,  1262»  Itdaod,  1474-86; 
pp.  163-.90e,  Spamsh,  ii  686^700,  iti.  44,  9%^ 


Sanders 


75^ 


Sanders 


Sll,801;  CanwHBS.  1579,  1M-89S;  Allen's 
Letun  and  MemoiiaJB,  p.  zzni ;  Vaoz'a  Cate- 
chism (Chetham  Soc),  p.  xszi.]         T.  G.  L. 

SANBEBB,  BOBSBT  (1737~17d8),com. 
pilar,  tlw  son  of  ^ooias  SandsEB,  who  ooou- 
mad  A  humfaie  lUtioa  in  life,  was  bora  at 
Bieadalbane  in  1797.  He  was  apprenticed 
to  a  oomb-maker,  bat,  havin^f  an  ardent  pa9> 
s&oa  for  reading  and  a '  prodigious  memory/ 
he  aoqniradi  wi&ont  any  master,  a  fur 
knowledge  of  Latin,  Greek,  and  Hebrew. 
He  appears  to  have  served  as  usher  in  yarious 
schools  in  the  north  of  En^^and  previously 
to  ooming,  about  1760,  to  London,  where  'he 
followed  the  profession  of  a  hackney  writer.' 
In  1764  he  compiled '  The  Newgate  (Mm* 
dsor,  or  Male&ctox^s  Bloody  Register/  which 
eame  out  in  numbers,  and  was  republished  in 
five  volumes.  In  1769  he  was  emploiyed 
by  George  William,  first  bason  Lyttehon 
[o.v.],  to  conect  for  the  press  the  third 
edition  of  his  'History  A  the  life  of 
Henry  II ; '  a  nineteen-page  list  of  enata  was 
appended.  In  1771,  pamy  from  his  own 
survey,  but  ehiefly  from  Bay,  De  Foe,  Pen- 
nant, aod  similar  sources,  Sanders  compiled 
a  serviceable  itinerary,  which  was  published 
in  weekly  numbers  under  the  title  of  *  The 
Complete  English  Traveller,  or  a  New  Sui^ 
vey  and  DeseriDtion  of  England  and  Wales, 
containing  a  full  account  of  what  is  curious 
and  entertaining  in  the  several  counties,  the 
isles  of  Man,  Jersey,  and  Guernsey  .  .  .  and 
a  description  of  Scotland '  (reissued  London, 
1771,  foL,  mder  the  pseudonym  of  Nathaniel 
Spencer).  To  the  topcMfiaphioal  descri^ions 
of  each  county  are  added  brief  memdrs  of 
eminent  natives.  Sanders's  knowledffe  of 
Hebrew  nroved  useftil  in  his  next  work,  an 
edition  oi  the  Bible,  with  learned  annota^ 
tions,  which  first  appeared  in  numbers,  but 
was  reissued  as  'The  Christian's  Divine 
library,  illustrated  with  Notes,'  in  two 
Tolumes  icAiOf  1774.  The  work  appeared  as 
by  Henry  Sonthwell,  LL.D.,  rector  of  Aster- 
bjT,  Lincolnshire^  but  this  divine  merely  lent 
his  name  for  a  fbe  of  a  hundred  guineas. 
Sanders  was  paid  twenty-five  shifiinge  a 
sheet.  In  the  same  year  he  issued  anony- 
mously '  The  Lueubtatkms  of  Gafier  Gray- 
beard,  containing  many  curious  partieulars 
relating  to  the  manners  of  the  People  in 
Eni^Umd  during  the  Present  Age;  incTuding 
tiie  Present  State  of  Belig^on  partacularlT 
among  the  Protestant  Dissenters,'  1774, 
4  vols.  12mo.  This  was  a  satire  upon  the 
leading  diseenting  divines  of  the  metropolis, 
Dr.  Gul  being  portrayed  as  Dr.  finlf-pint, 
and  Dr.  GKHKms  and  otiiers  in  equally  trans^ 

rmt  aidknames.   Obsoure  as  Sanders  was^ 
gibes  seem  to  have  been  reaented.    A 


msnuecriyfc  note  in  the  British  Museum  oopy 
of  the  satire  explains  that  Ssaders  was  once 
a  student  at  an  independent  academy  (in 
Hacknev),  from  which  be  was  ignominioosly 
expelled;  but  this  explanation  does  not  seem 
to  accord  with  the  ascertained  facta  of 
Sanders's  career.  Towards  the  end  of  hie 
life  he  projected  a  general  chronol^r^  of 
all  nations,  and  had  already  printed  off  some 
sheets  of  the  work  under  the  patronage  of 
Lord  Hawke,  when  he  died  of  a  pulmonary 
disorder  on  24  March  178S.  Sandera  was  a- 
self-created  LL.D. ;  his  headquarters  in 
London  were  the  New  England,  St.  PtuTs,. 
and  New  Slaughter's  oo&e^housesi  His 
shai^  and  querl^us  temper  kept  him  in  a< 
state  of  wanarB  wil^  booksellers  and  patrons. 
In  a  begging  letter  which  has  been  preserved,, 
dated  1768,  he  makes  allusion  to  a  wifb  and 
five  young  children* 

[Gent.  Mag.  1783,  i.Sll,  400,  482;  NicfaolsV 
Literary  Anecdotes;  GoBhing'e  Pseudonyms, 
p.  542 ;  Timperley's  Hist,  of  Printing,  1842„ 
p.  729;  Chalmeors'sBiogr.IHct. ;  Allibone'iDict.. 
of  English  Literature ;  Qranger's  New  Wonderful 
Museum;  Smeeton's  Biographia  Cariosa,  1822;. 
James  Lackiagton's  Memoirs,  1760-9a]    T.  S* 

SANDERS,  WILLIAM  (1799^1875)^ 
geologist,  was  bom  in  Bristol  on  12  Jan. 
1799,  and  educated  chiefly  at  a  school  kept 
by  Thomas  £xley  [q.  v.]  For  a  time  he  ana  a 
raother  wero  partners  as  com  merchants,  but 
he  retired  from  business  in  order  to  devote 
himself  exclusively  to  scientific  work.  H* 
was  elected  F.G.S.  in  1689  and  F.R.S.  in 
1864.  Though  he  wrote  but  little— only 
five  papers  (read  to  the  British  Association) 
aro  recorded  in  the  Royal  Society's  *  Oatalogue> 
of  ScientifioPapers'— -he  was  most  intimately 
aoquainted  with  the  geology  of  the  Bristol 
district  and  co-operat^  with  ProfbssOr  John' 
Phillips  (1800-1874)  [q.  v.]  when  the  hitter 
was  engi^ed  on  t^  survev  of  Nor^  Devmi. 
He  also  published  a  pamphlet  on  the  crystal^ 
line  form  of  celestine  from  Pyle  Hill,  Bristol,, 
and  made  a  very  detailed  manuscript  section 
(a  oooy  is  preserved  in  the  mining  record 
office)  of  the  outtings  on  the  Great  Wetft^rw 
and  the  Bristol  and  Exeter  railways  fkoni' 
Bath  through  Bristol  to  Taunton.  Beeide» 
this  he  sappued  valuable  information  to  the 
health  of  towns  commiseion,  1844*6^  and' 
for  a  report  to  the  genefil  board  of  health' 
(18S0).  But  his  most  im^tant  work  wi^ 
a  geological  ma^  of  the  Bristol  coalfield,  on 
a  scale  of  tout  mches  to  the  mile,  begun  in^ 
ldd5  and  finished  in  1862,  when  it  was  pubi" 
lished.  ItoovMedanaTeaof730squaremU«Sy 
and  was  laid  down  from  his  owti  Mirveya^ 
even  the  preparatory  topogrAphicId  map* 
beiDg  made  under  his  own  eye  and  at  U*** 


Sanders 


752 


Sanders 


own  cost  by  collating  about  one  hundred 
parish  maps  on  different  scales.  He  was 
active  as  a  citizen  and  as  a  member  of  local 
scientific  societies,  especially  in  developing 
the  Bristol  museum,  of  which  for  many 
years  he  was  honorary  curator.  He  died  un- 
married on  12  Noy.  1876. 

[Qaact.  Joum.  Gbol.  Soc  yoL  zxzii.  (1876), 
Proc.  p.  Ixzzy;  Proc.  Bristol  Nat.  Hist.  Soc. 
2nd  ser.  yoL  i.  (1876),  p.  603.  E.  B.  T[awney] 
and  Geol.  Maff.  1876,  p.  627  B.  £[theridge],  who 
has  kindly  added  some  particulars.]    T.  G.  B. 

SANDERS,  WILLIAM  RUTHER- 
FORD (1828-1881),  physician,  and  professor 
of  patholo^  in  the  uniyersitj  of  Edinburgh, 
bom  in  18^8,  was  son  of  Dr.  James  Sanders, 
author  of  a  work  on  digitalis,  which  in  some 
respects  anticipated  the  modem  doctrine  of 
the  use  of  that  remedy.  The  elder  Dr. 
Sanders  went  with  his  whole  family  to  the 
south  of  France  in  1842,  and  died  at  Mont- 
pellier  in  1843.  Young  Sanders's  school  edu- 
cation, which  was  begun  in  the  high  school 
of  Edinburgh,  was  completed  at  Montpellier, 
where  he  took  with  distinction  the  degree  of 
bachelier-^lettres  in  April  1844.  He  re- 
turned to  Scotland  in  June  of  the  same  year. 
In  the  following  winter  he  studied  medicine 
in  EdinburghUniyersity ,  and  proceeded  M.D. 
in  1849,  obtaining  a  gold  medal  for  his  thesis 
^On  the  Anatomy  of  the  Spleen.'  This 
seryed  as  an  important  basis  for  some  of  his 
later  pathological  studies. 

After  two  years  spent  in  Paris  and  Heidel- 
berg, Sanders  returned  to  Edinbuij^h,  and 
while  occupying  the  interim  position  of 
oathologist  in  we  Royal  Infirmary  in  1852, 
ne  was  able  to  apply  himself  to  the  close 
study  of  certain  degenerations  (afterwards 
called  'amyloid'),  particularly  as  affecting 
the  Uyer  and  spleen.  He  also  acted  as 
tutorial  assistant  to  the  clinical  professors 
(an  office  then  for  the  first  time  instituted), 
and  contributed  numerous  papers  to  the 
medical  journals.  In  1853  he  succeeded  the 
Goodsirs  ( John  and  Harry)  as  conservator 
of  the  museum  of  the  Koyal  CoUeffe  of 
Sui^geons  of  Edinburgh,  and  delirered  lec- 
tures, at  the  request  of  the  college,  in  s^ 
^uence  to  a  course  of  Saturday  demonstra- 
tions intended  to  introduce  the  rich  stores 
contained  in  the  museum  to  the  notice  of 
students  of  medicine.  From  1855  onwards 
he  also  deliyered  in  the  extra-academical 
school  of  Edinburgh  a  six  months'  course  on 
the  institutes  of  medicine,  including  phyrio- 
logy  and  histology,  with  outlines  of  patho- 
logy. In  1861  he  was  appointed  physician 
to  the  Royal  Infirmary,  and  yery  soon  at- 
tiained  a  considerable  and  well-founded  repu* 


tation  as  a  clinical  teacher,  accurate  and 
luminous  in  dia^osis,  and  with  great  power 
of  lucid  exposition. 

His  first  positiye  literary  communications 
to  clinical  medicine  proper  were  a '  Case  of  an 
unusual  form  of  Neryous  Disease,  Dystaxid, 
or  Pseudo-Paralysis  Agitans,  with  remarks ' 
('Edinburgh  Medical  Journal,'  1885),  and 
in  the  same  year  two  other  papers  on  '  Para- 
lysis of  the  Palate  in  Facial  Pals^,'  and  on 
'Facial  Hemiplegia  and  Paralysis  of  the 
Facial  Nerye.^  Later,  he  took  up  the  sub- 
ject of  aphasia,  in  connection  with  Broca's  re- 
searches, and  that  of  'the  yariation  or  yanish- 
ing  of  cardiac  organic  murmurs,'  and  fur- 
nished articles  to  Re^olds's  'System  of 
Medicine '  on  some  subjects  connected  with 
neryous  disease.  Although  he  neyer  gaye  to 
the  public  anyindependentyolume  of  medical 
memoirs,  his  reputation  was  so  thoroughly 
established  in  1869,  when  the  chair  of  patho- 
logy in  the  uniyersity  became  yacant  by  the 
death  of  Professor  Henderson,  that  he  was 
chosen  to  fill  it  with  general  approval.  He 
at  once  introduced  into  the  teaching  of  his 
subject  many  of  the  new  methods  whu^h  haye 
since  been  largely  developed.  His  assistant 
in  this  work  was  for  some  years  Professor 
Hamilton  of  Aberdeen,  in  conjunction  with 
whom  he  published  a  paper  on '  Lipasmia  and 
Fat  Embolism  in  the  Fatal  Dyspnoea  of  Dia- 
betes '  ('  Edinburgh  Medical  Journal,'  July 
1879). 

At  the  same  time  Sanders  built  up  a  repu- 
tation as  a  consulting  physician  m  Eain- 
burgh.  '  He  was  known  among  us,'  writes 
one  of  the  most  distinguished  of  his  asso- 
ciates (Dr.  Matthews  Duncan), '  as  an  unas- 
suming, genuine  man,  on  whom  we  could 
rely  for  a  sound  diaffnosisand  candid  opinion ; 
and,  eyen  before  he  rose  into  nrominence 
with  the  public  as  a  consultant,  ne  was  one 
to  whom  his  professional  brethren,  when 
suspecting  that  all  was  not  right  with  them- 
selyes,  would  prefer  to  go  for  an  opinion.' 

A  chronic  abscess,  not  involymg  much 
danger  at  the  time,  which  formed  in  January 
1874,  compelled  him  next  year  to  abandon 
temporarily  his  professorial  work  and  prl- 
yate  practice.  Although  he  resumed  both,  his 
health  was  not  restored.  In  September  1880 
he  had  an  attack  of  right  hemiplegia  or 
palsy,  together  with  aphaisia  or  wordlMsness 
so  complete  as  to  amount  to  almost  absolute 
disability  of  yerbal  communications  either  by 
speech  or  by  writing ;  while  there  was  rea- 
son to  belieye  that  intelligence  and  all  the 
natural  emotions  were  lately  preserved,  if 
not  quite  intact.  His  biographer  in  the 
'  Edinburgh  Medical  Journal,'  writing  irom 
the  point  of  view  of  an  intimate  friend  as 


Sanderson 


753 


Sanderson 


^ell  as  a  medical  oolleague,  remarks  upon 
the  touching  coincidence  that  one  ivho  had 
so  lars[ely  uhL  intelligently  occupied  him* 
self  with  this  very  disease  should  have 
become,  more  than  five  months  before  his 
^eath|  '  an  example  of  that  curious  and 
nrobaoly  impenetrable  mystery,  a  living, 
Sieathing,  and  in  many  respects  normal  and 
intelligent  man,  absolutely  cut  off,  by  phy- 
sical disease  of  one  portion  of  the  eereoral 
hemisphere,  from  communication  with  his 
khid.  He  died  in  February  1681  after  a 
sudden  attack  of  an  apoplectic  character, 
attended  with  complete  loss  of  conscious- 
ness, 

Sanders  married,  in  December  1661,  Miss 
Oeorgiana  Woodrow  of  Norwich,  and  left 
five  ehildren;  his  eldest  son  foUowed  his 
father's  profession. 

[Obituary  notioe  in  Edinburgh  Medical 
Journal,  April  1881,  p.  939;  personal  informa- 
tion.] W.  T.  G-. 

SANDERSON,  JAMES  (1769  P-1841  ?), 
musician,  was  bom  at  Workington,  Durham, 
about  1769.  From  earliest  childhood  he 
showed  musical  gifts,  and  at  the  age  of  four- 
teen, although  he  had  received  no  tuition, 
was  engaged  as  violinist  at  the  Sunderland 
Theatre.  In  1764  he  established  himself  at 
Shidds  as  a  teacher,  and  in  1767  became 
leader  at  the  Newcastle  Theatre.  He  went 
to  London  in  1766,  and  led  the  orchestra  at 
Astley's  Theatre.  His  first  essa^  in  dramatic 
composition  was  an  illustrative  instrumental 
aoc<»npaniment  toCollins's '  Ode  on  the  Pas- 
sions,' which  G.  F.  Cooke  was  to  recite 
during  his  benefit  at  Chester.  In  1793  San- 
derson was  engaffed  at  the  Royal  Circus 
(now  the  Surrey  Theatre)  as  composer  and 
musical  director ;  in  this  post  he  remained 
many  years,  producing  the  mcidental  music 
for  many  dramas  and  is(^ted  vocal  and 
instrumental  pieces.  The  accepted  tune  of 
'Comin'  thro^the  rye'  was  composed  by 
Sanderson.  The  most  successful  of  his  ac- 
knowledged oompositions  was  a  ballad, 
'  Boimd  'Prentice  to  a  Waterman,'  sung  in 
the  drama  '  Sir  Francis  Drake '  (1800) ;  it 
was  regularlv  introduced  into  nautical  plays 
for  fully  hall  A  centurv.  Two  of  Sanderson's 
ballads  were  reprinted  in  the  '  Musical  Bou- 
ouet '  as  late  as  1674.  The  titles  of  his  works 
nil  twenty-nine  pages  of  the  British  Museum 
catalogue.  He  is  said  to  have  died  about 
1641  (cf.  Flfens). 

[FMi^s  Biogmphie  Unireraelle  des  Mnsicient, 
1844 ;  Grove's  Diet,  of  Masie  and  Mnsieians, 
iii  234 ;  Chappell's  Popular  Musio  of  the  Olden 
Tims,  p.  795  «• ;  fiandexson's  compositioDs.] 

H.  P. 

VOL.  XVII. 


SANDERSON,  JOHN,  D.D.  (d.  1603), 
catholic  divine,  a  native  of  Lancashire,  ma- 
triculated as  a  sisar  of  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, in  May  1554,  became  a  sdiolar  of 
that  house,  and  in  1557-6  proceeded  to  the 
degree  of  B.  A.  He  was  subsequently  elected 
a  rallow,  and  in  1661  he  commenced  M.A. 
(CoOPSB,  Athena  Cantabr.  ii.  351).  In  1562 
he  was  logic  reader  of  the  university.  BUs 
commonplaces  in  the  college  chapel  on 
2  and  4  Sept.  in  that  year  gave  ofience  to 
the  master,  Dr.  Eobert  Beaumont,  and  the 
seniors.  He  was  chaigedwith  superstitious 
doctrine  as  respects  fasting  and  the  obser- 
vance of  particular  days,  and  with  having 
used  allegory  and  cited  Plato  and  other  pro- 
fane authors  when  discoursing  on  the  scrip- 
tures. In  fine  he  was  expelled  from  his 
fellowship  for  su^icious  doctrine  and  con- 
tumaciously refusing  to  make  a  written  re- 
cantation in  a  prescribed  form,  although  it 
would  seem  that  he  made  what  is  termed  a 
revocation.  Among  the  reasons  for  his  ex- 
pulsion was '  a  stomachous  insultin^e  ageynst 
the  Masters  charitable  admonycion."  He 
appealed  to  the  vice-chancellor,but  the  visi- 
tors of  the  university,  or  the  commissioners 
for  causes  ecclesiastical,  interposed,  and  he 
was  not  restored  to  his  fellowship.  Alexan- 
der Nowell  [q.  v.],  in  a  letter  to  Archbishop 
Parker,  observes :  '  It  is  not  onlie  in  hande 
whether  John  Sanderson  shalbe  felow  of 
Trinitie  college,  or  noo  felow ;  but  whether 
ther  shalbe  enie  reuerence  towards  the  su- 
periors, enie  obedience,  enie  redresse  or  re- 
formation in  religion  in  that  hoole  Vniversitie 
or  noo :  whether  the  truthe  shall  obteine,  or 
papistrie  triumphe'  (ChitbtOn,  Liftof  Dtan 
Nowellj  pp.  75,  396). 

Soon  afterwards  Sanderson  proceeded  to 
Rome,  and  then  into  France.  Being  obliged 
to  leave  the  latter  counti^  in  consequence  of 
the  civil  commotions  which  raged  there,  he 
retired  into  Flanders,  and  in  1570  was  en- 
rolled among  the  students  of  the  English 
College  at  Douay.  There  he  formed  a  close 
firiendship  with  John  Pits  [q.  v.].  He  was 
ordained  priest,  and  took  the  degree  of  D.D. 
in  the  university  of  Douay.  On  2  April  1560 
he  arrived  at  Rheims,  in  company  with  Dr. 
Allen,  and  became  divinity  professor  in  the 
English  College  there.  He  was  likewise  ap- 
pointed a  canon  of  the  eathedral  church  of 
Cambray,  a  dignity  which  he  retained  tUl 
his  death.  About  1591  he  was  at  Mons 
(SiKTKB,  Annais,  iv.  66).  He  died  at  Cam- 
bray in  1602,  bearing  a  high  reputation  for 
sanctity  and  learning. 

His  only  printed  work  besides  Latin  verses 
to  Archbishop  Parker  (Parker  MS.  in  Corpus 
Christi  College  Library,  No.  106,  p.  543),  pub* 

3o 


Sanderson 


754 


Sanderson 


Iteh^  in  Ohupton's  '  Life  of  Nowell/  p.  77, 
WM    *  InfititationLum     Dialecticaruiii    libri 

?iiataor/  Antwerp,  1589,  8to  ;  Oxford,  16©4, 
602,  1009,  Idmo,  dedicated  to  Cardinal 
Allen.  The  grant  of  tine  exclasive  prtvile£» 
of  printing  tne  work  is  dated  11  Auff.  1668. 
Arnold  Hatfield,  a  stationer  of  London,  ob- 
tained in  1589  a  license  to  reprint  thi8l>oak. 
The  cMef  points  of  his  commonplaceB  de- 
liYored  in  Trinity  College  Chapel  are  in 
Parker  MS.  106,  p.  587 ;  and  he  is  also  credited 
with  '  TabulsB  vel  schema  cateohLsticnm  de 
tota  theoloffia  morali,  lib.  i.'  and  'De  omni- 
bus S.  scnptnrsB  locis  inter  pontificios  et 
hfisreticos  contMrersis '  (an  unfinished  work), 
wbioh  do  not  seem  to  be  extant. 

[Ames's  Typ^gr.  Antiq.  ©d.  Herbert,  p.  1214 : 
Cooper's  Annals  of  Cambridge,  ii.  175;  Dodd's 
Chareh  Hist.  ii.  84;  Donity  Diaries,  p.  489; 
FqUst's  Cfanrdi  Hist  ed.  Brewer,  ▼.  aS6;  Na- 
imdih's  Cat.  of  MSa  in  Corpus  Cfaristt  College, 
Cembr.  pp.  97, 98, 104 ;  Pits,  Be  Alalia  Seripto- 
ribns,  p.  799;  Tanner's  BibL  Brit.  p.  8630 

SANDERSON,  ROBERT  (1587-1668), 
bishop  of  Lincoln,  was  the  second  son  of 
Robert  Sanderson  of  Gilthwaite  Hall,  and 
EUzabeth,  dauffhter  of  Richard  Oarr  of 
BatterthwaiteHall,  both  in  Yorkshire.  He  is 
'Commonly  said  to  have  been  bom  in  Rother- 
h«2n.  Bat  a  Robert,  son  of  Robert  Sanderson, 
was  baptised  at  Sheffield  on  30  Sept.  1687, 
%cnd  a  looftl  tradition  fixed  upon  a  noose  in 
Sheffield,  called  the  Lane  Mead  Stane,  as 
tiiat  in  which  the  future  bishop  was  bom 
(Lb  Nbye,  Fot$tif  ii.  i26).  Sandenon  was 
edaeated  in  the  grammar  school  of  Rothei^ 
ham,  and  matriculated  on  1  July  1608  from 
Lincoln  College,  Oxford.  He  graduated 
B.A.  on  8  May  1606,  being  made  fellow  of 
his  college  the  same  year,  and  proceeding 
M.A.  on  11  July  1608,  B.D.  in  1616,  D.D.  in 
1686.  On  7  Nor.  1608  he  was  appointed 
reader  in  logic  in  his  coUoje^.  In  1611  he 
was  ordained  deacon  and  priest  by  Dr.  John 
King,  bishop  of  London.  In  1618  he  was  pre- 
sented by  his  oousin,  Sir  Nicholas  Sanderson, 
xn^eount  Castleton, to  the  rectoryof  Wyber- 
ton,  near  Boston,  Lincolnshire.  This  he  soon 
afterwards  resigned,  and  was  piiBsented  in 
1619  to  the  rectory  of  Boothby  Pftynel 
(Pagnell)  in  the  same  county.  In  May  1610 
he  resigned  his  fellowBhip,  and  'soon  aftev- 
waidsy'^it  is  said,  wavmade  a  prebendary  of 
the  collegiate  church  of  Southwell.  He  held 
the  prebnid  of  Beckingham  there  in  1642  (ib. 
iii.  417).  On  8  Sept.  16^  he  was  made  pre- 
bendary of  Farrendon-eum->Balderion  in  the 
'-cathedral  church  of  Lincoln  (ib.  ii.  160,  not 
'in  the  index).  *  On  the  recommendation  off 
•Laud,  then  bii&hop   of  London,  Charles  I 


made  him-  one  of  his  chaplains  in  1681.  *i& 
1688  he  was  presented  W  Geoxge,  earl  of 
-Rutland,  to*  the  rectory  of  Muston,  Leicester- 
shire. This  was  near  Belroir,  where  Charles  I 
stayed  in  1684  and  1686,  and  Saadsoeson 
became  personally  known  to  the  king.  '1 
cany  my  ears  to  hear  other  prsairasn,' 
Charles  used  to  say,  '  but  I  cany  my  ccnr- 
scienoe*  to  hear  Dr.  Sanderson.'  On  10  July 
1642  he  was  appointed  regius  professor  of 
diviaity  at  Oxford,  but  the  troubles  of  the 
time  prevented  him  frmn  performing  cuy 
duties  of  the  office  till.  1646. 

In  1648  he  was  nominated  byparliam^t 
one  of  the  assembly  of  divines,  but  never  sat; 
and  as  he  refused  to  take  the  Solemn  Lea|^e 
and  Covenant  on  the  outbreak  of  the  otyil 
war,  his  living  of  Boothby  Pagnell  was  se- 
questered. He  was  also .  ousted  on  14  June 
1648  by  tJie  pariiamentaiy  visitors  from  the 
divinity  professorship  at  Oxford  (ib,  iii.  IK)9). 
In  his  parish  church  at  Boothby  Pagnell  he 
was  compelled  to  modify  the  forms  of  the 
common  prayer  to  appease  the  tHirUamen- 
•tarians  in  the  neighbourhood.  The  entire 
service-book,  thus  modified  in  his  own  mttiu^ 
script,  is  in  the  possession  of  the  dean  and 
chapter  of  Windsor.  Sanderson  was  even 
seized  and  carried  prisoner  to  Lincoln,  to  be 
held  as  a  hostage  m  exchange  for  a  puritan 
minister  named  Robert  Clarir,  who  was  in 
durance  at  Newark  (Waiebb,  6uJIMnff$  of 
the  Clergy^  1714,  pp.  104-5).  In  16&8  he 
was  reduced  to  great  straits  for  subsisteoee, 
but  was  assistea  by  Robert  Boyle. 

At  the  Restoration  Sanderson  presented 
an  address  of  congratulation  from  tne  detsy 
of  Lincoln  to  the  king,  28  July  1660.  In 
August  of  the  same  year  he  was  reinstated 
in  the  TBgius  professorship  at  Oxford  (Le 
Nbvb,  FoMti,  iii.  610),  and  on  28  Oct.  1660 
was  consecrated  brahop  of  Lincoln  (Simras, 
BegittruMj  p.  98).  In  his  short  ^piseopttte 
of  three  veare  Sanderson  showed  chatacteits- 
tic  openhandedness,  restoring  Buckden,  the 
episcopal  residence,  at  his  own  eMpense.  In 
lo61,  at  the  eoiiference  with  the  presbyterian 
divines  held  at  the  Saroy,  Sanderson  was 
chosen  moderator.  Baxter  accuses  him  of 
showing  ^  grsat  peevishness  *  in  that  office. 
The  <  Prayer  iw  all  Oenditions  of  Men' 
and  the  <  General  Thanksgiving,'  added  to 
the  prayer-book  as  a  result  of  l^is  con- 
ference, have  been  often  ascribed  to  Sender- 
son  (PBootBK,  JSiitory  of  ff^  Book  ofChmmon 
Prayer,  ed.  1872,  pp.  266-7),  probablyon  in- 
sufficient grounds.  HJe  was,  however,  the 
author  of  the  second  preface,  'It  hath  been 
the  wisdom/'ftc.  Sanderson,  died  on  89  Jan. 
1668,  and  was  buried  in  l&e  chancel  of  tiie 
parish  church  of  Buckden.    An  abstract  of 


Sanderson 


%  ^ ' 


Sanderson 


win,  prored  28  M«reh  1688^  in  in  the 
MSS.  (7048,  pp.  Sod-n.  Sander- 
tedy  about  1620,  Ann,  aaugiiter  of 
Heniy  Nelson,  B.D.,  lector  of  Hangfaam, 
Lineohuliire,  who  rarrrred  hiin.  He  men-* 
tions  in  his  will  that  he  bad  liyed  *  almoat 
4^  jecra  in  perfect  amity '  with  his  wife.  An 
auonymotts  portrait  of  Sianderson  is  at  the 
episcopal  palace,  Lincoln,  and  Bmmlej 
mentiona  enmTinffs  hy  W.  Dolle,  Hollar, 
iMean,  and  K.  White. 

Of  hn  nomerons  writhiffs  the  chief  are: 
1.  'Lo0CttAitisO(mipenmiim,' 1618,  which 
went  mroogh  many  eoitioaB.  2.  '  Ten  Ser* 
mona'-^'ad  Ctoom  8,'  *ad  Magistratum 
8y^ '  ad  I^ipnlnm  4'*^1^ :  tiieee  were  gra- 
dnallT  added  to,  becoming  'Twelve  Sermons ' 
in  1^,  '  FourtoOT '  in  1^7,  and  <  Thirty 
six'  in  1680.  8.  '  I>9  jnramenti  promissorii 
oblitttione'  (his  theological  praelections  in 
1649),  1670.  4.  <De  Juramento'  (said  to 
lutve  been  tnmakted  lyy  Charles  I  when  a 
Misoner  in  the  Isle  of  w  ight),  1655.  6.  <  De 
Obligtttione  Conacientlft '  (pnelections  «t  Ox- 
ford in  1647),  1660. 

He  wrote  in  his  will :  *  I  do  aheolately 
Tenounoe  and  disown  whatsoever  shall  be 
pnMfsbed  ^Sbst  my  decease  in  mr  name' 
{HarL  M8, 7048,  p.  887).  Nerertheless  after 
his  death  were  published :  6.  <  Nine  Oases  of 
Conscience  ooeasionalhr  determined,'  1678. 
7. '  ADisconrse  cencemingthe  Ohitfch,'  1688. 
8.  'Fhyaiete  Scientiie  Oonif^trndium/  1680. 

Besidee  his  works  in  logic  and  theology, 
Sanderson  was  a  diligent  stadent  of  antiqui- 
ties, and  left  Istge  collections  in  mannsoript 
relating  to  the  *Historjr  of  Enj^land,  or  to 
HerahOT  or  to  Genealogies,' to  his  son  Henry 
(i5.)  lite  transcript  he  made  of  the  monu- 
mental inscriptions  in  Lincoln  Cathedral,  as 
they  stood  there  in  1641,  after  bein^  reyised 
by  Sir  William  Dugdale,  was  printed  at 
Lincoln  in  1861.  An  autograph  note-book, 
containing  telts  suitable  for  -n^ous  occa- 
sion§,  is  in  the  Mtish  Musefum  (Add.  MS. 
90066). 

[Walton's  Llf0»  eotreet^  and  snpplemented 
by  Dr.  Jaoolieon  in  his  edition  of  Sanderson's 
WoricB,  6  T<d8.  1M4 ;  Wx)Od*s  Athene,  toI.  ii. ; 
Aubrey'*  Utros,  it  4(d8 ;  Downei^B  Litss  of  the 
Compilers  <^  the  Liturgy,  1732;  Eragnraiitary 
Ilhistnitioas  of  the  Bsok  of  Goumu»  Pmyer, 
ad.  hy  Dr.  Jacobsoa,  1674 ;  BlsMt^i  Annotated 
Book  of  Oomnum  Pliayer,  ld90.  p.  96;  Qeot. 
Hag.  1901,  i.  \m  (with  arint  of  Boothby  par« 
sonage);  Notes  «iid  QaeiiSB,  Sthser.  xii«  223.1 

J.  H.L. 

0Ain>SR6ON,  ROBERT  (1660-1741), 
historian  and  architist,  bom  on  27  July 
1660  at  Eggleston  Hall,  Durham,  was  a 
younger  s^n  of  Christopher  Sanderson,  juf- 


tice  of  the  peace  fbr  <tet  oountr,  who  had 
suffered  for  nis  attachment  to  the  cause  'of 
the  Stuarts  during  the  civil  war.  He  was 
entered  as  a  student  of  St.  John's  Obllege, 
Oambridge,  under  the  tuition  of  I>r.  Baker. 
on  7  July  1683,  and  he  resided  for  several 
years  in  the  university,  where  he  'vv^  cmh 
temporaiy  with  MattMW  Prior.  Removing 
to  London,  he  devoted  himself  to  t^  study 
of  t^e  common  kw,  and  was  unpointed 
cleik  of  the  rolls  in  the  Rolls  OhapM.  $^m 
1696  to  1707  he  wus  employed  by  l%NMnas 
Rymer  fq.  v.]  His  ifiret  publieation  eoet- 
ststed  or*  Original  Letters  from 'King  Wil* 
liam  III,  then  prince  of  Onutfe,  to  OhBLnes  tl. 
Lord  Arlington,  ftc.,  tnmslated;  t<M^h«r 
with  an  Account  of  his  Reception  at  JtHMSe* 
buigh,  and  his  Speech  upon  that  ocoasion,'* 
London,  17(X4, 6vo.  He  also  wi^drte  a  ''HiCH 
tory  of  the  Reign  of  Elenry  V  of  Englattd, 
composed  from  printed  worlcs  and  tiMinuiscript 
authorities,  ana  divided  into  bookd  eorre^ 
spending  with  the  regnal  years/  The  €rM 
tnree  b(x>k8  of  this  history  were  loet,'but  the 
remainder,  consisting  of  six  folio  volunws, 
ai«  now  in  the  British  Museum  (Addit.  MS6. 
l«W»-«4). 

He  contributed  largely  to  the  compiUttlcm 
of  Rymer's  'Fosdera.'  Rymei's  ki>yal  wir* 
rant  to  search  the  public  offices  in  oMer  t^ 
obtun  materials  fbr  this  great  work  *#«» 
renewed  hj  Queen  Amm  on  S  May  1707, 
when  Sanderson  was  associate*  with  him  in 
the  undertaking;  and  another  wammt  to 
Sanderson  alone  wias  isMiedtm  16-¥\sb.  1717« 
After  Rymer's  deAth  he  <ioattiniMd  tlie  pttb« 
lication,  beginning  wit^^&edxteehtih' volume 
(1716),  which  hM  V617  ttiMriv  beon  som- 
pleted  by  Rvmer,  and  ending  iMthifhe  tweti^ 
tieth,  which  is  d^ted  21  Aug.  178S.  Hhk 
seventeenth  volume,  v^hich  he'broi^t'OUt 
in  1717,  contains  a  general  index.  But  his 
'  incapacity  and  want  of  judgment  •uro'Vtory 
perceptible  in  the  volumes  entmsred  to  hi* 
care;  they  contain  documents  df  a  ■  nature 
unfit  for  the  "FoBdera**  in  the  pitopcttl^ 
of  three  to  one '  (Haud^).  Be  either  mis^ 
took  his  instructions  dr  wHMly  perveTOed 
them.  Instead  of  a '  Foedtfra,'  he  produced 
a  ne^  work  in  the  shape  «f  matdrisis  for 
our  domestic  history,  in  whicli  A)rs^  ridhirft 
are  slightly  intermingled.  He  conieAted 
himself  with  making  selections  from  tiMS6 
muniments  which  came  easily  to  bund,  and 
seldom  prosecuted  his  resssrches  beyond  the 
precincts  of  the  Rolls  Ohapel,  of  which  he 
was  one  of  the  chief  deHtSk  In  the  eigh^ 
teenth  volume  he  committed  »  gncve  bi«ach 
of  privilege  of  parliament  by  publishing  the 
journals  of  the  first  parliament  of  Charles  I, 
contrary  to  the   standing  orders  of  boik 

do2 


Sanderson 


75^ 


Sanderson 


lioiises.  He  was  summoned  before  the  house 
on  7  May  1729,  and  obliged  to  withdraw  the 
Tolume  and  to  cancel  2W  printed  pages. 

On  the  death  of  Rymer,  in  1715,  Sander- 
son became  a  candidate  for  the  post  of  his* 
toriographer  to  Queen  Anne,  and  received 
offers  of  assistance  from  Matthew  Prior,  at 
that  time  ambassador  at  Paris.  His  success, 
however,  was  prevented  by  the  change  of 
ministry  which  followed  tlie  queen's  death. 
Sanderson  was  one  of  the  original  members 
or  founders  of  the  Societv  of  Antiquaries 
when  it  was  revived  in  1717  (GtoireH,  Chro^ 
nologioal  List,  p.  2;  Ar^eBQlogia,  vol.  i. 
intiod.  pp.  xzvi,  xxxv).  On  28  Nov.  1726 
he  was  appointed  usher  of  the  high  court  of 
chancery  by  Sir  Joseph  Jekyll  [q.  v.],  master 
-of  the  rolls,  and  afterwards  clerk  or  keener 
of  the  records  in  the  Rolls  Chapel.  Ue 
succeeded  in  1727,  on  the  death  of  an  elder 
^brother,  to  considerable  landed  property  in 
Cumberland,  Durham,  and  the  North  Riding 
of  Yorkshire.  After  this,  although  he  con- 
tinued to  reside  chiefly  in  London,  he  occa* 
sionally  visited  his  country  seat  at  Arma- 
thwaite  Castle,  nesr  Carlisle.  He  married 
four  times ;  his  fourth  wife,  Elizabeth  Hickes 
of  London,  he  married  when  he  had  completed 
his  seventieth  year.  He  died  on  25  Deo. 
J741  at  his  house  in  Cluuicery  Lane,  and  was 
Jburied  in  Red  Lion  Fields.  As  he  lett  no 
issue  his  estates  descended,  on  the  deaUi  of 
his  widow  in  1753,  to  the  family  of  Margaret, 
ids  eldest  sister,  wife  of  Henry  Milboume  of 
Newcastle-upon-Tyne.  Their  great-grand- 
son, William  Henry  Milboume,  was  high 
sheriff  of  Cumberland  in  1794. 

[Hardy's  Preface  to  the  SylUbus  of  Bymer's 
Pcfdera,  ppw  Iviii,  Izzxyiii,  xcii ;  Bees's  Cyclo- 
pedia, 1819,  vol.  xzxi. ;  Nichols's  Lit.  Anecd.  i. 
385,  886,  477,  478,  ii.  88,  vi.  146,  148, 166.1 

T  C 
SANDERSON,  THOMAS  (1759-1829), 
^  ^poet,  bom  in  1759  at  Currigg  in  the  chapelrv 
of  Raughtonhead,  Cumberland  was  the  fourth 
^  son  of  John  Sanderson  (1723-1776),  by  his 
wife  Sarah  Scott  of  Caldbeck.  The  poet's 
father  did  much  to  improve  the  weU-oeing 
of  the  locality  by  promoting  the  enclosure 
of  waste  lands  and  the  making  of  turnpike- 
roads,  but  died  in  poor  circumstances.  A 
mural  tablet  to  his  memory  and  that  of  his 
wife  and  deceased  children  was  placed  in 
Sebergham  church  in  1795  by  his  sixth  son, 
with  an  inscription  by  the  poet.  Two  of  the 
sons,  who  took  orders,  died  of  apoplexy 
while  officiating  in  church. 

Thomas,  the  poet,  was  educated  first  by 

his  father,  ana  afterwards  at  Sebexvham 

school.    He  was  a  good  classical  scholar, 

.  and  in  1776  he  became  master  at  a  school  at 


Greystoke,  near  Penrith.  Afterwards  he 
was  a  private  tutor  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
Morpeth.  This  was  the  only  period  in  his 
life  when  he  crossed  the  borders  of  his  native 
county.  He  soon  returned  to  his  mother*s 
house  at  Sebeigham,  and  lived  in  complete 
seclusion,  but  occasionally  met,  at  a  spot 
overlooking  the  river  Caldew  or  Cauau, 
Josiah  Relph  [q.  v.],  the  Cumbrian  poet.  On 
his  mother's  doath  he  resumed  work  as  a 
schoolmaster,  first  at  Blackhall  grammar 
school,  near  Carlisle,  and  afterwards  at  Beau- 
mont, where,  in  1791,  he  became  acquainted 
with  Jonathan  Boucher  [q.  v.]  Boucher 
thouffht  well  of  some  verses  which  Sander- 
son had  contributed  under  the  signature 
'  Crito '  to  the  '  Cumberland  Packet,  and  in- 
duced him  to  contribute  an  'Ode  to  the 
Genius  of  Cumberland'  to  'Hutchinson's 
History  of  Cumberland'  (1794). 

In  l799  Sanderson  wrote  a  memoir  of 
Josiah  Relph,  with  a  pastoral  elegy,  for  an 
edition  of  the  Cumbrian  poet's  works.  Li 
1800  he  published  a  volume  of  'Original 
Poems.'  Owing  partly  to  their  success,  but 
prindpally  to  le^^acieft  from  some  relatives, 
he  gave  up  teacmng  and  retired  to  Kirklin- 
ton,  nine  miles  north-east  of  Carlisle,  where 
he  boarded  with  a  farmer,  and  spent  the  re- 
mainder of  his  life  in  literary  worn.  He  pub- 
lished only  two  poems  after  1800,  althougn  he 
contemplated  a  long  one  on '  Benevolence.' 

In  1807  Sanderson  issued  a 'Companion 
to  the  Lakes,'  a  compilation  from  Pennant, 
Gilpin,  and  Young,  supplemented  by  his 
own  knowledge.  Specimens  of  Cumbrian 
ballads  are  given  in  the  appendix.  He  de- 
fended the  literary  style  of  David  Hume 
against  the  strictures  of  Gilbert  Wakefield, 
in  two  essays  in  the  'Monthly  Magasine,' 
and  contributed  a  memoir  of  Boucher  to  the 
<  Carlisle  Patriot'  for  July  1824.  Other 
friends  were  Robert  Anderson  (1770-1833) 
[q.  v.],  the  Cumbrian  baUad-writer,  to  whose 
'  Works '  (ed.  1820)  he  contributed  an  essay 
on  the  chfuracter  of  the  peasantry  of  Cum- 
berland, and  John  Howara  [q.  v.],  the  mathe- 
matician. Sanderson  died  on  16  Jan.  1829, 
from  the  efiects  of  a  fire  which  broke  out  in 
his  room  while  he  was  asleep.  Some  of  his 
manuscripts  perished  in  the  flames.  Unlike 
his  friends,  Sanderson  never  wrote  in  dialect, 
but  his  rhymes  occasionally  showed  the  in- 
fluence of  local  pronunciation.  In  1829  ap- 
peared 'Life  and  Literary  Remains  of  Thomas 
Sanderson,'  by  the  Rev.  J.  Lowthian  (rector 
of  Sebergham,  1816-18).  Prefixed  is  a  por- 
trait, engraved  by  A.  M.  Huflam  f^m  a 
painting  Dy  G.  Sheffield. 

[LowthiaD'sLife ;  Biogr.  Diet.  Living  Authon^ 
1816;  Brit.  Mus.  Cat.]  Q*  La  U.  N. 


Sanderson 


757 


Sand  ford 


SANDERSON,  Sir  WILLIAM  (1686F- 
1676),  historian,  bom  about  1586,  is  said  to 
haye  been  the  son  of  Nicholas  Sanderson, 
first  yiscount  Oastleton  in  the  peerage  of 
Ireland  (CHEnrsB,  Wettmnuter  aeffitten,^. 
189) ;  but  this  seems  to  be  an  error,  as  the  Sir 
William  Sanderson  who  was  son  of  Viscount 
Gastleton  died  in  1648  {CaL  of  Oompormden, 
p.  2790).  Sanderson  was  secretary  to  Henry 
Kich,  earl  of  Holland  fq.  y.],  when  Holland 
was  chancellor  of  theuniversitjof  Cambridge 
(Wood,  Athena,  iii.  565 ;  Autobiogrtmkjf  of 
8ir  Simonds  iyEwe$f  ii.  68).  James  Howell 
describes  him  as  beinff  from  his  youth  bred 
up  at  court,  and '  employed  in  many  negotia- 
tions of  good  consequence  both  at  home  and 
abroad '  ('  Address '  prefixed  to  Sanbebsok's 
IM  of  CharlM  I).  He  suffered  in  the  cause 
ofOluurles  I,  and  was  made  a  gentleman  of  the 
priyy  chamber  by  Charles  U  and  knighted. 
Holland  had  made  him  a  grant  of  the  Pad- 
dock Walk,  Windsor  Park,  which  was  con- 
firmed at  the  Bestoration  (CaL  State  Papers, 
Dom.  1660-1  p.  242,  IWl  pp.  S48,  500). 
On  7  June  1671  a  pension  of  200/.  per  annum 
was  granted  to  Sanderson  and  his  wife 
jointly  (id.  1671,  p.  804).  He  died  16  July 
1676,  aged  ninety,  according  to  his  epitaph, 
and  was  buried  in  Westminster  Abbey 
(Chesteb,  p.  189 ;  Dlbt,  Weetmonaateriurn, 
ii.  125).  m-elyn  attended  his  funeral  and 
describes  him  as '  author  of  two  large  but 
mean  histories  and  husband  to  the  mother  of 
the  maids'  {Diary,  ii.  820,  ed.  Wheatley). 

Sanderson  married,  about  1626,  Bridget, 
daughter  of  Sir  Edward  Tyrrell,  baronet,  of 
Thornton,  Buckinghamshire ;  she  was  mother 
of  the  maids  of  honour  to  Catherine  of  Bra- 
{;anza,  died  on  17  Jan.  1682,  and  was  buried 
in  Westminster  Abbey  (Lipscomb,  Buchinff- 
kamehire,  i.  852;  Dabt,  ii.  125 ;  Lttttbbll, 
Diary,  i.  159). 

Sanderson  was  author  of  three  hbtorical 
works:  1.  'Aulicus  CoquinarisB,  or  a  Vin- 
dication in  Answer  to  a  Pamphlet  entitled 
"  The  Court  and  Character  of  King  James," ' 
1650,  12mo.  This  was  an  answer  to  the 
posthumous  book  of  Sir  Anthony  Weldon, 
and  has  been  sometimes  attributed  toHeylyn. 
Sanderson  claims  the  authorship  in  the  pre- 
face to  his  *  History  of  James  I.'  2.  '  A 
Comnleat  History  ot  the  Liyes  and  Reigns 
of  Mary,  Queen  of  Scotland,  and  her  son 
James,'  1656.  fol.  In  the  preface  to  the 
second  part  Sanderson  obseryes:  'For  my- 
self, haying  liyed  long  time  in  court,  and 
employed  ^ill  my  grey  hairs)  more  in  busi- 
ness than  in  books ;  far  unworthy,  I  humbly 
confess,  to  haye  any  hand  to  the  helm,  yet  I 
cabined  near  the  steenge,  and  so  might  the 
more  readily  run  the  compass  of  the  ship's 


way.'  A  few  anecdotes  attest  his  acquain* 
tance  with  the  life  of  the  court.  8. '  A  Com- 
plete  History  of  the  Life  and  Reign  of  King 
Charles  from  his  Cradle  to  his  Grave,'  1658, 
folio,  with  a  portrait  of  the  author, '  letat. 
SUS8  68.'  This  is  a  compilation  Quoting 
freely  from  newspapers,  speeches,  manifestos, 
and  the  *  Eikon  Basilike ; '  it  is  frequently 
inaccurate  and  of  little  original  yalue.  San- 
derson deyoted  much  space  to  answering 
L'Estrange's  'History  of  Charles  I'  and 
Heylyn's  observations  upon  it.  This  in-- 
yolyed  him  in  a  controversy  with  Heylyn, . 
who  published,  early  in  1658,  'R^pondet 
Petrus,  or  the  Answer  of  Peter  Heylyn,, 
D.D.,  to  Dr.  Bernard's  Book  entitled  *<  Th& 
Judgment  of  the  late  Primate  of  Ireland,"  to 
which  is  added  an  Anpendiz  in  Answer  to 
certain  Passages  in  Mr.  Sanderson's  ''His- 
tory of  the  Lire  and  Reign  of  King  Charles." ' 
Pages  189-57  are  deyoted  to  disproving  San- 
derson, and  in  particular  to  refuting  his  ac- 
count of  the  passing  of  the  Attainder  Bill 
against  Strafford.  Sanderson  replied  in 
'  Post  Haste,  a  Reply  to  Dr.  Peter  Heylyn's 
Appendix'  ^25  June  1658).  Heylyn  re- 
joined in  his  'Examen  Historicum,'  8yo, 
1659,  over  two  hundred  pages  of  which  con- 
sist of  a  searching  criticism  of  Sanderson's 
historical  works.  Sanderson's  defence,  en- 
titled 'Peter  Pursued,'  closed  the  contro- 
versy (4to,  1658-9). 

His  references  to  Ralegh  in  the  '  Life  of 
James  I,'  involved  Sanderson  in  a  contro- 
versy with  Carew  Ralegh  [q.  v.]Lwho  attacked 
him  in  '  Observations  upon  a  Book  entitled 
"A  Complete  History,  &c."by  a  Lover  of 
Truth,'  4to,  1056  [see  under  Kalegh,  Sib 
Waltbb].  Sanderson  published  in  reply 
'An  Answer  to  a  scurrilous  Pamphlet  entitled 
"  Observations  upon  a  Complete  History  ot 
Mary  Queen  of  Scotland  and  her  son  James,' 
4to,  1656. 

Sanderson's  only  other  published  work 
was  'Graphice:  the  Use  of  the  Pen  and 
Pencil,  or  the  most  excellent  Art  of  Paint- 
ing,' folio,  1658,  which  contains  a  consider- 
able amount  of  information  on  the  history 
of  that  art  in  England  (see  Bbtdges,  British 
Biblioyrapher,  iv.  226-8).  A  portrait,  en- 
graved hy  W.  Faithome  after  G.  Zoust,  is 
prefixed  (ptlovlby), 

piVood's  Athene  OxonienseSi  ed.  Bliss,  iii. 
565;  authorities  cited.]  C.  H.  F. 

SANDFORD.    [See  also  Sakford.] 

SANDFORD,    DANIEL    (1766-1830),. 
bishop  of  Edinburgh,  second  son  of  the  Rev. 
Daniel  Sandford  of  Sandford  Hall,  Shrop- 
shire, was  bom  at  Delville,  near  Dublin,  on 
1  Jidy  1766.    He  was  descended  from  Ro-^ 


•"^  3-* 


758 


Sandford. 


«c  FVuRift  Sandford  [q.  ▼.] 
1^  ^kftTh  ^  to  ttikef^  his  mother  le- 
u.  B«ch  «  liliK  and  youD^  Sand- 
tt  «i^4ioMi(iil  at  the  grammar  school 
ilM«^  Aite  3MsiTui2  some  private  tuition 
•«  Rn«i^  W  aMUkiuated  as  a  commoner 
•  OtaiK  C^mek  Oxford,  on  26  Not.  1783, 
nxk^  4)1^  C^nil  JaokBon,  and  was  preferred 
^,  %  ^«M«mip  by  the  bishop  of  Oxford, 
2^  t^  h&  woft  the  ooUege  pme  for  Latin 
,^Mft»wt«o«»  and  gradoatM  B.A.  He  pro- 
X^  MJL  in  1791  and  D.D.  in  1802. 
Ift  i;^  he  was  admitted  to  deacon's  orders, 
iMi  sarred  ouraeies  at  Sonbury  and  Han- 
w^rUu  Ia  1792  he  removed  to  Edinburgh, 
he  opened  an  episoopal  chapel.  It 
^  attendea  by  Engbsh  families  residing 
th*  city.  In  1818  he  removed  to  St. 
the  leading  Scottish  episcopal  church 
ittEdinbargh.  On  9  Feb.  1806  he  was  con- 
aacrated  bi&op  of  Edinburgh,  in  succession 
io  Dr.  Abemethy  Drummond.  The  appoint- 
ment of  an  English  presbyter  to  an  epi- 
seopatein  Scotland  was  viewed  by  many  with 
susincioHy  and  picovoked  much  disQussion< 
B^t  the  appointment  was  in  every  way  a 
success.  As  a  member  of  the  episcopal 
college  he  was  regarded  by  his  brother  pre- 
lates with  affection  and  respect,  and  he  ren- 
dered valuable  assistance  in  the  preparation 
ai  the  canons  by  which  the  episcopal  church 
of  Scotland  is  governed.  He  died  at  Edin^ 
buiffh,  after  manv  yeaars  of  feeble  health,  on 
lii  Jan*  1830,  and  was  buried  in  the  ground 
adjoiikinghis chapel*  On  II  Oct.  1790  he 
married  Uelen  Frances  Catherine  (d,  1837), 
eldest  daughter  of  Ezskine  Douglas,  son  of 
Sir  William  Dov^as,  bait.,  of  Eelhead.  He 
had  three  sons  and  four  daughters.  The 
eldest  son,  Erskine  Douglas  (1793-1861), 
was  sheriff  of  Galloway.  The  second  and 
third  sons,  Sir  Daniel  Key  te  and  John  (1801- 
1873),  are  noticed  separately. 

Sandford  was  the  author  of:  1. '  Lectures 
on  Passion  Week,'  1797,  Edinburgh  8to; 
2nd  ed.  18^1,  Edinburgh,  12mo ;  8rd  ed. 
1826,  Edinburgh,  12mo.  2. 'Sermons chiefly 
tax  young  Peyraoas,'  1802,  Edinburgh,  12mo* 
8.  *  Sermons  preached  in  St,  John's  Chfipel,' 
1819,  Edinburgh,  8vo.  4*  '  Remains,'  2 
jTols*  1830,  Edinburgh,  8vo,  He  also  con- 
tributed articles  to  the  'Classioal  JoumaL' 

[Memoir  prefixed  to  ^smainsr  wntten  by  Areh- 
deaeonSaadford;  Foster^s  Alumni  Ozon.  1716- 
1886;  Gent.  Mag.  1 880 ;  Burke's  Landed  Gentry : 
Coleridge's  Table  Talk,  1874,  p.  382.]  0.  S~h. 

SANPKOaD,  S»  DANIEL  KEYTB 

(1.798-1888),  professor  of  Greek  in  the  uai- 
H^e^y  of  Glasgow,  bom  at  Edinburgh  on 
S  .Feb^  179^  was  second  son  pf  Daniel  Sand- 


ford [q.  vj,  biflhep  of  Edinburgh,  aad'hro- 
ther  of  John  Sandford  [q.  t7]  AjGfcer  a 
distinguished  osreer  at  taia  high  school  of 
EkLinburgh,  in  1817  ha  waa.entered  atChziat 
Church,  Oxford,  malncalating  28  Jan.,  and 
graduating  B.A.  in  IBiO  wnk  a  first  class 
m  Uteris  kumaimribw^  M.A.  in  1826,  and 
D.O.L.  in  1888.  In  1821  he  gained  the  chan- 
cellor's pri«e  for  so  easay  oa  the  '  Stady  of 
Modem  Ilistory.'  In.  September  1821,  in 
defiance  of  the  test  law — he  was  an  epi* 
scopalian — he  was  appointed  to  suecead  Fro-» 
fessor  Toung  in  the  ure^  chair  of  Glasgaw 
University,  and,  'although  only  twentyw 
three  ^ears  of  age,  he  suoeeeded  1^  skill  and 
enthusiasm  in  awakening  a  loTe  for  Q^nek 
literature  fiir  beyond  tJbe  bounds  of  hia.ani- 
yersity.'  Daring  Uie  agitation  about  tha 
'catholic  daims  he  hurried  to  Qxfioid  in 
1829  to  vote  for  Sir  Robert  Peel,  and  wa« 
rewarded  with  a  knighthood  on  27  Oct.  1880. 
At  the  time  of  ^e  Kelbrm  BtU  he  aban- 
doned Greek  for  politics,  and  made  many 
brilliant  s|Ndeches  in  the  bill's  fsTOus  at 

Eublio  meetings.  On  the  passing  of  the  bill 
e  contested  Glasrow  city  unsoooeasfiilly  in 
1882 ;  but  in  18&  he  was  elected  MjP.  in 
Paisley.  His  appearances  in  the  House  of 
Commons  were  uUInres,.his  rhetoric,  whicdi 
had  won  admiration  at  the  uniyeraity,  ex-* 
citing  only  dension  there.  '  His  politics  wen 
not  self-consistent;  he  was  a  diie^ile  of 
Hume  in  finance,  and  of  Goulbnm  m  att* 
tipathy  to  Jewish  claims.'  In  1886  he  re- 
signed his  seat  and  returned  to  Glasgow, 
where  he  died  of  typhus  fever,  after  a  week's 
illness,  on  4  Feb*  1888.  He  was  buried  at 
Rothesay. 

Sandford  married,  in  182S,  Henrietta  Oa* 
cilia,  enly  daughter  of  John  Ohamock.  Sha 
died  on  12  Feb.  1878.  He  had  three  sons 
and  seven  daughters.  All  the  sons  dis- 
tinguished themselves.  The  eldest,  Francis 
Bicnard  John,  lord  SandfiMrd  of  Sandford,  is 
eepsjately  noticed.  The  second  was  Sir 
Herbert  Bruce  (see  infea),  and  the  third, 
Daniel  Fox,  LL.D.  (6. 1881),  was  bishop  of 
Tasmania  in  1888,  and  assistant  biahep  in 
the  diocese  of  Durham  in  1889. 

Sandford  wrote  numeEOus  Greek  transit* 
tions  and  brilliant  papers  in  'Blackwood* 
and  articles  in  the '  Edinburgh  Review.'  He 
was  a  colleague  of  Thomas  Thomson,  M.D., 
and  Allan  Ounningham  in  the  editorship  of 
the  *  Popular  Encyclopedia.'  Beaides  *  Gteek 
Rules  and  Exerota^s'  and  'Exenusea  from 
Greek  Authors,'  written  for  the  use  of  hia 
class,  and  '  Introduotion  to  the  Writing  of 
Greek'  (1826,  Edinburgh,  8ro>,  Saadfetd 
translated  'The  Greek  Grammar  of  FVe» 
derick  Thieraoh '  (1680,  Edinburgh,  8yo),  and 


Sandford 


759 


Sandford 


tvpriniedftooi  the'Fopolar  EnoyelopaBdia ' 
an  9&Ukj  'On  the  Bias  and  Ftogxess  of  Lito* 
ntnm/ 1648,  Bdinbaigh,  8to. 

Sib  dsBunrr  Bevob  Bilitdbosd  (1826- 
1899),  ooloncd,  the  aeeond  son,  was  bom  on 
18  kxLg.  1828.  He  reeeiTed  hie  early  edu* 
eation  at  the  same  sehool  as  his  elder  bro- 
ther Fnu:ieis,«atared  AddisooBibe  in  1842, 
andrsoeifed  a  eemmimion  in  the  Bombay 
iitiUery  in  1844,  of  which  he  became 
coIodaI  in  1865.  He  proceeded  to  India, 
and  was  appointed  (9  Anril  1848)  assistant 
resident  at  Setara  and  nrst  assistant  oom- 
missimier  then  (1  May  1849).  During  the 
Indian  matiny  nift  servioss  were  of  grsat 
talue.  He  was  a  speeial  commissioner  for 
the  snpprossiMi  of  the  matinies  (1867^), 
and  became  the  close  associate  and  lifdlong' 
Mend  oC  Sir  Bartle  Fiers.  In  1860*1 
he  acted  ss  special  ineome-taz  comnusstoner 
at  Satara.  Ketnmin^  to  England  in  1861, 
he  wss  closely  sssoeiated  with  the  Inter- 
national Ezhifetion  of  1862,  Bnsiish  com- 
missioner for  the  International  exhibition 
at  Fhiladeh^  in  1876,  for  that  at  Mel- 
bonme  in  1881,  and  tot  that  at  Adelaide  in 
1887.  His  servioes  on  all  these  occasions 
won  for  him  high  opinions  both  in  England 
and  in  the  colonies,  and  he  was  created 
E.G.M.G.  in  1877.  He  was  assistant  director 
of  the  South  Kensinffton  Museum  in  1877--8. 
He  died  on  31  Jan.  1892.  He  married  his 
cousin  Sara  Agnes,  third  daughter' of  James 
Edward  Leslie  of  Leslie  Hill. 

[Qoiit.Mag.  1888,  i.  548;  Ogilvie's  Imperial 
Dictionary;  Irrin^sBook of Seotsmen ;  Foster's 
Ahmmi  Oxchi.  1715-1S96;  Official  Bet.  Hem* 
bers  of  PsrL ;  Chambers^  Diet  of  Eminent 
Seetsmen;  Andanon's  Seottiah  Nation;  Alli- 
bon^s  DietioMCT;  Bsike's  Landad  Gentry.] 

a. ' 


8Ain>F0RD,  FRANOIB  (1630^1694), 
herald  and  jrenealogist,  descended  firom  an 
tticient  famfly  seated  at  Sandford,  Shzop- 
diire,  was  b<»n  in  the  oastle  of  Camow,  co. 
Widclow,  in  1630,  being  die  third  son  of 
F^cis  Sandford,  esq.,  of  Sandfbid,  by  Elizsr 
heth,  daughter  of  Oalcot  Ghamhre  of  Wil- 
liamsoot,  Ozfoidshife,  and  of  Camow.  His 
ftther^  according  to  FaUer,  was  a  royalist 
who  was '  very  well  skilled  in  nmking  war^ 
like  feitiflfeations.'  In  1641,  on  the  out- 
break of  the  rebellion  in.  Ireland,  the  son 
songlit  an  as^um  at  Sandford.  He  was 
educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublm,  where 
he  gndnated  B:A.  (Tatiidb,  Miit.  Unw. 
Ikiblm,  p.  488).  He  was  apvKisnted  rouge- 
dragon  pursuivant  in  the  Anlege  of  Ann» 
CD  6  June  1661.  In  1666,  when  attending 
the  king  at  Cbcford,  he  studied  in  the  Bod» 
IsiMi  Idbraiy,  and  he  wos  appointed  Lan- 


caster heosid  on  16  Nov.  1676.  Being  coi^ 
scientiottsly  attached  to  James  II,  he  obtained 
leave  in  1689  to  resign  his  tabard  to  Ghregory 
Eing  [q.  vA  rougemgon  pursuivant,  who 
p»aid  him  220/.  for  his  office.  He  then  re-* 
tired  to  Kkwmsbury  or  its  vicinity.  He 
died  ovk  17  Jan.  1698-4, '  advanoed  in  yeansi 
neglected,  and  poor,'  in  the  prison  of  "New- 
gate,  where  he  nad  been  confined  for  debt, 
and  was  buried  in  St.  Bride's  uraer  church** 
wd  (WoQO,  Fasti  Oxim,  ed.  BIIms,  ii.  288f9.> 
oj  his  wi&  Maigaret,  daughter  of  William 
Jokes  of  Bottbgton,  Montgomeiyahire,  and 
widow  of  WilUaas  Kenjp  ho  had  asireral 
children. 

His  principal  work  is:  L '  AGenealo»cal 
History  of  the  Khigs  of  England  and-Mo* 
narehs  of  Qreat  Britain,  &c.,  from  the  Gon« 
quest,  anno  1066,  to  the  year  1677,  in  seven 
parts  at  books,  containing . . .  Monumental 
Inscriptions,  with  their  Effigies,  Seals,  Tombs, 
Cenotaph,  Devises,  Arms,  Quarteiings,OrBSts, 
and  Supporters,allengTaven  incopper-^ates, 
furnished  with  several  Bsmarquesand  An- 
notations,' London,  1677,  foL  This  magni- 
ficent volume  was  compiled  by  the  direction 
and  encouragement  at  Charles  H.  Duzmg 
a  severe  illness  with  which  the  author  was 
attacked,  a  part  of  the  text  was  furnished 
by  Gregory  Kinff,  who  assiited  in  preparing 
the  work  for  the  nress.  The  plim  of  the 
psiformance  is  excellent,  and  the  platee  are 
1^  Hollar  and  other  eminent  artists.  A 
second  edition  was  brouaht  out  b^  Samuel 
Stebbing,  Somerset  herud:  *  contimied  to 
this  Time,  with  nuiny  New  Sculptures,  Ad- 
ditions, snd  Annotations;  as  likewise  the 
Descents  of  divers  Illustrious  Families,  now 
flourishing,  maternally  descended  from  the 
said  Monarchs,  or  firom  Collateral  Branches 
of  the  Royal  Blood  of  England/  London, 
1707,  foL  Everything  in  this  edition  beyond 
p.  616  is  firesh  matter ;  there  are  fourteen 
new  plates,  and  the  index  is  greatly  enlarged. 
An  extended  analysis  of  the  work  is  given 
in  Savfuro's  *  Librarian,'  1809,  ii.  1. 

Sandtord's  other  works  are :  3. '  A  Genea- 
logical History  of  the  Kings,  of  Portugal,' 
London,  1662,  foL,  being  in  part  atmnsla^ 
tion  &em  the  French  of  Soevole  snd  Louis 
de  Ssinote  Marthe.  The  book  was  published 
in  compliment  to  Catherine  of  Bragaaxa, 
queen-consmrt  of  Charles  IL  8.  *  The  Grdsr 
and  Ceremonies  used  for,  and  at,  the  Solemn 
Interment  of  .  .  .  Qeom  [Monck]  Duke  of 
Albemarle,'  London,  16/0,  obi.  fol.  Some 
extracts  firom  the  work  were  winted  st  Lon- 
don, 1722,  4to.  4.  <The  History  of  the 
Coronation  of  • . .  James  H  . . .  sjod  of  his 
Royal  Consort,  Queen  Mary,'  London,  1687, 
foL  (with  plate  eogn^ved  by  W.  Sharwin) 


Sand  ford 


760 


Sandford 


B.  Moore,  and  others).  Sandford  received 
f lom  the  king  900/.  on  account  of  this  superb 
book  (GiTTi  Seeret-Bervice  PaymenU,  pp.  106, 
162).  The  work  is  said  to  have  been  chiefly 
comniled  br  Gregory  King,  who  was  re- 
waraed  with  one-thinl  of  the  profit.  As  the 
Revolution  took  place  in  1688,  there  was  no 
time  to  dispose  of  the  copies,  so  that  Sand<- 
ford  and  King  only  just  cleared  the  expenses, 
which  amounted  to  nearly  600/.  Ck)mmen- 
datory  verses  by  Sandford  are  prefixed  to 
Sylvanus  Morgan's  *  Sphere  of  Gentry,'  1661, 
and  Sandford's '  Pedigrees  of  Shropshire  Fami* 
lies'  are  in  Brit.  Mus.  Addit.  MS.  28616. 

[Addit.  MS.  29563,  f.  116;  Foster's  Alamni 
Oxon.  1600-1714,  iv.  1811:  Gent.  Mag.  1793, 
).  515;  Kobie's  College  of  Arms,  pp.  293,  294, 
818,  822;  Monle's  Bibl.  Herald,  pp.  166^  171, 
180,  202,  283,  267;  Walpole's  Aneod.  of  Paint- 
ing, ed.  WorDom,  iii.  169;  Ware's  Writers  of 
Ireland,  ed.  Harris,  p.  252.]  T.  C. 

SANDFORD,  FRANCIS  RICHARD 
JOHN,  first  LiOKD  Sji.ndfobd  (1824-1898), 
eldest  son  of  Sir  Daniel  Keyte  Sandford  [q.v.  J, 
was  bomon  14  May  1824,  and  spent  some  years 
in  the  high  school  of  Glasgow  and  the  Grange 
School,  an  institution  of  repute  kept  by  a  Dr. 
Cowan  at  Sunderland.  Thence  he  passed  sue- 
cessivelv  to  the  university  of  Glasgow,  and, 
as  Snell  exhibitioner,  to  Balliol  College,  Ox- 
ford, where  he  matriculated,  10  March  1842. 
At  Oxford  he  obtained  a  first  class  in  the 
school  of  litera  kumamares  (B.A.  1846,  and 
M .  A.  1858).  In  1 848  he  entered  the  education 
ofiice.  In  that  office,  with  an  interval  in  1862, 
when  he  acted  as  or^nising  secretary  to  the 
International  Exhibition,  and  another  from 
1868  to  1870,  in  which  he  was  assistant  under- 
secretary in  the  colonial  office,  he  remained 
until  1884.  During  the  last  fourteen  years 
of  this  period  he  was,  as  secretary,  the  per- 
manent head  of  the  office,  and  performed 
work  of  the  greatest  value  in  the  organisa- 
tion of  the  national  system  of  education 
created  bv  Mr.  Forster^  act  of  1870.  He 
acted  at  the  same  time  as  secretary  to  the 
Scottish  education  department  and  to  the 
science  and  art  department,  then  combining 
duties  which  since  his  period  of  office  have 
been  discharged  b^  separate  officials.  The 
work  he  performed  m  these  capacities  was  ap- 

freciatea  by  statesmen  of  all  political  parties, 
n  1884  he  became  a  charity  commissioner 
under  the  London  Parochial  Charities  Act. 
In  1885  he  acted  as  vice-chairman  of  the 
boundary  commissioners  under  the  Redis* 
tribution  of  Seats  Act,  and  in  the  same  year 
he  became  the  first  under-secretary  for  Scot- 
land. He  held  that  office  until  1887.  He 
was  knighted  in  1862,  became  C.B.  in  1871, 
imd  K.C.B,  in  1879;  was  coeated  a  privy 


councillor  in  1885,  and  was  called  to  the 
House  of  Lords  as  Lord  Sandford  of  Sand- 
ford in  1891.  The  entaU  of  the  estate  of 
Sandford  in  Shronahire,  which  has  been 
owned  by  the  family  for  eight  hundred  years, 

?assed  to  him  in  1893.  He  died  on  81  Dec. 
898.  He  married,  1  Aug.  1849,  Maigaret, 
daughter  of  Robert  Undlay,  eeq.,  of  Botwich 
Castle,  Dumbartonshire.    He  left  no  issue. 

[Private  information;   Burke's  Peerage  and 
Landed  Oenby ;  Men  of  the  Time.]        H.  C. 

SANDFORD,  FULK  db  (d.  1271),  also 
called   FiTLK    db   BijBBBT,   archbishop     of 
Dublin^  was  the  nephew  of  Sir  Philip  Bisset 
[q.  v.],  the  son  of  Alan  Basset  (d.  1233), 
lord  of  AVycombe.    He  is  more  often  called 
*  Sandford  '  than  <  Basset,'  though  Matthew 
Paris  {Hist.  Mqjor,  v.  591)  describes  him 
solely  as  Basset,  and  the  '  Tewkesbury  An- 
nals ^  {Arm.  Mon.  i.  159)  as  '  Fulk  Basset ' 
or  'de  Samford.'     Luard,  Paris's    editor, 
suspected  that  Paris  had  simply  confused 
Fulk  de  Sandford  with  Fulk  Basset  [q.  v.], 
bishop  of  London ;  but  the  fact  of  his  rela- 
tionship to  the  great  Basset  house  is  clearly 
brought  out  by  a  letter  of  Alexander  IV, 
dated  18  June  1257,  in  which  the  pope  grants 
'Philip  called  Basset'  a  dispensation   to 
marry  '  £la,  countess  of  Warwick,'  on  '  the 
signification  of  his  nephew,  the  Archbishop 
of  Dublin  '  (Bliss,  CkU.  of  Papal  Zetten,  1. 
346-6).    It  seems  certain  that  Fulk  was  an. 
illegitimate  son  of  one  or  other  of  Philip's 
brothers,  either  Gilbert  Basset  (d.  1241^  [q-v.J 
or  Fulk  Basset,  bishop  of  London,but  whether 
of  the  knight  or  the  bishop  there  seems  no 
evidence  to  determine.    There  was  a  Richard 
de  Sandford,  a  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's  in 
1241  (Newcoitbt,  RuferU  £ecies.  Lend,  i. 
198},  and  John  de  Sandford  [q.v.],  archbishop 
of  Dublin,  was  Fdlk  Sandford's  brother,  and 
is  known  to  be  illegitimate  (Bliss,  Cal,  Papctl 
Letters,  i.  479;^.    in  April  1244,  before  his. 
own  consecration,  Bishop  Fulk  Basset  ap- 
pointed Fulk  Sandford  to  the  archdeaconry 
of  Middlesex  (Newcovbt,  i.  78).    Fulk  waa 
also  prebendary  of  Faldland  in  St.  Paul'F 
Cathedral,  and  is  described  in  two  letters  of 
Alexander  IV  both  as  treasurer  of  St.  Paul'a 
and  as  chancellor  of  St.  Paul's  {Hist,  MSS, 
Camm.  10th  Rep.  App.  v.  207;    Oal.  Papal 
Letters,  i.  345 ;  cf.  Le  Nevb,  ii.  352). 

On  the  death  of  Archbishop  Luke  of 
Dublin,  Ralph  de  Norwich  [q.  v.]  waa 
elected  as  his  successor  bv  the  two  diaptera 
of  Dublin,  and  Henry  III  approved  of  his 
choice.  But  Alexander  Iv  quashed  the 
election  and  appointed  Fulk  de  Sandford, 
who  was  accidentally  at  the  papal  court 
(JRores  Hist,  iu  410).  On  20  Jaly  he  is  already 


Sandford 


761 


Sandford 


addressed  by  the  po^  as  archhishop-elect, 
and  idlowed  to  retain  his  treasurenhip  in 
London  and  all  prebends  and  benefices  which 
he  has  hitherto  held.  On  27  July  1256 
Alexander  issued  a  mandate  to  the  two 
chapters,  ordering  them  to  accept  his 
nominee.  Henry  III  resisted  the  appoint- 
ment for  a  time,  and  his  subsequent  accept-* 
ance  of  it  was  regarded  by  Matthew  Paris 
as  a  sign  of  his  falling  dignity  and  influence. 
On  26  March  1257  Henry  also  restored  to 
Fulk  the  deanery  of  Penkridge  in  Stafford- 
shire,' but  only  as  it  had  been  held  by  Arch- 
bishop Luke  and  saying  the  royal  ri^ts. 

In  1257  Fulk  was  in  England.  Me  was 
present  at  the  Mid  Lent  parliament,  when 
Bichard,  earl  of  Cornwall  (1209^1272)  fq.  y.], 
bade  farewell  to  the  magnates  on  his  aepar- 
ture  for  Germany  (Matt.  Pabis,  Hist,  Majors 
T.  625).  On  25  May  he  officiated  at  Lich- 
field at  the  burial  of  the  late  bishop,  Boger  of 
Weseham  ('  Burton  Annals '  in  Ann,  Man,  i. 
408).  He  receiyed  soon  after  a  curious  per- 
mission from  the  pope  to  '  choose  a  discreet 
confessor'  (Hiet.  MS8,  Omm.  10th  Bep. 
y.  207).  About  July  1259  he  receiyed  royal 
license  to  yisit  the  Koman  court  {Col,  iJoc, 
Ireland^  1252-84,  p.  101).  It  was  probably 
his  personal  interyention  that  led  Pope 
Alexander  on  4  Noy.  to  permanently  annex 
the  deanery  of  Penkridge  to  the  see  of  Dub- 
lin, and  in  1260  to  augment  ite  reyenues  by 
conferring  on  the  archbishops  in  perpetuity 
the  prebend  of  Swords  in  Dublin  Cathedral 
{Cal.  Papal  Litters^  i.  868,  871).  He  was 
still  with  the  pope  at  Anagni  on  13  April 
1260,  and  during  his  absence  some  of  nis 
saffiragans  had  attempted  to  prejudice  the 
rights  of  his  see  (Kitt,  MS8,  Comm.  10th 
Bep.y.  208).  The  justice  of  Ireland,  William 
le  Dene,  also  took  adyantace  of  his  absence 
to  infringe  the  liberties  of  the  church  and 
try  ecclesiastics  in  secular  courts  (ib.) 

On  16Feb.l265Henryin  urgently  begged 
Fulk  Sandford  to  undertake  the  office  of 
justice  of  Ireland  as  deputy  of  his  son  Ed- 
ward^ its  nominal  lord  since  1254.  Ireland, 
being  threatened  by  discord  amonff  its  mag- 
nates, king  and  council  deemed  Fulk  a  useful 
and  necessary  agent  in  the  preservation  of 
peace(ai/.I>oc./rei^n<i,1252-^,p.l23).  As 
the  king  and  his  son  were  then  in  the  hands 
of  Simon  de  Montfort,  this  may  signify  that 
Fulk's  mnpathies  were  with  the  popular  side. 
But  in  May  another  letter  makes  it  clear  that 
it  was  only  daring  the  temporary  absence  of 
the  real  justiciar,  Bichard  de  Let  Bochelle, 
that  FuIk  assumed  the  goyemment,  and 
even  then  onlj  as  chief  counsellor  to  Boger 
Waspayl,  or  if  Boger  refused  the  moff&red 
office  {lb.  p.  125).   Finally,  on.  10  June,  the 


baronial  party  made  Huffh  de  Tachmoa 
bishop  of  Meath,  justiciar  0^«p- 126). 

About  September  1265  Fulk  received 
letters  of  protection  till  Pentecost  (ib.  p.  126). 
In  the  spring  of  1267  he  had  safe-conduct 
while  yisiting  the  English  court  {ib.  p.  132). 
On  11  and  12  April  he  procured  from 
Henry  III  at  Cambridge  grants  that  he 
might  enjoy  all  the  liberties  and  rights  of 
his  predecessors  (ib.  p.  132).  Thisprobably 
means  a  reconciliation  between  Fulk  and 
the  yictorious  royalists.  Fulk  showed  great 
activity  and  tenacity  in  safeguarding  the 
rights  of  the  church  and  of  his  see,  and  a 
large  number  of  documents  in  the  regbter 
colled  '  Crede  Mihi '  attest  his  seal  in  in- 
creasing or  rounding  off  his  possessions  and 
in  driving  bargains  with  his  neighbours  and 
dependents  (Hist.  MSS.  Comm,  10th  Bep. 
y.  213-19;  cf.  Hist,  and  Municipal  Doc, 
Ireland,  pp.  141,  142).  He  had  disputes 
with  the  Dublin  citizens,  which  he  settled 
before  the  justice,  Bobert  Ufford  (ib.  p.  182). 
He  was  in  debt  to  the  Florentine  bankers 
(ti^.  p.  166).  He  died  at  his  manor  of  Fin- 
glas  on  4  May  1271  ^CartuktrieSf  4*0.,  of  St, 
Mary's  Abbey,  DubUn,  u.  290 ;  Wabe,  Com- 
mentary on  Prelates  of  Ireland,  Archbishops 
of  Dublin,  p.  6  [1704J,  wrongly  dates  the 
death  on  6  May).  He  was  buried  in  St. 
Mary*s  Chapel  (apparently  a  foundation  of 
his  own),  within  St.  Patrick's  Cathedral, 
Dublin.  After  a  seven  years'  yacancy,  his  see 
was  filled  up  by  John  of  Darlington  [q.  y.] 

[Sweetman**  Calendar  of  Docaments  reUting 
to  Ireland,  1252-84 ;  Hist.  MSS.  Comm.  10th 
Rep.  App.  v. ;  Newcourt*8  Bepezt.  Bool.  Load. ; 
Bliss's  Calendar  of  Papal  Letters,  vol.  L  (many  of 
the  documents  calendared  by  Bliss  are  printed  in 
Theioer's  Vetera  Monnmenta  Hibernomm  et 
dcotomm  Historiam  illnstrantia,  Rome,  1864); 
Le  Keve*8  Fasti  £ccl.  An^^l.  vol.  ii.  ed.  Hardy ; 
Matt.  Paris's  HisL  Major,  vols.  v.  and  vi. ; 
Flores  HisL  vol.  ii.;  Ann.  Tewkesbaiy  and 
Barton  in  Ann.  Mon.  vol.  i.;  Cartularies,  &c., 
of  St.  Mary's  Abbey,  Dublin ;  Historical  and 
Municipal  bocuments,  Lreland  (the  last  fire  in 
Rolls  Ser.)]  T.  F.  T. 

SANDFOBD  or  SANFOBD,  JAMES 
(JL  1667),  author,  apparently  a  native  of 
»>merset,  may  have  been  uncle  or  cousin  of 
John  Sandford  (1665P-1629)  [q.y.]  Cue 
'  Mr.  Sandford '  was  tutor  from  about  1580 
to  William  ^erbert,  third  earl  of  Pembroke 
[q.  v.]  (cf.  Ashmole  MS,  174,  f,  149).  James 
was  well  read  in  classical  and  modem  litera- 
ture, and  worked  laboriously  as  a  translator* 
In  1567  he  published  two  translations  with 
Henry  Bvnneman  [q.  y.],  the  London 
printer :  the  one  was  entitlMi '  Amorous  and 
Tragicall  Tales  of  Plutarch,  whereunto  ia 


Sandford 


76* 


Sandford 


axtnexed  the  H  jstorie  of  Oniclea  and  Thaa- 

£*ne6  with  sentences  of  the  philosophers,' 
3ndon,  1697;  and  was  dedicated  to  Sir 
Hugh  Paulet  [q.  y.]  of  Hinton  St.  George, 
Somerset.  There  is  a  copy  in  the  British 
Museum,  lacking  the  title-page.  Sandford's 
other  translation  of  1667  was  *  The  Manuell 
of  Epictetus,  translated  out  of  Greeke  into 
French  and  now  into  English,'  London,  1667, 
13mo,  dedicated  to  Queen  Elizabeth  (British 
Muievm).    Two  jears  later  there  followed 

*  Henrie  Ck>melius  Agrippa,  of  the  Vanitie 
«Bd  Uncertaintie  of  Artes  and  Sciences, 
englished  hy  Ja.  San.,  Gent.,'  London,  1669 
{by  Heniy  Wykee,  4to) ;  it  was  dedicated  to 
the  Duke  of  Norfolk ;  a  few  verses  are  in- 
cluded (British  Museum).  In  I57S  tiiere 
appeared  'The  Garden  of  Fleasuis,  oon- 
tayninffe  mostpleasante  tales,  worthy  deeds, 
and  witty  sayings  of  noble  princes  and 
learned  philosophers  moralized,'  done  out  of 
Italian  into  EngUsh,  London  (by  H.  Bynne- 
man),  1673,  8vo ;  this  was  dedicated  to  Ro- 
bert Dudley,  earl  of  Leicester.  In  an  ap- 
pendix are  'certaine  Italian  prouerbs  and 
sentences  done  into  English'  (British  Mu- 
fBeum).  The  whole  work  was  reissued  as 
'Houres  of  Recreation  or  Aiterdinners,  which 
may  aptly  he  called  the  Garden  of  Pleasure 
.  .  .  newly  perused,  corrected  and  enlaiffed,' 
London  {by  H.  Bpmeman),  1676,  12mo 
(British  Museum),  in  the  dedication  to  Sir 
Christopher  Hatton,  Sandford  repeats  some 
prognostications  of  disaster  for  1688.  An 
appendix  collects  '  certayne  noems  dedicated 
to  the  queen*s  most  excellent  majestye.' 

*  Mirror  of  Madnes,  translated  from  the 
BVench,  or  aParadoxe,  mainUyning  madnes 
to  be  most  excellent,  done  out  of  French 
into  English  by  Ja.  San.  Gent.'  London 
{Hio.  Marshe,  em.  8yo),  was  also  published 
an  1676.  It  resembles  in  design  Erasmus's 
•*  Praise  of  Folly'  (BsTDOBe,  CenmrOf  iii.  17). 
A  few  yerses  are  included ;  copies  are  at 
Lambeth  and  in  the  Capell  collection  at 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge.  Sandford  was 
further  responsible  for '  The  Reyelation  of  S. 
lohn,  reueled  as  a  paraphrase  .  .  .  writen  in 
Latine  (by  James  Brocard),'  London  (by 
Thomas  Marshe),  1682 ;  it  was  dedicated  to 
Robert  Dudley,  earl  of  Leicester  (British 
Museum) .  Some  verses  by  Sandford  are  pre- 
fixed to  George  Turberyiile's  *  Plaine  Path 
to  Perfect  Vertue '  (1668). 

[Kitsoo's  Bibliographia  Poetica ;  Sandford's 
Works  in  Brit.  Mus. ;  Haslitt's  Bibliographical 
Collections.]  S.  L. 

SANDFORD,  SAUNFORD,  orSAMP- 
FORD,  JOHN  DE  (d.  12d4),  archbishop  of 
Dublin,  was  of  ilLsgitimato  birth  (Buaa,  Col. 


Fiapal  LetUn^  p.  470),  and  is.  sssd  to  lia.T» 
been  brothmr  of  Folk  de  Sandfotd  [q.  yf,\ 
archbishop  .of  BnUin  (Wabb.  Gmimentefy 
on  Prelates,  of  Ireland^  Atchbkhops  of  Dub^ 
Uny  p.  6),  and  therefore  to  have  been  con- 
nected with  the  Bassets  of  'Wycombe^  On 
16  Sept.  1271,  a  few  months  after  his  btother 
Fulk's  death,  he  wasappointed  by  Henry  HI 
escheator  of  Ireland  (Co/.  Ihc,  IrJmuif 
1262*^  p.  166).  After  the  death  of  Henry 
he  was,  on  7  i)ec.  I272>  appointed  with 
others  to  receiye  the  oaths  ox  fealty  to  Ed- 
ward. I  (tb,  p.  163),  and  on  tibe  same  ds^his 
appointment  as  escheator  was  renewed  (ib.) 
He  was  allowed  hia  expenses  (id. .  p.  173k  and 
on  22  Sept.  wasgr&nted  40/.  a  year  and  two 
suitable  robes  for  his  maintenance  and  40/. 
a  year  and  two  robes  for  expenses  {%b.  p.  176). 
In  1281  he  acted  as  justice  in  eyre  in  Ulatw^ 
{ib.  p.  374^.  He  was  also  engs^jed  in  judi- 
cial work  in  England. 

Sandford's  political  and  judicial  seryices 
were  rewarded  by  numerous  ecclesiastical 

Ereferments.  Durinr  his  brother^s  lifetime 
e  acquired  a  prebend  ia  St.  Patrick's,  DhIh 
lin.  About  1260  he  became  treasunsr  of 
Ferns,  about  1271  he  obtained  the  Hying  of 
Gayendish  in  Suffolk,  and  about  1274  tikat 
of  Loughborough  in  Leicestershire.  As  hia 
illegjitimate  birth  stood  in  the  way  of  his 
receiying  canonical  promotion,  he  obtained 
from  GtregoiyX  a  dispensation  allowing  him 
to  hold  benefices  of  the  yalue  of  600/.  and  to 
be  promoted  to  the  episcopate.  Thereupon 
he  resigned  his  treasurership,  and  in  1275 
yacated  his  prebend  on  being  eleyated  to  the 
deanery  of  St.  Patnck'a  (Oal  Doc,  Irelmtd, 
1262-^  p.  212).  In  the  same  year  ha 
accepted  the  Hying  of  Youghal,  retaining  hia 
other  prefements  (Bliss,uk/.  Papal  Lettert, 
i.  479).    He  was  only  in  subdeaeon's  orders 

gb,  i.  481).  After  the  death  of  John  of 
arlington  [q*  y.l  archbishop  of  Dublin,  ha 
was  elected  archbishop  by  the  two  cbaptt rs 
of  St.  Patrick's  and  Holy  Trinity  (now 
Cfazist  Church).  On  20  July  12S4  Bdwaxd  I 
gaye  the  roy^  assent  to  his  appointment 
{CaL  Doc.  Ireland,  1252<d4,  p.  621),  and  the 
election  was  presented  to  Mwl^in  IV.  Sand^ 
ford  and  fiye  canona  of  the  Dublin  cathedrala 
went  to  the  papal  curia  to  prosecute  hia 
cLsAms.  But  the  appointment  was  hotly  op- 
posed.  The  dispensation  of  Gregory  a  had 
been  lost^  and  the  only  copy  existing  ej&* 
cited  suspicion  as  not  accordmg  to  the  forma 
of  the  Boman  court.  It  looked  as  if,  instead 
of  getting  this  archbishopric,  Sandford  miffbt 
lose  what  he  had  dready.  When  MartinlV 
died,  on  26  Mjwch  1286,  at  Peruffia,  the  cam 
waa  still  unsettled.  Honorius  I V  waschcwea 
pope  <m  2  April}  and  Stndfogrd  was  gji^  Iq 


Saadford 


T6| 


Sand  ford 


.smooth  mattan  by  tmmmg  all  daima  to 
the  archbishofoo.  On  17  April,  at  the  re« 
qiM0t  of  Edmid  I,  HoaoHiia  oontoned  his 
.ettlier  iN^^^nnentB  and  allowed  him  to  enjoy 
the  heoefite  of  the  anq^eeted  bull  (Cal 
P^  Idtter§,  i.  479).  To  avoid  long 
jottrDoya,  expense^  and  dlaeofd,  the  pope 
oxdered  Sandibrd  aa  dean  and  the  five  eanona 
then  at  Rome  to  elact  an  arehhiahop.  Band* 
fond  modeatly  gi^ve  hia  vote  for  one  John  of 
Nottinghi^y  one  of  the  canona  preeenti  but 
the  five  canona,  headed  1^  l^ottingham, 
agreed  on  the  eleotion  of  Sandfoffd.  On 
SO  May  128t^  Honoriue  iaaued  from  St. 
Peter'a  hia  confinnation  of  the  election  (i^. 
i.  480;  of.  CaL  Do9.  JreitmA,  1285-93,  p. 
84 ;  Col.  Papal  LetUr$,  I  481).  The  arch- 
Uahop-elect  went  home.  On  6  Aug.  hia 
temporalitiea  were  reatored  (Go/*  Doe,  Ire- 
UmA,  1286-02,  p.  43),  and  on  7  April  1286 
he  waa  oonaeerated  m  Holy  Txinity  Oathe* 
dml«  Dublin  (Wabb,  OmmenUify  ^  Fr^ 
imUt  qf  Irdland,  Archl^Mof  of  Dublin,  p. 
6  [1704].) 

The  next  few  yeara  were  a  ]je(rtiottlarly 
diatuibed  period  in  Ireland,  and  m  1288  the 
sudden  death  of  the  vioeroyi  Stephen  do 
Folbume,  acohbiahop  of  Tuam,  incraaaed  the 
con^iaion.  On  80  June  8andfcnrd|  of  hia  own 
aoithority,  took  onhimaelf  the  government  of 
Ireland.  On  7  July  1288  the  Irish  coundl 
met  at  Dublin  and  af^Peed  that  he  should  be 
keeper  of  Ireland  until  the  king  should  other- 
wise provide.  Sandford,  '  oat  of  reverence 
for  Idle  king  and  people,'  aooented  the  office. 
Hia  flovemment  waa  reiKarded  aa  beginning 
on  30  June.  On  20  Jiuv  he  went  to  Oon- 
rht  to  survey  the  king'a  caatlea  and 
,  that  region.  In  Aufuat  he  went  to 
and  O&ly,  where  tue  native  olana 
were  at  war  agamat  the  Norman  lorda.  On 
9  8^t.  he  waa  at  Kildam,  whence  he  went 
to  Cfork  and  Carlow.  On  1  Oct.  he  waa  at 
limerick,  and  a  few  daya  later  at  Water- 
ford.  Early  in  1289  he  made  a.  tour  in 
Deamond,  where  a  revolt  had  recently 
broken  out.  In  the  spring  he  started  north- 
warda.  After  a  atay  in  lieath,  he  led  at 
th^  end  of  March  a  aecond  expedition  into 
Oonnaught.  He  devoted  the  aummar  to 
Deamond  and  Thomond,  and  ^e  whole 
autumn  to  reatoring  peace  in  Leix  and 
Offaly,  where  hia  eneray  aikd  large  following 
raduced  the  whole  oiatiict  to  peace.  At 
Hilaryttde  1290  he  held  a  parliament  in 
Dublin,  and  at  Eaater  another  parliament  at 
Kilkenny.  In  May  another  Irish  riaing 
called  him  to  Atblone.  Comparative  peace 
now  enaued,and  Sandford  apent  the  aummer 
in  a  judicial  eyre  from  Dublin  to  DrQgheda, 
Kdila»  MuUbgar,  and  ao  to  Connaughty  and 


thenoe  into  Leinater.  '  -In  theee  countiea  he 
rectified  the  king'a  affiura  ao  that  Ireland 
waa  ever  afterwaxda  at  peace.'  A  minute 
itinerary  and  aome  notion  of  hia  work  can  be 
drawn  from  the  *  expenaea  of  journeys  to 
divera  parte  of  Ireland  of  John,  archbishop 
of  Dublin^  when  keeper  of  IreUad,'  oalen- 
daored  in  '  Calendar  of  Docmmenta  relating  to 
Inland,  1285-92'  (pp.  266-77).  On  11  Nov. 
1290  he  gave  up  hia  office  (»&.  p.  276).  The 
wars  had  ao  reduced  the  pronts  of  his  see 
that  he  was  unable  to  properly  maintain 
his  table,  and  in  1289  obtained  from  Nicho- 
las lY  a  grant  of  first  fruits  within  his 
dioceaefor  that  purpose  (OaL  Papal  Letters, 

I  (mi 

On  21  March  1291  Sandford  received  letters 
of  pcotectionfor  two  yeara  on  hia  going  to 
England  to  the  king  m.  p.  392).  He  was 
now  actively  employed  by  Edwwd  on  Eng* 
liah  buainesa.  He  waa  present  in  1292  at  the 
pcoeeedings  involved  in  the  great  suit  for 
the  Soots  aueoesaion.  On  14  Oct.  1292  he 
waa  one  of  the  biahopa  who  declared  that 
the  auit  diould  be  decided  by  Engliah  law 
(Arm*  jBi»fm  ScQiim  in  BxBHAiiaBB,  p.  206), 
Heaubaoribed  the  declaration  in  favour  of 
the  iaaoe  of  the  elder  daughter  which  settled 
the  anit  in  Balliors  favour  (ib,  p.  260).  Ho 
waa  at  the  final  judgment  at  Berwidk,  and 
witneaaed  at  Norham  Balliora  oath  of  fealty 
to  Edwaid  X  (»6.  pp.  367, 368).  On20Sk»pt. 
1293  he  officiated  at  Briatol  at  the  marriage 
of  the  king's  eldest  dan^ter  Eleanor  to 
Henry,oount  of  Bar  {Ann,  JVorceUer,  p.  613 ; 
Cont  FuoB.  Wie.  ii.  268).  Sandford  was  a 
sealoua  partisan  of  Edward,  and  did  hia  beat 
to  persuade  the  clergy  to  make  vast  grante 
to  him  {DunsUmle  Annals,  p.  389).  At 
Whitauntide  1294  he  waa  at  the  London 
parliament  which  agreed  to  war  against 
France  to  recover  Gasconv.  On  20  June  he 
waa  sent  with  Antony  Bek  [q.v.],  bishop 
of  Durham,  and  others  to  negotiate  an 
alliance  with  Adolf  of  Nassau,  king  of  the 
Romans,  against  the  French  (Fosdera,  i. 
802).  Florence,  count  of  Holland,  and  Sieg« 
fried,  archbishop  of  Oologfne,  furthered  the 
woposed  allianoe.  The  main  buainesa  of  the 
Engliah  envoya  waa  to  acattor  money  freely 
{Iloret  Hist.  iii.  273).  On  10  Aug.  Sandford 
and  Bek  agreed  upon  a  treaty,  which  on 
21  Aug.  Adolf  si^ed  at  NUmberg.  Manv 
Gterman  princes  joined  the  treaty,  which 
was  on  24  Sept.  acoepted  by  the  nego- 
tiators of  both  sides  at  lk>rdredit.  Sandford 
apparently  took  the  treaty  back  to  England. 
He  landed  at  Yarmouth,  and  ouiddy  auo« 
cnmbed  to  a  audden  but  fatal  iUneaa  {Cent. 
YuHL  Wio.  ii.  274 ;  Pavu,  Oeeokiekte  wm» 
AiffUmdf  iv.  8&-8).    He  died  at  Yarmouth 


Sand  ford 


764 


Sandford 


on  3  Oct.  (Cartuiaries^  ^.,  of  8t.  Mary's 
Ahbey,  BvbHn,  ii.  822).  He  wu  buried  at 
8t.  Patrick's,  Dablin,  on  20  Feb.  1295  (16.) 

[Calendar  of  Docnments  relating  to  Ireland, 
1252-34,  1285-02,  1293-1301  ;  Calendar  of 
Papal  Letters,  vol.  i. ;  Theiner^s  Yetosta  Monu- 
menta  (1864);  Rymer's  FoDdera,  yoI.  i.; 
Kithan^er;  Ann.  Worcester,  Osney,  and  Don- 
staple,  in  Ann.  Monastic! ;  Florss  Hist.  toI.  iii. ; 
Cartularies,  &c,  of  St.  Mary's  Abbsy,  Dublin 
(the  last  four  in  Kolls  Ser.^ ;  Facsimiles  of  Na- 
tional Manuscripts,  Irelana^pt.  ii. ;  Cont  Fbr. 
Wig.  (EngL  Hist.  Soc.) ;  Ware's  Commentary 
on  Prelites  of  Ireland,  1704 ;  Oilbert's  Viceroys 
of  Ireland;  Pauli's  Gescbichte  Ton  England, 
Tol.  iv. ;  Foss's  Biofiraphia  Juridica,  p.  587.1 

T.  F.  T. 

SANDFORD  or   BANFOBD,  JOHN 

a^o  P-1629),  poet  and  grammarian,  son  of 
chard  Sandford,  gentleman,  of  Chard, 
Somerset,  was  bom  there  about  1665.  He 
entered  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  as  a  com- 
moner about  16  Oct.  1681,  and  graduated 
B.A.  £rom  Balliol  on  17  Dec.  1686,  M.A.  on 
27  May  1695  (Fobteb,  Alumni,  1500-1714, 
p.  1311).  He  acted  as  corrector  to  the  press 
at  Oxford  in  1692  (Maban,  Early  Oxford 
FresSf  p.  34),  and  was  chosen  in  1693  chaplain 
of  Magdalen  College,  but  more  than  once  was 
censured  for  absenting  himself  from  public 
worship  (Bloxah,  vol.  ii.  pp.  Ixxxiii,  Ixxxv). 
He  obtained  a  reputation  as  a  writer  of  Latin 
verse  within  and  without  the  university. 
John  Lane  reckoned  him  on  a  level  with 
Daniel,  describing  them  Jointly  as  the  'two 
swans '  of  Somerset,  and  John  DsTies  [a.  v.]  of 
Hereford  eulogised  him  in  a  sonnet  aodressed 
to  *  his  entirely  beloved  .T.  8  J  (appended  to 
Davies's  'Scouijfe  of  Folly '^.  Sandford's 
earliest  publication, '  Appolinis  et  Mvsarum 
Evjcruea  EidvXAia  in  Serenissimas  Regime 
ElizabethiB  .  .  .  adventum,'  Oxford,  1692, 
4to,  describes  in  Latin  verse  the  banouet 
given  by  the  president  and  fellows  of  Mag- 
dalen to  Queen  Elizabeth's  retinue  on  the 
occasion  of  her  visit  to  Oxford  on  22  Sept. 
1692 ;  two  copies  are  in  the  British  Museum 
and  another  in  the  library  of  Lord  Hobartes. 
The  poem  was  reprinted,  with  notes  from  a 
transcript,  in  Plummer's  '  Elissabethan  Ox- 
ford,' 1886  (Oxford  Hist.  Soc.  vol.  xiii.) 
Other  verses  by  Sandford  are  'In  obitum 
dar.  Herois  Domini  Arthuri  Qreij,'  in  a 
funeral  sermon  bv  Thomas  Sparke  [q.  v.]  on 
Lord  Ghrey  de  Wilton,  1593 ;  '  In  Funebria 
nob.  et  prsdst.  eq^uitis  D.  Ilenrici  Vnton,' 
]596|  in  *AcademiiB  Oxoniensis  funebre  offi- 
cium  in  mort.  Eliz.  Reginse,'  Oxford,  1603 ; 
and  commendatory  poems  in  Latin  before 
John  Davies's  *  Microcosmos,'  1603,  Thomas 
Winter^a  translation  of  Du  Baitas,  pts,  i. 


and  ii.  (1603),  and  Thomas  Godwin's  <  Bo- 
manse  Hist.  Antholoflfia,'  1614. 

He  also  pnblbhed  on  his  own  account  at 
Oxford  <  God's  Arrow  of  the  Pestilence,'  a  ser- 
mon never  preached  (1604),  and  ^mman  of 
French,  Latin,  and  Italian,  to  which  he  after- 
wards added  one  of  the  Spanish  tongue. 
The  first  three  were  entitled  respectively,  *  Le 
Guichet  Francois,  sive  Janicvla  et  Brevis 
Introductio  ad  Lincniam  Gallicam,'  Oxford, 

1604,  4to ;  *  A  briefe  extract  of  the  former 
Latin  Grammar,  done  into  English  for  the 
easier  instruction  of  the  Learner,'  Oxford, 

1605,  4to  (dedicated  to  William,  son  of 
Arthur,  lord  Grey  de  Wilton) ;  *  A  Gram- 
mar, or  Introdvction  to  the  Italian  Tongue,' 
Oxford,  1605,  4to,  containing  a  poem, '  Sur 
TAuthenr,'  by  Jean  More  (no  copy  at  the 
British  Museum^. 

Sandford  retained  the  office  of  chaplain  at 
Magdalen  until  1616 ;  but  before  that  date 
he  commenced  travelling  as  chaplain  to  Sir 
John  Digby  (afterwards  first  Earl  of  Bristol) 
[q.  v.]  About  1610  Sandford  was  in  Brussels^ 
and  on  20  Mareh  1611  they  started  for  Spain, 
Dlgby's  errand  being  to  arrange  Irince 
Charles's  marriage  with  the  Infanta.  Pos- 
sibly it  was  not  Sandford*s  first  visit,  since 
he  prepared  '  UpoirvXatop,  or  Entrance  to  the 
Spanisn  Tongue '  (London,  1611 ;  2nd  edit. 
1633,  4 to),  for  the  use  of  the  ambassadors 
party  (cf.  BiKCH,  Court  and  Tintea  of  James  I, 
li.  105). 

In  1614,  when  Sandford  wrote  to  Sir 
Thomas Edmondes,  then  ambassador  at  Paris, 
to  condole  with  him  on  Lady  Edmondes's 
death  {CaL  State  Papers,  Dom.  1611-18,  p. 
261),  he  was  at  Lambeth,  acting  as  domestic 
chaplain  to  George  Abbot,  archbishop  of 
Oanterbury.    The  latter  soon  after  (1615) 

Presented  him  to  a  prebend  in  Canterbury 
Cathedral  (LeNevb,  Fasti  Eccles.  i.  53),  and 
to  the  rectories  of  Ivechurch  in  Romney 
Marah,  and  Blackmanstone,  also  in  Kent.  On 
27  Oct.  1621  he  was  presented  to  Snave  in 
the  same  county,  which  he  held  until  his 
death  on  24  Sept.  1629.  He  was  buried  in 
Canterbury  Cathedral. 

[Works  aboTe  mentioned ;  Madan's  Early  Ox- 
ford Press,  pp.  34,  36, 60. 62,  63,  96 ;  Plammer*a 
EUsabethan  Oxford,  Preface,  p.  xxix;  Wood's 
Athenn  Oxon.  ii  471 ;  Bloxam  s  Magdalen  Coll. 
Begister,  ii.  129-^2;  Hasted*s  Hist,  of  Kent, 
iii.  432,  497,  500.  iv.  613  ;  Lansdowne  MS.  984, 
f.  120;  Ames's  Typogr.  ed.  Herbert,  p.  1405; 
Hunter's  manuscript  Chorus  Vatom  in  Addit. 
MS.  24488,  p.  448.]  C.  F.  8. 

SANDFORD,  JOHN  (1801-1878), 
divine,  bom  on  22  March  1801 ,  was  the  thii^ 
son  of  Daniel  Sandford  [q.v.]*  bishop  of  Edin- 
burgh.   Sir  Daniel  Keyte  Sandford  [q.  t.} 


Sandford 


7^5 


Sandford 


wu  as  ellder  iNrother.  He  was  educated  at 
the  high  school,  Edinburgh,  and  Glaagow 
UniTenitv,  before  proceeding  to  BaUiol 
CkiUege,  Oxford,  where  he  matriculated  on 
22  June  1820.  He  ^uated  B.  A.  in  1824, 
with  a  first^claae  m  Uteris  kumanioribuef  and 
mocMded  ILA.  in  1841  and  B.D.  in  1845. 
Ordained  in  1824^  he  was  appointed  eoe- 
eessively  to  the  vicarage  of  Chillingham, 
Northumberland  (1827),  the  chaplaincy  of 
Long  Aeie,  London,  and  the  rectories  of 
Dunchurch  (1836)  and  Hallow,andof  Alve- 
church,  near  Bromsgrove  (1854)  (cf.  Foster, 
Index  JBocleeiaeticusj  p.  156.  In  1844  he 
was  named  honorary  canon  of  Worcester, 
and  -acted  for  a  time  as  warden  of  Queen's 
€oll<»e,  Birmingham*  In  1851  he  became 
archdeacon  of  (xiventry  in  the  same  diocese, 
being  also  eramining  dbaplain  to  the  bishop 
of  Worcester  from  1853  to  1860.  In  1861  he 
deUyered  the  Bampton  lectures  at  Oxford, 
the  subject  being  'The  Mission  and  Exten- 
eion  of  the  Chiuch  at  Home.'  They  were 
published  in  1662. 

Sandford  was  an  active  member  of  the  lower 
house  ef  convocation,  and  was  chairman  of 
its  committees  on  intemperance  and  on  the 
preparation  of  a  church  hymnal.  His  report 
on  the  former  subject  was  the  first  step 
towards  the  formation  of  the  Church  of  Eng>- 
land  Temperance  Society.  In  186^-4  he  was 

*  member  of  the  4X>mmiBsion  for  the  revision 
of  clerical  subscription,  being  himself  an 
advocate  of  relaxation.^  In  politics  he  was 
a  liberal.  Among  his  intimate  friends  was 
Archbi^op  Tait.  He  died  at  Alvechurch 
in  1873,  Ml  his  seventy-second  birthday 
(22  March),  Besides  sermons,  lectures,  and 
charges,  Sandford  published  'Remains  of 
Bishop  Sandford '  (hu  father),  1830, 2  vols. ; 

*  Psalms,  Para^rases,  and  Hymns,  adapted,' 
1837, 12mo ; '  Parochialia,  or  Church,  School, 
and  Parish,'  1845,  8vo  $  *  Vox  Cordis,  or 
Breathinga-ef  the  Heart,'  1849, 12mo;  <  So- 
cial Reforms,  or  the  Habits,  Dwellings,  and 
Education  of  our  People,' 1867-72, 8vo.  He 
also  edited  and  contributed  a  preiaoe  to 

*  Prise  Essays  on  Free-worship  ana  Finance,' 
1866^  8vo.  Sandford's  portrait,  as  wdl  as 
that  of  hia  two  bvothen,  was  painted  by 
Watson  Gordon. 

Sandford  was  twice  married,  and  left  five 
sons  and  two  daughters.  His  first  wife, 
Elisabeth  (d.  1858),  daughter  of  Richard 
Poole,  esq.,  and  nieoe  of  Thomas  Poolefq*  v.], 
Calenders  friend,  was  author  of  *  Woman 
in  her  8(mM  and  Domestic  Character,'  1831, 
12mo  (Amer.  edit.  1837),  7th  edit.  1858; 
'*  Lives  of  English  Female  Worthies,'  voL  i. 
1838,  12mo;  'On  Female  Improvement,' 
2  vols.  8«o»18S6,  4th  edit.  1848.    She  died 


at  Dunchurch,  near  Ruf^by,  in  1853.  His 
second  wife  was  Anna,  widow  of  David,  Lord 
Erskine,  and  eldest  daughter  of  William 
Cunning^uune  Graham  of  Gartmore,  Stir- 
ling. 

His  eldest  son,  Henry  Ryder  Poole  Sand- 
ford (1827-1883),  an  insnector  of  schools 
from  1862,  wrote  pamphlets  dealing  with 
labour  and  education  in  the  Pott-eries,  and 
married  a  daughter  of  Gkkbriel  Stone  Poole, 
eso.,  a  cousin  of  Thomas  Poole ;  she  published 
'Tnomas  Poole  and  his  Friends,^  2  vola. 
8vo,  188a    The  second  son,  Charles  Walde- 

S-ave  Sandford  (6. 1828),  became  bishop  of 
ihraltar  in  1874;  the  third,  John  Dou- 
glas Sandford  (b,  1833),  became  chief  judge 
m  Mysore;  and  the  fifth,  Ernest  Grey  ^* 
1840>,  was  made  archdeacon  of  Exeter  m 
1888. 

[Prirate  information;  Crockford's  Clericsl 
Directory;  Foster^s  Alumni  Oxoa.  1715-1888; 
Guardian,  26  Mareh  1878;  l^mw,  23  Mareh 
1878 ;  I^vidson  and  Benham*8  Life  of  Arch* 
bishop  Tait,  ii.  124 ;  Men  of  the  Reign ;  AlU- 
bone's  Diet  EngL  lit.  il.  1927,  Suppl.  vol.  ii.; 
Brit.  Mas.  Cat.]  O.  Lb  G.  K. 

SAKDFOED,  SAMUEL  (JL  1699}, 
actor,  of  the  family  of  Sandford  of  Sana- 
ford  in  Shropshire,  joined  D*Avenant'8  com- 
pany at  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields  about  a  year 
after  its  formation,  and  was,  on  16  Dec. 
1661 ,  the  original  Worm  in  Cowley's '  Cutter 
of  Coleman  Street.'  On  1  March  1002  he 
was  Sampson  in  *  Romeo  and  Juliet,'  and  on 
20  Oct.  Maligni  (the  villain)  in  Porter's 
*  Villain.'  Earlv  in  January  1663  he  was 
Ernesto  in  Tuke's  'Adventures  of  Five 
Hours/  and  on  28  May  Vindex  in  Sir  R. 
Stapleton's  <  Slighted  Maid.'  During  the 
same  season  he  was  Sylvanus  in  the  *  Step- 
mother,' also,  by  Staple  ton,  and  in  1664  was 
Wheedle  in  Etherege's  'Comical  Revengei 
or  Love  in  a  Tnb,'  and  Provost  in  tne 
'  Rivals,'  D'Avenant's  alteration  of  the  *  Two 
Noble  Kinsmen.' 

After  the  cessation  of  performances  on 
account  of  the  plague,  Sandford  is  not  to  be 
traced  until  26  l£uch  1668,  when  he  and 
Harris  sang,  as  two  ballad  singers,  the  epi« 
logue  to  D'Avenant's  'Man's  the  Master. 
After  the  death  of  D' Avenant,  Sandford  wasy 
in  1669,  Warv  in  '  Sir  Solomon,  or  the  Can* 
tious  Coxcomb,'  taken  by  Caryl,  in  part,  from 
Moli^'s '  Ecole  des  Femmes.'  In  1671  he 
was  Toxaris  in  Edward  Howard's '  Women's 
Conquest,'  Justice  Frump  in  Revet's  'Town 
Shifts,  or  the  Suburb  Justice,'  and  Casso- 
nofskv  in  Crowne's  '  Juliana,  or  the  Princess 
of  Poland.'  After  the  migration  of  the  com- 
pany under  Lady  l^Avenant  to  the  new 


Sand  ford 


766 


Sandford 


house  at  Donet  Gkrden,  Sandford  was  Tri- 
valtio  in  Orowne's  *  Charles  VUI,  or  the 
InTasion  of  Naples  by  the  French/  the  first 
norelty  prodnoed  at  the  house;  Gureal  in 
Bavenscroft's  '  Citizen  turned  Qentleman,  or 
Mamamouchi,'  taken  from  '  Monsienr  de 
Pouiceaugnao '  and  'Le  Bonrgecns  Qentil- 
homme/  and  either  Sir  Timothy  or  Trick  in 
the  Earl  of  Orrery's '  Mr.  Anthony.'  In  1672 
he  was  Camilk)  m  Arrowsmtth's  '  Refbrma-^ 
tion/  Jasper  in  Nevil  Payne's '  Fatal  Jealousy/ 
and  Ghost  of  Banquo  in  D'Avenant's  operatic 
Tendering  of  *  Macoeth/  He  played,  in  ld74, 
Lyeungus  in  Settle's  '  Conouest  of  China  by 
theTartatB;'  in  1675  Tissaptiemes  in  Otway^s 
'Alcibiades;'  in  1676  Sir  Roger  Petulant 
([a  iolly  old  kni^f)  in  D'Urfey's  'Fond 
HusMunly  or  the  Plotting  Sisters/  and  Sir 
Arthur  Oldlove  in  D'Urfe^s '  MadameFiekle, 
or  the  Witty  False  One;'  in  1677  Thrifty 
in  Otway's  '  Cheats  of  Scapin/  Photinus  in 
Sedley's  'Antony  and  Cleopatra/  Sylyanus  in 
the  'Constant  Nymph;'  in  1678  Priamns 
in  Bankes's  '  Destruction  of  Troy/  Colonel 
Buff  in  D'Urfey's  '  Scnure  Oldsapp,  or  the 
Night  Adventurers/  Nicias  in  'Timon  of 
Atnens/  altered  by  Shadwell ;  and  in  1679 
Creon  in  "GBdipus/  by  Dryden  and  Lee. 
Playing  with  George  Powell  [q.  y.]  in  this 
play,  Sandford,  who  had  been  by  mistake 
supplied  with  a  real  dagger  instead  of  the 
trick  dagffer  ordered,  stabbed  him,  it  is  said, 
so  seriously  as  to  en<knger  his  life.  Nothing 
more  is  heard  of  Sandford  until  the  junction 
of  the  two  companies  in  1682,  when  he 
played,  at  the  Theatre  Royal,  one  of  the 
Sheriffs  in  Dryden  and  Lee*s '  Duke  of  Guise.' 
His  name  is  not  again  traceable  until  1688, 
when,  at  the  same  house,  it  appears  as 
Cheatly  in  Shadwell's '  Squire  of  Alsatia,'  and 
Colonel  in  Mountfort's '  Injured  Loyers.'  In 
1689  he  played  Sir  Thomas  Credulous  in 
Crowne's '  Enriish  Friar ; '  in  1690  Benducar 
in  Drrden's  'Don  Sebastian,  King  of  Por- 
lu^ral,'  Dareing  in '  Widow  Ranter,  or  the 
History  of  Bacon  in  Virginia/  by  Mrs. 
Behn,  and  Gripus  in  Dryden^ '  Amphitryon.' 
To  1691  belong  Rugildas  in  SetUe's '  Dis* 
tressed  Innocence,'  the  Eari  of  Exeter  in 
Mountfort's '  King  Edwai^  III^  with  the  Fall 
of  Mortimer,'  Count  Verole  in  Southeme's 
<Sir  Anthony  Loye/  Osmond  in  Ihyden's 
*  King  Arthur,'  and  Sir  Arthur  Clare  in  the 
'Merry  Deyil  of  Edmonton : '  to  1692  Sir 
Lawrence  Limber  in  D'tlr^Vs  'Marriage 
Hater  Matched,'  Hamilcar  in  Urowne's '  m- 
gulas/  Sosybiusfnd)  in  Dryd^n's'Cleomenes,' 
the  Abbot  in  *  Henry  II,  King  of  England/ 
assigned  to  Bancroft  and  also  to  Mountfort. 
In  1693  Sandibid  was  Dr.  Guiaoum  in 
irUrfe/s  'Richmond  «.:—  < 


When,  m  1605,  Betterton  and  his 
oiates  seceded  to  the  new  theatre  at  Lincoln's 
Inn  Fields,  Sandford  refused  to  join  as  a 
sharer,  but  at  a  salary  of  81.  acted  with 
them,  creating  Fonsight  in  Congreye's '  Loye 
for  Loye.'  In  1697  he  was  Oa^a  («i^)  in 
Hopkins's '  Boadieea,'  GK)nsales  m  Congreye's 
'  Mourning  Bride/  and  in  1698  Ulyssee  in 
Granyille's '  Heroic  Loye.'  With  one  or  two 
unimj^rtant  exoeptions  these  chamotears  are 
all  original.  The  year  of  prodoction  is  in 
some  cases  conjectural. 

Sandford  seems  to  haye  left  the  stage  in 
1 699  or  1700.  As  Dowses  speaks  of  Better- 
ton  and  Underbill  ae  being '  Che  only  mmains 
of  the  Duke  of  Yoric's  servsints  from  1602 
till  the  union  in  October  1706/  it  has  been 
assumed  that  Sandford  was  then  dead. 
Cibber  seems  to  imply  that  he  was  dead  in 
1704-6. 

Sandford  is  said  to  haye  prided  himself 
upon  his  birth,  sad  to  haye  been  subjected  to 
some  ridicule  in  consequence.  Cibber  speaks 
highly  of  his  performances  in  tragedy,  aifd 
says  that  when,  in  1690,  he  joined  this  com- 
pany at  the  Theatre  Royal,  Sandford  was  one 
of  the  principal  aetom.  The  same  aatbority 
calls  hrai '  the  Spagnolet,  an  eauseUent  actor 
in  disagreeable  characters' ;  f9st  as  the  chief 
pieces  of  that  fiimous  puntsf  were  of  human 
nature  in  pain  and  sgony,  so  Sandford  upon 
the  stage  was  generally  as  flagitious  as  a 
Oreon,  a  Maligni,  an  lago,  or  a  Maohiayel 
could  make  him'  {Apology^  ed.  Lowe,  i. 
18(^1).  To  his  poiBsessioB  of  a  low  and 
crooked  person  the  selection  of  him  for  such 
parts  is  attributed.  Cibber  repeats  a  story 
told  him  by  Mountfort,  how  in  a  new  piece, 
in  which  Sandford  played  an  honest  states-^ 
man,  the  pit  sat  through  four  aets^  waiting 
for  tlw  actor  to  sh«rw  the  ckrren  hoof;  but 
finding  that  Sandfotd  remained  to  the  end 
an  honest  man,  ther^  damned  the  piece,  *as 
if  the  author  had  unposed  unon  them  the 
most  frontless  or  incredible  absurdity'  (pp. 
132-3).  Neyertfaeless,  from  his  selection 
for  Foresight,  he  would  seem  to  haye  had 
some  gifts  for  comedy.  Sandford  had  an 
acute  and  piercing  tone  of  Tmce  and  yery 
distinct  articulation.  He  was  an  adept  in 
giying  point  to  what  seemed  worthy  of  note, 
and  slurred  oyer  as  much  a«  possible  the 
riiyme  in  Dryden'-s  tragedies.  Cibber  held 
that  he  would  hi^ra  ttsde  an  ideal  Richard  OI, 
and  beayowedlymodelledfais^vforiMUiosson 
what  he  thought  Sandfotd  woold  hay«  done. 
Tony  Aston,  in  his  rBrief  Sopplemant/ 
describes  Sandford  as  ronnd-^houldered, 
meagre-flused,  spinils^'^Muiked,  splay-footed, 
with  a  soar  countenan^  and  long  thin 
arms;  credits  him  with  soundness  of  art  aad 


Sandhurst 


767 


Sandilands 


jadpnent ;  sajs  that  lie  acted  strongly  with 
bUlaeA,  and  adds  that  Charles  II  ealled  him 
the  best  villaiii  in  the  world. 

SteelsL  in  the  *  Tatler '  (No.  184),  speaks  of 
Suidfora  on  the  stage  'groaning-  upon  a 
wheel,  stuck  with  daggera,  impaled  alive, 
eallinff  his  executioners,  with  a  dying  Tmce, 
cruel  3og8  and  villains ;  and  all  this  to  please 
his  jodicums  spectators,  who  were  wonder- 
folly  delighted  with  seeing  a  man  in  torment 
10  wdl  acted/ 

[Genest's  Accoant  of  the  English  Stage; 
CTbber's  A^logj,  ed.  Lowe ;  Doraa's  Annals  of 
the  Stage,  ed.  Lowe ;  Tany  Astoa's  Brief  Snpple- 
Dsnt ;  IMbdin's  Hist  of  the  Stage ;  Downee's 
Itosdiis  Anglicanns,  ed.  1886.]  J.  K. 

SAKDHXJIIST,  LoBD.  [See  Maksfzbld, 
WiLZOAX  Roes,  1819-187671 

SAin)ILAirDS,  JAMES,firBtLoBi>ToB- 
PHIOHBN  (d.  1679),  was  second  son  of  Sir 
James  SandUands  of  Oalder,  hr  Margaret 
or  Manot,  only  daughter  of  Archibald  For- 
rester of  Cknrstorphme.  At  an  early  period 
the  famOy  were  in  possession  of  the  lands  of 
Sandilands  in  Lanarkshire,  and  from  the 
time  of  ]QsYid  ££,  when  Sir  James  Sandilands 
distinguished  himself  in  the  wars  against  the 
English,  they  began  to  soquire  a  position  of 
some  power  and  prominence.  B]r  his  marriage 
with  Eleanor,  countess  of  Oarriok,  widow  of 
Alexander,  earl  of  Carrick,  son  of  Edward 
Bruce,  this  Sir  James  Sandilands,  who  was 
killed  at  the  battle  of  HaUdon  HiU  in  138S, 
obtained  the  barony  of  West  Oalder,  Mid- 
Lothian.  The  father  of  the  first  Lord  Tor- 
phidien,  also  Sir  James  Sandilands  of  Calder, 
surriyed  nntil  affcer  17  July  1669.  With  him 
at  Oalder  Knox '  most  resided  after  his  return 
to  Scotland  *  in  1666.  He  wss  the  *  ancient 
honoaraUe  father*  chosen  in  1668  to  present 
a  'common  and  publicsuppltcation' to  the 
queen  regent  for  her  support  to  'a  godly 
refonnation'  (Knox,  Works,  i.  801).  Knox 
describes  him  as  a  man '  whose  sge  and  years 
desorved  xeverence,  whose  honesty  and  wor- 
shm  might  have  craved  audience  of  any 
naiesty  on  earth'  (tb.) 

The  son  was  in  1648  appointed  by  the 
mn^aster  of  the  knights  of  Malta  (or 
knights  hospttallersof  St.  John  of  Jerusalem) 
preceptor  of  Torphichen  and  head  of  the 
order  in  Scotland  (ef.  NoteB  and  Qttert«#, 
1st  ser.  X.  201).  In  virtue  of  this  office 
he  had  a  seat  in  parliament,  and  on  38  Jan. 
1545-6  his  name  appeaxa  as  a  member  of  the 
privy  council  (Be^*  jP»  C.  SeoU,  i.  SO).  Along 
wiUi  his  fiither  he  sujiported  the  Kefbrma- 
tion,  and  in  1660  he  joued  the  lords  of  the 
congregation  against  the  queen  r^eiit  on 
Cupar  Mntr.    After  her  death  he  wiis,  by 


the  parliament  held  at  Edinburgh  in  July- 
August  of  the  same  year,appointML  to  proceed 
to  rriuice  to  give  an  account  of  the  proce^- 
ings  (more  especially  in  declaring  the  aboli- 
tion of  the  papacy)  to  Francis  and  Mary 
(Kiroz,  ii.  126 ;  '  Fouvoirs  donnte  par  les 
£tats  d'£cosse  i  Sir  James  Sandilands,  grand 
prieur  de  rordre  de  Sain^Jean,'  in  TBUt.Bys 
Htlatumi  Politiques,  ii.  147-60).  On  this 
strange  errand  he  setout  on  28  Sept.  (Diurnal 
^  Oocurrents,  p.  280).  After  a  very  unfiavour- 
able  reception,  he  was  dismissed  without  an 
answer,  returning  to  Edinbuigh  on  19  Dec. 
(ib.  p.  826). 

On  27  Jan.  1661  Sandilands  sigaed  the 
act  of  the  privy  council  approving  of  the 
Book  of  Discipline.  In  1668  be  resigned 
the  possessions  of  the  order  of  St.  John 
to  the  crown,  and  in  payment  of  ten  thou- 
sand crowns,  and  an  annual  rent  of  fiveiinn- 
dred  merks,  he  received  a  grant  to  him  and 
his  heirs  of  the  lands  of  the  order  which 
were  erected  into  the  temporal  lordship  of 
Torphichen.  In  the  spring  of  1672  an  ac- 
tion was  raised  against  him  for  detaining 
certain  ffoods  of  the  queen,  including  '  ane 
coffer  fuU  of  buikis.'  He  denied  the  goods 
and  the  coffer,  but  admitted  he  had  cer- 
tain books  which,  according  to  one  witness, 
were  '  markit  with  the  king  and  queen  of 
France's  armes'  (Thomson,  CoUmtum  of  In* 
venton68i  1816,  pp.  182, 100).  At  a  meeting 
of  the  privy  council  it  was  decreed  that  in- 
asmuch as  he  had  neither  brought  nor  pro- 
duced 'the  saidis  gudis  and  gear  confessit 
be  him,'  he  should  he  ehaived  to  do  so  on  the 
morrow ;  and  that,  should  he  fail  to  do  so,  it 
would  be  taken  as  a  confession  that  he  pos- 
sessed also  the  remainder  of  tine  goodscharged 
against  him  {Beg.  P.  C.  ScotL  ii.  228).  This 
threat  seems  to  have  proved  effectual,  lor  in 
the  '  Oataloffue  of  the  Library  of  James  VI' 
(ed.  G.  F.  Warner  in  Miscellany  of  the  Scot- 
tish History  Society, p.  xxxiv)  certain  books 
are  entered  as  got  by  Morton  'from  my  Lord 
St.  John.' 

Torphichen  died  in  1679,  probably  in  Sep- 
tember, for  on  19  Oct.  the  Earl  of  Morton  com- 
Elained  to  the  council  that  although  he  was 
eritably  '  infeft  in  the  mains  of  Hdlbamis 
and  place  of  Halyairdis  by  the  late  James, 
Lord  of  'Torphichen,*  his  relict,  Dame  Johett 
Murray  (she  wss  daughter  of  Murray  of  Pol- 
maise),  had  received  letters  from  the  kinff, 
charging  the  '  keepers  of  the  |place  of  Hal- 
yairais  'to  deliver  it  up  ^thin  six  hours  {Beg, 
P.  C  Sootl  iii.  228).  In  her  reply  Dame  Jon6tt 
Murray  explained  that  the  £arl  Of  Mofton 
had  invad^  the  place  in  September,  wheh 
her  husband  was  unable  to  resist,  on  account 
of  <  a  deadly  sickni^ss  of  apoplexy'  (t5.  p. 288). 


Sandilands 


768 


Sandwich 


By  his  wife,  from  whom  he  was  long  sepa- 
rated, SandUands  left  no  issue,  and  his  estates 
and  title  deTdved  on  hisgrandnephew,  Jam«s 
Sandilands  of  Galder* 

[Knoz*B  Works;  Diurnal  of  Oocorrents  in  the 
Banna^e  Ciob ;  Beg.  P.  C.  Sootl.  toIs.  i-iii. ; 
Douglas's  Scottish  Peerage  (Wood),  ii.  692-3, 
which  is  full  of  errors  in  the  account  of  Torphi- 
chen.]  T.  F.  H. 

SANDILANDS,  JAMES,  seventh  Lobb 
ToBPHiCHSir  {d.  1753),  was  the  eldest  sur- 
viving son  of  Walter,  sixth  lord  Torphichen 
<rf.  1698^,  by  his  second  wife,  Hon.  Catherine 
Alexander,  eldest  daufi^hter  of  William,  vis- 
count Cktnada  and  lord  Alexander.  He  was 
a  warm  supporter  of  the  treatv  of  union  in 
1707.  Subsequently  he  served  under  Marl- 
borough as  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  7th  dni- 
foons.  At  the  outbreak  of  the  rebellion  in 
716  his  regiment  was  stationed  in  Scotland, 
and  on  17  Oct.  he  madean  attempt  to  drive  the 
highlanders  out  of  Seton  House,  but  without 
fiuccess.  He  was  also  present  with  his  regi- 
ment at  Sherriffmuir.  In  1722  he  was  ap- 
pointed a  lord  of  police.  He  died  on  10  Aug. 
1753.  By  his  wife,  Ladjy  Jean  Home, 
younffest  daughter  of  Patrick,  first  earl  of 
Marchmont,  high  chancellor  of  Scotland,  he 
had  three  daughters,  who  died  unmarried, 
and  eight  sons.  Of  the  latter,  James,  master 
of  Torphichen,  a  lieutenant  in  the  44th  foot, 
was  badly  wounded  at  the  battle  of  Preston- 
pans  (cf.  Alex.  Oaeltlb,  AiUobiography,  p. 
143),  and  died  on  20  April  1749 ;  the  second 
aon,  Walter,  afterwaras  eighth  lord,  was 
aheiiff-depute  of  Dtfid-Lothian  at  the  time  of 
the  rebellion  of  1745,  and  was  of  great  service 
in  preserving  order  in  Edinburgh;  while 
Andrew  and  Kobert  distinguished  themselves 
es  soldiers. 

[Histories  of  the  Itebellion  of  1715;  Alex- 
ander Carlyle's  Autobiogr. ;  Douglas's  Scottish 
Peerage  (Wood),  ii.  695-6.]  T.  F.  H. 

SANDSBURY  or  SANSBURY,  JOHN 

([1576-1610),  Latin  poet,  was  bom  in  London 
in  1576.  He  was  aomittedat  Merchant  Tay- 
lors* school  in  May  1587,  and  matriculated, 
aged  seventeen,  as  scholar  of  St.  John's  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  6  July  1593.  In  1596  he  waa 
elected  to  one  of  the  exhibitions  given  by  St. 
Paul's  school  for  the  support  of  poor  scholars  at 
the  university  (Ga.bdineb,  iS^.  Pav^i  Eeg.  pp. 
29,  899).  Ho  graduated  B.A  in  1597,  M. A. 
in  1601,  B.D.  in  1608.  In  1607  he  became 
vicar  of  St.  Giles's,  Oxford.  In  1608  he  pub- 
lished Latin  hexameters,  entitled  '  Ilium  in 
Italiam.  Oxonia  ad  Protectionem  Regis  sui 
omnium  optimi  filia,  pedisequa,'  Oxford,  8vo 
(BodL  Libr.^  The  dedication  to  James  I 
shows  that  tne  poems  were  written  in  1606. 


Of  this  rare  and  valuable  work  there  is  00 
copy  in  the  British  Museum  Library.  Each 
paffe  contains  the  arms  of  one  of  the  colleges, 
and  beneath  are  nine  hexameters  giving  an 
explanation  of  them,  and  containing  a  com- 
pliment to  the  king.  Sandsbury  a&o  wrote 
verses  in  the  university  collection  on  the 
death  of  Elizabeth,  and  Latin  tragedies, 
which  woe  performed  by  the  scholars  of 
the  college  at  Christmas.  He  died  in  Janu- 
ary 1609-10,  and  was  buried  in  St.  Qiles^s 
Church. 

[Wood's  Athene  Ozon.  (Bliss),  ii.  58 ;  Foster's 
Alumni  Oxon.  1500^1714,  ir.  1»08;  Xtobinson's 
Merchant  Taylors*  School  Reg.  i.  80 ;  Oat  Bod- 
leian Libr.;  Madan's  Efirly  Oxf<urd  Press,  p.  72 ; 
Lowndes's  Bibliogr.  Man.  ill.  1753.]  £.  C.  M. 

S AND WICH,  Eabls  OF.  [SeeMoNXAGF, 
Edward,  first  earl,  1625-1672;  Montaqu, 
JoHiT,  fourth  earl,  1718-1792.] 

SANDWICH,  HENRY  db  (A  1273), 
bishop  of  London,  waa  son  of  Sir  Henry  de 
Sandwich,  a  knight  of  Kent  (Cont,  Gbbvase 
OF  CAifTBBBtrBT,  ii.  218).  Ralph  de  Sand- 
wich [q.  v.]  was  probably  his  brother.  He  is 
perhaps  the  Henry  de  Sandwich,  clerk,  who 
bad  license  to  hold  an  additioiud  benefice, 
with  cure  of  souls,  on  7  June  1238  [Cal, 
Papal Eegkters,  i.  176).  Afterwards  beheld 
the  prebend  of  TViidland  at  St.  Paul's  (DvG- 
DALB,  HUt,  St  Pauf9,  p.  279).  On  13  Nov. 
1262  he  was  elected  bishop  of  London,  and 
at  once  went  abroad  to  obtain  the  assent  of 
King  Henry,  who  was  then  in  France. 
Thence  he  proceeded  to  Belley,  where  he 
received  confirmation  from  Archbishop  Boni- 
face on  21  Dec.  {Omt,  Gebvasb,  ii.  218; 
Ann.  Man,  iv.  132).  He  was  consecrated  at 
Canterbury  by  John  of  Exeter  [q.  v.l,  bishop 
of  Winchester,  on  27  Jan.  1263.  Sandwich 
was  a  warm  sympathiser  with  the  baronial 
party,  but,  like  other  bishops  on  that  side, 
frequently  acted  as  a  mediator  during  the 
barona'  war.  On  12  July  1263  he,  with 
other  bishops,  had  a  conference  with  Simon 
de  Montfort  at  Canterbury  to  arrange  terms 
of  peace ;  afterwards,  bv  the  kin^s  order 
ana  with  the  will  of  the  barons,  he  had 
custody  of  Dover  Castle  after  its  surrender 
by  the  king's  son  Edmund,  and  pending  the 
appointment  of  a  regular  custodian  {Omt, 
Gbbvasb,  ii.  273).  As  one  of  the  baronial 
prelates  he  joined  in  the  letter  accepting  the 
arbitration  of  Louis  IX  on  13  Deo.  (Kish- 
akgbb,  De  jBe//i>,  pp.  121-3).  He  took  part 
in  the  abortive  nesotiations  at  Brackley  at 
the  end  of  March  1264,  and,  accompanying 
Simon  de  Montfort  into  Sussex,  was  sent  with 
Walter  de  Cantelupe,  bishop  of  Worcester, on 
the  day  before  the  battle  of  Lewes,  to  oiler  a 


Sandwich 


769 


Sandwich 


Myment  of  S0,000/.  if  the  king  would  un- 
dertake to  observe  the  pzoyiaionB  of  Oxford 
(id.  p.  29).    After  the  battle  Sandwich  was 
one  of  the  arbitrators  appointed  under  the 
mise  of  Lewes  (ib,  p.  Sy).    In  September 
Quy  Foulquois  the  legate,  afterwards  Cle- 
ment IV,  summoned  the  baronial  bishops  to 
appear  before  him  at  Boulogne.    According 
to  some  accounts  the  bishops  refused  to  ap- 
pear, either  in  person  or  by  proctors;  but 
eTcntually  the  bishops  of  London,  Worcester, 
and  Winchester  appear  to  have  gone  at  the 
«nd  of  September.     Guv  ordered  them  to 
publish  his  sentence  01  excommunication 
Against  Simon  de  Montfort  and  his  abettors. 
The  bishops  appealed  to  the  pope,  and  when 
thej  returned  with  the  bull  of  excommuni- 
cation allowed  the  men  of  the  Cinque  ports 
to  seize  and  destroy  it.    Afterwaros,  in  an 
ecclesiastical   council  at  Westminster   on 
19  Oct.,  the  appeal  was  confirmed,  and  the 
bishops  openly  aisregarded  the  legate's  decree 
{Annalei  Moruutiei,  iii.  2S4,  ir.  166;  J^ret 
Miitonarum,  iii.  262-3;    Bishanobb,  De 
Bellis.  p.  89).    After  the  fall  of  Simon  de 
Montfort,  Clement  IV  gave  the  new  legate, 
Ottobon,  power  to  absolve  Sandwich  and 
the  other  baronial  prelates,  but  directed 
that  they  should  be  suspended  from  their 
office^  and  their  case  reserved  for  his  own 
decision  (Cb/.  Papal  BegisterSy  i.  419,  435, 
438).    Shortly  before  Easter  1266  Ottobon 
formally   suspended  Sandwich,  who  soon 
afterwards  went  abroad  to  the  pope.    Sand- 
wich was   detained  at    the  Koman  curia 
for  nearly  seven  years,  havizig  only  a  small 
pittance  from  the  revenues  of  his  see  {Ann. 
Mm.  iii.  247).    At  last,  on  31  Ma^r  1272, 
having  shown  his  humilitv  and  devotion,  he 
was,  on  the  petition  of  Edwurd,  the  king's 
aon.  relaxed  from  suspension  and  restored 
to  his  office  (Ck/.  Papal  Beg,  i.  441).    On 
31  Jan.  1273  he  was  once  more  received  in 
his  cathedral  amid  much  rejoicing  {Arm. 
Man.  iv.  263-4;  Lib,  de  Ant.  Legibue,  p. 
156).    His  health  was  already  failing,  and 
he  could  not  attend  Kilwardby's  consecra- 
tion on  26  Feb.  (tb,  p.  157).    He  died  at  his 
manor  of  Orset  on  15  Sept.,  and  was  buried 
in  St.  Paul's  Cathedral  on  23  Sept.,  in  the 
place  which  he  had  chosen  on  the  day  of  his 
enthronement  (ib,  p.  200;  Ann.  BIoti.  iv. 
1265).    His  tomb  was  destroyed  at  the  Re- 
formation.   He  left  40^.  for  the  observance 
of  hia  obit ;  his  chalice  of  silver  gilt,  his 
tnitre,  and  a  number  of  vestments  were  an- 
ciently preserved  at  St.  Paul's  (DueBA-LB, 
!».  313, 815. 821-3).    Richard  de  Grayesend, 
afterwards  bishop  of  London,  owed  his  early 
advancement  to  Sandwich  {A.  p.  23).  Simon 
da  Sandwich  of  Preston,  Kent^  whose  grand* 

VOL.  XVII. 


daughter  Juliana  married  William  de  Ley« 
bourne  [see  under  Lbtboubvb,  Roa£B  bb], 
was  probably  a  brother  of  the  bishop 
{ArduBologia  CantianOf  vi.  190). 

[Annales  Moaastici,  Floras  Historiaram, 
Gontiniiation  of  Oerrase  of  Canterbozy,  Annales 
Londinenses,  ap.  Chron.  £dward  I  and  £d« 
watd  II  (all  these  are  in  Rolls  Ser.) ;  Rishanger, 
De  Bellis  apud  Lewes  et  Evesham,  Liber  ds 
Antiqais  Legibus  (both  Camdea  Soc.);  Bliss's 
Calendar  of  Papal  Reeisters ;  Hasted's  Hist,  of 
Kent,  IT.  265-^;  Wharton,  De  Episcopis 
Londineosibus,  pp.  98-100;  Le  Neve's  Fasti,  ed. 
Hardy ;  Prothero  s  Simon  de  Montfort.] 

C  L.  K. 

SANDWICH,  RALPH  bb  (rf.  1308  P), 
judge,  was  probablv  brother  of  Henry  de 
Sandwich  [q.  v.],  bishop  of  London.  He  was 
a  knight,  lord  of  lands  in  Ham  and  Eyns- 
ham,  and  patron  of  the  church  of  Waldes- 
ham,  all  in  Kent.  During  the  reign  of 
Henry  III  he  was  appointed  keeper  of  the 
wardrobe.^  In  1264  he  withdrew  from  the 
king  and  joined  the  confederate  barons  {An* 
nal»  of  Worcester^  sub  an.),  and  on  7  May 
1266  Simon  de  Montfort — ^Thomas  de  Can« 
telupe  [q.  v.l  the  chancellor,  being  other- 
wise occupied— committed  the  great  seal  to 
Sandwich,  with  the  proviso  that  for  the  issue 
of  precepts  he  shoulu  obtain  the  concurrence 
of  Peter  de  Montfort  and  two  others,  though 
he  could  seal  writs  independently  of  them. 
It  was  then  noted  that  it  was  an  unheard-of 
innovation  that  the  great  seal  should  be  in 
lay  hands  (Wtxes,  sub  an. :  Foss,  iii.  150). 
On  the  death  of  the  bishop  of  London  in  1273, 
Sandwich  received  the  custody  of  the  tempo- 
ralities of  the  see.  In  1274  he  and  his  wife 
were  summoned  to  attend  the  coronation  of 
Edward  I  ()ILkJio:LyHUtory  of  the  Exchequer^ 
i.  71).  He  received  the  custody  of  the 
castle  of  Arundel  in  1277,  the  Lord  Richard 
being  a  minor,  and  from  that  year  until  1282 
was  escheator  south  of  the  Trent  with  the 
title  of  'senescallus  regis'  (Abbrev.  Bot., 
Orig.  i.  21).  His  name  appears  along  with 
the  names  of  the  judges  that  were  present  at 
the  proffer  of  homs^  by  Alexander  III 
[q.  v.]  of  Scotland  m  the  parliament  at 
Westminster  on  26  Oct.  1278  {Fcsdera,  i. 
563),  and  in  1281  and  1299  he  was  sent 
with  other  judges  to  carry  messages  from 
the  kin^  to  the  archbishop  of  Canterbury 
concerning  proceedings  in  convocation  {ib. 
pp.  598,  914).  In  1284  he  was  acting  as  a 
justice  in  Kent  in  conjunction  with  Stephen 
de  Peneoester  (Penshurst),  the  warden  of 
the  Cinque  ports  (Begutnan  J.  Peckham,  uL 
1077). 

When,  on  5  June  1285  (the  date  14  Ed  w.  I, 
Le.  1286,  in  Liber  Albua^  L  16,  should  ap* 

3d 


Sandwich 


770 


Sandwith 


paventlj  be  corrected  to  IS  £dw.  I,  oomD.  i6, 
p.  17,  and  Liber  (hutuMutnim,  i.  392),  thekbig 
took  the  majotaltjT  and  liberties  of  London 
into  his  own  hand,  he  i^pointed  Sandwichi 
whom  he  made  cooBtable  of  the  Tower^  to  be 
warden  of  the  city,  charging*  him  to  gOTem 
it  according  to  the  cnstoniB  and  liberaes  of 
the  citizens.  He  waa  succeeded  as  warden 
bj  John  Breton  in  February  1286,  was  again 
appointed  warden  on  20  July  1287,  and 
again  apparently  succeeded  by  Breton  in 
February  1288,  when  he  was  also  removed 
from  the  constableship  of  the  Tower  (ib,)  He 
was,  however,  reinstated  in  both  offices  in 
1290,  but  was  not  warden  after  1295.  The 
years  in  which  these  changes  were  made  are 
difficult  to  ascertain  owing  to  differences  in 
computation  in  the  lists  of  mayors  and 
wardens,  and  because,  even  when  not  hold- 
ing the  waxdenship.  Sandwich  would,  as 
constable  of  the  Tower,  act  in  some  matters 
in  conjunction  with  the  warden,  and  he  is 
therefore  in  one  list  (ib,  pp.  241-2)  stated  to 
have  been  warden  from  the  14th  to  21 
£dw.  I.  (1285-6-1292-^V  As  wurden  he 
Appears  to  have  acted  witn  impaartislity  and 
regard  for  the  liberties  of  the  city.  One  of 
his  regulations,  committing  the  custody  of 
certain  of  the  gates  to  tiie  men  of  certain 
wards,  who  were  to  furnish  guards  provided 
with  two  pieces  of  defensive  armour,  fed  to  the 
definition  of  the  city's  ward  system  {Ixnh 
HE,  ZoncUm,  pp.  68-71). 

In  Michaelmas  term  (1289)  a  fine  was 
levied  before  him,  but  it  is  donbtfdl  whether 
he  ever  filled  the  office  of  a  judge  at  Weet^ 
minster.  Firobably  durinjg  tne  period,  and 
certainly  later,  he  was  a  justice  for  gaol  de-> 
livery  at  Newffate  {Liber  Albw,  i.  403).  As 
constable  of  the  Tower  he  joined  with  the 
warden,  John  Breton  (they  are  both  s^led 
wardens  in  the  account  of  the  meeting,  Liber 
CfuetumaruMf  i.  72-6)  in  persuading  the 
Londoners  in  1296  to  obey  the  king%  pre« 
eept  that  they  should  furnish  meii  for  the 
defence  of  the  south  coast,  and  the  proceed- 
in^  afford  an  example  of  the  moderattion 
with  which  both  acted  in  their  dealings  with 
the  city  (LovnB.  u.s.  p.  70][.  In  that  year 
also  he  received  for  custody  in  the  Tower  the 
earls  of  Ross,  AthoU,  Menteith,  and  other 
Scottish  lords  taken  at  Dunbar  (J^faMfeiv,  i» 
841).  When  the  royal  treasury  at  West- 
minster was  robbed  in  1308,  he  was  appointed 
along  with  Bo^r  le  Brabaion  [q.  v.J,  dhief 
justice- of  the  long's  bench,  and  otherjudges^ 
to  make  inquisition  into  ihd  aflhir  in  Middle- 
•ez  and  Surrey  (4b,  p.  960)^  Ha  was  one  of 
the  commission  ofiudges  that  tried  and  con- 
demned Wiiliam  Wallace  on  Sa  Aug.  1805 
(Annalee  London,  pp.  1B9^-40)|  siad.in  8ep^ 


tember  1806  he  judged  and  condemned 
Simon  Fraser  and  two  others  (i6.p«  148^.  On 
the  accession  of  Edward'ILhe  was  oon^mad 
in  the  constableship  of  the  Tower,  and  on 
8  Feb.  1S08  was'  summoned,  witii  his  wife, 
to  attend  the  coronation.  He  doubtless  died 
eoon  afterwards ;  in  the  following  May  John 
de  Orumbwell  appeazs  as  constable  of  the 
Tower  (FoBdera,  lu  45). 

[Foss's  Judj^es,  iiL  150-1 ;  Reg.  J.  Peckham^ 
Arch.  Oant.  ill,  100(9,  1077 ;  Ann.  Wigom.  and 
Wykes,  ap.  Ann.  Jffonast.  iv.  168t  ^M ;  Liber 
Albus,  i.  17,  401,  406,  and  libw  Gust  I  71-6, 
186, 241^,  292>8, 336,  an.  Man.  eildh.London., 
Ajxn,  Londin.  ap.  Chr.  Adw.I aadEdw.  II,i.  182, 
189,  148  (these  dirae  Bolls  Ser.) ;  Abbeev.  Bot. 
Orig.  i.  21  (Record  publ);  Madox's  Hist,  of 
Exdieq.  i.  71,  270 ;  Bymor^s  Fcsdeta,  i.  663, 
698,  841,  914,  966,  960,  ii.  81,  46  (Record  sd.) ; 
Hasted's  Kent^  ii.  629;  Loftie's  London,  pp. 
67*71,  82,  101  (Historic Towns  Ser.);  Sham\ 
London  and  the  Kingdom,  i.  122,  126]  W.  H« 

SANDWITH,  HUMPHRY  (18a3-1881)v 
srmy  physician,  bom  at  firidlinffton,  York- 
shire, m  1822,  waa  eldest  son  of  Humphry 
Sandwith^-surgeon.  Hismodierw&sadauflhi- 
tar  of  Isaac  Ward  of  Bridlington,  fita 
father  eventually  became  one  of  tka  leading 
physicians  in  Hull.  Afber  being  at  aeTsru 
schools,  where  he  learnt  little*  Sandwith  waa 
apprenticed  at  the  age  of  sixteen  to  his  uncle, 
Dt.  T.  Sandwith,  at  BeTerloy.  There  he 
i^ent  five  unhf^py  and  improfitable  years^ 
making  up  prescriptions.  He  managed,  how* 
ever,  to  nna  some  scope  for  his>  love  of  ad*- 
venture  in  shootittg  wild  ducks  on  winter 
nighto. 

He  left  Beverley  in  1848^  had  a  little 
systematic  teaching  in  the  medical  school  at 
Hull,  and  spent  a  few  months  at  Lille  to 
learn  French.  He  was  then  entered  as  a 
student  at  University  Oollege,  London,  and 
in  the  autumn  of  18&  he  passed  the  ezami^ 
nation  of  London  University  and  tibat  of  the 
College  of  Surgeons,  and  was  qualified  to 
practise.  He  was  appointed  house  surgeon 
to  the  Hull  In&snary  in  184/7,  but  ill-hMlth 
obliged  him  to  resign.  He  had  already  made 
a  vovase  to  the  Levant,  and,  finding  no  work 
in  Kngland,  he  now  detennined'  to  try  hia 
fortune  in  Ckmstantinople. 

He  went  out  in  March  1849  with- lettsra 
of  introdoetion  to  Sir  StMtfordGaimin^,the 
English  ambassador.  He  madfe  warm  finends 
at  the  embasi^,  though,  his  relatiena  with 
Canning  were  never  very  coordiaL  In  August 
he  accompanied  Canning's  protec)6,  Ajusten 
Henry  Layard,  in.  his  second  srchasological 
expedition  to  Nineveh,  and  spbnt  nearly  two 
yeara  in  Mesopotamia.  Hemeanttohsfetsa^ 
velledin  PeESia,lnit  an  attack  of  Airer  obliged 


Sandwith 


771 


Sandwfth 


Irim  to  retnin  toGonstantinople  ifi  September 
186L  In  1868  he  whs  appointed  eorre* 
ffpondeait  of  the  ^  Times,'  but  the  connection 
£d  not  last  long ;  Dekne  complained  that 
he  looked  at  the  Eastern  question  from  the 
•Toddah,  not  the  Engiish,  point  of  view.  He 
was  no  donbt  inflnenced  by  the  atmosphere 
in  which  he  li^ed;  but  he  was  already  quite 
alive  to  the  unfitness  of  the  Turks  to  govern 
other  races. 

When  war  broke  out  he  engaged  a9  staff 
ma^n  under  General  Beatson,  who  was 
raiam^  a  cor^  of  Bashi-BazoukSi  and  he 
served  with  this  ooarM  on  the  Danube  in  July 
and  August  1854.  It  had  no  fighting,  but 
there  was  much  sickness,  and  Sandwith  had 
to  eke  out  his  medical  stores  by  gathering 
herbs  in  the  meadows  and  leeches  in  the 
marshes.  Finding  that  the  corps  was  to  be 
soon  disbanded,  he  offered  his  services  to 
Colonel  (afterwards  Sir  WiUiam  Fenwick) 
Williams  [q.  v.],  who  was  going  to  Armenia 
88  British  commissioner  with  the  Turkish 
army.  They  were  accepted,  and  on  10  Sept. 
he  left  Oonstantinople  for  Erzerum. 

In  Febraarv  I860  WiUiams,  now  a  lieu- 
tenant-general in  the  Turkish  army,  ap- 
pointed Sandwith  inspectoi^neral  of  hos- 
pitals, placing  him  at  the  head  of  the  medical 
staff.  There  was  a  great  deal  to  be  done 
in  oiganising  it,  in  superintending  sanitaiy 
measures,  and  in  providmg  medical  stores,  for 
the  drug  depdt  contained  little  but  scents 
and  cosmetics.  Meanwhile  Colonel  Lake 
was  fortifying  Kare,  and  in  the  beginning  of 
June,  when  the  siege  was  imminent,  Wil>« 
liams  and  his  staff  took  up  their  quarters 
there.  Throughout  the  defence,  whicmi  lasted 
till  the  end  of  November,  Sandwith  was 
inde&tigable.  He  had  to  contend  at  fii«t 
with  cholera,  and  afterwards  with  starva- 
tion ;  and  after  the  assault  of  29  Sept.  he 
had  ^nat  numbers  of  woimded  men,  both 
Turkish  and  Russian,  on  his  hande.  He  had 
to  rely  mainly  on  horseflesh  broth  to  bring 
his  patients  round.  But  he  succeeded  in 
keepmg  off  hospital  gangrene  and  epidemic 
tyjmpa. 

When  Sars  surrendered,  and  Williams 
and  his  staff  went  to  Bussia  as  prisoners, 
Sandwith  was  set  firee  bv  Generfu  Moura« 
vieff,  in  recognition  of  his  humane  treatment 
of  the  Russian  prisoners.  He  made  his  wav 
to  Oonstantmople,  undergoing  great  hardr 
ships  and  dangers  in  crossing  the  Armmiian 
mountains^  and  on  9  Jan.  ICw  he  arrived  in 
London  He  was  the  lion  of  the  season, 
and  had  to  tril  tie  story  of  the  siege  to  the 
queen  and  the  mhusten.  His  narrative  was 
pnblished  by*  the  end  of  the  month,  was  coi^ 
SkUy  xiftvieivred  in  the  *  Times' by.  Delane, 


and  eold  rapidly.  He  was  made  C.B.,  and 
Oxford  ffave  him  the  deme  of  D.C.L.  In 
August  ne  went  with  Lord  Granville  to 
Moscow  for  the  coronation  of  the  csar,  aaad 
was  presented  with  the  Russian  order  of 
St.  Stanislaus.  He  also  received  the  cross 
of  the  French  Legion  of  Honour. 

He  had  now  several  opportunities  of  ob* 
taining  a  good  medical  practice  in  England, 
but  he  had  no  attachment  to  the  profess 
sion,  and  looked  to  a  different  career.  In 
February  1857  he  was  appointed  ooloiiial 
secretary  in  Mauritius,  and  he  spent  two 
years  there.  But  the  climate  and  the  work 
did  not  suit  him.  He  came  home  on  leave 
in  September  1859,  and  in  the  following 
spring  he  resigned,  in  the  hope  (which  was 
not  realised)  that  he  would  soon  get  another 
post. 

He  married,  on  39  May  1860,  Lucy; 
daughter  of  Robert  Hargreaves  of  Accring^ 
ton,  whose  brother  Wiuiam  was  intimate 
with  Cobden.  Thenceforth  he  began  to  take 
an  active  interest  in  English  politics.  He  was 
an  ardent  reformer,  a  member  of  the  Jamaica 
committee,  and  in  1888  he  tried  to  enter  par-i 
liament  for  Maiylebone.  In  1864  he  paid 
a  visit  to  Servia  and  Bulgaria,  and  in  a  letter 
to  the '  Spectator '  he  predicted  that '  the  next 
Christian  massacre  will  probably  be  in  Bui* 
ffaria.'  In  the  same  year  he  wrote  a  book, 
^The  Hekim-Bashi,'  which  under  the  guise 
of  a  novel  was  a  telling  indictment  of  Turkish 
misrule.  When  the  ^anco^erman  war 
broke  out  in  1870,  he  went  to  France  on 
behalf  of  the  National  Aid  Society.  But 
he  was  dissatisfied  with  the  action  of  the 
committee,  which  seemed  to  him  to  be  'fum- 
bling about  in  the  most  imbecile  manner/ 
and  he  did  not  work  with  them  long. 

In  1873  he  was  invited  by  the  munici- 
pality of  Belgrade  to  attend  Frince  Milan's 
coronation,  and  became  closely  mixed  up  in 
Servian  politics.  When  Servia  declared  war 
against  Turkey  in  1870,  Sandwith  went  to 
Belgrade,  and  devoted  himself  to  the  relief  of 
the  wounded  and  the  refugees.  He  wrote 
letters  to  the  English  papers,  pleading  the 
Servian  cause^  and,  returning  to  England 
in  the  beginnmg  of  1877,  he  lectured  and 
spoke  on  behalf  of  the  Servian  refugees.  He 
took  back  7,000/.  for  them  in  March ;  but  the 
work  of  distribution  overtaxed  his  stren^h ; 
he  had  a  dangerous  illness,  and  was  obliged 
to  go  home.  In  October  he  went  to  Bu- 
charest for  three  months  as  agent  fbr  the 
English  Association  for  the  Kussian  sick 
and  wounded,  but  had  neither  health  nor 
opportunity  to  do  much.  During  all  this 
tmie  he  used  every  means  in  his  power  to 
dissuade  his  countrymen  firom  coming  to 

Sd3 


Sandys 


772 


Sandys 


the  help  of  Turkey  against  Ruasia.  In  his 
la«t  years  he  devot^  time  and  labour  to 
agitating  for  an  improved  water  supply  for 
Ix»ndon. 

In  1880  the  state  of  his  wife's  health  led 
them  to  winter  at  Bavos,  with  bad  results 
for  both  of  them.  In  the  spring  he  became 
rapidly  worse,  and  he  died  at  jParis  on  16  May 
1881,  and  was  buried  at  Fassy.  He  had 
five  children,  one  of  whom,  together  with 
his  wife,  died  next  year. 

Sandwith  combined  a  oenial  disposition 
and  winning  character  witn  singular  direct- 
ness and  disinterestedness.  Professor  Max 
Miiller  wrote  of  him :  *  I  never  heard  him 
make  a  concession.  Straight  as  an  arrow 
he  flew  through  life,  a  devoted  lover  of  truth, 
a  despiser  of  all  quibbles.'  Capon  Liddon 
thou^t  him  one  of  the  most  remarkable 
persons  he  had  known,  and  doubted  whether 
any  other  Englishman  had  done  so  much  for 
the  relief  of  the  Christian  populations  of 
European  Turkey.  But  he  haa  the  one-sided- 
ness  of  a  strong  partisan. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  his  chief  writings, 
other  than  journalistic :  1.  *  A  Narrative  of 
the  Siege  of  Kars,  and  of  the  Six  Months' 
Resistance  of  the  Turkish  Garrison,  under 
General  Williams,  to  the  Russian  Army; 
together  with  a  Narrative  of  Travels  and 
Adventures  in  Armenia  and  Lazristan,  with 
Remarks  on  the  present  State  of  Turkey,' 
London,  1856,  8vo.  2.  <  The  Hekim-Bashi ; 
or  the  Adventures  of  Giuseppe  Antonelli,  a 
Doctor  in  the  Turkish  Service/  2  vols.  Lon- 
don, 1864,  8vo.  8.  '  A  Preface  to  "  Notes 
•on  the  South  Slavonic  Countries  in  Austria 
and  Turkey  in  Europe,'"  London,  1865, 8vo. 
4. '  Minsterborou£[h :  a  Tale  of  English  Life' 

2>ased  on  reminiscences  of  his  youth  at 
everley),  8 vols.  London,  1876, 8vo.  5. '  Shall 
"we  fight  Russia  P  An  Address  to  the  Work- 
sing  Men  of  Great  Britain,'  London,  1877, 
•8vo. 

[T.  Humphry  Ward's  Memoir  (compiled  from 
autobiographical  notes),  1884.]         £.  M.  L. 

SANDYS,  CHARLES  (1786-1859),  an- 
itiauaiy,  bom  in  1786,  was  second  son  of 
Edwin  Hum})hrey  Sanders,  solicitor,  of  Can- 
tterbury,  by  his  second  wife,  Helen,  daughter 
•of  Edward  Lord  Chick,  esq.  (BimEB,  Landed 
Gentry ,  1882,  ii.  1414).  He  was  admitted  a 
solicitor  in  1808,  and  ]^ractised  at  Canter- 
bury until  1857,  when  circumstances  obliged 
him  to  retire  abroad.  He  died  in  1859 ;  he 
had  married  Sedley  Francis  Burdett,  by 
whom  he  had  issue.  Sandys  was  elected  fel- 
low of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  on  18  June 
1846. 

He  published :  1. '  A  Critical  Dissertation 


on  Professor  Willis's  "  Architectural  Historr 
of  Canterbury  Cathedral,"' 8vo,  London,  1846. 
2.  '  The  Memorial  and  Case  of  Clerici  Laici« 
or  Lay  Clerks  of  Canterbury  Cathedral,'  8vo, 
London,  1849.  8.  '  Consuetudines  Kancise : 
a  Histozy  of  Gavelkind  and  other  Remark- 
able Customs  in  the  County  of  Kent,'  8vo, 
London,  1851.  He  also  compiled  a  concise 
history  of  Reculver,  Kent,  from  the  time  of 
the  Romans  to  that  of  Henry  VIII,  which 
was  inserted  in  C.  Roach  Smith's  '  History 
and  Antiquities  of  Richborough,  Reculver, 
and  Lymne,'  1850.  The  manuscript  is  in 
the  cathedral  library,  Canterbury.  To  the 
Gloucester  congress  volume  of  the  British 
Archaeological  Association  (1846)  Sandys 
contributed  a  valuable  paper  on  the  Dane 
John  Hill  at  Canterbury  (pp.  136-48). 

[Sandys's  Works ;  information  from  Incorpo- 
rated La'w  Society ;  law  lists  and  directories  in 
Brit.  Mas.]  G.  G. 

SANDYS,  EDWIN  (1616  P-1683), 
archbishop  of  York,  was  bom  probably  at 
Hawkshead  in  Fumess  FeUs,  Lancashire,  in 
1516.  Strvpe,  in  his  life  of  Parker  (i.  125), 
says  that  he  was  a  Lancashire  man  (of  a 
stock  settled  at  St.  Bees),  and  that  he  was 
forty-three  when  consecrated  biahop  of  Wor- 
cester in  1559,  the  former  statement  sup- 
porting that  of  Barnes  {Lancashire,  v.  625), 
who  fuso  names  Hawkshead  as  his  birth- 
place. He  was  third  son  of  William  Sandys 
by  Margaret,  daughter  of  John  Dixon  of 
iJondon  (ib,,  but  cf.  Sibtpe,  Annals,  ui. 
iL  65).  Strype  connects  his  family  with 
that  of  William,  lord  Sandys  [q.  v.],  but  the 
connection  seems  doubtful  (cf.  Fo6rEB,Xan- 
eashire  Pedigrees, '  Sandys ').  He  was  pro- 
bably educated  at  Fumess  Abbey,  where 
John  Bland  [q.  v.],  the  martyr,  is  said  to  have 
been  his  teacher.  He  then  went  to  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge,  graduating  B.  A.  in  1539, 
M.A.  1541,  B.D.  1547,  and  D.D.  1549.  In 
1542  he  served  the  office  of  proctor.  He  was 
chosen  master  of  Catharine  Hall  in  1547.  In 

1548  he  was  vicar  of  Caversham,and  on  12  Dec. 

1549  became  canon  of  Peterborough.  He  was 
one  of  Bucer's  friends  at  Cambridge,  and  is 
said  (Stbtpe,  Parker,  p.  56)  to  luive  been 
consiuted  about  his  *  De  Regno  ChristL'  In 
1552  he  received  a  prebend  at  Carlisle. 

Sandys,  like  Ridley  and  Cheke,  supported 
Lady  Jane  Grev's  cause  on  religious  sronnds. 
He  was  vice-chancellor  of  Cambridfle  Uni- 
versity in  1553,  and  when  Northumberland 
on  his  journey  into  the  eastern  counties 
came  to  Cambridge  he  joined  him,  and 
preached  before  him  a  sermon  in  which  Lady 
Jane's  claims  were  upheld.  This  sermon, 
which '  pulled  many  tears  out  of  the  eye  of 


Sandys 


773 


Sandys 


the  biggest  of  them/  he  was  requested  to 
publish,  and  a  messenger  (Thomas  Lever 
fq.  Y.l  or  Ralph  Lever  [q.  v.])  was  ready 
oootea  to  xide  with  the  copy  to  Loudon, 
when  the  news  arriyed  of  Northumberland's 
retreat  and  the  success  of  Queen  Maxy.  The 
duke,  on  returning  to  Cambridge,  ordered 
Sandys  to  proclaim  Queen  Mary,  which  he 
did  in  the  market-place,  at  the  same  time 
making  the  somewnat  safe  prophecy  that 
Northumberland  would  not  escape  punish- 
ment. He  resigned  his  office  of  vice-chan- 
cellor,  and  on  26  July  1553  was .  brought, 
with  others  of  the  party,  to  London  and  im- 

Srisoned  in  the  Tower.  He  was  afterwards 
epriyed  of  his  mastership  on  the  ground  of 
his  marriage,  and  £dmund  Cosin  was  chosen 
in  his  place.  In  the  Tower  he  had  Bradford 
as  a  companion  for  a  time,  but  at  Wyatt*s 
rebellion  he  was  removed  to  the  Marshalsea, 
and  nine  weeks  later,  by  the  mediation  of 
Sir  Thomas  Holcroft,  the  knight-marshal,  a 
secret  friend  to  the  protestants  (Sibtpe, 
Cranmer,  p.  526),  he  was  released  and,  though 
searched  for,  managed  to  reach  Antwerp  m 
May  1554.  Edward  Isaac  helped  him  greatly, 
and  sent  his  son  with  him.  Thence  Sandys 
went  to  Augsburg,  and  afterwards  to  Stras- 
burg,  where  he  attended  lectures  by  Peter 
Martyr  (tb,  p.  518),  and  where  he  was  joined 
by  his  first  wife  and  a  son,  both  of  whom 
died  within  a  year  of  their  coming.  He  is 
said  (Stbtpe,  Memorials^  ui.  i.  404)  to  have 
been  also  at  Frankfurt ;  but  when  the  news 
of  Queen  Mary's  death  came  he  was  at  Peter 
Martyr's  house  at  Zurich. 

Sandys  returned  to  England  on  13  Jan. 
1558-9,  and,  although  he  next  month  married 
a  second  wife,  at  once  received  preferment. 
He  was  made  one  of  the  commissioners  for 
the  revision  of  the  Liturgy  who  met  at  Sir 
Thomas  Smith's  house  in  Westminster  in  the 
early  months  of  1559,  was  one  of  the  Lent 

Jreachers  of  1558-9,  and  again  in  1561.  In 
559  he  preached  also  at  St.  Paul's.  In  the 
same  ^ear  he  was  one  of  those  who  were 
commissioned  to  make  an  ecclesiastical  visi- 
tation of  the  north,  beginning  at  St.  Mary's, 
Nottingham,  on  22  Au^.  And  it  must  have 
been  while  on  this  visitation,  and  not  on 
17  Nov.  1558  (Stbtfb,  AnnaU,  I.  i.  222), 
that  Sandys  preached  his  sermon  at  York,  in 
which  he  described  Queen  Elizabeth  in  terms 
which  must  have  d^ighted  her,  and  which, 
if,  as  Strype  says,  he  spoke '  not  of  guess  but 
of  knowledge,'  B&yB  but  little  for  his  pene- 
tration. Lute  Grindal,  Jewel,  and  others, 
Sandys  had  returned  from  exile  an  oppo- 
nent of  vestments,  but,  like  others,  he  gave 
way.  He  was  offered  the  see  of  Carlisle,  but 
lefused  it,  and  was  given  Worcester.    He 


I 


was  consecrated  at  Lambeth  on  21  Dec* 
1559. 

The  biographies  of  Sandys  are  filled  with 
accounts  of  his  squabbles.  As  far  as  ecclesi- 
astical matters  were  concerned,  Parker  was 
probably  right  (Stbtps,  Parker,  i.  156)  when 
he  hinted  at  his  *  Germanical  nature ; '  he  was 
an  obstinate  and  conscientious  puritan  at  a 
time  when  those  in  authority  wished  that 
men  with  Romish  leanings  should  be  treated 
indulgently.  His  zeal  naturally  showed  itself 
in  his  visitation,  which  he  began,  as  Parker 
(tb.)  complained, '  before  he  was  scarce  warm 
in  his  seat.'  He  signed  the  articles  of  1562, 
but  showed  his  views  in  his  advice  to  the 
convocation  of  that  year  on  rites  and  cere- 
monies, objecting  for  one  thing  to  the  sign 
of  the  cross  in  Mptism.  He  tuso  drew  up 
for  the  same  body  certain  practical  sug^s- 
tions  as  to  the  conduct  of  ecclesiastical 
persons  (Stbypb,  Annais,  I.  i.  506).  In  1563 
bir  John  Bourne,  who  had  been  secretary  of 
state  to  Queen  Mary,  tried  to  midce  mischief 
against  Sandys.  He  wrote  to  the  privy 
council  (tb,  i.  ii.  15  &c.),  charging  him  witn 
being  no  gentleman.  To  all  the  bishop  re- 
lied with  such  effect  that  Bourne  found 
imself  in  the  Marshalsea,  and  had  to  make 
a  subm\^on.  The  contest,  however,  is 
valuable  as  affording  evidence  of  the  im- 

nsion  which  the  married  clergy  of  a  cathe- 
town  made  on  those  of  the  old  way 
of  thinking.  Some  time  afterwards  (1569) 
Sandys  spoke  of  Bourne  as  his  *  constant  and 
cruel  enemy.' 

In  1565  Sandys  was  one  of  the  translators 
of  the  Bishops'  Bible  (cf.  Strtpb,  Parker, 
i.  415).  He  was  well  suited  for  this  work, 
as  he  was  always  a  studious  man  and  inte- 
rested in  the  studies  of  others  (Stbypb, 
Annais,  I.  ii.  221, 540).  In  1570  he  was,  in 
spite  of  Parker,  who  wished  for  Aylmer, 
made  bishop  of  London  in  succession  to 
Grindal,  the  temporalities  being  restored  on 
18  July.  He  said  that  he  did  not  want  to 
change.  Strype  hints  that  *  fees  and  fruits  * 
may  nave  had  some  share  in  making  him 
hesitate ;  but  finally  a  blunt  letter  from  Cecil 
brought  him  to  the  point.  He  held  his  first 
visitation  in  the  January  following,  and  from 
the  articles  and  injunctions  then  used  indi- 
cations of  the  ffrowth  of  the  puritan  spirit 
may  be  gathered.  On  his  first  coming  to  his 
new  diocese  he  concluded  by  certain  articles^ 
dated  18  Dec.  1570,  certain  disputes  which 
had  arisen  in  the  Dutch  church  of  London 
(cf.  Stbtpe,  Grindal,  pp.  189-96 ;  Hbsseus, 
JEocles,  Land,  Batav,  ii.  352^.  The  next  year 
(1571),  however,  he  was  neld  to  have  ex- 
ceedea  his  authority  in  regard  to  the  Dutch 
church  by  the  other  members  of  the  eccle- 


Sandys 


774 


Sandys 


nastical  commission ;  Sandys  had  joined  the 
ecclesiastical  commission  in  1571.  He  took 
part  in  the  translation  of  the  Bible  of  1672, 
nis  shaie  being  the  books  of  Hosea,  Joel, 
«nd  Amos  to  Malaehi  inolosive  (SiezpB| 
PorJber,  iL  222).  He  was,  as  before,  strongly 
repressiTB  in  tendency ;  he  took  part  in  cush 
turbing  the  'massmongers'  at  the  hoose  of 
the  Portuguese  ambassador,  catching  several 
who  were  'ready  to  worship  the  oau'  there. 
On  the  other  hand,  he  was  one  of  those  who 
signed  the  order  on  12  Bee.  1678  for  the 
arrest  of  Cartwright,  to  whose  influence  he 
bears  testimony  in  a  curious  letter  (6  Aug. 
1573)printed  in  Strype's  *  Whitgifk '  (iii.  32). 
In  this  letter  he  mentions  Dering,  reader  at 
St.  Paul's,  who  was  just  then  suspended ;  and 
yet  it  was  throuffn  Sandys*s  agency  that 
Dering  was,  to  Uie  great  delight  of  the 
puritans,  restored.  ]mr  this  Mindys  was 
rebuked  by  the  queen ;  and  Derinff ,  who  had 
meanwhile  had  a  dispute  with  we  bL^op, 
was  not  long  afterwards  affain  suspended. 
As  bishop  of  Liondon,  indeed,  Sandys  had  a 
yery  difficult  part  to  play.  He  had  belonged 
to  the  early  puritan  party,  and  yet  had  to 
join  with  Parker  in  trymg  to  secure  uni- 
formity (of.  SiRTFB,  Farker,  iL  280  &c.) 
He  was  naturally  much  written  against,  and 
he  felt  what  was  said  {ib,  p.  290).  In  1674, 
when  the  '  prophesyings'  began  in  the  dio- 
oese  of  Norwich,  he  upheld  them,  and  with 
Smith,  Mildmay,  and  Eiiollys,  wrote  a  letter 
to  that  e^ct  (^.  pw  860),  soon  to  be  oyer- 
ruled.  On  6  June  1676  Sandys  was  chief 
mourner  at  Parker's  splendid  funeral; 
Ptoker  left  him  a  gold  ring  (Ayre  says  a 
waUdnff  staff)  by  his  will. 

On  8  March  1676-6  Sandys  was  trans- 
lated to  the  archbishopric  of  York,  succeed- 
ing Giindal.  At  York  he  had  plenty  of 
trouble.  An  attempt,  whidi  he  successndly 
resisted,  was  made  on  his  arriyal  to  get  him 
to  ffiye  up  Bishopthoigpe  in  order  that  it 
might  become  the  official  residence  of  the 

S residents  of  the  council  of  the  north.  He 
isputed  with  Aylmer  as  to  the  London 
veyenues,  with  what  result  is  unknown. 
He  yisited  in  1677  the  yacant  see  of  Bur- 
ham,  and  embroiled  himself  with  the  dersy 
there,  among  other  things  saying  that  the 
dean,  Williun  Whittingnam,  was  not  pro- 
perly ordained.  He  fell  out  too  on  another 
point  with  Aylmer — ^namely  dilapidations — 
and  Aylmer  ffot  the  better  of  him.  He  did 
not  agree  wdl  with  the  dean  of  York  [cf. 
HiTTTON,  Matthew,  1629-1606].  He  found 
a  more  dangerous  opponent  in  Sir  Robert 
Stapleton.  This  man,  in  order  to  get  adyan- 
tageous  leases  of  lands  from  the  archbishop, 
contriyed  a  disgraeefill  plot  against  him.   ii 


May  1681  at  Bonoaster  he  conteiyed,  widi 
the  conniyance  of  the  husband,  to  introduce 
a  woman  into  Sandys's  bedroom.  IThe  hus- 
band then  rushed  in,  and  Btapletonappeaied 
in  the  guise  of  a  friend  who  wished  to  pre- 
yent  a  scandal.  Sandys  weakly  gaye  money 
to  the  injured  husbana  and  a  leMe  of  haA 
to  Stapleton.  But  when  Stapleton  pusJied 
the  business  further  and  tried  to  extort  a 
lease  of  the  manorsof  Southwell  and  Sorowby 
on  fayourable  terms  from  him,  Sandys  dis- 
closed the  outrage  to  the  council.  Those 
concerned  were  punished  and  Sandys  cleared. 
Bichard  Hooker  [^.  y.l  was  tutor  to  Sandys's 
son  Edwin,  and  m  1684-^  the  archbishop 
assisted  in  securing  his  appointment  as  master 
of  the  Temple.  In  1687  ne  resisted  succees- 
f ally  an  attempt  to  separate  Southwell  from 
his  see.  He  often  liyed  at  Southwell,  and 
was  not  a  regular  attendant  at  the  meetings 
of  the  council  of  the  north. 

Sandjs  died  on  10  July  1688,  and  was 
buried  m  Southwell  Minster.  His  tomb  is 
engrayed  in  Rastall's  *  Histotj  of  Sontiiwell/ 
The  inscription  is  printed  in  Strype's  '  Whit- 
gift  '  (iii.  216).  Sandys  was  a  learned  and 
yigorous  man,  keen  in  his  many  quarrels, 
lliough  he  is  said  to  haye  been  too  careful 
in  money  matters,  he  founded  a  grammar 
school  at  Hawkshead  and  endowed  it ;  he 
also  was  a  benefactor  to  the  school  at  High- 
gate.  Fortunat^y,  in  the  main  his  interest 
coincided  with  that  of  the  sees  he  occupied, 
for,  as  he  onee  said,  'These  be  manreUous 
times.  The  patrimony  of  the  church  is  laid 
open  as  a  prey  unto  all  the  world '  (Stbtpb, 
Wldtgift,  i.  646).  Extracts  from  his  will, 
which  contains  much  solid  theology,  are 
giyen  by  Strype  (  Whitgift,  i.  647 ;  Armais, 
III,  ii.  679). 

A  portrait  is  at  Ombersley,  where  descen- 
dants of  the  archbi^op  still  liye.  Another 
belongs  to  the  bishop  of  London  (cf.  Cat. 
Firat  Loan  Exkib.  I^o.  869).  E^ograyed 
portraits  are  in  Holland's  *  Herwologia '  and 
Nash's '  Worcestershire.' 

Sandys  married,  fint,  a  daught^  of 
Mr.  Sandys  of  Essex,  who,  with  her  child, 
died,  as  already  stated,  in  exile.  Secondly, 
on  19  Feb.  1668-9,  Cicely,  daughter  of  Sir 
Thomas  WiUbrd  of  Oranbrook,  Kent.  By 
her  he  liad  seyen  sons  and  two  daughters. 
The  eldest  son.  Sir  Samuel  Sandys  (1660- 
1628),  who  freauentlysat  in parliam^it,  and 
was  ancestor  of  the  narons  Sandys  of  Om- 
beraley,  Worcestershire  [see  Sajtdts,  Samubl, 
first  Babon  Sakdts.  Others  of  the  arch- 
bishop's sons  were :  Sir  Edwin  Sandys  (1661- 
1629)  fq.  v.] ;  Sir  Miles  Sandys  (1668-1644) 
of  Wilberton  in  Oambridgesnire,  who  was 
created  a  baronet  in  I^IS,  and  frequently  eat 


Sandys 


775 


Sandys 


in  .paarHtmenty  but  jnust  be  dirtixiguiabed 
tern  Sir  Miles  SuidTS  (1601-1086),  author 
of  a  work  twice  publuhed  in  1634  under  tiie 
titles  ^  Bnidence  the  fint  oi  ib»  Feur  0$x- 
dintl'VirtueB'  and  <  Prima  Pais  Bam  Opos- 
onli'  (Brit  Mub.  Cat;  FosiBB,  Alumni 
Onm.  1500-1714);  Willism,  bom  1666,  who 
died  young;  Thomas,  bom  1668;  Henry, 
bom  1672;  Qeoive  [q.  v.]  Of  the  arch- 
bishop's two  daughters  Marffavet,  bom  1666, 
mamed  Anthony  Aucher  of  Bowen,  Kent ; 
and  Anne,  bom  1670^  married  Sir  WiUiam 
Bame  of  Woolwich. 

Sandys  wrote,  in  addition  to  the  short 
pieces  printed  by  Strype :  1. '  ESpistola '  pre- 
&Eed  to  'The  IVanslation  of  Luther  on  the 
Qalatians,'  London,  1677,  4to.  3.  <  Ser- 
mons,' London,  1686,  4to ;  1616 ;  with  life 
of  Sandys,  by  Thomas  Whitaker,  London, 
1812,  8to  ;  with  some  other  pieces  and  life 
by  John  Ayre,  for  the  Parker  Society,  Gam- 
bridge,  1841,  8yo.  3.  'Statutes  for  Hawks- 
head  Grammar  School'  in  Habington's'An- 
tiquitiesof  theOatihedral  Church  of  Worces- 
ter,'pp.  163-9. 

[Cooper's  Athene  Cantabr.  ii.  24,  648 ;  Ayie's 
Life ;  Strype's  Works,  passim ;  Cooper's  Annals 
of  Cambriage,  ii.  74  &c. ;  Wriothesley's  Chron. 
if.  91,  Narrutiyes  of  the  Reformation,  pp.  142, 
342  (Camden  Soc.) ;  Fronde's  Hist  of  Engl.  vi. 
27  &e.,  X.  418,  xii.  6;  Cal.  State  Papers,  Dom. 
I547-B0  and  1581-90 ;  Brown's  Genesis,  U.S.A. 
ii.  992;  Biydges's  Bestitnta,  i.  195,  218; 
Border  Papers,  ed.  Hamilton,  i.  8,  309 ;  Notes 
and  Queries,  1st  ser.  xi.  422 ;  Thomas's  Woroes- 
tor  Cathedral,  pp.  210-14;  Notes  and  Queries, 
8th  ser.  xii.  224.]  W.  A.  J.  A 

SANDYS,  Sib  EDWIN  (1561-1629), 
statesman,  second  son  of  Archhishop  Edwin 
Sandys  (1616  P-1588)  fq.  v.],  hy  his  second 
wife,  Cicely,  sister  of  Sir  Thomas  W  Ilford,  was 
bominWorce8terahireon9Dec.l561.  George 
Sandys  [<j.  r.]  was  his  vouneest  hrother.  In 
1571  Edwm  was  entered  at  Merchant  Taylors' 
School,  and  thence  was  elected  scholar  of 
Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford,  matriculat- 
ing in  Septemher  157/.  He  graduated B. A. 
on  16  Oct.  1579,  M.A.  on  5  July  1588,  and 
B.C.L.  on  23  April  1589.  He  was  elected 
fellow  of  Corpus  early  in  1580,  and  on 
17  March  1581-2  was  presented  by  his  father 
to  the  prebend  of  Wetwang  in  York  Cathe- 
dral. In  1589  he  was  admitted  a  student 
of  the  Middle  Temple. 

Sandys  had  been  sent  by  his  father  to 
Coipus  to  be  under  the  care  of  his  friend, 
Richard  Hooker  [q.  v.],  then  tutor  in  that 
college.  With  him  went  George  Ccanmer 
fq.  T.J,  who  had  entered  Merchant  Taylors' 
m  the  same  year.  The  two  youths  formed 
with  Hooker  a  lasting  friendlship,  and  gave 


him  valuable  help  and  advice  in  the  pr#- 
psffEtion  of  his  <  Eodesisstical  PoliW.'  It 
was  Hooker's  custom  to  send  each  book  as  h0 
completed  it  to  them,  and  they  xetumed  ii 
with  snggestioiiis  and  criticisms.  Sandys't 
notes  to  the 'Sixth  book  are  extant  in  Oorput 
Ohristi  MS.  No.  297,  and  have  beenprinted 
in  Qhuroh  and  Paget's  edition  of  Hooker's 
'  Works,'  iu.  Id0>9.  His  representations  to 
his  fetiher  are  said  to  have  been  the  means 
of  Hooker's  appointment  to  the  mastership  of 
the  Temple,  and  he  was  subsequently  one  of 
Hooker^s  executors. 

On  18  Oot.  1686  Sandys  entered  parlifr* 
ment  as  member  for  Andover.  Frcnn  the 
first  he  took  an  active  part  in  its  proceedings, 
and  repeatedly  servea  on  committees  (en 
D'EwBS,  Joumaht  pp.  893,  896,  412,  414, 
415).  In  the  parliament  of  156iB~9  he  sat 
for  Plympton,  Devonshire,  for  which  he  was 
re-eleeted  in  1592-8.  On  10  Mar^  1692-S 
he  proposed  to  subject  'Brownists'  and 
'Barrowists'  to  the  penaltses  inflicted  on 
recusants  (t&.  pp.  471,  474,  478,  461,  500, 
502 ;  '  Mr.  Sands '  appears  to  be  Bdwin ;  his 
brother  Miles  and  his  Kinsman  Michael,  both 
members  of  these  parliaments,  are  distin- 
guished in  the  'Journals'  by  their  christian 
names). 

Soon  after  the  dissolution  of  parliament 
in  1593  Sandvs  accompanied  nis  friend 
Cranmer  on  a  three  years^  tour  on  the  con- 
tinent, visiting  France,  Italv,  and  Germany, 
He  remained  abroad  after  Chunmer's  rettirn. 
and  was  at  Paris  in  April  1599;  he  datea 
thence  his  'Europae  Speculum,'  and  dedi- 
cated it  to  Whitgift.  In  the  preparation 
of  this  work  Sandvs  was  largely  aided  by 
his  intercourse  with  Fra  Paolo  Sarpi,  who 
subsequently  translated  it  into  Italian 
(Gbotitjs,  EpUtokB,  1687,  pp.  865,  866). 
The  tone  of  the  book  is  remarkably  tolerant 
for  the  time.  Sandys  finds  good  points  even 
in  Roman  catholics.  For  a  long  time  it  re- 
mained in  manuscript,  but  on  21  June  1605 
it  was  entered  at  Stationers'  Hall,  and  pub- 
lished under  the  title  'A  Relation  of  the 
State  of  Religion.'  It  was  printed,  witlip 
out  the  author's  consent,  from  a  stolen  copy 
of  the  manuscript,  and  Sandys  is  said  to 
have  procured  an  order  of  the  high  com- 
mission condemning  it  to  be  burnt.  This 
was  carried  out  on  7  Nov.  (Chamberlain  to 
Carleton,  CaL  State  Papers,  Dom.  7  Nov. 
1605).  A  copy  of  the  condemned  edition  in 
the  British  Museum  contains  corrections 
and  additions  in  the  author's  handwriting. 
From  this  copy  an  edition  was  printed 
after  Sandys's  death  at  The  Hague  in  1629^ 
4to,  under  the  title  '  Europss  Speculum,  ov 
a  View  or  Survey  of  the  otate  of  Religion 


Sandys 


776 


Sandys 


in  the  Westeme  Parte  of  the  World/  The 
alterations  do  not  appear  to  be  materiaL 
Subsequent  editions  appeared  in  1632  (with 
Lewis  Owen's  'Jesuit's  Pilgrimage'  ap- 
pended), 1637, 1638, 1673,  and  1687.  SarpPs 
Italian  translation,  made  &om  the  1605 
edition,  appeared  with  some  additions  in 
1625,  and  in  1626  Diodati  translated  it, 
with  Sarpi's  additions,  into  French.  A 
Dutch  translation  which  Grotius  had  sug- 
gested appeared  in  1675  (Epistola,  pp.  865, 
866). 

Sandys  returned  to  England  in  1599,  and 
in  1602  he  resigned  his  prebend  at  Wetwan^. 
Next  year  he  made  his  way  to  James  VI  m 
Scothuid,  and  accompanied  him  to  England. 
He  was  knighted  at  the  Charterhouse  on 
11  May  1603,  and  was  returned  on  12  March 
1603-4  to  James  I's  first  parliament  as  mem- 
ber for  Stockbridge,  Hampshire.  He  at  once 
assumed  a  leading  position  in  the  House  of 
Commons.  In  May  he  was  head  of  the 
commons'  committee  appointed  to  confer 
with  the  lords  with  a  view  to  abolishing 
the  court  of  wards,  feudal  tenures,  and  pur- 
veyance. Sandys  drew  up  the  committee's 
report,  but  the  scheme  came  to  nothing 
through  the  opposition  of  the  lords  (Sped- 
DINO,  Bacon,  iii.  180,  210;  Gabdiveb,  i. 
170-6).  In  the  same  session  Sandys  opposed 
the  change  of  the  royal  title  from  king  of 
England  and  Scotland  to  king  of  Great 
Britain.  He  was  also  chief  of  a  committee 
to  investigate  ^ievances  against  the  great 
trading  companies,  and  to  consider  a  bill  for 
throwing  trade  open,  a  course  which  he  con- 
sistently advocated.  On  8  Feb.  1605-6  he 
introduced  a  bill  for  the  '  better  establishing 
of  true  religion,'  which  was  rejected  by  the 
commons  after  mutilation  in  the  House  of 
Lords  (Speddino,  iii.  264;  Commons' JoumaU, 
i.  311).  In  February  1607  he  advocated  the 
concession  of  limited  privileges  to  the  '  post- 
nati,'  and  argued  against  the  claim  01  the 
crown  that  the  personal  union  of  the  two 
kingdoms  involved  the  admission  of  Scots 
to  Uie  rights  and  privileges  of  Englishmen 
(Garduteb,  i.  334;  Speddino,  iii.  328, 
333-4).  In  the  following  June  he  urged 
that  all  prisoners  should  be  allowed  the 
benefit  of  counsel,  a  proposition  which 
Hobart  declared  to  be  'an  attempt  to  shake 
the  corner  stone  of  the  law.'  In  the  same 
session  Sandys  carried  a  motion  for  the 
regular  keepmg  of  the  'Journals'  of  the 
House  of  Commons,  which  had  not  been  done 
before.  In  April  1610  he  was  placed  on  a 
committee  to  consider  the  '  great  contract ' 
for  commuting  the  king's  feudal  rights  for 
an  annual  grant ;  a  full  report  of  his  speech 
delivered  on  this  subject  on  10  April  has  been 


printed  (from  Harl.  MS.  777)  in  the  appendix 
to  *  Parliamentary  Debates  in  1610'((&mdei> 
Soc.) 

In  1618  Bacon  reported  to  the  king  tha^ 
Sandys  had  deserted  the  opposition  (Spbik 
DING)  iv.  365,  370).  Probably  to  confirm 
this  disposition,  Sand5[B  was  on  12  Maicfai 
1613-14  granted  a  moiety  of  the  manor  of 
Northboume,  Kent ;  but  when  parliament 
met  on  5  Apnl  following,  Sandvs,  who  seems 
to  have  been  returned  both  tor  Rochester 
and  Hindon,  Wiltshire,  maintained  his  old 
attitude.  In  the  first  days  of  the  session  he^ 
opposed  Winwood's  demand  for  supply,  and 
suggested  that  the  grievances  which  had 
been  presented  to  the  last  parliament  should 
be  referred  to  the  committee  on  petitions* 
He  was  the  moving  spirit  on  a  committee 
appointed  to  consider  impositions,  and  in 
bringing  up  its  report  on  21  May  delivered 
a  remarkable  speech,  in  which  he  maintained 
that  the  origin  of  every  monarchy  lay  ia 
election ;  that  the  people  gave  its  consent  to 
the  king's  authority  upon  the  express  under- 
standing that  there  were  certain  reciprocal 
conditions  which  neither  king  nor  people 
might  violate  with  impunity;  and  Uiat  a. 
king  who  pretended  to  rule  by  any  other 
title,  such  as  that  of  conquest,  might  be  de- 
throned whenever  there  was  force  sufficient 
to  overthrow  him  {Common^  JoumaU,  i. 
493).  The  enunciation  of  this  principle,  the 
germ  of  which  Sandys  derived  irom  Hooker, 
and  which  subsequently  became  the  car- 
dinal whig  dogma,  was  naturally  obnoziou9 
to  the  king,  and  his  anger  was  increased  by 
Sandys's  animadversions  on  the  bishop  of 
Lincoln's  speech  [see  Nbile,  RichabdI.  On 
the  dissolution  of  parliament  (7  June)^ 
Sandys  was  summoned  before  the  council  ta 
answer  for  his  speeches.  According  to  Cham- 
berlain, he  was  dismissed  '  without  taint  or 
touch,'  but  he  was  ordered  not  to  leave  Lon- 
don without  permission,  and  to  give  bond» 
for  his  appearance  whenever  called  upon. 

No  parliament  was  summoned  for  more  than 
six  years,  and  meanwhile  Sandys  turned  hia 
attention  to  colonial  afiairs.  H!e  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  East  India  Company  before  August 
1614,  when  he  requestea  the  admission  of 
Theodore  Goulston  or  Qulston  [q.  v.l,  who 
<  had  saved  his  life.'  On  31  March  1618  he 
was  sworn  a  free  brother  of  the  company^ 
and  firom  2  July  1619  to  2  July- 1623,  and 
again  from  1625  to  1629,  he  served  on  the 
committee.    He  took  an  active  part  in  ite 

froceedings  (cf.  CaL  State  Papers,  East 
ndies  and  Japan,  1614-30).  On  29  June 
1615  he  was  admitted  a  member  of  the 
Somers  Islands  Company,  and  the  Sandys 
tribe  in  that  group  was  named  after  hinu 


Sandys 


777 


Sandys 


But  bia  enex^gries  were  mainly  deTOted  to  the 
Virginia  Company.  He  had  been  appointed 
a  member  of  the  council  for  Vimnia  on 
9  March  1607.  In  1617  he  was  cnosen  to 
assist  Sir  Hiomas  Smythe  [a,  T.],  the  trea- 
surer, in  the  management  oi  the  company. 
In  this  capacity  he  warmly  supportea  the 
request  of  me  lieyden  exiles  [see  KoBnrsoiTy 
JoHK,  1576F-1625]tobe  allowed  to  settle 
in  the  company's  domains.  On  13  Nov. 
1617  he  addressed  a  letter  to  Robinson  and 
Brewster,  expressing  satisfaction  with  the 
*  seven  articles  '  in  which  the  *  exiles ' 
stated  their  political  views  (Neill,  Virgima 
Company,  pp.  125-6).  It  was  largely  owinsr 
to  his  influence  that  a  patent  was  granted 
them. 

Meanwhile  Smvthe's  administration, 
coupled  with  ArgalFs  arbitrary  measures, 
threatened  to  ruin  the  infant  colony,  and 
created  a  feeling  of  discontent  in  the  govern- 
ing body  of  the  company.  On  28  April 
1619  a  combination  of  parties  resulted  in 
the  tdmost  unanimous  election  of  Sandys  to 
the  treasurership ;  but  the  ascendency  of 
Sandys  and  his  party  dates  from  the  b^gin* 
ninff  of  the  year  (Doyle,  Enqlish  m  America^ 
liiTSlO),  and  his  tenure  of  the  treasurership 
made  1619  '  a  date  to  be  remembered  in  the 
history  of  English  colonisation  *  (Gabdikeb, 
iii.  161).  His  first  measure  was  to  institute 
a  rigorous  examination  of  accounts  which 
convicted  Smythe  of  incompetence,  if  not 
worse  (cf.  Sandys  to  Buckingham  mCkU,  State 
Paper$,  America  and  West  Indies,  7  June 
1620)*  Yeardley  was  sent  to  replace  Argall 
as  governor,  and  in  May  Sandys  procured 
the  appointment  of  a  committee  to  codify 
the  regulations  of  the  company,  to  settle  a 
form  of  government  for  the  colony,  to  appoint 
magistrates  and  officers,  and  define  their 
functions  and  duties  (Abstract  of  Proceed' 
inos  of  the  Virginia  Oompanyj  Hist.  Soc.  of 
Vuginia,  i.  2-16;  Nei£L,  Hiet.  Virginia 
Company,  passim;  Stith,  JSiet,  Virginia, 
1747,  pp.  166-76).  Acting  on  the  com- 
pany's instructions,  Yeardley  summoned  an 
assembly  of  burgesses,  which  met  in  the 
chrndi  at  Jamestown  on  30  July  1619.  It 
was  the  first  representative  assembly  sum- 
moned in  America;  the  English  House  of 
Commons  was  taken  as  its  model,  and  an 
account  of  its  deliberations  is  pre8er\'ed 
among  the  colonial  state  papers  in  the  Ke- 
eord  Office.  On  6  June  Sandys  obtained 
the  company's  sanction  for  the  establishment 
of  a  missionary  college  at  Henrico.  Ten 
thousand  acres  were  allotted  lor  its  main- 
tenance (HoLXSS,  American  Annals,  i.  167) ; 
but  the  project  was  subsequently  abandonea. 
Sandys  also  carried  out  the  transhipment  of 


a  number  of  men  and  women  for  the  colony, 
secured  the  exclusion  from  England  of  foreigD 
tobacco  in  the  interests  of  the  Virginia  trade, 
and  introduced  various  other  manufactures 
into  the  colony.  These  measures  resulted  in 
a  marked  increase  in  the  population  and  pro* 
sperity  of  Virginia,  and  when  Sandys's  term 
of  office  as  treasurer  expired,  on  27  May  1620, 
the  company  was  anxious  to  re-elect  him. 
At  the  quarterly  meeting  of  the  company  on 
that  date  a  message  arrived  from  the  king 
demanding  the  election  of  one  of  four  can- 
didates whom  he  named.  The  company, 
alarmed  at  this  infringement  of  their  charter, 
asked  Sandys  to  retain  the  office  temporarily, 
and  sent  a  deputation  to  James  to  remon- 
strate (cf.  Peckabd,  Memoirs  of  the  Life  of 
Nicholas  Ferrar,  1790,  pp.  9»-100).  The 
king  received  it  with  the  declaration  that 
the  company  was  a  seminary  for  a  seditious 
parliament,  that  Sandvs  was  his  greatest 
enemy,  and  concluded  with  the  remark, 
*  Choose  the  devil  if  you  will,  hut  not  Sir 
Edwin  Sandys '  {A  Short  Collection  of  the 
most  remarkable  passages  from  the  Originali 
to  the  Dissolution  of  the  Virginia  Company ,, 
London,  1661,  pp.  7,8).  Sandys  accordingly 
withdrew  his  candidature,  and  on  28  June 
his  friend  Henry  Wriothesley,  third  earl  of 
Southampton  [o .  v/|,  whom  Sandys  is  said  to 
have  convertea  from  popery  (Pecxarb, 
p.  102),  was  elected  treasurer,  and  Nicholas 
Ferrar  [q.  v.]  his  deputy.  Both  were  staunch 
adherents  of  the  Sandys  party,  and  Sandys 
himself  was  given  authority  to  sign  receipts 
and  transact  other  business  for  the  company^ 
During  the  frequent  absences  of  Southamp- 
ton he  took  the  leading  part  in  the  proceed- 
ings of  the  company,  ana  in  February  1620— 
1621  he  prepared,  with  Selden's  assistance,  a 
new  patent  whereby  the  title  of  the  chief 
official  was  to  be  changed  from  treasurer  to 
governor.  On  28  June  following  he  laid 
before  the  company  '  Propositions  consider* 
able  for  the  better  managing  of  the  business 
of  the  company  and  advancing  of  the  plan- 
tation of  Virginia '  (Proceedings,  i.  79-^6). 

These  reforms,  however,  were  soon  for- 
gotten in  the  struggle  for  existence  which 
the  company  had  to  wage  a^inst  its  in- 
ternal and  external  enemies.  Smythe 
and  Argall  had  naturally  resented  their  ex- 
posure, and  they  now  made  common  cause 
with  Warwick  [see  Rich,  Robert,  1687- 
1668]  against  the  dominant  partv  in  the  com- 
pany and  their  policy.  Sandys^  position  aa 
leader  of  the  popular  party  in  parliament 
alienated  the  support  ot  the  court.  He  was 
suspected  of  harbouring  designs  to  establish 
a  republican  and  puritan  state  in  America, 
of  wnich  he  and  his  friends  would  have  cona* 


Sandys 


•  778 


Sandys 


plete  control.  At  the  same  time  the  Spanish 
goyenunent  viewed  the  growth  of  Virginia 
with  apprehension,  Qondomar  was  peiv 
petuaUy  intriguing  against  it,  and  James's 
anxiety  to  conclnae  uie  Spaiush  matc^  'mr 
olined  him  to  give  ear  to  the  Spanish  am- 
bassador's complaints.  Warwick,  who  had 
a  personal  grieyance  against  Sandys  (see 
Htst.  MS8.  Comm,  SthBepr  App.  ii.  5),  seems 
to  have  Lent  himself  to  these  mtrigues,  and 
Sandys  vigorously  attacked  him  and  his 
parlgr  before  the  company.  The  Warwick 
party  replied  with  a  comprehensive  indict- 
ment of  Sandys's  administration.  They 
charged  him  with  malversation  of  the  com- 
pan^rs  Amds,  transmission  of  false  news,  and 
suppression  of  the  truth  concerning  the 
miserable  state  to  which  his  measures  were 
said  to  have  reduced  the  colonists  (ib.)  On 
16  June  1621  Sandys  was  imprisoned  in  the 
Tower  with  Selden,  whom  he  had  consulted 
with  a  view  to  frustrating  the  intrigues 
against  the  company.  The  House  of  Com- 
mons concluded  that  Sandys's  imprisonment 
was  due  to  his  speeches  in  parliament;  the 
government  maintained,  and  the  contention 
was  partially  true,  that  it  was  due  to  other 
matters,  and  Ferrar  explicitly  states  that  the 
Virginian  business  was  the  cause  (FsoKlBD, 
Life  Off  Ferrar,  p.  110).  The  explanation 
was  not  believed,  and  on  16  July  James 
found  it  politic  to  release  Sandys  and  the 
other  prisoners.  Two  years  later  (13  May 
1628)  yVarwick  complamed  of  Sandys's  con- 
duct of  Virginian  affiurs,  and  the  privy  coun- 
cil ordered  him  to  be  confined  to  his  house. 
Soon  afterwards  commissioners  were  ap- 
pointed by  the  king  to  inquire  into  the  state 
of  the  colony.  Sandys^  party  wafi  gene- 
rally supported  by  the  settlers,  but  in  July 
the  attorney  and  solicitor  general  recom- 
mended the  king  to  take  the  government  of 
the  colony  into  his  own  hands.  The  com- 
pany now  sought  the  aid  of  parliament;  its 
petition  was  favourably  received,  and  a  com- 
mittee was  appointed  to  consider  it.  In  May 
1624  Sandys  accused  Gk)ndomar  in  parlia- 
ment of  seeidng  to  destroy  the  company  and 
its  plantation,  and  charged  the  commis- 
sioners with  extreme  partiality,  stating  that 
on  the  day  when  he  was  to  have  been  exa- 
mined on  his  conduct  as  treasurer,  he  was 
ordered  by  the  )dug  to  go  into  the  country. 
A  few  days  later  James  forbade  parliament 
to  meddle  in  the  matter,  on  the  ^ound  that 
the  privy  council  was  dealing  with  it.  The 
case  of  the  company's  charter  came  before 
the  king's  bench  in  July,  and  on  the  24th 
the  court  declared  it  nidi  and  void.  The 
government  of  the  colony  was  assumed  by 
tiM  orown,  but  the  representative  and  other 


inatitutiona  established  by  Saadys  iwmitiweil 
to  become  «  model  fori  other  Amarican  .eedo- 
nies. 

Sandys  meanwkila  had  lesumied  his  far- 
liamentasry  eaoeer.  On  9  Jan.  162(^1  he 
was  returoed  for  the  b(Mrough  of  Sandwidbu 
£arl)[  in  the  session  it  was  voted  to  political 
the  king  on  the  breach  of  the  privilege  of 
free  speech  committed  by  the  summons  of 
Sandys  before  the  privv  council  to  answer  for 
hisspeecdlieB  in  June  1614,  but  the  matter  woat 
no«further  (Hatjak,  0(m»t.  But.  L  S63~4; 
Hatsbll,  Ih^ecedenU,  i.  183).  In  the  discus- 
sion over  Floyd's  case  [aee  Flotd,  Ebwabd] 
Sandys  alone  urged  mo^earation.  On  29  May 
he  drew  attention  to  the  spread  of  Catho- 
licism, stating  that  '  our  religion  is  rooted 
out  of  Bohexnia  and  Oermany ;  it  will  aoon 
be  rooted  out  of  France'  (G«iBBiNBn,  iv. 
127).  In  the  ioUow'mg  September  the  king 
proposed  to  get  rid  of  mm  by  sending  him  as 
commissioner  to  Iceland,  a  proposal  which 
was  renewed  on  the  eve  of  the  new  parUa- 
ment  of  February  1628-4,  when  he  waseiected 
for  Kent.  Sanaya,  wrote  Ohamberhun,  ob- 
tained his  election  *  by  crying  down  hia 
rivals.  Sir  Nicholas  Tnfton  and  Sir  Dud- 
ley Diggs,  as  papist  and  royalist,  but  he 
will  faS^  being  already  commissioner  for 
Ireland,  and  therefore  incapable  of  election, 
and  his  Majesty  will  be  but  the  mare  in- 
censed aoamst  him'  (Ozi.  State  Papers^ 
17  Jan.  1628-4).  Nevertheless,  he  took  hia 
seat,  having  made  his  peace,  according  to  the 
same  authority,  ^  by  a  promise  of  all  manner 
of  conformity'  (ib.  p.  156).  On  12  April 
he  made  a  speech  attacking  Middlesex,  and 
in  May  he  and  Coke  brougnt  the  commons' 
charges  against  the  lord  treasurer  before  tho 
House  of  Lords. 

SandjTS  had  throughout  held  TelatiiMifl 
with  Buckingham,  and,  according  to  Cham" 
berlain,  some  thought  htm  a  'favourite.'  Per* 
haps  fbrthis  reason  he  was  defeated  for  Kent 
in  May  1626,  but  found  :a  seat  at  Penryu. 
During  the  session  he  drew  up  with  Pym  a 
petition a^^ainst  the  recusants;  and,  later  on, 
he  maintained  that  Richard  Montagu  [q.  v.J 
was  not  guilty  of  contempt  of  the  house  in 
publishiiuc  hia  second  foo(ME  before  the  com- 
mons had  concluded  their  ezaminataon  of 
the  first.  He  vns  again  defeated  for  Kent 
in  January  1625-6,  but  sat  for  Penxyn ;  in 
March  1627--1628  Buckingham's  recommen- 
dation failed  to  secure  his  return  for  Sandr* 
wich.  In  that  parliament  he  had  -no  aeat. 
His  last  years  were  devoted  to  the  affiurs  of 
the  East  India  Oompany.  He  died  in  Oc* 
tober  1629,  and  was  buiied  in  NorthbomoM 
(^urch,  where  a  monument,  'with  no  inacr^ 
tion,  wip  eoected  ovsr  his  giavob    He  fa»* 


Sandys 


779 


Sandys 


queathed  1,600/.  to  the  unhrenity  of  Oxford 
to  found  a  metajphyBical  lecture^  but  tha 
bequest  wu  not  caoxied  out.  A  ftie  but 
anonymouB  portrait  of  Sendys,  preBerred 
at  Hanley,  was  ^nmyed  by  G.  Powle  for 
Naah's  '  woTeestersnire.' 

Sandys  was  four  times  msnied:  (1)  to 
Margaret,  daughter  of  John  (Bveleigh  of 
Devonshire,  by  whom  he  had  one  daumter, 
Elicabeth,  who  married  Sir  Thomas  Wils« 
ford  of  Heddingi  Kent ;  (3)  to  Anne,  daugh- 
ter of  Thomas  Southcott,  by  whom  he  had 
no  issue;  (8)  to  Elizabeth,  daughter  of 
Thomas  NeTinson  of  Eastrey,  by  whom  he 
had  a  daughter  Anne;  (4)  to  Catherine  (d. 
1640),  dauffhter  of  Sir  Richard  Bulkeley  of 
Anglesey,  Knt.  By  her  Sandys  had  seven 
eons  and  five  daughters.  The  eldest  son 
Henry  died  without  issue  before  1040; 
Edwin,  the  second  son  (1613P-164a),  matri- 
culated from  Wadham  OoUege,  Oxford,  on 
11  May  1621,  aged  9,  became  a  colonel  in 
the  parliamentai^  army,  and  was  wounded  at 
the  engagement  at  Worcester  on  28  Sept. 
1642.  l%e  royalists  published  prematurely 
a  statement  that  on  his  deathbed  he  re- 
pented of  his  adoption  of  the  purliamentary 
cause;  to  this  Sandys  published  replies 
dated  4  and  11  Oct.  He  died  before  the  end 
of  the  mouthy  and  was  buried  in  Worcester 
Cathedral  (see  The  Declaration  of  Colonel 
Edwin  Sandys:  Some  Notee  of  a  Co9\ference 
between  Oolonell  Sandys  and  a  Minister  of 
Prinee  Muper^Sf  and  two  Vindieations  by 
Sandys,  all  dated  October  1642, 4to ;  Fostbb, 
Aluffmi  Oaym.  1600-1714;  Gabdiiteb,  B^, 
Wadham  Coll.;  GLABSKBOif,  BeMlion,  vi. 
46,  68).  He  married  Catherine,  dau^ter 
of  Kichard  Champneys  of  Hall  Place,  Bex- 
ley,  Kent,  and  was  grandfather  of  Sir 
Bichard  Sandys,  who  was  created  a  baronet 
in  1684,  but  died  without  issue  in  1726. 
Richard,  third  son  of  Sir  Edwin,  was  also  a 
colonel  in  the  'parliamentary  army  (see 
Copy  of  Col.  Sandyi  Letter  of  the  manner  of 
tamny  Shefford  House;  and  Letter  from  Ad» 
futant-yeneral  Sandys,  both  1646,  4to).  In 
1647  he  was  governor  of  the  Bermuda  Com- 
pany. Subsequently  he  purchased  Down 
Hail,  Kent,  and  was  ancestor  of  a  numerous 
family  in  that  county  (Bbbbt,  County 
Genealoffies,  Kent,  p.  41).  Of  Sandys^ 
daughters,  Mary  married  Richard,  second 
son  of  Robert,  first  baron  Spencer  of  Worm- 
leighton. 

[A  good  but  brief  summary  of  Sandys's  career 
is  giy«D  in  Brown's  Genesis  of  the  United  States ; 
other  accoonts  are  in  Wood's  Athena  Oxoo.  ii. 
472 ;  Chambers's  Bio».  HI.  of  Worcestershire, 
pp.  94-4 ;  Chalmers^  Biogr.  IMct. ;  and  Ap- 
ptoteu's  OyGl.  of   Ameriean  Biogr.     For  lus 


parliamentary  career  see  JonmalB  of  the 
House  of  Commons;  Pari.  Debates  in  1610 
(Camden  Soc.) ;  D'JBwes's  Journals  of  the  House 
of  Comnuns  (printed  and  in  Harl.  HSS.);  Hat- 
sell's  Precedents,  i.  183;  G-ardiner'<  Hist,  of 
England;  Hallam's  Const.  Hist  i.  363^4,  872; 
Official  Betnm  of  M.P.'8  and  Cal.  State  Papers, 
Bom.,  irhere  notes  of  many  of  his  speedies  are 
preserved.  For  Sandys^s  connection  with  Tir- 
giniathe  primaiy  antfaorities  are:  Abstract  of 
the  Proceedings  of  the  T^irginia  Company  of 
London,  1888,  2  toIs.  (Virginia  Hist.  Soc.); 
Eztiaets  from  the  ICaauseript  Beoords  of  the 
Virginia  Company,  ed.  £.  D.  NeiU,  1868 ;  Cal. 
State  Papers,  America  and  West  Indies;  and 
the  Buke  of  Manehester's  JSSS.  (see  Hist.  HSBS. 
Comm.  8th  Bap.  pt.  ii.),  which  take  a  very 
hostile  view  of  Sandys's  conduct ;  a  very  detailed 
account  of  his  policy  is  given  in  Stith's  History 
of  the  first  Discovery  and  Settlement  of  Virginia^ 
1747;  see  also  the  Virginia  lUagazine  of  Hist, 
and  Biogr.  i.  159,  289  et  seq. ;  KeiU's  Hist,  of 
the  Virginia  Companj^ ;  Bancroft's  Hist,  of  Ame- 
rica ;  Doyle's  Bngush  in  America,  voLiii.  passim; 
Palfrey's  Hist,  of  New  England ;  Winsor's  Hist, 
of  America,  vol.  ill.  passim ;  and  Proc.  Royal 
Hist.  Soc.  new  ser.  vol.  x.  See  also  Stowe 
MS.  743,  f.  64 ;  Spedding's  Letters  and  life  of 
Bacon ;  Nichols's  Progr.  of  James  I ;  Court  and 
Times  of  James  I,  pp.  259,  267;  Stratford 
Papers,  i.  21 ;  Fortescne  Papers  (Camden  Boc), 
passim ;  Cal.  Hatfield  MSS.  iy.  291,  295 ;  Peck- 
aid's  Memoirs  of  Nicholas  Ferrar,  1790,  passim ; 
Hooker's  Works,  ed.  Keble,  and  Churoh  and 
Paget,  and  his  Life  by  G-aoden  and  Walton  ; 
Fowler's  Hist.  Corpus  Christi  Coll.  (Oxf.  Hist. 
Soc.) ;  Le  Neve's  Fasti  Eccl.  Angl. ;  Foster's 
Yorkshire  Pedinees  and  Alumni  Oxon.  1500-^ 
1714;  Clark's  Keg.  Univ.  Oxon.;  Bobinson'q 
Reg.  Merchant  Taylors'  School ;  Hasted's  Kent, 
i.  146 ;  Nash's  Worcestershire ;  Lipscomb's  Buck- 
inghamshire; Visitations  of  London  (Hcirl.  Boo.) 
1633-5 ;  Berry's  Kent  Genealogies ;  Buxike's  Ex- 
tinct BaKmetage;  Arehaeol.  Cantiana,  xiii.  379, 
xviii.  870 ;  Noteeandi|neries,  4th ser.  vii.  869, 8th 
ser.  xii.  224 ;  various  editions  of  Sandys'sEuropes 
Speculum  in  Brit.  Mas.  Libr.]  A.  F.  P. 

SAin>YS,  GfiORGE  (1678-^1644X  poet, 
seventh  and  youngest  son  of  Edwin  Sandys, 
archbishop  of  York  fq.  ▼.],  was  born  at  Bishop- 
thorpe  on  2  Maroh  lo77-8.  George  CliiFoxd, 
third  earl  of  Cumberland^  was  one  of  hie 
flt)dfathers.  On  his  father's  death  in  1588, 
George,  with  his  two  brothers  of  nearest  age, 
Thomas  and  Henry,  was  entrusted  to  nis 
mother^s  care,  as  long  as  she  remained  a 
widow.  The  archbishop  in  his  will  left 
George  an  onnnity  charged  on  his  eatote  at 
Ombersley,  besides  some  silver  {date  and 
other  property.  He  expressed  a  wish  that 
the  poet  should  marry  his  ward  Efisabeth, 
daughter  of  John  Norton  of  Ripon,  .but  the 
marriage  did  not  take  place:  On  5  Dec. 
1668  (Sdcage^tmd  his  hDother  Hesry  matii* 


Sandys 


780 


Sandys 


culated  from  St.  Mary  Hall,  Oxford.  He 
Beems  to  have  taken  no  degree.  In  1610, 
the  year  of  his  mother's  death,  he  left  Eng- 
land on  an  extended  foreign  tour.  Hepassed 
through  France  just  after  Henry  IV's  as- 
sassinatioui  and,  journeying  through  north 
Italy,  sailed  from  Venice  to  the  east.  He 
spent  a  year  in  Turkey,  in  Egypt,  where  he 
Tisitedthepyramids,  and  in  Palestine.  Before 
returning  to  England  he  studied  the  antiqui- 
ties of  Rome  under  the  guidance  of  Nicholas 
Fitzherbert.  In  1615  he  published  an  ac- 
count of  his  travels,  with  the  title  'The 
Relation  of  a  Journey  begun  an.  Dom.  1610, 
in  Four  Books.'  The  volume  was  dedicated 
to  Prince  Charles,  under  whose  auspices  aU 
Sandys's  literary  work  saw  the  light.  Sandys 
was  an  observant  traveller.  Izaak  Walton 
noticed  in  his  *  Compleat  Angler'  (^t.  i.  ch.  L) 
Sandys's  account  oithe  pigeon-earner  service 
between  Aleppo  and  Babylon.  His  visit  to 
the  holy  sepulchre  at  Jerusalem  inspired  an 
outburst  orfervent  verse—*  A  hymn  to  my 
Redeemer' — ^whence  Milton  derived  hints  for 
his  <  Ode  on  the  Passion '  (stanza  vii).  The 
volume  was  adorned  with  maps  and  illustra- 
tions, and  at  once  became  popular.  Editions, 
with  engraved  title-pages  by  Delaram,  are 
dated  1621 ,  1627, 1637, 1662,  and  1673.  An 
extract, '  The  Relation  of  Africa,'  i.e.  Egypt, 
appeared  in  Purchases  '  Pilgrimes,'  1625, 
pt.  ii.  Sandys's  accounts  of  both  Africa  and 
the  Holy  Land  figure  in  John  Harris's '  Navi- 
cuntium  et  Itinerant ium  Bibliotheca,'  1705 
(vols.  i.  and  ii.) 

Like  his  brother  Sir  Edwin  [q.  v.],  Sandys 
interested  himself  in  colonial  enterprise.  He 
was  one  of  the  undertakers  named  in  the 
third  Virginia  charter  of  1611.  He  took 
shares  in  the  Bermudas  Company,  but  dis- 
posed of  them  in  1619  when  his  application 
tor  the  post  of  governor  was  rejected  m  favour 
of  Captain  Nathaniel  Butler.  In  April  1621 
he  was  appointed  by  the  Virginian  Com- 
pany treasurer  of  the  company,  and  sailed 
to  America  with  Sur  Francis  Wyat,  the 
newly  appointed  governor,  who  had  married 
Sandys*s  niece  Marsaret,  daughter  of  his 
brother  Samuel.  When  the  crown  assumed 
the  government  of  the  colony,  Sandys  was 
nommated  a  member  of  the  council  (26  Auff. 
1624),  and  was  twice  reappointed  (4  Mar(3i 
1626  and  22  March  1628).  He  seems  to 
have  acquired  a  plantation  and  busied  him- 
self in  developing  it,  but  was  repeatedlv 
quarrelling  with  his  neighbours  and  with 
tne  colonial  council  (cf.  Sandys's  letters 
among  Duke  of  Manchester  manuscripts  in 
Hist  MSS.  Oomm,  8th  Rep.  pt.  ii.)  In  1627 
he  complained  to  the  privy  council  in  London 
(hat  he  nad  been  unj  ustly  treated.  On  4  March 


1627-8  Governor  Francis  West  and  the  colo- 
nial council  informed  the  privy  council  that 
Sandys  had  defied  the  lights  of  other  settlers 
(Cal.  State  Papen^  America  and  West  In- 
dies, 1594-1660,  p.  88).  A  special  commis- 
sion *  for  the  better  plantation  of  Virginia ' 
was  appointed  by  the  English  government 
on  22  June  1631,  and  Sandys  petitioned  for 
the  post  of  secretary,  on  the  ground  that  he 
had '  spent  his  ripest  years  in  public  employ- 
ment' in  the  colony.  His  application  failed, 
and  he  apparently  abandons  Virginia  soon 
afterwards. 

While  in  America  Sandys  completed  a 
verse  translation  of  Ovid's  <  Metamorphoses/ 
which    he  had    begun    in    Englana.      On 
27  April  1621 — ^when  he  was  on  the  point  of 
setting  out — Matthew  Lownes  and  William 
Barrett  obtained  a  license  for  the  publication 
of  'Ovides  Metamorphosis  translated  into 
English  verse  by  Mlaster  George  Sandes' 
(Abbeb,  Stationer^  BegisterSf  iv.  63).    In 
the  same  year  'the  first  five  books'  of  the 
translation  was  duly  published  by  Barrett, 
and  the  volume  reached  a  second  edition. 
The  title-paffe  was  engraved  by  Delaram^ 
and  Ovid^  head  in  an  oval  was  prefixed. 
Haslewood  described  a  copy  of  the  second 
edition  (Bbtsgbs,  (kMura  lAt,  vi.  132),  but 
no  copy  of  that  or  of  the  first  is  now  known. 
The  remaining  ten  books  were  rendered  by 
Sandys  into  English  verse  during  the  early 
years  of  his  stay  in  Virginia.     Two,  he  sajrs^ 
were  completed  '  amongst  the  roaring  of  the 
seas'  (Neill,  Virginia  Vetmta^  1^,  pp. 
124-6\  MichaelDrayton,whoseacquaintanc6 
he  haa  made  in  London,  addressed  to  him, 
soon  after  his  arrival  in  Virginia,  an  attrac- 
tive epistle  in  verse,  urging  him  to  '  go  on 
with  Ovid  as  you  have  begun  with  the  first 
five  books.'    The  completed  translation  ap- 
peared in   London  —  printed  by  William 
stansby  —  in   1626;  it  was  dedicated  to 
Charles  I.    William  Marshall  engrav^  the 
title-page ;  on  the  back  of  the  dedication  is  a 
medallion  portrait  of  Ovid.    A  biography  of 
the  poet  with  some  of  the  laudations  be- 
stowed on  him  by  early  critics  forms  the 
pre£Etce;  a  full  index  concludes  the  volume. 
On  24  April  1621  Charles  I  granted  Sandys 
exclusive  rights  in  the  translation  for  twenty- 
one  years.  A  reprint  appeared  in  1628.   An 
elaborate  edition  in  folio  appeared  at  Oxford 
in  1632,  under  the  title  of  *  Ovid's  Meta- 
morphoses Englished,  mjtliologized,  and  re- 
presented in  Figures.  An  Essay  to  the  Trans- 
lation of  Virgil's  "iEneis."  By  dr.  S .,  imprinted 
at  Oxford  by  John  Lichfield.'  In  an  address 
to  the  reader  Sandys  refers  to  this  as  the 
'  second  edition  carefully  revised.'    The  en- 
graved title-page,  although  resembling  in 


Sandys 


781 


Sandys 


design  that  of  1626,  is  new;  it  was  the 
work  of  Francis  Glein,  and  was  engraved  by 
Salomon  Sarery.  Each  of  the  fift^n  books, 
as  well  as  the  '  Life  of  Ovid/  is  preceded  by 
a  fuU-pa^  engiaying.  The  first  book  of 
the  'iEneid'  is  alone  attempted.  The  copy  in 
the  Bodleian  Library,  which  lacks  the  en- 
graved title,  was  the  gift  of  Sandys.  Later 
editions  are  dated  1640,  foL,  and  1656, 12mo 
^-'  the  fourth  edition.' 

Soon  after  returning  from  Virginia  Sandys 
became  a  gentleman  of  the  privy  chamber  to 
his  patron  Charles  I.  At  court  he  first  seems 
to  have  met  Lucius  Gary,  second  viscount 
Falkland,  who  held  a  similar  post.  Sandys 
soon  joined  the  circle  of  Falkland's  friends  at 
Great  Tew  (Aubbet,  Idvea  in  Letters  from 
the  Bodleian,  ii.  849).  Sandys  often  stayed 
at  no  great  distance  from  Tew,  at  Carswell, 
near  Witney,  the  residence  of  Sir  Francis 
Wenman,  who  had  married  Sandys*s  niece 
Anne,  daughter  of  Sir  Samuel  Sandys.  But 
Sandys's  latest  years  were  mainly  spent  at 
Boxley  Abbev,  near  Maidstone,  the  resi- 
dence of  another  niece,  Margaret,  widow  of 
i^r  fVancis  Wyatt.  There  Sandys  engaged 
in  an  interesting  series  of  poetic  paraphrases 
of  the  scriptures.  When  Richard  Baxter 
visited  Boxley  Abbey '  it  did  him  good,'  he 
wrote, '  ....  to  see  upon  the  old  stone  wall 
in  the  garden  a  summer-house  with  this 
inscription  in  great  golden  letters,,  that  in 
this  place  Mr.  G.  Sandys,  after  his  travaile 
over  the  world,  retired  himself  for  his  poetry 
and  contemplations.'  Sandys's  '  Paraphrase 
upon  the  Psalmes  and  upon  the  Hymnes 
dispersed  throughout  the  Old  and  New 
Testaments'  was  licensed  for  the  press  on 
28  Nov.  1635.  On  2  Dec.  1685  a  srant  of 
exclusive  rights  in  the  volume  for  fourteen 
years  was  issued  to  Sandys,  provided  'the 
book  be  first  licensed.'  It  was  published 
in  a  small  octavo  in  1686  with  a  verse  dedi- 
eation  to  the  kinff  and  queen  and  a  long  com- 
mendatory poem  lyy  his  friend  Falkland,  and 
a  shorter  eulogv  bj  Dudley  Dig^.  The  work 
reappeared  in  loLo  in  16diB  (printed  by  Mat- 
thew Camidge)  as  '  A  Paraphrase  upon  the 
Divine  Poems,'  with  the  same  dedication. 
In  this  edition  not  only  Falkland  and  Digges, 
bat  also  Henry  King,  Sidney  Gk)dolphin, 
Thomas  Carew,  Francis  Wyatt,  and '  Edward ' 
(Le,  Edmund)  Waller,  with  two  others,  sup- 
pUed  commendatory  verse.  Music  was  added 
bv  Henry  Lawes  [q.  v.],  and  the  volume  con- 
eluded  withSandys's  fine  original  poem,  which 
he  entitled  'Deo  opt.  Max.'  Some  portions  of 
Sandys's  version  of  the  psalms  were  reissued 
in  1648  in  '  Choice  Psalmes  put  into  Musick 
lor  Three  Voices,'  a  volume  to  which  Henry 
Lawes  and  hb  brother  William  were  the 


chief  mosicalcontributors.  Sandys's '  Psalms* 
was  popular  with  cultured  readers.  In  1644 
the  Kev.  D.  Whitby,  in  a  printed  sermon 
(9xford,  1644,  p.  26),  expressed  regret  that 
his  version  'should  lie  by,'  owing  to  the 
P|opularity  of  Stemhold  and  Hopkins's  ver- 
sion. Sandys's  'Psalms'  was  one  of  the 
three  books  which  occupied  Charles  I  while 
he  was  in  confinement  at  Carisbrooke. 

In  1610  Sandys  published — ^with  yet 
another  dedication  to  the  king — 'Christ's 
Passion,  a  Tragedy  with  Annotatbns  [in 
prose].'  It  is  a  translation  in  heroic  verse 
from  the  Latin  of  Grotius.  An  edition  of 
1687  is  embellished  with  plates.  Sandys's 
final  work,  '  A  Paraphrase  of  the  Song  of 
Solomon,'  in  eight-syllable  couplets,  ap- 
peared in  1641,  with  the  author's  customary 
dedication  to  the  king. 

Meanwhile,in  1638,Sandys  had  resumed  his 
political  connection  with  Virginia  by  accept- 
ing from  the  legislative  assembly  the  office 
of  its  agent  in  London.  Misunderstanding 
his  instructions,  he  petitioned  the  House  of 
Commons  in  1642  for  a  restoration  of  the 
old  London  company  with  the  old  privileges 
of  government^  only  reserving  to  the  crown 
the  right  of  appointing  the  govemor  of  the 
colony.  The  legislative  assembly,  on  1  April 
1642,  passed  a  solemn  declaration  depre- 
cating a  revival  of  the  company,  and  on 
5  July  following  Charles  I  assured  the  as- 
sembly that  he  had  no  intention  of  sanctton- 
injBf  the  company's  re-establishment  (Neill, 
Virginia  Carohrum,  Albany,  N.  Y.,  1886). 

In  1641  Fuller  saw  Sandys  in  the  Savoy, 
'  a  very  affed  man  with  a  youthful  soul  in  a 
decay^  body.'  He  died,  unmarried,  at 
Boxley  in  the  spring  of  1644.  The  register 
of  Boxley  church  records  his  burial  in  the 
chancel  there,  and  describes  him  as  '  Poeta- 
rum  Anglorum  sui  sseculi  facile  princeps.' 
Matthew  Montagu  in  1848  placed  a  marble 
tablet  to  his  memory,  with  a  laudatory  in« 
scription.  An  elegy  appeared  in  Thomas 
Philpot's  '  Poems '  (^1646). 

Suidys'fl  rendermg  of  Ovid's  'Meta- 
morphoses '  has  chiefly  preserved  his  name 
in  literary  circles.  A  writer  in  '  Wits  Re- 
creations'  (1640)  congratulated  Ovid  on  'the 
sumptuous  bravery  of  that  rich  attire'  in 
which  Sandvs  had  dad  the  Latin  poet's 
work.  He  followed  his  text  closely,  and 
managed  to  compress  his  rendering  into  the 
same  number  of  lines  as  the  original — a  feat 
involving  some  injury  to  the  poetic  quality 
and  intelligibility  of  the  Enp^lish.  But  Sandys 
possessed  exceptional  metrical  dexterity,  and 
the  refinement  with  which  he  handled  the 
couplet  entitles  him  to  a  place  beside  Den  ham 
and  Waller.    In  a  larger  measure  than  either 


Sandys 


7te 


Sandys 


of  tiiem,  he  probably  help^  to  deTelop  the 
ttLpBdtPf  of  heroic  rhyme.  £[e  was  almost  the 
first  writer  to  vary  the  oaBSura  efficiently,  axid> 
hy  adreitiy  bahuuna?  one  couplet  against 
another,  he  anticipated  some  of  the  effectB 
which  Dryden  andPope  brought  to  perfectiom 
Both  Bryden  and  Pope  read  Sandys's  Ovid  in 
boyhood.  Dryden  in  later  life,  on  the  ground 
that  Sandys's  literal  method  of  translation 
obscured  his  meaning,  designed  a  new  trans- 
lation of  the  'Metamorphoses/  which  Sir 
Samuel  Garth  completea  and  published  in 
1717.  Pope,  who  liked  Sandys's  Ovid  'ex- 
tremely' (SvsNOBy  Aneodotee,  v.  276),  in  very 
eariy  life  tried  his  hand  on  tne  same  theme 
(PoFB,  Workf,  ed.  Elwin  and  Courthope,  i. 
i04)^  but  subsequently  ridiculed  Garth's 
efforts  to  supersede  the  older  translator  in  a 
baUad  called  '  Sandys's  Ghost,  or  the  proper 
New  Ballad  on  the  New  Ovias  "Metamor- 
phoses'" (;*&.  iv.  4se\ 

'  Selections  from  tne  Metrical  Paraphrases ' 
of  Sandys  appeared,  with  a  memoir  by  Henry 
John  Todd,  in  1889.  '  The  Poetical  Works 
of  George  Sandys,  now  first  collected,'  by 
the  Ber.  Richard  Hooper,  was  pubUshed  in 
Russell  Smith's  '  Library  of  Old  Authors ' 
in  1872.  The  translation  of  Ovid  is  not  in- 
eluded. 

A  fine  portrait  of  Sandys^  showing  a 
handsome,  ihouffhtfid  face,  is  preserved  at 
Ombersley,  and  has  been  engraved. 

A  prose  work  attackinflpthe  Roman  catho- 
lic fkith)  entitled '  Sacras  Heptades,  or  Seaven 
Problems  concerning  Anti-Ohrist,  by  G.  S.,' 
W26f  is  very  doubtfully  assigned  to  Sandys. 
It  is  dedicated  '  To  aU  kings,  princes,  and 
potentates,  especially  to  IQng  Charles  and 
to  the  King  and  Queen  of  Bohemia^  profess* 
ing  the  ihyth.' 

[Wood's  Athenae ;  Hunter^s  msnoscript  Ohonis 
Tatnm  in  Brit.  Mus.  Addit.  MS.  24489,  p.  214 ; 
Brown's  O-ensiis  of  the  United  States,  wiUi  pc»r- 
tokit,  p.  8S0 ;  Hoopev's  Memoir  in  Ssndys's  Col« 
IsetedPoetiflal  Works,  1872.]  S.  L. 

SANDYS,  SAMUELyfirstBABOK  Saitdts 
of  Ombersiey  (1696P-1770),  bom  aboutl695, 
was  the  elder  son  of  Edwin  Sandys,  M.P.  for 
Worcestershire,  by  his  wife  Alice,  dauffhter  of 
Sir  James  Rushout,  bart.,  of  Northwidt  in  tbe 
parish  of  Blockley,  Worcestershire.  He  was 
a  grandson  of  Siunuel  Sandys  of  Ombersley 
in  the  same  county,  and' a  bneal  descendant 
of  Edwin  Sandys,  arohbishop  of  York,  who 
vesided  at  OmMrsley  in  Queen  Elizabeth's 
reign«  He  matriculated  at  Oxford  Universi^ 
from  New  College  at  the  age  of  sixteen  on 
28  April  1711,  but  did  not  mdnate.  He 
eubse^uently  went  abroad,  and  at  aby^^lec*- 
tion  m  March  1718  was  ratumed  to  die 
Hovse  of  Commons  for  theail7>  of  WovoesteSi 


which  he  coostinnedi  to  represent  until'  hb 
promotion  to  the  upper  house.    On  16  Feb. 
1790  Sandys  movea  fbr  leave  to  faring  in  a 
bill  to  disable  all  peiBoos  from  sitting  in  the 
House  of  Commons  who  •^  had  any  nensions 
or  offices  held  in  trust  fbr  them  from  the 
crown  {PiorL  JBit  viii.  789).    Though  this 
measure,  which  was  popularly  known  as  the 
Pension  Bill,  passed  through  the  commons^ 
it  was  thrown  out  in  the  House  of  Lords» 
It  was  reihtrodnoed  by  Sandys  in  several 
subsequent  sessions,  but  it  always  met  with 
the  same  fate  at  the  hands  of  the  peers.    On 
the  rejection  of  this  bill  by  the  House  of  Lords 
in  the  following  sesnon,  Sandys  unsuccesa* 
fully  moved  fbr  the  appointment  of  a  com- 
mittee to  inouire  whetiier  any  member  of 
the  existing  House  of  Commons  had,  directly 
or  indirecUyi  any  pensions  or  offices  under 
the  crown  (lb.  viii.  867).  On  26  Feb.  1738  ha 
opposed  Walpole's  motion  fbr  taking  half  a 
million  from  the  sinking  fund  (tb,  viii.  1216- 
1218).    He  was  a  strenuous  opponent  also 
of  the  Excise  Bill,  and  supportea  thepetition 
of  the  city  againstit(HHBVBr,  Jfomotiv  ^tka 
JBa^o/(?e0i*^ii,  1884,1. 197-9).  OnlSFeb. 
1784  he  moved  an  address  to  the  king  on  the 
removal  of  the  Duke  of  Bolton  and  Lord 
Cobham  from  their  n^fiments,  but  was  eauly 
defeated  W  the  government  {Pari  Hut,  ix. 
824-5).    In  the  same  month  nis  bill  fbr  se* 
curing  the  freedom  of  parliament  by  limiting 
the  number  of  civil  and  military  officers  in 
the  house,  popularly  known  as  the  Place  Bill^ 
was  thrown  out  by  280  votes  against  191 
{ib,  ix.  866,  367,  870^  892).    On  2  BWbi 
1786  Sandys  called  atteootion  to  the  inoreMe 
sf  the  national  debt,  and-  protested,  against 
'loading  posterity  with  new  debts  inr  order 
to  give  a  little  easer  to  the  pxessnt  genera** 
tion '  {ib,  ix.  1016-18).    On  6  Ebb.  1739  his 
two  motions  for  the  production  of  farther 
papers  relating  to  the  oonventton  with  Spain 
were  defeated  by  majorities  of  seventy  and 
eighty  votes  respectively  {ib.  x.  962^  97(^ 
9^-1001).    In  lihe  same  month  he  un8ui>- 
cessfully  ur^ed  that  the  petitioners  against 
the  convention  should  be  heard  by  their 
counsel  {ib,  z.  1082*90).    While  support* 
ing  PulteneVs  bill  for  the  eaieoura^emettt  of 
seamen  on  16  Nov.  1789,  Sandys  is^  said  to 
have  declared  that '  of  late  yeampurliaments 
have  shown  a  much  greater  respect  to  the 
ministers  of  the  orown  tiian  was  nsnal  in 
fonner  ages,  and  I  am  under  some  iraprBlieii>* 
sions  that,  by  continuing  to  duiw  the  same 
respect  for  a  few  years  longer,  vm  shall  as 
last  loseall  that  respect  whmh  the  people  of 
this  kingdom  Ofiufat  to  have  for  thcurparli*- 
menu'(ti(.xi.  1^10).  On  29  Jan.  1740  he 
again  attempted  to  introduce  his  Pkce  BMl^ 


Sandys 


1^-3 


Sandys 


bat  was  d'elbftted  by- 233  TOtes  to  30e  (ib.  xi. 
829-31)  3&9),    Sandys  continued  to  keep  up 
i^hKrawing  attack  upon  thegoyemmentyand 
ttltimate^f,  on  IS  Feb.  1741,  moved  an  address 
to  the  king  for  the  remoysl  of  Walpole  {ib. 
3ei.  1224-42,  lS08-26)<    He  was,  however, 
delated  bv  290  votes  against  100^  an  unusual 
majority,  brought  about  by  the  schism  be* 
tween  toe  tones  and  the  opposition  whtss,  and 
the  secession  of  Shippen.    On  9  Apru  1741 
Sandys  protested  agamst  the  foreign  policy 
of  the  government,  and  reminded  die  mem* 
bers  tlutt  their  constitutents  owed  Hheir 
aUegianoe  to  the  kin?  of  Great  Britun,  and 
not  to  the  elector  of  Hanover'  (^.  zii.  164>. 
On  Walpole's  downfhll,  Sandys,  througn 
Pultene/s  mfloenoe,  was  appointed  chancel- 
lor of  the  Mcoheaner  in  the  Wilmington  ad- 
ministration, and  was  sworn  a  memMr  of  the 
frivy  counoil  (10  Feb.  1742\    On  2S  March 
le  supported  Lord  limwiclrs  motiott  ft»r  the 
appointment  of  a  seorBt  committee  to  in- 
euirs  into  Lord  Orford's  conduct,  and  a  few 
aays  afterwards  was  appointed  a  member  of 
the  committee,  receiving  only  two  votes  less 
than  Sir  John  St.  Aubvn,  who<  headed  the 
list  with  618  votes  (Pari  SuU  zii.  686, 
688).    On  81  March  he  opposed  the  repeal 
of  the^tennial  Bill  (%b.  xu.  690).   Though 
disappvovin^  of  the  conduct  of  the  peers  in 
rejecting  the  liidemoification  Bill,  Sandys 
rnused  to  support  Lord  Stmnge's  motion  of 
censure  against  the  House  of  Lords  (»(.  zsL 
718-21).    On  8  Deo.  1742  Sandys  oj^posed 
the  introduction  of  the  Place  Bill,  winch  he 
had  so  often  brought  forwaxd'  himself,  and 
made  a  lame  attempt  to  defend  his  inconsia* 
tent  conduct  {ib.  xii.  896-9).    A  few  days 
later  he  had  also  to  defend  the  policy  of  oon- 
tinuinr  the  British  troops  in  Flanders  (t5« 
zii.  916-22).  In  this  session  Sandvs  brought 
in  a  bill  reposing  the  'Gin  Act'  of  1786  [see 
JsHTLL,  mk  Josbph],  and  substituting  a 
lower  rate  of  duty  on  all  spirits  (16  Geo.  11, 
c.  8).    Borinff  the  debate  on  the  address  on 
1  Deo.  1748  he  stieauously  vindicated  Hie* 
government,   and   accused  Pitt   of  using 
unparliamentary  language  agunst  Carteret, 
whose  'integrity  and  love  to*  his  country 
wereecfnal  to  ms  abilities,  which  were  ao- 
Imowledged  by  the  whole  world'  (id.  xiii. 
187  71.) 

Sandys  was  succeeded  as  chancellor  of  the' 
exeheauer  by  Henry  Pelham,  abeadv  first 
lord  of  the  treaeury,  on  12  Dee.  174S.  He 
waaersaited  Lord  Sandys,  baron  of  Ombei&> 
ley  in  tife  county  of  Worcester,  on  20  Dec. 
YT4e^,  and  took  his  seat  in  the  House  of 
LdMrds  two  da jps*  afterwards  {Joum,  ^fSotue 
i^LordBf  xzvi:  206).  At  the  same  time  he 
appo^ftad'oeftttev  of  the  househ^  bat 


was  removed  from  that  post  in  Decembet 
1744,  on  the  formation  of  the  Broad-bottom 
administration.  From  1747  to  17^6  he  held 
the  office  of  treasurer  of  the  chamber^  In 
Jannaiy  1756  he  was  made  warden  and  chief 
justice  m  evie  of  the  king's  forests  south  of 
the  Trent,  but  resigned  on  being  appointed 
speaker  oi  the  House  of  Lords  by  a  commis* 
sion  dated  18  Nov.  1766  {tb.  xxix.  4).  On 
18  Feb.  1769  he  became  warden  and  diief- 
justice  in  eyre  of  the  kinff's  forests-  sooth  of 
the  Trent,  a  post  which  he  resigned  on  his 
appdntment  as  fimtlord  of  tradoaadplanta*' 
tionson21  March  1761.  In  the  spring  of  176S 
he  was  lemoved  from  tlnspost,,to  m^e  room 
for  Charles  Townshend  (Walbolb,  Memoirs 
of  the  Iteipii^f  Gtorv€ lUj  1894,  i.  193),  and 
never  affain  held  omce.  Sandys  appeam  to 
have  tasBn  bat  little  part  in  the  cfebates  of 
the  House  of  Loids  (see  Barl.  Hist,  xiii.  910^ 
954,  adv.  271.  280  n.,  775,  xv.  84«.,  762, 
1346  n.)  He  died  on  21  April  1770,ffom  the 
effects  of  the  injuries  which  he  had  received 
by  being  overturned  in  his  carriage  while 
coming  down  HlghgateHill,  and  was  buried 
at  Om  oersley. 

Sandys  rose  into  prominence  by  his  un* 
tiring  opposition  to  SirBobert  Walpole,  and 
his  •  political  importance  q^uickly  sank  into 
insignificance  auer  that  minister's  downfall. 
He  was  probably  the  '  person '  described  by 
Lord  Chesterfield  in  the  first  number  of '  Old 
England,  or  the  Constitutional  Journal,'  a9 
bein^  '  without  any  merit  but  the  lowest 
speciesofprostitution^  enjoying  a  considerable 
poet,  got  by  betraying  bis  own  party,  without 
havinff  abilities  to  be  of  use  to  any  other.  Ono 
who  had  that  plodding,  mechanical  turn 
which,  with  an  opinion  of  his  8tea)£ness,  was 
of  service  to  the  opposition,  but  can  be  of 
none  to  the  ministry;  one  whosetalents  were 
so  low  that  nothing  but  servile  appUcatioii 
oould  preserve  him  from  universal  oontemj^^ 
and  wno)  if  he  had  persevered  all  his  life  in 
the  interests  of  his  country,  might  have  had 
a  chance  of  being'  rem^nbered  hereafter  as  tt 
useful  man '  {Lettennnd  Works  ^'^isEari  <tf 
CAe«ew:^/i;,  1846-68,  V.  233^}.  SirCharlea 
Hanbury-Williams  speaks  oi  his  abilitiea 
with  the  greatest  contempt,  and  calls  him 
tlie  'motion^makcF'  (  Works\  1822,  iii.  84  ^ 
passim)«-a  nickname  which  is  repeated  by* 
Smollett  in  his  <  History  of  England'  (1806^ 
iii.  16).  Horace  Walpole,  who  naturally  bore 
no  love  te  his  ftkthers  persecutor,  declared 
that  Sandys  'never  laughed  but  once,  andf 
that  w«s  when  hiS'  best  friend  broke  hi» 
tMch '  {Lettsr^,  1657-9,  i.  104). 

SiuDidys  manied,  in  1724,  LetitSa,  eldbsf 
daughter  of  Sir  Thomas  Tipping,  bast.,  of 
Wheatfield,  Oldbxdshire,  by  whom  he  nad 


Sandys 


784 


Sandys 


seren  sons  and  three  dauffhters.  He  was  suc- 
ceeded in  the  buony  by  his  eldest  son, 
Edwin,  who  died  without  issue  on  28  Feb. 
1797,  when  the  title  became  extinct,  and  the 
estates  devolved  upon  the  mnddauffhter  of 
the  first  baron,  Mary,  marchioness  of  Down- 
shire,  who  was  created  Baroness  Sandys  of 
Ombersley  on  19  June  1802. 

Sandys  figures  conspicuously  in  '  The 
Motion '  and  other  caricatures  published  at 
the  time  of  Walpole's  downfall  (see  Cat  of 
Prints  and  Dratoings  in  the  British  Museum^ 
Division  L  vol»  iii.  pt.  L  pp.  868-91,  418-19, 
422-3). 

[Besides  the  anthorities  quoted  in  the  text, 
the  followinff  works,  among  others,  have  been 
consulted :  Coxe*s  Memoirs  of  Sir  R.  Walpole, 
1798;  Coxe's  Memoirs  of  the  Pelbam  Admini- 
stration,  1829  ;  Walpole's  Memoirs  of  the  Reign 
of  George  11,  1847,  i.  347,  ii.  274 ;  Georgian 
Era,  1882,  i.  639;  Gent.  Mag.  1770  |>.  191, 
1797  i.  255 ;  Joam.  House  of  liDrds,  Ixviii.  826 ; 
Hash's  Worcestershire,  1781-90,  ii.  220,  223; 
Ck>llinB'8  Peerage  of  England,  1812,  ix.  226-9 ; 
Burke's  Peerage,  &c.  1894,  p.  1238  ;  Burke's 
Extinct  Peerage,  1888,  p.  472;  Alumni  Oxon. 
1500-1714,  iv.  1310;  Official  Return  of  Lists  of 
Members  of  Parliament,  ii.  46,  58,  68,  81,93; 
Haydn's  Book  of  Dignities,  1890;  Notes  and 
Queries.  8th  ser.  viii.  507.]  G.  F.  R.  B. 

SANDYS,  WILLIAM,BABOif  Sandys  oif 
*  The  Vthb  *{d.  1540),  was  son  of  SirWUliam 
Sandys  of  The  Vyne,  near  Basingstoke, 
Hampshire,  \>j  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Sir 
John  Cheney  of  Sherland  in  the  Isle  of 
Sheppey.  Mis  father,  who  recovered  The 
Vvne  on  the  death  of  Bernard  Brocas  in 
1488,  died  in  1497  (his  will  is  printed  in 
Testamenta  Vetusta,  p.  422).  We  may  con- 
clude that  it  was  he,  and  not  lus  father,  who 
took  part  in  the  ceremony  attending  the  con- 
clusion of  peace  with  France  in  1492  (Letters 
and  Papers,  Bichard  III  and  Henry  VII,  ii. 
291),  assisted  at  the  knighting  of  Prince 
Henry  in  1494  {ib.  i.  390, 404),  and  was  pro- 
minent at  the  reception  of  Catherine  of 
Arragon  in  1501  (ib.  i.  407,  ii.  104).  Never- 
theless he  is  called  a  young  man  in  1521. 

Of  Heniy  YIII  he  was  a  great  favourite. 
He  was  a  imight  of  the  body  in  1509,  and 
Henry  not  only  remitted  debts  which  Ssjidys 
•owed  to  the  crown,  but  made  him  many 
valuable  grants.  Henry  visited  him  at  The 
Vyne  in  1510,  and  the  same  year  he  was 
made  constable  of  Southampton,  the  fcsnt 
being  renewed  in  1512.  He  took  part  m  the 
tmfortunate  expedition  to  Quienne  in  1512 
as  treasurer  to  the  Marquis  of  Dorset,  and  he 
had  charge  of  the  ordnance  at  Fontarabia. 
A  curious  letter  from  William  Knight  to 
Wolsey  on  4  Oct.  1512  tells  how  Sandys 


opposed  Knight's  being  sent  back  to  Eng- 
land, and  cluirged  Wolsey  with  beinff  the 
cause  of  the  failure  of  the  expedition,  j^nxy, 
however,  evidently  thought  well  of  Sandys, 
who  received  the  keepership  of  Crokeham 
Manor  in  1518,  and  was  given  an  important 
position  in  the  army  In  1513  (Chronicle  qf 
Calais,  p.  11). 

In  1514  he  was  once  more  in  France,  land- 
ing at  Calais  on  19  May  with  a  hundred  men 
(f6.  p.  15).  He  seems  to  have  been  made 
treasurer  of  Calais  on  28  July  1517.  From 
this  time  he,  in  consequence,  was  constantly 
absent  from  the  court,  and  wrote  many  letters 
from  Calais.  On  16  May  1518  he  was  made 
K.G.  He  took  a  leading  part,  Shakespeare 
implies  rather  an  unwillmg  part,  in  the  pre- 
parations for  (ib,  p.  18),  and  in  the  festivities 
at  (ib.  p.  21),  the  Field  of  the  Cloth  of  Gold. 
He  went  on  the  expedition  of  1522,  and  on 
27  April  1523  he  was  created  Baron  Sandys 
by  patent.  In  1523  he  was  sent  home  to  ^ve 
an  account  of  the  sufferings  of  the  soldiers. 
In  1524  he  took  part  with  Fox  in  the  founda^ 
tion  of  the  Guild  of  the  Holy  Ghost  at 
Basingstoke. 

On  15  April  1526  the  Earl  of  Worcester 
died,  and  Sandys,  who  had  the  reversion  of 
his  office,  became  lord  chamberlain.  He  now 
resigned  his  treasurership  of  Calais,  and  was 
made  captain  of  Guisnes,which  office  he  could 
serve  largely  by  deputy.  From  this  time  be 
took  part  in  all  the  neat  ceremonials  of  the 
court.  He  was  with  Wolsey  in  France  in 
1527,  and  was  later  one  of  those  who  wished 
for  his  impeachment.  In  August  1531  Henry 
again  visited  The  Vyne.  He  was  present  at 
the  coronation  of  Anne  Boleyn,  and  she  and 
Henry  on  15  Oct.  1535  came  to  see  him  at 
The  V  vne.  But  when  the  time  came,  he  con* 
ductea  Azme  from  Greenwich  to  the  Tower, 
and  took  part  in  her  trial.  He  was  present  at 
the  baptism  of  Prince  Edward  on  15  Oct^  1537. 
Sandys  went  with  the  tide  in  religiouB 
matters,  though  there  are  not  wanting  signs 
that  he  was  of  the  old  way  of  thinking.  He 
entered  into  dangerous  communications  with 
Chapuys  early  in  1535  (Letters  and  Papers 
Henry  VIII,  viii.  48,  121,  272,  but  cf.  p. 
327),  and  his  wife  tried  to  heln  William 
More,  the  prior  of  Worcester.  In  later  years 
he  retired  from  the  court.  But  Sandys  was 
not  a  great  politician,  and  the  pilgrimage  of 
grace,  against  which  he  took  active  iMurt^ 
may  have  frightened  him,  or  he  may  have 
becoi  Quieted  by  the  lease  of  Motusfont, 
which  ne  securea  in  1536.  He  died  at  Calais 
on  4  Dec  1540.  He  was  buried  in  the 
chapel  of  the  Holy  Ghost  at  Basingstoke, 
under  a  tomb  which  he  had  ordered  to  be 
made  in  the  Low  Countries  in  1530,    He 


Sandys 


785 


Sanford 


I 


inanried  Har^ry,  dftuffhter  of  John  Bray, 
ftodnieoeof  SirKeginaldBray.  She  brought 
and  inherited  a  good  deal  of  property,  and 
hd  was  able  to  gfready  improve  xhe  V  yne, 
beinja^  possibly  aasiated  arohitecturally  by  Sir 
Beginald  Bray.  By  her  he  had  Thomas,  who 
suooeeded  as  second  baron ;  John,  deputy  at 
Guisnes;  Beginald,  whom  his  father  de- 
scribes as  'my  unthiuty  son  Reynold  Sandys, 
th»  priest '  (t^.  yi.  1307, 1390 ;  cf.  yii.  49) ; 
•ad  several  daughters. 

[Challoner  Ohate's  History  of  TbeVyne ;  Bar* 
rows's  Hist,  of  the  Family  of  Brocas ;  Barke*s 
fixtinct  and  Dormant  Peerage ;  Priedmann's  Anne 
Boleyn,  ii.  58,  &c. ;  Letters  and  Papers  Uenry  V III 
(flBany  references) ;  Brewer's  Henry  Vlil,  ii.  2 ; 
Proude's  Hist  of  Engl.  ii.  606 ;  State  Papers, 
Henry  VIII,  i.  20,  &c.,  vi.  170,  698,  vii.  11,  yiiL 
867,  &C. ;  Wriothesley's  Chron.  i.  46 ;  Strype's 
Annals,  m.  ii.  66,  Mem.  x,  u  70, 11.  i.  8,  iii.  L 
494.]  W.  A.  J.  A. 

8ANDTS,  WILLIAM  (1792-1874),  anti- 
uary,  eldest  son  of  Hannibal  Sandys  (1763- 
847*)  and  his  wife  Anne  (d,  1850),  daughter 
of  William  Hill,  was  bom  at  5  Crane  (%urt. 
Fleet  Street,  London,  on  29  Oct.  1792.  He 
was  educated  at  Westminster  School  1800-8, 
and  in  January  1814  was  admitted  solicitor. 
From  1861  to  1878  Sandys  was  head  of  the 
firm  of  Sandys  &  Knott,  Gray's  Inn  Square ; 
and  he  was  luso  commissioner  of  affidavits  in 
the  stannary  court  of  Cornwall,  and  a  fellow 
of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries.  In  1873  he 
retired;  and  on  18  Feb.  1874  he  died  at  his 
residence,  10  Torrington  Square,  London.  He 
was  buried  at  Keni^  Green  on  23  Feb.  He 
married,  first,  on  13  Jan.  1816,  Harriette, 
sbughter  of  Peter  Hill  of  Carwythenack, 
Cornwall  (she  died  on  8  Aug.  1851);  and 
secondly,  on  6  Sept.  1853,  Elusa,  daughter 
of  Charles  Pearson  of  Bayensboume  ]£»use, 
Greenwich. 

An  enthusiastic  musical  amateur  from 
youth,  Sandys  studied  the  yioloucello  under 
Kobert  Lindley,  and  was  also  a  zealous  an- 
tiquary. He  had  a  singular  faculty  of  mental 
Anthmetio.  His  first  work,  '  A  History  of 
Freemasonry,' appeared  in  1829 ;  the  next,  in 
1831,  was  a  disquisition  upon  'Macaronic 
Poetry/  with  specimens.  'A  Selection  of 
Christmas  Carols,'  with  the  tunes,  followed 
in  1833 ;  this  yolume  is  of  permanent  yalue 
to  the  musical  antiquary.  In  1846  he  issued 
^  Specimens  of  Cornish  Dialect ; '  he  edited  a 
volume  of  old '  Festiye  Songs '  for  the  Percy 
Society  (1848);  and  in  1852  he  wrote  a 
tract  upon '  Christmastide,  its  History,  Fes- 
ttyities,  and  Carols.'    He  is  best  remembered 

Shis  share  in  Sandys  and  Forster's '  History 
the  Violin'  (1864).    He  was  mainly  re- 
sponsible for  the  earlier  part. 

yoL.  XVII. 


[Sandys's  Works ;  Boase  and  Courtney's  Biblio* 
theca  Comubientis,  pp.  627, 1338,  where  a  full 
bibliography  is  given ;  GroWs  IMct.  of  Music 
and  Musicians,  iii.  225;  Times,  18  Dec.  1874; 
Law  Journal,  ix.  134.]  H.  D» 

SANFORD.    [See  also  Saitdfosd.] 

SANFOIO),  JOHN  LANGTON  (1824- 
1877).  historical  writer,  bom  at  Upper  Clap- 
ton^  London,  on  22  June  1824,  studied  at 
Uniyersity  College,  London.  Afterwards 
entering  at  Lincoln's  Inn,  he  read  in  the 
chambers  of  Mr.  (afterwards  Sir)  John  Ri- 
chard Quain  [q.  y.],  and  was  cidled  to  the 
bar  in  1856,  but  neyer  practised.  From  1852 
to  the  end  of  1855  he  was  joint  editor  of  the 
'  Inquirer,*  established  as  a  unitarian  organ 
in  1842.  From  1861  till  his  death  he  con-  .. 
tributed  to  the  '  Spectator.'  The  occupation 
of  his  life  was  the  study  of  English  history. 
He  published  in  1858  '  Studies  and  Illustra- 
tions of  the  Great  Rebellion  *  (some  of  which 
appeared  originally  in  the  *  Christian  Re- 
former,' under  the  signature  of  'Sigma'). 
*  The  Great  Goyeming  Families  of  England,' 
which  appeared  in  1865,  8yo,  in  2  yok.,  was 
written  in  conjunction  with  Mr.  Meredith 
Townsend,  and  was  oriffiniJly  contributed 
to  the  *  Spectator.'  San&rd's  '  Estimates  of 
English  &jng8 '  (published  in  1872, 8yo)  was 
also  reproduced  from  the  *  Spectator.' 

On  points  of  genealogy  and  of  topographical 
and  parliamentary  history  Sanforas  know- 
ledge was  sin^plarly  minute  and  full;  his 
power  of  realising  the  personaffes  of  history, 
ffreat  and  small,  was  marked  by  keen  sensi- 
bility and  a  wide  range  of  sympathies. 
Among  his  closest  friends  were  Walter 
Bagehot [q.  y.]  and  William  Caldwell  Rosooe 

fq.  y.]  For  many  years  his  eyesight  was 
iailing,  and  early  in  1875  he  became  totally 
blind.  After  the  death  of  his  sister  Lucy  he 
remoyed,  in  May  1876,  from  London  to 
Evesham,  Worcestershire.  He  died  at  Eyes- 
ham  on  27  July  1877,  and  was  buried  in  the 
graveyard  of  Oat  Street  Chapel. 

[Inquirer,  4  Aug.  1877;  information  from 
R.  H.  Button,  esq. ;  personal  recollection.] 

A.  a. 

SANFORD  or  SANDFORD,  JOSEPH 
(d.  1774),  scholar  and  book  collector,  was 
son  of  George  Sanford  of  Topsham,  near 
Exeter.  He  matriculated  from  Exeter  Col* 
lege,  Oxford,  on  6  April  1709,  aged  17,  and 
was  a  fellow  commoner  there  until  22  Dec. 
1712.  On  21  Oct.  1712  he  graduated  B.A. 
(M.A.  16  June  1715,  B.D.  9Noy.  1726).  and 
about  1715  he  was  elected  to  a  fellowship  at 
Balliol  Colle^. 

Sanford  did  not  take  orders  until  the 
statutes  of  the  college  rendered  it  essential 

SB 


Sangar 


786 


Sanger 


to  his  leiention  of  iiia  fellowahip  (of.  Cfent. 
Mag.  181d,  u.  212).  On  12  May  1722  he 
WEB  instituted,  on  the  nomination  of  hia  col- 
lege, to  the  Binecnre  rectofy  of  Duloe  in 
Cornwall,  and  in  1789  he  was  appointed  by 
the  same  body  to  the  rectory  of  Baintspill  in 
Somerset,  holding  both  nreferments  until  his 
death.  He  died  senior  fellow  of  Balliol  Col- 
lege on  25  Sept.  1774,  in  his  eighty-fourth 
year,  having  been  a  resident  in  the  college 
for  nearly  siz^  years,  and  was  buried  in  the 
church  of  St.  Mary  Magdalen,  Oxford,  where 
a  monument  was  erected  to  his  memory. 

Though  his  friends  could  never  'prevail 
upon  him  to  publish  any  specimens  of  his 
critical  learning,'  and  he  left  no  writings 
behind  him  *  but  a  few  short  manuscript 
notes  on  the  mar^s  of  some  printed  books ' 
(PoLWHBLB,  History  of  Cornwall,  v.  179), 
Sanford  was  well  known  for  his  erudition, 
his  valuable  library,  and  the  singularity  of 
his  attire.  He  left  to  Exeter  College  books 
and  manuscripts.  The  latter  had  previously 
belonged  to  Sir  William  Qlynne,  and  are 
mostly  historical  or  antiquarian  (Ooze,  Cat, 
i^MS.  in  Oaford  Colleger),  To  the  Bodleian 
tibrary  he  gave  in  1768  a  copy  of  Archbishop 
Parker  s  rare  'De  Antiquitate  Britannicse  £c^ 
clesise,'  1572  (Macbay,  Bodl,  lAbr.  2nd  ed. 
p.  234).  He  was  an  intimate  friend  of 
Heame. 

Sanford  purchased  in  1767  the  very  rare 
first  edition  of  the  Hebrew  Bible,  and  gave 
much  assistance  to  Dr.  Xennicott  in  his 
great  work  on  the  Bible.  It  was  the 
loan  by  him  of  a  manuscript  relating  to 
Dorset  that  induced  Hutchins  to  imdertake 
the  task  of  compiling  a  history  of  that  county, 
and  he  is  one  of  the  two  members  of  Balliol 
College  to  whom  Kichard  Chandler  expressed 
his  obligations  in  the  preface  to  his '  Mar- 
mora Oxoniensia '  (1768). 

[Boase's  Exeter  Coll.  CommonerB,  p.  286; 
Gent  Mag.  1774  p.  447,  1816  ii.  212, 388, 488 ; 
Hutchins's  Dorset,  pref.  to  Ist  ed. ;  Kichols's 
lUiistr.  of  Lit.  iii.  705,  it.  574-5,  and  Lit. 
Anecdotes,  iii.  684,  vii.  719,  viii.  280-60;  Bel. 
Hearniantt  (1869  ed.),  ii  809,  iii.  102J 

W.  P.  0. 

8ANGAE,  GABBIEL  {d.  1678),  ejected 
sinister,  son  of  Thomas  Sangar,  mmister  of 
Satton-Mandeville,  Wiltshire,  matriculated 
at  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford,  on  20  Oct  1626, 
and  graduated  B.A.  in  1629  and  MA.  in 
1683.  He  was  successively  rector  of  Sutton- 
Mandeville  (168(M5),  Havant,  Hampshire 
(1645-47),  Chilmark,  Wiltshire  (1647),  St. 
Martin's-m-the-Fields  (164&-60),  and  of 
Steeple  Ashton,  Wiltshire  (1660-2).  From 
the  last  place  he  was  ejected  in  1662.  After 
lug  ejectment  he  removed  to  Brompton,  and, 


after  the  Conventicle  Act,  to  iBalinff  and 
Brent£ord.  AttheDeckrationxjflndiii^feiioe 
of  1672  he  returned  to  London,  and  preached 
occasionally  to  some  of  his  old  ooog^egation 
of  St.  MartinVin-^the^Fields.  He  died  in 
Mbt  1678. 

Sangar  wrote:  l./Tke  Work  of  Futli 
improved  by  a  pcovidentiai  concurrenoe  of 
many  eminent  and  pious  Ministers  in  and 
about  the  City  of  London  in  their  Momiag 
Lectures  at  St.  Martin'»-in-tbe->Field8,'  Lob^ 
don,  1656.  2.  <A  Short  Catechism  with 
respect  to  the  Lord's  Sermon.'  A  catalogue 
of  nis  library  is  in  the  British  Museum 
(1678, 4to). 

[Foeter*s  Alimini  Oxon. ;  CaLimy's  Accoont, 
p.  27;  Addit.  MS.  16669,  f.  232;  The  Con- 
current Tesdmony  of  the  Ministers  in  the 
County  of  Wilts;  Commons'  JoarnalB,  ii.  559; 
A  Seasonable  Exhortation  of  sundry  Ministers 
in  London,  1660.]  W.  A.  S. 

SANGSB,  JOHN  (1616-1889},  dnms 
proprietor,  bom  at  Chew  Magna,  Somerset, 
m  18I6,  was  eldest  son  of  James  Sanger 
who,  having  been  seised  by  the  prese-gang, 
fought  as  a  sailor  at  the  battle  of  Trafalgar, 
and  subsequently  became  a  showman.  After 
witnessing  equestrian  performances  xmder 
Andrew  Ducrow  [q.  v.]  at  Astley's,  Sanger, 
with  his  brother  George,  besan  in  1845  a 
conjuring  exhibition  on  a  small  soale  at  Onion 
Fair,  Birmingham.  Emboldened  by  success, 
the  brothers  then  purchased  and  trained  a 
white  horse  and  a  Shetland  pony,  and,  having 
hired  three  or  four  performers,  exhibited  for 
the  first  time  a  circus  entertainment  at  Lynn 
in  Norfolk.  This  with  unvarying  sncoeee 
they  took  round  the  country,  iheir  first 
appearance  in  London  was  made  at  the  Agri- 
cultural Hall,  Islington,  of  which  they  were 
during  many  years  lessees,  and  they  produced 
there  many  costly  and  elaborate  spectacles, 
one  of  wnich,  entitled  'The  Congress  of 
Monarchs,'  is  said  to  have  been  seen  in  one 
day  by  thirty-seven  thousand  spectators* 
The  properties  and  paraphernalia  oithis  were 
purchssed  in  1874  by  the  American  show- 
man, P.  T.  Bamum,  for  88,000^  Having 
acquired  the  lease  of  Astley's  Amphitheatre, 
the  Sangers  gave  their  entertainments  there 
during  the  three  winter  months,  travelling 
during  the  summer  through  the  oouutry  with 
alaxge  establishment,  including,  besides  other 
animals,  over  two  hundred  horses,  and  ex- 
hibiting their  entertainments  in  a  hugs  tent. 
The  first  equestrian  pantomime  produced  at 
Astley's  was  'Lady  Godiva,  or  Harlequin 
St.  George  and  the  Dragon,  and  the  Seven 
Champions,'  given  on  26  Dec.  1871,  MIbs 
Amy  Sheridan,  a  t-all  and  shapely  actress, 
I.  playing  Lady  Godiva.    After  a  time  the 


Sangster 


787 


Sansum 


1m>t^«r8  disBolTed  parinership,  eaah  taking 
his  share,  and  gave  separate  entertainments. 
Sanger,  known  in  his  later  days  as  Lord 
John  &mger,  died  at  Ipswich  while  on  tour 
on  22  Ang.  1889,  in  his  seventy-fonrth  year, 
tmd  was  on  28  Aiiff.  buried  in  Margate 
cemetery,  wherei  a  cosUy  white  marble  monu- 
ment, part  of  which  represents  a  mourning 
horse,  was  placed  aboyehis  graye.  EUs  will, 
dated  4  March  1882,  left  hu  wife  the  right 
to  cany  on  the  business,  and  to  use  thereon 
part  of  his  estate,  which  was  yalued  at 
40,747^.  17tf.  lOef.  He  had  three  sons:  John, 
who  continued  the  circus  business ;  Gborge 
Lord,  and  James;  and  one  daughter,  La*- 
yinia  (Mrs.  Hofi&nan),  an  equestrian  per- 
former. 

[Information  sapplied  by  a  member  of  the 
family  and  by  Mr.  George  C.  Boase ;  Era  Almar 
nack,  yarions  years;  &a  newspaper,  24  Aug. 
1689 ;  Fioet's  Circus  Life ;  Times,  Attgnst  1889 ; 
Kotes  and  Queries,  8th  ser.  iz.  passim.]  J.  K. 

SANGSTER,  SAMUEL  (1804P-1872), 
line-engrayer,was  bom  about  1804.  He  was 
a  pupil  of  William  Finden  [q.y*]»  <^d  seyeral 
of  his  earlier  plates  were  engrayed  for  the 
'Amulet'  and  other  annuals,  then  in  the 
height  of  their  prosperity.  These  works  in- 
cluded '  Beatrice,'  after  Henry  Howard,  R.A., 
engrayed  for  the  'Anniyersary'  of  1829; 
'Don  Quixote,'  after  R.  P.  Bonington,  for 
the  '  Keepsake  Fran^ais,'  1831 ;  and  '  The 
Death  of  Eades,'  after  B.  R.  Haydon, '  The 
Lute,'  after  H.  Liyerseege,  'The  Festa  of 
Madonna  dei  Fieri,'  after  Thomas  Uwins, 
R.  A.,  and  '  No  Song,  no  Supper,'  after  Kenny 
Meadows,  for  the  '  Amulet^  of  1832  and  suo- 
oeeding  years.  He  afterwards  engrayed  some 
larger  plates,  of  which  the  best  are  'The 
Gentle  Student'  and  '  The  Forsaken,'  both 
from  pictures  by  Gilbert  Stuart  Newton, 
R.A.,  'Neapolitan  Peasantsgoing  to  the 
Festa  of  Fih  di  Ghrotta,'  after  Thomas  Uwins, 
R.A.,  for  Finden's  '  Royal  Gallery  of  British 
Art,'  *  The  Prayer  of  Innocence,'  after  the 
same,  and '  Le  Christ  aux  Fleurs,'  after  Carlo 
Dolci.  He  engrayed  'The  Toun^  Mendi- 
cant's Noyiciate,'  after  Richard  Kothwell, 
R.ELA.,  for  the  Royal  Lish  Art  Union,  and 
other  plates  for  the  'Art  Journal.'  The 
latter  comprised  'A  Syrian  Maid,'  after 
H.  "W.  Pickersgill,  R. A.,  '  The  Victim,'  after 
A.  L.  Egg,  R.A.,  '  Juliet  and  the  Nurse,' 
after  H.  P.  Briggs,  R.A.,  and  'The  Sepulchre,' 
after  W.  Etty,  K.A.,  all  from  the  nictures  in 
llhe  Vernon  Collection,  and  '  A  aoMie  from 
Midas,'  after  Daniel  Madise,  R.A.,  and 
*  "Pint  Loye,'  after  J.  J.  Jenkins,  from  pictures 
in  the  Royal  Collection.  He  likewise  painted 
in  oils  some  fancy  subjects. 


Sangster  died  at  88  New  Kent  Road,  Loib- 
don,  on  24  June  1872,  in  his  sixty-eig^bth 
year,  but  he  had  some  time  before  retired 
from  the  practice  of  his  art» 

[Art  Journal,  1872,  p.  204;  Kedgraye's  Diet 
of  ArtisU  of  the  English  School,  1878.] 

B.  E.  0. 

SANLEQER.    [See  Skisr  Le«sb.] 
SANQUHAR,  sixth  LoBD,  [See  Cbioh- 

TOK,  ROBBBT,  d.  1612.] 

SANSETUN,  BENEDICT  op  (d.  1226), 
bishop  of  Rochester,  was  the  first  precentor 
of  St.  Paul's  after  that  office  was  endowed 
with  the  church  of  Shoreditch  in  1203 
(Newcoxtbt,  lUmertorium,  L  97).  He  also 
held  the  prebend  to  which  was  attached  the 
church  of  Neasden  (Le  Nsys,  Fasti  Bccles, 
Angl.  ii.  414,  ed.  Hardy).  In  1212  he  was 
head  of  the  justices  appointed  for  the  four 
home  counties  {Bot  Claus,  i.  396, 405).  He 
was  elected  to  the  bishopric  of  Rochester  on 
13  Dec.  1214,  and  consecrated  at  Oxford  by 
Stephen  Lai^n  on  32  Feb.  1215  (GBBy. 
Cant.  ii.  109,  Rolls  Ser.  ,*  c£  also  Whabtok, 
Anglia  8acra,  i.  885-6).  In  1215  the  barons 
held  Rochester,  but  the  city  was  besiefi^ed 
and  taken  by  King  John.  Though  the  bishop 
had  joined  Pandulf  in  anathematising  the 
baronial  party,  John  plundered  his  church, 
destroying  its  manuscripts  and  carrying  on 
money  and  plate,  eyen  to  the  cnictfijtes  and 
yesseliB  of  the  altar  (AfmcU,  JBocles.  Boff,  ap. 
Whabton,  loc.  cit.  1.  847 ;  Giaty.  Cant.  ii. 
IIOY  In  1224  he  was  transacting  business 
in  tne  exchequer  court  (i^.  i.  596,  li.  8),  and 
in  October  1225  he  was  sent  on  an  embassy 
to  Erance.  He  died  on  21  Dec.  1226  {AnffL 
Sacr.  i.  801 ;  Gbby,  Cant.  ii.  114\  and  was 
buried  in  his  own  cathedral  (DueDALB, 
Monast,  Angl.  L  156). 

[Authorities  eited  in  the  test ;  Foss's  LiTee  of 
the  Judges.]  A.  M.  C->b. 

SANSUM,  ROBERT  (A  1666),  yice- 
admiral,  was  in  1649  master,  and  apparently 
owner,  of  the  ship  Alexander  of  loO  tons, 
which  on  28  June  was  hired  for  the  service 
of  the  state  at  130/.  a  month,  Sansum  re- 
maining in  command  of  her.  In  1652  he 
commanded  the  Briar,  attending  on  the  army 
in  Scotland,  and  in  January  1652-3,  on 
Newcastle,  captured  a  Flushing  man-of-war 
of  15  guns,  which  he  brought  into  the  T3me9 
and  which  was  afterwaras  fitted  for  the 
state's  seryice.  It  was  at  this  time  that  a 
charge  was  laid  against  him  of  conniying  at 
his  men  selling  some  of  the  ship's  stores  and 
yictuals,  but  it  seems  to  haye  been  put  on 

332 


Santlow 


788 


Saravia 


one  side  as  unfounded  and  malicious.  In 
June  1658  he  brought  into  the  Downs  three 
Prench  ships  laden  with  tar  and  hemp,  and 
in  May  1664|  being  then  in  the  Adventure, 
he  took  three  more,  on  their  way  from  Havre 
to  Eochelle.  In  April  1665  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  Portsmouth,  which  he  com- 
manded continuouslj  for  the  next  five  or  six 
years,  for  the  protection  of  trade  in  the 
Korth  Sea,  though  on  one  occasion,  in  the 
end  of  1658,  he  stretched  as  far  as  the  Ca- 
naries, and  convoyed  home  a  number  of 
merchant  vessels.  In  the  summer  of  1659 
he  was  with  the  fleet  off  Elsinore  [see  Mont- 
AeT7,  Edwabb,  Eajsl  of  Sandwich].  After 
the  Bestoration  he  continued  serving,  and 
in  1664  was  appointed  rear-admiral  of  the 
white  squadron,  commanded  by  Prince  Ru- 
pert. In  the  following  year  he  was  still 
rear-admiral  of  the  white  squadron,  with  his 
flag  in  the  Eesolution,  and  was  killed  in  the 
battle  off  Lowestoft  on  8  June.  A  grant  of 
500/.  was  ordered  to  be  paid  to  his  widow, 
Mary  Sansum ;  but  it  does  not  appear  that 
she  received  it  (cf.  Cal.  State  Papers,  Dom. 
1666-7  p.  406,  imS  p.  140).  Wliether 
Sansum  left  issue  is  not  stated;  but  the 
name  remained  continuously  in  the  navy  list 
well  past  the  middle  of  this  century. 

[Gal.  State  Papers,  Dom.  The  memoir  in 
Chaniock's  Biqgr.  Nav.  i.  135,  is  extremely 
meagre.]  J.  K.  L. 

SANTLOW,  HESTER  ( j^.  1720-1778), 
•actress.    [See  under  Booth,  Babton.] 

SANTRY,  LoBD.  [See  Babbt,  Jakes, 
160a-1672.] 

SAPHIR,  ADOLPH  (1831-1891),  theo- 
logian, bom  at  Pesth  in  1831,  was  the  son 
of  Israel  Saphir,  a  Jewish  merchant.  His 
father's  brother,  Moritz  Gottlieb  Saphir,  was 
well  known  as  an  Hui^arian  poet  and  sati- 
rist. His  mother  was  Henrietta  Bondij,  his 
father's  second  wife.  In  1843  the  Saphir 
family,  including  Adolph,  were  converted  to 
Christianity  by  the  Jewish  mission  of  the 
church  of  Scotland.  At  the  close  of  the 
same  year  his  father  sent  him  to  Edinburgh 
that  he  might  be  trained  for  the  free  church 
ministry.  Thence  in  the  following  year  he 
prooeecfed  to  Berlin,  where  he  attended  the 
Gymnasium  until  1848.  In  the  autumn  of 
that  year  he  entered  Glasgow  University, 
graduating  M.A.  in  1864.  In  1849  he  pro- 
ceeded to  Marischal  College,  Aberdeen,  and 
in  1851  became  a  student  of  theology  in  the 
Free  Church  College,  Edinburgh.  In  1854 
he  was  licensed  by  the  Belfast  presbytery, 
and  appointed  a  missionary  to  the  Jews. 
His  mrst  post  was  at  Hamburg,  but,  as  the 


Austrian  government  was  desirous  of  ob- 
taininjj^  his  extradition  for  non-performance 
of  military  service,  he  resigned  nis  appoint- 
ment, and,  returning  to  Great  Britain,  settled 
in  South  Shields  in  1856.  After  five  years 
he  removed  to  Greenwich,  and  thence  in 
1872  to  Netting  HilL  In  1878  he  received 
the  honorary  degree  of  B.D.  irom  the  uni- 
versity of  Edinburgh.  In  1880  he  left  Net- 
ting Hill,  and  two  years  later  accepted  a 
call  firom  the  Belgrave  presbyterian  cnurch, 
where  he  remained  till  1888.  He  died  of 
angina  pectoris  on  3  April  1891.  His  wife, 
Sara  Owen,  of  a  Dublin  family,  whom  he 
married  in  1854,  died  four  days  before  him. 
By  her  he  had  one  daughter,  Asra,  who  died 
young  at  South  Shields. 

Like  his  friend,  Br.  Alfred  Edersheim, 
Saphir  threw  much  light  on  biblical  study  by 
his  intimate  knowledge  of  Jewish  manners 
and  literature.  As  early  as  1852  Charles 
Kingsley  wrote  to  him :  '  To  teach  us  the 
real  meaning  of  the  Old  Testament  and  its 
absolute  unity  with  the  New,  we  want  not 
mere  Hebrew  scholars,  but  Hebrew  spirits 
— Hebrew  men.'  In  later  life  Saphir  took 
much  interest  in  the  endeavour  of  Rabbis 
Lichtenstein  and  Habinowich  to  convert 
to  Christianity  the  Jews  of  Hungary  and 
southern  Russia ;  and  in  1887  he  was  chosen 
president  of  an  association  formed  in  London 
to  assist  them,  under  the  title  of  the '  Rabino- 
wich  Council.'  Saphir  was  a  theologian  of 
the  evangelical  school,  and  many  of  his  pam- 
phlets and  lectures  were  intended  to  con- 
trovert the  rationalistic  theories  of  Grerman 
critics.  His  chief  publications  were :  1 . '  From 
Death  to  Life :  Bible  Records  of  Remarkable 
Conversions,'  Edinburgh,  1861,  8vo;  10th 
edit.  London,  1880,  8vo.  2.  '  Christ  and  the 
Scriptures,' London,  1867, 8yo.  3. 'Lectures 
on  the  Lord's  Prayer,'  London,  1870,  8va 
4.  'Christ  Crucified  :  lectures  on  1  Co- 
rinthians ii.,'  London,  1873,  8vo.  6.  '  Ex- 
Eository  Lectures  on  the  Epistle  to  the  He- 
rews/London,  1874-6, 8vo.  6.  *  Rabinowich 
and  his  Mission  to  Israel,'  London,  1888, 8vo. 
7.  'The  Divine  Unity  of  Scripture,'  ed, 
Gavin  Carlyle,  London,  1892,  8vo. 

[Mighty  in  the  Scriptures,  a  Memoir  of  the 
Rev.  Adolph  Saphir,  D.D.,  by  the  Re?.  G.  Car- 
lyle, 2nd  ed.  1894 ;  Brit.  Mas.  Cat.]  £.  I.  C. 

SAPIENS,  BERNARD  (J.  866),  ti»- 
veller  in  Palestine.    [See  Bebnabd.] 


SARAVIA,  HADRIAN  A  (1631-1613), 
divine,  was  bom  at  Hesdin  in  Artois  in  1631. 
His  father  was  of  Spanish  origin,  his  mother 
a  Fleming,  and  both  became  protestants. 
Having  been  trained  for  the  ministry  Ckf  the 


Saravia 


789 


Saravia 


refonned  church,  he  became  pastor  at  Ant* 
werp,  and  took  part  in  drawing  up  the 
Walloon  confeaeion  of  faitL  Sumequently 
he  caused  some  copies  to  be  presented  to  the 
prince  of  Orange  and  to  Count  Egmont, 
acoomyanied  hy  letters  in  behalf  of  the 
CalTinists.  Throuffh  a  brother-in-law  he 
also  gave  copies  to  Count  Louis  de  Nassau. 
With  the  assistance  of  Jean  de  Mamix,  sieur 
de  Toulouse,  he  ultimately  formed  a  Walloon 
church  in  Brussels.  After  1560,  on  account 
of  the  religious  troubles  in  the  Low  Coun- 
tries, he  remoTed  with  his  family  to  the 
Channel  Islands,  and,  after  acting  ior  a  time 
as  schoolmaster,  he  was  in  1664  appointed 
assistant-minister  in  St.  Fetor^s,  Quemsey, 
this  church  being  then  under  the  Genevan 
discipline.  In  1^6  he  purposed  to  return  to 
the  continent;  but  Francis  Chamberlayne, 
goyemor  of  Guernsey,  wrote  to  secretary 
Cedl,  whom  Saravia  speaks  of  as  his  patron, 
to  persuade  him  to  remain .  He  consequently 
stayed  there  for  some  time  longer. 

On  leaving  Ghiemsey  he  became  master  of 
the  grammar  school  at  Southampton.  He 
afterwards  returned  to  the  contment,  and 
in  1582  became  professor  of  divinity  in  the 
university  of  Leyden,  and  held  at  the  same 
time  the  post  of  pastor  of  the  French  re- 
formed church  there.  In  1585  he  wrote  from 
Leyden  to  Lord  Burghley,  recommending 
that  Queen  Elizabeth  should  take  upon  her 
the  protectorate  of  the  Low  Oluntries ;  and 
in  1587,  finding  himself  in  danger  because  of 
the  discovery  of  a  political  plot  in  which  he 
was  implicated,  he  left  Holland  suddenly, 
and  returned  to  England,  where  he  was  ap- 

fointed  rector  of  Tattenhill,  Staffordshire,  m 
588.  In  1590  he  published  his  first  work, 
*De  IHversis  Qradibus  Ministrorum  Evan- 
gelii,'  London,  4to  (B.  Newberie),  with  a 
preface  addressed  to  the  pastors  of  Lower 
Germany ;  an  English  translation  was  pub- 
lished at  London  in  1592,  4to,  and  reissued 
in  1640.  In  this  treatise  he  defended  epi- 
scopacy as  the  scriptural  and  primitive  form 
of  church  government,  and  it  was  so  well 
received  in  England  that  a  few  months  later 
he  was  incorporated  (9  July  1590)  with  the 
doctors  of  divinity  at  Oxford,  having  already 
taken  that  degree  at  Leyden,  and  in  the  fol- 
lowing year  was  made  a  prebendary  of 
Gloucester.  Beza,  who  had  written  a  tract 
against  episcopacy  some  time  before  to  dis- 
suade the  Scots  from  retaining  it,  was  an- 
noyed at  Saravia's  publication,  and  wrote  a 
reply.  This  called  forth  an  answer  from 
l^tfavia  entitled  *  Befensio  Traotatus  de  Di- 
versis  Ministrorum  Gradibus/ 1594, 4to,  and 
also  an  '  Examen  Tractatus  D.  Bezsa  de 
Triplici  Episcoporum  Genere,' 


In  December  1595  Saravia  was  appointed 
one  of  the  prebendaries  of  Canterbury,  and 
took  up  his  residence  there.  In  the  same 
year  he  was  made  vicar  of  Lewisham,  Kent. 
Itichard  Hooker  was  then  residing  at  Bi- 
shopsboume,  three  miles  off,  having  been  pre- 
sented to  that  parish  a  few  months  belore. 
In  his  *  Life  of  Hooker,'  Walton  says  that 
*  these  two  excellent  persons  began  a  holy 
friendship,  increasing  daily  to  so  high  and 
mutual  affections  that  their  two  wills  seemed 
to  be  but  one  and  the  same ; '  that '  they  were 
supposed  to  be  confessors  to  each  other,'  and 
that  before  Hooker's  death,  Saravia  ^ave 
him  the  church's  absolution  and  the  Holy 
Communion.  ^ 

In  1601  he  became  a  prebendary  of  Wor- 
cester, and  also  of  Westminster  on  the  pro- 
motion of  Lancelot  Andrewes  [q.  v.]  to  the 
deanery  in  the  same  year,     in  1004  he 
dedicated  to  King  James  a  Latin  treatise  on 
the  holy  eucharis^  which  remained  in  manu- 
script till  1655,  when  it  was  translated  and 
published  b;^  Archdeacon  Denison.    In  1607 
he  was  nominated  one  of  the  translators  of 
the  new  version  of  the  Scriptures  and  a 
member  of  the  committee  to  which  the  Old 
Testament  from  Genesis  to  2  Kings  inclusive 
was  entrusted;  and  on  23  Mar^  1609-10 
he  exchanged  the  vicarage  of  Lewisham  for 
the  rectory  of  Great  Chart  in  Kent,  whicb 
he  held  till  his  death  on  15  Jan.  1612-18,. 
in  his  eighty-second  year.    He  was  buriedr 
in  Canterbury  Cathedral,  where  a  monu-^- 
ment  was  erected  to  his  memory  by  his  ; 
widow.      Saravia  married,  first,  in  1561, . 
Catherine  d'AUez  (d.  2  Feb.  1606-6),  and,^ 
secondly,  Margaret,  daughter  of  John  Wiits ; 
she  subsequently  married  Robert  Hill,  D.D.|. 
and  died  before  1623. 

Isaac  Casaubon,  who  was  a  very  intimate^- 
friend  of  Saravia  in  his  later  years,  describes 
him  as  a  man'  of  no  mean  reputation,'  ofi' 
veiT  great  learning,  and  as  'most  anxious 
and  earnest  in  seeking  for  general  peace  and. 
concord  in  the  church  of  God.' 

It  has  been  said  that  Saravia  was,  con- 
trary to  the  usual  practice  of  the  time,, 
re-ordained  when  admitted  to  benefices  in: 
England.  Diocesan  registers  have  been  ex* 
amined  and  all  likely  sources  of  information 
explored  for  some  notices  of  his  having 
received  episcopal  ordination,  but  without 
success.  Had  he  done  so,  it  could  scarcely 
have  escaped  comment  from  friend  and  foe. 
The  complete  absence  of  proof,  taken  along 
with  the  elevation  of  the  Scottish  presbvtera 
to  the  episcopate  in  1610  by  English  bisnops, 
without  re-ordination,  and  with  the  declara- 
tion of  Archbishop  Bancroft  that  when 
bishops  could  not  be  had  the  ordination  by 


Sargant 


790 


Sargent 


presbyters  must  be  esteemed  lawful,  seems  to 
setde  the  qaestioD  the  other  way.  Furtfa^, 
if  Sarayia  had  been  le-or^ained,  Morton, 
bishop  of  DttrhaoL  an  intimate  friend  of 
Hooker,  could  nothaTB  written,  as  he  did 
in  1620,  that  re-ordination  under  like  circum- 
stanoes  'could  not  be  done  without  very 
great  offence  to  the  reformed  diuiehes/  and 
that '  he  did  not  choose  to  be  the  originator 
of  such  a  scandal.' 

Besides  the  treatises  referred  to  above, 
Saravia  published :  1. '  De  Honore  Pnesuli- 
bus  et  IresbyteriB  debito ; '  an  English  ver- 
sion of  this  was  published  in  1629,  8yo. 

2.  'Be  Sacrilegis  et  Saerilegorum  poems.' 

3.  *  Respousio  i^  Convitia  quasdam  Qretseri 
Jesuitse,  in  quibus  Hadriani  Saraviie  nomine 
abutitur.'  4.  <  N.  fratri  et  Amico.'  6.  'De 
Imperandi  Authoritate  et  Christiana  Obe- 
dientia  libri  quatuor.'  These  are  included 
in  a  folio  edition  of  his  writings  published  at 
London  in  1611,  entitled  '  Diversi  Tractatus 
Theologici.' 

[Addit.  MSS.  24488,  ff.  222-4 ;  Lansd.  MS. 
983,  ff.  191-2;  Works  in  Brit.  Mas.  Libr.; 
Burmann's  Sylloge  Epistolarum ;  Paquot's  His- 
toire  Litt6raire  des  Pays-Bas,  ii.  538-4 ;  Meursii 
AthansB  Batavse ;  Nouvelle  Biographie  Ci^in^rale ; 
Strjpe's  Annids  and  Life  of  VHiitgift ;  Walton's 
Life  of  Hooker ;  Gauden's  Life  of  Hooker,  ed. 
1807,  i.  80-9;  Bunean's  GKiemsey;  Notice  by 
Denison  prefixed  to  Treatise  on  Eucharist ;  Apo- 
stoUoal  SQoeession,  &c,  by  Cantab.;  Wood's 
Athen»  Oxon.  ii.  827,  iiL  629,  Fasti,  i.  252^8 ; 
Foster's  Alumni  Oxon.  1600-1714;  Simms's 
Bibl.  Staffordiensis;  Hasted'a  Kent,  iv.  612-13, 
and  ed.  Drake,  i.  269 ;  Notes  and  dueries,  8th 
ser.  xii.  224.]  G-.  W.  S. 

SABGANT,  WILLIAM  LUOAS  (1809- 
18S9),  educational  reformer  and  political  eco- 
nomist, was  born  in  1809  at  King's  Norton, 
Worcestershire.  His  father  was  enfffu;ed  in 
trade  in  Edmund  Street  and  Whittall  Street, 
Birmingham,  as  a  maker  of  military  arms 
and  otl^  equipments  for  the  'African  trade.' 
Sargant  was  educated  at  the  Hazlewood 
school,  Edgbaston,  which  was  conducted  for 
many  years  by  Thomas  Wright  Hill  [q.  v.], 
and  subsequenthr  by  his  sons  (Sir)  Rowland 
TTill  [q.  T.}  andiyfotthew  Davenport  Hilirq.  v.] 
He  sxterwaids  entered  Trinity  OoUege,  Gam- 
bridge,  but  left  within  two  years  to  en- 
gage in  his  father's  business.  He  took  an 
active  interest  in  local  affairs  in  Birming- 
ham, becoming  a  J.P.  in  1849,  serving  on 
the  town  council,  and  as  agoremov  of  King 
Edward's  School,  Birmingham,  where  he 
'  greatly  aided  in  the  reooostttution  of  the 
foundation  on  a  more  liberal  basis  of  or^ 
ganisation  and  reconstruction.'  Jn  all  en- 
deavours to  improve  elementary  eduosftion 


he  was  especially  prominent.  In  1867  ba 
associated  nimself  with  an  edncationsl  prise 
scheme  for  aiding  promisang  scholaxB  at 
elementaiy  sdiools,  and  in  1870  he  helped 
to  promote  the  National  Aseootation  League, 
of  which  he  becamoohairmaa*  Asaohuieh- 
man  he  advocated  religioue  teachLug  in  ele* 
mentazT  schools,  and  feund  hiaBself  bittolj 
opposed  by  an  eneigstie  minority  of  the 
m^nbers  of  the  league  f  but  he  held  hie 
own  in  a  long  and  severe  struggle.  In  182nd 
he  retired  mm  business,  and  he  died  at 
Birmingham  on  2  Nov.  1889. 

Sargant  studied  intelligently  all  political 
and  economical  questions,  and  brought  to 
their  examination  the  practical  experienea 
drawn  from  business.  In  his  published 
writings  those  who  agreed  and  tnose  who 
disagreed  with  his  views  alike  recognised  his 
sagacity  and  fairness.  Hia  chief  publicationa 
were:  1.  'The  Science  of  Social  Opulence,' 
1856.  2. '  Economy  of  the  LabouringClaseea,? 
1867.  3.  'Social  Innovators  and  theiv 
Schemes,'  1868.  4  '  Bobert  Owen  and  his 
Social  Philosophy/  1860.  5.  <  Recent  Politi- 
cal Economy,' 1867.  6.  'Apology  for  Sinking 
Funds,'  1868.  7.  '  Essays  by  a  Birmingham 
Manufacturer,'  4  vols.  1869-^72.  8.  'f  ax&- 
tion  Past,  Present,  and  Future,'  1874. 
9.  'Inductive  Political  Economy,'  voL  i. 
1887.  He  made  many  contributions  to  the 
proceedings  of  the  Statistical  Society. 

[Birminghais  Post  and  Gazette;  Works  in 
Brit.  Mus.  libr. ;  personal  knowledge.]    8.  T. 

SARGENT,  JOHN  (1780-1833),  divine, 
was  the  eldest  son  of  John  Sargent,  M.P. 
for  Seaford  in  1790.  The  latter,  who  died 
in  1831,  published  in  1784  'The  Mine'  and 
other  poems ;  he  married  at  Woollavington, 
Sussex,  on  21  Dec.  1778,  Charlotte  (£^1841), 
only  daughter  and  heiress  of  lUchazd  Betts- 
worth  of  Petworth,  Sussex.  The  son  John, 
bom  on  8  Oct.  1780,  was  educsAed  at  Eton, 
where  he  was  a  king's  scholar,  and  in  1799 
in  the  sixth  form  (Stapyi^tqk,  JEion  LutSy  pp. 
7-29).  In  1799  h«  proceeded  to  King's  CbL 
lege,  Cambridge,  where  he  was  elected  to  a 
fellowship  and  graduated  B.A.  1804,  M.A. 
1807.  At  Cambrid^  he  ixSk  undev  the  ii»- 
fluenoe  of  Charles  Simeon  [q.  v.],  and  this 
friendship  with  Simeon  shaped  his  career. 
He  had  peen  intended  for  tke  bar,  bul  he 
was  ordainad  deacou  in  1805,  and  priest  in 
1806.  On  the  proeentation  of  his  father  he 
wasinatituted  on  11  Sept.  1805  to  th«  flunily 
living  of  GrafiTham  in Sussoo^and  from6  June 
1813  he  held  with  it  a  second  fiuniJjieetQiryi 
that  of  Woolllftvangton.  At  GrsffMam  he 
rebuilli  the  reetony-house,  and  on  tkeaa 
benefices  be  resided  lor  the  reat  of  hisdapra^ 


Sargent 


791 


Sargent 


Iweomin^  <m  his  fatlisi's  death  the  squire  of 
tiie  distnot.  He  died  at  Wooll&Tington  on 
S  May  1888,  and  waa  bnried  there. 

Sasgent  married  at  Carlton  Bbill,  Nottinff- 
hanahire,  on  29  Nov.  1804,  Mary,  only 
daughter  of  Abel  Smith,  niece  to  Lord  Gar- 
nngten,  and  a  fimt  cousin  of  William  Wil- 
be^roe.  She  died  on  6  July  1861,  aged  82, 
having  for  manj  Tears  presided  over  the 
house  of  her  son-in-law,  Bishop  Wilberfoice, 
andwaaboriedatWoollaTington.  Their  issue 
was  two  sons  fwho  died  early)  and  five 
daughters,  of  wnom  the  second,  Emily  {d, 
1841)|  married,  on  11  June  1828,  Samuel 
Wilberfbrce  [a,  v.],  afterwards  IxBhop  of 
Oxford  and  Winoliester :  Mary  married  in 
1884  the  Bev.  Henry  William  Wilberforee 
and  died  in  1878;  Caroline  married,  on  7  Nov. 
1888,  Henry  Edward  Manning  (later  in  lifid 
Cardinal  Manning),and  died  on  24  July  1837 ; 
and  Sophia  Luey  married,  6  June  1884^ 
George  J>ndley  Ryder,  second  son  of  the 
bishop  of  Lichfield^  and  didd  in  Mardi  1850. 

Sugent  was  the  author  of  a '  Memoir  of 
the  Bev.  Henry  Martyn'  [anon.],  1819^  It 
passed  into  a  second  edition  in  the  same  year, 
when  tJie  anUiorship  w«e  acknowledged ;  it 
was  often  r^rinted  (BoaaB  and  Coubxkbt, 
BidLC^mub.LSSff).  In  1883  he  brought  out 
^The  life  of  the  Bev.  T.  T.  Thomason^  late 
Chaplain  to  Hie  Hon.  E.I.C.,'  dedicated  to 
Simeon,  by  whom  both  these  memoirs  were 
prompted.  Sar^pent'a  account  of  the  last  days 
of  Hayley  is  pnnted  in  Hayley's  'Memoirs ' 
<ii.  212-14). 

[Gent.  Mag.  1838,  i.  688-7;  Burke's  Oom- 
moner8,iv.  728-4;  Blwes  andBobinsoD'aOastles 
of  Western  Sussex,  p.  272 ;  DaUaway'a  Sussex, 
i.  208^9,  voL  ii.  pt.  pp.  i.  275-7 ;  Joumala  of 
H.  Maztyn,  introduction,  pp.  1-24  (containing 
several  of  Sargent^s  letters);  Hay  ley's  Memoirs, 
i.  176-9;  life  of  Bishop  Wilberfbrce,  i.  6-177, 
iL  62-4,  iii.  17-19 ;  Puroell's  Manning,].  100-25 ; 
Mosley's  Reminiscences,  i.  181 ;  Oarus's  Simeon, 
pp.  xxii-xxiii,  93,  696-9.]  W.  P.  C. 

SAJRGBNT,  JOHN  GRANT  (1813- 
1889),leaderof  the  'Fritchley Friends,' son  of 
Isaac  and  Hester  Sargenit,  was  bom  at  Pad- 
dington  in  1818.  aiB  parents,  who  were 
members  of  the  SoeLetjr  of  Frienda>,rB8naved 
to  Peris  in  1823,  leaving  their  sons  to  be 
educated  in  hoarding44caoQl&  at  Islington 
aad  Eppi^.  In  April  1830  Saqgentwas 
AppzBnticed  to  John  D..  Bassett,  a  draper,  at 
Leig^toa  BuJEordy  Bedfordshire.  Havinff 
eeffved  his  time,  in  Ootober  1834  he  joinea 
his  father,  a  eoaehboilder  and  brickmaker, 
at  Paris.  In  both  these  busiaessea  he  en- 
gaged, having  Auguate  Chariot  as  his 
partner  in  bridcfields.  In  1836  he  discafded 
the  ^^oaker  oostome  Mid  attended  Wedeyan 


services.  Earlv  in  1888  a  Frienda'  meeting, 
promoted  by  his  fisitlier)  was  begun  at  24 
Faubourg  du  Roule,  the  residence  of  Ann 
Knight.    Sargent  regularly  attended  it ;  he 
resumed  the  other  usages  (h  Friends  early  in 
1839,  and  held  his  ground,  though  not  xai^ 
frequently  he  wae  ue  only  worshipper  ia 
the  meetmg-room.  He  would  not  sellbrieka 
for  fortifications.    In  1842  he  dispoasd  of 
his  businesses,  intending  to  take  to  farming 
in  England.  He  took  p^  in  1843^ and  1844 
in  religious  missions  to  the  south  of  iFran^. 
Having  studied  farming  at  Kimbediey,  Nor- 
folk, 1^  married,  and  managed  fttrms  at 
Bregsell,  Surrey  (1846-51),  and  Hall,  near 
Moate,  CO.  Westmeath  (1861-54).    In  1854 
he  took  a  wood-turning  mill  at  Cockermouth, 
Cumberland,  and  made  bobbins ;  to  this  busi- 
ness he  remained  constant,  removing  to  a 
similar  mill  at  Fritohley,  Derbyshire,  in  1864. 
He  first  snoke  in  a  Frienas'  meeting  at 
Clonmel  on  23  Nov.  1851.    His  first  publi- 
cation, in  1853,  was  directed  against  the 
growing  influence  of  the  views  of  Joseph 
John  Gmrney  [a.  v.]     The  visit  to  England 
in  that  year  01  an  American  Friend,  John 
WUbur  (1774-185€0i  who  had  been  dis- 
owned by  the  New  ISngland  yearly  meeting 
for  his  op]^osition  to  Guraey,  led  Sargent  to^ 
identify  himself  with  the  advoeateS'  of  the 
older   ty]^  of  qnakerism.     His  firequent 
business  journeys  were  made  oeoasions  of 
urging  his  views  on  Friends,  both  in  this 
country  and  on  the  continent.    In  April 
1860,  by  circular  letter  from  Coek^rmouth, 
he  suggested  the  assembling  of  conferences. 
The  first  took  place  inLomkm,  17  Oat.  1^32, 
attended  by    seventeen   persons;    shnilar 
conferences  were  held,  about  thvee  in  a  year, 
till  15  Ost.  1869w    In  1868  Sargent  and 
others  visited  America,  to  confer  with  the 
groups  of  primitive  Friends,  known  ae  the 
'  smuler  bodies ; '  they  returned  with  the  idea 
of  sepavating  themselves  from  the  London 
yearly  meeting.  In  January  1870  a '  general 
meeting '  was  initiated  at  Fritehl^,  and  has 
sinceregulanly  met  twioe  &year.  Its  members 
are  known  as  *  Fritchley  Friends ; '  some  call 
them  Wilburites.    Sargent  was  derk  of  the 
meeting  and  its  leading  snirit.    In  1882  he 
was  specially  '  liberated '  by  the  meeting  for 
a  second  vittt  to^  Ajueriea.    On  his  retftnt 
his    health    began  to  fail.     He   died    at 
Fritchley  on  27  Dee.  1883,  and  was  buried 
on  29  Dec.  in  the  Friends'  grav^ard  ait 
Furnace,  Derbyriiire.     He  married   (De« 
cember  1846)  Catherine  Doubell  o(  Kekpate, 
who  survived  him  with  several  children. 
He  published:  1.  '  An  Emstle  of  Love  and 
Caution/  &c.,  AUilone  [1853],  12mo  (dated 
2  JUAO.  1853).    2. '  A  Tender  Pleading;  S^., 


Sargent 


792 


Sargent 


[1873],  broadsheet.  S.  *  Further  Evideaces 
...  of  the  Great  Defection/  Gloucester 
[1873],  8vo. 

[Selections  from  the  Diary  and  Correspon- 
dence of  Sargent,  1886 ;  Journal  of  John  Wilbnr, 
1859,  pp.  647  sq. ;  Hodgson's  Society  of  Friends 
3U  the  Nineteenth  Centory,  1876,  ii.  379  sq.; 
Modem  Reyiew,  October  1884;  Correspondence 
of  William  Hodgson,  1886,  pp.  816  sq. ;  Smith's 
Catalogue  of  Friends'  Books,  1867»  and  Supple- 
ment, 1898.]  A.  G-. 

SABQENT,  JOHN  NEPTUNE  (1826- 
1893),  lieutenantrgeneral,  was  bom  on 
18  June  1826,  at  sea,  on  board  the  East  India 
Company's  ship  Atlas.  He  was  by  race  an 
Irislunan  and  a  soldier.  One  of  his  ancestors 
had  served  under  William  III  at  the  Boyne. 
His  father,  John  James  Sargent,  was  an 
officer  of  the  18th  royal  Irish,  who,  after  more 
than  thirtv-one  years'  sendee  as  subaltern 
and  captain,  obtained  a  brevet  majority  for 
hisconanct  at  the  capture  of  Canton  in  1841, 
and  died  about  three  years  afterwards  from 
the  effects  of  the  climate  of  Hong  Kon^.  His 
mother,  Matilda,  bom  Fitzgerald,  died  in 
1841. 

Sarffent  obtained  a  commission  by  pur- 
chase in  the  95th  foot  on  19  Jan.  1844,  jomed 
his  regiment  in  Ceylon,  and  went  on  with  it 
to  Hong  Kong  in  March  1847,  having  become 
lieutenant  on  11  Dec.  1846.  His  company 
was  sent  to  Canton  to  protect  the  Victories 
after  the  outbreak  in  which  six  Englishmen 
were  killed  in  December  1847,  and  lie  after- 
wards acted  as  assistant  engineer  at  Hong 
Kong.  He  returned  to  England  with  his 
regiment  in  1860,  and  was  adjutant  of  it 
from  11  Nov.  1861  tiU  18  Nov.  1853,  when 
he  was  promoted  captain.  In  1864  the  regi- 
ment was  ordered  to  Turkey,  and  by  great 
efforts  he  escaped  being  left  behind  as  junior 
captain.  While  the  troops  were  at  Varna  he 
went  on  leave  to  the  Danube,  and  was  under 
fire  there  with  Qeneral  W.  F.  Beatson.  At 
the  Alma,  in  command  of  the  leading  com- 
pany of  the  right  wing  of  his  regiment,  he 
fed  the  advance  with '  determined  bravery,' 
as  his  immediate  commanding  officer  re- 
ported. He  was  wounded  in  the  leg,  but 
refused  to  be  strack  off  duty,  which  was  at 
that  time  heavy,  as  eighteen  officers  of  the 
'lent  were  killed  or  wounded  at  the 


ma. 


He  took  part  in  the  repulse  of  the  Russian 
sortie  on  26  Oct.,  for  his  regiment  belonged 
to  the  second  division ;  and  he  was  in  com- 
mand of  its  outlying  picket  on  the  night  be- 
fore Inkerman.  JECingiake  has  described  how 
he  noted  and  reported  the  sound  of  the 
Bussian  guns  moving  in  the  night  towards 
the  field|  and  prepared  for  the  sortie  which 


he  anticipated.  During  the  battle  he 
in  command  of  the  grenadier  company,  and 
he  led  the  charge  upon  the  head  <k  th» 
Russian    column,  mounting  8t.  Clement's 

forge,  made  by  the  right  wing  of  the  9Gtb* 
his  body  was  for  some  time  isolated,  and  so 
hard  pressed  that  Sargent  himself  used  arifle. 
A  successful  charge  l^  the  Zouaves  enabled 
him  and  his  men  to  rejoin  the  troops  on  the 
ridge.  He  found  himself  in  command  of  what 
remained  of  the  95th,  and  brought  the  regi* 
ment  out  of  action. 

He  served  throughout  the  siege,  being  the 
only  captain  of  his  regiment  present  with  it 
from  first  to  last,  and  he  was  wounded  in  the 
final  attack  on  the  Redan  on  8  Sept.  1855. 
He  was  stronglv  recommended  by  his  colonel 
as  *  a  most  zealous,  meritorious,  and  brava 
officer,'  and  was  mentioned  in  despatches^ 
He  was  given  a  brevet  majority  on  2  Nov* 
1855,  a  meagre  reward  for  his  services.  He 
received  the  Crimean  medal  with  three 
clasps,  the  Turkish  medal, the  Medjidie  (fifth 
class),  and  the  Legion  of  Honour  (5th  class). 
He  was  appointedone  of  a  committee  of  three 
officers  to  examine  the  equipment  of  other 
armies  in  the  Crimea,  and  suggest  improve* 
ments  in  the  British  equipment. 

He  was  on  half  pav  &om  29  Feb.  1856  t» 
25  Aug.  1857,  when  he  was  given  a  majority 
in  the  Dufi's  (second  battalion).  On  29  July 
1859  he  became  second  lieutenant-colonel  in 
the  first  battalion,  and  served  with  it  in  the 
China  war  of  1860.  He  was  appointed  to 
command  a  provisional  battaLon  for  the 
garrison  of  Hong  Kong,  but  was  allowed 
to  accompany  his  regiment  when  the  expedi- 
tion went  north  to  take  Pekin.  He  had 
chaige  of  the  advanced  guard  in  the  attack 
of  Sinho  on  12  Aug.,  and  was  present  at  the 
affair  of  Tanghoo,  and  during  the  st-orming 
of  the  north  Taku  forts  on  the  20th  he  com* 
manded  a  mixed  detachment  which  diverted 
the  fire  of  batteries  that  would  otherwise 
have  taken  the  attacking  troops  in  flank* 
When  the  army  advanced  on  Pekin  he  was 
appointed  British  commandant  at  the  Taku 
forts,  and  succeeded  in  establishing  a  market 
there  which  supplied  the  fleets. 

Sir  Hope  Grant  reported  him  as  *  one  of 
the  most  active  and  useful  officers  in  the 
field,'  and  Sir  Robert  Cornells  (afterwards 
Lord)  Napier  [q.  v.],  under  whom  he  served 
more  directlv,  reposed  the  fullest  confidence 
in  '  his  good  judgment  and  determination.' 
He  was  made  a  C.B.  on  27  Jan.  1862,  and 
received  the  China  medal  with  clasp. 

On  the  voyage  home  the  transport  Athleta, 
with  some  companies  of  the  buffs  under  his 
command,  touched  at  the  Cape,  and  the  crew, 
tempted  by  higher  wages  or  by  the  Axistraliaa 


Sargent 


793 


Saris 


goldfields^  tried  to  deeert.  Sargent  advised 
the  captain  to  put  to  sea  at  onoe,  and  when 
the  crew  refusea  to  work  the  ship  he  placed 
a  guard  over  them,  and  called  for  volonteers 
from  his  men,  who  weighed  anchor  and  set 
saiL  They  continued  to  act  as  sailors  for  a 
week,  and  the  crew  were  then  allowed  to 
resume  work,  having  been  kept  during  that 
time  on  bread  and  water. 

He  commanded  the  second  battalion  of  the 
bufis  at  Malta  till  July  1862,  when  he  was 
given  the  command  of  the  iirst  battalion  in 
England.  This  he  held  till  6  Bee  1864, 
when  he  sold  out  of  the  regiment  to  half  pay. 
He  had  become  colonel  in  tne army  on  29  July 
1864.  For  some  years  he  commanded  the  Inns 
of  Court  volunteers,  and  Mr.  (now  Sir  Joseph) 
Ghittybore  witness  to  his  success  in  this 
position  {Timea,  2  Jan.  1867).  On  1  April 
1873  he  was  appointed  to  a  brigade  dep6t  at 
MUfoid  Haven,  and  in  the  following  year  he 
was  transferred  to  Oxford.  He  remained 
there  till  he  was  nromoted  major-general  on 

1  Oct.  1877.  Mucn  objection  had  been  made 
to  the  placing  of  a  military  dejp6t  at  Oxford, 
but  'he  worked  most  cordially  with  the 
university  and  civic  authorities  •  .  .  and 
materially  assisted  to  disarm  prejudice  and 
popularise  the  army  in  this  county '  (Jack- 
son, Oj^ord  Joumalf  23  Nov.  1878).    On 

2  Jan.  1874  he  had  been  given  one  of  the 
rewards  far  distinguished  service. 

After  declining  the  offer  of  a  brigade  at 
Aldershot  in  1880,  he  accepted  the  command 
of  the  troops  in  China  and  the  Straits  Settle- 
ments, and  held  it  for  three  years  from 
1  April  1882,  his  tenure  of  it  being  shortened 
by  nis  promotion  to  lieutenant-general  on 
7  Oct.  1884.  The  war  between  France  and 
China  made  it  apost  of  unusual  responsibility. 
On  his  departure  in  March  1886  he  received 
a  cordial  address  from  the  civil  community, 
in  which  due  recognition  is  made  of  his 
military  skill  and  promptitude  in  defending 
British  interests  in  Shanghai  and  Canton. 
He  did  much  not  only  for  the  defence  of  the 
port  of  Hongkong,  but  also  for  the  health  of 
the  troops,  while  maintaining  strict  order 
and  discipline. 

This  was  his  last  command.  He  was 
placed  on  the  retired  list  on  1  April  1890, 
and  was  made  colonel  of  the  first  oattalion 
Inniskilling  Fusiliers  on  17  Jan.  1891.  He 
died  at  Mount  Mascal,  near  Bexley,  on 
20  Oct.  1803.  A  man  of  great  strength  and 
tenacity,  of  kindly,  leonine  aspect,  impetuous 
yet  ^rewd,  he  was  an  enthusiastic  soldier. 

Hewas  twice  married:  first,  on  10  March 
1862,  to  Miss  K.  S.  Champion,  who  died  on 
26  Julv  1868 ;  and  secondly,  on  28  Julv  1863 
to  Alice  M.|  second  daughter  of  lliomas 


Tredwell  of  Lower  Norwood,  Surrey.    He 
left  several  children. 

[Kinglake's  War  in  the  Crimea,  vols.  ii.  and 
V. ;  London  Gazette,  4  Nov.  1860 ;  record  of 
services;  Times  obituary,  24  Oct.  1893 ;  private 
information.]  £.  M.  L. 

SABIS,  JOHN  (d.  1646),  merchant  and 
sea-captain,  appears  to  have  g^one  out  to  the 
East  Indies  in  1604  with  Sir  Henry  Middleton 
[q.  v.]  In  October  1606,  when  Middleton 
sailea  from  Bantam  for  the  homeward  voy- 
age. Saris  was  left  there  as  one  of  the  factors 
for  the  East  India  Company ;  and  there  he 
remained  till  1609,  when  he  returned  to  Eng- 
land. On  18  April  1611  he  went  out  again 
as  captain  of  the  Clove  and  commander  of 
the  eufhth  voyage,  the  ships  with  him  being 
the  Hector  and  the  Thomas.  After  touch- 
ing at  the  Cape  of  Grcod  Hope,  and  making 
a  tedious  voyage  through  the  Mozambique 
Channel  and  down  the  East  Coast  of  Africa^ 
they  arrived  at  Mocha  on  16  March  1611-12. 
At  Assab  Saris  was  joined  by  Middleton, 
anxious  to  revenge  the  indignities  whi^  had 
been  ofiered  him  in  the  previous  year ;  but 
a  quarrel  between  the  two— principally,  it 
would  seem,  on  the  question  of  precedence-^- 
prevented  their  obtaming  adequate  compen- 
sation, and  in  August  they  separated  with 
an  angryfeeling  towards  each  other.  Saris 
went  to  JBantam,  where  he  arrived  on  24  Oct. 

He  had  instructions  from  the  governor  of 
the  company  to  endeavour  to  open  a  trade 
with  Japan,  and  was  chaiged  with  presents 
and  a  letter  from  James  i  to  the  emperor. 
On  14  Jan.  1612-18  he  sailed  from  Bantam 
in  the  Clove ;  and  after  visiting  the  Moluccas, 
where  the  influence  of  the  Butch  rendered 
it  impossible  for  him  to  procure  a  lading, 
he  anchored  on  11  June  at  Firando,  whero 
also  the  Dutch  had  a  small  factory.  Here 
he  was  joined  by  William  Adams  [q.  v.], 
who  was  sent  from  Saruga  to  act  as  inter- 
preter and  conduct  him  to  the  emperor's 
court.  Journeying  by  way  of  Facata,  the 
Straits  of  Xemina-seque  (Simonoseki),  Osaca^ 
and  thence  to  Fushimi  (Miaco),  they  on 
6  Sept.  reached  Suruga,  where  the  court 
was ;  '  a  city  full  as  big  as  London.'  On 
the  7th  the  emperor  bid  baris  welcome  of  so 
'weary  journey,  receiving  his  Mcuesty^s  letter 
from  the  general  by  the  hands  of  the  secretary  ' 
(Rtjitdall,  p.  66).  A  few  days  later  Saris 
journeyed  to  Quanto  (Kyoto),  distant  some 
forty-nve  leagues,  to  see  the  emperor's  eldest 
son,  and  then,  returning  to  the  court,  he  re- 
ceived the  em^ror's  commission  and  privi- 
leges, authorising  the  agents  of  the  company 
to  reside  and  trade  in  any  part  of  Japan.  With 
these  he  set  out  again  for  Firando ;  and  after 


Sarjeaunt 


794 


SarsfiekL 


MtobliBhing  a  factory  there  under  the  charge 
of  Richard  Cocks,  and  concluding  an  agree- 
ment  with  Adams  (24  Nov.)  to  act  aa  a 
servant  of  the  company,  he  returned  to  Ban- 
tam, which  he  reached  in  the  end  of  December. 
Towards  the  middle  of  February  1613r>14  he 
sailed  for  England,  and  anchored  at  Ply- 
mouth on  27  &pt. 

The  announcement  of  his  atrlTal  reached 
the  court  of  directors  accompanied  by  charts 
— apparently  anonymous— of  hia  hanng 
earned  on  'a  ^at  private  trade/  The 
matter  was  considered  on  SO  Sept.  and  sub- 
sequent days,  the  feeling  being  that  it  would 
be  'unfitting  and  dishonourable'  to  deal 
hardly  with  one  who  had  made  so  advexH 
turous  and  successful  a  voyage.  In  the  be- 
ginning  of  December  the  Clove  came  into  the 
river,  and  the  question  seems  to  have  been 
settled  by  Saris  agreeing  to  sell  his  goods  to 
the  company.  A  few  cutys  later  it  was  re** 
ported  that  Saris  had  brought  home '  oeEtain 
lascivious  books  and  pictures,'  and  aefeually 
bad  them  in  the  governor's  house,  wh£ce  ha 
was  staying,  '  to  the  great  scandal  of  the 
oompany,  and  unbecoming  their  gravity  to 

germit.'     The  objectionable  articLes  wera 
umt. 

In  1616  it  was  incorrectly  reported  thab 
Saris  was  going  out  again  to  Japan ;  but  ha 
seems  to  luive  oeen  m>m  time  to  time  con- 
sulted by  the  court.  The  last  official  men- 
tion of  him  is  in  1627,  after  which  he  ap- 
pears to  have  Uved  at  Fulham,  where  he 
4ied  in  1646.  It  was  said  in  1616  that  he 
had  'married  Mr.  Mexse's  daughter  in 
Whitechapel.'  If  so,  lus  wife  predeceased 
him  without  issue.  His  will  in  Somerset 
House  (Twisse,  146),  dated  18  April  1643, 
and  proved  2  Oct.  1646,  makes  no  mention 
of  wife  or  child,  and  leaves  the  bulk  of  his 
property  to  the  chUdrenofhiB  brother  G^rge, 
who  had  died  in  1631  (Will,  St.  John,  89, 
102). 

[Porehas  his  Fflgrimes,  i.  884-84  ;  OaL  State 
Fapers,  East  Indies;  Rmidall's  Memorials  of 
the  Empire  of  Japan  (Hakluy  t  Soo). ;  Diaiy  of 
12iehard  Coeks  (Hakluyt  Soo).  Sans^s  original 
•Jotirnal  in  the  Olove  is  at  the  India  Office.] 

J.  E.  L. 

SARJEAUNT,  JOHN  (1622-1767),  con- 
troversialist.    [See  SBBaBAKT.] 

SABMENTO,  JACOB  vb  OASTRO, 
M.D.  (1692-1762),  physician,  was  bom  in 
Portugal  in  1692,  ox  Jewish  parents.    He 

fraduated  M.D.  at  Coimbra  on  21  May 
717.  He  came  to  England  as  rabbi  of  the 
Jews  of  Portugal  resident  in  London,  and, 
tntendii^  to  practise  medicine^  waa  admitted 
Ik  licentiate  of  the  College  of  Physicians  on 


25  June  1725.  B»  was  created  M.D.  «t 
Aberdeen  on  2  July  1739.  His  first  publi- 
eatioft  was  a  '  SermamJE^ebrev'  &  nmeral 
sermon,  in  Portuguese  on  David  Nieto  [q.  v.l 
It  has  numereua  Hebrew  quotations,  and 
waa  printed  '  eon  licenm  dos  Senhores  do 
Mahamad.'  He:  was  admitted  a  feUow  of 
the  Royal  Sodetyon  12  feb.  178a  Hecon* 
tributed  to  the '  Philosophical  Transactions ' 
accounts  of  astronomical  abaervations  made 
in  Paraguay  (1730  and  1749)  and  o£  '  dia- 
monds found  in  Brasil '  (1731).  In  1758  he 
withdrewfrott  the  Jewish  community.  He 
died  in  London  on  14  Sept.  1762. 

In  1756  he  published  in  London  a  treatise 
'Do  uso  e  aibuso  das  minhaa  agoaa  de  loglo* 
terra,'  in  1757  'Appendix  ao  qi>e  ae  acha 
escrito  na  Materia  Medica,'  and  in  1768  a 
large  quarto '  Materia  Medica' — all  inPortu* 
guese.  His  portrait,  by  Piaoy  esammdL  by 
fix>uston,  forma  the  sontispiece  of  the  last- 
mentioned  volume,  andreprasentBhim  seated 
at  a  table,  pen  ia  hand,  with  a  sheet  olpaiper 
before  him,  on  which  he  haa  just  written  the 
crossed  &,  whieh  is  the  proper  ps^z  of  a 
prescription. 

[Works;. Munk's  CoU.  of  Phyt.  ii.  93.1 

9.  M. 

S ARSHELD,  PATRICK,  titular  Ennu 
07  liuoAS  {d,  1693),  of  an  old  Anc^o-Irish 
family,  was  bom  at  Lucan,  near  Dublin,  and 
educated  at  a  French  miUtarv  e(^efl»k  He 
was  ther  second  son  of  Patridt  Sarsleld,  by 
Anne,  daughter  of  Bory  CMore  (Jf,  1620- 
1652)  [q.  v.]  His  elder  brother  Williaaft 
marriedMary.daughterof  Charles  H  by  Lucy 
WalteiB,  and  by  Sis  death  (13  April  1676) 
Patrick  came  to  possess  an  estate  of  2,000/. 
a  veav.  On  hiA  anruval  in  England,  Sars-i 
field  received  a  oommission  as  captain  ia 
Colonel  Dongan's  regiment  of  foot  on  9  FeU 
1678  (CfiAJiiiBs  Dalxoat,  .EfwiM  ArmylMts^ 
i.  209).  He  was  ever  ready  to  resent  anv 
insult  to  his  Country,  and  ohaUengiBd  Lord 
Qrey  in  September  1681  for  somerdiepaeaging 
remarks  about  Irish  witnesses  ineonxMction 
with  Shaftesbury's  or  CoUege^a  case»  Saara- 
field  was  arrested,  but  escaped.  Ibj  Deeem* 
ber  h& was  second  to  Lord  KiiMiRlft  in  a  duel 
with  Lord  Newbursh.  Theaeoondsfowhtaa 
well  as  the  mnacipals^  and  Saorsfield  was  badly 
wounded  (TonHUTitrBB,  p.  8).  SarsAoid  was 
made  captain  m  Hamilton's  dxagonns  on 
20  June  1685,  and.  lieutenant^ecAoael  of 
Dover's  horse  on  18  Oot.  following.  On. 
22  May  1686  he  waa  promoted  colonel 
(ftsAMim  DaLXOK,  ii.  7, 13, 58^  61,.  75^  118). 
He  assMted.  Tyreonnal  in  leinodellti^  the 
Irish  army.  SarsfieldySayaAvauz;^  served 
in  France,  aa  ensign,  m  jQianulton'a  [B<w»» 


Sarsfield 


795 


Sarsfield 


wick  says  Monmouth's  (cf.  ib,  i.  207)]  legi- 
ment,  and  has  since  been  lieutenant  of  uie 
king's  lilBflniards  in  England,  and  is  the  only 
man  who  rouslit  for  him  against  the  Pxinoe 
of  OranM.'  The  last  allusion  is  to  Sedge- 
moor,  wnere  Sarsfield  was  tmhorsed  and  se- 
verely shaken  while  charging'  at  the  head  of 
his  men  (bLkOUiLLT.  diap.  yX  to  the  skirmish 
at  Wincanton  in  loSS  (ib,  <£ap.  ix.),  and  to 
another  affiur  near  Axminster  (OlakkBi  ii« 
222). 

When  James  determined  to  bring  Irish 
troops  to  England  he  sent  Sarsfield  to  fetch 
them,  and  gave  him  the  command.  He  fol- 
lowed James  to  France,  and  acoonmanied 
him  to  Ireland  in  March  1689,  when  he  was 
made  a  privy  councillor  and  colonel  of  horse. 
He  sat  for  county  Dublin  in  the  parliament 
which  met  on  7  May,  with  Simon  Luttrell 
[q.  v.]  for  his  colleague.  A  vaux  and  Ty  rconnel 
pressed  the  king  to  make  him  a  brigadier, 
but  James  resi2»d  for  some  time,  on  the 
ground  that  Sarsfield  had  no  head.  The  ap- 
pointment was  at  last  made^and  Sarsfield  was 
sent  with  a  small  force  to  protect  Connaught, 
and  to  keep  the  Enn  iftkilleners  within  bounds. 
In  May  and  June  he  was  at  Manorhamilton 
with  about  two  thousand  mem,  mosdy  raised 
by  himself  and  at  his  own-  expense,  but  he 
oould  only  act  on  the  defensive  (Wixhbbow, 

Sk  246, 243).  After  the  battle  of  Newtown 
utier  and  the  relief  of  LfOndondexry  on 
SO  July,  he  withdrew  to  Athlone  with  two 
or  three  regiments  of  foot  and  a  few  horse 
and  draffoons  (^CiABXB,  ii.  872).  Avauxnow 
proposea  to  give  Sarsfield  command  of  the 
Irisn  regiments  sent  to  France,  but  the  sug^ 
gestion  was  not  carried  out.  At  the  end 
of  October  Sarsfield  was  strong  enough  to 
take  Sligo.  The  garnson  marched  out  on 
honourable  terms,  and  *  at  their  coming  over 
the  bridge  Colonel  Sarsfield  stood  with  a 
purse  of  ff uineas,  and  profiered  to  every  one 
that  would  serve  Kin^T  James  to  give  him 
horse  and  arms,  with  five  guineas  advance ; 
hut  they  all  made  answer  that  they  would 
never  fight  for  the  papishes  (as  they  called 
them),  except  one,  who  next  day,  afiber  he 
had  got  horse  and  arms  and  gold,  brought 
all  off  with  him'  (St€!BT,  Inytarttal  Hiat. 
p«  84 ;  AvAiTX,  p.  607).  By  Sarsfield's  exer- 
tions Gkdway  was  made  ifefensible,  and  all 
Oonnaught  secured  for  the  time. 

During  Schomberg's  long  inaction  Sar»» 
field  had  no  opportunity  for  distinction.  On 
10  April  1600  he  was  a  commissioner  for 
raising  taxes  in  county  Dublin  (D*Altok,  i. 
8ft).  InJime  1690,  alter  William's  landinflT, 
hft  was  detached  with  a  strong  force  to  watcb 
Oavaa  and  Westmeath,  kst  a  dash  should 
Wmade  ait  Athlone,  and  be  did  not  rejoin 


James  before  4  July  (IUkbe,  vi.  114)*  Ha 
was  at  the  Boyne  with  iu&  cavalry  and  tha 
rank  of  m^oi'-general  (D'Astov,  i.  39).  Oa 
SO  June  1690,  the  day  before  the  passage  of 
the  rir&tf  Story,  the-  historian,  who  was  near 
Sang  William,  saw  Sarsfield  riding  alone 
the  right  bank  with  Berwick,  IVrconne^ 
Pad&er,.and.  'aome  say  Lauzun'  (iTnpartial 
Mist,  pi  74).  During  the  battle  next  day 
Sarsfield  was  so  ill  posted  that  he  eould  dio 
nothing  with  his  cavalry  (Clibkb,  ii.  397). 
He  escorted  James  during  his  fliffht  to  Dub-> 
lin,  after  the  evacuation  of  which  ha  defended 
the  line  of  the  Shannon  from  Athlone  do wur 
wards. 

Both  Lausun  and  Tyrconnel  were  for  aban^ 
dooinfr  Limerick,  but  Sarsfield  insisted  on 
defenoung  it,  and  in  this  he  was  supported 
by  most  of  the  Irish  officesB.  Boisseleaa 
was  appointed  governor;  but  it  was  chieflv 
owing  to  Sarsfield  that  the  first  siege  failed. 
He  was  detached  on  the  ni«^ht  of  10  Aug. 
with  about  eight  hundred  hoiae  and  dra* 
goons  (Bbbwicx)  to  intercept  the  heavy  siega 
guns  and  pontoons.  Passing  along  the  Clare 
side  of  the  river,  he  forded  it  above  Eallaloe 
bridge,  which  was  guarded,  and  reached  the 
Silvermines  Mountains  in  Tipperary,  under 
cover  of  which  he  lurked  during  the  follow* 
ing  day.  At  night  he  surprised  the  siege 
train  at  one  or  other  of  two  places  called 
Ballyneety,  between  Limerick  and  Tipperary. 
He  blew  up  the  guns  and  stores,  kuled  the 
escort,  and  re^fained  Limerick,  eluding  the 
party  under  Sir  John  Lanier  [q.  v.}  who  had 
been  seat  by  William  to  intercept  him,  '  If 
I  had  failed  in  this,'  he  said,  '  I  should  have 
been  off  to  France.'  This  exploit  did  not 
prevent  Limerick  from  beine  oesieged,  but 
It  delayed  the  operations  tul  the  weather 
broke,  and  thus  in  the  end  frustrated  them. 
Burnet  had  heard  (ii.  58)  that  Sarsfield's 
original  idea  was  to  seize  William,  who  rode 
about  carelessly,  and  that  the  attack  on  the 
siege-train  was  an  afterthought.  Berwick 
says  Sarsfield  was  so  puffed  up  (enfld)  by  this 
success  that  he  fancied  himself  the  greatest 
general  in  the  world,  and  Henry  LuttreU 
(1666  P-1717)  [a.  v.],  Sarsfield's  evil  genius, 
was  always  at  hand  to  flatter,  in  the  hope 
of  rising  by  his  means.  Acting  under  Lut- 
trell's  advice,  Sarsfield  went  to  Berwick, 
and  told  him  that  the  Irish  officers  had  re^ 
solved  to  make  him  viceroy  and  to  place 
l^connel  under  arrest.  Berwick  said. this 
was  treason,  that  he  would  be  their  enemy 
if  they  persisted,  and  would  warn  James  and 
Tyrconnel*  In  September,  after  Tyrconnel 
hadlsft  Ireland,  Benrick  and  Sarsfieldcroased 
the  Shannon  and  attacked  Bur,  but  were 
driven  back  by  G/sneral  Douglaa  with,  a 


Sarsfield 


796 


Sarsfield 


superior  force.  Douglas  failed|  however,  to 
destroy  Banagher  briage,  which  was  his  chief 
object  (SxoBT,  Conimuationf  p.  42 ;  Macarim 
JSxcidiumf  p.  386). 

The  siege  of  Limerick  being  raised,  Tjr- 
connel  went  to  France,  leaving  Berwick  in 
supreme  military  command,  but  controlled 
by  a  council  of  war.  Sarsfield  was  the  last 
member  named,  and  it  was  thought  that  he 
would  not  have  been  named  at  all  but  for 
the  fear  that  every  soldier  would  revolt  to 
him  if  he  showed  resentment  at  the  slight 
(t*.  p.  72S.  The  party  opposed  to  Tyrconnel 
dreaded  nis  influence  with  James  and  with 
the  French  king,  and  wished  to  have  their 
own  views  represented  at  Versailles.  Simon 
LuttreU,  Brigadier  Dorington,  and  Sarsfield 
accordingly  went  to  Berwick  on  the  part  of 
what  he  calls  TassembUe  g6n6rale  de  la 
nation,'  and  asked  him  to  send  agents  in 
^.heir  confidence.  He  rebuked  their  presump- 
tion for  holding  meeting  without  his  leave, 
but  after  a  day  s  hesitation  granted  their  re- 
quest. As  Avaux  had  foreseen,  no  one  was 
willingly  obeyed  by  the  Irish  but  Sarsfield, 
who  had  good  intelligence  from  all  parts  of 
Ireland.  He  was  a  bad  administrator,  and  a 
contemporary  writer  very  partial  to  him  says 
he  was  so  easy-going  as  to  ^^nt  every  request 
and  sign  every  paj^r  without  inquiry  (tb, 

fi.  97).    The  confusion  which  reigped  in  the 
rish  quarters  is  well  described  by  Macaulay 
(chap,  xvii.) 

Berwick  was  only  twenty,  but  he  tried 
to  keep  the  peace,  and  he  made  Sarsfield 
governor  of  Gal  way  and  of  Connaught  gene- 
rally. Tyrconnel  returned  to  Ireland  in 
January  1691,  with  Sarsfield's  patent  as  Earl 
of  Lucan,  and  found  it  prudent  to  court  his 
friendship ;  but  he  became  less  attentive  when 
St.  Ruth  arrived  in  May  with  a  commission, 
putting  him  over  Sarsfield's  head,  but  not 
making  him  independent  of  the  viceroy.  The 
Irish  officers  resented  Sarsfield's  being  passed 
over,  and  were  half  mutinous,  but  he  did 
what  he  could  to  pacify  them  (Clabke,  ii. 
434\  On  8  June  Ginkel  took  the  fort  of 
Ballymore  in  Westmeath,  which  had  been 
constructed  by  Sarsfield  as  an  outpost  to 
Athlone,  and  ten  days  later  he  came  to  the 
Shannon.  Sarsfield  played  no  part  in  the 
defence  of  Athlone,  tor  he  vras  disliked  by 
both  Tyrconnel  and  St.  Ruth ;  while  Maxwell, 
whom  he  had  publicly  denounced  for  his 
hostility  to  the  Irish  at  the  French  court, 
was  given  an  important  post.  Sarsfield  haa 
procured  a  general  protest  of  the  colonels 
against  TyrconneVs  mterference  in  military 
matters.  According  to  Oldmixon  {Hist,  of 
William  IIT)t  ©ven  when  Ginkel's  troops 
were  entering  the  Shannoui  St.  Ruth  ridi- 


culed the  idea  of  the  town  being  taken  before 
his  eyes ;  but  Sarsfield  told  him  that  he  did 
not  know  what  English  valour  could  do,  and 
advised  him  to  bring  up  supports  at  onoe. 
St.  Ruth  answered  with  a  jest,  and  hot  worda 
followed.  After  the  fall  of  Athlone  on  30  July, 
the  Irish  withdrew  to  Ballinasloe,  where 
there  wasa  council  of  war.  Sarsfield,  who 
was  followed  by  most  of  the  Irish  ofiioers, 
was  strongagainst  a  pitched  battle  in  which 
GinkeFs  disciplined  veterans  would  have  so 
creat  an  advantage.  His  idea  was  to  throw 
his  infantry  into  Limerick  and  Gklway,  and 
to  defend  those  towns  to  the  last.  With  the 
cavalry  he  proposed  to  cross  the  Shannon, 
and  to  hany  Leinster  and  Munster  in  the 
Dutchman's  rear.  One  account  says  he  did 
not  despair  of  surprising  Dublin  (Macaries 
Excidium^  p.  130).  But  St.  Ruth  felt  that 
only  a  startling  victory  in  the  field  could 
retrieve  his  own  damaged  reputation. 

He  accordingly  gave  battle  at  Aughrim  on 
12  July.  Sarsfield  commanded  the  reserve. 
'There  had  been  great  disputes,'  says  tiie 
French  military  historian, '  between  him  and 
St.  Ruth  about  the  taking  of  Athlone,  and 
the  divisions  of  the  ^^erals  had  divided  the 
troops,  which  contributed  much  to  the  loss 
of  the  battle'  (Db  Quinct,  ii.  462).  The 
night  before  the  action  a  colonel  came  into 
Lord  Trimleston's  tent,  and  said  he  would 
obev  Lord  Lucan  independently  of  the  kind's 
authority,  and  if  he  ordered  it  would  kill 
any  man  in  the  army  (Clakkb,  ii.  460). 
Trimleston  told  St.  Ruth,  but  the  matter 
was  hushed  up.  Next  day  St.  Ruth's  head 
was  shot  off  just  when  it  seemed  probable 
that  he  might  win ;  but  Sarsfield,  ^thoufh 
second  in  command,  was  not  informed  of  the 
fact.  He  had  received  no  orders,  and  had 
not  even  been  told  his  late  general*s  plan. 
All  he  could  do  was  to  protect  the  retreat 
with  his  small  but  unbroken  force,  and  he 
took  the  road  to  Limerick.  Galway,  which 
Sarsfield  had  so  carefully  fortified,  surren- 
dered on  24  July,  and  the  Irish  troops  there 
also  marched  to  Limerick  There  Sarsfield 
was  the  soul  of  the  defence  both  before  and 
after  the  viceroy's  death  on  10  Auff.,  though 
D'Usson  succeeded  to  the  commana. 

When  it  became  evident  that  the  further 
defence  of  Limerick  could  only  cause  need- 
less misery,  Sarsfield  sought  an  interview 
with  Ruvigny,  and  a  cessation  of  arms  was 
agreed  to  on  24  Sept.  '  During  the  treaty/ 
says  Burnet  (ii.  81), '  a  saying  of  Sarsfiela's 
deserves  to  be  remembered,  for  it  was  much 
talked  of  all  Europe  over.  He  asked  some 
of  the  English  officers  if  the^  had  not  oome 
to  a  better  opinion  of  the  Irish  by  their  be- 
haviour during  this  war ;  and  whereas  they 


Sarsfield 


797 


Sartorius 


laid  it  was  much  the  same  that  it  had  always 
been,  Sarsfield  answered :  **  Aa  low  as  we 
now  are,  change  kings  with  ns,  and  we  will 
fight  it  oyer  again  with  you.'''  Sarsfield 
signed  the  civil  articles  of  Idmerick  as  Elarl 
of  Lucan,  and  the  title  was  allowed  daring 
the  negotiations,  thoujgh  not  by  lawyers 
afterwards.  It  was  mamly  through  his  exer- 
tions that  so  large  a  proportion  of  the  Irish 
troops,  about  twelve  tnousand,  preferred  the 
service  of  France  to  that  of  England,  and  he 
himself  forfeited  his  estate  by  so  doing.  As 
became  the  captain  of  a  lost  ship,  which  he 
had  done  his  best  to  save,  he  did  not  leave 
Ireland  until  he  had  seen  the  last  detachment 
on  board.  He  sailed  from  Cork  on  22  Bee. 
with  eleven  or  twelve  vessels,  and  about 
2,600  persons,  including  some  women  and 
children.  Some  blame  perhaps  attaches  to 
Sarsfield  for  not  taking  more  of  the  women, 
as  promised.  Macaulay  has  described  the 
dreadful  scene  at  the  embarkation  ^chap. 
xviL)  Qinkel  provided  as  much  shipping  as 
Sanneld  required,  and  a  certified  copy  of  the 
release  given  by  him  is  extant  (Stobt,  Om- 
tmuatioUfV,  292 ;  Jacobite  Narrative,  p.  312). 
The  squadron  reached  Brest  in  safety,  and 
James  gave  his  second  troop  of  lifeguuds  to 
Sarsfield,  the  first  being  Berwick's. 

To  Sarsfield  were  entrusted  the  Irish  troops, 
more  than  half  of  the  whole  force,  intended 
for  the  invasion  of  England  in  Ma^  1692. 
TlfiiraTnil  Bellefonds,  who  commanded  m  chief, 
pnused  him  as  one  who  sought  no  personal 
aggrandisement  (RAjrxE,  v.  46).  But  the 
battle  of  La  Hague  (19  May)  [see  Busssll, 
EnwABD,  Eabl  of  Orfobdj  put  an  end  to 
the  scheme  of  invasion.  Sarsfield's  remain- 
ing services  were  to  France,  and  he  was  made 
a  mar6chal  de  camp.  He  distinguished  him- 
self at  Steenldrk  on  3  Aug.,  and  Luxembourg 
mentioned  him  in  despatches  as  a  very  able 
officer,  whose  deeds  were  worthy  of  his  Irish 
reputation.  His  afl*ectionate  care  for  the 
wounded  was  no  less  remarkable  than  his 
valour.  He  was  mortally  wounded  at  the 
battle  of  lAnden  on  19  Au^.  1693,  in  the 
attack  on  the  village  of  Neerwmden,and  died 
at  Huy  two  or  three  days  later.  Berwick 
describes  him  as  '  un  homme  d'une  taille  pro- 
digiense,  sans  esprit,  de  trds-bon  nature!,  et 
Crte  brave.'  Avaux  says  he  was  '  un  gentil- 
faomme  distingu6  par  son  merits,  qui  a  plus 
de  credit  dans  ce  royaume  qu'aucun  homme 
que  je  connaisse;  il  a  de  la  valeur,  mais 
Burtout  de  llionneur,  et  la  probit6  &  toute 
6pieuve.'  He  was  idolised  by  all  classes  of 
Irishmen,  and  Macaulay  has  shown  that  his 
reputation  in  England  was  very  high.  Sars- 
field was  a  handsome  man.  A  portrait,  be- 
liaved  to  be  original,  was  long  preserved  at 


St.  Isidore's,  Home^  but  was  brought  to  Ire-* 
land  in  1870,  and  is  now  in  the  Franciscan 
convent,  Dublin.  It  represents  Sarsfield  in 
full  armour,  with  a  flowing  wig  and  laca 
cravat.  Another  portrait  has  been  repro« 
duced  by  Sir  J.  T.  Gilbert  as  a  frontispiece 
to  the  'Jacobite  Narrative.'  A  portrait  by 
Charles  Le  Brun,  dated  on  the  frame  1680, 
belonged  in  1867  to  Lord  Talbot  de  Malahide 
(cf.  &t.  Second  Loan  Exhib.  No.  19). 

Sarsfield  married  Lady  Honora  De  Burffh, 
daughter  of  the  seventh  earl  of  Clanricarae. 
By  her  he  had  one  son,  James,  who  inherited 
his  title,  and  who  was  kniffht  of  the  GK>lden 
Fleece  and  captain  of  the  bodyguard  to 
Philip  V.  He  went  to  Ireland  in  1715,  in 
hope  of  a  Jacobite  rising,  and  died  with- 
out issue  at  St.  Omer  in  May  1719.  There 
was  also  one  daughter,  who  married  Theo- 
dore de  Neuhof,  the  phantom  king  of  Corsica. 
Sarsfield's  widow  married  the  Duke  of  Ber- 
wick in  1695,  and  died  in  1698,  having  had 
one  son  by  him,  who  became  Duke  of  Leria 
in  Spain.  Sarsfield's  mother  was  living  at 
St.  Germains  in  1694. 

[O'Kelly's  Macarin  Ezcidinm,  ed.  O'CaUa- 
ghan ;  Jacobite  Narrative  of  the  War  in  IreUnd, 
ed.  Gilbert ;  Story's  Impartial  Hist,  and  Con* 
tinuation ;  King's  State  of  the  Protestants  under 
James  II ;  N^gociations  de  M.  le  Comte  d'Avaoz 
en  Irlande ;  Memoires  du  Marshal  de  Berwick; 
Mackay's  Memoirs ;  Be  Quiney's  Histoire  Mili- 
taire  du  Begne  de  Loais  le  Grand;  Burnet's 
Hist,  of  his  own  Time ;  Clarke's  Life  of 
James  II ;  Berwick's  Rawdon  Papers ;  O'Calla- 
ghan's  Hittt.  of  the  Irish  Brigades;  D' Alton's 
King  James's  Irish  Army  List ;  Macanla/s  Hist, 
of  England ;  Witherow's  Berry  and  EnniskiUen, 
3rd  edit. ;  information  kindly  given  by  the  Rev. 
T.  A.  O'Reilly,  O.S.F.  A  worthless  book  by 
B.  P.  Gonyogham,  entitled  Sarsfield,  or  the  last 
great  Struggle  for  Ireland,  appeared  at  Boston 
^lasB.)  in  1871.  A  Life  of  Sarsfield  by  John 
Todhnnter  was  published  in  London  in  1895.] 

R.  B-i. 

SARTOMS,  Mrs.  ADELAIDE  (1814  P- 
1879),  vocalist  and  author.    [See  Ej9MBLe.] 

SARTORIUS,  Sir  GEORGE  ROSE 
ri79(>-1886),  admiral  of  the  fleet,  bom  in 
1790,  eldest  son  of  Colonel  John  Conrad 
Sartorius  of  the  East  India  Company's  en- 
gineers, and  of  Annabella,  daughter  of 
George  Rose,  entered  the  navy  on  the  books 
of  the  Mary  yacht  in  June  1801.  In  October 
1804  he  joined  the  Tonnant,  under  the  com- 
mand of  Captain  Charles  TylerJTq.  v.],  and  in 
her  was  present  at  the  battle  of  ^afalgar.  He 
was  then  sent  to  the  Bahama,  one  of  the 
Spanish  prizes,  and  in  June  1806  to  the 
Daphne  frigate,  in  which  he  was  present  at  the 
operations  in  the  Rio  de  la  Plata  [see  PorKAX^ 


Sartorius 


79« 


Sartorius 


8iB  HOMB  RiGGfll  On  5  March  1806  he  waa 
promoted  to  be  lientenant  of  the  SuccefiSi 
which,  after  a  season  in  protection  of  the 
Gi^enlund  fishery,  went  into  the  Mediter- 
ranean, where  she  took  part  in  the  reduction  of 
Ischia  and Procida  and  in  the  defenceof  Sicily 
against  the  invasion  threatened  by  Murat. 
Sartorius,  on  different  occasions,  commanded 
the  boats  in  bringing  out  trading  vessels 
from  under  a  heavy  me  on  shore.  The  Suc- 
cess was  affcerwards  employed  in  the  defence 
of  Oa^,  and  on  1  Feb.  1812  Sartorius  was 
promoted  to  the  rank  of  commander.  In 
August  he  was  appointed  to  the  Snap,  on 
the  nome  station ;  in  July  1818  was  moved 
to  the  Avon,  and  was  posted  from  her  on 
6  June  1814.  On  14  Dec.  he  was  appointed 
to  the  Slaney  of  20  guns,  in  the  Bay  of 
Biscay,  which  was  in  company  with  the 
Bellerophon  when  Bonaparte  surrendered 
himseli  on  board  her.  She  was  paid  off  in 
August  1816. 

In  1831  Sartorius  was  engaged  by  Dom 
Pedro  to  command  the  Portuguese  regency 
fleet  against  Dom  Miguel,  and  in  that 
capacity  obtained  some  marked  successes 
over  the  usurper's  forces.  The  difficulties  he 
had  to  contend  with  were,  however,  very 
great;  he  was  met  bv  factious  opposition 
firom  lihe  Portuguese  leaders ;  the  supplies 
which  had  been  promised  lum  were  not 
forthcoming,  and  his  men  were  consequently 
mutinous  or  deserted  at  the  earliest  oppor- 
tunity. Sartorius  spent  much  of  his  own 
money  in  keeping  them  together,  and  threa- 
tened to  carry  off  the  fleet  as  a  pledge  for 
renpayment.  Dom  Pedro  sent  two  English 
omoers  on  board  the  flagship  with  authorityi 
one  to  arrest  Sartorius  and  bring  him  on 
shore,  the  other  to  take  command  of  the 
squadron.  Sartorius,  being  warned,  made 
prisoners  of  both  as  soon  as  they  appeared 
on  board,  a  summary  measure  which  went 
far  to  conciliate  his  men.  Such  a  state  of 
things,  however,  conld  not  last ;  and  without 
regret,  in  June  1833,  Sartorius  handed  over 
his  disiagreeable  command  to  Captain  Napier, 
who,  warned  by  his  predecessors  experience, 
refused  to  stir  till  the  money  payment  was 
secured  [see  Napieb,  Sib  Ghablbs].  All 
that  Sartorius  gained  was  the  grand  cross  of 
the  Tower  and  Sword,  together  with  the 
grand  cross  of  St.  Bento  d'Avis  and  the 
empty  title  of  Yisconte  de  Piedade.  His 
name  had,  meantime,  been  struck  off  the  list 
of  the  English  navy,  but  was  restored  in 
1886. 

On  21  Aug.  1841  he  was  knighted,  and  at 
the  same  time  appointed  to  tne  Malabar, 
which  he  commanded  in  the  Mediterranean 
fbr  the  next  three  years.  In  1842  he  received 


the  thanks  of  the  president  and  GongzoBS  of 
the  United  States  for  his  efforts  to  save  the 
U.S.  frigate  Missouri,  burnt  in  Gibraltar 
Bay.  In  July  1848  off  Cadiz  he  received  on 
board  his  ship  the  regent  of  Spain,  Espartero, 
driven  out  of  the  countrv  by  the  revolu- 
tionary party.  The  Malabar  was  ^d  off 
towards  the  end  of  1844,  and  Sartorius  had 
no  farther  service  afloat,  Uiou^h  he  continued 
through  the  remainder  of  his  very  long  life 
to  take  great  interest  in  naval  matters.  As 
early  as  1856  he  was  said  to  have  proposed  to 
the  admiralty  to  recur  to  the  ancient  idea  of 
ramming  an  enemy's  ship ;  and  though  the 
same  idea  probably  occurred  to  many  aboat 
the  same  time,  there  is  little  doubt  that  he 
was  one  of  the  earliest  to  bring  it  forward 
as  a  practical  suggestion.  He  became  a  rear- 
admiral  on  9  May  1849,  vice-admiral  31  Jan. 
1856,  admiral  11  Feb.  1861;  KG.B.  on 
28  March  1865 ;  vice-admiral  of  the  United 
Sangdom  in  1869 ;  admiral  of  the  fleet  on 
8  JiQy  1869)  andO.G.B.on  23  April  1880.  He 
died  at  his  house.  East  Grove,  Lvmingtony 
on  13  April  1885,  preserving  to  the  last  his 
Acuities,  and  to  a  remarkable  extent  his 
physical  energy,  joined  to  a  comnarativeW 
youthful  appearance.  He  marriea,  in  1889, 
Sophia,  a  daughter  of  John  Lamb,  and  left 
issue  three  sons,  all  in  the  armv,  of  whom  two, 
Maior-general  Reginald  William  Sartorius, 
and  Major-general  Euston  Henry  Sartorius, 
G.B.,  won  the  Victoria  Gross;  the  other, 
Golonel  George  Gonrad  Sartorius,  is  a  G3. 

[O'Byrne's  Nav.  Biogi.  Diet. ;  Times,  14  April 
1885;  Army  snd  Navy  Gasette  18,  25  April 
1885.]  J.  K.  L. 

SARTORIUS,  JOHN  (1700P-1780P), 
animal  painter,  bom  about  1700,  was  the 
flrst  of  four  generations  of  artists  who  had  a 
considerable  vogue  as  painters  of  racehorses, 
hunters,  and  other  sjKnrting  subjects.  The 
family  is  believed  to  be  descended  from  Jacob 
Ghristopher  Sartorius  (Jl,  1694-1737),  an  en- 
graver of  Nuremberg.  The  first  picture  of  im- 
portance painted  by  Sartorius  was  for  Mr. 
Panton  [see  Pantoit,  Thovab]  about  1722, 
and  represented  a  celebrated  mare  '  MoUy,' 
which  nad  never  been  beaten  on  the  turf 
except  in  the  match  which  cost  her  her  life. 
Among  his  other  horse-portraits  were  those 
of  the  famous  racehorse  Looby  (1735),  for 
the  Duke  of  Bolton ;  of  Old  Traveller  (1741), 
for  Mr.  William  Osbaldeston;  and  Garelesa 
(1758),  for  the  Duke  of  Kingston.  He  showed 
only  one  picture  at  the  Society  of  ArtLsts, 
but  exhibited  sixty-two  works  at  the  Free 
Society  of  Artists.  In  1780  he  showed  at 
the  IBLoyal  Academy  a  portrait  of  a  horse 
(No.  75);  hb  address  was  108  Oxford  Street. 


Sartorius 


199 


Sass 


FB4jrcis  SiBTOxnm  (1784-1804)b  John's 
son  and  pupil,  was  bam  in  1784.  His  first 
important  work  was  a  portrait  of  the  race* 
hone  Antinons  (foaled  1768),  for  the  Bake 
of  Grafton.  Other  horse-portraits  were 
Herod  (foaled  1768),  for  the  l)ake  of  Cmn* 
berland ;  Snap,  for  Mr.  Latham ;  Oairdinal 
Hoff,  for  Mr.  Shafto ;  and  Bay  Malton,  for 
the  Maxquis  of  Rockingham.  Sereral  of 
these  portraits  wete  engraved  by  John  June, 
and  published  between  1760  and  1770.  Sar- 
torius was  a  prolific  and  favourite  painter, 
and  it  is  said  that  he  produced  more  por- 
traits of  Ekdipse  during  the  zenith  of  his 
fame  t^an  iJl  other  contemporary  artists 
together  {Baihft  Magazine,  January  18d7, 
p.  Si8).  He  was  a  contributor  to  the  *  Sport- 
mg  Magazine,'  and  in  toIs.  ii-vL  (l7d3- 
1796)  are  fbur  excellent  engravings  £rom 
his  works,  including  the  famous  racehorse 
Waxfl^,  by  Pot8os.  To  various  London 
pllenes  he  contributed  thirty-eight  works, 
includutf  twdve  to  the  Boyal  Academy. 
He  lived  in  Soho^-lastly,  at  17  Gerrard 
Street — and  he  died  on  6  March  1804,  in  his 
seventieth  year.  He  married  five  times,  but 
his  fifth  wife  predeceased  him  after  twenty- 
five  years  of  married  life,  in  Januaiy  1804 
(J^portinff  Magaadnej  April  1804). 

JOHK  N.  Sabtomot  (1766P-1828P),  only 
son  of  Francis,  was  the  most  famous  of  the 
fimiily.  He  was  patroniaed  by  the  leading 
sportsmen  of  the  oay — the  Prince  of  Wales, 
tne  £«rl  of  Derby,  Lord  Foley,  Sir  Charles 
Bunbury,  and  many  others — and  his  pic- 
tures (some  of  themof  large  size)  are  to  be 
found  m  many  countiy  houses,  rrom  1781 
to  1824  his  name  anpearo  in  the  catalogues 
of  the  Royal  Acaaemy,  and  a  list  of  the 
seventy-four  pictures  which  he  showed  there 
ie  given  by  Sir  Walter  Gilbey  in  'BaHy's 
Magazine,'  February  1897.  The  *  Sporting 
Magazine '  from  1796  to  1827  contains  many 
engraved  plates  from  his  works  by  J.  Walker, 
J.  Webb,  and  others  (lor  list*  see  Baily, 
February  1807).  Some  of  his  best  known 
pictures  are  portraits  of  Escape,  belonging 
to  tibe  Prince  oi  Wales,  Sir  Oharles  Bun- 
bnry's  Grey  Diomed,  Mr.  Eobson's  trotting 
mare  Phenomena,  and  the  famous  Eclipse, 
from  «  drawing  by  his  father  (see  Sport$' 
man^s  BgMsttory,  bj  John  Scott,  1846).  'A 
Set  of  Four  Huntwg  Pieces,'  after  his  pic- 
tures, was  published  in  1790  by  J.  Harris, 
the  plates  being  engraved  by  Peltro  and 
J.  Keagle.  Jolm  N.  Sartorius  died  about 
1828,  apparently  in  Ids  eighty-third  year. 
He  left  two  sons,  both  artists.  Of  these  the 
▼ounger,  Francis,  was  a  marine  painter. 

Jora  F.  SiBTOBnrs  (1776  P-lSSl  ?\  the 
•Ider  son  of  John  N.,  tollowed  his  father, 


with  less  suocess  as  to  the  number  of  his 
patrons,  though  his  thorough  knowledge  of 
sport  is  exemplified  in  his  sporting  pictures. 
He  first  ezhifaited  at  the  Boyal  Academv  in 
1802,  when  he  was  residing  at  17  if  ing 
Street,  Holbom.  Aftarwards  he  sent  ooca* 
sional  oontributtons  until  1827,  the  total 
number  ofpicturea  exhibited  by  him  bong 
sixteen.  Several  of  his  paintings  were  en* 
ffraved  in  the  '  Sporting  Magazine ;'  but  as 
his  fatiber^s  works  were  appearing  in  the 
same  periodical,  and  John  Soott  was  en- 
graving for  both,  it  is  somewhat  difficult  to 
differentiate  the  son's  pictures  from,  the 
fiitber's,  particularly  as  many  of  the  plates 
are  signed  'Sartorius'  only.  One  of  ihe 
best  ]mown  of  his  pictures  is  '  Coursing  in 
Hatfield  Park,'  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Aoar- 
demy  in  11606,  and  depicting  the  famous 
Marduoness  of  Salisbury,  who  rode  daily  in 
the  park  up  to  her  eighty-«ixth  year. 

It  is  not  easy  to  identify  the  work  of  each 
member  of  the  fiimily.  Many  of  their  pio* 
tures  are  described  in  catalogues  as  by 
'Sartorius  senior'  and  'Sartorius  junior,^ 
without  initials.  Sir  Walter  Gilbey  of 
Elsenham  ELall,  Essex,  is  the  owner  of  many 
pictures  by  the  various  artists  of  the  family. 

[Sir  Walter  Gilbey's  articles  on  the  family  of 
Sartorius  in  Baily's  Magazine,  January  and 
Febmaty  1897.]  E.  C-a. 

SASS,  HENRY  (1788-1844),  painter  and 
teacher  of  painting,  was  bom  in  Liondon  on 
24  April  1788.  His  father  belonged  to  an 
old  mmily  of  Kurland  on  the  JSaltic  in 
Russia,  and  settled  in  England  after  his  mar* 
riage,  where  he  practised  as  an  artist  in  Lou* 
don.  Sass  became  a  student  in  the  Royal 
Ai»idemy,  and  later  availed  himself  of  the 
facilities  offered  to  young  students  by  the 
directors  of  the  British  Institution  for  copy- 
ing the  works  of  old  masters.  Sass  first  ap* 
pears  as  an  exhibitor  in  1807,  and  in  18u8 
exhibited  at  the  Boval  Academy  a  somewhat 
^ndiose  work,  'The  Descent  of  .Ulysses 
mto  Hell,'  of  which  he  executed  an  etehing 
himself.  In  later  years  Sass  chiefly  exhibited 
portraits.  In  1815-17  he  travelled  in  lUly, 
and  on  his  return  published  a  narrative  of 
his  journey,  entitlea '  A  Journey  to  Rome 
and  Naples '  (London,  1818,  8vo).  Finding 
his  profession  as  an  artist  unprofitable,  Sass 
turned  his  mind  to  forming  a  school  of 
drawing  for  young  artists,  prior  to  their 
entering  Uie  schools  of  the  Royal  Academy. 
This  was  the  first  school  of  the  kind  esta- 
blished in  England,  though  it  quickly  found 
imitators.  Sass  established  it  m  a  house  at 
the  comer  of  Charlotte  Street  and  Streatham 
Street,  Bloomsbuiy,  where  it  met  with  great 


Sassoon 


800 


Sassoon 


success  and  became  well  known.  Some  of 
the  best  artists,  such  as  Sir  Thomas  Law- 
rence, P.R.A.,  from  time  to  time  placed 
the  models;  and  among  Sass's  youthful 
pupils  were  Sir  John  MilUis,  P.R.A!.,  0.  W. 
Cope,  R.A.,  W.  P.  Frith,  R. A.,  W.  E.  Frost, 
R.A.,  and  other  well-known  artists  of  dis- 
tinction in  later  life.  A  humorous  carica- 
ture of  such  a  drawing^school  is  given  by 
Thackeray  in  the  *  Newcomes ;  *  but  though 
some  of  the  details  may  be  taken  from  Sass's 
school,  it  is  not  intended  to  be  descriptiye  of 
this  school  or  of  Sass  himself.  Sass  was  a 
popular  man  of  society,  possessed  of  private 
means,  an  accomplished  musician,  and  a  con- 
stant entertainer  of  artistic  and  cultivated 
people.  Amonff  his  more  intimate  friends, 
as  artists,  were  Sir  Edwin  Landseer,  William 
£tty,  and  J.  M.  W.  Turner,  the  latter  herns 
a  constant  visitor  and  favourite  in  Sass's 
family.  In  1842  Sass  relinquished  the  direc- 
tion of  the  school  to  Francis  Stephen  Cary 
{q.  v.],  his  health  having  become  impaired 
through  an  accident.  He  died  in  1844.  Sass 
married,  in  1815,  Mary  Kobinson,  a  connec- 
tion of  the  earls  of  Ripon,  a  lady  with  some 
fortune,  by  whom  he  had  nine  children; 
their  eldest  surviving  son,  Henry  William 
Sass,  practised  as  an  architect,  and  the 
youngest,  Edwin  Etty  Sass,  who  survives, 
entei^  the  medical  profession.  A  portrait 
of  Sass,  by  himself,  is  in  the  latter's  posses- 
fiion. 

RiOHABD  Sass  or  Sassb  (1774-1849), 
landscape-painter,  elder  half-brother  of  the 
above,  Mm  in  1774,  practised  as  a  landscape- 
painter,  and  was  an  exhibitor  at  the  Royal 
Academy  from  1791  to  1813.  He  was  ap- 
pointed teacher  in  drawing  to  the  Princess 
Charlotte,  and  later  landscape-painter  to  the 

frince  r^fent.  In  1825  he  removed  to 
^aris,  where  he  spent  the  remainder  of  his 
life,  altering  his  surname  to  'Sasse.'  He 
died  there  on  7  Sept.  1849.  Sasse  had  some 
repute  as  a  landscape-painter,  especially  in 
watercolours.  Specimens  of  his  work  are 
in  the  South  Kensington  Museum  and  the 
British  Museum.  In  1810.  he  published  a 
aeries  of  etchings  from  picturesque  scenery 
in  Ireland,  Scotland,  ana  elsewhere. 

[Redgrave's  Diet,  of  Artists;  Graves's  Diet, 
of  Artists,  1760-1880;  Gent.  Mag.  1845,  p. 
210 ;  information  kindly  supplied  by  F.  J.  Sass, 
«Bq.]  L.  C. 

SASSOON,  Sib  ALBERT  ABDULLAH 
DAVID  (1818-1896),  philanthropist  and 
merchant,  bom  at  Bagdad  on  25  July 
1818,  was  the  eldest  son  of  David  Sassoon 
by  his  first  wife,  Hannah,  daughter  of  Ab- 
dullah Joseph  of  Bagdad.  The  tiamily  claims 


to  have  been  settled  between  the  twelfth  and 
the  fifteenth  centuries  in  Toledo,  where  it 
bore  the  name  of  Ibn  Shoshan.  For  a  long 
period  members  of  it  held  the  position  of 
chief  of  the  Jewish  community  of  Toledo, 
and  gained  reputation  as  men  of  wealth  and 
learning.  In  the  fifteenth  century  persecu- 
tion in  Spain  drove  the  family  of  Ibn  Sho- 
shan towards  the  East,  and  the  chief  branch 
settled  in  Bagdad,  then  under  Turkish  rule, 
early  in  the  sixteenth  century.  Sir  Albert's 
grandfather  became  known  as  chief  of  the 
Jews  of  Mesopotamia,  and  on  him  was  con- 
ferred the  ancient  title  of  nasi,  or  prince  of 
the  captivity,  which  gave  him  large  powers, 
recogmsed  by  the  Turkish  jrovemment,  over 
the  Jewish  communities  of  Turkey  in  Asia. 
He  was  also  appointed  state-treasurer  to  the 

g> vemor  of  the  pashalic.  Sir  Albert's  father, 
avid  Sassoon,  bom  at  Bagdad  in  1792, 
acquired  a  leading  position  as  a  merchant 
there.  But  the  Turkish  government  proved 
itself  unable  or  unwilling  to  check  outoreaks 
of  persecution,  and  David  Sassoon  deemed 
it  prudent  to  remove  to  Boshire  in  Persia, 
where  an  English  agency  had  been  esta« 
blished.  In  1832  he  left  Persia  to  settle  in 
Bombay,  where  he  founded  a  banking  and 
mercantile  firm,  and  became  one  m  the 
wealthiest  of  Indian  merchant  princes.  His 
firm  notablj  developed  the  trade  between 
Mesopotamia  and  Persia  and  western  India. 
Its  operations  gradually  extended  to  China 
and  Japan.  With  a  view  to  increasing  the 
business  in  England,  he  sent  thither  in  1868 
his  ihird  son  Sassoon  David  Sassoon  (1832- 
1867).  London  soon  became  the  centre 
of  the  firm's  operations,  and  branches  were 
established  at  Liverpool  and  Manchester. 
David  Sassoon  was  a  munificent  supporter 
of  public  institutions,  and  bestowed  large 

fifts  on  the  Jo'^ish  communities  of  India, 
n  Bombay  he  founded  the  David  Sassoon 
Benevolent  Institution  (a  school  for  Jewish 
children)  and  an  industrial  school  and  re- 
formatory, and  at  Poonah  he  built  a  large 
general  hospital.  He  died  of  fever  at  Poonah 
on  6  Nov.  1864.  A  statue  of  him  by  Thomas 
Woolner,  R.A.  [q.  v.]»  was  erected  in  the  Me* 
chanics'  Institute,  Bombay,  in  1870.  After 
the  death  of  his  first  wife  in  1826,  he  mar- 
ried, in  1828,  Farhah  (d.  1886),  the  daugh- 
ter of  Furraj  Hyeem  of  Bagdad,  and  by  her 
he  had  five  sons  and  two  oaughters  (Gent, 
Mag,  1865,  i.  116,  252,  1867,  it.  250;  J//ti»- 
trated  London  New,  17  July  1869 ;  Bubks*8 
Landed  Gentry ^  8th  ed.) 

The  eldest  son,  Albert,  was  ed  icated  in 
India,  and  in  early  life  spent  some  time  in 
developing  the  trading  connection  of  his 
father's  firm  with  China.    He  inherited 


Sassbon 


8oi 


Satchwell 


latber's  commercial  ability  and  reputation 
for  personal  integrity,  as  well  as  his  philan- 
thropic temper,  and  he  joined  his  iather  in 
eontributing  a  siim  of  money  exceeding  twelve 
thousand  poundsto  the  Mechanics' Institute. 
On  the  death  of  his  father  he  became  head 
of  the  firm  at  Bombay.  Factories  for  the 
mann^u^ure  of  silk  and  cotton  goods  were 
opened  therei  and  gave  employment  to  large 
numbers  of  natives.  Sassoon  maintained 
and  extended  his  firm's  relations  with  Persia, 
and,  in  recognition  of  his  services  to  Persian 
trade,  the  sl^  of  Persia  made  him  a  member 
of  the  order  of  the  Lion  and  Sun  in  1871. 
At  Bagdad  he  erected  a  building  for  the 
school  of  the  Alliance  Israelite  Universelle. 
In  Bombay  he  gave  conspicuous  proof  of  his 
loyalty  to  the  English  government  and  public 
spirit,  conferring  on  the  city  a  vast  series  of 
benefactions.  In  1872  he  gave  a  lakh  of 
rupees  (10,000/.)  towards  the  rebuilding  of 
the  Elphinstone  High  School.  He  aner- 
wards  added  an  adcUtional  half  lakh  as  a 
thank-offerinff  for  the  recovery  of  the  Prince 
of  Wales.  The  building,  which  finally  cost 
60,000/.,  was  completed  in  1881.  Sassoon 
aUo  gave  an  organ  to  the  town-hall  in  com- 
memoration of  the  Duke  of  Edinburgh's 
visit,  and  he  commemorated  the  visit  (in 
1876)  of  the  Prince  of  Wales,  who  was  en- 
tertained by  his  wife,  by  erecting  at  Bombay 
an  equestrian  statue  of  him  by  J.  E.  Boehm, 
B.A.,  while  he  placed  a  statue  of  the  prince 
consort  in  the  victoria  and  Albert  Museum. 
But  his  main  benefaction  to  Bombay  was  the 
construction  of  the  Sassoon  dock  at  Colaba, 
the  first  wet  dock  on  the  western  coast  of 
India.  This  great  work,  which  covered  an 
area  of  195,0(X)  sauare  feet,  was  commenced 
in  1872  and  completed  in  1875. 

The  English  government  early  recognised 
Sassoon's  public  services.  In  1867  he  was 
appointed  companion  of  the  Star  of  India, 
and  a  year  later  he  became  a  member  of  the 
Bombay  legislative  council.  On  retiring 
tram  this  position  in  1872  he  was  made  a 
knight  of  the  Bath.  Next  year  he  naid  a 
visit  to  England,  and  in  November  1878  he 
received  the  freedom  of  the  city  of  London 
on  account  of  his  '  munificent  and  philan- 
thropic exertions  in  the  cause  of  chanty  and 
education,  especially  in  our  Indian  empire.' 

Soon  afterwards  he  settled  definitely  in 
England.  He  acquired  a  mansion  in  London 
at  Albert  Ghate,  Koightsbridge,  and  another 
Tesidence  at  Brighton,  and  filled  a  leading 
pontion  in  fashionable  society.  The  Prince  of 
Wales  was  his  frequent  guest,  and  he  enter- 
tained the  shah  of  rersia  on  his  visit  to  Eng- 
land in  1889.  At  the  same  time  he  identified 
bimself  with  the  Jewish  community  in  Great 

VOL  xvn. 


Britain,  was  liberal  in  his  donations  fe^ 
Jewish  charities,  and  acted  as  a  vice-prefli- 
dent  of  the  Anglo-Jewish  Association.  He 
was  created  a  baronet  on  22  March  1690 ; 
and  died  at  his  house,  1  Eastern  Terrace^ 
Brighton,  on  24  Oct.  1896.  He  was  buried 
in  a  private  mausoleum,  elaborately  de- 
signed, which  he  had  set  up  on  land  adjoin* 
ing  his  Brighton  residence.  A  caricature 
portrait  in  'Vanity  Fair'  (16  Auff.  1879) 
entitled  him  '  The  Indian  Bothschild.' 

By  his  wife  Hannah  (d,  1896),  daughter 
of  M^er  Moses  of  Bombay,  whom  he 
married  in  1888,  he  had  one  surviving  son, 
Edward  Albert,  bom  in  1856,  who  succeeded 
to  the  baronetcy. 

[Times,  26  Oct.  1896 ;  Times  of  India,  81  Oct. 
1896 ;  Men  and  Women  of  the  Time,  14th  ed. 
p.  753 ;  Temple's  Men  and  Events  of  my  Time 
in  India,  1882,  pp.  260,  274;  Jewish  Chronicle, 
80  Oct  1896;  Burke's  Peerage  and  Barooetage.] 

E  I  0 

SATCHWELL^  BENJAMm  (1782^ 
1809^,  founder  of  the  Leamington  Spa 
Chanty,  bom  in  1782,  was  a  self-taugnt 
shoemaker,  working  at  the  then  obscure  vil- 
laffe  of  Leaminffton  Priors,  Warwickshire, 
where  he  lived  fdl  his  life.  He  was  a  some- 
what eccentric  but  ener^tic  man,  who  used 
to  settle  all  the  village  disputes.  On  14  Jan. 
1784  he  discovered  a  adine  spring — ^the 
second  foimd  at  Leamington — on  a  piece  of 
land  belongingto  his  friend  William  Abbotts, 
who,  with  Satchwell,  was  chiefiy  instru- 
mental in  promoting  the  prosperity  of  the 
modem  town  of  Leamington.  Baths  were 
opened  by  Abbotts  in  connection  with  the 
spring  in  1786,  and  invalids  began  to  resort 
to  the  place.  In  1788  Satchwell  established 
the  first  regular  post  office  at  Leamington. 
From  time  to  time  he  described  the  Spa  and 
its  cures  in  the  'Ooventi^  Mercury'  and 
other  provincial  papers,  and  in  his  character 
of  *  the  village  rhymer '  kept  poetical  annals 
of  the  Spa,  and  sainted  distinguished  visitors 
with  aadresses.  About  1794,  when  the 
builders  and  speculators  came  to  Leaming^- 
ton,  Satchwell  took  an  active  part  in  de- 
veloping the  place,  being  assisted  with  money 
by  Mr.  Wamouse,  a  dergvman  of  inde- 
pendent means.  A  row  of  houses  built  by 
Satchwell  near  the  post  office  was  called 
'  Satchwell  Place.' 

In  1806  he  instituted  the  Leamington  Spa 
Charity,  and  became  its  treasurer  and  secre- 
tary. This  chanter  provided  for  the  acoom* 
modation  of  invalids  of  scanty  means  while 
sojourning  at  the  Spa.  No  one  was  assisted, 
or  allowed  to  stay  more  than  a  month,  with- 
out a  medical  certificate.  Satchwell  died  in 
1809,  in  the  seventy-seventh  year  of  his 

8v 


Saul 


802 


Sault 


.  age,  and  was  buried  in  the  churchward  of 
Leamington  where  a  tomb  waa  erected  by 
hiB  daughter,  Miss  Satchwell,  poetmistress 
of  Leamington,  and  afterwards  the  wife  of 
Mr.  Hopton,  the  postmaster.  Satchwell's 
son  Thomas  was  appointed  collector  to  the 
Spa  charity  on  8  April  1811. 

Samuel  rratt's  *  Brief  Account  of  the  Pro- 
gress and  Patronage  of  the  Leaming^n  Spa 
Charity/  published  at  Birmingham  in  1812, 
contains  views  of  Satchwell*s  cottage  and 
tomb,  and  also  a  portrait  etched  from  a 
sketch  by  0.  Neil,  showing  Satchwell — a 
heavy- looking  man  with  a  massive  head — 
seated  at  a  table  reading  'Dugdale'  and 
fyUing  a  long  clay  pipe. 

[Piutt's  Brief  Aecouit,  &c. ;  WiUiam  Smith's 
County  of  W^arwiok,  pp.  128  f.;  MoncrUiTs  New 
Guide  to  the  Spa  of  LeamingtOD ;  Gent.  Mag. 
1812,  ii.  868.]  W.  W, 

SAUL,  ARTHUR  (if.  1585},  canon  of 
Gloucester,  of  Qloncestershire  origin,  was  ad- 
mitted a  demy  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford, 
in  1544-5.  He  graduated  B.A.  in  1546,  and 
M.  A.  1548-9.  He  was  fellow  of  Magdalen 
probably  from  1546  to  1553  (Blozah,  Be- 
ffisters  qf  Magdalen^  iv.  90).  In  October  of 
the  latter  year  he  was  expelled  at  Bishop 
Gardiner's  visitation  (Stbtpb,  JEccl,  Mem, 
III.  i.  82).  Under  Mary  he  was  an  exile, 
and  in  1554  was  at  Strasburg  with  Alex- 
ander Nowell  [q.  v«]  and  others  (t'6.  p.  232 ; 
CranmeTf  p.  450).  Under  Elizabeth  Saul 
was  installed  canon  of  Salisbury  in  1559,  of 
Bristol  in  1559,  and  of  Gloucester  in  1565 
(3  June),  and  was  sucoessively  rector  of 
Porlock,  Somerset  (1562),  Ubly,  Somerset 
(1665),  Deynton,  Gloucestershire  (1666),  and 
Berkeley,  Gloucestershire  (1575).  He  sub- 
scribed the  canons  of  1562  as  a  member  of 
convocation,  but  displayed  a  strong  nuritan 
leaning  (Stbtpb,  AnnaU,  I.  i.  489-512).  In 
1566  he  was  appointed  by  Bentham,  bishop  of 
Lichfield  and  Coventry,  to  visit  that  diocese, 
and  by  Grindal  in  1576  to  visit  the  diocese 
of  Gloucester  (1^.  uL  188 ;  Qrindal,  p.  315). 
Saul  died  in  1585. 

Abthitb  Saul  (Jl,  1614),  doubtless  the 
canon's  son,  was  described  as  a  gentleman 
in  April  1571,  when  he  addressed  to  the 
Houses  of  Parliament  a  'Treatise  showing 
the  Advantage  of  the  use  of  the  Ajrauebus 
over  the  Bow  in  Warfare '  {8taU  Papers^ 
Bom.,  Eliz.  XX.  25).  L&  Anril  1617  he  was 
a  prisoner  in  New^te,  and  made  a  deposi- 
tion concerning  his  emplovment  by  Secre- 
tarv  Winwood  and  the  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury to  report  what  English  were  at 
Douav  {ib.  Jac*  I,  xcL  20).  He  was  author 
of  '  Ijie  fampus  Game  of  Cheese  play  trwdy 


discovered  and  all  doubts  resolved,  so  ^t 
by  reading  Uxis  small  book  thou  shall  psofit 
more  than  bv  the  playing  a  thousand  mates,' 
London,  1614,  Sfo;  augmented  editions  in 
1620,  1640,  and  1672;  dedicated  to  Luqy 
Russell,  countess  of  Bedford  [q.  v.] 

[Authorities  as  in  text;  Foster's  Alumni 
Oxen.  1600-1714,  8.V.  *Sawle;'  Clark's  Oxford 
Reg.;  Le  Neve's  Fasti;  Wood's  Fasti  Oxon.  i. 
128 ;  FaUer*s  Ohnicfa  Hist.  iv.  153,  200.] 

W^.  A.  S. 

SAULL,  WILLIAM  DEVONSHIRE 
(1764-1866>,  ^logist,  was  bom  in  1784, 
and  was  in  ousiness  at  15  Aldersgate  Street, 
London,  which  also  was  his  residence. 
He  accumulated  there  a  large  geoloj^ical 
collection,  together  with  some  antiquities, 
most  of  the  latter  having  been  found  in  the 
metropolis  (cf.  TncBS,  Chirionties  of  London^ 
p.  600,  2nd  editO  He  was  elected  F.G.8. 
in  1881,  and  F.S.A.  in  1841 ;  he  was  also 
F.R.A.S.,  and  a  member  of  other  societies, 
including  the  Soci6t6  G^logi(}ue  de  France. 
He  read  papers  to  the  Q^ological  Society  in 
1849,  and  to  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  in 
1841,  1842,  and  1844 ;  hut  they  were  not 
printed,  for  he  was  more  enthusiastic  than 
learned.  His  essays  (a)  on  the  coincidence 
of,  and  (6)  on  the  connection  between, 
'  Astronomical  and  GFeological  Phenomena ' 
published  in  1886  and  1868  res]^tively) 
indicate  the  peculiarity  of  his  opinions.  He 
also  republished — adding  a  preface — ^'Au 
Essay  on  the  Astronomical  and  Physical 
Causes  of  G^logical  Changes,'by  Sir  Richard 
Phillips  [q.  v.],  attacking  Newton's  theories 
of  gravitation.  It  was  answered  by  Samp- 
son Arnold  Machey  in  a  '  Lecture  on  Astro- 
nomy,' 1882.    He  died  on  26  April  1856. 

[Obituary  notice  in  Gknt.  Mag.  1856,  ii. 
102.]  T.  G.  B. 

SAULT,  RICHARD  (d.  1702),  mathe- 
matician and  editor,  kept  in  1694  <a 
mathematick  school'  in  Adam's  Court, 
Broad  Street,  near  the  Royal  Exchange, 
London.  Dunton  the  publisher,  learning  of 
him  and  his  skill  in  mathematics,  supplied 
him  with  much  literary  work.  When  the 
notion  of  establishing  the  '  Athenian  Ga- 
sette,  resolving  weekfy  all  the  most  nice  and 
curious  Questions  prc^os'dbythe  Ingenious,' 
occurred  to  Dunton,  he  sought  Sault's  aid  as 

C*  it  editor  and  contributor.  The  flzst  nnm- 
came  out  on  17  March  1600*1,  and  the 
second  on  24  March.  Before  the  third  num- 
ber Dunton  and  Sault  had  joined  to  them 
Dunton's  brother-in-law,  Samuel  Wesley, 
rector  of  South  Ormsby  in  Lincolnshire, 
afterwards  of  Epworth,  the  father  of  John 
and  Charles  Wesley.     In  the  Rawlinton 


Sault 


803 


Saumarez 


sumiucTipts  in  the  Bodleian  Library  (N08 
72|  66)  are  '  Articles  of  agreement  between 
Sam.  Weeleji  derk,  Richard  Sanlt,  gent., 
and  John  Dunton,  for  the  writinsr  the  Athe- 
nian Qaaette,  or  Mercury,  dated  April  10, 
1091.  Originally  executed  by  the  three 
persona.'  &alt  was  reputed  to  be '  a  gentle- 
man of  courage,  and  a  little  inclined  to  pas- 
sion/ and  on  one  occasion  was  'about  to 
draw  on  Tom  Brown/  one  of  the  editors  of 
a  riral  publication, the  'Lacedemonian  Mer- 
cury/ *  upon  which  Mr.  Brown  cried  "  Pec- 
^•^i"'     Dnnton  published  in  1698  'The 


cavi. 


Second  Spira,  being  a  fearful  example  of  an 
Atheist  who  had  apostatised  from  tiie  Chris- 
tian religion,  and  aied  in  despair  at  West- 
minster,  Dec.  8,  1692.  By  J.  S.'  Dunton 
obtained  the  manuscript  from  Sault,  who 
professed  to  know  the  author.  The  original 
Spira  was  an  Italian  advocate  and  reputed 
atheist,  -v^ose  tragic  death  had  been  por- 
traved  in  a  popular  biography  first  issued  in 
1548,  and  repeatedly  repiiuted  in  Italian  and 
French.  The  preface  to  Ihmton's  volume  was 
signed  by  Sault's  initials,  and  the  genuineness 
of  the  information  supplied  was  attested  by 
many  witnesses.  With  it  is  bound  up  '  A 
Conference  betwixt  a  modem  Atheist  and 
his  firiend.  By  the  methodizer  of  the  Second 
Spira/  London,  John  Dunton,  1698.  Thirty 
thousand  copies  of  the  '  Second  Spira '  sold  in 
six  weeks.  It  is  one  of  the  seven  books 
which  Dunton  repented  printing  Wf^t 
p.  158),  for  he  came  to  the  conclusion  that 
Sault  was  onlj^  depicting  his  own  mental 
and  moral  experiences, anc^  asproof  that  Sault 
'  had  really  oeen  guilty  of  those  unlawful 
freedoms  which,  in  the  married  state,  might 
very  well  sink  him  into  melancholy  and 
trouble  of  mind/  he  printed  in  his  memoirs 
a  letter  from  Sault's  wife,  in  which  she 
accused  her  husband  of  a  loose  life.  In 
1694  Sault  wrote  *  A  Treatise  of  Algebra ' 
as  an  appendix  to  Leyboume's  'Pleasure 
with  Pnmt.'  Sault's  algebra  occupies  fifty- 
two  pages;  it  included  Raphson's  'Con- 
verging Series  for  all  manner  of  adfected 
equations/  which  Sault  hiffhlv  valued.  In 
the  same  year  Sault  pubU&ed  a  translati(m 
of  Malebranche's '  Search  after  Truth,'  with 
a  pre&ce  signed  by  himself.  In  Febru- 
ary 1694-5  (Coopbb)  the  programme  of  a 
projected  scheme  of  a  new  royal  academy 
stated  that  the  inathematics  would  be  taught 
in  Latin,  French,  or  English  by  Sault  and 
Abraham  De  Moivre  [q*  v.J  (Houqhtok's  Col- 
lections  for  Husbandry  and  Trade,  22  Feb. 
1694*5,  No.  184).  In  the  'PhUosophical 
Transactions '  for  1698  (xx.  425)  is  a  note 
by  Sault  on  'Curvss  Oelerrimi  Descensus 
jsvestigatio  analytica  excerpta  ex   Uteris 


B.  Sault,  Math.  D».,'  which  shows  that  Sault 
was  acquainted  with  Newton's  geometrical 
theory  of  vanishing  quantities,  and  with  the 
notation  of  fluxions.  In  1699  Sault  published 
a  translation  into  English  from  .the  third 
Latin  edition  of  '  Breviarium  Chronolo- 
gicum/  bjr  G^les  Strauchius,  DJ).,  public 

5rofessor  in  the  university  of  Wittenberg, 
'he  preface  is  signed  R.  S.  (cf.  Coofbr,  p 
45).  About  1700  '  Mr.  Sault,  the  Metho- 
diser^  removed  to  Cambridge,  where  his  in- 
genuity and  hisexauisite  skill  in  ^gebra  ffot 
nim  a  very  oonsioerable  reputation.'  He 
died  there  in  May  1702  in  ^at  poverty, 
being '  supported  in  his  last  sickness  by  the 
friendly  contributions  of  the  scholars,  which 
were  collected  without  his  knowledge  or 
desire.'  He  was  buried  in  the  church  of  St. 
Andrew  the  Qreat  on  17  May  1702.  On  the 
title-paffe  of  the  third  edition  of  his  transla- 
tion of  Strauchius,  Sault  isdesigni^  F.R.S., 
but  his  name  is  npt  in  the  list  of  fellows  in 
Thomson's  '  History  of  the  Royal  Society.' 

[Bnnton's  Life  and  Errors,  1818,  which  has 
much  about  Sault ;  Cooper's  paper  in  the  Com- 
munications made  to  the  Cambrvlge  Antiqujirian 
Society,  No.  xv.  1865,  pp.  87,  seq.]    H.  P.  B. 

SAUMAEEZ,  JAMES,  Lobd  db  Sajs- 
XABE2  (1757-1886),  admiral,  third  son  of 
Matthew  Saumarez  (1718-1778)  of  Guernsey, 
by  his  second  wife,  Carteret,  daughter  of 
James  le  Marchant,was  bom  at  St.  Peter  Port 
on  11  March  1757.  His  father,  a  younser 
brother  of  Philip  Saumsrez  [q.  v.],  was  the 
son  of  Matthew,  a  colonel  of  the  Guernsey 
militia,  whose  remote  ancestor  received  from 
Henry  II  the  fief  of  Jerbourg  in  the  island. 
In  September  1767  his  name  was  placed,  by 
Captain  Lucius  O'firy en,  on  the  books  of  the 
Solebay,  where  it  remained  for  two  years  and 
nine  months,  during  which  the  boy  was  at 
school.  In  August  1770  he  joined  the  Mont- 
real frigate,  with  Captain  James  Alms  [a.  v.], 
and  in  her  went  to  the  Mediterranean,  wnere, 
in  November,  he  wss  moved  into  the  Winchel- 
sea  with  Captain  Samuel  Granston  Goodall 
[^.  v.l  and  in  February  1772  to  the  Levant, 
with  Captain  Samuel  Thompson,  returning 
in  her  to  England  in  April  1775.  After 
passing  his  examination,  in  October  he  ioined 
the  Bristol  of  50  guns,  going  out  to  North 
America  with  tl^  broad  pennant  of  Sir 
Peter  Parker  (1721-1811)  [q.  v.],  and  in  her 
took  part  in  the  disastrous  attack  on  Fort 
Sullivan  on  28  June  1776.  Parker  rewarded 
his  conduct  on  this  day  with  an  acting- 
order  as  lieutenant  of  the  Bristol,  dated 
11  Julv,  but  not  OOnfirmed  till  September, 
when  he  was  moved,  with  Parker,  to  the 
Chatham.  In  February  1778  ha  was  ordered 

8v2 


Saumarez 


804 


Saumarez 


to  command  the  Spitfire  schooner,  in  which, 
during  the  following  months,  he  was  actiyelj 
employed  along  the  coast,  till  she  was 
ordered  to  he  oumt  at  Rhode  Island,  on 
4  Aug.,  to  prevent  her  falling  into  the  hands 
of  the  enemy.  Saumarez  returned  to  Eng- 
land in  the  Leviathan,  and  was  shortly  after- 
wards anpointed  to  the  Victory,  the  flagship 
in  the  Ctumnel,  and  continued  in  her  for  the 
next  two  years.  In  June  1781  he  followed 
Sir  Hyde  "Parker  (1714-1782)  [q.  y.]  to  the 
Fortitude,  of  whicn  he  was  second  lieutenant 
in  the  action  on  the  Dogger  Bank  on  5  Aug. 
1781. 

On  23  Aug.  he  was  promoted  to  command 
the  Tisiphone  fireship,  and  was  shortly  after- 
wards ordered  to  join  the  Channel  fleet,  from 
which,  in  the  end  of  November,  he  was  de- 
tached with  the  squadron  under  Reaj>  admiral 
Richard  Kempeiuelt  Tq.  v.],  and  was  with 
him  on  12  Dec  when  he  out  off  the  French 
convoy  from  imder  the  protection  of  a  very 
superior  fleet  under  Guichen.  He  was 
forthwith  sent  on  to  the  West  Indies  to  give 
Sir  Samuel  Hood  (afterwards  Lord  Hood) 
[(^.  v/]  warning  of  Guichen's  sailing.  He 
jomed  Hood  at  St.  Kitt's  in  the  eany  days 
of  February  1782,  and  on  the  7th  was  posted 
by  him  to  the  Russell  of  74  ^^uns,  whose 
captain  was  obliged  to  invahd.  In  the 
action  of  12  April  the  Russell  had  a  very 
distinguished  snare,  and  in  the  evening  was 
for  some  time  warmly  engaged  with  the 
Yille  de  Paris,  the  Irench  flagship.  The 
Russell  was  shortly  afterwards  sent  to  Eng- 
land with  the  tnde,  and  Saumarez  was 
placed  on  half  pay.  During  the  following 
years  he  resided  in  Guernsey  and  afterwards 
at  Exeter ;  and  though  ai>pointed  in  1787  to 
the  Ambuscade,  ana  again  in  1790  to  the 
Raisonnable,  it  was  on  each  occasion  only 
for  a  few  weeks,  when,  the  alarm  having  sub- 
sided, the  ships  were  put  out  of  commission. 

When  the  war  broke  out  in  the  beginning 
of  1798  Saumarei  was  appointed  to  the 
Crescent  fngaite  of  86  guns,  which  he  was 
able  to  man  with  a  very  lar^e  proportion  of 
Guernsey  men,  and  others  from  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  Exeter.  After  cruising  to  the 
westward  during  the  summer,  he  refitted 
the  Crescent  at  l^ortsmouth,  from  which  he 
sailed  on  19  Oct.  with  despatches  for  the 
Channel  Islands,  when  information  reached 
him  of  a  frigate  at  Cherbourg  which  came 
out  each  night,  and  having  picked  up  one  or 
two  merchant  vessels  went  back  in  the 
morning;  he  stood  over  to  Cape  Barfleur, 
and  found  her,  as  reported,  on  the  morning 
of  the  20th,  trying  to  get  back  into  Cher- 
bourg against  a  southerly  wind.  She  was 
the  R6unioB  of  86  guns  and  820  men;  but 


they  were  neither  seamen  nor  gunners,  and 
though  they  resisted  the  Crescent's  attack 
for  more  than  two  hours,  the  result  was  not 
a  minute  in  doubt.  When  she  had  lost  120 
men  killed  and  wounded,  while  the  Crescent 
had  not  one  man  hurt,  she  surrendered  and 
was  taken  to  Spithead.  Such  a  success  at 
the  beginning  of  the  war  was  thought  a 
happy  omen.  Saumarez  was  invited  by  the 
first  lord  of  the  admiralty  to  come  up  to 
town,  was  presented  to  the  king  and  was 
knighted,  and  was  presented  by  the  mer- 
chants of  London  with  a  handsome  piece  of 
plate. 

During  the  following  jfrear  the  Crescent, 
alone  or  in  company  with  the  Druid,  of 
similar  force,  cruised  in  the  Channel  under 
orders  from  Rear-Admiral  John  Macbride 
fq.  v.],  and  on  8  June,  having  also  the 
JBurydice  of  20  guns  in  company,  fell  in  with 
a  squadron  of  five  of  the  enemy's  ships,  two 
of  which  were  fri^tes  of  equal  force  with  the 
Crescent  and  Druid,  and  two  others  were  cut 
down  74-gun  ships,  then  carrying  each  64 
heavy  guns.  The  fifth  vessel  was  small; 
but  the  disproportion  of  force,  the  impos- 
sibility of  engaging  these  reduced  line-of- 
battle  ships  wiui  mgates,  compelled  Sau- 
marez to  retreat  towards  Guernsey,  then 
some  thirty  miles  distant.  The  Eurydice, 
sailing  very  badly,  was  ordered  to  make  die 
best  of  her  way,  while  the  other  two  followed 
under  easy  sail.  The  Druid  was  afterwards 
ordered  to  go  on  under  all  sail,  while  Sau- 
mares  in  the  Crescent  drew  off  the  pursuit 
by  standing  in  shore,  where  it  appeared  as 
tnough  his  capture  was  cert-ain.  From  this 
he  escaped  by  his  own  local  knowledge  and 
the  skill  of  a  Guernsey  pilot,  who  took  the 
ship  through  among  the  rocks  in  a  way  not 
before  known.  While  passing  through  the 
narrowest  nart  of  the  Channel,  Saumarez 
asked  the  pilot  if  he  was  sure  of  the  marks. 
'Quite  sure,'  answered  the  man;  'there  is 
your  house,  and  there  is  mine.'  Seen  firom 
the  shore,  Saumarez's  daring  conduct  and 
escape  excited  admiration  and  enthuaiasm, 
and  the  governor,  calling  attention  to  it  in 
a  general  order,  gave  out  the  parole  of  the 
day  Saumarez,  with  the  countersign  Cres- 
cent. 

The  Crescent  was  afterwards  attached  to 
the  Channel  fleet  under  Lord  Howe,  and  in 
March  1796  Saumarez  was  appointed  to  the 
74-gun  shi^  Orion,  which  was  one  of  the 
foremost  ships  imder  Lord  Bridport  in  the 
running  fight  off  L'Orient  on  23  June.  For 
the  next  eighteen  months  he  was  emplo;^ed  in 
the  blockade  of  Brest  orRochefort,and  in  Ja- 
nuary 1797  was  detached  under  Rear-admiral 
(afterwards  Sir)  William  Parker  (1748-1602) 


Saumarez 


80s 


Saumarez 


S.  T.]|  to  reinforce  Sir  John  Jerris  [q.  y.] 
e  joined  Jerris  a  few  days  before  the  tiattle 
of  St.  Vincent,  in  which  the  Orion  had  a 
brilliant  share.  Continainff  with  Jervis  (now 
Earl  of  St.  Yincent)  off  Cadix,  in  May  1798 
Sanmarei  was  detached  into  the  Mediter^ 
ranean  with  Sir  Horatio  Nelson  (afterwards 
Lord  Nelson)  [q-  v.],  and  was  the  senior 
captain  in  the  battle  of  the  Nile,  where  the 
Onon  had  thirteen  killed  and  twenty-nine 
wounded.  Saumarez  himself  was  severely 
bruised  on  the  side  by  a  splinter. 

When  the  prizes  were  refitted  after  the 
battle,  Saumarez,  with  them  and  the  greater 
part  of  the  fleet,  was  ordered  back  to  Gibraltar. 
Being  becalmed  off  Malta,  he  was  visited  by 
a  deputation  of  the  Maltese,  who  represented 
to  lum  that  the  French  garrison  were  in 
great  distress  and  would  almost  certainly 
surrender  if  summoned.  A  summons  was 
accordingly  sent  in,  but  was  scornfully  re- 
jected, and  SaimaareZy  contenting  himself 
with  supplying  the  Maltese  with  arms  and 
ammunition,  went  on  to  Gibraltjir.  Thence 
he  was  ordered  to  Plymouth,  where  the 
Orion,  being  in  need  ot  a  thorough  repair, 
was  paid  off.  For  each  of  the  actions  of  St. 
Vincent  and  the  Nile  Saumarez  received 
the  gold  medal,  and  from  the  city  of  Lon- 
don, for  the  last,  a  piece  of  plate  of  the  value 
of  200/. 

He  was  shortly  afterwards  apnointed  to 
the  Cesar  of  84  guns,  the  first  two- 
decked  ship  of  that  force  built  in  England  ; 
and  in  her  he  joined  the  fleet  off  Brest  under 
the  command  of  Lord  St.  Vincent.  On  1  Jan. 
1801  he  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  rear- 
admiral,  and,  with  his  flag  in  the  Csesar, 
continued  till  June  with  &e  Brest  fleet,  in 
command  of  the  inshore  squadron.  He  was 
then  sent  home  to  prepare  for  foreign  service. 
On  18  June  he  was  created  a  baronet,  and 
on  the  14th  sailed  for  Cadiz,  which  he  was 
instructed  to  blockade.  On  5  July  he  re- 
ceived intelligence  of  a  French  squadron 
irom  Toulon,  DK)und  out  of  the  Mediterranean, 
having  been  constrained  by  contrary  winds 
to  put  into  Gibraltar  Bay.  Leaving  the 
Superb,  then  newly  arrived  from  England, to 
keep  watch  on  the  Spanish  ships  at  Cadiz, 
he  mimediatel^  proceeded  to  Gibraltar  Bay, 
having  with  him  six  ships  of  the  line.  On 
the  morning  of  the  6th  he  found  the  French 
6<^uadron  of  three  ships  of  the  line  and  a 
finffate  moored  close  inshore  off  Algeciras, 
under  the  protection  of  heav^  batteries  on 
the  mainland  and  a  small  islet  adjacent. 
Saumarez  determined  to  attack  at  once,  but 
unfortunately  the  wind  prevented  his  ships 
firotm  getting  in  so  close  as  to  bar  the  fire  of 
the   batteries,   from  which   they   suffered 


severely.  In  endeavouring  to  get  closer  in^ 
the  Hannibal  took  the  ground.  All  efforts 
to  get  her  off  were  unavailing;  and  after 
being  pounded  into  a  wreck,  and  having 
eighty-one  killed  and  siztv-two  wounded, 
she  was  obliged  to  surrender.  The  loss  in 
the  other  ships  too  was  very  heavy,  and  idl 
— especially  the  Caesar — sustained  much 
damage.  After  persevering  in  the  attack 
for  five  hours  Saumarez  withdrew  to  Gibraltar, 
leaving  the  Hannibal  in  the  hands  of  the 
enemy. 

The  ships  were  employed  refitting  when 
they  were  joined  by  the  Superb,  driven  before 
the  Spanish  squadron  from  Cadiz,  which 
now  joined  the  French  at  Algeciras.  By 
great  exertions  the  English  ships  were  got 
ready,  and  when  the  combined  squadron, 
now  consisting  of  nine  ships  of  the  line,  ex- 
clusive of  the  Hannibal,  pnt  to  sea  on  the 
12th,  Saumarez  followed  tnem  and  inflicted 
on  them  a  decisive  defeat,  destroying  two 
Spanish  three-deckers,  capturing  a  French 
two-decker,  and  driving  the  rest  m  headlong 
rout  into  Cadiz  [see  aeats.  Sib  Hiohabd 
GooDwiv;  Hood,  Sir  Samuxl].  For  his 
conduct  on  this  occasion  Saumarez  was  no- 
minated a  K.B.,  with  the  insignia  of  which 
he  was  investeid  at  Gibraltar  by  the  lieu- 
tenant-governor. He  also  received  the 
fireedom  of  the  city  of  London,  together  with 
a  sword,  a  pension  of  1,200/.,  and  the  thanks 
of  both  houses  of  parliament,  moved  in  the 
House  of  Lords  by  St.  Vincent  and  seconded 
by  Nelson,  who,  after  speaking  of  the  reverse 
at  Algeciras.  said :  '  Tne  promptness  with 
which  he  refitted,  the  spirit  with  which  he 
attacked  a  superior  force  after  his  recent 
disaster,  and  the  masterly  conduct  of  the 
action,  I  do  not  think  were  ever  surpassed.' 

On  the  renewal  of  the  war  in  1803,  Sau- 
marez was  appointed  to  the  command  of  the 
Guernsey  station,  in  which  he  continued, 
living  for  the  most  part  on  shore  in  his  own 
house,  till  7  Jan.  1807.  He  was  then  pro- 
moted to  be  vice-admiral,  and  appointed 
second  in  command  of  the  fleet  off  ^rest.  In 
August  he  applied  to  be  superseded,  and  in 
March  1808  was  appointed  to  the  command 
of  a  strong  squaoron  sent  to  the  Baltic, 
which  he  oontinned  to  hold  for  the  next  five 
years,  returning  to  England  each  winter. 
This  fleet,  sent  m  the  first  instance  to  sup- 
port the  Swedes  against  the  Danes  and 
Kussians  [see  HooB,  SiK  Samuel  ;  Mabtiv, 
Snt  Thoxab  Btax;  Mavbice,  Jambs 
Wilkes],  afterwards  strengthened  the  atti- 
tude of  the  Baltic  powers,  and  by  ensuring 
to  the  Russians  free  oommimication  by  sea, 
which  it  absolutely  denied  to  the  French  in- 
vaders, had  an  influence  on  the  result  of  the 


Saumarez 


806 


Saumarez 


campugn  wliicli  ia  apt  to  be  lost  Bight  of  in 
the  aei^th  of  Btimnff  incidents,  (m  finally 
leading  the  Baltic,  Siaumares  was  presented 
hj  the  crown  prinoe  of  Sweden  with  a 
diamond-hilted  sword  valued  at  2,000/.,  and 
was  nominated  a  grand  eross  of  the  order  of 
the  Sword,  with  the  insignia  of  which  he 
was  invested  bj  the  Prince  of  Wales  on 
24  June  1818.  On  4  Jane  1814  he  was  pro- 
moted to  the  rank  of  admiral,  was  appointed 
rear-admiral  of  the  United  Kingdom  in  July 
1819,  and  vice-admiral  in  November  .1821. 
From  1824  to  1827  he  was  commander-in- 
chief  at  Plymouth ;  on  16  Sept.  1831,  upon 
the  coronation  of  William  IV ,  he  was  raised 
to  the  peerage  as  Baron  de  Saumarez  of 
Saumarex  in  (f  uemsey,  and  in  February  1882 
was  made  general  ox  marines  (which  office 
was  abolished  at  his  death),  and  in  1834  was 
elected  an  elder  brother  of  the  Trinity-house. 
During  his  later  fears  he  resided  principally 
in  Ghiemsey,  taking  great  interest  in  local 
matters,  especiall v  in  regard  to  churches  and 
schools,  to  which  he  was  a  liberal  benefactor. 
He  died  on  9  Oct.  1836,  and  was  buried  in  the 
churchyard  of  the  Clltel  parish  in  Guernsey. 
Saumarez  married,  in  1788,  Martha,  daughter 
of  Thomas  le  Marchant  of  Guernsey  and  his 
wife  Mary  Dobr^e.  She  died  on  17  April 
1849.  By  her  he  had  three  sons  and  four 
daughters.  His  eldest  son,  James  (1789- 
1863^1  who  succeeded  to  the  title,  after  gra- 
duating at  Oxford,  took  holy  orders  in  1812, 
And  was  rector  of  Huggate  m  Yorkshire ;  he 
was  succeeded  by  his  younger  brother,  John 
St.  Vincent  Saumarez  (1806-1891),  father  of 
the  present  peer. 

Saumarez  was  described  by  Sir  William 
Hotham  [q.  v.]  as  '  in  his  person  tall,  and 
having  the  remains  of  a  handsome  man; 
Tather  formal  and  ceremonious  in  his  manner, 
but  without  the  least  tincture  of  affectation 
or  pride  . . .  more  than  ordinarily  attentive  to 
his  duty  to  God ;  but,  with  the  meekness  of 
Christianity,  having  the  boldness  of  a  lion 
whenever  a  sense  of  duty  brings  it  intoaction.' 
His  portrait,  by  Phillips,  belongs  to  the  pre- 
sent Lord  de  Saumarez ;  another,  by  Lane, 
belongs  to  the  United  Service  Club ;  there 
is  also  a  portrait  by  Abbott.  All  three  have 
been  engraved.  A  miniature,  in  the  posses- 
sion of  the  family,  is  engraved  as  a  frontis- 
piece to  the  first  volume  of  Sir  John  Ross's 
'  Life ; '  a  portrait  by  B.  R.  Faulkner,  to  the 
second.  An  obelisk,  ninety  foet  high,  was 
erected  to  his  memory  on  De  Lancy  Hilly 
Guernsey. 

Saumarez's  younger  brother,  Snt  Thoxab 
Saukabez  (1760-1846),  fourth  son  of  the 
family,  bom  on  1  July  1760,  entered  the 
army  ia  January  177o$  served  in  North 


America  during  the  revolutionary  war,  and 
was  taken  prisoner  at  the  surrender  of  Tork- 
town  on  19  Oct.  1781.  In  1798  he  was  ap« 
pointed  brigade-major  of  the  Guernsey 
militia,  and  having  been  deputed  to  carry  an 
address  from  the  states  of  the  island  on  the 
marriage  of  the  Prince  of  Wales,  he  was 
knighted  on  16  Julv  1795,  and  was  shortly 
afterwardsappointedassistantauartermaster^ 
general.  In  1799  he  was  made  inspector  of 
the  Guemsev  mQitia.  and  so  continued  till 
1811,  when  he  attained  the  rank  of  major- 
generaL  From  1812  to  1814  he  commanded 
the  garrison  at  Halifax,  N.  S.  In  1813  he 
also  acted  as  president  and  commander-in- 
chief  of  New  Brunswick.  He  was  afterwards 
groom  of  the  bed-chamber  to  the  Duke  of 
Kent.  Being  the  senior  lieutenant-general, 
he  was  advanced  to  the  rank  of  general  on 
the  coronation  of  Queen  Victoria,  28  June 
1838.  He  died  at  his  residence,  Petit  Marche, 
Guernsey,  on  4  March  1845  (cf.  Oent  Mng. 
1845,  i.  646).  He  married,  in  1787,  Harriet, 
daughter  of  William  Brock;  she  died  on 
18  Feb.  1868. 

[The  Life  by  Sir  John  Ross  (2  vuU.  8vo,  1888) 
— the  standard  authority — is  often  carBletisly 
written.  A  care  ul  and  appreeiatire  arti&e  by 
Captain  A.  T.  Mahan,  U.  8.  N.,  is  in  the  Atlantic 
Munthly,  1893,  i.  606.  See  also  Burkes  Peerage, 
8.V.  'Be  Sanmares;'  Dnncan's  Hist,  of  Guernsey, 
1841,  pp.  628-49;  Na^y  lists;'  James's  Naval 
Hist.;  GheTalier's  Hi^t.  de  la  Marine  Fran^aise 
(pts.  ii.  andili.);  Troude'sBataillesNavalesdela 
1*  ranee.]  J.  K.  L. 

SAUMAREZ,  PHILIP  (1710-1747), 
captain  in  the  naTv,  of  an  old  Gaemsey 
family,  bom  on  17  Nov.  1710,  was  the  third 
son  of  Matthew  de  Saumarez  of  Guernsey, 
and  Anne  Durell  of  Jersey.  James  Saumarez, 
lord  de  Saumarez  fq.  v.],  was  his  nephew.  A 
kinsman,  Henry  ae  Sausmarez,  the  son  of 
John  de  Sausmarez,  D.D.  {d,  1697),  dean  of 
Guernsey  and  prebendary  of  Windsor,  was 
the  inventor  of  a  device  intended  to  supersede 
the  lott^line,  and  to  record  the  distance  sailed 
by  a  dial  and  a  gong.  The  invention  was 
submitted  to  Newton  at  the  close  of  1716f 
and  subsequently  referred  t^  the  Trinity 
House,  who  seem  to  have  shelved  it.  Henry 
de  Sausmarez  also  made  a  chart  of  the 
Channel  Islands  and  of  the  dangerous 
'Casquet'  rocks. 

Philip  was  sent  in  1721  to  the  school  kept 
by  Isaac  Watts  at  Southampton,  where  he  re- 
mained two  years  and  a  half ;  he  was  after- 
wards at  a  school  at  Greenwich,  and  in 
February  1725-6  entered  the  navy  on  board 
the  Weymouth,  with  Captain  Kendal,  then 
going  to  the  Baltic  On  entering  the  ser- 
vice he  chuiged  the  spelling  of  nis  name 


Sautnarez 


807 


Saumarez 


ftom.  De  Baosiiuurei  to  its  preeettt  fonn.  In 
1727  he  went  to  the  Mediterranean,  and  in 
Deeember  was  mored  into  the  Gibraltar  with 
GaptainJohnBYng(1704-1767^[q.T.],whom 
he  followed  to  tiielSnneess  Louisa,  and  after- 
wards to  the  Falmouth.  He  remained  in 
the  Falmonth  as  midshipman  or  master^s 
mate  till  June  1784.  He  was  afterwards  in 
the  Blenheim  in  the  Channel,  and  in  the 
Donldrk  on  the  Jamaica  station  with  Com* 
modore  Diffbj  Dent,  by  whom  he  was  pro* 
moted  to  be  lieutenant  of  the  Kinsale  on 
0  Aug.  1787.  In  1789  he  returned  to  Eng- 
land, and  on  22  Auf.  was  appointed  to  be 
thira  lieutenant  and  Ueutenant-at-arms  of 
the  Diamond,  with  Oaptain  (afterwards  Sir) 
Charles  Knowles  [q.  v.]  He  left  the 
Diamond,  however,  before  she  sailed  for  the 
West  Indies,  presumably  to  go  with  Anson 
in  the  Centurion,  to  which  he  was  appointed 
on  28  Dec  [see  Aksov,  Qboboe,  Lobd]. 

In  the  Centurion  he  remaiaea  during  the 
whole  voyage,  beooming  first  lieutenant  of 
her  on  the  promoticm  of  Saunders  to  the  Trial 
[see  SAinrBBBs,  Sib  Chables],  and,  in  the 
absence  of  Anson  on  shore,  was  in  command 
of  her  when  die  was  blown  from  her  anchors 
at  Tinian.  with  not  more  than  one  hundred 
men  on  Doard,  idl  told.  It  was  only  by 
his  extraordinary  energy  that  she  was  able 
to  get  back  again.  After  the  capture  of  the 
Manila  galleon,  Anson  promoted  him  to  be 
captain  of  the  prise,  on  21  June  1748,  to 
which  date  his  commission  was  afterwards 
confirmed.  As  the  galleon,  however,  was 
sold  in  China,  Saumares  returned  to  Eng- 
land as  a  passenger  in  the  Centurion.  .  On 
27  June  1745  he  was  appointed  to  the 
Sandwich,  and  in  September  1746  to  the 
Nottinghflonof  80guns.  In  the  Nottingham, 
while  on  a  cruise  in  the  Soundings,  on 
11  Oct.  he  fell  in  with  the  French  o4-gun 
ship  Mars,  and  captured  her  after  a  two 
hours'  engagement,  the  more  easily  as  a 
considerable  number  of  her  men  were  ill  with 
sourvy ;  before  she  could  be  brought  into  Plv- 
mouth,  sixty  of  the  prisoners  died.  In  the 
following  year  the  Nottingham  was  one  of 
the  fleet  with  Anson  in  the  action  off  Cape 
Finisterre,  on  8  May,  and  again  with  Hawxe 
in  the  action  of  14  Oct.  At  the  close  of 
the  battle  Saumarez  endeavoured  to  stay  the 
flight  of  the  Intr6pide  and  Tonnant,  and 
was  killed  by  almost  the  last  shot  fired. 
His  body  was  brought  to  Plymouth  on  board 
the  Gloucester  (commanded  bv  his  brother- 
in-law.  Captain  Philip  Durell),  and  buried 
there  in  tne  old  church,  whure  there  is  a 
tablet  to  his  memory.  There  is  also  a  monu- 
ment to  his  memory  in  Westminster  Abbey. 
Ha  was  unmanned. 


A  portrait,  belonginff  to  Lord  de  9aumare% 
was  lent  to  the  Navd  Exhibition  of  1891. 
As  this  portrait  represents  him  wearing  the 
new  nniiorm  which  was  not  ordered  till  the 
year  after  his  death,  it  raised  a  curious 

J[uestion,  which,  however,  is  answered  by  a 
etter  ftom  Keppel  to  Saumarez,  dated 
20  Aug.  1747,  wiuchsays:  'Bvett  tells  me 
you  have  made  an  uniform  coat,  ftc.,  of 
your  own.  My  Lord  Anson  is  desirous  that 
many  of  us  should  make  coats  after  our  own 
taste,  and  then  a  choice  to  be  made  of  one 
to  be  general ;  and  if  you  will  appear  in 
yours,  he  says  he  will  be  answerable  yonr 
taste  will  not  be  amongst  the  worst' 
(Kbpfbl,  Life  of  Keppel,  i.  107).  The 
evidence  of  the  portrait  appears  to  settle  the 
often-disputed  question  as  to  the  origin  of 
the  uniform  finally  adopted. 

Thomas  Savmabbz  {d,  1766),  Philip's 
younger  brother,  was  promoted  to  be  com- 
mander on  28  Nov.  1747,  and  captain  on 
27  Nov.  1748.  In  1758  he  commanded  the 
60-gun  ship  Antelope  on  the  Bristol  station, 
and  on  the  morning  of  81  Oct.,  being  then  in 
King-road,  he  received  Intelligence  from  the 
custom-house  at  llftacombe  that  the  French 
64-gun  ship  Belltqneux,  homeward  bound 
from  Canada, having  lost  herfore-topmastand 
being  short  of  water  and  provisions,  had  an- 
chored off  there,  had  setzeda  pilot  and  sent  his 
boat  on  shore  with  three  English  prisoners. 
She  was  in  no  state  to  resist,  and  on  2  Nov., 
when  the  Antelope,  having  worked  down 
from  Bristol  against  a  strong  head  wmd,  came 
under  her  stem,  she  surrendered  at  the  first 
shot.  It  was  said  that  she  had  been  carried 
thither  by  the  current,  and  did  not  know 
where  she  had  got  to.  Troude's  statement 
(batailleB  Navaiss  de  la  If  ranee,  i.  854-5), 
that,  having  been  driven  into  the  Bristol 
Channel,  she  was  on  her  way  to  Bristol  to 
claim  water  and  provisions  by  the  common 
rights  of  humanity,  is  absura.  The  Belli- 
queux  was  added  to  the  English  navy,  and 
Saumaret  was  appointed  to  command  her. 
In  1761  he  w^it  in  her  to  the  West  Indies, 
where  he  quitted  her,  in  bad  health.  He  had 
no  further  service,  and  died  on  21  Sept.  1766. 
[Oharnock's  Biogr.  Kav.  vi.  91 ;  the  memoir  in 
Ro98*8  Life  of  Lor>l  de  Sanmares,  v.  256,  is  frs» 
qnently  inaoearate ;  Danean's  Hist,  of  'Guernsey, 
1841,  pp.  692  eq. ;  Beatson's  Nav.  and  Mil.  Vfe- 
molTB;  OfficiAl  Gorrespondeiiee  in  the  PublSo 
Record  Offieo.l  J.  K.  L. 

SAUMAREZ,  lilCHARD  (1764  1886), 
surgeon,  fifth  son  of  '  Monsieur  Matthieu  ae 
Sausmares '  by  his  wife  '  Cartarette  ije  Mar- 
chant,'  was  l>om  at  Guernsey  on  18  Nov. 
1764.  Both  parents  died  when  he  was  young, 
and  he  was  placed  'noder  the  aflbctiona^ 


Saumarez 


808 


Saunders 


sad  parent-like  care  of  my  eldest  brother/ 
John,  a  childless  army  surgeon,  who  lived 
at  the  old  house  in  the  Plaiderie,  near  the 
town  church  in  St.  Peter  Port.  Bichard, 
like  his  two  elder  brothers,  James  (after- 
wards Lord  de  Saumarez  [q.  v.])  and  Thomas 
(afterwards  General  Sir  Thomas  Saumarez), 
was  of  too  independent  a  spirit  to  allow 
himself  to  become  a  burden  to  his  brother. 
He  therefore  came  to  London  and  entered  as 
a  student  of  medicine  at  the  London  Hos- 
pital, where  he  was  apprenticed  to  Sir 
William  Blizard,  then  recently  appointed  a 
surgeon  to  the  charity.  He  was  Mlmitted  a 
member  of  the  Surgeons'  Company  on  7  April 
1785,  when  he  obtained  a  modified  license, 
which  forbade  him  to  practise  in  London 
or  within  seyen  miles  01  the  city.  This  re- 
striction was  abolished  in  the  following  year ; 
i^  and  after  1786  he  was  living  at  Newing- 
ton  Butts,  then  just  outside  London  and  upon 
the  Surrey  side  of  the  Thames. 

In  1788  Saumarez  became  surgeon  to  the 
Ma^alen  Hospital,  Streatham,  an  office 
which  he  resigned  on  1  March  1805.  He 
was  then  appointed  an  honorarv  governor  of 
the  institution  in  recognition  of  the  services 
he  had  rendered  it.  He  had  a  large  and  lucra- 
tive practice  in  London  until  1818,  when  he 
retired  to  Bath,  at  the  desire  of  his  second 
wife.  He  died  there,  at  21  The  Circus,  on 
28  Jan.  1835. 

He  was  twice  married :  first  to  '  Marthe 
Le  Mesurier,  fille  de  Jean  le  Mesurier,  £cri- 
yain,  Gouvemeur  d'Aurigny '  (Aldemev),  at 
St.  Peter  Port,  Guernsey^  on  6  Jan.  I786. 
Of  several  children  by  this  marriage,  a  son, 
Kichard  (1791-1866),  became  an  admiral 
His  first  wife  having  died  of  consumption 
on  18  Nov.  1801,  he  married,  secondly,  Eliza- 
beth Enderby,  a  rich  widow  and  a  great- 
aunt  of  General  Gkordon  of  Khartoum. 

Saumarez  was  a  i>rollfic  and  rather  pole- 
mical writer,  with  ideas  in  advance  of  his 
time  upon  the  subject  of  medical  education 
and  the  duties  of  the  great  medical  corpora- 
tions to  their  constituents.  When,  by  its 
own  want  of  business  capacity,  the  Surgeons' 
Company  forfeited  its  cnarter  in  1796,  Sau- 
marez seems  to  have  taken  an  active  part  in 
opposing  its  reconstruction  imtil  assurances 
were  given  of  better  management.  These 
assurances  were  not  forthcoming,  and  the 
bill  for  the  reconstruction  of  the  company 
was  thrown  out  in  the  House  of  Lozds.  The 
present  College  of  Sur^ns  was  re-esta- 
blished by  royal  charter  m  1800. 

Saumarez  wrote :  1. '  A  Dissertation  on  the 
Universe  in  g^eral  and  on  the  Procession  of 
the  Elements  in  particular,'  London,  8yo,1795. 
S.  *  A  New  System  of  Physiology,'  London, 


8vo,  1798,  2  yds.;  2nd  edit.  8vo,  1799; 
2  vols. ;  3rd  edit.  8vo,  1813, 2  vols,  in  1.  This 
work  contains  irrelevant  disquisitions  upon 
the  universities  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge,  as 
well  as  upon  the  constituti(»i  and  manage- 
ment of  the  Royal  College  of  Physicians 
and  the  Corporation  of  Surgeons.  8.  *  Prin- 
ciples of  Physiological  and  Physical  Science/ 
London,  8vo,  1812.  4.  '  Oration  before  the 
Medical  Society  of  London,'  8yo,  London, 
1818.  5. '  A  Letter  on  the  evil  Effects  of 
Absenteeism,'  8vo,  Bath,  1829.  6.  *  On  the 
Function  of  Respiration  in  Health  and  Dis- 
ease,' Guernsey,  1832.  He  also  contributed 
an  interestinffpaper,  *  Observationson  Genera- 
tion and  the  Principles  of  Life,'  to  the  'Lon- 
don Medical  and  Physical  Journal,'  1799,  ii» 
242,  321.  It  is  the  hrst  he  wrote,  and  con- 
tains the  germ  of  most  of  his  subsequent 
writings. 

[Information  kindly  given  by  the  Rev.  G.  E. 
Lee,  M.  A.,  F.S.A.,  rector  of  St.  Peter  Port,  Quern- 
sey ;  by  the  B«v.  0.  R.  de  Havilland,  a  grandson^ 
and  by  Miss  Gimiogham,  a  granddaaghter  of  Ri- 
chard Saumarez ;  by  the  Rev,  W.  Watkins,  war- 
den of  the  Magdalen  Hospital,  Streatham ;  and 
by  Edward  Trimmer,  esq.,  the  secretary  of  thd 
Boyal  College  of  Surgeons  of  Eng^andJ 

D'A  P, 

SAUNDEES,  Sib  CHARLES  (1718  P- 
1776),  admiral,  bom  about  1718,  was  probably 
a  near  relative  (there  is  no  mention  of  him 
in  Greor^'s  will,  which  seems  to  negative  the 
suggestion  that  he  was  a  son)  of  Sir  George 
Saunders  [q^v.]  He  entered  the  navy  on 
board  the  Seahorse  towards  the  end  of  1727 
under  another  kinsman,  Captain  Ambrose 
Saunders.  Thelatter  died  in  1781 ,  and  the  boy 
was  sent  to  the  Hector  under  the  command 
of  Captain  Solgard,  with  whom  he  served  in 
the  Mediterranean  till  1784.  He  passed  his 
examination  on  7  June  1784,  being  then, 
according  to  his  certificate,  twenty-one,  bat 
he  was  not  improbably  three  or  four  yeare 
younger.  On  S  Nov.  1784  he  was  promoted 
to  be  lieutenant  of  the  Exeter  with  Captain 
Yeo.  In  Jul}r  1788  he  was  appointed  to  the 
Norfolk,  and  in  June  1739  to  the  Oxford, 
from  which  he  was  moved  a  fortnight  later 
to  the  Sunderland^  and  on  14  Aug.  to  the 
Centurion,  then  fitting  out  for  her  celebrate 
voyage  under  Captain  George  (afterwards 
Lord)  Anson  [q.  v.],  at,  it  is  said,  *  the  parti- 
cular request   of  Anson. 

On  19  Feb.  1740-1  Saunders  was  pro- 
moted by  Anson  to  be  commander  of  the 
Trial  brig,  in  which  he  reached  Juan  Fer« 
nandez  in  a  deplorable  state:  himself,  the 
lieutenant,  and  three  men  only  being  able  to 
do  duty.  After  leaving  Juan  Fernandez  the 
Trial  was  condemned  and  scuttled  as  not 


Saunders 


809 


Saunders 


seaworUiyi  Saunden  and  the  crew  moring 
into  a  Spanish  prize  which  Anaon  commia- 
sioned  as  a  frigate,  giying  her  commander 
post  rank  on  26  Sept.  174i.  In  the  follow- 
ing April,  when  Anson  was  preparing  to 
leave  tne  coast  of  America,  this  frigate  also 
was  destroyed,  her  officers  and  men  being 
divided  between  the  Centurion  and  Qlou- 
caster.  The  latter  was  abandoned  and  burnt 
in  crossing  the  Pacific.  In  November,  when 
the  Centurion  arrived  at  Macao,  Saunders, 
charged  with  Anson*s  despatches,  took  a 
passage  home  in  a  Swedish  merchant  ship, 
and  arrived  in  the  Downs  towards  the  end 
of  May  1743.  On  1  June  his  commissions 
as  commander  and  as  captain  were  confirmed 
to  their  original  date,  and  on  29  Nov.  he 
was  appointed  to  the  Plymouth,  from  which, 
on  20  J&ec.,  he  was  moved  to  the  Sapphire  of 
44  guns,  employed  during  the  xoilowing 
spring  in  wattling  Dunkirk  under  the  orders 
of  Sir  John  Noms  [q.  v.]  In  March  1746 
he  took  command  of  tne  Gloucester,  a  new 
60-gun  ship,  on  the  home  station,  and  in  her, 
in  company  with  the  Lark,  on  26  Dec.  1746, 
captured  a  Spanish  homeward-bound  regi- 
ster-ship, valued  at  dOO,000/.  Saunders's 
share  would  amount  to  from  30,000/.  to 
40,000/. 

In  Auirust  1747  he  was  appointed  to  the 
Yarmouui  of  64  guns,  in  which  he  had  a 
distinguished  shue  in  the  defeat  of  the 
French  squadron  under  M.  de  TEtenduire 
on  14  Oct.  [see  Hawks,  Edwabd,  Lobd]. 
In  conjunction  with  his  old  messmate,  Philip 
Saumarez  [q.  v.],  then  commanding  the 
Nottingham,  he  attempted  to  stop  the  flieht 
of  the  two  French  ships  which  escaped,  but 
had  not  got  within  gunshot  of  them  when 
Saumarez  was  killed,  and  the  Nottingham 
gave  up  the  pursuit.  In  December  he  was 
moved  into  tne  l^r,  which  was  paid  off  on 
the  peace.  In  April  1750  he  was  elected 
member  of  parliunent  for  Plymouth.  In 
February  1752  he  was  appointed  to  the  Pen- 
zance as  commodore  and  oommander-in- 
ehief  on  the  Newfoundland  station.  In 
April  1754  he  was  appointed  treasurer  of 
Oieenwic^  Hospital,  a  lucrative  office  which 
he  held  for  the  next  twelve  years ;  and  in 
Maywas  returned  to  parliament  as  member 
for  Uedon  in  Yorkshire,  which  he  continued 
to  represent  tiU  his  death.  In  January  1755 
he  was  appointed  to  the  Prince,  a  new  90-gun 
ship,  which,  however,  remained  at  Spitlnad 
through  the  year,  and  in  December  Saunders 
xeeigned  the  command  on  being  appointed 
comptroller  of  the  navy. 

On  4  June  1756  he  returned  to  active  ser- 
vice, being  then  promoted  to  the  rank  of 
rear-admiral,  and  sent  out  to  the  Mediter- 


ranean as  second  in  command  under  Sir 
Edward  Hawke.  By  Hawke's  return  to 
England  in  January  1757  he  was  left  com- 
mander-in-chief tiU  May,  when  he  was 
relieved  by  Vicenidmiral  Osbom.  On  14  Feb. 
1759  he  was  promoted  to  be  vice-admiral  of 
the  blue,  and  appointed  commander-in-chief 
of  the  fleet  for  the  St.  Lawrence,  whidi 
sailed  from  Spithead  on  the  17th,  and,  having 
waited  at  Halifax  till  the  river  was  clear  of 
ice,  entered  it  in  the  beginning  of  June.  By 
the  end  of  the  month  he  arrived  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  Quebec,  with  twenty-two 
ships  of  the  line,  thirteen  frigates,  numerous 
small  craft,  and  transports  carrying  some 
ei^ht  thousand  troops,  under  the  command 
of  Major-General  James  Wolfe  [q.  v.] ;  and 
notwithstanding  the  repeated  attempts  of 
the  enemy,  by  means  of  fire-ships  and  fire- 
rafts,  to  prevent  their  approach,  succeeded 
in  occupying  such  positions  off  Quebec  and 
in  the  lower  river  as  completelv  cut  off  the 
possibility  of  any  supplies  or  reinforcements 
reaching  the  garrison,  and  covered  the  move- 
ments of  the  troops  at  the  wish  of  the  gene- 
ral. The  most  mendly  spirit  prevailea  be- 
tween the  two  services,  and  rendered  possible 
the  decisive  action  which  immediately  led 
to  the  &11  of  Quebec  and  the  conquest  of 
Canada.  The  brilliance  of  the  little  battle, 
with  Wolfe^s  glorious  death,  caught  the 
popular  imagination,  and  has  prevented  many 
from  seeing  that  it  was  but  the  crowning 
incident  of  a  long  series  of  operations  aU 
based  on  the  action  of  the  fleet  which  alone 
rendered  them  possible. 

On  the  surrender  of  Quebec  Saunders  with- 
drew from  the  St.  Lawrence  with  the  greater 
part  of  the  fleet,  and  sailed  for  England. 
In  the  entrance  of  the  Channel  he  had  intel- 
ligence of  the  Brest  fleet  having  put  to  sea, 
and  immediately  turned  aside  to  join  Hawke. 
He  had  scarcely  done  so,  however,  when  he 
had  news  of  its  having  been  practically  de- 
stroyed in  Quiberon  Bav,  on  which  he  re- 
sumed his  route,  landed  at  Cork,  and  pro- 
ceeded by  land  to  Dublin,  where  he  amved 
on  15  Dec.  Happening  to  go  to  the  theatre, 
he  was  received  with  a  loud  burst  of  applause 
from  the  whole  house.  On  coming  to  London 
he  had  a  flattering  reception  from  the  king, 
and,  on  taking  his  seat  in  the  House  of 
Commons  on  ^  Jan.  1760,  the  thanks  of  the 
house  were  given  him  by  the  speaker.  In 
April  he  was  appointed  commander-in-chief 
in  the  Mediterranean,  where  he  remained 
tiU  the  neace.  On  26  May  1761  he  was  in- 
stalled, by  proxy,  as  a  knight  of  the  Bath. 
In  Auffost  1765  he  was  appointed  one  of 
the  lords  of  the  admiralty ;  and  on  16  Sept, 
1766  to  be  first  lord,  an  appointment  which| 


Saunders 


Sro 


Saunders 


it  FM  said,  caused  tome  dissatiBfiustion  among 
Ida  %eiuon  on  the  list  [see  PooocK,  Sir 
Qbobab].  He  reeinied  it  m  leas  than  three 
montha;  nor  did  ne  afterwards  undertscke 
any  eerrioe^  though  on  28  April  1773  he  was 
affain  nommated  to  the  command  in  the 
Mediterranean.  He  was  promoted  to  the 
rank  of  admiral  on  18  Oct.  1770,  and  died 
at  his  house  in  Spring  Gardens,  of  an  access 
of  gout  in  the  stomacn,  on  7  Bee.  1776.  On 
the  12th  he  was  priyatelj  huried  in  West- 
minster Abbey.  Saunders  married,  in  1750, 
the  onlj  dauffiiter  of  James  Buck,  a  banker 
in  London,  but,  dying  without  issue,  be- 
queathed the  greater  part  of  his  yery  con- 
siderable property  to  nis  niece  Jane,  wife 
of  Richard  Huck-Saunders  [q.  y.] 

A  portrait  by  Reynolds,  belonging  to  the 
Earl  of  Lichfield,  has  been  engiayed  by 
McArdell ;  another,  by  Brompton,  is  in  the 
Painted  Hall  at  Qreenwich,  where  there  are 
also  two  paintings,  by  Dominic  Serres  [q.  y.], 
of  ihe  unsuccessful  attempts  made  by  the 
French  to  destroy  the  fleet  in  the  St.  Law- 
rence in  1769. 

[OhamocVs  Biogr.  Kav.  y.  116  ;  Nayal  Ghro- 
nids,  Wii.  1 ;  Beatson's  Nay.  and  Mil.  Memoirs; 
official  letters,  eommission  and  warrant-bookB, 
and  otherdocaments  in  the  PubUe  Becord  Office.] 

J.  K.  Xj. 

SAUNDERS,  Sib  EDMUND  (d,  1688}, 
judge,  was  bom  of  poor  parents  in  uie  parisn 
of  Bamwood,  near  Gloucester.  According 
to  Roger  North,  *  he  was  at  first  no  better 
than  a  poor  beggar  boy/  obtaining  a  liying 
in  Clement's  Inn  by  *  courting  the  attorney's 
cLerks  for  scraps.  The  extraordinary  ob- 
•eryance  and  diiigenoe  of  the  boy  made  the 
society  willing  to  do  him  good.  He  appeared 
yery  ambitious  to  learn  to  write,  ana  one  of 
the  attorneys  got  a  board  knocked  up  at  a 
window  on  the  top  of  a  staircase ;  and  that 
was  his  desk,  where  he  eat  and  wrote  after 
copies  of  court  and  other  hands  the  clerks 
gave  him.  He  made  himself  so  expert  a 
writer  that  he  took  in  business,  and  earned 
some  pence  by  hackney-writing.  And  thus 
by  degrees  he  pushed  his  faculties  and  fell 
to  forms,  and  by  books  that  were  lent  him 
became  an  exquisite  entering  clerk'  (The 
Lives  of  the  Norths,  1890,  i.  298-4).  In  this 
way  he  managed  to  acquire  sufficient  means 
to  become  a  member  of  the  Middle  Temple, 
to  which  he  was  admitted  on  4  July  lo60, 
being  described  in  the  entry  of  his  admission 
as  '  Mr.  Edmund  Saunders  of  the  county  of 
the  city  of  Gloucester,  gentleman.'  Though 
the  usual  term  of  study  was  seyen  years, 
the  benchers  had  power  to  abridge  it  on 
proof  of  proflcieney.  This  proof  Saunders 
must  haye  furnished,  as  he  was  called  to 


the  bar  on  96  Noy.  1064.  Two  yeArs  after- 
wards  he  commenced  his  famous  *  Reports* 
in  the  king's  bench.  These  *  Reports/  which 
were  of  peculiar  yalue  to  the  special  pleader, 
and  extend  from  Michaelmas  1666  to  Easter 
1672,  were  first  published  in  1686,  with  the 
records  in  Latin  and  the  arguments  in  French 
(London,  fol.  2  parts) .  In  the  second  edition, 
published  in  1722,  an  En^lt^  translation  of 
the  argumente  was  also  giyen  ^London,  fol). 
The  third  edition,  in  Englisn,  wiUi  yery 
yaluable  notes  by  Serjeant  Jobji  Williams, 
appeared  in  1799  and  1802  (London,  8yo, 
2  yols.) ;  the  fourth,  by  the  same  editor,  in 
1809  (London,  8yo,  2  yols.);  the  fifth,  edited 
by  J.  Patteson  and  E.  Y.  Williams,  in  1824 
(London,  8yo,  2  yols.') ;  the  sixth,  by  E.  V. 
Williams  alone,  in  1846 (London, 8yo,  2  yola.^ 
An  edition  of  the  '  Reports '  was  publishea 
in  Dublin  in  1791  (8yo,8  yols.),  and  seyerd 
editions  haye  appeared  in  America.  The 
concise  and  lucia  manner  in  which  these 
'Reports'  were  compiled  by  Saunders  led 
Lord  Mansfield  to  call  him  the  '  Terence  of 
reporters,'  and  Lord  Campbell  to  say  that  no 
otner  work  of  the  kind  afforded  '  such  a 
treat  for  a  common  lawyer '  {Lives  of  the 
Chief  Justices,  1868,  u.  62).  <  Notes  to 
Saunders's  Reports,  by  the  late  Serieant  Wil<* 
liams,  continued  to  the  present  time  by  the 
Riffht  Hon.  Sir  E.  V.  Williams,'  were  pub- 
lished in  1871  (London,  8yo,  2  yols.) 

It  is  eyident  from  a  perusal  of  these  '  Re- 
ports'  that  Saunders  rapidly  acquired  a 
targe  practice  at  the  bar.  fn  his  person, 
says  North,  Saunders  '  was  yery  corpulent 
and  beastly ;  a  mere  lump  of  morbid  flesh,' 
owing  to  *  continual  sottishness;  for,  to  say 
nothing  of  brandy,  he  was  seldom  without  a 
pot  of  ale  at  his  nose  or  near  him.  That 
exercise  was  all  he  used ;  the  rest  of  his  life 
was  sitting  at  his  desk  or  piping  at  home ; 
and  that  home  was  a  tailor's  house  in  Butcher 
Row  called  his  lodging,  and  the  man's  wife 
was  his  nurse  or  worse.'  *  As  for  his  parts,' 
North  adds,  'none  had  them  more  liyely 
than  he.  Wit  and  repartee  in  an  aflRsoted 
rusticity  were  natural  to  him.  He  was  eyer 
ready,  and  neyer  at  a  loss.  ...  His  fcntkt 
dexterity  was  in  the  art  of  special  pleading. 
,  .  .  But  Hales  could  not  bear  his  irregu- 
larity of  life ;  and  for  that,  and  suspicion  of 
his  tricksi  used  to  bear  hard  upon  him  in 
the  court.  But  no  ill-usage  from  the  bench 
was  too  hard  for  his  hold  of  business  being 
such  as  scarce  any  could  do  but  himself. 
With  all  this,  he  had  a  goodness  of  nature 
and  disposition  in  so  great  a  degree  that  he 
may  be  deseryedly  styled  a  philanthrope.  • . . 
As  to  his  ordinary  dealing,  he  was  as  honest 
as  the  driyen  snow  was  white.  •  •  .  In  no 


Saunders 


8ii 


Saunders 


tine  did  he  lean  to  feetioiiy  but  did  his 
busineas  without  offenoe  to  any '  (Nobth, 
XtfM,  i.  294--5\  In  1680  Saunders  defended 
Anne  Price,  who  was  indicted  for  attempting 
to  suborn  one  of  the  witnesses  of  the '  pojttsh 
plot '  rCoBBBTT,  State  TriaU,  vii.  906),  and 
in  the  same  Tear  was  'assigned  to  be  of 
counsel  with '  William  Howard,  Viscount 
Straflfordi  and  the  four  other  popish  lords 
aeoused  of  high  treason  (t^.  vii.  1242).    In 

1681  he  appeared  on  behalf  of  the  crown 
against  Edward  Fitzharris  (tb,  viii.  270)  and 
Anthony  Ashley  Cooper,  earl  of  Shaftesbury 

Sib,  yiii.  779),  both  of  whom  were  indicted 
br  hlffh  treason.  In  May  1682  he  moved  the 
king'sDenoh  for  the  dischaige  of  Lord  Danby 
(tb,xi.  881),  and  in  the  foUowing  month  he 
defended  William  Pain  against  the  charge 
of  wiitinff  and  publishing  letters  importing 
that  Sir  Edmimd  Berry  Godfrey  had  *  mur- 
dered himself '  (tb,  yiii.  1878).    In  November 

1682  he  was  elected  a  bencher  of  the  Middle 
Temple.  On  the  institution  of  the  proceed- 
ings on  quo  foearranto  against  the  city  of 
London,  Saunders,  who  had  advised^  the 
proceedings  and  settled  all  the  pleadings, 
was  a|rpointed  lord  chief  justice  of  the  king's 
bench  in  the  place  of  Pemberton,  who  was 
removed  to  tne  common  pleas,  as  he  was 
supposed  to  be  less  fiiyoarable  to  the  crown. 

Saunders  was  knighted  at  Whitehall  on 
21  Jan.  1688,  and  on  the  2%rd  took  his  seat 
in  the  king's  bench  for  the  first  time,  having 
previously  been  made  a  serieant»at-law 
(London  GazetU^  No.  1798).  The  case  of 
the  king  against  the  mayor  and  the  com- 
monalty of  the  city  of  London  was  argued 
before  Saunders  both  in  Hilary  and  in  Easter 
term.  On  8  May  Saunders  presided  at  the 
trial  of  the  sherins  of  London  and  others  for 
a  riot  at  the  election  of  new  sheriffs,  and 
succeeded  in  obtaining  a  verdict  for  the 
crown  (GoBBBiT,  State  Trials,  iz.  187-298). 
On  the  19th  he  tried  Sir  Patience  Ward  for 
peiriury  in  the  Duke  of  York's  action  a^ndnst 
Thomas  Pilkington  (t^.  ix.  299-352).  On  the 
22nd  he  was  tuEen  ill  while  sitting  on  the 
benefa.  The  judgment  of  the  court  in  the 
quo  toarranto  case  was  given  on  12  June, 
while  Saunders  was  on  his  deathbed,  by 
Mr.  Justice  Jones,  who  announced  that  the 
chief  justice  agreed  with  his  colleagues  in 
giving  judgment  for  the  king  and  declaring 
the  foneituxe  of  the  charter  (tb.  viii.  1089- 
1868).    Saunders  died  on  19  June  1683. 

Saunders  was  an  admirable  lawyer,  and 
'never  in  all  his  life  betrayed  a  client  to 
court  a  judge,  as  most  eminent  men  do.  If 
he  had  any  &ult,  it  was  playing  tricks  to 
serve  them  and  rather  expose  himself  than 
hit  client's  interest.    He  nad  no  regajd  for 


fees,  but  did  all  the  service  he  cculd,  whether 
feed  double  or  einfle  *  (Lives  of  the  Norths, 
iiL  91).  During  tne  short  time  he  presided 
at  the  kin^s  bench  '  he  gave  the  rule  to  the 

Sneral  satisfaction  of  the  lawyers  '(«<(•  i-  296). 
,  private  life  he  appears  to  have  '  addicted 
himself  to  little  ingenuities,  as  playing  on 
the  virginals,  plantings,  and  knick-knacks  in 
his  chamber.'  He  took  great  pleasure  in  his 
garden  at  Parson's  Green,  and '  would  stamjp 
the  name  of  every  plant  in  lead,  and  make  it 
fast  to  the  stem '  (t6.  iii.  92).  He  was  never 
married.  His  ase  was  not  known,  but '  he 
was  not  supposed  to  be  much  turned  of  fifty ' 
(OiKPBELL,  Lives  of  the  Chirf  Justioes,  li. 
72V  By  his  will,  dated  28  Aug.  1676,  re- 
puolished  on  2  Sept.  1681,  and  proved  in  the 
prerogative  court  of  Canterbury  on  14  July 
1688,  Saunders  gave  to  Mary  Gutheridge  his 
lease  of  the  bishop's  land,  *  which  will  come 
to  her  by  special  occupancy  as  being  my  heir- 
at-law.*  He  bequeathed  leffscies  to  his  mother 
and  stepfather  Gregory,  his  sister  Frances 
Hall,  his  aunt  Saunders,  and  his  cousin  Sarah 
Hoare.  Among  other  charitable  bequests,  he 
left  the  sum  of  20/.  to  thepoor  of  his  native 
parish  of  Bamwood.  He  appointed  Na- 
thaniel Earle  and  Jane,  his  wire  This  former 
host  and  hostess  of  Butcher  Row),  his  resi- 
duary legatees '  as  some  recompense  for  their 
care  of  him  and  attendance  upon  him  for 
many  years,'  and  appointed  them  executor 
and  executrix  of  his  will.  His  judgments 
will  be  found  in  the  second  volume  of 
Shower's  <  King's  Bench  Reports '  (1794).  He 
was  the  author  of  ^  Observations  upon  the 
Statute  of  22  Car.  H,  cap.  1,  entituled  an 
Act  to  prevent  and  suppress  Seditious  Con- 
venticles,' London,  1685, 12mo. 

[Anthorities  quoted  Id  the  text ;  Foes's  Jad^ 
of  England,  1864,  vii.  160-4;  Law  Magazine 
and  Reriev,  xzii.  223-85;  Lnttreirs  Brief 
Historical  Relation  of  State  Affairs,  1857,  i. 
185,  204,  247,  250,  261,  257,  259,  261,  262; 
Burnet's  History  of  his  own  Time,  1888,  ii. 
341-8,  442 ;  Gran^er^s  Biographical  History  of 
England  (1804),  iii.  367-8 ;  Law  and  Lawyers, 
1840,  i.  44-5;  European  Mag.  Irii.  338-40; 
Lysons's  Environs  of  London,  1792-1811,  ii. 
363-4;  Townsend's  Catalogue  of  Knights,  1883, 

&60;  Wallace's  Reporters,  1855,  pp.  213-17; 
arvin's  Legal  Bibliography,  1847,  pp.  629*30; 
Notes  and  Queries,  3rdser.  ii.  231,  294,  8th  ser. 
ix.  1 27,  276 ;  Brit.  Mas.  Cat.]       G.  F.  R.  B. 

SAUNDERS,  Sib  EDWARD  (rf.  1676), 
judge,  was  third  son  of  Thomas  Saunders  of 
Sibertofb  or  of  Harrington,  Northampton- 
shire, by  Margaret,  daughter  of  Richard  Cave. 
His  younger  brother  was  Laurence  Saonders 
q*  ▼•  J>  ^be  martyr.   He  was  educated  at  Cam- 

idge,  and  becSune  a  member  of  the  Middle 


Saunders 


8l3 


Saunders 


Temple.  He  was  successiyely  member  of 
parliament  for  Coventry  (1541),  Loetwithiel 
(1547),  and  Saltash  (155d).  He  was  Lent 
reader  of  his  inn  1624-5,  dfouble  Lent  reader 
1532-3,  and  autumn  reader  1539.  He  was 
called  to  the  degree  of  seijeant-at-law  in 
Trinity  term  15£),  and  became  one  of  the 
king's  Serjeants  on  11  Feb.  1546-7,  and 
was  in  the  commission  for  the  sale  of  church 
lands  in  the  town  of  Northampton.  As  re- 
corder of  Coventiy  Saunders  instigated  the 
mayor^s  refusal  to  obey  the  orders  of  the 
Duke  of  Northumberland  to  proclaim  Lady 
Jane  Greyed  advised  him  to  proclaim  Mary 
instead.  He  was  made  justice  of  the  com- 
mon pleas  on  4  Oct.  1553,  and  appears  in 
several  special  commissions  issued  m  1553 
and  1554  for  the  trial  of  Cranmer,  Lady 
Jane  Grey,  Lords  Guilford  and  Ambrose 
Dudley,  Sir  Nicholas  Thrcfl^orton,  Sir  Peter 
Garew,  and  others.  On  13  Feb.  1553-4  he 
was  granted  the  office  of  one  of  the  justices 
of  common  pleas  in  the  county  palatine  of 
Lancaster.  He  was  knighted  by  Philip  on 
27  Jan.  1554-5,  two  days  before  his  brother 
Laurence  was  arraigned  for  heresy.  On 
8  May  1555  he  was  made  chief  justice  of  the 
queen*s  bench.  In  the  same  month  he  was 
appointed  head  of  the  special  commission  for 
the  trial  of  Thomas  Stafford  id.  1557)  [q.  v.] 
and  others  on  the  charge  ox  seizing  Scar- 
borough Castle,  in  1557  the  manors  of  Wes- 
ton-under-Weatherley  (Warwickshire)  and 
Newbold  (Northamntonshire)  were  granted 
to  him  and  Francis  Morgan,  serjeant-at-law. 
Queen  Elizabeth,  on  her  accession,  renewed 
Saunders's  patent  for  the  chief-justiceship 
(18  Nov.  1558) ;  but  on  22  Jan.  foilowinff  he 
was  removed  to  the  lower  position  of  cnief 
baron  of  the  excheouer,  possibly  on  account 
of  a  quarrel  with  Dr.  liCwis,  the  jud^e  of 
the  admiralty  court,  on  a  question  of  juris- 
diction {Acts  of  the  Frivy  CouncU^  1558,  vii. 
12).  Saunders  subsequently  acted  as  a  com- 
missioner at  the  trial  of  Arthur  Pole  [q.  v.] 
and  Edmund  Pole  and  others  (February 
1562-3),  and  of  John  Hall  and  Francis 
Holston  (May  1572)  for  treason.  He  died 
on  12  Nov.  1576  (Esc,  20  Eliz.  p.  2,  m.  82), 
and  was  buried  in  the  church  at  Weston- 
under-Weatherley,  where  there  is  a  monu- 
ment in  the  east  end  of  the  north  aisle. 
Saunders's  house  in  Whitefriars,  London, 
abutting  on  the  garden  of  Seijeants'  Inn,  was 
in  1611  sold  by  his  representatives  to  that 
society.  He  married,  first,  Mar^ret,  daugh- 
ter of  Sir  Thomas  Englefield,  judge  of  the 
court  of  common  pleas,  and  widow  of  G^rge 
Garew ;  she  died  on  11  Oct.  1563.  Secondly, 
Agnes  Hussey,  who  survived  him.  His  only 
daughter  (by  his  first  wife)  married  Thomas, 


son  of  Francis  Morgan,  the  co-ffrantee  of  the 
manors  of  Weston  and  Newbold. 

[Colvile's  Warwickshire  Worthies,  p.  681  ; 
Baker*8  Northamptonshire,!.  293 ;  Official  Retnm 
of  Members  of  Pari. ;  Willis's  Not  Pari.  ill.  («), 
7,  10,  10 ;  Dofidale's  Orig.  Jnrid.  App.  pp.  85. 
90 ;  Foss's  Judges  of  England ;  Strype's  Msiiio- 
rials,  ii.  299,  and  Aaaals,  i.  33  ;  Wottoa's  Ba- 
ronetage, i.  88,  168,  268 ;  Dogdala's  Warwick- 
shire, p.  200 ;  OaL  Chancery  Proceedings,  temp. 
ELis.  i.  101 ;  ]>ep..Keeper,  7th  Rep.  ii.  312 ; 
Cooper^s  Athense  Cantabr.;  Foze's  Aotes  and 
Monuments,  vi.  636 ;  Acts  of  the  Privy  Council, 
Tols.  ii.  and  yii.  passim ;  State  Papers,  Dom., 
Mary,  ii.  66,  Elis,  lii.  36,  xi.  22.]     W.  A.  S. 

SAUNDERS,  ERASMUS  (1670-1724), 
divine,  horn  in  1670  in  the  parish  of  Clydey, 
North  Pembrokeshire,  matnculated  at  Jesaa 
GoUeffe,  Oxford,  20  March  1689^90,  beinff 
deserved  as '  pauperpaer,'thoughhe belonged 
to  the  ancient  family  of  Saunders  (now 
Saunders-Dayies)  of  Pentre,  near  Clydey 
rREBS,  Beauties  of  South  Wales,  pp.  615, 
871 ;  of.  Clabx,  Qenealogiea  of  Olamorgtm^ 
p.  602J ;  he  graduated  B. A.  in  1693,  M. A. 
m  1696,  B.D.  in  1706,  and  B.D.  in  1712. 
He  was  probably  for  several  y%Kn  curate  to 
William  XJoyd  (afterwards  bishop  of  Wor- 
cester), then  yicar  of  Blockley.  He  was 
soon  appointed  rector  of  Moreton-in-the- 
Marsh,  Gloucestershire  (Reus),  and  became 
vicar  of  Blockley  on  13  Aug.  1706,  in  suo- 
cession  to  Lloyd.  He  also  held  the  rectory 
of  Hebndon,  north  Hampshire,  1706-18,  and 
was  prebendary  of  Breoxnock  in  tiie  diocese 
of  St.  David's  from  1709  till  his  death,  from 
apoplexy,  on  1  June  1724.  He  was  survived 
by  his  wife  Dorothy,  daughter  of  Humphrey 
Lloyd  of  Aberbechan,  near  Newtown,  Mont- 
gomeryshire. Saunders  died  at  Aberbechan, 
and  was  buried  at  St.  Mary's,  Shrewsbury, 
an  inscription  being  placed  to  his  memory 
in  the  chancel.  Ajiother  memorial  was 
erected  at  Blockley  in  1771  by  his  son 
Erasmus,  who  matriculated  in  1734  and 
graduated  D.D.  from  Merton  College,  Ox- 
ford, in  1753,  was  canon  of  Windsor  (1761), 
vicar  of  St.  Martin'a-in-the-Fields  and  pre- 
bendary of  Rochester  (1766),  and  diea  at 
Bristol  in  1776. 

Saunders,  who  was  a  man  of  distinguished 
piety  and  an  active  church  reformer,  is  best 
known  as  the  author  of  a  work,  written  at 
the  suggestion  of  Bishop  Bull,  entitled '  A 
View  of  the  State  of  Religion  in  the  Diocese 
of  St.  David's  about  the  beginning  of  the 
Eighteenth  Century,  with  some  Account  of 
the  Causes  of  its  Decay'  (London,  1721, 
8vo).  This  work  throws  light  on  the  origin 
of  nonconformity  in  Wales,  and  is  the  buia 
of  much  that  has  since  been  written  on  the 


Saunders 


813 


Saunders 


tuliject.  Saunders  is  also  credited  (Rbes, 
loc.  cit.)  with  having  written  '  Short  Dlus- 
trations  of  the  Bible ; '  but  this  should  pro- 
bably be  identified  with  another  work  of  his 
entitled  '  A  Domestick  Charge,  on  the  Duty 
of  Houshold-Qovemours'  (Oxford,  1701, 
8yo);  a  translation  into  Welsh  was  executed, 
but  it  does  not  appear  to  have  been  published 
(RowLAKDS,  CanAr,  BibOogn  p.  820). 

[Foster's  Alumni  Oxon.  early  ser. ;  Nash's 
Woieectershire,  i.  104-5 ;  Owen  and  Blakeway's 
History  of  Shrewsbury,  ii.  406;  Archeologia 
Oambrensis,  4th  ser.  x.  72-S ;  Gent.  Mas.  1776, 
p.  47 ;  Watt's  Bibliotheca  Britannica,  li.  8S3 ; 
Brit.  Mos.  Oftt.]  D.  Ll.  T. 

SAUNDERS,  Sib  GEORGE  (1671 P- 
1784),  rear-admiral,  bom  about  1671,  was  at 
•ea  for  some  years  in  the  merchant  service. 
He  afterwards  entered  the  navy  in  1689  as  a 
Tolunteer  on  board  the  Portsmouth,  with 
Captain  George  St.  Lo  [q.v.],  and  became  for 
a  snort  time  a  prisoner  of  war  when  the  ship 
was  captured  in  1690.  In  December  1690 
he  joined  the  Ossory  with  Captain  Tyrrell, 
in  which  he  was  present  in  the  battle  of  La 
flaffue.  On  28  Dec.  1692  he  passed  his  exami- 
nation, being  then,  according  to  his  certificate, 
twenty-one,  and  having  sored  in  the  navy 
for  not  quite  three  years.  On  5  Dec.  1694 
he  was  promoted  to  be  lieutenant,  and  in 
January  was  appointed  to  the  Yarmouth 
with  Captain  Moody.  From  1696  to  1699 
he  was  in  the  Pendennis  with  Captain 
(afterwards  Sir)  Thomas  Hardy  [q.  v.]  ;  in 
1700  he  was  in  the  Suffolk :  in  1701,  in  the 
Coventry,  again  with  Hardy,  and  in  1702 
was  first  lieutenant  of  the  St.  George,  the 
flagship  of  Sir  Stafford  Fairbome  |^.  v.], 
with  Sir  George  Rooke  [q.  v.]  at  Cadii  and 
at  Vigo.  He  was  then  pomoted  to  the 
command  of  the  Terror  oomb,  which  he 
brought  home  in  November  after  a  most 
stormy  and  dangerous  nassage.  A  few 
weeks  later  he  was  posted  to  the  Seaford,  a 
small  frigate  on  the  Irish  station,  in  which, 
and  afterwiuds,  from  January  1705,  in  the 
Shoreham,  he  continued  till  1710,  cruising 
in  the  Irish  Sea,  chasing  and  sometimes 
capturing  the  enemy's  privateers,  and  con- 
Toying  the  local  trade  between  Whitehaven, 
Hoyluce,  Milford,  and  Bristol  on  the  one 
aide,  and  on  the  other  from  Belfast  to  Kin- 
sale.  From  1710  to  1715  he  commanded 
the  Antdope  of  50  ^pins  in  the  Channel, 
and  in  1716  was  appomted  to  the  Superbe, 
which  in  1717  was  one  of  the  fleet  m  the 
Baltic  with  Sir  George  Byng,  afterwards 
Viscount  Torrington  m.  v.]  Byng,  when 
appointed  in  the  following  year  to  the 
command  of  a  fleet  in  the  ftfediterranean, 
selected  Saunders  as  first  captain  of  his  flag- 


ship, the  Barfleur.  In  that  capacity 
Saunders  had  an  important  share  in  tne  de- 
feat of  the  Spanish  fleet  off  Cape  Passaro, 
and  in  the  subsequent  operations  on  the 
coast  of  Sicily  and  Naples.  On  his  return 
to  England  in  the  end  of  1720  he  was 
knighted,  and  in  1721  was  appointed  a 
commissioner  of  the  victualling  omce,  from 
which  he  was  moved  in  1727  to  be  extra 
commissioner  of  the  navy,  and  in  1729  to  be 
comptroller  of  the  treasurer's  account.  The 
last  office  he  held  till  his  death  on  5  Dec. 
1734,  undisturbed  by  his  promotion,  on 
9  June  1782,  to  the  rank  of  rear-adooiral. 

From  1728  Saunders  was  also  member  of 
parliament  for  Queenborougk  The  very 
strong  resemblance  of  the  handwriting^  more 
especially  of  the  signatures,  susgests  that 
Thomas  Saunders,  who  in  171^9  com- 
manded the  Seaford's  prize,  also  on  the  Irish 
station,  majhave  been  a  brother.  In  1702 
he  wrote  his  name  Sanders,  but  in  1703  and 
afterwards  Saunders. 

By  his  wiU  in  Somerset  House  (Ockham, 
272),  dated  20  Sept.  1732,  proved  14  Dec. 
1784,  he  left  the  bulk  of  his  propertv  to  his 
wife  Anne  (<f.  1740),  with  ade<]uate  legacies 
to  his  granddaughters,  sister,  niece,  and  exe- 
cutors, Thomas  Revell  and  Seth  Jermy  of  the 
victualling  office. 

Sjist  books  and  official  correspondence  in  the 
lie  Kecord  Office;   CharnoeVs  Biogr.  Nav. 
iii.  326 ;  Dnckett's  Naval  Commissioners.] 

J.K.L. 

SAUNDERS,  GEORGE  (176^1889), 
architect,  was  bom  in  1762.  In  1780  he 
designed  the  facade  which  was  then  added 
to  the  theatre  in  New  Street,  Birminghsm, 
and  which  still  remains,  having  survived 
the  destruction  of  the  main  builmng  by  fire 
in  1820.  In  1790  he  published  a  'Treatise 
on  Theatres,'  with  plates  chiefly  copied  from 
Dumonf  8  *  Salles  de  Spectacles.'  In  1796 
Saunders  was  employea  by  Lord  Mansfield 
to  enlarge  Caen  Wood,  his  residence  at 
Highgate.  In  1804  he  designed,  for  the 
trustees  of  the  British  Museum,  an  exten- 
sion of  Montagu  House,  consisting  of  a  suite 
of  thirteen  rooms,  in  which  were  subso- 
qu^itly  arranged  the  Townley  marbles  and 
other  Greek  and  Roman  antiquities.    The 

fallenr  was  opened  by  Queen  Charlotte  in 
une  1808  and  removed  about  1861  to  make 
way  for  the  enlargement  of  the  new  building. 
Saimders  held  the  post  of  surveyor  for  the 
county  of  Middlesex,  and  for  twenty-eight 
years  was  chairman  of  the  commission  of 
sewers.  He  was  a  member  of  the  committee 
of  three  magistrates  appointed  to  report  upon 
the  public  bridges  of  Middlesex  in  18^.    He 


Saunders 


814 


Saunders 


was  elected  a  fellow  of  the  Society  of  An- 
tiquaries in  1808  and  also  became  a  fellow 
of^tlie  Royal  Society.  Saunders  published 
in  1806  a  valuable  paper  on  '  Brick  Bond  as 
practised  at  Various  Periods/  and  others  on 
*The  Origin  of  Gothic  Architecture'  and 
<  The  Situation,  and  Extent  of  the  City  of 
Westminster  at  Various  Periods'  were 
printed  in  '  Archieologia'  in  1811  and  1833. 
He  died  at  his  residence  in  Oxford  Street, 
London,  in  July  1839.  A  marble  bust  of 
him  by  Cheverton,  after  Chantrey,  belongs  to 
the  Boy^  Society  of  British  Architects. 

[Diet  of  Architecture;  Gent.  Mag.  1839,  ii. 
821 ;  Edwards's  Founders  of  the  British  Museum, 
1870,  p.  392;  Papworth's  Views  of  LoDdoo, 
1816.]  F.  M.  O'D. 

SAUNDERS,  HENRY  (1728-1786), 
local  historian,  the  son  of  Henry  Rogers 
Saunders  by  lus  wife  Rebecca  (Hawkes),  was 
bom  at  Dudley  in  1728.  His  father's  mother, 
Smh,  daughter  of  Thomas  Rogers,  a  Stour- 
bridge flaaa  dealer,  was  of  Huguenot  descent, 
and  this  same  Thomas  Rogers  was  an  ances- 
tor of  Samuel  Rogers  the  poet,  Henry  was 
educated  partly  at  the  expense  of  his  father's 
elder  brother,  Thomas,  a  surgeon  who  was 
patronised  by  'the  good  Lord  Lyttelton' 
[See  Ltttblton,  Qeoboe,  first  Babov],  and 
much  esteemed  for  *  his  success  in  inocula- 
tion.' On  leaying  Dudley  grammar  school, 
he  matriculated  nom  Oriel  College,  Oxford, 
on  10  June  1746,  being  entered  on  the 
college  books  as  a  servitor  on  18  July  1746, 
and  graduating  B.A.  31  May  1760.  In  1764, 
haying  been  ordained,  he  was  appointed 
curate  of  Wednesbury  at  a  stipend  of  36/., 
upon  which  he  married.  After  two  years  of 
semi-starvation  he  was  transferred  to  Shen- 
stone  in  Staffordshire,  where  he  served  as 
curate  for  fourteen  years.  His  amiable 
Qualities  enabled  him  to  make  influential 
mends  there^  and  he  always  expressed  the 
liveliest  gratitude  towards  the  place  and  its 
people.  His  last  entry  in  the  Shenstone 
register  is  dated  22  Jan.  1770.  Shortly 
afterwards  he  accepted  a  fairly  lucrative 
ushership  at  King  Edward's  School,  Bir^ 
mingham.  By  the  favour  of  his  uncle's  pa^ 
tron,  Lord  Lyttelton,  Saunders  was  in  1771 
appointed  to  the  mastershipof  Hales  Owen 
school  in  Shropshire  (now  Worcestershire), 
to  which  was  aaded,  by  the  good  offices  of  an 
early  preceptor, Dr.  Pynson  Wilmott,theper- 
petual  curacy  of  Oldbury.  He  died  at  Hales 
Owen  in  January  1786,  and  was  buried  bv  his 
special  request  m  the  churchyard  of  Shen- 
stone on  4  Feb.  1786.  Bv  his  wife  Elisa- 
beth (Butler),  who  died  at  Shenstone  in  1769, 
he  left  an  only  son,  John  Butler  Saunders  | 


(1760-1830),  curate  of  St.  Augustine  and  Si. 
Faith,  and  of  St.  Martin's,  Ironmonger  Lane, 
London,  and  an  untiring  supporter  of  the 
Royal  Humane  Society. 

At  Birmingham  blunders  devoted  his 
spare  time  to  the  composition  of  '  The  His- 
tory and  Antiquities  of  Shenstone'  (pub- 
lished with  a  short  accoimt  of  the  author  by 
his  son,  John  Butler  Saunders,  London, 
1794, 4to,  and  also  printed  in  Nichols's  Topo- 
j;raphica  Britannica,'  ix.  '  Antiquities,'  vol. 
1.)  It  is  a  model  parish  history,  containing 
elaborate  accounts  of  the  local  manors,  ham- 
lets, farms^  genealogies,  and  assessments. 
The  work  is  extensively  used  by  Stebbing 
Shaw  in  his  *  History  or  Staffordshire '  (voL 
ii.  pt.  i.,  1801,  folio). 

[Gent.  Mag.  1880  i.  478 ;  Introdnetioa  to  the 
History  of  Shenstone;  Foster's  Alunmi  Oxen. 
1716>1881;  Chambers's  Woreeatershire  Wor- 
thies, p.  452 ;  notes  kindly  supplied  by  C.  L. 
Shadwell,  Esq.  B.CL.  of  Oriel  GoUege,  Oxfoid, 
and  the  Rev.  A.  F.  Powley,  vicar  of  Shenstone.] 

T.  S. 

SAUNDERS,  JOHN  (1810-1895), 
novelist  and  dramatist,  bom  at  Barnstaple, 
Devonshire,  on  2  Aug.  1810,  was  the  son  of 
John  Saunders,  bookseller  and  publisher,  of 
Exeter,  London,  and  Leeds,  bv  his  wife  Saiah 
Northcote  of  Exeter.  The  mmily  had  lon^ 
been  established  in  Devonshire  (VrviAir,  Fin- 
ttUiona  qf  Devon^  p.  669).  After  being  edu- 
cated at  Exeter  grammar  school,  Saunders 
went  to  live  at  Lmcoln  with  his  sister  Mary 
{b.  1818),  and  there  he  published  in  1834,  in 
conjunction  with  her,  'Songs  for  the  Many, 
by  Two  of  the  People.'  They  won  the  com- 
mendation of  Bulwer  Lytton  and  Leigh 
Hunt,  and  were  republished  in  1838  under 
the  title  of '  Songs,  Sonnets,  and  Miscellane- 
ous Poems.'  Mary  Saunders  afterwards  col- 
laborated with  her  husbsad,  John  Bennett, 
in  several  works  of  fiction  and  other  literary 
undertakings.    She  survived  her  brother. 

Bemovln^  to  London,  Saunders  in  1840 
edited  William  Howitt's '  Portraits  and  Me- 
moirs of  Eminent  Living  Political  Re- 
formers,' the  portraits  being  by  Hayter. 
About  this  time  he  began  a  connection  with 
Charles  Knight  (1791-1878)  [q.  v.],  for 
whom  he  wrote  the  greater  part  of  'Old 
England'  and  much  of  '  London.'  A  series 
of  articles  on  Chancer,  which  appeared 
originally  in  the  '  Penny  Magasine,'  rormed 
the  basis  of  an  introduction  to  an  edition  of 
the  *  Canterbury  Ti^,'  published  in  1846. 
This  admirable  piece  of  work  was  reissued 
in  1889,  in  the  form  of  '  a  modernised  ver- 
sion, annotated  and  accented,'  with  illustn^ 
tioDS  reproduced  from  the  Ellesme^  MS. 

In  1846  Saunders  ibonded  '  The  People's 


Saunders 


8iS 


Saunders 


Journal/  one  of  the  earliest  of  iUustrated 
papers*  He  continued  to  edit  it  for  about  two 
Tears,  with  the  helpat  first  of  William  Howitt 
fq.  T.]  In  it  appeared  Harriet  Martineau's 
'Eastern  TraveiB '  and  her  '  Household 
Education/  the  plan  of  the  latter  haying 
been  suggested  by  Saunders.  Mr.  W.  J. 
Linton  executed  engrayings  for  the  paper ; 
Sydney  Thompson  I>obell  [^.  t.],  with  whom 
Sunders  became  intimate,  wrote  some  of 
hia  earliest  verses  in  it  under  the  signature 
'  Sydney  Yendys ; '  and  among  other  con- 
tributors were  Landor,  Douglas  Jeixold,  and 
Hepworth  Dixon.  In  1866-7  Saunders,  to- 
gether with  John  Westland  Marston  fa.  y.], 
conducted  the  short-liyed '  National  Maga- 
sine.' 

In  1856  he  wrote  *  Loye's  Martyrdom/  a 
fiye-act  plft}[  in  blank  yerse,  resembling  in 
theme  Sheridan  KnowWs  *  Hunchback.' 
Landor  found  in  it  'passages  worthy  of 
Shakespeare/and  Tennyson  c^uracterisea  the 
author  as  '  a  man  of  true  dramatical  geniuSb^ 
Dickens  admired  it,  but  suggested  altera- 
tions to  better  fit  it  for  the  stage.  Largely 
owuoff  to  Dickens's  influence  it  was  accepted 
by  Fhelpe ;  but  it  was  ultimately  produced  by 
Bnckstone  at  the  Haymarket  m  June  1855. 
It  was  acted  for  seyen  nights.  Barry  Sulli- 
yan,  W.  Farren,  and  Miss  Helen  Faucit  were 
in  the  cast.  In  a  later  play,  *  Arkwright's 
Wife/  Saunders  had  Tom  T^lor  as  collabo- 
rator. It  was  first  giyen  at  liMs  and  Man- 
chester, under  Taylor^s  name  only,  was  pro- 
duced at  the  Globe,  London,  in  October  lo78, 
and  ran  through  the  season. 

Saunders  was  the  author  of  eighteen 
noyels  and  tales.  '  Abel  Drake's  Wife ;  or 
the  Story  of  an  Inyentor/  in  which  a  strike 
and  other  features  of  manufacturing  life 
are  interwoyen  with  a  loye  story,  was  one 
of  the  best.  First  issued  in  1862,  it  was  re- 
published in  the  *  ComhillLibranr  of  Fiction' 
m  1878,  and  reappeared  in  187o,  and  again 
in  1800.  Dramatised,  in  com  unction  with 
Tom  Taylor,  it  was  produced  at  Leeds  on 
9  Oct.  1874,  and  afterwards  at  Glasgow,  and 
in  1875  it  was  printed  for  priyate  circu- 
lation as  '  Abel  Drake :  a  domestic  drama.' 
'  Hirell ;  or  Loye  bom  of  Strife,'  1869,  a 
Welsh  story,  was  dedicated  to  Mr.  Glad- 
stone ;  new  editions  appeared  in  1873  and 
1876.  '  The  Lion  in  the  Path,'  1875,  re- 
printed in  1876,  in  which  Saunders  had  the 
nelp  of  his  dau^ter  Katherine  (see  below), 
was  an  historic^  romance  of  James  II's  period. 
'Israel  Mort,  Overman/ 1876,  reprinted  next 
year,  was  a  powerful  story  of  life  in  the 
Welsh  mines. 

Saunders  died  at  Richmond,  Suney,  on 
29  March  1895|and  was  buried  in  the  ceme- 


teiy  there.  A  portrait  was  painted  by  a 
son. 

In  addition  to  the  noyels  mentioned,  Saun« 
ders  published:  1.  <The  Shadow  in  the 
House/  1860;  cheap  edition,  1863.  2.  <  Mar- 
tin Pole,'  1868,  2  yols.  8.  <Guy  Water- 
man,' 1864;  new  edition,  1876.  4.  'One 
against   the    World;    or   Beuben's  War,' 

3  yols.  1865 ;  new  edition,  1876.  5. '  Bound 
to  the  Wheel/  3  yols.  1866.  6.  '  The  Ship- 
man's  Daughter,'  3  yols.  1876.  7.  '  Jasper 
Deane,   mK>d-caryer  of  St.  Paul's/  1877. 

8.  'The  Sherlocks,'  1879.  9.  <The  Two 
Dreamers/  3  yols.  1880.  10.  <  The  Tempter 
behind/ 1880;  new  edition,  1884.  11.  <  A 
Noble  Wife,'  1888,  3  yols.  12.  '  Victor  or 
Victim ;  or  the  Mine  of  Darley  Dale/  1883; 
new  edition,  1844-5.  13. '  Miss  Vandeleur; 
or  robbing  Peter  to  paj  Paul,'  3  yols.  1884. 

By  his  wife  Katherme  (d,  1888),  daugh- 
ter of  John  Henry  Nettleship,  merchant  of 
Ostendand  Brussels,  he  had  twelve  children. 
The  eldest  daughter,  Kathekqib  Saukdebs 
(1841-1894),  who  married,  in  1876,  the  Bey. 
Kichard  Cooneir,published,  amongol^r  works 
of  fiction:  1.  'Margaret  and  Elizabeth:  a 
StoryoftheSea/1673;  new ed.  1884.  2. 'John 
Merry  weather,  and  other  Tales/ 1874 ;  new  ed. 
1884.  3.  <  Gideon's  Rock,'  &c.,  1874 ;  new  ed. 
1884.  4.  '  The  High  Mills/  1875,  3  yols. ; 
new  ed.  1884.  5.  'Sebastian:  a  Noyel/ 
1878.  6.  'Heart  Salyage  by  Sea  and  Land/ 
1884,  3  yols.  7. '  Nearly  in  Port ;  or  Phcebe 
Mostyn's  Loye  Stoiy/  1886.  8.  '  Diamonds 
in    Darkness :    a    Ohristtan   Story/    1888. 

9.  'Holstone  Priory/  1898.  She  died  on 
7  Aug.  1894. 

[Priyate  informatioD ;  Knight's  Passages  of  a 
Working  Lif^  ii.  193,  82i,  ill.  11,  20;  Echo, 
6  April  i891 ;  obituary  notices  in  the  Times 

4  April  1896,  Atfaenaeom  6  April,  and  Queen 
20  April  (by  Sir  Walter  Besant).] 

a.  La  Q-.  N. 

SAUNDERS,  JOHN  CUNNINGHAM 
(1778^1810),  <^hthalmic  surgeon,  the 
youngest  son  of  John  Cunningham  and  Jane 
Saunders  of  Lovistone,  Deronshire,  was  bom 
on  10  Oct.  1778.  He  was  sent  to  school 
at  Tavistock  when  he  was  eight  yean  old, 
and  afterwards  to  South  Molton,  where  he 
remained  until  1790.  He  was  then  appren- 
ticed to  John  Hill,  surgeon  of  Barnstaple. 
He  served  his  master  for  the  usual  term  of 
five  years  and  came  to  London,  where  in  1795 
he  entered  the  combined  hospitals  of  St. 
Thomas  and  Quy  in  the  Borough.  He  worked 
at  anatomy  so  assiduously  that  in  1797  he 
was  appointed  demonstrator  in  that  subject 
at  St.  Thomas's  Hospital.  This  post  he  owed 
to  the  influence  of  Astley  Cooper,  whose 
house^pupil  he  was,  and  to  whom  he  acted 


Saunders 


8i6 


Saunders 


as  dresser.  He  resigned  his  demonstrator- 
ship in  1801,  and  went  into  the  country  for 
a  snort  time ;  but  on  his  return  to  London 
he  was  reappointed  demonstrator,  and  held 
thepost  until  his  death. 

He  took  a  prominent  part  in  founding  a 
charitable  institution  in  Bloomfield  Street, 
Moorfields,  for  the  cure  of  diseases  of  the 
eye  and  ear  in  October  1804.  This  institu- 
tion was  opened  for  the  reception  of  patients 
on  26  March  1805,  but  it  was  soon  round  to 
be  necessary  to  limit  its  benefits  to  those 
who  were  aSected  with  diseases  of  the  eye. 
It  still  flourishes  as  the  premier  ophthalmic 
hospital  in  England,  with  the  title  of  The 
Boyal  London  Ophthalmic  Hospital. 

Saunders  died^on  9  Feb.  1810  at  his  resi- 
dence in  Ely  Place.  He  was  buried  in  St. 
Andrew's,  Holbom,  on  20  Feb.  1810.  He 
married  Jane  Louisa  Colkett  on  7  April 
1803, 

He  was  an  able  surgeon  and  a  skilful 
operator.  His  early  death  delayed  the  pro- 
gress of  ophthalmic  surgery  for  many  years  in 
this  country,  though  he  transmitted  the  rudi- 
ments of  his  knowledge  to  William  Adams, 
afterwards  Sir  WilUam  Rawson  (1783-1827) 
[q.  y.] 

There  is  a  half-length  in  oils  by  A.  W. 
Deyis  in  the  board-room  of  the  Boyal  Lon- 
don Ophthalmic  Hospital.  Antony  Carton 
engrayed  this  portrait  for  the  collected  edi- 
tion of  Saunders's  works  on  the  eye. 

His  works  are :  1.  '  Anatomy  of  the  Hu- 
man Ear,  with  a  Treatise  of  its  Diseases, 
the  Causes  of  Dea&ess  and  their  Treatment,' 
plates,  fol.  London,  1806;  2nd  edit.  8yo, 
1817;  8rd  edit.  8yo,  1829:  this  work  ayj- 

Sears  to  haye  been  the  outcome  of  his  resi- 
ence  with  Astley  Cooper,  who,  about  1800, 
was  much  interested  in  the  anatomy  and 
surgery  of  the  ear.  2.  '  A  Treatise  on  some 
Practical  Points  relating  to  Diseases  of  the 
Eye/  plates,  8yo,  London,  1811 :  this  work 
was  published  posthumously,  by  his  friend, 
Dr.  J.  R.  Farre.  A  new  edition  in  octayo 
appeared  in  1816,  at  the  expense  of  the  in- 
stitution and  for  the  benefit  of  his  widow. 
Both  books  contain  interesting  records  of 
cases  seen  by  Saunders. 

[Memoir  pr«fized  to  Dr.  Farre's  edition  of 
Saondera's  Works ;  information  from  Mr.  R.  J. 
NewBtead,  secretary  of  the  Boyal  liOodon  Oph- 
thalmic HospitaL]  D'A.  P. 

SAUNDERS,  LAURENCE  (d.  1656), 
martyr,  was  son  of  Thomas  Saunders  of 
Harrington,  Northamptonshire!  by  his  wife 
Marsaret  Caye.  Sir  Edward  Saunders  [q.y.l 
was  bis  elder  brother.  In  16S8  he  was  electea 
from  Eton  scholar  of  King's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, and  graduated  B.A.  in  1641.     He 


then  left  the  uniyersity,  and  was  bound  ap- 

frentice  to  Sir  William  Chester  [q.  y.]  in 
jondon,  but  returned  to  Cambridge  on  the 
yoluntary  cancelling  of  his  indenture.  He 
proceeded  M.  A.  in  1644,  and  later,  it  is  said, 
became  B.D.  According  to  Foxe  {Actes  and 
Monuments,  yi.  618),  lie  remained  at  the 
uniyersity  till  the  end  of  Henry  VIII*s 
reign.  After  Edward  VI's  accession  he  was 
appointed  to  read  a  divinity  lecture  in  the 
college  at  Fotherin^y,  Northamptonshire, 
and  ne  married  while  holding  tnat  office. 
When  this  college  was  dissolyed  he  was 
made  reader  in  Lichfield  Cathedral.  He 
subsequently  became  rector  of  Church  Lang- 
ton  in  Leicestershire,  and  prebendary  of 
Boteyant  in  York  Cathedral  on  27  Aug. 
1662  (Lb  Nete).  On  28  March  1663  he 
was  collated  by  Cranmer  to  the  rectory  of 
All  Hallows,  Bread  Street  (Newooxtbt,  jS^ 
pert,  i.  246).  After  Mary's  accession,  he 
was  apprehended  byBonner  in  October  1664, 
and  lay  in  prison  for  fifteen  months.  In 
March  1663-4  he  was  cited  to  appear  before 
the  yicar-general  for  haying  mamed  ^Sibtpe, 
Oranmer,  p.  468),  and  in  tiie  following  May 
ugned  the  confession  of  fiuth  made  by 
mK)per,  Coyerdale,  and  others  in  prison 
(Stbtpe,  JEccL  Mem.  m.  L  223).  On  29  Jan. 
1664-6  he  was  arraigned  by  Gardiner  at  St. 
Mary  OyerVs,  the  day  alter  the  trial  of 
Hooper  and  Rogers.  He  was  condemned 
for  heresy,  degraded  on  4  Feb.,  and  on  the 
6th  sent  to  Coyentry  to  be  burned.  The 
sentence  was  carried  out  on  8  Feb.  1664-^. 

Saunders's  letters  were  printed  in  Coyer- 
dale's  *  Certain  Most  Godly  Letters/  1664, 
8yo,  and  in  Foze's  *  Actes.'  There  is  also 
ascribed  to  him  'Poemata  qu»dam '  (Tas- 
irsB,  Btbl.  Brit. ;  FoxB,  Aetee  and  Mowur 
mente)  and,  more  doubtfully,  *A  Trewe 
Mirrour  or  Glase,  wherin  we  maye  beholde 
the  wofiill  state  of  thys  our  Realme  of 
Englande,  set  forth  in  a  dialogue  or  com- 
munication betwene  Eusebius  and  Theo- 
philus/  1660  or  1661 P 

[Memoir  byLegh  Richmond  in  Fathers  of  the 
English  Church,  yol.  yi. ;  Chnrch  of  England 
Tract  Society,  yol.  iv. ;  Middleton*s  Biogr.  fiyan. 
L  804 ;  Prebendary  Rogers's  Hiat.  Martyrdom 
and  Letters  of  Lanrenoe  Saunders,  1882,  12mo 
(all  based  on  Foze's  Actes  and  Monoments,  yi. 
612-36);  Bradford's  Works,  passim;  Zorieh 
Letters,  iii.  171,  772;  Ridley's,  Hoopcr^s,  and 
Sandys'sWorks  (Parker  Soc.) ;  Harwood's  Alumni 
Eton. ;  Cooper's  Athenae  Cantabr. ;  Simms's  Bi- 
bliotheca  Stafford.  892.]  W.  A  8. 

SAXTNDERS^  MARGARET  (A  1702- 
1744),  actress,  was  the  daughter  of  Jonathan 
Saunders,  a  wine  cooper,  and  grandchild  on 
her  mother's  side  of  Captain  WaUisi '  a  se« 


Saunders 


8iy 


Saunders 


offieer/  of  Weymouthi  in  which  town  she 
was  bom  in  1686.  After  receivinff  an  edu* 
cation  at  a  boarding-school  at  Steeme  Aston, 
Wiltshire,  she  was  apprenticed  to  Mrs.  Fane, 
a  milliner  in  Catherine  Street,  Strand,  Lon- 
don. In  1702,  at  the  age  of  sixteen,  as  she 
herself  states,  she  was  Ivonght  out  at  Dmry 
Lane  Theatre  through  the  influence  of  her 
friend,  Anne  Oldfield  fq.  v.]  Her  first  re- 
corded appearance  took  place  at  the  Hay- 
market  on  18  Oct.  1707,  when  she  played 
Flareit  in  Gibber's  <  Love's  Last  Shift/  On 
the  22nd  she  played  Mrs.  Littlewit  in  '  Bar- 
tholomew Fair;'  on  1  Nov.  the  original 
Wishwell  in  Gibber's  'Double  Gallant;'  on 
the  11th  played  Fairlove  inthe  'Tender  Hus- 
band;' on  the  18th  Sentry  in  '  She  would 
if  she  could;'  and  1  Jan.  1708  Amie  in  the 

*  Jorial  Grew.'  Her  reputation  as  a  cham- 
bermaid was  by  this  time  established.  At 
Drury  Lane  she  was  on  6  Feb.  Isabella  in  the 
^Gountry  Wit,'  playing  during  the  season 
Olutda  in  *  Marriage  li-hi-mode/  Lucy  in  the 
^Old  Bachelor,'  Boris  in  '  ^^sop,'  Lucy  in 
'  Bury  Fair,'  Miss  Molly  in  *  Love  for  Money,' 
and  during  the  summer  season  Phoebe  in 
the  *  Debauchee,  or  a  New  Way  to  pay  Old 
Debts.'  In  1708-9  she  was  FhsBdra  in  <  Am- 
phitryon,' Mrs.  Bisket  in  *  Epsom  Wells,' 
Lady  Haughty  in  the '  Silent  Woman,'  Edging 
in  the  '  Gareless  Husband,' and  was  on  12  May 

1709  the  original  Patch  in  Mrs.  GentUyre  s 
'Busy  Body.  With  the  associated  actors  at 
the  Haymarket  in  1709-10  she  played,  in 
addition  to  her  old  parts.  Parley  in  the 
'  Gonstant  Gouple,'  Moretta  in  Mrs.  Behn's 

*  Bover,'  Prudence  in  the  *  Amorous  Widow,' 
and  Lucy  in  the  *  Yeoman  of  Kent.'  and  was, 
on  12  Not.  1709,  the  ori^nal  Dorotny  in  Mrs. 
Oentlivre's  *  Man's  Bewitched,'  and  on  1  May 

1710  the  first  Gassata  in  Gharles  Johnson's 

*  LoTe  in  a  Ghest.'  Once  more  at  Drury  Lane, 
she  was  seen  as  Rose  in  *  Sir  Martin  Marr- 
all,'  Emilia  in  '  Othello,'  and  Doll  Gommon 
in  the '  Alchemist,'  and  was,  on  7  April  1711, 
the  original  Pomade  in '  Injured  Love.'  With 
the  summer  company  she  was  Teresia  in  the 
'  Volunteers.'  Cm  19  Jan.  1712  she  was  the 
first  Florella  in  Mrs.  Gentlivre's '  Perplexed 
Lovers,'  and  played  for  her  benefit  Rutland 
in  the '  Unhappy  Favourite.'  In  the  summer 
riie  was  seen  as  Aurelia  in  the  *  Ouardian.' 
On  7  Nov.  she  was  the  original  Lesbia  in 
Gharles  Johnson's  'Successml  Pirate.'  In 
Gay's  *  Wife  of  Bath,'  on  12  May  1713,  she 
was  the  original  Busie,  and  on  26  Nov.  in  the 
'  Apparition,  or  the  Sham  Wedding'  ('by  a 
Gentleman  of  Oxford '),  the  original  Buisy 
(m).  On  27  April  1714  she  was  the  first 
Flora  in  Mrs.  Gentlivre's '  Wonder.'  Lady 
Fidget  in  the  <  Country  Wife' and  Viletta  in 

VOL.  xvii. 


'  She  would  and  she  would  not'  were  assumed 
in  1714-16,  and  in  the  summer  Mrs.  Raison 
in '  Greenwich  Park.'  In  the  following  season 
she  was  Hartshorn  in  the  'Lady's  Last 
Stake '  and  Lady  Laycock  in  the  *  Amorous 
Widow.'  0^  10  March  1716  she  was  the 
original  Abigail  in  Addison's  'Drummer.' 
Jenny  in  the  'Gomical  Revenge,'  Widow 
Lackit  in  *  Oroonoko,'  and  Lady  Wouldbe  in 
'  Volpone '  followed  in  the  next  season.  On 
19  Feb.  1718  she  was  the  original  Frudentia 
in  'The  Play  is  the  Plot'  by  Breval.  She 
also  played  Lady  Wishfort  in  the '  Way  of 
the  World.'  On  13  AprU  1721  she  appeared 
as  Tattleaid  in  the  '  Funeral.'  This  is  the 
last  time  her  name  is  traceable  as  a  member 
of  the  company.  In  consequence  of  ^  a  very 
violent  asthmatical  indisposition,'  she  was 
compelled  permanently  to  quit  the  stage. 
For  the  last  benefit  of  Mrs.  Younger  she  re- 
turned to  the  boards  for  one  night,  and  played 
Lady  Wishfort.  This  was  presumably  at 
Govent  Garden  in  1783-4.  On  19  Jan.  1744, 
'  by  command  of  the  Duke,'  a  performance  of 
'  Julius  Gffisar '  and  the  '  Devil  to  Pay'  was 
given  'for  the  benefit  of  Mrs.  Saunders, 
many  years  a  comedian  at  the  Theatre  Royal.' 
Mrs.  Saunders  apologised  for  not  waiting 
upon  her  patrons, '  she  not  having  been  able 
to  go  out  of  her  house  these  eighteen  months.' 
Mrs.  Saunders  appears  to  nave  been  un- 
surpassed in  certain  Kinds  of  chambermaids. 
Davies  praises  her  decayed  widows,  nurses, 
and  old'  maids ;  Doran  speaks  of  her  as  the 
very  pearl  of  chambermaids.  On  her  retire- 
ment she  became  a  friend  and  confidential 
attendant  on  Mrs.  Oldfield.  She  is  supposed 
to  have  been  the  Betty  of  Pope's  ill-natured 
satire  on  Mrs.  Oldfield,  beginning '  Odious  in 
woollen,'  and  ending '  And,  Betty,  give  this 
cheek  a  little  red.'  She  wrote  a  letter  to 
Gurll,  inserted  in  his  '  Memoirs  of  Mrs.  01d« 
field,'  in  which  she  gives  a  very  edifying  ac- 
count of  Mrs.  Oldfield's  end,  and  a  second 
letter,  dated  from  Watford  on  22  Jnne  1730, 
supplying  information  concerning  Mrs.  Big- 
neil  [see  BicilKIILl]  and  her  sister,  Mrs. 
Younger.  Mrs.  Oldfield  left  her  by  will 
an  allowance  of  10/.  a  year,  to  be  paid 
quarterly. 

[Betterton's  (Curll's)  Hist,  of  the  English 
Stage,  and  Memoirs  of  Mn.  Anne  Oldfield; 
Egerton's  Memoirs  of  Mrs.  Anne  Oldfield  ; 
Genest's  Account  of  the  English  Stage ;  Davies's 
Dramatic  Miscellanies ;  Doran's  Anmds  of  the 
Stage,  ed.  Lowe.]  J.  K. 

BAnNDEB3orSAND£BS,RIGHARD 

(1618-1687  P),  astrologer,  a  native  of  War- 
wickshire, was  bom  in  1613,  commenced  the 
study  of  hermeneutics  about  1647,  and 
practised  astrology  and  cheiromancy  during 

Sg 


baunders 


8i8 


Saunders 


the  golden  afe  of  the  peeudo^scieiioee  in 
EngUnd.  Luiy  referred  to  him  in  1677  ae 
an  old  and  valued  friend,  and  he  was  also  a 
friend  and  admirer  of  Ashmole.  Hie 
almanacs^  of  which  copies  are  extant  for 
1681, 1684,  and  1686  (aU  London  12mo), 
cease  from  the  last^mentioned  date.  His 
portrait,  enmYed  by  Thomas  Cross  [q.  ▼.], 
was  prefizea  to  seyeral  of  his  works.  These 
include :  1. '  Fhisiognomie,  Ohiromancie  .  . . 
and  the  Art  of  Memorie,'  Jjondon,  1668,  foL, 
with  cuts  and  portrait ;  a  second  edition, 
very  much  enlarged,  and  dealing  with  'Meto- 
poecopie,  the  Symmetrical  Proportions  and 
QipM  Moles  of  the  Body,' appeared  in  1671, 
with  a  dedication  to  Elias  Ashmole  of  the 
Middle  Temple.  3.  <  Palmistiy,  the  Secrets 
thereof  disclosed,'  2nd  edit.,  London, 
1664,  12mo.  8.  <The  Astrological  Judg- 
ment and  Practice  of  Physick,  deduced  from 
the  Position  of  the  Heavens  at  the  Decum- 
biture  of  a  Sick  Person '  (with  portrait,  and 
a  letter  to  the  reader  by  William  lilly), 
London,  1677,  4to.  This  is  a  systematic 
exposition  of  astrological  therapeutics,  based 
hagelj  upon  examination  of  the  urine,  sputa, 
etc.,  by  horoscopical  methods.  The  author 
is  held  up  as  a  '  counterquack '  in  com* 
mendatory  verses  by  Henry  Coley  [q.  v.], 
the  mathematician,  and  others. 

[Oimger's  Biogr.  Hist  1779,  ir.  107;  Ool- 
vile's  Warwickshire  Worthies,  p.  638  ;  Hatlitt's 
Bibl.  €k>Ueet.  Srd  ser.  p.  92;  Watt's  BibL 
Britansica ;  Brit.  Kus.  Cat.  b.v.  '  Sanders.'] 

T.S. 

SAUNDERS,  RIOHARD  HUCK- 
(1720-1786\  physician,  whose  parents  were 
named  Huck,  was  bom  in  Westmoreland  in 
1720,  and  educated  at  the  grammar  school 
of  Croughland  in  Cumberland.  After  a  five 
years'  apprenticeship  with  a  surgeon  at  Pen- 
rith named  Neal,  he  entered  as  a  student  at 
St,  Thomas's  Hospital,  London,  where  he 
was  a  pupil  of  John  Girle.  Li  1745  he 
entered  the  army,  and  was  appointed  sur- 
ffeon  to  Lord  Sempill's  regiment,  with  which 
ne  served  until  the  peace  of  1748.  He  then 
settled  at  Penrith,  and  on  13  Oct.  1749  re- 
ceived the  degree  of  M.D.  from  Marischal 
College,  Aberaeen.  after  being  'examined 
with  a  solution  of  a  case  of  medicine  and 
aphorism  of  Hippocrates.'  In  1760  he  was 
appointed  surgeon  to  the  d3rd  regiment ;  he 
joined  it  at  Minorca,  and  remained  there  three 
years.  ^  From  1763  to  1765  he  was  quartered 
with  his  regiment  at  Edinburgh,  availing 
himself  of  the  opportunity  to  attend  the 
medical  classes  at  the  university.  He  next 
went  to  America  under  the  Earl  of  Loudoun, 
br  whom  he  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of 
pLyaiciaa  to  the  army.    In  the  latter  capa- 


city he  served  during*  the  whole  of  the 
seven  years*  war,  greatly  to  the  benefit  of 
the  troopSk  After  the  successful  expedition 
aoainst  H^vannah,  in  1762,  he  returned  to 
Mgland  with  health  impaired ;  he  conse- 
quently made  a  continental  tour,  journey- 
ing tmrough  France,  Germany,  and  Itsly. 
He  finally  settled  in  Spring  GJtudens,  Lon- 
don, as  a  physician,  and  was  admitted  a 
licentiate  of  the  College  of  Physicians  on 
1  April  1765.  He  was  elected  a  fellow  of 
the  college,  spedali gratia,  on  18  Sept.  1784. 
He  was  appointed  physician  to  Auddlesex 
Hospital  in  September  176(6,  and  physician 
to  St.  Thomas^  Hospital  on  14  Dec.  1768, 
when  he  reigned  his  office  at  the  former 
institution.  He  held  his  post  at  St.  Thomas's 
until  1777,  when  he  was  succeeded  by  Dr. 
H.  R.  Reynolds.  He  died  in  the  West  Indies 
on  24  JiUy  1785,  leaving  a  high  re|Kitation 
both  with  the  public  and  the  profession.  In 
1777  he  married  Jane,  the  niece  and  heireas 
of  Admiral  Sir  Charles  Saunders  [q.  v.],  witii 
whom  he  acquired  a  large  fortune,  and  as- 
sumed the  name  and  armorial  bearings  of 
Saunders  in  addition  to  his  own.  He  had 
issue  two  daughters  and  coheirs — ^Anne, 
who  married,  in  August  1796,  Robert  Dundas, 
second  viscount  Melville;  and  Jane,  who 
became,  in  1800,  the  wife  of  John  Fane, 
tenth  earl  of  Westmorland. 

[Munk's  OolL  of  Phys.  ;  Burke's  Peerage ; 
Records  of  8t.  Thomas's  Hospital ;  Register  of 
Gradaatee  in  Medicine,  Mariaehal  OoUege,  Aber- 
deen, kept  by  James  Qoidon,  professor  of  medi- 
cine, 1734-1756;  informHtionsiippJiedby  Hemy, 
fifth  visoount  Melville.]  W.  W.  W. 

SAUNDERS,  THOMAS  WILLIAM 
(1814-1890),  metropolitan  police  magistrate, 
second  son  of  Samuel  E.  Saunders  of  Bath, 
by  San^  his  wife,  was  bom  on  21  Feb. 
1814.  He  was  entered  a  student  at  ^e 
Middle  Temple  on  16  AprU  1832,  and  called 
to  the  bar  oq  9  June  1837.  From  1855  to 
October  1860  he  was  recorder  of  Dartmouth, 
and  from  that  date  to  1878  recorder  of 
Bath.  For  some  years  he  was  a  revising 
barrister,  and  in  December  1872  became  a 
commissioner  for  heariuff  municipal  election 
petitions.  Mr.  Richard  Assheton  Cross  (now 
Visoount  Cross)  appointed  him  a  metropoli- 
tan police  magistrate  on  2  Sept.  1878,  and 
he  sat  at  the  Thames  police-court  until  hia 
resignation  a  few  days  before  his  death. 
His  decisions  were  seldom  reversed,  erring, 
if  at  all,  on  the  side  of  lenieney.  He  died 
at  Bournemouth  on  28  Feb.  1890,  having 
married,  on  16  Aug.  1854,  Frances  Chregory, 
daughter  of  William  Qalpine  of  Newnorty 
Ide  of  Wightf  by  whom  he  had  a  son,  WiUiaaa 


Saunders 


819 


Saunders 


Edffar  Sfttmden  (b,  I860),  a  barrister  and 
author. 

He  was  author  of:  1.  'The  Law  of  Assault 
and  Battery/  1841.  2.  <  A  Collection  of 
all  the  Statutes  in  force  relating  to  Gaols 
and  Houses  of  Oorrection  in  England  and 
Wales/  1848.  8.  <  The  Practice  of  Sam- 
mary  Convictions  before  Justices  of  the 
Peace/  1846.  4.  'The  Administration  of 
Justice  Acts  and  the  Act  to  protect  Justices 
from  Vexatious  Actions/  ^d  ed.  1848. 
5.  *  Supplements  to  Bum's  Justice  of  the 
Peace/  1848, 1849,  1861,  8  vols.  6.  '  The 
Nuisance  Removal  and  Disease  Prevention 
Acts/  3nd  ed.  1849 ;  Srd  ed.  1864.  7.  <  The 
Law  and  I^ctice  of  Orders  of  Affiliation 
and  Proceedinffs  in  Bastardy/  2nd  ed. 
1860;  7th  ed.  1878 ;  and  the  8th  and  9th  ed. 
with  his  son  W.  E.  Saunders,  1884  and  1888. 
8.  'The  Militia  Act,  with  Notes  and  Index/ 
1862;  did  ed.  1865.  9. 'The  Duties  and  LiabUi- 
ties  of  Justices  of  the  Peace/ 1852.  10.  'The 
Law  and  Practice  of  Municipal  Registration 
and  Election/  1854 ;  2nd  ed.  1873.  11.  'The 
Practice  of  Magistrates'  Courts/  1st  ed. 
1865  (forming  vol.  i.  of  'The  Complete 
Practice  of  the  Laws  of  England ');  2nd  ed. 
1868;  4th  ed.  1878.  12.  'The  Counties 
Police  Acts/ 1856;  2nd  ed.  1869.  18.  'The 
Rise  and  Progress  of  Criminal  Jurispru- 
dence in  England/  1868.  14.  'The  Refresh- 
ment Houses  and  Wine  Licenses  Act,'  1860. 
16. '  The  Union  Assessment  Committee  Act/ 
1862.  16.  '  Quarter  and  Petty  Sessions :  a 
Letter  to  Sir  Qeorge  Grey/ 1868.  17.'Statis- 
tics  of  Crime  and  Criminals  in  England,' 
1864.  18. '  The  Prison  Act  of  1865/  1866. 
19.  'A  Treatise  upon  the  Law  applicable  to 
Negligence,'  London,  1871 ;  Cincinnati, 
1872.  20.  'Precedents  of  Indictmenta,' 
1872;  2nd  ed.,  with  W.  E.  Saunders,  1889. 
21.  'A  Treatise  on  the  Law  of  Warranties/ 
1874.  22.  'The  Summary  Jurisdiction 
Act,'  1879.  28.  '  The  Public  Health  Act/ 
1876.  24.  'Municipal  Corporations  Act/ 
1882. 

With  R.  G.  Welford,  Saunders  compiled 
'Reports  of  Ctoes  in  the  Law  of  Real  Pro- 
perty/ 1846;  with  Henry  Thomas  Cole, '  Bail 
Court  Reports/  1847-1849,  2  vols.;  with 
E.  W.  Ck>x,  'Reports  of  County  Court 
Cases/  1862, '  The  Criminal  Law  Consolida- 
tion Acts/  1861  r2iid  edit.  1862,  Srd  edit. 
1870);  and  with  nis  son  W.  E.  Saunders, 
*The  Law  as  applicable  to  the  Criminal 
Offenoee  of  Children  and  Young  Persons/ 
1887. 

He  edited  Chitty's  'Summary  of  the 
Ofliees  and  Duties  of  Constables,'  Srd  edit. 
1844;  <  The  Magistrate's  Year  Book/ 1860; 
Oke**  'Magi8tenalFormuli8t/6th  ed.  1876 


(6th   ed.  1881);    and   Oke's   'Magisterial 
Synopsis,'  12th  ed.  1876  (ISth  ed.  1881). 

[Timen,  8  March  1890  p.  7,  4  March  p.  9; 
Oraphto,  8  Mareh  1890,  p.  276,  iritb  portraits 
Debrett*8  Honse  of  OommoDS  (ed.  Mair),  1886^ 
p.  888 ;  Foster^s  Men  at  the  Bar,  1885,  p.  418.] 

a.  0.  B. 
SAUNDERS,  WILLIAM,  M.D.  (1748- 
1817),  physician,  son  of  James  Saunders, 
M.D.,  was  bom  in  Banff  in  1748.  He  was 
educated  at  the  university  of  Edinburgh, 
where  he  graduated  M.D.  on  28  Oct.  1766, 
reading  a  thesis  '  De  Antimonio,'  which  he 
dedicated  to  his  natron  James,  earl  of  Find- 
later  and  Seafield.  He  began  practice  in 
London,  and  was  admitted  a  licentiate  of 
the  College  of  Physicians  on  26  June  1769. 
He  gave  lectures  on  chemistry  and  pharmacy, 
which  were  largely  attended,  and  of  which 
he  published  a  detailed  syllabas  in  1766 ;  and 
on  medicine,  the  scope  of  which  is  set  forth 
in  his '  Compendium  Medicinse  practicum/ 
published  in  1767  in  English.  In  the  same 
year  and  in  1768  he  supported  the  views  of 
Sir  QeoTge  Baker  [q.  v.t  m  '  A  Letter  to  Dr. 
Baker  on  the  EndemiaiColio  of  Devonshire/ 
and  '  An  Answer  to  Geach  and  Alcock  on 
the  Endemial  Colic  of  Devonshire.'  On 
6  May  1770  he  was  elected  ph^ician  to 
Out's  Hospital,  and  soon  after  his  election 
he  hepm  to  lecture  there  on  the  theory  and 
practice  of  medicine,  deliverinff  three  courses 
of  four  months  each  during  tno  year  (Syl* 
labui  of  Medical  Lectures  at  Qwfe  Hoepital, 
1782).  He  was  elected  a  fellow  of  the  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  on  6  June  1700,  and 
was  a  censor  in  1791, 1798, 1806,  and  1818. 
In  1792  he  delivered  the  Ouktonian  lectures, 
which  he  afterwards  published  as '  A  IVea<^' 
tise  on  the  Structure^Eoonomy,  and  Di»* 
eases  of  the  Liver.'  He  was'  probably  the 
first  English  physician  to  observe  that  in 
some  forms  of  cirrhosis,  then  called  scirrho- 
sity,  the  liver  became  enlareed  and  after- 
wards contracted  (p.  281]).  A  third  edition 
appeared  in  1808,  and  a  fourth  in  1809.  He 
delivered  the  Harveian  oration  in  1796,  in 
which  he  mraises  the  recent  discovery  of  the 
cause  of  Devonshire  colic  by  Sir  G^rge 
Baker.  On  9  May  1798  he  was  elected  a 
fellow  of  the  Royal  Society,  and  attained  a 
large  practice  as  a  physician.  In  1807  he 
was  appointed  physician  to  the  prince  regent. 
Besides  the  bo^is  above  mentioned,  he  pub- 
lished separate  volumes  on  mercury  (1768), 
antimony  (1778),  menhitic  aeid  (1777),  red 
Peruvian  bark  (1782),  and  mineral  waters 
(1800).  On  22  May  1806  he  was  chairman. 
<^  a  meeting  which  led  to  the  formation  of 
the  existing  Royal  Medical  and  Chirurgical 
Society,  and  he  was  its  first  president.    He 

8e2 


Saunders 


820 


Saunders 


fBBBigned  the  office  of  physician  to  Guar's  Ho»- 
italiiLl8Q2,  a]idretireafroinpnctic6inl814. 
[e  died  on  29  Maj  1817  at  Enfield,  is 
Iraried  there,  and  has  a  monument,  erected 
by  his  chihlren,  in  the  parish  church.    His 

Portrait  was  presented  to  the  College  of 
'hysicians  by  his  son  J.  J.  Saunders,  and 
is  preseryed  there  (cf.  Bbomlbt,  Cat  Engr, 
Portraits). 

[Works;  Munk's  CoU.  of  Phys.  ii.  399; 
Wilks  and  Bettany*B  Biographical  History  of 
Gay's  Hospital,  1892.]  N.  M. 

SAUNDEKa,  WILLIAM  (182^-1895), 
journalist  and  politician,  bom  20  Noy.  1823, 
at  Russell  MilL,  Market  Layington, Wiltshire, 
wasyoungest  son  of  AmramEdward  Saunders. 
He  was  ^ucated  at  a  school  inDeyizes,  and 
went  to  work  at  his  father's  flour-mills  in 
Market  Layington  and  Bath.  About  1844 
he  opened  eztensiye  quarries  near  the  Box 
tunnel  on  the  Great  Western  Railway,  and 
on  27  AprU  1852  married  Caroline,  daugh- 
ter of  Dr.  Spender  of  Bath.  With  the  as- 
sistance of  his  father-in-law,  he  started  the 
'Plymouth Western  Morning  News'  in  1860. 
Journalistic  yentures  in  Newcastle  followed, 
but  his  flpreatest  success  was  at  Hull,  where 
he  founded  the  *  Eastern  Morning  News '  in 
1864.  He  remained  proprietor  of  this  paper 
until  within  a  few  months  of  his  death.  He 
had  meanwhile  been  experiencing  great  diffi- 
culty in  obtaininff  news  for  his  proyincial 
papers,  and  in  I860  started  the  Central  Press, 
the  first  news-distributing  agency.  In  1870 
this  became  the  Central  News  Agency,  still 
under  the  direction  of  Saunders.  One  of  his 
most  memorable  achieyements  in  connection 
with  this  agency  was  to  persuade  the  dean 
of  St.  Paul's  to  permit  him  to  carry  a  special 
wire  into  St.  Paul's  gallery  on  the  occasion 
of  the  thanksgiying  seryice  for  the  recovery 
of  the  Prince  of  Wales  in  1872. 

Saunders  was  a  well-known  personality  in 
the  politics  of  his  da^.  He  was  one  of  the 
first  English  champions  of  the  theories  of 
land  nationalisation  as  adyocated  by  Mr. 
Henry  George,  and  for  the  last  ten  years  of 
his  life  was  prominently  connected  with  the 
agitation  for  nationalisation  of  land  in  Eng- 
land. He  entered  parliament  in  1885  as 
liberal  member  for  East  Hull,  but  was  de- 
feated at  the  ffeaeral  election  of  the  follow- 
ing ;jrear.  Meanwhile  he  took  an  actiye 
part  in  London  politics^  particularly  in  con- 
nection with  the  attempts  which  the  radical 
dubs  made  to  keep  Trafalgar  Square  open  fpr 
public  meetings  in  1887.  In  1889  ne  was 
elected  by  Walworth  to  the  first  London 
County  douncil,  and  the  same  constituency 
sent  rim  to  parliament  in  1892,    Latterly 


his  views  took  toopnmouncedly  a  soeialistio 
complexion  for  his  party.  He  died  at  Market 
Layington  on  1  May  1895. 

In  edition  to  numerous  namphlets  chiefly 
on  the  land  question,  Saunders  wrote: 
1.  *  Through  the  Light  Continent,'  London, 
1879.  2.  <The  New  Parliament,  1880,' 
London,  1880.  3.  '  History  of  the  First 
London  County  Council/  London,  1892. 

[Weekly  Dispatch.  5  May  1895 ;  ninstr.  Lon- 
don News,  13  Feb.  1836;  private  information.] 

J.  R.  M. 

SAUNDEKS,  WILLIAM  WILSON 
(1809-1879),  entomologist  and  botanist, 
second  son  of  James  Saunders,  D.C.L.  (1770- 
1838),  yicar  of  Kirtlington,  Oxfordshire,  was 
bom  at  Little  London,  near  Wendoyer,  Buck- 
injrhamshire,  4  June  1809.  He  was  educated 
pnyately  till  1827,  when  he  was  sent  to  the 
East  India  Company's  military  academy  at 
Addiscombe.  He  passed  second  in  examina- 
tion, and  obtained  his  commission  in  the 
engineers  in  August  1829.  He  at  once  joined 
his  corps  at  Chatham,  and  went  out  to  India 
in  August  1880,  but  resigned  the  follow- 
ing year.  Returning  to  England,  he  joined 
his  future  fiither-in-law,  Joshua  Saunders, 
in  business  as  an  underwriter  at  Lloyd's, 
where  for  many  years  he  was  a  member  of 
the  committee  and  also  of  the  shipping  com- 
mittee. He  resided  first  at  fiast  Hill, 
Wandsworth,  but  in  1867  remoyed  to  Rei- 

gte,  where  he  started  in  the  same  year  the 
olmesdale  Natural  History  Club.  In  1873 
the  firm  of  which  he  was  then  head  became 
inyolyed  in  the  crisis  that  afiected  mercantile 
insurance,  and  Saunders,  disposing  of  his 
large  collections  of  insects,  liying  and  dried 
plants,  and  watercolour  drawings,  retired 
the  following  year  to  Worthing,  where  he 
deyoted  himself  to  horticulture.  He  died  at 
Worthing,  13  Sept.  1879.  He  was  thrice 
married :  first,  in  1832,  to  his  cousin,  Catha- 
rine Saunders ;  secondly,  in  1841,  to  Mary 
Anne  Mello ;  thirdly,  in^  1877,  to  Saiab 
Cholmley,  who  surviyed  him. 

Saunders  was  an  enthusiastic  naturalist 
throughout  his  life.  Few  contributed  more 
to  the  adyancement  of  entomology  and 
botany.  Owin^  to  his  liberality  many  collec- 
tors were  able  both  to  start  and  to  continue 
their  labours.  He  was  elected  a  fellow  of 
the  Linnean  Society  in  1833,  and  acted  as 
its  treasurer  from  1861  to  1873.  He  was 
an  original  member  of  the  Entomological 
Society,  and  its  president  in  1841-2  and 
1856-7.  He  was  elected  fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society  in  1863  and  of  the  Zoological  Society 
in  I80I.  He  was  for  seyeral  years  yioe- 
president  of  the  Royal  Horticultural  Society. 


Saunderson 


821 


Saunderson 


Sannden  was  author  of  upwards  of  thirty- 
five  papers  puhlished  between  1881  and 
1877  in  varioas  scientific  transactions.  He 
also  edited :  1. '  Insecta  Saundersiana/  con- 
taining descriptions  of  insects  in  his  collec- 
tion br  F.  Walker,  H.  Jeckel,  and  E.  Saun- 
ders, 8to,  London,  1860-69.  3.  '  Kefugium 
Botanicum/  descriptions  of  plants  in  his 
possession  hj  Beichenbadi,  J.  Q.  Baker,  and 
others,  illustrated  by  H.  H.  Fitch,  8to, 
London,  1869-73.  8.  'Myoological  Illus- 
trations,'  in  association  with  Worthington 
O.  Smith,  8to,  London,  1871-2. 

[Entom.  Monthly  Mag.  xyi.  119-20;  Nature, 
2  Oct.  1879,  p.  638 ;  GsTdeDeTS*  Chronicle,  1871» 
with  portrait,  p.  186 ;  information  kindly  sup- 
plied by  his  ion,  G.  8.  Saunders;  Boy.  Soc.  Oat ; 
Brit.  Mus.  Oat]  B.  B.  W. 

SAUNDEBSON,  Mbs.  (d.  1711),  actress, 
[See  under  Beitebtok,  Thomas.] 

BAUNDEBSON  or  SANDEBSON, 
raOHOLAS  (1662-1789),  mathematician, 
the  eldest  son  of  an  exciseman,  was  bom  in 
January  1682  at  Thurlston,  near  Penniston 
in  Yorkshire.  At  the  age  of  twelye  months 
he  lost  by  smallpox  not  only  hie  sight,  but 
his  eyes.  He  first  learnt  classics  at  the  free 
school  of  Penniston,  and  became  a  com- 
petent Latin  and  Qreek  and  French  scholar. 
After  leaTing  school  he  studied  mathematics 
at  home  until  1707.  Then,  at  the  age  of 
twenty-five,  he  was  brought  to  Cambridge 
hv  Joshua  Dunn,  a  felu)w-commoner  of 
dhrist's  College,  with  whom  he  resided  there, 
but  he  was  not  admitted  a  member  of  the 
college  or  of  the  unirersity,  owing  to  want 
of  means.  He  hoped  to  make  a  position  as 
a  teacher,  and,  with  the  consent  of  the  Luca^ 
eian  professor,  William  Whiston,  formed  a 
dass,  to  which  he  lectured  on  the  Newtonian 
philosophy,  hydrostatics,  mechanics,  sounds, 
astronomy,  the  tides,  and  optics.  On  80  Oct. 
1710  Whiston  was  expelled  from  his  pro- 
fessorship; on  19  Not.  i711  Saunderson  was 
made  M.A.  by  special  patent  upon  a  recom- 
mendation from  Queen  Anne,  m  order  that 
he  might  be  eligible  to  succeed  Whiston. 
On  Tuesday,  20  Nov.,  '  he  was  chosen 
[fourth  Lucasian]  mathematick  professor'  in 
spite  of  some  opposition  (Rus,  Aiary,  1700- 
1720,  ed.  Luard,  1860).  On  21  Jan.  (1712) 
Saondenoii  deliveredlus  inauguration  speech, 
^  made  in  Teiy  elegant  Latin  and  a  style  truly 
Ciceronian/  From  this  time  he  app&ed  him- 
self closely  to  the  reading  of  lectures,  con* 
Unuing  in  residence  at  Uhrist's  College  tiQ 
172d,  when  he  took  a  house  in  Camraidgei 
and  soon  after  married.  Li  1728,  when 
George  II  yisited  Cambridge,  Saunderson 
atteraed  him  in  the  senate^ouse,  and  .was 


created  doctor  of  laws.  Lord  Chesterfieldi 
who  was  at  Trinity  Hall,  1712-14,  and  at- 
tended Saundersonis  lectures,  described  him 
as  a  professor  who  had  not  the  use  of  his 
own  eyes,  but  taught  others  to  use  theirs. 
He  spent  seven  or  eight  hours  a  day  in  teach- 
ing. Some  of  his  lectures  are  extant  in 
manuscript  in  the  University  Library  at 
Cambridge  (without  date,  but  contains  a 
letter  signed  J.  Bate  of  date  8  Jan.  1726). 

Saunderson  had  a  good  ear  for  music,  and 
could  readily  distinguish  to  the  fifth  part  of 
a  note;  he  was  a  good  performer  with  a 
flute.  He  could  judge  of  the  size  of  a  room 
and  of  hie  distance  from  the  wall,  and  re- 
cognised places  by  their  sounds.  He  had 
a  keen  sense  of  touch ;  he  *  distinguished  in  a 
set  of  Boman  medals  the  genuine  from  the 
false,  though  they  had  . .  .  deceived  a  con- 
noisseur who  had  iudffed  by  the  eye '  (£(/«  pre- 
fixed to  his '  Algebra  ).  He  was  a  man  of  out- 
spoken opinions  in  general ;  his  reverence  for 
Kewton  was  extreme.  He  was  the  recipient 
of  one  of  four  copies  of  the  'Commercium 
Epistolicum '  ordered  by  the  Royal  Society 
to  be  sent  to  Cambridge  in  1718  J^Eslgsion, 
Correspondence  of  Newton  and  Cotee^  1850^ 
p.' 221 ;  see  also  pp.  S^  55,  214,  222),  and  was 
admitted  a  fellow  of  the  Boyal  Society  on 
21  May  1719.  He  corresponded  with  Wil- 
liam Jones  (1675-1749)  [q.  v.],  and  was 
acq^uainted  with  De  Moivre,  Machin,  and 
Keill  (cf.  RieAn>,  Corremondtnoe  of  Scien- 
tific Men  of  the  Seventeenth  Century ,  Oxford, 
1841,  i.  261-4).  He  was  also  a  member  of 
the  Spitalfields  Mathematical  Society,  which 
flourished  from  1717  to  1846  (Db  Moboak, 
Budget^ Far4idoxe8f  p.  282 ;  see  also  pp.  80, 
451).  He  invented  a  computing  board,  which 
was  described  by  his  successor  in  the  pro- 
fessorship, John  Colson.  He  died  of  scurvy 
on  19  April  1789,  and  was  buried  in  tlte 
chancel  at  Boxworth  (a  village  about  eight 
miles  north-west  from  Cambridge),  where 
there  is  a  monument  to  his  memory.  By  his 
wife,  a  daughter  of  William  Dickons,  rector 
of  Boxworui,  he  had  a  son  and  a  daughter. 
There  is  a  paintingof  him  holding  an  armil- 
lary  sphere,  l^  1.  vanderbanck,  in  the  Uni- 
versity Library  at  Cambridge.  Thepaint- 
ing  was  bequeathed  by  the  Rev.  Thomaa 
Kerrid^  in  1828;  it  appears  to  have  been 
originallytMunted  for  M!artin  Folkesin  1718. 

Saunderson  published  no  books  during  his 
lifetime.  His  'Algebra,'  prepared  by  him 
during  the  last  six  years  of  his  life,  m  two 
volumes  4to  (Cambr.  Univ.  Press),  was  pub- 
lished by  subscription  in  1740  by  his  widow 
and  son  and  daugnter  ^  John  and  Anne  Saun- 
derson). The  frontispiece  is  an  engraving  by 
D.  Vanderguchtfrom  the  portrait  by  Vaiider- 


Saunford 


83J 


Sauriii 


banpk.  The  treatise  is  a  model  of  careful 
exposition,  and  reminds  one  of  the  '  Algebra ' 
which  Euler  dictated  after  having  been  over- 
taken br  blindness.  It  contains  an  account 
of  Euoud's  doctrine  of  proportion,  a  good 
deal  of  what  we  now  call  mensuration,  a 
consideration  of  Diophantine  problems,  and 
of  msgic  squares,  and  it  finishes  with  the 
solution  01  biquadratic  equations.  Some 
of  Saunderson*s  manuscripts  were  printed 
in  1761,  under  the  title  'The  Metliod  of 
Fluxions  applied  to  a  Select  Number  of  Use- 
ful Problems,  together  with  the  Demonstrsr 
tion  of  Mr.  Cotes's  forms  of  Fluents  in  the 
second  part  of  his  Lo^metria,  the  Analysis 
of  the  Problems  in  his  Scholium  Generate, 
and  an  Ewlanation  of  the  Principal  Pro- 
positions of  Sir  Isaac  Newton's  Philosophy,' 
London,  8vo.  This  is  an  interesting  manual 
of  elementary  mathematical  physics.  In 
1761  <  Select  ParU  of  IVofessor  Saunder- 
son*s  Elements  of  Algebra  for  Students  at  the 
Universities'  was  published  anonymously, 
London,  8vow 

[A  memoir  of  Saanderson,  stated  to  be  derived 
from  his  friends,  Dr.  Thomas  Nettleton,  Dr. 
Richard  Wilkes,  Bev.  J.  Boldero  (fellow  of 
ChiriBt's  College),  Rev.  Oerras  Holmes  (fellow 
of  £mmaDuel)i  Rev.  Granville  Wheeler,  Dr. 
Riohard  Davies  (Queens'  Ck>Uege),  is  prefixed  to 
Sannderson's  Algebra,  1740;  see  also  Bnrke's 
Sutlime  and  Beautiful,  pt.  v.  sect.  5.]  H.  F.  B. 

SAUNFOBD.    [See  Sandtobd.] 

SAUBIN,  WILLIAM  (1767  P-1889), 
attorney-general  for  Ireland,  the  second  son 
of  James  oaurin,  vioar  of  Belfast,  was  bom 
in  that  town  in  1757  or  1768.  His  grand- 
father, or,  according  to  Agnew  (ix,  4^),  his 
great-grandfather,  Louis  Saurin,  D.D.,  a 
younffer  brother  of  the  celebrated  French 
nreacmer,  Jacques  Saurin,  came  of  a  good 
Jjanguedoo  family  (ILiAe,  La  France  FrO' 
twtanU,  ed.  1868,  ix.  177),  noted  for  its  at- 
tac^ent  to  the  reformed  church.  But  being, 
in  consequence  of  the  revocation  of  the  edict 
of  I^antes  in  1686,  compelled  to  leave  France, 
he  was  for  some  time  minister  of  the  French 
church  in  the  Savoy;  but,  proceeding  to 
Ireland  about  1727r  he  was  on  22  March 
presented  to  the  deanery  of  Ardagh,  and  on 
3  June  1786  installed  archdeacon  of  Derry. 
He  mairied,  in  1714,  Henriette  Cornel  de  la 
Bretonni^re,  and,  dying  in  September  1749, 
was  buried  at  St.  Aime's,  Dublin.  James 
Saurin,  his  son,  succeeded  Richard  Stewart 
as  vicar  of  Belfast  in  1747 ;  he  married, 
about  1764,  Mrs.  Duff,  the  widow,  it  is  pre- 
sumed^ of  John  DufiP,  who  had  been  four  times 
sovereign  of  Belfast,  and  died  in  office  in 
1763 1  ne  was  much  respected  in  Belfast, 


where  he  died  about  1774,  leaving,  four  sons : 
Louis,  William,  James,  and  Man  Anthony. 
William,  after  receiving  a  fair  education 
at  Saumaves  Dubourdien's  school  at  Lisbum, 
entered  Trinity  Ooilege,  Dublin,  as  a  fellow- 
commoner  in  1776,  and  graduated  B.A.  in 
1777.  Proceeding  to  London,  he  entered 
Lincoln's  Inn,  and  was  called  to  the  Irish 
bar  in  1780.  He  was  noted  as  a  diligent 
student,  but  did  not  rise  rapidly  in  his 
nrofessioui  On  21  Jan.  1786  he  married 
Mary,  widow  of  Sir  Richard  Cox  [q.  v.], 
daughter  of  Edward  CBrien  and  sister  of 
the  second  and  third  marquises  of  Tho- 
mond  [see  CBbusv,  JiJiEs^  third  Mabuuis 
ov  Thomond],  by  whom  he  had  a  large 
family.  The  able  manner,  however,  in  which 
he  acted  as  agent  to  the  Hon.  £.  Ward  in 
1790  in  contesting  the  representation  of  co. 
Down  with  Robert  Stewart  (afterwards  Vis- 
count Castlereagh),  attracted  attention  to 
him,  and  from  that  time  his  business  steadily 
increased.  He  was  retained  for  the  defendant 
in  the  case  of  Ourran  v.  Sandys  on  16  Feb. 
1796,  and  Ids  speech  as  junior  counsel  on 
that  occasion  has  been  highly  commended. 
In  1796  the  Irish  bar  conterred  on  him  the 
honour  of  electing  him  captain-commandant 
of  their  corps  of  yeomanry,  and  on  6  July 
1798  he  was  granted  a  patent  of  precedence 
immediately  after  the  prime  Serjeant,  at- 
torney and  solicitor  general.  He  served  the 
government  that  year  in  some  «f  the  trials 
arising  out  of  the  rebellion,  notably  in  that 
of  the  brothers  Sheares,  William  Michael 
Byrne,  and  Oliver  Bond.  He  was  offered  the 
post  of  solicitor-general,  vacant  through  the 
elevation  of  John  Toler  ("afterwards  first  Earl 
of  Norbury)  [q.  v.]  to  tne  attorney-general- 
ship; but,  notwithstanding  the  pressure 
brouffht  to  bear  u]^n  him,  he  resolutely  re- 
fused to  accepit  it  m  consequence  of  having 
made  up  his  mind  to  oppose  the  government 
on  their  union  scheme.  At  a  meeting  of  the 
bar  on  9  Sept.  he  moved  a  resolution  to  the 
effect  that  a  union  was  an  innovation  dan- 
gerous and  improper  to  propose  at  that  time 
(Sewabd,  CoUeetanioa  Foiittoa,  iii.  476) ;  but, 
according  to  under-secretary  Cooke,  neither 
he  nor  the  gentleman  who  seconded  him 
spoke  very  forcibly  {Ckutlenagh  Corretp,  i. 
848),  and  his  opinion  was  oonfirmed  by  Sir 
Jonsh.  1^9annpionifiU&€md  Fall  pf  the  hith 
Nation,  ed.  1868,  p.  817).  Not  content, 
however,  with  o£feiuig  a  constitutional  op- 
position to  the  measure,  he  tried  to  involve 
the  bar  as  a  body  in  his  opposition.  But  the 
order  he  issued  to  the  cor^M  to  assemble  *  to 
take  into  their  consideration  a  question  of 
the  greatest  national  importance'  was  dia- 
approved  by  many  of  the  bar,  and  was 


Saurin 


S33 


Saurin 


oovntennanded.  It  was  as  well  that  the 
attempt  to  g^ve  a  military  appearance  to  his 
agitation  was  abandoned,  for  government 
had  resolved  to  mark  its  disapprobation  by 
depriving  him  of  his  silk  gown.  His  con- 
duct was,  however,  approved  by  the  city  of 
DubUn,  and  in  July  1799  a  resolution  con-* 
/erring  on  him  the  freedom  of  the  city, '  for 
his  manlv  resistance  of  a  legislative  union/ 
was  earned  in  the  commons,  and  adopted 
by  the  court  of  aldermen  with  the  omission 
of  the  clause  relating  to  his  '  manly  resist- 
ance.' 

The  retirement  of  the  Hon.  JEUchard 
Annesley,  who  had  accepted  the  eecheator- 
ahip  of  Munster— the  Irish  equivalent  for  the 
Chiltem  Hundreds — having  created  a  va- 
cancy in  parliament,  Saurin  was,  by  the  in- 
fluence 01  Lord  Downshire,  returned  M.P. 
for  the  borough  of  Blessington  in  1799.  He 
spoke  three  times  at  considerable  length 
against  the  union  in  January,  March,  and 
June,  1800,  his  arsrument  going  to  ^rove 
that  parliament  comd  not  alienate  the  rights 
of  the  nation,  and  that  if  the  union  was  car- 
ried without  having  been  brought  constitu- 
tionally before  the  people,  it  would  not  be 
moorally  binding,  and  the  right  of  resistance 
would  remain.  His  doctrine  was  denounced 
as  a  manilbst  incitement  to  rebellion,  and 
Castlereagh  declared  that, '  however  his  pro- 
fessional opinions  might  accord  with  the 
principles  of  the  constitution,  his  doctrines 
in  the  House  woe  those  of  Tom  Paine.' 
And  in  his  last  speech  on  26  June  he  dis- 
played '  more  caution  and  moderation  on  the 
sulgect  of  the  competence  of  parliament' 
(  Oornwallia  Corresp.  iii.  248).  His  op^sition 
to  the  union  has  been  highly  eulogised  by 
writers  who  reprobate  that  measure^  but  it 
was  based  on  narrow  professional  interests 
and  hostility  to  the  Roman  catholics  rather 
tlian  on  broad  national  grounds.  Of  pa- 
triotism outside  the  narrow  limits  of  the 
protestant  ascendency  he  had  no  conception  $ 
and  his  subsequent  career,  so  fiur  from  being 
illogical,  was  the  natural  result  of  the  mo- 
tives that  inspired  his  opposition  to  the 
union.  He  was  again  offered  and  again  de- 
elined  the  post  of  solicitop-genenl  in  1808 ; 
but  four  years  later  he  yielded  to  friendly 
pressure,  and  on  21  May  1807  was  appointed 
attorney-general  for  Irdand  under  the  Duke 
of  Itiohmond  as  lord  lieutenant.  This,  the 
most  important  post  perhaps  in  the  Irish 

fovemment,hecontinued  to  hold  till  January 
822,  and  during  that  long  period  of  fourteen 
years  he  was  the  heart  and  soul  of  the  oppo- 
sition to  the  catholic  claims.  In  1811  he 
advised  and  conducted  the  prosecution  of 
Dti  Sheridan  under  the  provisions  of  the 


Convention  Act  of  1793,  and,  thou^  on  that 
occasion  failing  to  secure  a  conviction,  he 
was  more  successful  in  a  similar  charge 
against  Mr.  Kirwan  in  the  year  following. 
His  conduct  was  regarded  as  arbitrary,  and 
even  unconstitutional  by  the  catholics,  and 
strenuous  but  inefifoctual  efforts  were  made 
to  obtain  his  removal. 

DurinflT  Peel's  tenure  of  the  Irish  secre* 
taryship  ne  lived  on  terms  of  cordial  intimacy 
with  him.  He  conducted  the  prosecution  in 
1813  against  John  Ma^e  fq*  ▼•]»  ^^^  ^^^ 
jHK)prietor  of  the  *  Dublin  Evening  Post,'  for 
an  alleged  libel  against  the  Duke  of  Rich- 
mond, but  with  the  avowed  object  of  wrest- 
ing that  formidable  instrument  of  agitation 
out  of  the  hands  of  the  catholics,  thereby 
drawing  down  on  himself  the  wrath  of 
CConnell,  who  did  not  spare  to  hint  at  his 
foreign  origin  and  'Jacobinicar  conduct 
during  the  union  debates.  So  intense,  in- 
deed, was  O'ConnelFs  indignation  that  when 
Magee  was  brought  up  for  judgment,  he 
distorted  something  that  Saurin  said  into  a 
personal  insult,  and  declared  that  only  his 
respect  for  the  temple  of  justice  restrained 
him  from  corporally  chastising  him.     The 

*  scene '  was  brou&ht  to  a  close  by  Saurin 
declaring  that  he  had  not  meant  to  refer  to 
(yConnaLl ;  but  there  can  be  little  question 
that  the  attack  to  which  he  had  been  sub- 
jected intonsified  his  hatred  both  of  O'Con- 
nell  individually  and  also  of  the  catholics 
generally.  And  it  is  perhaps  not  unfair  to 
attribute  to  a  feeling  of  jjersonal  animosity 
against  0*Connell  the  pertin^ity  with  which 
he  insisted  on  the  suppression  in  the  follow- 
ing year  of  the  catholic  board  (Pabkeb,  Sir 
BobeH  Feel,  p.  189).  That  he  could  and  did 
use  his  position  to  promote  an  anti-catholic 
agitation,  the  discovery  of  his  famous  letter 
to  Lord  Norbury,  urging  him  to  influence 
the  grandjuries  on  circuit,  places  beyond 
doubt.  His  intolerance  seemed  to  Lord 
Wellesley  to  render  his  removal  necessary, 
and  in  1822  he  was  superseded  by  Plunket. 
The  blow  was  wholly  unexpected,  and,  in 
indignation  at  what  he  conceived  to  be  his 
betrayal  by  Lord  Liverpool,  he  refused  a 
judgeship  coupled  with  a  peerage,  and  re- 
turned to  his  practice  at  the  chancery  bar. 

*  I  have  been  told,'  said  Lord  Wellesley  in 
explaining  his  conduct,  'that  I  have  ill- 
treated  A&.  Saurin.  I  offered  him  the  chief- 
justiceship  of  the  kinff's  bench :  that  was 
not  ill-treating  him.  loffered  him  an  Eng- 
lish peerage :  that  was  not  ill-treatinj^  him. 
I  did  not,  it  is  true,  continue  him  m  the 
viceroy  altv  of  Ireland,  for  I  am  the  viceroy 
of  Ireland '  (Gbattajt,  L^e  ^f  Chrattan^  v. 
123  R.)    Though  deprived  of  office^  Sauria 


Sautre 


834 


still  continued  to  eiercise  considerable  in* 
fluence  in  the  gorenunent  of  the  coxmtrj, 
mad  was  an  active  nromoter  of  the  formation 
oftheBriuiswidc  club  in  1828.  His  presence 
at  a  general  meeting  of  the  BrunswicK  Constl- 
tational  Club  at  die  Botunda,  on  19  Feb. 
1829,  was  hailed  with  rapture  hf  the  Orange 
party,  and  ]^robabl j  if  the  agitation  had  be^ 
successful  in  withholding  catholic  emanci- 
pation, he  would  have  become  chancellor 
of  Ireland  (cf.  Oent.  Mag,  1889,  ii.  88). 

Becoming  father  of  the  bar,  and  beginning 
to  feel  the  weight  of  years  press  heavily  on 
him,  he  retired  from  practice  in  18S1,  and 
died  on  11  Jan.  1899.  His  widow  survived 
till  28  Jan.  1840.  Of  his  children,  the  eldest 
son,  Admiral  Edward  Sanrin,  married,  on 
15  July  1828,  Lady  Mary  Ryder  (who  died 
in  her  100th  year  on  6  Aug.  1900),  second 
daughter  of  the  first  earl  01  Harrowby,  and 
died  on  28  Feb.  1878,  leaving,  with  other 
children,  a  son,  William  Granville  Saurin, 
esq.  Somewhat  below  medium  height, 
Saurin's  physiognomy  betrayed  his  French 
origin.  His  eyes,  shaoed  by  oark  and  shaggy 
eyebrows,  were  black  and  piercing,  but  their 
Ipiance  was  not  unkindly.  EUs  forehead  was 
thoughtful  rather  than  bold,  and  furrowed 
by  long  study  and  care.  His  knowledge  of 
law  was  profound;  his  personal  character 
beyond  reproach ;  his  manner  of  speaking,  if 
not  elo<^uent,  was  earnest  and  impressive ;  but 
in  political  life  it  seemed  as  if  the  shadow  of 
the  revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes  ever 
confronted  Us  mental  gaze. 

[There  is  an  uncritically  eulogistic  biography 
in  w  ills's  Irish  Nation,  iii.  448-59,  and  an  in- 
adequate life  in  Webb*s  Compendium.  The  pre- 
sent article  is  based  on  notices  in  AgneVs  French 
Protestant  Exiles,  ii.  425,  478-9 ;  Ulster  Jour- 
nal of  Archsology,  ii.  175-8 ;  Qttul,  Hag.  1839, 
ii.  88 ;  Haag's  I^  France  Protestante ;  Cotton's 
Fasti  Ecdes.  Hib.;  Smyth's  Law  Officers; 
Howell's  State  Trials,  vol.  zxvii. ;  Grattan's  Life 
of  Henry  Qrattan,  v.  15,  120-8;  the  published 
correspondence  of  Lords  Comwallis  and  CasUe- 
reagh ;  MacDougairs  Sketches  of  Irish  Political 
Characters;  Parker's  Sir  Robert  Peel;   Fitz- 

Eitriek's  Corresp.  of  Daniel  O'Connell ;  O'Keeffe's 
ife  and  Times  of  O'Connell ;  Sheil's  Sketches, 
Legal  and  Political]  R.  D. 

SAUTRE,  WILLIAM  (<i.l401),  Lollaid; 
[See  S1.WTBBT.] 

SAVAGE,  Sib  ARNOLD  {d.  1410), 
speaker  of  the  House  of  Commons,  came  of 
a  family  that  had  lonff  been  settled  at 
Bobbing,  Kent.  A  Sir  Robert  Savage  of 
Bobbing  is  said  to  have  taken  part  in  the 
third  crusador  and  a  Sir  John  Savage  of 
^Bobbing  was  present  at  the  siege  of  Car- 


hiverock  in  ISOO.  The  heads  of  the  £uiuly 
daring  six  generations  represented  Kent  in 
parliimient.  The  speakers  fiither  was  Si& 
Abitold  Savaqb  {d,  1376),  who  served  in 
France  in  1345,  and  was  a  commissioner  of 
array  in  Kent  in  1346  and  several  times 
afterwards  {Fcsdera^  iii.  38,  78,  243^  315). 
He  sat  in  the  parliament  of  January  1352, 
was  warden  of  tne  coasts  of  Kent  on  13  April 
1355,  and  mayor  of  Bordeaux  on  12  March 
1359,  retaining  the  latter  post  till  1363.  In 
1363  he  was  employed  in  negotiations  with 
Pedro  of  Castile,  and  in  1371  and  1373  was 
a  commissioner  to  treat  with  France  (ib,  iiL 
422, 688,  762,  934, 1062).  He  died  in  1375, 
having  married  Alary  or  Margery,  daughter 
of  Michael,  lord  Poynings  [q.  v.] 

Sir  Arnold  Savage,  the  son,  was  sheriff  of 
Kent  in  1381  and  1385,  and  in  1386  served 
with  John  of  Gaunt  in  Spain  {FcBdera^  viL 
490,  original  edit.)  He  was  constable  of 
Queenborough  from  1392  to  1396,  and  was 
at  one  time  lieutenant  of  Dover  Castle 
(Hasted,  Kent,  iiL  657,  iv.  75).  He  was  a 
knight  of  the  shire  for  Kent  in  the  parlia- 
ments of  January  and  November  1390. 
Savage  did  not  sit  again  in  parliament  till 
1401,  when,  on  22  Jan.,  the  commons  pre- 
sented him  as  their  speaker.  Li  this  caps- 
citv  he  gained  great  credit  b^  his  oratory. 
'  ti[e  had  the  art  of  dealing  elective  thrusts 
under  cover  of  a  doud  of  polished  verbiage ' 
(Rahsat,  i.  29).  On  the  occasion  of  his 
presentation,  after  making  Uie  usual  protest, 
Savage  addressed  the  king,  desiring  tnat  the 
commons  mi^ht  have  good  advice,  and  not 
be  pressed  with  the  most  important  matters 
at  the  close  of  parliament.  Three  days  later 
he  appeared  again  before  the  kinf,  begging 
him  not  to  listen  to  any  idle  tales  of  the 
commons'  proceedings.  This  request  was 
granted,  and  Savage  then  delivered  a  long 
speech  of  advice  as  to  the  challenge  of  cer« 
tain  lords  by  the  French.  When  Savage  and 
the  commons  presented  themselves  lor  the 
third  time,  en  31  Jan.,  Henry  desired  that 
all  further  petitions  might  be  made  in 
writing.  The  parliament  closed  with  an 
elaborate  speech  from  Savage,  in  which  he 
likened  the  session  of  parliament  to  the 
mass.  This  session  hiia  been  important 
both  for  parliamentary  theory  and  practice ; 
the  commons  had  petitioned,  though  without 
success,  that  redj^  of  grievances  should 
precede  supply,  and  had  urged  the  need  for 
more  accurate  en^^rossing  of  the  record  of 
parliamentarv  business.  Savage  was  re- 
sponsible at  least  for  formulating  these  de- 
mands {Bolls  (^Parliaments  iii.  455-6,  466)« 
Liater  in  the  year  Savage  was  one  of  the 
council  of  the  Prince  of  Wales  (Eoyal  Let" 


Savage 


82s 


Savage 


tergf  p.  09).  8&Yage  agam  xepreseated  Kent 
in  the  parliament  wnich  met  in  October 
1403,  though  he  did  not  senreas  K>eaker. 
In  the  parliament  of  1404  he  was,  on  15  Jan., 
for  the  second  time  presented  as  speaker.  In 
spite  of  his  long  speeches,  he  iraa  probably 
acceptable  to  the  king,  for  he  had  attended 
cooncils  daring  the  previous  year,  and  had 
been  consnlted  by  Henry  shortly  before  the 
meeting  of  pari  lament  as  to  the  arrangement 
of  business.  Sayage  was  one  of  the  knights 
named  by  the  commons  in  March  to  asrre 
on  the  kiiufs  great  and  continual  council 
(B0U8  qf  Par&ment,  iii.  628,  680),  and  at- 
tended accordingly  the  first  meeting  of  the 
council  on  28  April  {Proc.  Prmf  Council,  i. 
223).  His  name  continues  to  appear  as  one 
of  the  council  in  1406  and  1406  (t&.  i.  288, 
244,  246,  296).  He  was  one  of  the  two 
persons  nominated  by  the  council  for  the 
king's  choice  as  controller  of  his  household 
on  8  Dec.  1406  (t5.  i.  296).  In  May  and 
September  1406  he  was  employed  in  the 
negotiations  with  France  (Fofdera,  Tiii.  686, 
6^).  He  died  on  29  Not.  1410,  and  was 
buned  in  the  south  chancel  of  Bobbing 
church,  with  Joane  Eckingham,  hia  wife. 
The  St.  Albans  chronicler,  in  recording 
Sayage's  appointment  as  speaker  in  1401, 
says  that  he  managed  the  Dusiness  of  the 
commons  with  such  prudence,  tact,  and  elo- 

3aence  as  to  win  uniyersal  praise  {Annales 
lenrid  Quarti^  p.  886^.  *  Henry  IV  and 
Arnold  Sayaffe'  funusned  Walter  Saya§[e 
Xiandor  [q.  yj  with  the  theme  lor  one  of  his 
'  ImaginaryConversations.'  Landor  believed 
himself  to  be  descended  from  Savage  the 
speaker,  and  named  his  eldest  son  Arnold. 

Savage  had  an  only  son^  Sir  Arnold 
Savage,  who  was  knight  of  the  shire  for 
Kent  in  1414»  and  died  on  26  March  1420. 
He  married  Katharine  (d.  1487]|,  daughter 
of  Boger,  lord  Scales,  but  left  no  issue.  He 
and  his  wife  were  buried  in  the  north  chancel 
of  Bobbing  church.  It  is  perhaps  the  third 
Sir  Arnold  Sayage,  and  not  his  father,  who 
was  executor  to  the  poet  Qower.  He  was 
succeeded  at  Bobbing  by  his  sister  Eleanor, 
who  had  married  (1)  Sir  Reginald  Oobham, 
Ir^  whom  she  had  no  issue }  and  (2)  William, 
son  of  Sir  Lewis  Clifford. 

Savage's  arms  were  argent  six  Uoncels 
rampant  sable,  which  are  identical  with  the 
arms  of  the  Savages  of  Bock  Savage  and 
Frodsham  Castle,  Cheshire.  But  though  the 
£unilie8  were  probably  related,  there  is  no 
ground  for  sup|K)sing  that  the  speaker's  only 
son  had  any  children. 

[Otterbofomes  Cbxon.  p.  232;  Historical 
Letters,  Henzy  IV,  p.  GO  (Bolls  Ser.) ;  Nicolas's 
Froe.  and  Orainances  of  the  Privy  Coimeil; 


Hasted's  History  of  Kent,  voL  i.  pp.  Izxsv,  en 

voL  iii.  ^.  588,  635-6 ;  Areh»oIogia  Osati; , 

vi.  87 ;  JBLetom  of  Members  of  Parliament,  I, 
63-284;  Stabbs*8  ConstitutionAl  Histoiy,  iii. 
29-31.  43-6 ;  Wylie's  Hist,  of  Heoiy  IV,  1. 169, 
400-1,  410,  ii.  428;  Hamsa/s  Lancaster  and 
York,  i.  29,  69,  73,  98  ;  Manning's  lives  of  the 
Speakers,  pp.  29-32 ;  The  Savages  of  the  Ards, 
by  G.  F.  A[rmstrong],  pp.  71-3.]       CLE. 

SAVAGE,  HENRy,  D.B.  (1604P-1672), 
master  of  Balliol  College,  Ox£>rdy  was  the 
son  of  Francis  Savage  of  Dobs  HUl  in  the 
parish  of  Eldersfield  or  Eldsfield,  Worces- 
tershire. He  was  entered  as  a  commoner  of 
Balliol  in  1621  at  the  age  of  seventeen 
(Wood),  but  was  not  matriculated  till 
ilMarchl62^6.  He  graduated  BA.  34  Nov. 
1625,  M.A  4  Feb.  1630,  and  B J).  8  Nov. 
1637.  He  was  elected  fellow  of  his  college  in 
1628.  About  1640  he  travelled  in  France 
with  William,  sixth  baron  Sandys  of  The 
Vyne,  and  shook  off  his  academic  '  morosity 
and  rusticity.'  He  submitted  to  the  parlia- 
mentarj  visitors  of  the  university  (Bitbbows, 
p.  479) ;  and  was  presented  to  the  rectory  and 
vicarage  of  Sherborne  St.  John,  Hampshii^. 
in  1648. 

Savage  was  recalled  to  Oxford  by  his 
election,  on  20  Feb.  1650-1,  to  succeed  Dr. 
(George  Bradshaw  as  master  of  Balliol,  and 
proceeded  to  the  degree  of  D.D.  on  16  Oct. 
following ;  his  dissertations  on '  Infiant  Bap- 
tism '  were  published  in  1653,  and  provoked 
an  answer  mm  John  Tombes  [q .  y. J  of  Mag- 
dalen HaU,  to  which  Savage  replied  in  1655. 
GUs  opinions  on  this  and  other  theoloncal 
subjects  were  sufficiently  orthodox  not  omy  to 
save  himfrom  molestation  at  the  Beatorationi 
but  to  secure  him  the  poet  of  6haplain-in- 
ordinaryto  Charles  II,  the  rectory  of  Bladon, 
near  Woodstock,  in  1661,  in  adaition  to  the 
rectory  of  Fillingham,  Lincolnshire,  which 
he  he£i  as  master  (dispensation  in  OaL  State 
Papers,  17  Feb.  1662),  a  canonry  at  Glou- 
cester in  1665,  and  the  rectory  of  Crow- 
marsh,  Oxfordshire,  in  1670  (ib.  16  Oct. 
1669,  and  1  June  1670).  During  his  tenure 
of  the  mastership  of  Balliol  it  was  one  of 
the  poorest  and  smallest  colleges.  He  died 
on  2  June  1672,  and  was  burieid  *  below  the 
altar  steps '  in  the  college  chapel. 

Savage  married,  about  1655,  Mary,  daugh- 
ter of  Colonel  Henry  Sandys  {tL  1644)  and 
sister  of  his  friend  William,  sixth  lord 
Sand^,  and  of  Henry  and  Edwin,  seventh 
and  eighth  barons.  He  had  seven  children. 
Savage's  widow  died,  15  May  1688,  in  an 
obscure  house  in  St.  Ebbe'sat  Oxford  (Wood, 
I4fe,  ed.  Ckrk,  ii.  246). 

Savage  published:  1.  'Tres  Quiestiones 
Theologic®  in  Comitiorum  Vesperiis  Oxon* 


Savage 


826 


Savage 


disansan  aa.  1652^  vix.,  An  Pflddobi^tifimaB 
•it  licitus/  Oxford,  1663.  2.  'ThAsifl  doo- 
torig  lavage,  nemj^  PadobaptiBmum  esse 
licitam,  Oonfirmatio,  contra  xtefutationem 
Mri.  Tombes  naper  editam/concladingwith 
a '  Vindicatio  eiua  a  Galumntia  Mri.  Tombes/ 
Oxford,  1655.  3.  'Reasons  showing  that 
there  is  no  need  of  such  Reformation  of  the 
public  Doctrine,  Worship,  Rites  and  Gere- 
monies,  Church  Goyemment,  and  Discipline 
as  is  pretended,'  London,  1660 ;  this  is  an  an- 
swer to  a  pamphlet  of '  Reasons  showing  that 
th^e  ia  need,'  &c.,  attributed  to  Dr.  Gor- 
nelius  Burgee  fq.  ▼.]  4.  '  The  Dew  of  Her- 
mon  which  fell  upon  the  Hill  of  Sion,  or  an 
Answer  to  a  Book  entitl'd  **  Sion's  Groans," ' 
London,  1663 ;  some  copies  are  called '  Tolera- 
tion, with  its  Principal  Objections  fully  Gon- 
futed,  ix  an  Answer.'  5.  '  BalUofergus,  or  a 
Gonunentary  upon  the  Foundation,  Foun- 
ders, and  Aifairs  of  Balliol  GoUege,  Oxford/ 
1668,  a  small  quarto  of  130  pa^s,  includ- 
ing '  Natalitia  Golle^  Pembroomani  Oxonii 
1624 ;'  the  manuscript,  a  parchment  volume 
dated  1661,  is  in  Balliol  Gollege  Library 
(MS.  odv).  This  work  is  stigmatised  by 
Wood,  who  rendered  the  author  some  assist- 
ance, as  'containing  many  foul  errors/  and 
by  Mr.  H.  T.  Riley  (Hist.  M83.  Comm.  4th 
Rep.  p.  444)  as  '  a  vapid  and  superficial  pro- 
duction,' but  it  is  01  considerable  value,  in 
spite  of  its  inaccuracies,  as  the  first  attempt 
to  construct  the  history  of  an  Oxford  college 
on  Uie  basis  of  authentic  renters  and  deeds 
(cf.  Wood,  Athena  Oxon,  iii.  957 ;  and  Z(/», 
ed.  Glark,i.  316,  ii.  46,  186;  Glabk,  Col- 
Uaei  of  Oxford^  p.  49 ,-  Ribhdall,  Medieval 
Umsenmes^  il  472). 

[WoodTs  AthensB  Oxon.  iii.  967,  and  Life,  ed. 
Olark ;  Wntt's  Bibl.  Brit.li.834 ;  Kash's  Worces- 
tarsbise;  Chambers's  Worcestershire  Worthies, 
p.  140;  Chalmers's  Biogr.  Diet,  and  Univ.  of 
Qsfoid«  i.  62 ;  G-.  F.  A[rm8trong]'8  Savages  of 
the  Azds  contains  no  original  aecount  of  the 
Eldersfield  branch.]  H.  E.  D.  B. 

SAVAQE,  JAMES  (1767-1845),  anti- 
naiyybom  at  Howden,  Yorkshire,  on  30  Auff. 
767,  was  the  son  of  James  Savage,  a  bell 
and  dock  maker.  When  about  sixteen  years 
old  he  became  a  contributor  to  the  journals 
published  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Howden, 
and  in  1790  he  commenced  business  in  that 
town  with  his  brother,  William  Savage  [q.  v«], 
ia  printer  and  bookseller.  In  1797  William 
moved  to  London,  and  in  1803  James  folldwed 
him,  and  from  that  time  devoted  himself  un* 
weariedly  to  antiquarian  and  biUiographioal 
pursuits.    He  was  at  first  emnloyM  m  the 

Imblishing  business  of  Sir  Ricnard  Phillips 
q.  v.],  and  afterwards  by  the  firms  of  Maw- 
man  and  Sherwood*  When  the  London  Insti- 


! 


tution  was  founded  in  1806  in  the  Old  Jewry 
Savage  was  appointed  assistant  librarian 
under  Richard  Forson  fq.  v.],  and  he  rescued 
Person  from  the  workhouse  in  St.  Martin's 
Lane  on  20  Sept*  1808,  after  the  seixnre 
which  preceded  the  scholar's  death.  About 
this  period  of  his  life  he  contributed  largely 
to  the '  Monthly  Magasine '  and  the '  Univer- 
sal Magaiine,  but  most  of  his  abundant  store 
of  literary  anecdote  perished  with  him. 

After  1820  Savage  spent  some  time  in 
Taunton,  first  as  manager  of  an  unsuccessful 
tory  newspaper,  then  as  a  bookseller,  and 
finally  as  liorarian  of  the  Somerset  and  Taun- 
ton Institution.  His  next  move  was  to  Dor* 
Chester,  where  he  edited  for  fourteen  years 
the  'Dmset  County  Chronicle  and  Somer- 
setshire Qasette.'  He  returned  to  Taunton, 
and  died  there  on  19  March  1846.  His  wife 
was  Diana,  eldest  daughter  of  Thomas  Swain- 
ston  of  Hatfield,  near  Doncaster.  She  died 
in  1806,  and  their  son,Thomas  James  Savage, 
died  on  15  May  1819,  aged  21  (Oent.  Mag, 
1819,  i.  493-4). 

Savage  wrote:  1.  ^History  of  Howden 
Church^  [anon.],  1799.  2.  <  Historv  of  the 
Castle  and  Pansh  of  Wressle  in  the  East 
Ridinff  of  Yorkshire,'  1805.  3.  <  The  libra- 
rian,' 1808-9 ;  three  volumes  and  one  numr 
ber  (48  pp.)  of  the  fourth  volume.  An  <  Ac- 
count of  the  Last  Illness  of  Richard  Per- 
son '  is  in  voL  i.  pp.  274-81.  It  was  also 
printed  separatelj[  m  an  edition  of  seventy- 
nve  copies,  and  is  embodied  in  Watson's 
*  Life  of  PorBon,'  pp.  318-32  (c£  OenL  Mag. 
1808,  ii.  1186).  4.  *An  Account  of  the 
London  Dailj  New8pa][»rs,'  1811 ;  useful  as 
showing  their  circulation  and  opinions  at 
that  date.  5. '  Observations  on  the  Varieties 
of  Ardiiteoture,'  1812.  6.  '  Memorabilia,  or 
Recollections  Historical,  Biographical,  and 
Antiauarian.'  1820.  7.  <A  History  of  the 
Hundred  of  Garhampton,  Somerset,'  1830. 
8.  '  Dorchester  and  its  Environs,'  1832,  re- 
issued in  1838.  He  edited '  Concise  History 
of  the  Present  State  of  Gommeroe  of  Great 
Britain,'  translated  [by  J.  W.  H.]  from  the 
German  of  Charles  Reinhard.  1805,  and 
<  Toulmin's  History  of  Taunton,^  1822. 

He  circulated  in  1827  a  '  Specimen  of  a 
Topographical  Dictionary  of  Somerset,'  and 
a  prospectus  of '  A  Topo|nraphical  and  Genea- 
logical EUstonr  of  the  Western  Division  of 
Somerset.'  Neither  of  these'  works  issued 
from  the  press,  but  the  manuscripts  which 
he  collected  for  them  were  lots  1146-73  of 
the  collections  of  Sir  Thomas  Phillipps,  which 
were  sold  in  June  1896. 

[Domet  Goimty  Chronide,  27  March  1 845,  p.  4; 
Gent  Mag.  1845,  i.  657-8;  Mra's  Bihliotheca 
Dorset,  p.  147 ;  Savage's  vorks.]       W.  P.  C. 


Savage 


827 


Savagne 


SAT  AGE,  JAMES  (1779-1853\  arohi- 
tecty  bom  at  Kackney,  IxMidoii,  on  10  Apnl 
1779,  was  artieled  to  Daniel  Aaher  Alexan- 
der [q.  T.l,  the  axohiteot  of  the  London 
docke,  under  whom  he  ferred  for  several 
years  as  dark  of  the  works.  In  1798  he 
was  admitted  a  student  of  the  Boyal 
Aeademy,  and  subsequently  sent  fourteen 
azohitectural  subjects  to  the  exhibitions  be* 
tween  1799  and  1882.  His  design  for  im- 
proTing  the  city  of  Aberdeen  in  1800  ob- 
tained the  second  premium  of  150/.  In 
1805  he  was  the  successful  competitor  for  a 
deeiffn  for  rebuilding  Ormond  foidge  over 
the  LoSbjf  Dublin,  and  in  1808  hefiirnished 
the  design  and  built  Richmond  bridge  over 
the  same  river.  In  1806  he  presented  to 
the  London  Architectural  Society,  of  which 
he  was  a  member,  an '  Essay  on  Bridge  Build- 
ing' {Eua^B  of  the  Soci^,  1810,  ii  119'-e7). 
His  dedgn  for  a  stone  bridge  of  three  arches 
over  the  Ouse  at  Temsford  in  Bedfordshire,  in 
1815,  was  accepted  by  the  magistrates  of  the 
cooaty.  In  1819  his  plans  for  Tymlding*  Stk 
Luke's  Ohurch,  Chelsea,  were  chosen  firom 
among  forty  designs.  This  church  is  re- 
maikable  for  the  ceiling  of  the  nave,  which 
consists  of  a  groined  yanlt  of  solid  stone, 
whose  lateral  pressure  is  resisted  by  flying 
Vnttresses  also  of  solid  stone.  His  design 
for  London  Bridge  in  1823  had  arches  con*- 
stmeted  on  the  same  principle  as  the  ceiling 
of  St.  Luke's  Church,  and  was  highly  com- 
mended ;  but  the  casting  TotS'Of  the  chaii^ 
man  of  Uie  committee  ofthe  House  of  Com- 
mons was  ^ven  in  favour  of  the  plan  of  Sir 
John  Bonnie  [q.  v.]  (Journal  qf  the  Souse  of 
Commons^  20  June  lo2d,  p.  411).  He  made 
a  plan  in  1825  for  improvinff  the  river 
Thames,  by  forming  on  the  souUi  bank  the 
SttTrev  qu^i  which  he  proposed  should  ex- 
tend mnn  London  Bridge  to  Bishop's  Walk, 
Lambeth. 

Much  of  his  practice  consisted  in  arbitn^ 
tion  cases  and  m  advising  on  the  archite<y 
tural  and  engineering  questions  brouffht  be- 
fore the  courts  of  law.  In  1886  he  pnbUshed 
'Observations  on  Styles  in  Architecture,  with 
Suggestions  on  the  best  Mode  of  procuring 
Designs  for  PubUc  Buildings,  and  promoting 
the  £npravement  of  Architecture,  especially 
in  reference  to  a  Recommendation  in  the 
Report  of  the  Commissioners  on  the  Designs 
for  the  New  Houses  of  Parliament.'  This 
pamphlet  obtained  an  extensive  cireulation. 
In  1880  he  succeeded  Henry  Hakewill  as 
architect  to  the  Society  ofthe  Middle  Temple, 
and  erected  the  dodc-tower  to  their  hall, 
Plowden  Buildings,  in  Middle  Temple  Lane, 
and  other  works.  In  1840,  for  the  societies 
of  the  Inner  and  Middle  Temple,  he  com^ 


menced  the  restoration  of  theTempleChUseh; 
but,  a  disagreement  arising^  the  works  were 
completed  by  other  architects,  altiiough 
mainly  on  Savage's  original  designs. 

Among  other  DuildingB  which  he  demgned 
and  executed  were  Trini^  Church,  Sfoane 
Street,  1828;  St.  James's  Church,  Bermond- 
sey,  1827 ;  Tnnity  Church,  Tottenham  Green, 
1880 ;  St.  Mary's  Church,  Dford,  Essex ;  St. 
Michael's  Church,  Burleigh  Street,  Strand ; 
St.  Thomas  the  Martyr  Church,  Brentford, 
Essex;  St.  Mary's  Church,  Speenhamland, 
near  Newbury,  Berkshire;  and  St.  Mary*s 
Church,  Addlestone,  Chertsey,  Surrey. 

He  was  one  of  the  oldest  members  of  the 
Surveyors'  Club,  a  member  and  chairman 
of  the  committee  of  fine  arts  of  the  Society 
for  the  Promotion  of  Arts,  Manufactures, 
and  Commerce,  a  member  of  the  Graphic 
Society  from  the  time  of  its  formation  in 
1831,  and  for  a  short  time  a  follow  of  the 
Institute  of  British  Architects. 

He  died  at  North  Place,  Hamnstead 
Road,  London,  on  7  May  1852,  ana  was 
buried  at  St.  Luke's  Church,  Chelsea,  on 
12  May. 

Besides  the  wcifcs  mentioned  he  wrote, 
with  L.  N.  Cottingham,  <  St.  Saviour's  Church, 
Bouthwark :  BeMons  aoainst  pulling  down 
the  Lady  Chapel  at  the  east  end  of  St. 
Saviour's  Church,  Southwark,  ususUy  deno- 
minated the  Consistorial  Court,'  1827. 

[Ciril  Engineer  and  Architects*  Journal,  July 
1852,  pp.  229-7 ;  Redgrave's  Diet,  of  Artists ; 
Dtct.  of  Architecture,  1887,  vii.  25 ;  Gent.  Mag. 
1852,  ii.  20<U7.]  Or,  O.  B. 

SAVAQE,  Sib  JOHN  ((f.  14d2),  poli- 
tician and  soldier^ was  son  of  Sir.  John  Sayage 
(1422-1495)  of  Cliffcon,  hy  Katherine,  daugh- 
ter of  Thomas,  lord  Stanley,  and  sister  of 
Thomas  Stanley,  first  earl  of  Derby  U{.  v.] 
Thomas  Sayage  {d.  1507)  [q.  y.l,  archbishop  of 
York,  was  his  brother.  John  Savage,  junior, 
as  he  was  usually  styled,  was  created  a  Knight 
of  the  Bath  by  Edward  lY  on  the  occasion 
of  his  queen's  coronation  on  26  May  1465 
{Letters  and  Papers  illustrative  qf  the  Wars 
of  the  Enfflish  in  France  under  Henry  VI,  ed. 
Stevenson,  BoUs  Ser.  ii.  [784]).  On  1 7  April 
1488,  as  a  knight  of  the  royid  body,  he  was 
one  of  those  selected  to  bear  Edward's  body 
into  Westminster  Abbey  (Letters  and  Papers 
illustrative  qf  the  Se^fns  qf  Richard  III  and 
'Bewry  VII,  ed.  Qairdner,  Bolls  Ser.  i.  6,  8). 
Savage  was  mayor  of  Chester  in  1484  and 
1486,  and  in  the  former  ^ear  was  made  a 
freeman  of  the  city,  with  eight  of  his 
brothers. 

Richard  HI  bestowed  much  preferment 
upon  him,  delegating  him  to  take  the  oatha 


Savage 


828 


Savage 


of  allegiaiice  in  Kent,  and  placing  him  in  the 
commiasion  of  the  peace  {Harl,  MS.  433, 
£  90-4).  NeTertheleaa  he  had  a  secret  nn- 
derstanding  with  the  Earl  of  Richmond.  Hia 
treachery  came  to  light  through  the  arrest 
of  Lord  Stanley's  son,  Lord  titrange,  and 
Sayage  joined  Richmond  on  hismarchthroug^h 
Wales.  At  the  battle  of  Boswonh  he  is 
said  to  have  commanded  the  left  wing  of 
Henry's  army.  For  his  services  Henry  Vll 
granted  him  a  number  of  forfeited  estates  in 
JiTottinghamshire,  Derbyshire,  Leicestershire, 
and  Shropshire,  on  7  March  1486.  On  16  Feb. 
1488  he  received  fresh  grants,  and  on  16  Nov. 
was  elected  a  knight  of  the  Garter  (Mate^ 
riaJUfoT  the  Ragn  of  Henry  Vlly  ed.  Gamp- 
bell,  Rolls  Ser.  iL  245).  He  took  part  in 
the  siege  of  Boulogne  in  October  1492,  and, 
bein([  intercepted  by  the  enemy  while  recon- 
noitnng, refused  to  surTender,and  was  in  con* 
sequence  slain  (fiiooir,  Hist,  of  Henry  VII^ 
ed  Lumby,  p.  102 ;  Hall,  Ckronide,  1809, 
p.  459). 

By  his  wife  Dorothy,  daughter  of  Sir 
Ralph  Vernon  of  Haddon,  he  had  a  son, 
John,  who  succeeded  him,  and  four  dangh- 
tCTS.  Sir  John  had  also  an  illeffitimato  son 
George,  rector  of  Davenham,  Oheahire,  who 
is  said  to  have  been  the  father  of  Edmund 
Bonner  [q.  v.],  bishop  of  London. 

[Q-.  F.  A[rm8trong]'8  Savages  of  the  Ards; 
AcUiit.  MS.  6298,  f.  290 ;  Gairdner's  Life  of 
Richard  11I«  1879.  pp.  288-9 ;  Bamsa/s  Lancas- 
ter and  Yodc,  1892,11.  640;  Notes  and  Queries, 
8th  ser.  vi.  397.]  £.  I.  C. 

SAVAGE,  JOHN  {d.  1586),  conspirator, 
probably  belonged  to  the  Savage  family  of 
I)erby8h]ie.  As  an  ardent  Boman  catholic 
of  impetuous  temperament,  he  joined  the 
army  of  the  Duke  of  Parma  in  the  Low 
Clountries.  After  seeing  some  active  service 
he  passed  through  Rhemis  on  his  return  to 
England.  There  he  met  Dr.  William  Gif- 
ford  (1654r-1029)  [(^.  v.],  who  persuaded  him 
that  the  assassination  of  Queen  Elisabeth 
was  alonecapable  of  remedying  the  evil  plight 
of  English  catholics.  In  London  early  in  1686 
he  met  John  Ballard  [q.  v.]  the  Jesuit,  and 
volunteered  to  join  the  conspiracy  then  in 
process  of  formation  by  Ballard  ana  Babing- 
ton  for  the  murder  of  the  queen  and  the  re- 
lease of  Mary  Queen  of  Scote  from  prison. 
Hisdesperate  courage  rendered  him  a  valuable 
ally,  and  Anthony  Babington  [q.  v.]  eagerly 
accepted  his  services.  He  was  tne  only  actor 
in  Babington's  plot  who  was  not  previously 
attached  to  the  court ;  but  his  familV  seems  to 
have  been  distantly  connected  with  Babing- 
ton's, which  was  also  settled  in  Derbyshire. 
In  1489  John  Babington  and  Ralph  Savage 
wwa  jointly  licensed  to  found  a  cnantry  at 


North  Wynfield,  Derbyshire  (7^  Savages 
of  the  Arde,  by  G.  F.  A[rm8trong],  IS-SS,  p. 
355).  Thomas  Moigan  and  GUbert  Giffbrd 
[q.  v.],  the  chief  abettors  of  the  conspiracy, 
corresponded  with  Savage,  and  at  a  meeting 
of  the  plotters  at  St.  Giles's*in-the-Fields 
in  April  he  was  one  of  the  six  who  were 
nominated  to  aBssfwmat>e  the  queen.  Agents 
of  the  government  knew  all  at  an  early  date, 
but  Savage  was  not  readily  daunted.  When 
Babington  came  to  him  distracted  with  the 
news  that  Ballard  was  arreeted,  he  proposed 
to  go  and  loll  the  queen  at  once,  and  Babing- 
ton gave  him  money  to  buy  a  suitable  dress. 
Before  matters  went  further,  however,  Savage 
was  arrested  in  London  with  Chidiodc  Tic£- 
bourne  and  Thomas  Tilney.  He  fireely  con- 
fessed his  complicity,  and  when  he  was  tried 
at  Westminster  on  18  Sept.  pleaded  jr^ty, 
after  a  little  hesitetion,  to  the  whole  mdict- 
ment.  His  confession,  which  he  admitted  was 
made  without  threat  of  torture,  was  read  by 
the  clerk  of  the  crown.  The  extreme  sentence 
of  the  law  in  cases  of  treason  was  passed. 
On  20  Sept.  he  was  hanged  in  an  open  space 
in  the  parish  of  St.  GilesVin-the-Fields  with 
Babington,  Ballard,  and  others.  Like  Bab- 
ington, he  explained  in  a  speech  from  the 
scafibld  that  he  had  been  teught  to  regard 
the  murder  of  the  queen  as  a  lawful  and 
meritorious  act.  Before  he  was  dead  the 
rope  broke,  and  he  fell  from  the  gallowa. 
l£nch  of  the  rest  of  the  barbarous  sentence 
(mutilation  and  quarterizi|Br)  was  p^ormed 
upon  him  while  he  was  still  alive. 

[State  Trials,  1.  1130,  1157.  1158;  StoVs 
Annales ;  Froade's  Hist. ;  arts.  BABiNaTON,  Ak- 
TBOirr  and  GiFFORD,  Gilbert.]  S.  L. 

SAVAGE,  JOHN  (J.  1600-1700),  en- 
graver  and  printseller,  executed  a  few  por- 
traito  which,  though  of  little  artistic  merit, 
are  valuable  as  records  of  interesting  persons 
of  his  day;  some  of  these  he  published 
separately,  others  were  done  as  frontispieces 
to  books.  His  most  important  plates  are 
<  the  Antipapiste '  (portraite  of  the  Dukes  of 
Monmouth  and  Argyll,  Arthur,  earl  of  Essex, 
William,  lord  Russell,  Sir  Thomas  Armstrong, 
Alderman  Cornish,  Algernon  Sidney,  and 
Sir  E.  B.  Godfrey,  on  one  sheet) ;  Philip  V  oi 


M.D.,  after  Futhome  (frontispiece  to  his 
*  Natural  Historr  of  Lancashire,^  1700) ;  and 
Prince  Giolo,  a  South  Sea  Islander  who  was 
exhibited  in  London  in  1692.  According  to 
Walpole,  Savage  made  the  production  of 
portraite  of  malefactors  his  speciality,  but 
none  of  that  class  are  known  bearing  his 


Savage 


889 


Savage. 


name.  He  engraTed  some  of  the  illustra- 
tions to  Ghiidott's  '  De  Thermie  Britamiicig/ 
ld91,  Stfype's  '  Memorials  of  Cnmmer/  1j884, 
L.  Plukcnefs  *  Phytognmhia,'  voL  h.  1696, 
Ereljn's  'Nnmismata,'  1697,  and  Robert 
Morison's  'Plantarum  Historia,'  voL  iiL  1699. 
SaTSfle  probably  executed  many  of  the  plates 
afterM.  Laroon  in  Tempest's  'Cries  of  Lon* 
dooy'oneof  which,  *  The  Ix>ndon  Quaker/  bears 
liis  name.  A  pack  of  mathematical  plsyinf 
cards,  published  by  T.  Tuttell,  was  engravea 
Vy  hmi  £rom  designs  by  Boitard.  oavage 
resided  in  Denmark  Court,  Strand,  until  he 
purchased  the  plates  and  succeeded  to  the 
business  of  Isaac  Bedcett  at  theGolden  Head 
in  the  Old  Biuley;  later  he  removed  to  the 
Golden  Head  in  St.  Paul's  Churchyard,  near 
Doctors'  Commons. 

[Walpole's  Anecdotes  of  Painting ;  Redffrare's 
Diet,  of  Artists;  Dodd's  Memoirs  of  English 
Engrarers  in  British  Musenm  (Addit.  MS. 
38404);  Willshire's  Cat.  of  Playing  Cards  in 
British  Mnseum,  pp.  236,  290.]      F.  M.  CD. 

SAVAGE,  JOHN  (1673-1747),  author, 
honk  in  1673,  was  a  natire  of  Hertfordshire, 
and  was  elected  a  king's  scholar  of  Westmin- 
ster Sdiool  in  1687.  Thence  he  was  ad* 
mitted  on  13  Feb.  1691  to  Emmanuel  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  as  a  pensioner,  and  he  gra- 
duated B.A.  in  1694  and  M.A.  in  1698.  On 
24  June  1707  he  proceeded  B.D.  and  D.D. 
from  Christ  Church,  Oxford.  On  leaving 
Cambridge  he  travelled  for  eight  years  with 
James  Cecil,  fifth  earl  of  Salisbury,  yisiting 
nearly  every  country  in  Europe.  Salisbury 
afterwards  made  him  his  chaplain,  and  on 
SI  Jan.  1701  presented  him  to  the  living  of 
Bigrave,  Hertfordshire.  This  he  resigned  in 
1708  for  the  more  valuable beneficeof  Clothall 
in  the  same  county,  which  he  held  till  his 
death.  On  31  March  1732  he  also  became 
lecturer  at  St.  Gorge's,  Hanover  Square. 

Cole  says  that  Savage  was  '  a  stately  man, 
rather  corpulent ; '  and  Bishop  Newton  calls 
him  *  a  lively,  pleasant,  facetious  old  man.' 
He  belonged  to  a  celebrated  social  club 
founded  at  Royston  soon  after  the  Restora^ 
tion,  a  former  member  of  which,  Sir  John 
Hynde  O>tton,  writing  to  Gough  in  1786, 
describes  Savage  as  '  a  very  jolly  convivial 
priest'  (cf.  Gent  Mag,  1813,  ii.  411-12). 
Savage  was  much  devoted  to  his  old  school, 
Westminster.  A  white  marble  tablet,  with 
Latin  inscription,  erected  in  1760  in  the  east 
cloisters  by  the  king's  scholars  at  their  ex- 
pense, attested  his  popularity  there.  The 
earl  of  Salisbury  also  commemorated  Savage's 
name  by  an  inscription  on  the  first  founda- 
tion-stone of  Peckwater  quadrangle,  Christ 
diiiich,  Oxford, laid  by  him  on26  Jan.1705. 


Savage  died  at  Clothall  on  24  March  1747, 
from  the  consequences  of  a  UM  down  the 
stairs  of  the  scaffolding  erected  lor  Lord 
Lovat's  trial  in  Westminster  HalL  A  ^r- 
trait,  engraved  byyandei]|^ncht  from  a  pamt- 
ing  by  Thomas  "Forster,  is  prefixed  to  his 
*  History  of  Germany.' 

Savage  published  m  1701  an  abridgment, 
in  2  vols.  8vo,  of  KnoUes  and  Rycaut's 
'Turkish  History,'  with  dedication  to  An- 
thony Hammond,  M.P.  for  Cambridge  Uni- 
versity. He  wrote  the  first  volume  of  '  A 
Compleat  History  of  Germany  . . .  from  its 
Origin  to  this  Time,'  which  appeared  in 
17(@,  and  superintended  the  rest  of  the 
work,  in  which  the  best  extant  German  and 
Spanish  authorities  are  handled  with  dis- 
crimination. He  also  edited  and  continued 
Bernard  Connor's '  History  of  Poland '  (2  vols. 
1698);  issued  in  1703<AOollectionof  Letters 
of  the  Ancients,'  8vo ;  in  1704  two  volumes 
of  sermons ;  and  in  1708  a  poem  in  the '  Ox- 
ford Collection  of  Verses'  on  tiie  death  of 
Prince  George  of  Denmark.  Foreign  litera- 
ture engaged  much  of  his  attention.  Besides 
taking  part  in  Thomas  Brown's  version  of 
Scarron  s  works,  and  in  the  translation  of 
Lucian  (1711)  Savage  translated  from  the 
French  the  anonymous  'Memoirs  of  the 
Transactions  in  Savoy  during  this  War,' 
1697,  12mo ;  from  the  Spanish,  A.  de 
Guevara's  'Letters,'  1697, 8vO| and  Balthasar 
Grecian's  'Or&culo  Manual  y  Arte  de  Pm- 
dencia,'  1702,  8vo,  1705,  1714;  from  the 
Italian,  Moscheni's  '  Brutes  turned  Criticks,' 
1695  (sixty  satirical  letters) ;  and  from  Latin, 
Gerald  Noodt's  published  orations, '  De  Jure 
Bummi  Imperii  et  Le^  Begi&,'  and  'De 
Religione  ab  Imperio  jure  gentium  liberft,' 
1708. 

William  Savage  {d.  1736),  master  of  Em- 
manuel College,  Cambridge,  bom  at  Ickle- 
ford,  Hertfordshire,  was  probably  related  to 
John  Savage.  After  holding  a  suearship,  he 
graduated  at  Emmanuel  College^  B.  A.  in  1689, 
M.A.  in  1693,  B.D.  in  1700,  and  D.D.  in  1717. 
In  1692  he  was  elected  fellow,  and  on  26  Sept. 
1719  master  of  Emmanuel  He  was  some 
time  chaplain  to  Lord-keeper  Wright,  and 
afterwards  to  Bishop  Atterbury.  The  latter 
presented  him  to  the  rectories  of  Gravesend 
and  Stone,  Kent.  The  former  he  resigned 
in  1720  to  become  incumbent  of  St.  Anne's, 
Blackfriars,  London.  In  1724  he  was  vice- 
chancellor  at  Cambridge.  The  '  Inquiry 
into  the  Bight  of  Appeals  from  the  Vice- 
chancellor  of  Cambrioge  in  Matters  of  Die* 
cipline,'  attributed  to  him,  was  probably 
written  by  John  Chapman  of  Magdalene. 
William  Savage  died  on  1  Aug.  1736  (CoLi's 
Athena,  Addit.  MS.  5880, 1 177). 


Savage 


830 


Salvage 


[OoI^'b  Atlieiift  in  Brit.  Mub.  Addit.  MS.  5880, 
f.  74 ;  Welch'B  AlamDi  Westmon. ;  Foster's  Alumni 
OxoD.;  Grad.  Cantabr.;  Gent  Mag.  1747,  p. 
154;  Bishop  Kewton's  Life  and  "Works,  i.  56; 
Clntttrbners  Hertfordshtre.  iii.  494,505-7  (Cas- 
sans  adds  nothing) ;  Nichols's  Lit.  Anecd.  ii. 
141-2,  708,  ix  402,  and  lUostrations,  iy.  851, 
717  (letter  to  Zaehaxy  Grej);  Brit.  Mus.  Cat. 
Another  John  Sayage,  also  of  Emmanuel,  was 
rector  of  Morcot,  Rnuand,  and  master  of  Upping- 
ham School;  cf.  Cole's  Athens  in  MS.  Addit. 
5880,  f.  78.]  G.  Lb  G.  N. 

SAVAGE,  JOHN  (1828-1888),  Irish 
poet  and  joomalist,  was  Dom  in  Dublin  on 
Id  Dec.  1828.  His  father  was  a  United  Irish- 
man of  Ulster.  After  attending  a  school  at 
Harold's  Cross  in  Dublin,  he  entered  the  art 
schools  of  the  Royal  Dublin  Society  at  the 
age  of  sixteen.  In  1845  he  obtained  three 
prizes  for  watercolour  drawings,  and  in  1847 
silver  medals  for  studies  in  ous.  But  Irish 
politics  soon  diverted  his  attention.  He 
joined  revolutionary  clubs  in  Dublin,  and 
beffan  in  1848  to  contribute  verse  to  the 
'  United  Irishman '  of  John  Mitchel  [q.  v.] 
When  that  pai»er  was  suppressed,  oavupe 
became  a  proprietor  of  its  successor,  '  The 
Irish  Tribune,'  in  which  he  frequently  wrote. 
After  the  suppression  of  that  paper,  Savage 
joined  in  the  abortive  rising  in  the  south, 
and  took  part  in  attacks  on  police  barracks 
at  Portlaw  and  other  places.  He  contrived 
to  escape  to  New  York  late  in  1848,  and 
obtainea  the  post  of  proof-reader  on  the 
*  Tribune '  of  that  city.  He  afterwards  be- 
came one  of  its  contributors.  When  Mitchel 
started  'The  Irish  Citizen'  in  New  York 
(1  Jan.  1854),  Savage  was  appointed  literaiy 
editor.  In  1867  he  removed  to  Washington, 
where  he  became  editor,  and  ultimately  pro- 
prietor, of  *  The  States.'  He  is  said  to  have 
assisted  in  orffanising  the  Iri£^  brigade  in  the 
civil  war,  ana  fought  in  the  69th  New  York 
regiment.  He  took  an  active  part  in  the 
later  period  of  the  fenian  movement  in  Ame- 
rica, uid  in  1868  was  appointed  fenian  affent 
in  Paris.  He  was  offered  the  post  of  United 
States  consul  in  Leeds,  but  declined  it.  In 
1876  he  was  given  the  degree  of  LL.D.  of  St. 
John's  College,  Fordham,  New  York.  He 
died  in  New  York  on  9  Oct.  1888.  He 
married  in  New  York,  in  1854,  Louise 
€K>uvemeur,  daughter  of  Captain  Samuel 
Beid. 

Savage's  historical  works  are  useful  to 
students  of  modem  Irish  history,  and  his 
poem  of  *  Shane's  Head '  is  one  of  the  most 
powerful  and  popular  of  Irish  ballads.  His 
works  are:  1.  'Lays  of  the  Fatherland,' 
New  York,  1660.  2.  <  ^98  and  '48,  the 
Modem  Revolutionary  History  and  Livera- 


ture  of  Ireland,'  1866.  a  'Our  Living 
Representative  Men,'  Philadelphia,  1860. 
4.  *  Faith  and  Fancy,'  poems,  New  York, 
1864, 12mo.  6.  '  Campaign  Life  of  Andrew 
Johnson,'  1864.  6.  'Sybil:  a  tragedy  in 
prose  and  verse,'  1866.  7.  '  Eva :  a  goblin 
romance,'  1866.  8.  'Fenian  Heroes  and 
Martyrs,' Boston,  1868.  9.  '  Poems,  Lyrical, 
Dramatic,  and  Romantic,' 1870.  10. 'Wait- 
ing for  a  Wife,'  n.  d.,  a  comedy. 

[Appleton's  Cyclop,  of  American  Biogr. ; 
O'Donoghue's  Poets  01  Ireland,  p.  222 ;  Sarage's 
'08  and  '48;  Nation,  and  Freeman's  Journal, 
Dablin,  October  1888;  Fenian  Heroes  and 
Martyrs ;  a  lengthy  biomphy  of  Savage,  written 
by  John  Angnstns  O'Snea,  was  publi^ed  in  the 
Irishman,  1869-70,  with  an  excellent  portrait 
by  Montbard.]  D.  J.  0*D. 

SAVAGE,  Sib  JOHN  BOSCAWEN 
(1760-1843),  major-general,  of  a  family  long 
settled  at  Ardkeen,  county  Down,  son  of 
Marmaduke  Coghill  Savage,  and  grandson  of 
Philip  Savage  of  Bock  Savage,  BaUycralgety 
was  bom  at  Hereford  on  23  Feb.  1760.  On 
6  Dec.  1762  he  was  gazetted  to  an  enaigncy 
in  the  91st  foot,  by  virtue  of  a  conuniesioii 
obtained  for  an  olaer  brother  who  had  since 
died.  In  September  1771  he  was  exchanged 
into  the  48th  foot,  and  in  1772>8  was  actually 
serving  with  the  regiment  in  Dublin  and  in 
Tobago.  In  1775  he  is  said  to  have  fought  a 
duel  with  his  colonel,  which  was  possibly  the 
cause  of  his  selling  out  in  1776.  axl  January 
1777  he  obtained  a  commission  as  lieutenant 
of  marines.  In  1778  he  was  embarked  on 
board  the  Princess  Amelia;  in  1779-80  he 
was  in  the  Bedford  in  the  Channel,  in  the 
action  off  Gape  St.  Vincent,  and  at  the  relief 
of  Gibraltar ;  in  1782-3  he  was  in  the  Dol- 
phin in  the  West  Indies.  In  1793  he  was 
m  the  Niger,  on  the  coast  of  Holland;  on 
24  April  he  was  promoted  to  be  captain,  and 
embarked  in  command  of  the  detachment  on 
board  the  Orion,  with  Sir  James  Saumarez 
(afterwards  Lord  de  Sanmaxez)  fq.  v.]  La 
her  he  waspresent  in  the  actions  off  L'Orient, 
off  Cane  at.  Vincent,  and  at  the  Nile,  in 
which  last  he  was  bruised  by  a  cannon-ball 
that  passed  between  his  arm  and  side. 
It  is  said  that  before  the  battle  began,  Sau- 
maies,  having  addressed  the  officers  and  ship's 
company,  turned  to  Savage  with, '  Will  you 
say  a  few  words  to  your  men  P '  On  which 
Savage  spoke :  *  My  lads,  do  you  see  that 
land  there  P  Well,  that's  the  land  of  Egypt, 
and  if  you  don't  fight  like  devils,  you'll 
damned  soon  be  in  Uie  house  of  bondage.' 
The  speech  has  been  erroneously  attributed 
to  many  other  officers.  In  1801  Savage  was 
in  the  Ganges  at  Copenhagen.  On  15  Abut. 
1806  he  was  made  »  major;  on  1  Jan«  18^ 


Savage 


831 


Savage 


ft  ImiTvt  ]ieat6iiaii1>col<mel ;  on  24  Maroh 
18161ieateiiantrcolonel.of  nariaas;  andon 
9Q  Jiue  1825  colonel  oommaadant  of  the 
Gh^iham  division.  He  was  nominated  a 
03.  on  26  Sept.  1881^  a  E-CH.  on  22  Feb. 
1838,  and  a  k.aB.  on  i^  Oct.  1839.  On 
10  Jan.  1837  he  was  promoted  to  be  major- 
general  nnattached.  By  the  death  of  his 
cousin  in  1808  he  succeeded  to  Bock  Savage 
and  the  family  estate  of  Balhmlget.  During 
his  later  years  he  lived  at  Wo<Mwich ;  was- 
on  terms  of  intimacy  with  the  Duke  of  Ola- 
rence,  and  was  a  special  favourite  with  the 
P^eees  Sophia,  whom  he  used  to  delight 
with  stories  of  the  war.  He  died  at  Wool- 
wich on  8  March  1843,  and  was  buried  there 
in  the  parish  churchyard.  His  portrait,  a 
copy  from  a  miniature,  is  in  the  officers'  mess- 
room  of  the  Ohatham  division  of  marines. 
He  married^  in  1786,  Sophia,  eldest  daughter 
of  Lieutenant  William  Cock  of  the  navy,  by 
his  wife  Elizabeth  (Ward),  a  cousin  of  Robert 
Plnmer  Ward  [q.  v.]  the  novelist.  She  sur- 
vived him  only  three  months,  and^  dying  on 
12  June,  was  buried  in  the  same  vault  as  her 
husband.  A  monument  to  their  memory  is 
in  the  church.  Their  eldest  surviving  son, 
Henry  John  Savage  (1792-1866),  became 
colonel  of  the  royal  engineers,  attained 
the  rank  of  lieutenant-general,  and,  having 
sold  Rock  Savage,  died  at  St.  Heller.  The 
next  son,  John  Morris,  a  colonel  in  the 
royal  artillery,  settled  in  Canada,  where  he 
died  in  1876  (see  £effast  NewB^Leiter^ 
IS  Nov.) 

[United  88mce  Magazine,  1848, 1.  597 ;  the 
Ancient  and  Noble  Family  of  the  Savages  of  the 
Ards  .  .  .  compiled  •  •  by  Q.  F.  A[rm8trong], 
pp.  221  sq.]  J.  E.  L. 

SAVAGE,  MARMION  W.  (1803-1872), 
novelist  and  journalist,  son  of  the  Rev. 
Henry  Savage,  was  bom  in  Ireland  early  in 
1803.  He  matriculated  as  a  pensioner  on 
6  Oct.  1817  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  ob- 
taining a  scholarship,  then  ^ven  only  for 
classics,  in  1822,  and  graduatmgB.A.  in  the 
autumn  of  1824.  On  leaving  the  university 
he  held  for  some  time  in  Dublin  a  position 
under  the  Irish  government.  His  maiden 
work,  entitled '  The  Falcon  Famil  v,  or  Young 
Ireland,'  appeued  in  1845,  at  the  moment 
when  the  physical  force  partv  were  just  be- 
ginning to  seoede  from  the  Kepeal  Associa- 
tion. It  was  a  caustic  and  brilliant  skit  upon 
the  seceders.  His  second  work, '  The  Bache- 
lor of  the  Albany,'  which  was  published  in 
1847>  proved  to  be  his  masterpiece.  Li  1849 
Savage  brought  out  a  three-volume  novel,, 
called '  My  Uncle  the  Curate,'  and  in  1852 
aiMthflr  entitled  'Eeuben  Medliootty  or  the 


Coming  Man.'  His  fifth  story  -was  a  no* 
velette,  called  'Obver  Cottage,  or  I  can't 
get  in,'  which,  dramatised  by  Tom  Taylor 
under  the  title  of  '  Nine  Points  of  the  Ijaw,' 
as  a  comedietta  in  one  act,  was  first  per- 
formed at  the  Olympic  on  11  April  1859, 
with  Mrs.  Stirling  and  Addison  in  the  two 
chief  parts.  In  1855  he  edited,  in  two 
volumes  with  notes  and  a  preface.  Shell's 
'  Sketches,  Legal  and  Political,*  which  had 
appeared  serialTy  in  the '  New  Monthly  Maga- 
zme,'  under  the  editorship  of  Thomas  Camp- 
belL  After  having  lived  for  nearly  half  a 
centurv  in  Dublin,  Savage  was  in  1856  ap- 
pointed editor  of  the  '  Examiner,'  in  succes* 
sion  to  John  Forster  [q.  v.],  and  removed  to 
London,  where  his  wit  and  scholarship  caused 
him  to  be  heartily  welcomed  in  literary 
circles.  He  remained  editor  of  the  'Eza- 
miner '  for  some  three  years.  In  1870  he 
brought  out  bis  sixth  ana  last  novel,  entitled 
'  The  Woman  of  Business,  or  the  Ladv  and 
the  Lawyer.'  He  died  at  Torquay,  after  a 
prolonged  illness,  on  1  May  1872.  His  writ- 
ings possess,  besides  exhilarating  wit  and 
ammation,  the  charm  of  a  literary  flavour. 

He  was  twice  married.  By  his  first  wife, 
Olivia,  a  niece  of  Lady  Morgan,  to  whom 
the  novelist  inscribed  his  '  Bachelor  of  the 
Albany,'  he  had  an  only  son,  who  died  in 
youth.  By  his  second  wife,  a  daughter  of 
Thomas  Hutton  of  Dublin,  he  had  no  chil- 
dren, 

[Personal  recollections;  obituary  notice  in 
the  Athenttnm,  11  May  1872,  p.  691  ;  Times, 
6  May,  p.  12;  firit.  Mns.  Cat.;  Annual  Reg. 
1872,  p.  163.]  C.  K, 

SAVAGE,  RIOHAED,  fourth  Eabl 
RiVEBS  (1660  P-1712),  bom  about  1660,  was 
second  but  only  surviving  son  of  Thomas, 
third  earl.  The  father,  mm  in  1628,  was 
son  of  John  Savage,  a  colonel  in  the  roval 
army,  and  governor  of  Donnington  Castle  \ 
he  married  at  St.  Sepulchre's,  London,  on 
21  Dec.  1647  (by  consent  of  her  mother, 
Mrs.  Jeanes),  Elizabeth,  second  of  the  three 
ill^nitimate  daughters  and  eventual  heiresses 
of  Emanuel,  lord  Scrope  (afterwards  Earl  of 
Sunderland) ;  he  exchanged  the  Romish  for 
the  Ajiglican  communion  about  the  time  of 
the '  popish  plot,'  died  in  Qreat  Queen  Street. 
London,  on  14  Sept.  1694,  and  was  interrea 
under  a  suniptuous  monument  in  the  Savage 
Chapel  at  Macclesfield.  The  third  earl  was 
a  miser,  and  strongly  deprecated  the  youth- 
ful extravagances  of  his  second  son.  Ona 
evening,  in  answer  to  an  appeal  for  money, 
he  replied  in  the  presence  of  a  witness  that 
he  had  none  in  the  house.  The  next  dav, 
Sunday,  when  the  household  were  atohurefa. 


Savage 


85a 


Savage 


Ricbftrd  entered  his  father^s  closet,  forced  a 
cabinet,  and  helped  himself.  The  earl,  in  a 
foTj,  demanded  of  the  lord  chief  justice  a 
warrant  for  his  son's  anest ;  the  latter,  how- 
ever, denied  the  facts,  and  brouffht  evidence 
of  his  father's  declaration  that  there  was  no 
money  in  the  house.  The  chief  justice  per- 
suaded the  earl  to  desist  from  further  pro- 
ceedings, but  Richard  by  this  escapade 
earned  for  himself  the  name  of  'Tyburn 
Dick,'  which  dung  to  him  for  some  time. 

Upon  the  deatn  of  his  elder  brother, 
Thomas,  about  1680,  Richard  acomired  the 
title  of  Viscount  Colchester,  and  he  was 
elected  M.P.  for  Wigan  in  1681.  On 
23  May  1686  he  obtained  a  Ueutenancy  in 
the  fourth  troop  of  horseguaids,  commanded 
by  Captain  Henry  Jerm^,  baron  Dover 

Sq.  v.],  nis  senior  officer  bein^  Patrick  Sars- 
ield  (Daltoit,  Engl,  Army  LiaU,  i.  75, 118). 
Handsome  and  unscrupulous,  he  made  a 
reputation  as  a  rake,  sharing  in  the  nufhtly 
diversions  of  debauchees  like  Lords  Love- 
lace and  Mohun,  and  William,  lord  Caven- 
dish. Though  he  subseijuently  became  a 
firm  tory,  his  political  views  were  at  this 
time  those  of  his  associates.  On  the  news 
of  the  landing  of  the  Prince  of  Orange  he 
set  out  to  jom  the  prince  simultaneously 
with  Lord  Lovelace;  more  fortunate  than 
the  latter,  he  arrived  at  Exeter  with  four  of 
his  troopers  and  sixty  retainers,  and  had  the 
distinction  of  being  the  first  nobleman  to 
give  in  his  adherence  to  William  (cf. 
Lord  Kenyon's  Papers,  Hist.  MSS,  Comm, 
14th  Rep.  App.  iv.;  Boteb,  William  IIIj 

S.  139).  He  accompanied  William  to  Lon- 
on,  where  his  influence  with  the  new  king 
was  eagerly  solicited  by  his  friends  in  the 
north,  and  in  the  Convention  parliament 
he  sat  for  Liverpool. 

Soon  after  his  accession  William  dis- 
banded the  fourth  troop  of  guards ;  but  Col- 
chester was  no  loser  by  the  change,  being 
first  given  Fenwicke*s  troop,  and  promoted  in 
January  1692  to  command  tiie  third  troop  in 

Slace  of  Marlborough,  who  was  in  temporary 
isgrace.  He  led  the  grenadiers  under  a 
heavy  fire  in  the  van  of  the  attacking  force 
when  Cork  was  taken  in  September  1690,  and 
he  accompanied  William  to  Flanders  in  1691 
and  1692  (t^.  p.  284).  In  the  latter  year  he 
was  excepted  by  name  in  the  pardon  pro- 
mulgated by  James  II,  and  was  in  1^8  pro- 
moted major-general  by  a  commission  dated 
from  The  Hague  on  1  April.  He  was  in- 
valided at  Brussels  during  the  battle  of  Lan- 
den,  and  succeeded  his  father  as  fourth  Earl 
Riven  in  September  1694,  but  he  served 
through  the  campaign  of  1695,  and  was 
favourably  noticed  for  his  coolness  under  fiie. 


In  Februarv  1699,  when  a  lar^e  portion  of  1li» 
army  was  disbandedi  his  troop  was  xetained. 
Dunng  the  summer  of  this  year  the  fisrae 
rivalry  between  the  three  troops,  commanded 
respectively  by  tanonde,  Albemarle^  and 
Rivers,  was  aocentoated  by  a  quarrel  be- 
tween the  commanders  thraiselves,  arising 
from  some  disputed  point  of  etiqoette.  This 
difference  was  with  some  difficnUy  composed 
upon  the  interposition  of  the  king ;  and  the 
three  troops  were  reviewed  together  in 
Hyde  Park,  in  token  of  their  reconciliation, 
in  November.  In  November  1701  Rivers 
obtained  the  lord-lieutenancy  of  Lancashire 
and  governorship  of  Liverpool  in  place  of 
the  &rl  of  Mai^esfield,  whom  he  had  re- 
cently enabled  to  obtain  alonff-sought  divorce 
from  his  wife.  He  resigned  these  appoint- 
ments early  in  1702,  and  served  for  a  year 
with  the  army  in  Flanders  under  Marl- 
borough, who  madehim  lieutenant-jgeneral  in 
November  1702.  Anxious  to  push  his  fortunes 
at  court,  he  sold  his  regiment  and  his  troop 
for  6,000Z.  a  few  months  later  (Lutirbll). 
His  ambition  was  to  obtain  a  command  in 
chief.  Marlborough  wrote  highly  of  his 
claim,  and  when,  in  the  summer  of  1706,  the 
government  decided  upon  a  descent  upon 
France,  in  accordance  with  a  scheme  first 
conceived  hj  Guiscard,  the  command  was 
given  to  Rivers.  Shovel  was  to  convoy 
an  armv  of  about  ten  thousand  foot  and 
twelve  hundred  horse  to  the  mouth  of  the 
Charente,  where  it  was  hoped  that  Rivers 
would  be  able  to  effect  a  junction  with  the 
Camisards.  Michael  Richards  [^.  v.]  was 
to  command  the  train,  and  Guiscard  the 
Huguenots,  with  whom,  however,  no  very 
dear  understanding  had  been  arrived  at; 
otherwise  the  scheme  was  a  promising  one. 
The  general  was  directed  to  publish  upon 
landing  a  manifesto  declaring  that  it  waa 
his  intention  neither  to  conquer  nor  to 
milage,  but  to  restore  the  liberties  of  the 
^French  people,  the  States-General,  and  the 
edict  of  Nantes.  The  troops  were  embarked 
at  Portsmouth  early  in  July,  and  sailed  as 
far  as  Torbay ;  but  the  expedition  was  frus- 
trated by  persistent  contrary  winds,  and  in 
October  tne  destination  of  the  army  was 
changed  to  Lisbon.  Rivers  reached  Lisbon 
after  a  stormy  vo^page,  and  thence  proceeded 
to  Alicante,  arriving  on  8  Feb.  Confine- 
ment in  transports  for  four  months  had  re- 
duced the  men  on  the  active  list  from  ten  to 
scarcely  more  than  seven  thousand,and  Rivers 
was  severely  mortified  when,  little  more  than 
a  fortnight  afber  his  arrival,  a  despatch 
arrived  from  Sunderland  nominating  Gal- 
way  [see  Massub  db  Ritviqitt,  Hei^  bb] 
commandei^in-chief  in  the  Peninsula.    H» 


Savage 


833 


Savage 


was  offered  his  choice  of  acting  second  in 
command  or  returning  home,  and  promptly 
chose  the  latter,  thus  escaping  all  share  in 
the  disaster  of  Almanza  (Boxer,  Annals  of 
Queen  Anne,  1786,  pp.  244-5).  He  was 
afterwards  charged  with  haying  systemati- 
cally thwarted  and  disparaged  Galway,  and 
it  is  certain  that  during  his  stay  in  Spain  he 
attached  himself  to  the  faction  of  Galway's 
chief  opponent,  CharWs  sinister  adviser, 
Noyelles. 

Shortly  after  his  return  in  April  1708, 
he  was  made  general  of  horse  at  Marl- 
borough's suggestion  {ib,  p.  888;  MuBBikT, 
MarlborouffhSespatcheSy  iiL  719),  and  sworn 
a  privy  councillor.  When  the  post  of  con- 
stable of  the  Tower  fell  vacant  in  1709, 
Marlborouffh,  intending  the  appointment  for 
the  Duke  of  Northumberland,  politely  parried 
Rivers's  appeal  to  secure  the  post  for  him. 
But  Kivers  already  foresaw  the  coming 
eclipse  of  the  whigs,  and,  losing  no  time  in 
paying  his  court  to  the  opposite  party,  he 
procured  from  Harley  a  promise  of  support 
for  his  candidature.  He  met  with  an  un- 
expected triumph.  When  Marlborough  re- 
quested an  audience  with  the  queen  to  dis- 
cuss the  appointment,  he^  was  astounded  to 
learn  that  the  post  had  been  bestowed  upon 
Rivers.  The  mcident  was  the  first  vi^le 
sign  of  the  impending  change  of  government 
(Swift,  Change  m  the  ^leen'e  Minietry), 
In  the  following  year  Rivers,  now  high  in 
court  favour,  was  sent  as  plenipotentiary  to 
the  elector  of  Hanover  on  a  delicate  errand, 
that  of  removing  from  the  electoral  mind 
any  unfavourable  impression  caused  by  the 
tory  reaction  in  England,  and  the  marked 
favour  shown  to  avowed  Jacobites.  He 
sailed  from  Harwich  on  22  Aug.  1710,  ar- 
rived at  Hanover  on  19  Sept.,  dined  with  the 
elector  on  the  following;'  day,  and  returned 
next  month.  The  mission  was  mainly  cere- 
monial, and  proved  quite  ineffectual  in 
throwing  dust  in  the  eyes  of  George  and 
Sophia.  In  January  1711  Rivers  was 
created  master  of  the  ordnance  in  place  of 
Marlborough,  and  colonel  of  the  blues.  He 
was  constant  in  his  attendance  in  the  House 
of  Lords  at  this  period  (cf.  Wentioin'th 
Papers,  passim),  and  was  intimate  with 
Swift  and  the  coterie  that  surrounded 
Harley.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Saturday 
Club  when  it  was  most  select,  and  distanced 
them  all  in  hostility  to  his  old  patron  Marl- 
borough  (cf.  Journal  to  Stella,  18,  25  Feb. 
and  12, 10  Ma^  17in.  Early  in  1712  his 
health,  undermmed  by  nisprofligacy,8uddenly 
gave  wav>  cmd  he  went  down  to  Bath,  whence 
several  false  reports  of  his  death  reached  Lon- 
don. He  returned  to  die  at  his  house  in  Ealing 
VOL.  xvn. 


Grove,  Middlesex,  on  18  Aug.  1712 ;  he  was 
buried  at  Macclesfield  on  4  Oct.  He  married 
at  Ohiswick,  on  21  Aug.  1679,  Penelopei 
daughter  of  Roger  Downes  of  Wardley,  Lan- 
cashire, by  whom  he  left  a  daughter  Elizabeth ; 
she  married  James  Barry,  fourth  earl  of  Barry- 
more,  and  kept  up  a  great  state  at  Rock 
Savage  in  Cheshire  Twhither  her  father  had 
removed  from  the  olol  family  seat  at  Halton) 
until  her  death  in  1781 ;  her  daughter  Pene- 
lope married  General  George  Cholmondeley 
(d,  1775),  son  of  George,  second  earl  of 
Cholmondeley  [q.  v.],  and  died  in  1786, 
after  which  Rock  Savage  fell  into  decay. 
The  earldom  descended  upon  Rivers's  death 
to  his  cousin,  John  Savage  (1665-1785), 
grandson  of  John,  the  second  earl ;  he  was 
educated  at  Douai,  and  ordained  a  priest  in 
the  Roman  catholic  church  (in  which  he 
was  known  as  Father  Wilson)  about  1710, 
shortly  after  which  he  was  miade  canon  of 
Liege;  for  some  years  previous  to  his  cousin's 
death  he  resided  at  Ealing,  where  Swift  re- 
cords that  he  was  treated  little  better  than 
a  footman ;  upon  his  death  in  1785  the  peer- 
age became  extinct. 

Mackay  says  of  Rivers :  '  He  was  one  of 
the  greatest  rakes  in  England  in  his  youn^r 
days,  but  always  a  lover  of  the  constitution 
of  his  country;  is  a  gentlemen  of  very  good 
sense  and  very  cunning;  brave  in  his  person ; 
a  lover  of  play,  and  understands  it  well; 
hath  a  very  good  estate  and  improves  it 
every  day ;  something  covetous ;  a  tall,  hand- 
some man  and  of  a  very  fiiir  complexion ; ' 
to  which  Swift  adds  *  an  arrant  Knave  in 
common  dealings,  and  very  prostitute.'  *  He 
left  a  legacy,'  says  the  same  commentator,  *  to 
about  20  paltry  old  wh>r-s  by  name,  and  not 
a  fSELrthing  to  any  friend,  dependent,  or  rela- 
tion; I  loved  the  man,  but  detest  his 
memory.'  These  particulars  are  confirmed 
by  Rivers's  wiU.  He  left  500/.  to  Mrs.  Old- 
field,  and  10,0002.  (together  with  Ealing 
Grove)  to  his  illegitimate  daughter  Bessv, 
who  married  Frederick,  third  earl  of  Roch- 
ford,and  was  mother  of  Richard  Savage  Nas- 
sau Zulestein.  By  Lady  Macclesfield  he  had 
two  children,  a  daughter  and  a  son,  bom  on 
16  Jan.  1697,  and  christened  at  St.  Andrew's, 
Holborn,  as  Richard  Smith  (cf.  Cbokbb, 
Bostoell,  p.  62).  Richard  Savage  fq.  v.],  the 
poet,  put  forward,  but  did  not  substantiate^ 
nis  daim  to  be  a  son  of  Earl  Rivers. 

[Lives  and  Characters  of  the  most  Illnstriotis 
Persons  who  died  in  1712;  0.E.G.'s  Peerage; 
Chester^s  London  Marriage  Licenses ;  Ormen^'s 
Hist,  of  Cheshire,  i.  497;  Beaumont's  Hist,  of 
Halton  Castle,  pp.  127-38 ;  Gh.  S.  A[rm8tiong]'s 
Savages  of  the  Ards,  1888,  p.  66;  Faulkner's 
Hist,  of  Ealing,    1845,  p.    247;    Memoir   of 

8r 


Savage 


834 


Savage 


Thomas,  Earl  of  Aileaboxy  (Bozbiughe  Glvb) ; 
Boyw'a  Annals,  1736,  pp.  244, 291, 838,868,638, 
607 ;  Burnet's  Own  Time ;  Oldmizon's  History  of 
England,  toL  iii. ;  Tindal's  Continnation  of 
Bapin;  Wyon's  Queen  Anne,  i.  497,  ii.  168, 862; 
Haeanlay's  Hist,  of  England ;  Lnttrell's  Brief 
Hist  Relation,  vols.  ▼.  yi.  passim;  Dalton's 
English  Army  Lists,  passim,  s.y. '  Colchester; ' 
Coze's  Marlborough,  i.  476,  iii.  6 ;  Marlboron^'s 
Despatches,  ed.  Imirray,  y.  637 ;  Pamell's  War 
of  Succession  in  Spain,  pp.  207-8 ;  Lamberts 
H^moires,  1740,  toI.  zir.  passim;  Harris's  Wil- 
liam m,  p«  162;  Swift's  Works,  ed.  Scott,  toI. 
ii.  iii.  passim ;  Pope's  Works,  ed.  Elwin  and  Cour- 
thope,  iy.  48 ;  Heame's  Collectanea ;  Boehestei^s 
Poems,  1707,  p.  101.]  T.  8. 

SAVAGE,  RICHARD  {d.  1748),  poet, 
was,  according  to  his  own  statement,  the 
ill^timate  son  of  Richard  Saya^,  fourth 
earl  Riyers  [q,  v.]  He  claimed  as  his  mother 
Anne,  daughter  of  Sir  Richard  Mason  of 
Sntton,  Surrey,  and  wife  of  Charles  Gerard, 
second  earl  of  Macclesfield  (1659P-1701) 
[q.  T.]  It  is  known  that  Lady  Macclesfield, 
wnile  separated  from  her  husband,  had  two 
children  by  Lord  Riyers,  and  that  con- 
sequently Lord  Macclesfield  obtained  a  di- 
Torce  on  15  March  1698.  Of  Lady  Maccles- 
field's illegitimate  children  the  elaer,  a  ^1, 
died  in  infancy;  the  younger  was  baptised 
as  Richard  Smith  in  Fox  Court  on  18  Jan. 
1696-7  by  the  minister  of  St.  Andrew*s, 
Holbom,  in  the  presence  of  Lord  Riyers,  of 
Newdigate  Ousley,  his  godfather,  and  of 
Dorothea  Ousley,  his  g(KUnother  (St.  An- 
drew's Register).  The  child  can  be  traced 
in  the  same  year  to  the  care  of  Anne  Port- 
lock,  a  baker's  wife,  liyin^  in  Coyent  Garden. 
It  is  probable  that  he  med  younff.  At  all 
eyents,  he  was  not  again  heara  of  until 
Richard  Sayage  adyanced  his  claim  to  iden- 
tity with  him  in  1718. 

According  to  public  statements  made  by 
Savage's  supporters,  his  mother  conceiyed  a 
ffieat  ayersion  for  him,  and  determined  to 
disown  him.  She  committed  him  to  the 
care  of  a  poor  woman,  who  brought  him  up 
as  her  son;  but  his  grandmother.  Lady 
Mason,  and  his  godmother,  Mrs.  Lloyd,  took 
an  interest  in  hun,  and  the  former  sent  him 
to  a  small  grammar  school  near  St.  Albans. 
Mrs.  Lloyd,  however,  died  when  he  was  nine, 
and  his  mother,  who  had  married  Henry 
Brett  [q.  v.],  continued  her  hostility  towards 
him.  one  prevented  Lord  Rivers  m>m  leav- 
ing him  a  bequest  of  6,000/.,  by  informing 
him  that  his  son  was  dead.  She  vainly 
endeavoured  to  have  him  kidnapped  to 
the  West  Indies,  and,  when  that  scheme 
failed^  apprenticed  him  to  a  shoemaker,  that 
he  might  be  brought  up  in  obscurity  and  | 


forgotten.  But  about  that  time  his  nuisa 
died,  and,  looking  thiouffh  her  papers,  Savage 
discovered  the  secret  of  his  birth.  At  once 
breakinff  his  indentures,  he  endeavoured  to 
enforce  nis  claims  on  his  mother. 

There  are  four  contemporary  accounts  of 
Savage's  early  life,  all  supporting  this  story ; 
but  all  were  inspired  by  Savage  himself. 
The  first  was  published  in  1719  in  Curll's 
'  Poetical  Re^^ister.'  The  second  was  inserted 
by  Aaron  Hill  in  his  periodical, '  The  Plain 
IJealer,'  in  1724.  The  third  was  an  anony- 
mous life  which  anpeared  in  1727,  and  was 
said  by  Johnson  to  be  written  by  Beckenham 
and  another.  The  last  was  avowedly  by 
Savage  himself^  and  appeared  as  a  preface  to 
the  second  edition  ox  nis  '  Miscellaniee'  in 
1728.  From  these  and  from  the  poet's  own 
statements  Dr.  Johnson  compiled  that '  Life 
of  Savage'  (1744)  which  made  the  story 
classical. 

No  documents  in  support  of  Savage's  pre- 
tensions have  been  produced,  not  even  thoee 
letters  from  which  he  himself  claimed  to 
make  the  discovery.  All  the  details  are 
vague,  lacking  in  names  and  dates ;  they 
cannot  be  independently  authenticated,  and 
long  interyals  m  his  early  life  are  left  un- 
accounted for.  Research  has  been  unable  to 
confirm  the  existence  of  Mrs.  Lloyd.  In  the 
register  of  St.  Andrew's  he  is  only  allotted 
one  godmother,  Dorothea  Ousley,  who  mar- 
ried Robert  Delmrdno  at  St.  James's,  West- 
minster, on  24  Sept.  l&dB(Harlaan  Society 
PubUoationSf  xxvi.  823).  There  is  no  record 
of  any  communication  between  Savage  and 
Lady  Mason,  the  allesed  guardian  of  his 
childhood,  thoiufh  she  did  not  die  till  1717. 
Newdiffate  Ousley,  his  godfather,  who  lived 
till  1714  at  EnMd  in  Middlesex,  was  un- 
known to  him.  Lord  Rivers's  will  is  dated 
fourteen  months  before  his  death,  and  con- 
tains no  codicil,  though  Savage  asserted  that 
he  revoked  the  legacy  to  him  on  his  death- 
bed. EQs  reputed  motner  (Mrs.  Brett)steadily 
maintained  that  he  was  an  impostor.  When 
to  these  considerations  is  added  the  fact  that 
Savaffe,  very  late  in  life,  contradicted  essen- 
tial ctetails  in  the  publi^ed  story  in  a  letter 
to  Elisabeth  Carter  on  10  May  1789,  the 
falsity  of  his  tale  seems  demonstrated  (cf. 
Mr.  Moy  Thomas's  able  series  of  articles  in 
Notes  and  Queries,  2nd  ser.  vi.  861, 886, 424, 
445). 

llie  chiefpoints  in  his  favour  are  that  Lord 
lyrconnel,  Mrs.  Brett's  nephew,  after  Savage 
had  published  his  story,  received  him  into 
his  household,  and  that  one  at  least  of  Lord 
Rivers's  children,  whom  he  styles  his  sister, 
reco^ised  his  claim,  and  correcmonded  with 
him  m  his  later  years  {Oent.  mag.  1787,  iL 


Savage 


83s 


Savage 


1039).  That  Mrs.  Brett  took  no  decisiTe 
steps  to  disprove  his  claims  was  owing  doubt- 
less to  her  unwillingness  to  revive  the  me- 
morv  of  her  disgrace,  and  to  the  difficultv 
of  oDtaining  proof  of  her  child  Richard  s 
death.  The  boy  (of  which  she  was  delivered 
in  a  mask)  had  been  purposelv  hurried  from 
one  hidin^place  to  another  while  the  divorce 
was  pendmg,  to  deprive  Lord  Macclesfield  of 
evidence  of  adultery. 

Savaffe  was  probably  of  humble  parentage, 
and  early  turned  to  uterature  for  a  livdi- 
hood.  According  to  Johnson,  his  first  lite- 
rary effort  was  a  comedy  entitled '  Woman 's 
a  Riddle/  adapted  from  the  Spanish.  Being 
unable  to  get  it  played,  he  nive  it  to  Christo- 
pher Bullock  [q  v.],  who  brought  it  out  at 
Lincoln's  Inn  fields  on  4  Dec.  1716.  Baker, 
however,  assigns  the  authorship  to  the  wife 
of  Robert  Pnce  [q.  v.l  a  baron  of  the  ex- 
chequer, from  whom  hoik  Savage  and  Bullock 
are  said  to  have  stolen  it.  In  1717  he  pub- 
lished a  poem  of  no  particular  merit  entitled 
*  The  Convocation,  or  the  Battle  of  Pam- 
phlets,' London,  8vo.  It  was  directed  against 
Bishop  Hoadly ;  but  Savage  was  afterwards 
so  much  ashamed  of  Hit  that  he  destroved  all 
the  copies  on  which  he  could  lay  hands. 

His  next  production  was '  Love  in  a  Veil,' 
a  comedy,  likewise  borrowed  from  the  Spa- 
nish, wmch  was  first  acted  at  Drury  Lane 
on  17  June  1718,  and  was  printed  in  the 
following  year.  This  play,  though  unsuc- 
cessful, gained  for  him  the  friendship  of 
TVilks  the  comedian  and  of  Sir  Richard 
Steele.  Hie  latter  took  a  great  liking  to  him, 
and  proposed  to  mttrry  hun  to  Miss  Ouslev, 
his  naturaMaughter.  The  match  fell  through, 
owing  to  Steele's  failure  to  raise  the  1,0W)/. 
he  proposed  to  bestow  upon  her.  Savage 
declares  that  he  never  entertained  the  match : 
other  accounts  state  that  it  was  broken  off 
because  Steele  heard  that  his  intended  son- 
in-law  had  held  him  up  to  ridicule.  At  any 
fate,  a  quarrel  ensued,  and  Savage  for  a  time 
was  leduced  to  great  distress.  Mrs.  Oldfleld, 
who  benefited  under  Earl  Rivers's  will,  ren- 
dered him  occasional  assistance.  Cibber,  how- 
ever, contradicts  Johnson's  assertion  that  she 
settled  on  him  a  pension  of  60/.  a  year,  and 
declares  that  she  could  not  abide  Savage, 
and  would  never  see  him  (Livea  qf  the  FoetSf 
V.  83).  In  1728,  while  frequently  lacking 
both  food  and  lodging,  he  composed  the 
tragedy  '  Sir  Thomas  Qverbury,'  which  was 
acted  at  Dmrv  Lane  on  13  June  that  year. 
Savage  himseu  made  an  essav  as  an  actor, 
and  played  the  title-rdle,  'by  which  he 
gained  no  great  reputation,  the  theatre  being 
a  province  foot  which  nature  seemed  not  to 
have  designed  him.'    After  the  publication 


of  the  play,  in  the  following  year  he  found 
that  it  had  brought  him  in  lOO/.,  a  larger 
sum  than  he  had  possessed  before. 

On  26  June  1724  Aaron  Hill,  who  had 
already  shown  him  several  kindnesses,  pub- 
lished the  story  of  his  birth  in  the  *  Flain 
Dealer.'  The  narrative  was  accompanied  by 
some  lines  on  his  mother's  conduct,  purport- 
ing to  be  written  bv  Savage,  but  in  reality 
composed  by  Hill  himself  Hill  doubtless 
revised  much  of  Savage's  published  work, 
and  the  substantive  authorship  of  two  of 
Savage's  principal  poems,  'The  Wanderer' 
and  the  first '  V  olunteer  Laureate,'  has  been 
claimed  for  Hill  in  a  '  Life '  of  that  writer 
by  <  I.  K.'  prefixed  to  the  1760  edition  of 
Hill's  'Dramatic  Works.' 

After  the  appearance  in  the '  Plain  Dealer  * 
of  Sava^'s  storv  a  subscription  was  set  on 
foot  which  enabled  him  to  publish  '  Miscel- 
laneous Poems  and  Translations  by  Several 
Hands '  in  1726.  The  poet's  story  was  now 
well  known,  and  procured  him  considerable 
sympathy.  His  prospects  were  steadilv  im« 
proving  when,  on  20  Nov.  1727,  he  killed  a 
gentleman  named  James  Sinclair  in  a  tavern 
Brawl.  He  was  tried  before  the  'hanging 
judge,'  Sir  Francis  Pa^  [q.  v.],  and  con- 
demned to  death.  It  is  asserted  that  after 
his  conviction  all  Mrs.  Brett's  influence  was 
employed  to  obtain  his  execution.  Certainly 
from  this  time  his  hostility  to  her  became 
more  marked.  He  owed  his  life  to  the  in- 
tercession of  Frances  Thynne,  countess  of 
Hertford,  who  obtained  his  pardon  on  9  March 
1728. 

On  his  liberation  an  anonymous  poem  ap- 
peared, of  which  he  was  probably  the  authoTi 
entitled '  Nature  in  Perfection,  or  the  Mother 
Unveiled'  ^London,  1728),  in  which  Mrs. 
Brett  was  ironicalljjr  congratulated  on  her 
son's  escape,  and,  with  her  daughter  Anne, 
was  recklessly  vilified.  This  was  followed 
next  month  by '  The  Bastard,'  a  poem  which 
went  through  five  editions  in  a  lew  months, 
and  which  Johnson  says  had  the  effect  of 
driving  Mrs.  Brett  from  Bath  'to  shelter 
herself  among  the  crowds  of  London.'  In 
the  same  vear  appeared  the  bitter  narrative 
of  his  early  life,  which  prefaced  the  second 
edition  of  the  '  Miscellanies.' 

Alarmed  by  public  sentiment,  and  by 
Savage'sgrowing  reputation.  Lord  Tyrconnel, 
Mrs.  Brett's  nephew,  undertook  to  settle  on 
him  a  pension  of  200/.,  and  to  receive  him 
into  his  house,  on  condition  of  his  abstaining 
from  farther  attacks.  Savage  accepted  the 
offer  and  conditions.  '  This,'  says  Johnson, 
'was  the  golden  part  of  Mr.  Savage's  life. 
To  admire  nim  was  a  proof  of  discemmenti 
and  to  be  acquainted  with  him  was  a  title 

8h2 


Savage 


836 


Savage 


to  poetical  reputation.  His  presence  was 
suihcient  to  make  any  place  of  public  enter* 
tainment  popular,  and  his  example  and  appro- 
bation constituted  the  fashion/ 

About  this  time  he  published  a  pamphlet 
entitled  'The  Author  to  be  Let.  In  the 
scandalous  introduction  he  revealed  the 
secret  history  of  many  minor  writers.    He 


published 

relating  to  the  "Dunciad."'  Sayage  thus 
gained  the  esteem  of  Pope  and  the  enmity 
of  his  yictims  {Oent  Mag.  1837,  i.  186; 
DTsRABLi,  Works,  1859,  v.  279). 

In  January  1729  he  published  <  The  Wan- 
derer/ London,  8yo,  a  poem  which  he  con- 
sidered his  masterpiece,  and  which  Pope 
read  thrice  with  increasing  approval.  To 
Johnson  and  Scott  it  seemed  to  lack  cohe- 
rence (LOOCHABT,  Life  ofSoottylM^f  p.  447). 
It  bears  traces  of  the  influence  of  Thomson, 
and  contains  yivid  if  somewhat  crude  descrip- 
tions of  nature. 

In  1730  Mrs.  Oldfleld,  his  former  bene- 
fieuitress,  died,  and  Ohetwood  assigns  to  him 
an  anonymous  poem  entitled  '  A  Poem  to 
ihe  Memory  of  Mrs.  Oldfield,'  thoufifh  John- 
son denies  his  responsibility  and  asserts 
that  he  was  content  to  wear  mourning  for 
her  (Ohetwood,  OenereU  History  of  the  Stage, 
1749,  p.  204).  In  1732  he  published  a  pane- 
gyric of  Sir  Robert  Walpole,  for  which  that 
statesman  gave  him  twenty  guineas.  Savage 
had  no  liking  for  Walpole's  policy ;  but  he 
explained  that  he  was  constrainea  to  write 
in  his  favour  by  the  importunity  of  Lord 
l^rconneL 

On  the  death  of  Laurence  Eusden,  the 
poet  laureate,  on  27  Sept.  1730,  Satage  used 
every  effort  to  be  nominated  his  successor. 
Through  IVroonnel's  influence  with  Mrs. 
Olayton  (aiterwards  Lady  Sundon  [q.  v.1)t 
mistress  of  George  11,  he  obtained  the 
king's  consent  to  his  anpointment;  but  at 
the  last  moment  the  Dulce  of  Grafton,  who 
was  lord  chamberlain,  conferred  the  post  on 
OoUey  Gibber.  Nevertheless  Savage  pub- 
lished a  poem  in  1732  on  Queen  Oarolme's 
birthday  which  gratified  her  so  much  that 
she  settled  on  hun  a  pension  of  50/.  a  year 
'  tiU  something  better  was  found  for  him,' 
on  condition  that  he  celebrated  her  birth- 
day annually.  Savage  assumed  the  title  of 
'  Volunteer  Laureate,'  notwithstanding  the 
remonstrances  of  Gibber,  and  continued  his 
yearly  tribute  until  the  queen's  death  in  1737. 
Several  of  the  poems  were  printed  in  the 
*  Gentleman's  Magasine '  (1736  p.  100, 1787 
p.  114, 1738  pp.  164,  210). 

The  poet's  mendship  with  Lord  Tyroonnel 


was  not  of  long  continuance.  In  1784 
Savage  complained  that  he  had  to  listen  to 
disagreeable  admonitions  on  his  way  of  life, 
while  his  allowance  was  irregularly  paid. 
The  quarrel  rapidly  developed.  Savage  de- 
nounced his  former  beneractor  as  'Kight 
Honourable  Brute  and  Booby/  and  com- 
plained that  Tyrconnel,  amid  other  *  acts  of 
wanton  cruelty,'  came  with  hired  bullies  to 
beat  him  at  a  coffee-house. 

In  1734  a  dispute  arose  between  Edmund 
Gibson  [q.  v.],  bishop  of  London,  and  Lord- 
chancellor  Talbot  concerning  the  appoint- 
ment of  Dr.  Bundle  to  the  see  of  Gloucester. 
Sava^  warmly  espoused  Bundle's  cause, 
and  m  July  1735  published  '  The  Progress 
of  a  Divine'  (London,  foL),  in  which  he 
traced  the  rise  of  a  *  profligate  priest,'  in- 
sinuating that  such  a  man  was  certain  to 
find  a  patron  in  the  bishop  of  London.  So 
gratuitous  a  libel  not  only  procured  Sayage 
a  castigation  in  the  'Weeldy  Miscellany' 
(see  also  Oent  Maa.  1735,  pp.213, 268,329), 
but  he  was  proceeded  against  in  the  court  of 
king's  bench  on  the  charge  of  obscenity.  He 
was  acquitted,  but  found  himself  again  in 
extreme  need.  Walpole  promised  him  a 
place  of  200/.  a  year,  but  was  probably 
deterred  from  fulnlling  his  pledge  when 
he  learned  of  the  poet's  avowids  01  attach- 
ment to  the  memory  of  Bolingbroke  and  the 
toiy  ministers  of  Queen  Anne.  Savage  was 
th^efore  left  to  mourn  his  diBappointment 
in  a  poem  entitled '  The  Poet's  Dependence  on 
a  Statesman,'  published  in  the  '  Gentleman's 
Magaxine '  (1736,  p.  225).  He  was  equally 
unfortunate  in  an  attempt  to  i^n  the  pa- 
trona^  of  Frederick,  prince  of  wales,  by  a 
eulogistic  poem  entitled  '  Of  Public  Spirit  in 
regard  to  Public  Works,'  London,  1737, 8vo. 
The  death  of  the  queen,  20  Nov.  1737,  de- 

E rived  Savage  of  his  last  resource.  He  pub- 
shed  '  A  Poem  Sacred  to  the  Memory  of 
Her  Majesty'  on  the  anniversary  of  her 
birthday,  1  March  1738,  but  failed  to  obtain 
from  Walpole  the  continuance  of  his  pension* 
Johnson,  who  came  to  London  in  1737,  and 
early  made  Savage's  acquaintance,  reLates 
how  they  fineauenUy  roamed  the  streets  to- 
gether all  night ;  on  one  occasion  they  tra- 
versed St.  James's  Square  for  several  hours 
denouncing  Sir  Bobert  Walpole  and  forming 
resolutions  to  '  stand  by  their  country.' 
Savage's  distress  was  increased  by  his  ir- 
regular habits,  which  deterred  his  friends 
from  harbouring  him,  and  by  bis  pride, 
which  led  him  to  reiuse  many  offers  of 
assistance  because  they  were  made  with 
too  little  ceremony.  ^  formed  the  project 
of  parinting  his  works  by  subscription,  and 
published  a  proposal  to  that  edect  in  the 


Savage 


837 


Savage 


'  Qentleman'B  Magasine '  as  early  as  Febmary 
17S7.  But,  althoagh  he  repeatedly  printed 
adTertisements  of  nis  design,  it  was  not 
carried  out. 

In  1789  a  vain  effort  was  made  by  Pope 
to  reconcile  him  to  Lord  T^n^connel.  Shortly 
afterwards  Savaffe  promised  to  retire  to 
Swansea,  and  to  liye  there  on  a  pension  of 
50A  a  year,  to  be  raised  in  London  by  sub- 
scription. Pope  contributed  20/.  In  July 
Sayage  left  London,  after  taking  leaye  of 
Johnson,  with  tears  in  his  eyes.  Me  carried 
a  smn  of  money  deemed  sufficient  for  the 
journey  and  the  first  months  of  his  stay. 
But  in  fourteen  days  a  message  arriyed  that 
he  was  penniless  and  still  on  the  road. 
A  remittance  was  forwarded.  He  lin^red 
at  Bristol,  and  alienated  most  of  his  friends 
in  London  by  petulant  letters.  When  he 
finally  reached  Swansea  he  found  the  con- 
tributions raised  in  London  supplied  little 
move  than  20/.  a  year.  Tweiye  months 
sufficed  to  weary  Sayage  of  Swansea,  and  he 
xetomed  to  Bristol  with  a  reyised  yersion  of 
his  tragedy,  *  Sir  Thomas  Oyerbury/  intend- 
ing to  raise  funds  there  to  enable  him  to 
nroceed  to  London.  But,  temnted  by  the 
nospitality  offered  him  in  Bristol,  he  nut  off 
his  oeparture  until,  on  10  Jan.  1748,  haying 
exhausted  the  good  wUl  of  the  inhabitants, 
he  was  arrested  for  debt,  and  confined  in  the 
city  Newgate.  Beau  Nash  sent  him  5/.  from 
Bath;  but  odierwise  he  receiyed  little  as- 
sistance. To  ayenge  this  neglect  he  com- 
posed a  satire  entitled  '  London  and  Bristol 
jDelineated,'  which  was  published  in  1744 
after  his  death.  While  he  was  still  in 
prison,  Henley  published  certain  insinua- 
tions concerning  'Pope's  treatment  of 
Sayage.'  Pope  charged  Sayage  with  slander- 
ing him  to  Henley.  ^  Sayage,  in  reply, 
eolemnly  protested  his  innocence,  but  he  was 
agitated  by  the  accusation ;  his  health  was 
infirm,  and  he  deyeloped  a  feyer,  of  which  he 
died  on  1  Au^.  1748.  He  was  buried  on  the 
foUowing  day  m  the  churchysrd  of  St.  Peter^s, 
Bristol.  The  position  of  his  grays  is  un- 
eertain,  but  a  tablet  has  been  erected  to  him 
in  the  south  wall  of  the  church  (Nicholls 
and  Tatlob'b  Bristol^  Pott  and  Present^  iiL 
188 ;  N0U9  and  Queriet,  2nd  ser.  iy.  286). 

No  pc^rait  of  Sayage  exists.  Johnson 
describes  him  as  'of  middle  stature,  of  a 
thin  habit  of  body,  a  long  yisage,  coarse 
features,  and  melancholy  aspect ;  of  a  ^ye 
and  manly  deportment,  a  solemn  dignity  of 
mien,  which  on  a  nearer  acquaintance  softened 
into  an  engaging  easiness  of  manners.  His 
walk  was  slow  and  his  yoice  tremulous  and 
mournful;  he  was  easily  excited  to  smiles, 
bat  yeiy   seldom   proyoked   to   laughter.' 


Sayage  was  a  brilliant  conyersationalist, 
and,  like  Johnson,  was  always  eager  for 
society.  In  later  life  he  was  a  freemason, 
and  acted  as  master  on  7  Sept.  1787  at  the 
Old  Man's  Tayem,  Charing  Gross,  when 
James  Thomson,  the  author  of  *  The  Seasons,' 
was  admitted  a  mason  {Bodl,  MSS,  Bawl. 
0. 186). 

As  an  author  Sayage  wsa  unequal.  '  The 
Bastard'  is  a  poem  of  considerable  merit, 
and  *The  Wanderer'  contains  passages  of 
poetic  power.  His  satires  are  yigorous, 
though  extremely  bitter.  But  most  of  his 
pieces  are  mere  hack-work  written  to  sujroly 
the  exigencies  of  the  moment.  Besides 
the  woriis  mentioned,  he  was  the  author 
of :  1. '  A  Poem  on  the  Memory  of  George  I,' 
Dublin,  1727,  8yo.  2.  'Verses  occasioned 
by  Lady  Tyroonnel's  Becoyery  from  the 
Smallpox  at  Bath,'  London,  1780,  fol. 
8.  'On  the  Departure  of  the  Prince  and 
Princess  of  Orange,'  London,  1784,  foL 
4.  '  A  Poem  on  the  Birthday  of  the  P^ce 
of  Wales,'  London,  1735,  fol.,  besides  many 
minor  pieces  published  in  the  '  Gentleman's 
Magazine '  and  other  periodicals.  His  prin- 
cipal poems  were  published  collectiyely  in 
1761  under  title  '  Various  Poems,'  London, 
Syo ;  but  a  complete  edition  of  his  works 
was  not  issued  until  1776,  London,  2  yols. 
Syo.  The  '  Memoirs  of  Theophilus  Keene ' 
(London,  1718,  8yo)  are  also  attributed  to 
him  (Lowe,  Theatrical  Literaturey  p.  291). 

[Boswell's  Life  of  Johnson,  ed.  Hill,  1887.  L 
161-74  ;  Johnson's  Lives  of  the  English  Poets, 
ed.  Cnnningham,  1864,  ii.  341-444;  Wheatley 
and  Cunningham's  London,  passim  (eep.  ii.  75, 
where  is  a  summary  of  Moy  Thomas's  conclu- 
sions); Aitken's  life  of  Steele,  ii.  204-6;  Qrif- 
fiths's  Chronicles  of  Newgate,  p.  212;  Dasent's 
Hist,  of  St.  James's  Square  ;  Baker's  Biogr.  Dza- 
maticsy  i.  626*85 ;  Chambers's  Biogr.  Diet.; 
Elwin's  Introduction  to  Pope's  Works;  Bnff- 
head's  life  of  Pope,  passim ;  Fitzgerald's  Eng- 
lish Stage,  ii.  16-22 ;  Waller's  Imperial  Diet, 
of  Biography ;  Gait's  Lives  of  the  Players,  pp. 
93-120;  Spence*s  Anecdotes,  1858,  p.  270; 
Richard  Savage,  a  novel  by  Charles  Whitehead, 
1842,  preface.]  E.  I.  C. 

SAVAGE,  Sib  ROLAND  (d.  1619), 
soldier,  was  lord  of  Locale,  co.  Down,  and  a 
memb^  of  the  ancient  family  of  Savages  of 
the  Ards.   His  ancestor.  Sir  William,  accom- 

fanied  De  Oouroy  to  Ireland  at  the  close  of 
176,  and  settled  at  Ardkeen  in  the  Ards,  co. 
Down,  holding  his  lands  by  baronial  tenure. 
Sir  Roland  was  seneschal  of  Ulster  on 
2  Aug.  1482  {Cal,  JRot.  Fat.  i.  270  A).  He 
has  he&a,  identified  with  Janico  or  Jenkin 
Savage,  also  seneschal  of  Ulster,  whose  name 
Janico  was  perhaps  a  sobriquet.    The  latter 


Savage 


838 


Savage 


was  famous  among  the  English  of  the  proyince 
for  his  exploits  against  the  Irish  towards 
the  close  of  the  fiftieenth  century.  For  the 
settlers  it  was  a  time  of  especial  distress,  as 
the  ciyil  war  in  England  precluded  much  aid 
being  sent  from  that  country.  Sayage  was 
the  only  military  leader  in  whom  the  Eng* 
lish  reposed  any  confidence,  and  in  a  petition 
addressed  to  the  king,  probably  between 
1482  and  1494,  they  prayed  him  to  send 
succour  'to  his  faithfull  seryant  and  true 
liegeman,  Janico  Sayage'  {Transactions  of 
the  Boyal  Irish  Aoademv,  y.  182). 

In  1616  Sir  Roland  Sayage  is  mentioned 
in  a  memorial  on  the  state  of  Ireland  and  a 

?lan  for  its  reformation  (State  Papers  of 
lenry  VIII)  as  'one  of  tne  Englisn  great 
rebels '  who  undertook  wars  on  their  own 
authority.  Perhaps,  in  consequence  of  this, 
Gerald  Fitzfferala,  ninth  earl  of  Eildare 
[q.  y.],  was  able  to  reyiye  an  old  claim  and 
to  depriye  Sayase  of  Locale.  Sayage  died 
soon  after,  in  1619,  leaying  a  son  Raymond, 
Yfho  duly  succeeded  to  Locale  in  1686  {An- 
naU  of  Loch  C4,  Rolls  Ser.  p.  229 ;  Cal.  Irish 
State  Papers,  Oarew  MSS.,  1616-71,  p.  94). 
James,  surnamed  Macjaniake,  was  also  pro- 
bably his  son. 

[Gt.  F.  A[rmgtroDg]'8  Sayages  of  the  Ards.pp. 
168-69.]  E.  L  0. 

SAVAGE,  SAMUEL  MORTON  (1721- 
1791),  dissentinff  tutor,  was  born  in  London 
on  19  July  1721.  Ris  grandfather,  John 
Sayage,  was  nastor  of  the  seyenth-day  bap- 
tist church.  Mill  Yard,  Goodman's  Fields. 
Sayage  belieyed  himself  to  be  the  lineal  de- 
scendant and  heir  male  of  John  Sayage, 
second  earl  Riyers  (d.  1664).  He  was  re* 
lated  to  Hugh  Boult«r  [q.  y.],  archbishop  of 
Armagh ;  hence  his  friends  expected  him  to 
seek  a  career  in  the  church.  He  first  thought 
of  medicine,  and  spent  a  year  or  two  with 
his  Uncle  Toulmin,  an  apothecary,  in  Old 
Grayel  Lane,  Wapping.  Throufifh  the  in- 
fluence of  Isaac  Watts  he  entered  the  Fund 
Academy,  under  John  Eames  [q.  y.]  In 
1744,  while  still  a  pupil,  he  was  made 
assistant  tutor  in  natural  science  and 
classics  by  the  trustees  of  William  Coward 
[q.  y.])  a  post  which  he  retiuned  till  the  re- 
construction of  the  academy  in  1 762 ;  from  the 
time  of  his  marriage  (1762)  the  lectures  were 
deliyered  at  his  house  in  Welldose  Square. 

Meanwhile,  in  December  1747,  Sayage  be- 
came assistant  minister  at  Duke's  Place, 
Bury  Street,  St.  Mary  Axe,  to  the  inde- 

Eendent  congregation  of  which  Watts  had 
een  pastor.  He  was  ordained  there  as  co- 
pastor  to  Samuel  Price  in  1768,  and  became 
sole  pastor  on  2  Jan.  1767.    In  addition  he 


held  the  office  of  afternoon  preacher  (1769- 
1766)  and  Thursday  lecturer  (1760-7)  to 
the  presbyterian  congregation  m  Hanoyer 
Street  under  Jabez  Earle,  D.D.  [q.  y.]  He 
was  Friday  lecturer  (1761-90)  at  Little  St. 
Helen's,  and  afternoon  preacher  (1769-76) 
at  Clapham. 

On  the  death  of  Dayid  Jennings,  D.D. 
[q.  y.],  the  Coward  trustees  remoyed  the 
academy  to  a  house  in  Hoxton  Square,  for- 
merly the  residence  of  Daniel  Williams  [q.v.ji 
founder  of  the  well-known  library.  Sayage 
was  placed  in  1762  in  the  diyinity  chair,  his 
colleagues  in  other  branches  being  Andrew 
Kippis,  D.D.  [q.  y.J,  and  Abraham  Rees,  D.D. 
[^.  y.1  The  expenment  illustrates  the  transi- 
tional condition  of  the  old  liberal  dissent. 
Say  ag^  was  a  Calyinist,  Rees  an  Arian,  Kippis 
a  Socinian.  They  worked  harmoniously  to- 
gether; but  the  academy  was  not  yiewed 
with  much  fayour.  Kippis  resigned  in  1784. 
Sayage,  who  had  been  made  b!d.  by  Kins^s 
College,  Aberdeen,  on  28  April  1764,  and  D.D. 
by  Marischal  College,  Aberdeen,  in  Noyember 
1/67,  held  on  till  midsummer  1786,  when 
the  Hoxton  academy  was  dissolyed. 

Like  Jennings,  Sayage,  though  orthodox, 
was  a  non-subscriber ;  he  was  one  of  the 
originators  of  the  appeal  to  parliament  in 
17/2  which  resulted  in  the  amendment 
ri779)  of  the  Toleration  Act,  substituting  a 
aedaration  of  adhesion  to  die  scriptures  in 
place  of  a  subscription  to  the  doctrinal  part 
of  the  Anglican  articles.  He  resigned  his 
congregation  at  Christmas  1787;  his  mini- 
stry, though  prolonged  and  solid,  had  not 
been  popular.  A  bookish  man,  he  ayoided 
society,  and  buried  himself  in  his  ample 
library.  He  died  on  21  Feb.  1791  of  a  con- 
traction of  the  oesophagus ;  unable  to  take 
food,  he  was  staryed  to  a  skeleton.  He  was 
buried  in  Bunhill  Fields,  where  theze  is  a 
tombstone  to  his  memory.  He  married  first, 
in  1762,  the  only  daughter  (d.  1763)  of 
George  Houlme,  stockbroker,  of  Hoxton 
Square ;  secondly,  in  1770,  Hannah  Wilkin, 
who  suryiyed  him.  By  his  first  marriage  he 
left  two  daughters.  He  published  eight 
single  sermons  Q767-82),  including  ordina- 
tion discourses  lor  William  Ford  (1767)  and 
Samuel  Wilton  (1766),  and  funeral  dis- 
courses for  Dayid  Jennings  (1762)  and 
Samuel  Wilton  (1778).  A  posthumous 
yolume  of '  Sermons,'  1796,  8yo,  was  edited, 
with  life,  by  Joshua  Toulmin,  D.D.  He  has 
been  confused  with  Samuel  Sayage,  dissent- 
ing minister  at  Edmonton,  who  died  in  retire- 
ment before  1766. 

[Gent  Hag.  February  1701,  p.  191 ;  Funeral 
Oration  by  Thomas  Towle,  1791;  Life  by 
Toolmin,  1796  (also,  somevhat  abridged,  in 


Savage 


B39 


Savage 


Ptotestant  BiaMotera' Mag.  May  1796);  Wil- 
8on*a  Diaaentiiig  Chnzehea  of  London,  1808,  i. 
820  aq. ;  Bogae  and  Bennett's  Hist,  of  Dia- 
aentera,  1888,  ii.  519:  Jonea's  Bnnhill 
Memorials,  1849,  p.  249 ;  Pike'a  Ancient  Meet- 
ing Honaea,  1870,  p.  261 ;  Jeremy's  Presbyterian 
Fnnd,  1886,  p.  66.]  A.  O. 

SAVAGE,  THOMAS  (d.  1507),  arch- 
bishop  of  York,  was  second  son  of  Sir  John 
Savaffe  of  Clifton,  Cheshire,  by  Eatherine, 
daughter  of  Sir  Thomas  Stanley  (afterwards 
Lord  Stanley)  [q.  ▼]  (cf.  Notes  and  Queries, 
7th  ser.  ii.  508,  ui.  57, 252).  Sir  John  Savage 
(dL  1492)  [q.  v.]  was  his  brother.  He  was 
educatea  at  Cambridf^e,  where  he  proceeded 
LL.D.  A  Lancastrian  in  politics,  he  was 
much  trusted  and  employed  by  Henry  VIL 
On  21  Sept.  1485  he  is  spoken  of  as  the  king's 
cliaplain,  and  received  a  grant  of  the  chan- 
cellorship of  the  earldom  of  March ;  in  the 
foUowin^  February  he  was  employed  on  a 
commission  dealing  with  the  tenants  of  the 
earldom.  On  17  !Uec.  1487  Henry  entrusted 
the  letting  of  the  royal  lands  to  him  among 
others.  He  soon  had  more  important  em- 
ployment. On  11  Dec  1488  he  was  sent 
with  Richard  NanfSan  [q.  v.]  to  Spain  and 
Portagal,  and  the  treaty  of  Medina  del  Campo 
was  the  result.  R^^r  Machado  [q.  v.]  has 
left  an  account  of  the  incidents  of  the  out- 
ward journey  ;  the  significance  of  the  treaty 
has  been  fuiiy  explained  by  Professor  Busch. 
In  1490  he  took  part  as  a  representative  of 
England  in  the  unsuccessful  conference  at 
Boulogne. 

Savage  was  amply  rewarded  for  his  exer- 
tions. On  8  Dec.  1490  he  received  an  annuity 
of  six  marks.  In  1492  he  became  bishop 
of  Rochester ;  in  1496  he  was  translated  to 
London,  and  in  1501  to  York.  There  is  a 
story  that  he  offended  the  people  of  his  pro- 
vince by  being  enthroned  by  deputy,  and 
sending  down  his  fool  to  amuse  his  household. 
He  was  a  courtier  by  nature,  and  took  part  in 
the  great  ceremonies  of  his  time:  the  creation 
of  Prince  Hem^  as  Duke  of  York,  the  meeting 
with  the  Archauke  Philip,  and  the  reception 
of  Catherine  of  An^n.  He  died  at  Cawood 
on  3  Sept.  1507,  and  was  buried  under  a  fine 
tomb  in  York  Minster.  His  heart,  however, 
was  taken  to  Macclesfield,  where  he  had 
intended  to  found  a  college.  He  is  said 
to  have  been  passionately  fond  of  hunting. 
Accounts  connected  with  his  property,  but 
not  his  will,  are  printed  in  'Testamenta 
Eboracensia*  (Surtees  Soc.,  iv.  808,  &c. ;  cf. 
Hist,  qf  the  C^rch  (if  York  and  its  Arch- 
bishopsy  Rolls  Ser.  iii.  354,  &c) 

[Cooper'a  Athens  Oantabr.  i.  12,  622;  The 
Savages  of  the  Ards,  ed.  G.  F.  A[rmstron^],  pp. 
21,  &e. ;  Eurwaker's  Hist.  East  Choahire,  ii.  480 ; 


Polydore  Vexgira  Anel.  Hiat.  p.  610 ;  Campbeira 
Matetriala  for  the  Hiat.  of  Henzy  VII,  i.  22, 
298,  ii.  216,  278,  876  ;  Gkuidner^s  Lettera,  &0., 
Richard  HI  and  Henzy  VU,  i.  392,  408,  410, 
ii.  87;  Cal.  State  Papers,  Spanish  Ser.  i.  3, 17; 
Qaiidner's  Memorials  of  Henry  VH,  paaaim; 
Bnsch'a  England  under  theTadois(Engl.transl.), 
pp.  62,  &c.]  W.  A.  J.  A. 

SAVAQBjTHOMAS  (1608-1682),  major 
bom  in  1608  in  Taunton,  Somerset,  was  son 
of  William  Savage,  a  blacksmith,  who  was 
perhaps  a  son  of  Sir  John  Savage,  first  baro- 
net, of  Rock  Savage  in  Cheslure.  Thomas 
was  apprenticed  to  the  Merchant  Taylors  of 
London  on  9  Jan.  1621,  and  went  to  Massa- 
chusetts with  Sir  Harry  Vane  in  the  Planter 
in  1635.  He  was  admitted  a  freeman  of  Bos- 
ton in  1636,  and  became  a  member  of  the  ar^ 
tillery  company  in  1637.  In  the  same  year 
he  took  the  part  of  his  wife's  mother,  Anne 
Hutchinson  [q.  v.],  in  the  controversv  that 
her  teaching  excited.  He  was  compelled  in 
consequence  to  leave  the  colony,  and  with 
William  Coddington  [q.  v.]  he  founded  the 
settlement  of  Rhode  Isiandr  in  1638.  After 
sojourning  there  for  some  time  he  was  per* 
mitted  to  return  to  Boston,  and  in  1651  be- 
came captain  of  the  artillery  company.  On 
12  March  1654  he  and  Captain  Thomas 
Clarke  were  chosen  to  represent  Boston  at 
the  general  court,  of  which  ne  long  continued 
a  member.  He  was  elected  speaker  of  the 
assembly  in  1637,  1660,  1671,  1677,  and 
1678.  After  representing  Boston  for  eight 
years,  he  became  deputy  for  Hingham  in 
1663.  In  1664  he,  with  many  other  leading 
citizens,  dissented  from  the  policy  of  the 
colony  in  refusing  to  recognise  four  com- 
missioners sent  by  Charles  fE  to  rejg^ulate  its 
affiiirs,  and  in  1to6  he  and  his  friends  em- 
bodied their  views  in  a  petition.  In  1671 
he  was  chosen  deputy  for  Andover,  and  in 
1675  commanded  the  forces  of  the  state  in 
the  first  expedition  against  Philip,  the  chief 
of  the  Narragansets.  In  1680  he  was  com- 
missioned, with  others,  by  the  crown  to  ad- 
minister an  oath  to  Sir  John  Leverett  the 
governor,  pledging  him  to  execute  the  oath 
required  by  the  act  of  trade.  In  1680  he  was 
elected '  assistant '  or  magistrate,  and  retained 
the  office  until  his  death  on  14  Feb.  1682. 

Savage  was  twice  married ;  first,  in  1637, 
to  Faith,  daughter  of  William  Hutchinson. 
By  her  he  had  three  sons  and  two  daughters. 
She  died  on  20  Feb.  1652.  On  15  Sept.  he 
married  Mary,  daughter  of  the  Rev.  Zechariah 
Symonds  of  Charlestown,  by  whom  he  had 
eight  sons  and  three  daughters.  She  survived 
him,  and  afterwards  married  Antony 
Stoddard. 

Another  Thomas  Savage  {Jl,  1620),  bom 


Savage 


S40 


Savaric 


about  1694,  and  stated  to  hare  been  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Cheshire  family,  arrived  in  Virginia 
with  Captain  Christopher  Newport  on  2  J  an. 
1608,  and  remained  with  Powhattan  as  a 
hostage  for  an  Indian  named  Nemontack, 
whom  Newport  wished  to  take  to  England. 
He  stayed  with  Powhattan  about  three  years 
and  afterwards  receiyed  the  rank  of  ensign, 
and  acted  as  interpreter  to  the  Virginia 
company.  In  1610  ne  accompanied  Thomas 
Hamor  as  interpreter  on  his  visit  to  Pow- 
hattan, and  agiun  in  1621  served  Thomas 
Poi^,  secretarjr  of  Virginia,  in  the  same  ca- 
pacity, in  his  mtercourse  with  *  Namenacus, 
Idnff  of  Pawtoxunt.'  In  1625  he  was  living 
on  nis  '  divident '  on  the  eastern  shore  of 
VirHnia.  Savage  was  a  great  favourite  with 
the  Indians.  Powhattan  called  him  his  son, 
and  another  chief,  Ismee  Sechemea,  granted 
him  a  tract  of  9,000  acres  on  the  eastern 
shore,  now  known  as  Savage's  Neck.  The 
date  of  his  death  is  unknown.  By  his  wifid 
Anne,  who  afterwards  married  Daniel  Cu^ly, 
he  had  two  sons,  Thomas  and  John,  besides 
other  children  who  died  young  (G.  F.  A[rm- 
8trong]'s  Savages  of  the  Ards,  pp.  118-14 ; 
Bbown,  Genesis  qfthe  United  States,  i.  485, 
487,  ii.  996 ;  CAPiiJir  Johh  Smith,  Worker 
ed.  Arber,  index). 

[Winthrop's  Hist,  of  New  England,  ed.  Say«^, 
1868,  ii.  65, 265 ;  Drake's  History  and  Antiquities 
of  Boston,  index ;  Savage's  Geneidogical  Diet,  of 
the  First  Settlers,  iv.  26 ;  Q,  F.  A[rm8trong]'8 
Savages  of  the  Aids,  pp.  108-9.]        E.  I.  G. 

SAVAGE,     WILLIAM    (1770-1843), 

Srinter  and  engraver,  bom  in  1770  at  How- 
en  in  the  East  Hiding  of  Yorkshire,  was 
the  younger  son  of  James  Savage,  a  clock- 
maker,  descended  from  a  younger  branch 
of  the  family  of  Savage  of  Hock  Savage  in 
Cheshire.  William  was  educated  at  the 
church  school  at  Howden,  and  acquired  con- 
siderable proficiency  in  geometry  and  mathe- 
matics, in  1790  he  commenced  business  as 
a  printer  and  bookseller  in  his  native  town, 
in  partnership  with  his  elder  brother,  James 
(1767-1846^  [q.  v.]  In  1797  he  removed  to 
London,  and  about  t woyears  later, on  the  re- 
commendation of  Dr.  Barrington,  bishop  of 
Durham,  and  of  Count  Rumford,  he  was  ap- 
pointed printer  to  the  Royal  Institution  m 
Albemarle  Street,  London.  For  ten  years 
he  was  assistant  secretary  to  the  board  of 
managers,  and  also  secretary  to  the  library 
committee,  secretary  to  the  committee  of 
chemistry,  and  superintendent  of  the  print- 
ing office. 

About  1803  Savage,  while  retaining  his  ap- 
pointments, commenced  business  as  a  printer 
m  London  on  his  own  account.  In  1807  he 
was  commissioned  to  print  Forster's '  British 


Gkillery  of  Engravings/  and  his  mode  of  exe- 
cuting this  work  at  once  established  his 
fame.  At  that  time  printing  ink  in  Eng- 
land was  of  inferior  quality,  and,  realising 
the  importance  of  his  undertaking,  Savage 
set  himself  to  improve  it  by  various  experi- 
ments. He  was  finally  able  to  make  print- 
ing ink  without  any  ou  in  its  composition, 
which  rendered  it  at  once  easier  to  manu&c- 
ture  and  more  serviceable  for  artistic  pur- 
poses. He  made  known  the  results  of  his 
labours  to  the  public  in  a*work  entitled 
'Preparations  in  Printing  Ink  in  various 
Colours '  (London,  1832, 8vo).  In  recogni- 
tion of  his  services,  the  Society  for  tibe  £2n- 
couragement  of  Arts  awarded  him  their 
lar^  medal  and  a  sum  of  money  '  for  his 
imitations  of  drawincB,  printed  from  ea- 
gravinff s  on  wood,  with  in^  of  his  own  pr^ 
paring? 

From  1823  to  1832  Savage  was  occupied 
in  arranging  the  materials  which  he  nad 
been  collecting  for  nearly  forty  years  for  his 
'  Dictionary  of  the  Art  of  Printing '  ^London, 
1840-1, 8vo,  in  16  numbers),  a  worK  of  con- 
siderable authority  on  the  practical  parts  of 
the  craft. 

Sava«^  died  at  his  residence  at  Dodington 
Grove,  Kensington,  on  26  July  1843,  leaving 
three  daughters.  Besides  the  works  men- 
tioned, he  was  the  author  of :  1. '  Observations 
on  Emigration  to  the  United  States,'  Lon- 
don, 1819, 8vo.  2. '  Practical  Thoughts  on  De- 
corative Printing,'  London,  1822,  fol.  This 
work  was  illustrated  by  engravings  firom 
Callcott,  Varley,  Thurston,  Willement,  and 
Brooke.  The  eoition  was  limited,  and  Savage 
roused  some  indignation  by  promising  to 
destroy  the  blocks  of  his  engravings  for  the 
benefit  of  his  subscribers  (Oent.  Map,  1816^ 
ii.  303).  Savage  was  also  a  good  draufhts- 
man,  and  there  are  four  engravings  from 
drawing  by  him  in  the  part  of  Britten's 
*  Beauties  of  England  and  Wales '  which  re- 
lates to  Yorkshire. 

[Ghent.  Hag.  1844,  i.  98-100,  obituary  notice 
by  his  brother  James;  Redgrare's  Dictionary 
of  Artists  of  the  English  School,  p.  878 ;  Tim- 
perley's  Encyolopsedia,  p.  885.]  E.  I.  0. 

SAYABIO  (d,  1205),  bishop  of  Bath  and 
Glastonbury,  son  of  Geldewin,  by  his  wife 
Estrangia,  was  of  noble  descent,  being  on 
his  father's  side  a  grandson  of  Savaric  Fits 
Chana,  lord  of  Midhurst,  Sussex  {RecueU  dee 
Hiatoriens,  x.  241,  xi.  634 ;  Madox,  Hist,  qf 
the  Exchequer,  i.  661 ;  Gent.  Mag.  new  ser. 
November  1863,  xv.  Q2\-^\  EpistoUs  Can- 
tuarienses,  Introd.  p.  Ixxxvii).  His  aunt 
Lucy  was  the  third  wife  of  Kobert,  eldest  son 
of  Hugh  [q.  v.]  of  Grantmesnil  (O&deuic,  p. 


Savaric 


841 


Savaric 


092).  By  the  marriage  of  his  grandfather 
Savaric  fitzChana  with  a  daughter  of  Richard 
de  Men,  son  of  Humphrey  I  of  Bohuiii  he 
was  a  cousin  of  Jocelin,  bishop  of  Sarum,  and 
his  son  Reginald  FitsJocelin  [q.  v.],  bishop 
of  Bath  and  archbishop-elect  of  Canterbury 
(Ghttboh,  Chapters  m  fTellf  Hiatoryf  p.  87$)). 
Bishop  Sayanc  was  also  a  cousm  of  the 
emperor  Henry  VI  (Epp,  Cantuar,  p.  850]) — 
probably  tlm>ughhis  mother  Estrangia,  which 
name  is  perhaps  a  corruption,  and  Beatrix, 
mother  of  Henry  VI  ana  daughter  of  Regi- 
nald in,  count  of  Burgundy. 

In  1172  Savaric,  being  then  in  orders,  was 
fined  26/.  8«.  4d,  for  trying  to  carry  off  a  bow 
from  the  king's  foresters  in  Surrey  («&.) 
Conjointly  with  two  others,  he  was  instituted 
archdeacon  of  Canterbury  in  1175  ;  but  this 
arrangement  did  not  answer,  and  he  ceased 
to  hold  the  office  in  1180,  in  which  year  he 
appears  as  treasurer  of  Samm  (Dicbto,  i. 
408 ;  Lb  Nbvs,  i.  88 ;  BegisUr  nf  St,  0#- 
nutndf  i.  268  sq.)  About  that  date,  too,  he 
was  made  archdeacon  of  Northampton,  sign- 
ing as  such  after  that  year  ( Wells  Manu^ 
scripts,  p.  14).  In  1186  he  was  in  disgrace 
with  the  king,  who  sent  messengers  to  Ur- 
ban III  to  complain  of  him ;  the  dispute  was 
probably  about  money  {Oesta  Henrid  II,  i. 
856).  Having  taken  the  cross,  Savaric  went 
on  the  crusade  with  Richard,  and  in  1191 
obtained  a  letter  from  the  king  at  Messina, 
which  he  sent  to  his  cousin  Reginald,  bishop 
of  Bath,  directing  the  justiciaries  to  sanction 
Savaric's  election  should  he  be  chosen  to  a 
vacant  bishopric.  He  was  already  well  known 
at  Rome,  and  went  off  thither  to  forward  his 
plans,  probably  accompanying  the  queen- 
mother  Eleanor  (1122P-1204)  [q.  v. J,  who 
left  Messina  for  Rome  on  2  April  (Richabb 
oif  Devizes,  c.  84).  These  plans  were  that 
Bishop  Reginald  should  be  promoted  to  the 
see  of^Canterbury,  which  had  fallen  vacant 
in  the  November  previous,  and  that  he  should 
himself  succeed  Reginald  as  bishop  of  Bath. 
Savaric  secured  the  help  of  his  cousin  the 
Emperor  Henry  and  of  Philip  of  France 
(^Epp,  Cantuar,  pp.  860-1^.  Reginald  was 
elected  in  November  and  died  in  December ; 
but  before  his  death  he  obtained  a  pledge 
from  the  convent  that  thev  would  elect  Sa- 
Taric.  The  monks  of  Bath  did  so  without 
waiting  for  the  assent  of  the  canons  of 
"Wells ;  the  canons  protested,  but  the  chief 
justiciar  Walter,  archbishop  of  Rouen,  did 
not  heed  them,  and,  acting  on  the  king's 
letter,  confirmed  the  election  (RiOH.  of  Db- 
vizBB,  sec.  58).  Savaric  received  priest's 
orders  and  was  consecrated  at  Rome  on 
8  Aug.  1192  by  the  cardinal  bishop  of  Albano 
(DiOBTO,  ii.  105-6). 


Early  in  1193  Savaric,  who  was  still 
abroad,  was  engaged  in  negotiating  with  the 
emperor  for  Richard's  release  (Roe.  Hov.  iii. 
197).  He  was  mindful  of  his  own  interests, 
for  at  his  instance  the  emperor  caused  Ri- 
chard to  agree  to  Savaric*s  proposal  that  he 
should  annex  the  abbey  of  Glastonbury  to 
the  bishopric  of  Bath.  At  the  same  time, 
however,  Savaric  was  hoping  to  get  the 
archbishopric  of  Canterbury,  and  the  king 
unwUlingly,  and  under  the  emperor's  compuf 
sion,  wrote  to  the  convent  of  Christ  Church 
recommending  him.  Richard,  however,  was 
fully  determined  that  Hubert  Walter  [q.  v.] 
should  be  archbishop,  and  on  8  June  wrote 
to  his  mother  charging  her  to  secure  his 
election,  and  to  pay  no  heed  to  his  letter  on 
behalf  of  Savaric  {Bpp.  Cantuar,  pp.  864-6), 
and  Hubert  was  elected  accordinglv.  To- 
wards the  end  of  the  month  Savanc  went 
to  Worms  and  was  present  at  the  conclusion 
of  the  treaty  between  the  emperor  and  Ri- 
chard for  the  Idnff's  release  (Roe.  Hov.  iii. 
215).  He  applied  to  Celestine  III  to  sanc- 
tion his  annexation  of  Glastonbury,  re- 
turned to  England,  summoned  Harold,  the 
prior,  to  Bath  on  8  Dec.,  and  told  him  and 
the  monks  vrith  him  that  he  was  their  abbot. 
On  the  same  day  his  proctors  went  to  the 
abbe^,  and  by  royal  authority  claimed  it  for 
the  bishop ;  the  monks  gave  notice  of  appeal 
to  the  pope  (Doicebham,  ii.  857-8).  Savaric 
returned  to  Gtermanv,  was  at  Mainz  on 
4  Feb.  1194  when  tne  king  was  released, 
and  was  one  of  the  hostages  for  the  payment 
of  his  ransom,  being  bound  not  to  leave  Ger- 
many without  the  emj^ror's  consent  (Roe. 
Hov.  U.S.  238 ;  Dicbto,  li.  118).  The  emperor 
appointed  him  chancellor  of  Burgundy,  that 
is  apparently  of  the  county.  Meanwhile 
the  monks  of  Glastonbury  were  defending 
the  independence  of  their  house,  and  in 
August  the  king,  evidently  displeased  at  the 
way  in  which  Savaric  had  taken  advantage 
of  his  captivity  to  advance  his  own  projects, 
revoked  nis  grant  and  deprived  him  of  the 
abbey  (Dombbkak,  ii.  860).  The  news  of 
this  check  seems  to  have  led  Savaric  to 
leave  Germany;  he  was  at  Tours  in  the 
spring  of  1195,  and  while  there  received  a 
privilege  from  Celestine  IH  declaring  the 
union  of  the  churches  of  Bath  and  Glaston- 
bury, makinff  Glastonbury  equally  with 
Bath  a  cathedral  church,  and  directing  that 
Savaric  and  his  successors  should  use  the 
style  of  bishops  of  Bath  and  Glastonbury 
(tS.  pp.  361-3),  which  Savaric  accordingly 
adopted.  He  went  on  to  England,  and  was 
at  !Bath  in  November  {Bath  ChartnUaries, 
pt.  ii.  No.  688).  The  Glastonbury  monks 
having  appealed,  he  went  to  Rome.     In 


Savaric 


84a 


Savaric 


1196  he  procured  a  second  privilege  from 
the  pope,  together 'with  an  order  to  the  arch- 
hishop  to  put  him  in  possession  of  the  ahbey, 
and  a  letter  inhibiting  the  monks  from  elect- 
ing an  abbot.  His  agents  took  these  to 
Glastonbnry  in  February  1197,  and  the 
monks  sent  a  protest  to  the  archbishop,  who 
told  them  that  they  were  too  slack  in  their  own 
cause,  for  the  bishop  did  not  sleep,  and  that 
Sayaric  would  have  had  possession  before 
then  if  he  had  not  hindered  him  (DoMEBr 
HAM,  p.  869).  Sayaric  was  sent  to  Richard 
by  the  emperor  to  propose  a  compensation 
for  the  king's  ransom,  and  in  October  was 
with  Richard  at  Rouen.  The  archbishop,  in 
November,  unable  longer  to  delay  obedience 
to  the  pope's  orders,  commanded  the  monks 
to  obey  the  bishop,  and  Savaric's  proctors 
took  possession  of  the  abbey.  Savanc  went 
to  England,  and  is  said  to  have  begun  to 
distress  the  monks.  In  1198,  however,  the 
king  encouraged  them  in  their  appeal  to  the 
new  pope.  Innocent  m,  and  in  Augpst, 
acting  on  the  archbishop's  advice,  deprived 
Sayaric  of  the  abbey  and  took  it  into  his 
own  hands.  He  emplo^^ed  Savaric  along 
with  other  bishops  at  this  time  to  propose 
terms  of  reconciuation  to  Geffrey  (a.  1212) 
[q.v.],  archbishop  of  York.  In  October  he 
gave  the  monks  authority  to  elect  an  abbot, 
and  in  November  they  elected  William  Pyke 
(Pica).  The  next  day  Savaric  sent  his  offi- 
cial and  others  to  tne  abbey  to  announce 
that  he  had  excommunicated  Pyke  and  his 
supporters. 

On  Richard's  death  Savaric  renewed  his 
attempts  on  Glastonbury.  He  was  present 
at  John's  coronation  on  27  May  1199,  and  is 
said  to  have  purchased  the  king's  assent  to 
his  taking  possession  of  the  abbey.  On 
8  June  Bernard,  archbishop  of  Ragusa  ^called 
in  Heabnb's  Adam  de  D<ynierJuim,  ii.  882, 
'  Arragonensis '),  and  the  archdeacon  of 
Canterbury  were  sent  with  royal  letters  to 
insist  on  the  submission  of  the  monks  and 
to  enthrone  Savaric,  who  accompanied  them 
with  a  band  of  armed  men.  He  had  the  gates 
of  the  abbey  forced,  and  was  enthroned  in  the 
church.  His  g^uards  shut  the  recalcitrant 
monks  in  the  infirmary  and  kept  them  with- 
out food  until  the  next  day,  when  he  sum- 
moned them  to  the  chapter-house  and  there 
had  some  of  them  beaten  before  him,  and 
induced  most  of  the  convent,  some  by  fear 
and  others  by  cajolery,  to  submit  to  him. 
It  was  probably  at  this  time  that  he  caused 
one  of  the  beneficed  clerks  of  the  abbey  to 
be  beaten  in  his  presence  so  grievously  that 
the  man  died  a  iew  days  afterwards  (ib.  p. 
406).  He  then  accompanied  the  kin?  to 
Normandy,  and  later  went  to  Rome,  wnere 


the  monks  were  pressing  their  appeal.  It 
was  believed  that  he  applied  for  leave  to 
deprive  Bath  of  its  cathednl  dignity  and 
transfer  his  see  to  Qlastonbury  (Roe.  Hov. 
iv.  85\  and  it  is  asserted  that  he  had  actu- 
ally Gone  so  by  King  Richard's  authority 
(Ralph  ob  GoeeBSHAix,  p.  162),  but  this  is 
erroneous.  A  long  reoora  of  the  outrages 
committed  by  him  and  his  agents  was  laid 
before  the  pope,  who  in  1200  annulled  Pyke's 
election,  confirmed  the  union  of  the  churches 
of  Bath  and  Qlastonbury,  ordered  Savaric  to 
abstain  from  violence,  and  appointed  com- 
missioners to  draw  up  terms  letween  him 
and  the  abbey.  Pyke  died  at  Rome  on 
8  Sept.,  and  at  Glastonbury  it  was  believed 
possible  that  Savaric  had  caused  him  to  be 
poisoned  (Dombshah,  ii.  899).  In  October 
and  November  Savaric  was  in  attendance  on 
the  kinff  at  Lincoln  and  elsewhere.  The 
award  of  the  nope's  commissioners,  made  in 
1202  and  connrmed  by  the  pope,  ffave  the 
abbey  to  Savaric,  assigned  to  him  and  his  suc- 
cessors certain  of  its  estates  calculated  to 
bring  in  a  fourth  of  the  reyenue  of  the  house, 
gave  him  rights  of  patronage  and  govern- 
ment, and  ordered  tnat  he  should  bear  his 
proportion  of  the  liabilities  of  the  convent, 
ana  should  make  compensation  to  certain 
whom  he  had  injured  (%b,  pp.  410-26).  Sar 
varic,  having  thus  gained  the  victory  in  his 
long  conflict,  became  gracious  to  the  monks, 
and  conferred  some  benefits  on  the  convent 
(^.  p.  422).  He  made  some  grants  to  the 
WeUs  chapter,  which  had  strenuously  sup- 
ported him  in  his  strugflrle  with  Glastonbury, 
and  he  carried  out  ^my&t  was  evidently  a 
definite  policy  of  strengthening  the  secular 
chapter  of  the  church  of  W  ells,  whidi,  though 
not  in  his  day  a  cathedral  church,  was  of 
prime  importance  in  his  bishopric,  by  bring- 
ing into  it  the  heads  of  the  ffreater  monastic 
houses  within,  or  connected  with,  his  dio- 
cese; for  besides  annexing  the  abbacy  of 
Glastonbury  to  his  see,  he  founded  two  new 
prebends  and  attached  them  to  the  abbacies 
of  Athelney  and  Muchelney,  and,  after  some 
dispute,  prevailed  on  the  abbot  of  Bee  in 
Normandy  to  hold  the  church  of  Cleeve  in 
Somerset  as  a  prebend  of  Wells  {Wells 
Cathedral  ManuscripU^  pp.  18,  22,  26,  29, 
84,  294 ;  Chttbch,  p.  119).  He  instituted  a 
daily  mass  at  WeUs  in  honour  of  the  Virgin, 
and  another  for  all  benefactors,  and  endowed 
a  daily  msss  for  his  own  soul,  and  ordered 
that  a  hundred  poor  should  be  fed  on  hia 
obit.  He  granted  a  charter  to  the  city  of 
Wells,  and  prevailed  on  Kin^  John  to  grant 
one  also  in  1201  ^t^.  pp.  886-91).  When  the 
treasures  of  churcnes  were  seized  to  make  up 
Richard's  ransom,  he  saved  the  treasure  of 


Savaric 


843 


Savery 


the  cathedral  priory  of  Bath,  and  gaye  some 
gifts  to  the  conyent,  which  celebrated  his 
obit  as  at  Wells  {Bath  CkartularieSf  pt.  ii. 
No.  808).  In  1205  he  was  at  Rome,  ana  was 
engaged  in  obtaining  the  bishopric  of  Win- 
chester for  Peter  des  Boches.  He  died  at 
Giyita  Yecchia  (Senee  la  Vieille,  said  also 
to  be  Siena)  on  8  Auf.  He  was  buried  in 
his  cathedral  at  Bath,  his  epitaph,  which 
seems  to  hay  e  been  placed  on  his  tomb  there, 
being: 

Notiis  eras  mundo  per  mundnin  semper  eando, 
£t  necis  ista  dies  est  tibi  prima  quies. 

2.  9B  OoeeBSHALL,  p.  168 ;  comp.  Godwik, 
FrmaulihuB^  p.  870).  Sayaric  left  many 
debts,  but  his  credit  was  good,  for  in  a  j^loss 
in  the '  Decretals  of  Gregory  IX '  (yol.  iii.  tit. 
zL  0. 1)  a  man  is  described  as  praying  that  he 
might  be  included  in  the  legion  of  Sayaric's 
czMitors  (Ohttbch,  p.  122).  The  name  Bar- 
lowinwac,  which  Richardson  (De  PrcMulir 
bui,  U.S.)  says  that  he  bore,  is  simply  a  mis- 
reading of  some  passage  (see  Roe.  Hoy.  iii. 
238),  where  the  name  Sayaric  was  followed 
by  that  of  Baldwin  Wac  or  Wake  (Omt 
Mag.  U.S.)  A  pastoral  staff  with  a  splendid 
crorier  head  and  a  pontifical  ring,  which 
were  found  in  the  burial-ffround  of  Wells 
Cathedral  between  1799  ana  1812,  haye  been 
ascribed  to  Sayaric  by  popular  tradition, 
which  is  in  this  case  obyiously  erroneous 
(^Archaologia^  yol.  li.  pt.  i.  p.  106,  with 
coloured  plate;  see  aiso  for  engrayings, 
CSmpUrt  tn  Wells  HUtory,  u.8.,  and  Rsr- 
kolm'b  WelU  Cathedral). 

[Gent.  Mag.  1863»  ii.  62  U8d,  by  Bishop 
Stubbs;  Church's  Chapters  in  Wells  History, 
pp.  88-126,  379>93j  contains  a  life  of  Sayaric, 
reprinted  with  additions  &om  '  Archseologia,' 
1887,  Tol.  li. ;  Adamde  Domerham,  ii.  355-425; 
John  of  Glaston.  i.  185  sq.,  197-8  (both  ed. 
Heame);  Epp.  Cantuar.  Introd.  Ixxrii  ».  pp. 
350-1,  864-5,  ap  Mem.  of  Rio.  I,  R.  de  Biceto, 
i.  408,  ii.  105-6,  118,  Rog.  Hoy.  iii.  197,215, 
281,  283,  iy.  30,  85,  90, 141,  Gerrase  of  Cant.  i. 
604,  517,  584,  Ann.  of  Way.  ap.  Ann.  Monast. 
ii.  248, 252,  R.  deCoggeshall,n.  162,  Geeta  Hen. 
II,  i.  356,  Reg.  of  St.  Osmnnci,  i.  268  sq.  (these 
eight  Rolls  Ser.) ;  Ric  of  Devises,  seet.  34,  58 
(£ngL  Hist.  Soc.) ;  Recueil  dee  Hist.  x.  241,  xi. 
634 ;  Rot.  Scacc.  Normann.  yoL  ii.  pref.  p.  xxxi, 
ed.  Stapleton ;  Orderic,  p.  692,  ed.  Duchesne ; 
MadoxVi  Hist  of  Excheq.  i.  561  ;  Rep.  on  Wells 
Cath.MSS.pp.  13,  14,  16,  22,  25,  29,  294  (Hist. 
MSS.  Comm.);  Le  Neve's  Fasti  Eccl.  Anglic,  i. 
180,  ii.  65  (ed.  Hardy) ;  Chartxdaries  of  Bath 
Prioiy,  pt.  li.  Kos.  683,  808  (Somerset  Record 
Sodety) ;  Dugdale*s  Baronage,  i.  187  and  Mo- 
nasticon,  i.  5;  Somerset  Archseological  and 
National  Histoiy  Society,  xu«  i.  39-41,  by  J.  K. 
Gxesn.]  W.  H. 


SAVERY,  THOMAS  (1660P-1716),  en* 
gineer,  son  of  Richard  Sayery  and  grandson 
of  Ohristopher  Sayery  of  Totnes,  Deyonshire, 
was  bom  about  1660  at  Shilstone,  near 
Modbury,  in  the  same  county.  Thomas 
became  a  military  engineer,  and  by  1696 
had  attained  the  rank  of  trench-master. 
He  occupied  his  spare  time  in  mechanical 
experiments,  and  m  1696  he  inyented  a 
machine  for  polishing  plate  glass  and  a 
contriyance  for  rowing  ships  in  a  calm  by 
means  of  two  paddle-wheels,  one  at  each 
side  of  the  yessel,  worked  by  a  capstan 
placed  between.  The  second  inyention  was 
patented  on  10  Jan.  1696  (No.  847).  Wil- 
liam in  thought  highly  of  it,  but,  although 
Sayery  demonstrate  its  practicability  by 
fitting  it  to  a  small  yacht,  official  jealousy 
preyented  its  adoption  in  the  nayy.  He 
was  obliged  to  content  himself  by  publish- 
ing an  account  of  his  inyention  in  a  work  en- 
titled '  Nayigation  Improyed '  (London,  1698 ; 
reprinted  by  the  commissioners  of  patents 
in  1858,  and  by  Mr  R.  B.  Pressor  in  1880). 
The  treatise  contained  a  yehement  protest 
against  the  treatment  accorded  him  in  official 
circles. 

Sayery,  whose  youth  was  spent  near  a 
mining  district,  had  often  turned  his  attention 
to  the  difficulty  experienced  in  keeping  the 
mines  free  from  water.  To  remedy  this  he 
at  length  inyented  a  machine  for  raising 
water,  which,  though  not  a  steam  engine  in 
the  modem  sense  of  the  word,  embodied  the 
first  practical  application  of  the  force  of 
steam  for  mechanical  purposes.  On  26  July 
1698  he  obtained  a  patent  (No.  356)  for 
fourteen  years,  which  was  extended  by  an 
act  of  parliament  passed  on  25  April  1699 
for  a  further  period  of  twenty-one  ^rears,  so 
that  the  patent  did  not  expire  until  1733. 
The  letters  patent  contain  no  description  of 
the  machine,  but  this  deficiency  was  sup- 
plied by  the  inyentor  in  a  book  which  he 
published  in  170^  entitled  'The  Miner's 
Friend,'  which  has  been  reprinted  seyenJ 
times  (see  Galloway,  Steam  Engine  and 
its  Inventors^  pp.  56  et  seq.)  Sayery  was  not 
so  successful  as  he  had  anticipated,  but  he 
afterwards  became  associated  with  Thomas 
Newcomen  [q.y.],  and  Sayery*s  patent  ap- 
pears to  haye  been  regarded  as  sufficiently 
wide  to  coyer  all  Newcomen's  improyements, 
great  though  they  were. 

Desaguliers  has  accused  Sayery  of  deriying 
his  plans  &om  the  Marquis  of  Worcester^ 
'Century'  [see  Sokebset,  Edwabd];  but 
though  he  may  haye  been  indebted  to  that 
author  for  the  idea  of  employing  steam  as  the 
motiye  power,  yet  the  '  Century '  contains  no 
plans  or  precise  details  of  the  methods  to  be 


Savery 


844 


Savile 


employed.  It  has  also  been  suffgpested  that 
Savery  may  have  been  indebted  to  Papin's 
experiment  ehowing  how  water  might  be 
raised  by  a  vacuum  produced  by  the  conden- 
sation of  steam,  ^apin  issuea  an  account 
of  his  experiment  in  the  *  Acta  Eruditorum/ 
published  at  Amsterdam  in  1690.  None  ap- 
peared in  England  until  many  years  afber- 
wardSi  and  it  is  unlikely  that  Savery  saw 
the  '  Acta.'  Papin  merely  made  a  sugges- 
tion, whereas  Savery  produced  a  practicable 
machine. 

In  1702  Saverv  became  a  captain  in  the 
engineers,  and  in  1705,  through  the  patronage 
of  Prince  George  of  Denmark,  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  office  of  treasurer  of  the 
hospital  for  sick  and  hurt  seamen.  In  the 
following  year  hepatented  (No.  879)  a  double 
hand  beflows  sufficient  to  melt  any  metal  in 
an  ordinary  wood  or  coal  fire,  thus  obviating 
the  necessity  of  assay  furnaces.  There  is 
an  entry  in  the  home  office  warrant-book, 

S reserved  in  the  Public  Hecord  Office,  under 
ate  6  March  1707,  of  an  application  bv 
Savery  for  a  patent  for  *  A  new  sort  of  mill 
to  penorm  all  sorts  of  mill-work  on  vessells 
floating  on  the  water  ...  to  render  great 
advanta^  to  the  woollen  manufacturers  and 
many  outer  useful  works  to  be  performed  by 
mills,'  but  no  patent  seems  to  have  been 
granted  for  the  mvention.  In  1714,  through 
Prince  George,  he  obtained  the  post  of  sur- 
veyor to  the  waterworks  at  Hampton  Court. 
He  died  in  May  1715,  while  resident  in  the 
parish  of  St.  Margaret,  Westminster.  His 
will,  dated  15  May,  was  proved  by  his 
widow  in  the  Prerogative  Court  of  Canter- 
bury on  19  May,  and  is  printed  in  the  '  En- 
gineer,' 30  May  1890,  p.  442.  He  bequeathed 
all  his  property  to  his  wife,  but  she  seems 
never  to  have  administered  the  wiU,  and  his 
affiurs  long  remained  unsettled.  As  late  as 
1796  letters  of  administration,  with  the  will 
annexed,  were  granted  to  Thomas  Ladds,  the 
executor  of  Charles  Ccesar,  one  of  Savery^s 
creditors.  Saverv  translated  Coehoom's 
'New  Method  of  Fortification,'  London, 
1705,  fol. 

[Information  kindly  suppliedby  B.  B.  Prosser, 
esq. ;  Gknt.  Mag.  1839,  ii.  261 ;  Smiles's  Lives 
of  Boulton  and  Watt,  1866,  pp.  45-56 ;  Switzer's 
Hydrostatics,  1729,  ii.  325-85;  Robison's  Me- 
chanical Philosophy,  1822,  ii.  57-8 ;  Encycl.  Bri- 
tannica,  art.  Steam  aad  Steam  Engines,  1818; 
Farey*8  Steam  Engine,  1827,  pp.  99-126;  Pole's 
Treatise  on  Cornish  Pumping  Engines,  1844, 
pp.  5-9;  Boase  and  Courtney's  Bibliotheca 
C^mubiensis,  ii.  626;  Desaguliers's  Experi- 
mental Philosophy,  ii.  465 ;  Bigaud's  Account  of 
Early  Proposids  for  Steam  Navigation,  1888, 

pp.  4-9.]  s.  L  a 


SAVILE,  BOURCHIER  WREY  (1817- 
1888),  author,  second  son  of  Albany  bayile, 
M.P.,  of  Okehampton,  who  died  in  1831,  by 
Eleanora  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Sir  Bonr- 
chier  Wrey,  hart.,  was  bom  on  11  Mazch 
1817.  He  was  admitted  to  Westminster 
School  on  28  Jan.  1828,  and  was  elected  a 
king's  scholar  there  in  1881.  He  became  a 
pensioner  of  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge, 
m  1835,  and  graduated  B.A.  in  1839  and 
M.A.  in  1842.  He  was  successively  curate 
of  Christ  Church,  Hales  Owen,  Worcester- 
shire, in  1840,  of  Okehampton,  Devonshire, 
in  1841,  and  of  Newport,  Devonshire,  in  1848 ; 
chaplain  to  Earl  Fortescue  from  1844 ;  rec- 
tor of  West  Buckland,  Devonshire,  in  1862 ; 
then  curate  of  Tawstock,  Devonshire,  in  1865, 
of  Tattingstone,  Suffolk,  in  I860,  of  Dawlish^ 
Devonshire,  in  1867,  of  Combeinteignhead, 
Devonshire,  in  1870,  and  of  Launcells,  Corn- 
wall, in  1871.  From  1872  to  his  death  he 
was  rector  of  Dunchideock  with  Shillingford 
St.  George,  Devonshire.  He  died  at  ShiUing- 
ford  rectory  on  14  April  1888,  and  was  buried 
on  19  April.  He  manned,  in  April  1842, 
Mary  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  James  Whyte 
of  Pilton  House,  Devonshire,  and  had  issue 
four  sons,  including  Bourchier  Beresford, 
paymaster  of  the  navy ;  Henry,  commander 
m  the  navy ;  and  five  daughters. 

Savile  was  a  contributor  to  tlie  'Trans- 
actions of  the  Victoria  Institute  *  and  to  the 
*  Journal  of  Sacred  Literature,'  and  the  au- 
thor of  upwards  of  forty  volumes.  His 
works,  chiefly  theological  and  in  tone  evan- 
gelical, display  much  learning.  His  volume 
on  '  Anglo-Israelism  and  the  Great  Pyramid ' 
(1880)  exposes  the  fallacies  of  the  belief  in 
the  Jewish  origin  of  the  English  people. 

Among  his  other  pubucations  were: 
1. '  The  Apostasy :  a  Commentary  on  2  Thes- 
salonians,  Chapter  ii.,'  1853.  2.  '  The  First 
and  Second  Advent,  with  reference  to  the 
Jew,  the  Gtentile,  and  the  Church  of  God,' 
1858.  3.  'Lyra  Sacra:  being  a  Collection 
of  Hymns  Ancient  and  Modem,  Odes,  and 
Fragments  of  Sacred  Poetry,'  1861 ;  3rd  edit. 

1865.  4. '  Bishop  Colenso's  Objections  to  the 
Veracity  of  the  Pentateuch :  an  Examina- 
tion,' 1863.  5.  '  The  Introduction  of  Chris- 
tianity into  Britain :  an  Argument  on  the 
Evidences  in  favour  of  St.  Paul  having  visited 
the  Extreme  Boundary  of  the  West,'  1861. 
6  'Egypt's  Testimony  to  Sacred  History,' 

1866.  7.  *  The  Truth  of  the  Bible :  Evidence 
£rom  the  Mosaic  and  other  Records  of  Crea- 
tion,' 1871.  8.  'Apparitions:  a  Narrative 
of  Facts,'  1874;  2nd  edit.  1880.  9.  'The 
Primitive  and  Catholic  Faith  in  relation  to 
the  Church  of  England,'  1875.  10.  *  Turkey; 
or  the  Judgment  of  God  upon  Apostate 


Savile 


845 


Savile 


Christendom  under  the  Three  Apocalyptic 
Woee/ 1877.  II.  *  Propheciee  and  Specular 
tions  respecting  the  End  of  the  World/ 1883. 
12.  'Mr.  Qlac&tone  and  Professor  Huxley 
on  the  Mosaic  Cosmogony/  1886. 

[Ciockford's  Clerical  Directory,  1882,  p. 
961 :  AUibone's  Diet.  EngL  Lit  1871  ii.  1939, 
1891  ii.  1817;  Burke's  Landed  Gentry,  1894, 
p.  1796;  informatioD  ftom  Bey.  S.  H.  Atkins, 
rector  of  Bunchideock.]  Gt.  G.  B. 

SAVILE,  Sib  GEORQE,  MAsams  op 
Halifax  (1683-1695),  was  great-ffrandson 
of  Sir  Qeorge  Savile  {d.  1622)  oTLujjset, 
Thomhill,  and  Wakefield  (all  in  Yorkshire), 
who  was  created  a  baronet  on  29  June  1611, 
was  sheriffof  Yorkshire  in  1614,  and  sensibly 
improved  the  position  of  his  branch  of  the 
family  by  his  marriage  with  Mary,  daughter 
of  George  Talbot,  sixth  earl  of  Shrew^ory 
fq.  v.]  Savile's  grandfather,  Sir  Qeorg:e, 
int.  (d,  1616).  married  at  Wentworth  in 
1607  a  sister  of  the  great  Earl  of  Strafford. 

Savile's  father,  Sir  William  of  Thomhill, 
succeeded  an  elder  brother  George  (d.  1626) 
as  third  baronet  in  January  1626,  was  nomi- 
nated to  the  council  of  the  north,  and  never 
swerved  from  his  loyalty  to  the  king.  In 
1639  he  served  in  the  expedition  against  the 
Scots,  and  in  the  following  year  was  elected 
for  Yorkshire  in  the  Short  parliament.  On 
the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war  Sir  William 
took  up  arms,  and  in  December  1642  he 
occupied  Leeds  and  Wakefield,  but  was  re- 
pulsed in  an  attack  upon  Bradford.  Prepared 
to  hold  out  in  Leeds,  he  was  driven  tnence 
by  a  strong  force  under  Fairfax  on  23  Jan. 
1643  (Mabkhav,  The  Great  Lord  Fairfax, 
1870,  ch.  ix.)  On  9  May  following  he  was, 
at  tiie  instance  of  Newcastle,  appointed  go- 
yemor  of  Sheffield,  and  shortly  afterwards 
of  York,  where  he  died  on  24  Jan.  1644.  He 
was  buried  at  Thomhill  on  16  Feb.  1644 
(cf.  Dugdale's  '  Visitation  of  Yorkshire  with 
additions,'  in  Genealogist^  new  ser.  x.  160). 
Several  of  his  letters  to  Strafford  and  others 
are  printed  (cf.  Strafford  Corresp.  i.  168-70, 
ii.  94, 108, 127, 147, 193,  215-17 ;  Hunteb, 
HaUarnaMre,  ed.  Gatty,  p.  136),  and  his 
holograph  will,  in  which  ne  leaves  60/.  to 
his  'faithful  friend  John  Selden,'  is  preserved 
at  York.  Like  his  father  and  grandfather, 
he  made  an  advantageous  marriage.  On 
29  Dec.  1629  he  wedded  Anne,  daughter  of 
Lord-keeper  Coventry  [see  Covehtbt,  Tho- 
mas, LoBD  GovBHTBTj,  sister  of  Lady  Shaftes- 
bury and  of  the  learned  Lady  Dorothy 
PaMngton  [q.  v.] 

George,  their  son  and  heir,  was  bom  at 
ThomlSl  on  11  Nov.  1633.  On  the  death 
of  his  father  in  1644.  his  mother  remained 
with  her  children  in  Sheffield  Castle,  and  in 


the  articles  concluded  for  its  surrender  on 
11  Aug.  1644  it  was  stipulated  that  Lady 
Savile  with  her  children,  family,  and  goods, 
was  to  pass  unmolested  to  Thomhill.  Ac- 
cording to  Dr.  Peter  Barwick  [q.  v.],  pre- 
vious to  the  surrender  the  besiegers  bar- 
buroualy  reused  ingress  to  a  midwife,  of 
whose  services  she  stood  in  need,  and  '  she 
resolved  to  perish  rather  than  surrender 
the  castle.'  The  walls  were  decrepit  with 
age  and  the  ammunition  scantv;  but  it 
was  only  a  mutiny  on  the  part  of  the  g^arrison 
that  inauced  her  to  yiela.  Her  child  was 
bom  the  day  after  the  capitulation.  She 
subsequently  remarried  Sir  Thomas  Chiche- 
ley  [q.  v.] 

George  Savile  was  indebted  for  his  early 
education  to  his  mother,  and  it  is  possible 
that  he  subsequently  received  some  training 
either  at  Paris  or  at  Geneva.  He  was,  how- 
ever, settled  at  Rufford  and  married  before 
the  end  of  1666.  In  the  Convention  of  1660 
he  represented  Pontefract,  but  he  did  not 
sit  in  the  ensuing  parliament,  and  in  1666 
the  Duke  of  York,  at  the  instance  of  Savile's 
uncle  Sir  William  Coventry  [q.  v.],  in  vain 
urged  upon  Charles  II  the  propriety  of  ele- 
vating him  to  the  peerage.  In  the  following 
year  he  acted  as  second  to  the  Duke  (» 
Buckingham  in  an  affair  with  Lord  Faucon« 
bridge  (Kebesbt),  and  in  June  1667,  having 

Previously  commanded  a  militia  regiment, 
e  was  made  a  captain  in  Prince  Rupert's 
regiment  of  horse.  On  13  Jan.  1668,  de- 
sirous to  conciliate  Savile,  who  had  just  been 
selected  by  the  commons  as  a  commissioner 
to  inquire  into  the  scandals  of  the  financial 
administration,  Charles  created  him  Baron 
Savile  of  Eland  and  Viscount  B^lifax,  and 
in  the  following  year  he  was  am>ointed  a 
commissioner  of  trade.  He  now  built  Halifax 
House,  in  the  north-western  comer  of  St. 
James's  Square,  where  he  was  already  settled 
bv  1673  (Add.  MS.  22063,  Rent-roU  of  the 
£arl  of  St.  Albans).  In  1672  he  was  made 
a  privy  councillor,  and  (despite  his  adherence 
to  the  principles  of  the  Triple  Alliance)  se- 
lected for  a  mission  to  Louis  XIV,  partly 
complimentary,  to  congratulate  Louis  upon 
the  birth  of  a  prince,  partly  to  ascertain  the 
king's  views  with  regard  to  a  peace  with  the 
Dutch.  Colbert,  in  a  letter  to  6arillon,  spoke 
of  his  great  talents,  but  added, '  H  ne  sait 
rien  de  la  grande  affiure '  (that  Charles  was 
a  papist).  Halifax  set  out  at  the  end  of 
June  by  way  of  Calais  and  Bruges  for  the 
French  king^s  quarters  at  Utredit.  Great 
was  his  surprise  on  his  arrival  to  find 
Arlington  and  Buckingham  alreadv  on  the 
spot,  having  left  London  after  his  (departure 
with  instructions  of  later  date.    He  now 


Savile 


846 


Savile 


deprecated  the  attempt  of  his  fellow  envoys 
to  wring  extortionate  terms  from  the  Dutcn, 
and  80  escaped  the  popular  censure  of  the 
negotiation  in  which  they  were  subsequently 
involved.  Upon  his  return  he  both  spoke 
and  voted  agamst  the  Test  Acts,  and  seconded 
the  unsuccessful  motion  of  the  Earl  of  Car- 
lisle to  provide  against  the  marriage  of  future 
heirs  to  the  throne  to  Roman  catholics;  he 
is  also  said  about  this  time  to  have  used  the 
argument  against  hereditary  government 
that  no  one  would  choose  a  man  to  drive  a 
carriage  because  his  father  was  a  good  coach- 
man. In  1676y  when  it  came  out  that  Danby 
had  refused,  hesitatingly,  Widdrington's  offer 
of  a  huge  bribe  for  the  farm  of  the  taxes, 
Halifax  remarked  that  the  lord  treasurer  re- 
fused the  offer  in  a  manner  strangely  like  that 
of  a  man  who,  being  asked  to  give  another 
the  use  of  his  wife,  declined  in  terms  of  great 
civility.  This  sally  incensed  Danby,  who  pro- 
cured his  dismissal  from  the  council-board 
(BTrmnar). 

As  one  of  the  bitterest  and  most  penetra- 
ting critics  of  the  cabal,  Halifax  had  won  the 
king^s  dislike  more  thoroughly  even  than  his 
friend  Shaftesbury,  for  whose  release  he  had 

f  resented  a  petition  in  February  1678.  But  in 
679  Temple  mentioned  his  name  to  Charles 
for  a  seat  at  the  new  council  of  thirty,  and 
urged  his  claims  with  such  persistence  that, 
although  Charles  'kicked^  at  the  name 
(Temple,  Memoirs,  .1709,  iii.  19),  HaU- 
lax  was  duly  admitted,  greatly  to  his  sur- 
prise and  elation.  Once  within  the  charmed 
circle,  his  suavity  fascinated  Charles ;  he  be- 
came a  prime  favourite  at  Whitehall,  and  was 
'  never  from  the  king's  elbow.'  HaUfax  was 
put  upon  the  council's  committee  for  foreign 
affairs,  together  with  Temple,  Sunderland 
(his  brother-in-law),  Essex,  and  Shaftesbury. 
He  affreed  with  the  latter  in  procuring  Lau- 
derdfQe's  dismissal,  but  he  was  unprepared 
to  ^o  the  lengths  urged  by  Shaftesbuir  with 
a  view  to  creating  a  reign  of  terror  for  the 
Roman  catholics;  and  he  opposed  Shaftes- 
bury's device  of  bribing  the  Duchess  of  Porte- 
mouth  to  prevail  upon  Charles  to  declare 
Monmouth  his  heir.  When,  therefore,  in 
July  1679,  in  defiance  of  Shaftesbury's  de- 
nunciations, he  advised  a  dissolution,  their 
relations  became  hostile.  In  the  same  month 
he  was  created  Earl  of  Halifax. 

Hating  Monmouth  as  the  puppet  of  Shaftes- 
bury and  the  extreme  left,  Halifax  was  little 
less  hostile  to  James  as  the  representative  of 
both  French  and  priestly  influence,  to  which 
he  was  an  uncompromismg  foe.  Already  his 
thoughts  turned  to  William  of  Orange,  and 
he  urged  the  prince,  at  the  time  unsuccess- 
fully, to  come  over  to  England.  The  need  for  a 


definite  policy  was  emphasised  by  the  illnees 
of  the  king  in  August  1679.  As  the  readiest 
means  of  turning  the  tables  on  his  rivals, 
Halifax,  acting  in  alliance  with  Sunderland 
and  Essex,  secretly  summoned  the  Duke  of 
York  to  the  king's  bedside.  To  Temple,  who 
was  mortified  at  being  excluded  from  any 
part  in  this  manoeuvre,  Halifax  vajffuely  and 
uneasilv  disclaimed  responsibilitv  ror  it.  He 
pretended  to  be  ill.  But  the  duke's  visit, 
which  he  undoubtedly  brought  about,  caused 
a  revolution  at  court,  which  was  not  alto- 

S ether  to  his  liking.  Monmouth,  indeed,  was 
eprived  of  his  command  and  ordered  to  go 
into  Holland,  and  Shaftesbury  was  dismissed 
(16  Oct.) ;  but  he  found  himself  pled|red  to 
support  James's  hereditary  claim,  whue  the 
meeting  of  the  new  parliament,  which  he  was 
special^  anxious  to  conciliate,  was  postponed 
imtil  the  new  year.  Worse  than  aU,  Charles 
again  plunged  into  a  labyrinth  of  dangerous 
intrigues  with  France — ^intrigues  whichhope- 
lessly  compromised  his  advisers.  The  mixing 
up  of  Halifax's  name  in  the  sham  Meal-Tub 
plot  was  a  further  source  of  vexation.  Until 
the  reassembly  of  parliament  in  October  1680 
the  direction  of  affairs  under  the  king  was 
left  in  the  hands  of  the '  Chits ' — Sunderland^ 
Qodolphin,  and  Laurence  Hyde. 

The  long-deferred  parliament  m^et  on 
21  Oct.,  and  proceeded  to  discuss  the  exclu- 
sion of  James  from  the  succession.  A  bill 
passed  the  commons  on  11  Nov.  In  the 
upper  house,  which  resolved  itself  into  a 
committee  to  deal  with  the  matter  on  the 
16th,  the  debate  resolved  itself  into  a  com- 
bat between  Shaftesbury  and  Essex  on  the 
one  hand  and  Halifax  on  the  other.  He 
exposed  the  hypocritical  attitude  of  Mon- 
mouth and  the  intrigues  of  the  exclusionists 
with  a  rare  power  of  sarcasm.  It  was  ad- 
mitted that  he  proved '  too  hard '  for  Shaftes- 
bury, answering  him  each  time  he  spoke, 
sixteen  times  in  all  (cf.  Hist  MS8.  Camm, 
7th  Rep.  App.  p.  362\  At  9  p.k.,  after  a 
debate  of  ten  hours,  tne  house  divided,  and 
the  bUl  was  rejected  by  68  to  60.  The  re- 
sult was  fairly  attributed  to  Halifax,  who 
gained  the  praise  of  Dryden  in  'Absalom 
and  Achitopnel : ' 

Jotham  of  piercing  wit  and  pn^ant  thought, 
Endued  by  nature  and  by  learning  tanght 
To  move  assemblies,  who  bnt  only  tried 
The  worse  a  while,  then  chose  the  better  side; 
Nor  chose  alone,  but  turned  the  balance  too, 
So  much  the  weight  of  one  brave  man  can  do. 

Sincerer  praise  is  due  to  his  opposition  to 
the  execution  of  Stafford  in  the  following 
month.  To  threats  of  impeachment  he  an- 
swered that  he  would  have  been  glad  to  go 


Savile 


«47 


Savile 


the  popular  and  safe  way,  but  neither  threata 
nor  promisea  should  hinder  him  firom  speak- 
ing his  mind  (Sisnbt,  Diary ^  p.  126).  At 
the  same  time  he  endeavoored  to  safeguard 
the  future  by  assuring  the  Prince  of  Orange 
of  his  fidelity,  and  by  reassuring  him  upon 
the  subject  oi  the  restrictions  wiUi  which  he 
proposed  to  trammel  a  Roman  catholic  king. 
His  sdieme  of  restrictions  not  appearing 
feasible,  he  further  endeavoured  to  conciliate 
the  exclusionists  by  the  device  of  a  regency. 
The  commons  nevertheless  requested  the 
kinf  to  remove  Halifax  from  his  counsels 
and  presence  a